Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

S. Sadhasivam

2026-05-07T02:30:38Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{confused|S. Sadasivam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Sadhasivam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK (Anbumani)]]
| predecessor = [[S. Semmalai]]
| successor = [[G. Venkatachalam]]
| father = Subbagounder
| occupation = Politician, Entrepreneur
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
|birth_place = [[Salem District|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}

'''S. Sadhasivam''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]] as a [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223080918/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC085.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC085.pdf|access-date= 2 May 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=mettur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a085|access-date= 2 May 2022}}</ref> In 2025, Sadhasivam declared support for PMK President [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], which resulted in him being censured by party founder [[S. Ramadoss]], and, along with 2 other PMK MLAs, later joined the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|faction of the PMK]] led by Anbumani.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three PMK MLAs and party general secretary back Anbumani in leadership row|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Jun/01/three-pmk-mlas-and-party-general-secretary-back-anbumani-in-leadership-row-2902473.html|access-date=19 September 2025|work=The New Indian Express|date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
! Ref.
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]|| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] || Won ||44.43% || S. Srinivasaperumal|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 44.13%|| <ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadhasivam, S}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Punjab United F.C.

2026-05-05T20:38:00Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{short description|Association football club in England}}
{{Distinguish|text = [[Punjab F.C.]], a football club based in Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Punjab United
| image = PunjabUnitedlogo.png
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Punjab United Football Club Gravesend
| nickname =
| founded = 2003
| ground = Elite Venue, Gravesend, Kent, DA12 5ND
| capacity = 600
| chairman = Chipie Sian
| manager = Ben Sian
| league = {{English football updater|PunjabUn}}
| season = {{English football updater|PunjabUn2}}
| position = {{English football updater|PunjabUn3}}
}}

'''Punjab United Football Club''' is a [[association football|football]] club based in [[Gravesend]], [[Kent]], England. They are currently members of the {{English football updater|PunjabUn}}.

==History==
The club was founded in 2003.<ref>[http://kentcountyfootballleague.co.uk/punjab-united-fc/ Punjab United] Kent County Football League</ref> The club joined the [[Kent County League]] Premier Division in 2016, and in their inaugural season won the Kent Intermediate Challenge Cup, were finalists in the Kent County League Cup, and were crowned the 2016–17 League champions. The club were the first Asian team to win the league and did so with the highest league points total in the history of the league. The club was promoted to Step 6 of the [[National League System]] for the first time, being allocated to the [[Southern Counties East League]].<ref name=":0">[http://fchd.info/PUNJABUK.HTM Punjab United] Football Club History Database</ref> United won the Division 1 title at the first time of asking in the [[2017–18 Southern Counties East Football League|2017/18 season]] earning promotion to the Premier Division.

In August 2019, they competed in the FA Cup Qualifying for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49251941|title=Punjab United v Broadbridge Heath: 'We talked about the FA Cup as kids'|work=BBC Sport |date=August 9, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2023, the club won the Kent Senior Trophy for the first time beating [[Deal Town F.C.|Deal Town]] 6–0 at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium.

In the [[2025–26 Southern Counties East Football League|2025–26 season]], the club were promoted to the [[Isthmian League]] South East Division for the first time in their history, defeating [[Rusthall F.C.|Rusthall]] on penalties to win the play-off final.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://scefl.com/prem-play-offs|title=Premier Division Play Offs|website=scefl.com|date=4 May 2026|accessdate=5 May 2026}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Punjab United's 2018–19 season was the subject of an episode of the [[BBC]] documentary series ''[[Our Lives (TV series)|Our Lives]]''.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000634s BBC - Our Lives, Series 3, Punjab United] Retrieved 2019-06-24.</ref> In October 2022, an advertisement for Punjab United featuring ''[[Soccer Saturday]]'' presenter [[Jeff Stelling]] went viral on social media.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeff Stelling to make appearance at non league game after hearing of successful groundhop day |url=https://fanbanter.co.uk/jeff-stelling-to-make-appearance-at-non-league-game-after-hearing-of-successful-groundhop-day/ |website=FanBanter |date=13 October 2022 |access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

== Records ==

* '''Best [[FA Cup]] performance:''' 1st qualifying round ([[2024–25 FA Cup|2024–25]])<ref name=":0" />
* '''Best [[FA Vase]] performance:''' Semi-finals ([[2025–26 FA Vase|2025–26]])<ref name=":0" />

==Honours==
*'''[[Southern Counties East Football League]]'''
**Premier Division play-offs: [[2025–26 Southern Counties East Football League|2025–26]]
**Division One Champions: [[2017–18 Southern Counties East Football League|2017–18]]
*'''[[Kent County League]]'''
**Premier Division Champions: 2016–17
**Inter-Regional Challenge Cup runners-up: 2016–17
*'''Kent Intermediate Challenge Shield'''
**Champions: 2016/17
*'''Kent Senior Trophy'''
**Champions: 2022/23

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://twitter.com/pufc_gravesend Punjab United FC (@PUFC_Gravesend) | Twitter]

{{Southern Counties East League}}
{{Coord|51|25|03.9|N|0|22|38.0|E|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Men's football clubs in England]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kent]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Kent County League]]
[[Category:Southern Counties East Football League]]
[[Category:Diaspora sports clubs in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Diaspora football clubs in England]]

Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC

2026-04-28T08:43:38Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting data

{{Short description|Football club in Kerala}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Thiruvananthapuram Kombans
| image = File:Thiruvananthapuram_Kombans.png
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Thiruvananthapuram Kombans Football Club
| nickname = The Kombans
| short name = TKFC
| founded = {{start date and age|May 2024}}
| dissolved =
| ground = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| capacity = 20,000
| owner = Mohammed Illias Sahadulla K. C. Chandrahasan T. J. Mathews
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = James McAloon
| league = [[Super League Kerala]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _yellowbottom
| pattern_so1 = _bluetop
| leftarm1 = FFFF00
| body1 = FFFF00
| rightarm1 = FFFF00
| shorts1 = 0000CD
| socks1 = FFFF00
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _yellowbottom
| pattern_so2 = _yellowtop
| leftarm2 = 0000CD
| body2 = 0000CD
| rightarm2 = 0000CD
| shorts2 = 0000CD
| socks2 = 0000CD
| website = {{URL|https://kombansfc.com|kombansfc.com}}
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram Kombans Football Club''' is an [[india]]n, professional [[association football|football]] club based in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], competing in the [[Super League Kerala]]. The club was founded in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 May 2024 |title=Super League Kerala: Franchisees of inaugural edition announced |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/super-league-kerala-franchisees-of-inaugural-edition-announced-3019242 |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC (TKFC) represent the football culture of Kerala, specifically from the capital city, Thiruvananthapuram. The fan club of Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC is called Kombans Fanatics.

Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC made their debut in the 2024 Super League Kerala on September 10, in a match against [[Calicut FC]]. Held at the [[EMS Stadium]], the game ended in a 1–1 draw. Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC earned their first win on September 16, defeating [[Thrissur Magic FC]] 2–0 at their home ground.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 September 2024 |title=Kombans show their might at home, beat Thrissur 2-0. They reached Semi Final against Forca Kochi, but eventual lost by 2-1.|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kombans-show-their-might-at-home-beat-thrissur-2-0/articleshow/113402901.cms |accessdate=17 September 2024}}</ref>

==Ownership and finances==
Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC's patrons are Princess Gowri Parvathi Bayi, a member of the former royal family of Travancore, Dr. Shashi Tharoor MP, Jacob Punnoose IPS, Dr. Mohammed Illias Sahadulla, chairman and managing director of KIMS Hospital, Mr. Terance Alex, Founder and CEO of Wattsun Energy, K. C. Chandrahasan, managing director of Kerala Travels, T. J. Mathews, co-owner of [[Kovalam FC]], G. Vijaya Raghavan, founder of Technopark, R. Anil Kumar and N. S. Abhayakumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=10 May 2024 |title=Mahesh Bhupathi, Travancore princess and former Benfica player among franchise owners in Super League Kerala |work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/mahesh-bhupathi-travancore-princess-and-former-benfica-player-among-franchise-owners-in-super-league-kerala/article68162173.ece |accessdate=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Ground==
[[File:Chandrashekharan Nair Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]

[[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]], located in Thiruvananthapuram, is the home ground of Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC. This historic stadium hosts various domestic and regional football matches.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=12 July 2024 |title=Kombans to play at CSN Stadium |work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kombans-fc-to-play-at-csn-stadium-in-super-league-kerala-season/articleshow/111673604.cms |accessdate=22 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=29 August 2024 |title=Thiruvananthapuram Kombans to fly to Goa for training, to play FC Calicut on September 10 |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Aug/29/thiruvananthapuram-kombans-to-fly-to-goa-for-training-to-play-fc-calicut-on-september-10 |accessdate=29 August 2024}}</ref> Ahead of the inaugural Super League Kerala season, Thiruvananthapuram Komans FC announced the Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium (CSN) in Thiruvananthapuram as their official home ground. The club signed a three-year agreement to use the venue for twelve days each year, while the stadium underwent a ₹1.5-crore renovation ahead of the season. The upgrades included resoling of the football turf funded by the franchise and installation of new floodlights financed by the league organisers. Club co-owner T. J. Mathew stated that the team intends to construct a dedicated stadium within the three-year period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Kombans to play at CSN Stadium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kombans-fc-to-play-at-csn-stadium-in-super-league-kerala-season/articleshow/111673604.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Performance ==

=== Season 1 (2024) ===
Thiruvananthapuram Komans FC participated in the inaugural season of the Super League Kerala under head coach Sérgio Alexandre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-09-25 |title=Same game, same principles across the world, says Komban's coach |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2024/Sep/25/same-game-same-principles-across-the-world-says-kombans-coach |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The club built its overseas core entirely from Brazil, registering six foreign players: Patrick Mota, Davi Kuhn, Marcos Wilder, Renan Januário, Michel Américo, and Autemar Bispo.

Across the league phase, the Kombans produced a balanced campaign and concluded the stage fourth in the table with a record of 3 wins, 4 draws and 3 losses (3–4–3), advancing to the knockout round. The club’s run ended in the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by Calicut FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super League Kerala: Gani scores winner as Calicut beat Kombans to enter final |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/11/05/super-league-kerala-calicut-vs-thiruvananthapuram-kombans-semifinal.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Super League Kerala: Gani scores winner as Calicut beat Kombans to enter final |language=en}}</ref>

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|other=on loan from East Bengal|no=26|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Aaryan Saroha}}{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sreeraj Rajeev|no=99}}{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=DEF|name=Shinu R|no=19}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Femin Antony}}
{{Fs player|no=01|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Satyajit Bordoloi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=15|name=Abdul Badish C.}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=4|name=Akhil J. Chandran}}
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|pos=DF|no=32|name=Filipe Alves}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=55|name=Mohamed Sanooth}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=93|name=Mohammed Sarif Khan}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=12|name=K. P. Sharath}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DF|no=19|name=Shinu Rimon}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=30|name=P. M. Akshay}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=08|name=Bibin Boban}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=18|name=Muhammed Ashar}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=37|name=Manoj M.}}
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|pos=MF|no=10|name=Patrick Mota}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=29|name=Ragav Gupta}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=MF|no=06|name=Rohen Singh}}
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|pos=FW|no=9|name=Pemaza}}
{{Fs player|nat=BRA|pos=FW|no=33|name=Paulo Victor}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=27|name=Mohammed Shafi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=16|name=Shihad Nelliparamban}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=17|name=T. M. Vishnu}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=28|name=Khalid Roshan}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=FW|no=11|name=Vignesh Maria}}{{Football squad player|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=Ronald Makalysten|no=7}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|pos=DEF|name=Shanid Valan|no=23}}{{Football squad player|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sharon S|no=17}}
{{Fs end}}

==Technical Staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Role
!Name
!Country
!Ref.
|-
|Head Coach
|James McAloon
|[[England]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-10-04 |title=Kombans FC announce final squad for Super League, unveil jersey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Oct/04/kombans-fc-announce-final-squad-for-super-league-unveil-jersey |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Team Manager
|Natvarlaal Naik
|[[India]]
|
|-
|Assistant Team Manager
|Niranjan S
|India
|
|-
|Assistant Coach
|Kali Alaudeen
|India
|
|-
|Goalkeeping Coach
|Balaji Narasimhan
|India
|
|-
|S&C Coach/Performance Analyst
|Fintan Lane
|Australia
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-10-04 |title=Kombans FC announce final squad for Super League, unveil jersey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2025/Oct/04/kombans-fc-announce-final-squad-for-super-league-unveil-jersey |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Associated Club ==
[[Botafogo FR|Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Super League Kerala}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sports}}

[[Category:Sport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2024|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in Kerala|Thiruvananthapuram Kombans FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kerala]]
[[Category:Super League Kerala teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Barood (2004 film)

2026-04-25T18:46:28Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{Short description|2004 Indian Bengali action thriller film by T. L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Barood
| image = Barood (2004 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| director = [[T. L. V. Prasad]]
| producer = Pritam Jalan
| writer =
| screenplay = [[N. K. Salil]]
| story = T. L. V. Prasad
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=মিঠুনের এই ১০ বাংলা ছবির সংলাপ আজ সুপারহিট! দেখে নিন এক নজরে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/mithun-chakraborty-top-10-bengali-film-dialogues-which-are-famous-till-date-check-it-out-267774-2021-03-09 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> Usha Shree [[Rajatava Dutta]] [[Lokesh Ghosh]]
| music = Babul Bose
| cinematography = P. Devraj
| editing = Shyam Mukherjee
| studio = Kushagra Arts
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|04|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Barood''''' ({{translation|Gunpowder}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[T. L. V. Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/barood/movieshow/82210976.cms |access-date=2024-06-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Produced by Pritam Jalan under the banner of Kushagra Arts, the screenplay and dialogues of the film were written by [[N. K. Salil]]. It stars [[Mithun Chakraborty]], Usha Sree, [[Lokesh Ghosh]], and [[Rajatava Dutta]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/barood/ET00310501 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Honest police officer DSP Barunoday Basak is always protesting against injustice. Later, he is shown being bribed by a corrupt politician. However, the police officer's primary objective is to discredit the politician. The policeman takes many steps to destroy the politician and finally succeeds. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood (2004) Bengali Movie: Watch Full HD |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/barood/1971007472/watch |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.hotstar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood |url=https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/barood-bengali-movie-streaming-online-watch/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Binged |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Barunoday Basak aka Barood
* Usha Shree as Deepa, Barunoday's wife
* [[Lokesh Ghosh]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Gautam Banerjee
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Sitaram Ghoshal, a corrupt politician
* [[Shankar Chakraborty]] as Anwar Bhai
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]] as Barunoday's father
* [[Rimjhim Gupta]] as Barunoday's younger sister
* [[Mrinal Mukherjee]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Baleshwar Jha
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
* Sunil Mukherjee

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1433273}}

{{T. L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2000s police films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the West Bengal Police]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by N. K. Salil]]

Greenvein

2026-04-22T02:42:18Z

JacquelynBelz49: Adding New Pg

{{Short description|Indian nonprofit organization}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2015|att=January 2026}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Greenvein
| image =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = 2014, [[Eranakulam]]
| extinction =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization]]
| status =
| purpose = [[Environmentalism]]
| headquarters = [[Eranakulam]]
| website = [http://www.greenvein.org/]
| remarks =
}}

'''Greenvein''' is a [[nonprofit organization]] in [[India]] for planting and protecting trees. Its vision is to reduce global warming and implement reforestation programs.<ref name="Hindu Reporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/seer-on-a-greening-mission/article7311781.ece|title=Seer on a greening mission|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Kerala, India|date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Malayala Manorama News">{{cite news|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/environment/environment-news/green-vein-foundation-for-plantinga-and-protecting-trees.html|title=മരങ്ങളുടെ ഭാരത പര്യടനം|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|location=Kerala, India|date=23 June 2015}}</ref> The motto of the organization is to propagate a culture of planting and protecting trees and make it part of our day-to-day activity rather than a ritualistic and symbolic process.<ref name="Decan Chronicle">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/497945/group-greening-spree-himalayas-kanyakumari.html|title=Group on greening spree from Himalayas to Kanyakumari|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|location=Bengaluru, India|date=29 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Greenvein's first meeting was held at [[Ernakulam]] on 6 May 2014. In this meeting a decision was made to plant and protect One Billion Trees across India within 21 years. . In order to fulfil the aim, widespread campaigns were initiated. Within a year Greenvein made its presence in Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Odisha. On June 5, 2014, World Environment Day, 32,200 saplings were planted in [[Kerala]] alone with the support of Ministry of Forest. On the same day saplings were planted in Dehradun, Capital city of [[Uttarakhand]] state, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) Delhi, Redegg Infopark at Nagarcoil, Tamil Nadu, Niv Vidya Mandir at Greater Noida, and Navaprabhat Gurukulam, Navupauli village, Odisha.

==Activities==

2014, Greenvein started nurseries at Haridwar, [[Rudraprayag]], Noida and Odisha with the help of common people. In Kerala, 10 nurseries were started. In addition to this, Greenvein volunteers maintain many more small nurseries with the capacity to rear 100 saplings to 300 saplings at their homes or surroundings. These nurseries produce approximately 300, 000 saplings per year. And in various states, Greenvein has planted 600, 000 saplings within 2015. On June 5, 2015, Greenvein conducted a seed distribution campaign and distributed approximately 150, 000 seeds on that day. The project is called one billion tree project.<ref name="Thenewsminute">{{cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-ngo-wants-plant-billion-trees-state|title=This Kerala NGO wants to plant a billion trees in the state|publisher=The News Minute|date=5 June 2015}}</ref>

==Tree Trip==
Tree Trip <ref name="Indian Express News">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-Seer-and-His-Seeds/2015/07/25/article2936570.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729051357/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/The-Seer-and-His-Seeds/2015/07/25/article2936570.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2015|title=The Seer and His Seeds|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 July 2015}}</ref> is a campaign in the leadership of Swami Samvidanand, Chief Coordinator of Greenvein to create awareness on the necessity of planting and protecting trees and to plant seeds and saplings in every single district of India . This " Himalaya to Kanyakumari" Tree Trip started from Himalaya on 7 May 2015.<ref name="East Coast Daily">{{cite news|url=http://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2015/06/23/greenvein-tree-travel-with-samvidanand/|title=ഒരു യാത്രകൊണ്ട് സമ്പാദിക്കാവുന്ന ഇണക്കങ്ങളും പിണക്കങ്ങളും|publisher=Eastcoastdaily|date=23 June 2015|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208115632/http://www.eastcoastdaily.com/2015/06/23/greenvein-tree-travel-with-samvidanand/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Swami Samvidanand leads this journey in a Maruti Alto car. The trip associates with bodies such as Environmental and Ecological organizations, Eco Clubs of Schools and Colleges, Women Empowerment Institutions and Cultural Societies in each State. The activities of Tree Trip includes distribution of seeds, conducting awareness seminars for school and college students and the native people on the importance of environment conservation and tree planting in this era of [[Global warming]]. Greenvein initiated this project with "Karthumbikoottam" an organisation of tribal children by introducing the program to plant One Lakh trees in the banks of River Bhavani, which flows through Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.greenvein.org/ Organisation Website]

[[Category:2014 in the environment]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Reforestation]]

Narayan Prasad Shukla

2026-04-21T03:44:41Z

JacquelynBelz49: Stub

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayan Prasad Shukla
| native_name = नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला
| image = NK SHUKLA INDORE.jpg
| office = Deputy Speaker of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 25 March 1972
| term_end = 8 January 1976
| predecessor = [[Ram Kishore Shukla]]
| constituency = Indore-4
| office1 = Minister of Home Affairs,
Minister of Urban Development, Minister of Tourism [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 8 January 1976
| term_end1 = 30 April 1977
| constituency1 = Indore-4
| office2 = [[Indore Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Indore]]
| term_start2 = 1964
| term_end2 = 1965
| office3 = [[Indore Municipal Corporation|Deputy Mayor of Indore]]
| term_start3 = 1962
| term_end3 = 1963
| office4 = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1972
| term_end4 = 1977
| predecessor4 = [[Yagya Datt Sharma (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Yagya Datt Sharma]]
| successor4 = Vallabh Sharma
| constituency4 = Indore-4
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|11|10}}
| birth_place = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|6|15|1929|11|10}}
| death_place = [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh, India
| citizenship = India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician, Journalist
| spouse = Kusum Shukla
| children = Shailendra Shukla, Pradeep Shukla, Archana Joshi, Sushma Thakur
| education = Master of Arts
| alma_mater = [[Holkar Science College]]
}}{{Short description|Indian politician (1929–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Narayan Prasad Shukla''' (10 November 1929 – 15 June 2014) was an Indian politician, journalist, and social activist from Madhya Pradesh. A senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he served as Mayor of Indore Municipal Corporation, Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the Indore-4 Assembly constituency. He was Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Urban Development and Minister of Tourism in [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]'s cabinet, and Deputy Speaker of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly between 1972 and 1976. He also served as Deputy Mayor of Indore for over a decade and was the leader of the Narmada Maiya Chalo movement, a major public agitation addressing Indore’s water supply crisis. He was widely associated with urban development initiatives, public movements, cultural institutions, and efforts to strengthen sports infrastructure in the state.

== Early life and education ==
Narayan Prasad Shukla was born in Sagore, Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-15 |title=विधानसभा के पूर्व उपाध्यक्ष व पूर्व मंत्री नारायणप्रसाद शुक्ला का निधन |trans-title=Former Assembly Deputy-Speaker and former Minister Narayan Prasad Shukla passes away |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/indore-former-assembly-vice-president-and-former-minister-shukla-died-115419 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref> During his student years, Shukla was actively involved in student politics while studying at [[Holkar Science College]], Indore. He was elected as the President of [[Holkar Science College]], a role through which he emerged as a prominent student leader and laid the foundation for his later involvement in public life. Before embarking on his political career, Shukla worked in journalism, serving as an editor for [[National Herald]]. He also worked as the Editor-in-Chief at Indore Samachar Press.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=27 साल की उम्र में मेयर बन गए थे शुक्ल |trans-title=Shukla became mayor at the age of 27 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/mp-ind-mat-latest-indore-news-062603-148070-nor.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> and [[United News of India]], where he was associated with editorial and reporting assignments during the early phase of his professional career.Shukla's political journey began with his election as a Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Indore-4 Assembly constituency]] in [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He was appointed as the Deputy Speaker of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly on 28 July 1972, serving until 7 January 1976. He has served as the Minister of State in the Shyamcharan Shukla ministry from 8 January 1976 to 30 April 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |title=पूर्व सभापति शुक्ल की स्मृति में आयोजन आज |trans-title=Event organized in memory of former Chairman Shukla today |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/mp-ind-hmu-mat-latest-indore-news-030016-2068279-nor.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He had served as Mayor of Indore for two consecutive terms in 1964 and 1965.<ref name=":1" /> He completed his Master of Arts in English.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soni |first=Harsh |date=2024-11-08 |title=नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला: एक समर्पित राजनीतिज्ञ और समाजसेवी |url=https://www.yuvapress.com/narayan-prasad-shukla-a-dedicated-politician-and-social-worker/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Yuva Press |language=en-US}}</ref> During his political career, Shukla was regarded as a close associate of [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]], former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and worked closely with him on organizational and developmental initiatives in the state. Contemporary accounts and later retrospectives describe Mishra as having acknowledged Shukla’s political maturity and administrative approach, particularly in matters related to urban development and public movements. Shukla was also associated with senior policymakers in Mishra’s circle, including [[Brajesh Mishra]], with whom he is described in regional sources as sharing a close personal and professional association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2026-04-13 |title=आधुनिक इंदौर के शिल्पकार: नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल की प्रेरक विकासगाथा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/the-architect-of-modern-indore-the-inspiring-story-of-narayan-prasad-shukla-1279976 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Zakir Hussain Nk shukla.jpg|left|thumb|Shukla with [[Zakir Husain (politician)|President Zakir Husain]] and Mishri Lal Gangwal, former Chief Minister of Madhya Bharat.]]
'''Narayan Prasad Shukla''' was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and an influential figure in the political history of Indore and Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="NIE2014">PTI (15 June 2014). "Senior Congress Leader Narayan Prasad Shukla Passes Away". ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref> He began his public life through student and civic movements and later served as a councillor and Mayor of Indore, becoming one of the youngest individuals to hold the office.<ref name="DBMayor">"27 साल की उम्र में मेयर बन गए थे शुक्ल." ''Dainik Bhaskar''.</ref><ref name="WebduniaMayor">"इंदौर नगर निगम के मेयर (महापौर)." ''Webdunia Hindi''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref>

During his tenure in municipal and state politics, Shukla was associated with initiatives focused on urban development, civic administration, and public infrastructure, including movements related to water supply in Indore.<ref name="Ghamasan">"55 साल पहले गूंजा था नर्मदा मैया इंदौर चलो का नारा, नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला ने रखी थी नींव." ''Ghamasan News''. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref><ref name="R9News">Shukla, Ankur (8 April 2024). "Narmada Maiya Chalo, a 23 day-long movement in Indore led by local politician." ''R9 News''. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</ref> He played a role in efforts leading to the establishment of Indore University, later renamed Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, and was associated with the government acquisition and preservation of the historic Rajwada Palace.<ref name="YuvaPress">Soni, Harsh (8 November 2024). "नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला: एक समर्पित राजनीतिज्ञ और समाजसेवी." ''Yuva Press''. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2026-04-13 |title=आधुनिक इंदौर के शिल्पकार: नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल की प्रेरक विकासगाथा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/the-architect-of-modern-indore-the-inspiring-story-of-narayan-prasad-shukla-1279976 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Shukla later served as a Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly, held ministerial responsibilities in the state government, and was elected Deputy Speaker of the Assembly.<ref name="MPAssembly">"MP Legislative Assembly." ''mpvidhansabha.nic.in''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref><ref name="NaiDunia2014">"विधानसभा के पूर्व उपाध्यक्ष व पूर्व मंत्री नारायणप्रसाद शुक्ला का निधन." ''Nai Dunia''. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref>
[[File:Indira Gandhi Dp mishra Narayan Prasad Shukla.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Shukla with Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], Chief Minister [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] and [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]] at Shukla's residence.]]
Between 1970 and 1972, Shukla served as one of the General Secretaries of the Madhya Pradesh–Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee. He was among four leaders appointed to the position during the tenure of [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, and was associated with organisational responsibilities within the party, including coordination of political activities and electoral strategy. Contemporary accounts also note his role in candidate selection processes and his subsequent appointment as election in-charge for Khargone district during Assembly and organisational elections. He became Mayor of Indore at the age of 27 and is regarded as the youngest Mayor in the history of the Indore Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2026-04-13 |title=आधुनिक इंदौर के शिल्पकार: नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल की प्रेरक विकासगाथा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/the-architect-of-modern-indore-the-inspiring-story-of-narayan-prasad-shukla-1279976 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life and family ==
He was born in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India.<ref name="NavbharatTimes3">"मध्य प्रदेश के वरिष्ठ कांग्रेस नेता नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल का निधन." ''Navbharat Times''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref> He was married to Kusum Shukla, and the couple had four children—two sons and two daughters.<ref name="YuvaPress3">Soni, Harsh (8 November 2024). "नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला: एक समर्पित राजनीतिज्ञ और समाजसेवी." ''Yuva Press''. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref> His sons are Shailendra Shukla, who is engaged in business, and Pradeep Shukla, who works as a journalist.<ref name="DBMemory3">"स्व. शुक्ला से जुड़े प्रसंगों को याद किया." ''Dainik Bhaskar''.</ref> His daughters are Archana Joshi and Sushma Thakur.

In addition to his political career, Shukla served as Chairman of the Shri Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Indore, an institution whose foundation stone was laid by Mahatma Gandhi, and was associated with initiatives promoting Hindi literature and cultural activities in the region.<ref name="YuvaPress3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2026-04-13 |title=आधुनिक इंदौर के शिल्पकार: नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल की प्रेरक विकासगाथा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/the-architect-of-modern-indore-the-inspiring-story-of-narayan-prasad-shukla-1279976 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Hindi Sahitya Samitee Shukla Archive.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Shukla with President [[Pratibha Patil]], Governor [[Balram Jakhar]], Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] and [[Sumitra Mahajan]] at centenary of Shree Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti.]]
Members of his family have also been involved in public service and social initiatives. His grandson Aditya Shukla has been associated with international and social development initiatives, including work related to education and youth leadership, and has been featured in national and international media.<ref name="TOIAditya">"Young changemaker Aditya Shukla launches global campaign for education transformation." ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref><ref name="News18Aditya">"Digital divide a major reason for social and economic backwardness: Aditya Shukla." ''News18 Hindi''. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref> Other grandchildren, including Apoorv Shukla and Shailja Shukla, have been associated with social and organizational activities linked to the Narayani initiatives.<ref name="YuvaPress3" />

== Legacy ==
Narayan Prasad Shukla is remembered as a development-oriented and principled political leader whose contributions significantly influenced Indore’s civic growth and political culture. Contemporary accounts and retrospectives highlight his role in urban development initiatives, legislative functioning, and public movements, as well as his reputation for ethical conduct in public life. In regional discourse, he is often described as one of the figures who helped shape Indore’s modern civic and administrative framework. <ref name="Ghamasan2" /><ref name="R9News2" />

Elements of this public-service legacy have continued through subsequent generations of his family. His grandson, Aditya Shukla, has been engaged in international social-development work, including assignments with the [[United Nations]], and currently serves as President of the [[Global Youth Leadership Initiative]].<ref name="News18Aditya" />

== Narmada Maiya Chalo Movement ==
'''Narayan Prasad Shukla''' played a leading role in the Narmada Maiya Chalo Movement, a public agitation conducted between 5 July and 23 August 1970, aimed at addressing Indore’s growing water crisis.<ref name="Ghamasan2">"55 साल पहले गूंजा था नर्मदा मैया इंदौर चलो का नारा, नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला ने रखी थी नींव." ''Ghamasan News''. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref> During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Indore faced acute water shortages, prompting demands for a sustainable long-term solution.<ref name="R9News2">Shukla, Ankur (8 April 2024). "Narmada Maiya Chalo, a 23 day-long movement in Indore led by local politician." ''R9 News''. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</ref>

Shukla, a former Mayor of Indore, emerged as a central figure in mobilizing public support for drawing water from the Narmada River to the city.<ref name="WebduniaMayor2">"इंदौर नगर निगम के मेयर (महापौर)." ''Webdunia Hindi''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref> The movement witnessed widespread public participation and sustained demonstrations over a period of 23 days, transforming a civic demand into a mass-based campaign.<ref name="DBMemory2">"स्व. शुक्ला से जुड़े प्रसंगों को याद किया." ''Dainik Bhaskar''.</ref>

The agitation is regarded as a significant factor in influencing government approval for the Narmada water supply project for Indore, which involved transporting water across the Vindhyachal range.<ref name="YuvaPress2">Soni, Harsh (8 November 2024). "नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ला: एक समर्पित राजनीतिज्ञ और समाजसेवी." ''Yuva Press''. Retrieved 26 November 2024.</ref> The movement is frequently cited in regional accounts as a landmark episode in Indore’s urban development and water infrastructure planning.<ref name="NavbharatTimes2">"मध्य प्रदेश के वरिष्ठ कांग्रेस नेता नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल का निधन." ''Navbharat Times''. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2026-04-13 |title=आधुनिक इंदौर के शिल्पकार: नारायण प्रसाद शुक्ल की प्रेरक विकासगाथा |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/state/madhya-pradesh/the-architect-of-modern-indore-the-inspiring-story-of-narayan-prasad-shukla-1279976 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Death ==
Shukla died on 15 June 2014, at the age of 83 after a brief illness. He had been undergoing treatment for [[pneumonia]] in a private hospital. His last rites were performed the following day.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2014-06-15 |title=Senior Congress Leader Narayan Prasad Shukla Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Jun/15/senior-congress-leader-narayan-prasad-shukla-passes-away-625043.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Narayan Prasad}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Mithius Tudu

2026-04-16T04:57:56Z

JacquelynBelz49: Stub - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Revenue Minister of the [[Government of Assam]]
| successor3 = [[Majendra Narzary]]
| children = 4
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| death_place = [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date = 10 July 2017 (aged 92)
| successor4 = Tajendra Narzary
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor4 = Jatindra Narayan Das
| predecessor3 = Tajendra Narzary
| office2 = Minister for Labour and Employment
| constituency4 = [[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]]
| constituency3 = [[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]]
| term4 = 1957 - 1991
| term3 = 2001 - 2006
| 1blankname2 = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]]
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = {{marriage|Rahe Sakm|1958}}
| term = 7 June 2002 - 21 May 2006
| term2 = 1991 - 1996
}}

'''Mithius Tudu''' ({{Circa|1930}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Assam (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psNQAQAAMAAJ |title=Assam Legislative Assembly Who's who |date=1978 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly. |language=en}}</ref> – 10 July 2017) was an [[Indian politician]] from the state of [[Assam]]. He was an 8 time Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]]. He was also a Minister in the [[Hiteswar Saikia]] cabinet and [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi Cabinet]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-10 |title=Former Assam ministers Rameswar Dhanowar, Mithius Tudu pass away after prolonged illness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/former-assam-ministers-rameswar-dhanowar-mithius-tudu-pass-away-after-prolonged-illness-4744609/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2017-07-11 |title=Former minister Mithius Tudu passes away - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/former-minister-mithius-tudu-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-31 |title=26 kins of political leaders in Assam poll fray |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/26-kins-of-political-leaders-in-assam-poll-fray/story-ywXrbAm456X1sKGSGqFcaP.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gossaigaon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gossaigaon-assam-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Tudu ministership |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref>

== Education ==
Tudu was educated at [[Sapatgram]] Bengali high school and at [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]] in [[Gauhati University|Gauhati]].<ref name=":0" /> After graduating from Cotton College, Tudu joined Grahampur High School as a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Congress leaders die |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/veteran-congress-leaders-die/cid/1435295 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Tudu was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Gossaigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gossaigaon]] in the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 8361 votes and became [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the constituency.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Mathias Tudu winner in Gossaigaon, Assam Assembly Elections 1957: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1957/gossaigaon/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

Tudu was again the Congress candidate for Gossaigaon in the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 7350 votes and was reelected unopposed for the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Mathius Tudu, Gossaigaon Assembly Elections 1962 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1962/gossaigaon/mathius-tudu/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Tudu was again reelected unopposed and received 19326 votes.

He was reelected in the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he received 22242, 66.32% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest opponent by 16503 votes.<ref name=":3" />

He was again reelected in the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], he received 14562 votes, 35.18% of the total vote, and defeated his nearest opponent by 5191 votes.<ref name=":3" />

He was again reelected in the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]. He received 16141 votes, 41.72% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest rival by 7571 votes. He was made a minister in the [[Hiteswar Saikia]] cabinet.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

He was reelected in the [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], polling 21548 votes, 39.52% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest rival by 13722 votes.<ref name=":3" />

In 1991, he received 20970 votes, 24.98% of the total vote. He came second to independent candidate Tajendra Nazary by 38339 votes, after being an MLA for 34 years.<ref name=":4" />

In the 1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election, Tudu was the Congress candidate for Gossaigaon again. He received 19418 votes, 27.04% of the total vote, again losing to Tajendra Nazary.<ref name=":3" />

In the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election, Tudu was again the congress candidate. He received 61504 votes, 54.92% of the total vote and again became MLA for Gossaigaon. He was made a minister in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi cabinet]]. He did not seek reelection in [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]] when his son became the Congress candidate but lost.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life and death ==
Tudu enjoyed sports and reading. He married Rahe Sakm in 1958 and they had 1 son and 3 daughters. His son, Chrisostum Tudu, unsuccessfully sought the Gossaigaon seat in [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]] and [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]].<ref name=":0" />

In July 2017, Tudu suffered a stroke at his residence in Grahampur. A week later on 10 July 2017, Tudu died due to old-age ailment at Subham Private Nursing Home at [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]] on Monday at around 12.30 pm, the same day as congress minister [[Rameswar Dhanowar]]. [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]] [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] and [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Debabrata Saikia]] both paid tribute, with Sonowal saying “Both Tudu and Dhanowar were people’s representatives for long years and had contributed significantly to the socio-political life of Assam. Their contributions as politicians and social workers will be remembered for long.”<ref name=":1" /> His body was buried at his birthplace Grahampur under [[Gossaigaon]] subdivision in [[Kokrajhar district]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Mithius}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Kokrajhar district]]

List of places of worship in Maharashtra

2026-04-15T02:53:09Z

JacquelynBelz49: Stub - done

{{Short description|none}}

== Hinduism ==

=== Temples of Deities ===

* [[Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur|Shri Vitthal Temple]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Solapur district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhere |first=Ramchandra Chintaman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ |title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur |date=2011-06-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-977764-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Morgaon Ganesha temple|Shri Mayureshwar Temple]], Morgaon, [[Pune district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-16 |title=GAZETTEERS OF THE BOMBAY PRESIDENCY - POONA |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_m.html#. |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016101207/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Poona-III/places_m.html#. |archive-date=2009-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-18 |title=Pune's monuments |url=http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments2.htm |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118124518/http://pune.gov.in/history/monuments2.htm |archive-date=2010-01-18 }}</ref>
* [[Siddhivinayak Mahaganapati Temple|Shri Siddhivinayak Temple]], [[Siddhatek]], [[Ahmednagar district]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ganpati Festival 2020: The Ashtavinayakas of Maharashtra |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/ganpati-festival-2020-the-ashtavinayakas-of-maharashtra/2062941/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ballaleshwar Pali|Shri Ballaleshwar Temple]], [[Pali, Raigad|Pali]], [[Raigad district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Varadvinayak|Shri Varadavinayak Temple]], Mahad, [[Raigad district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Chintamani Temple, Theur|Shri Chintamani Temple]], Theur, [[Pune district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Lenyadri#Cave 7: Shri Ganesha Temple|Shri Girijatmaj Temple]], [[Lenyadri]], [[Pune district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar|Shri Vighneshwar Temple]], Ozar, [[Pune district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Ranjangaon Ganpati|Shri Mahaganapati Temple]], [[Ranjangaon]], [[Pune district]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Shri Mahalakshmi Temple]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur District]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=Mahalakshmi+Temple+Kolhapur |title=Spiritual India Handbook |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mata Renuka Devi Temple]], [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], [[Nanded district]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Balasubramanian |first=Lalitha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gz0zDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mahalakshmi+Temple&pg=PT23 |title=Temples in Maharashtra: A Travel Guide |date=2017-08-30 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-947697-88-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Saptashrungi|Shri Saptashrungi Temple]], [[Vani]], [[Nashik district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shree Saptshrungi Gad Vani {{!}} Nashik District, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://nashik.gov.in/tourist-place/shree-saptshrungi-gad-vani/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vani (Nashik) - DOT-Maharashtra Tourism - Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/-/vani-nashik- |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=DOT-Maharashtra Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Tulja Bhavani Temple|Shri Tulja Bhavani Temple]], [[Tuljapur]], [[Osmanabad district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री. क्षेत्र तुळजापूर {{!}} उस्मानाबाद जिल्हा {{!}} India |url=https://osmanabad.gov.in/mr/%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b3%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%82%e0%a4%b0/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |language=mr}}</ref>
* Shri Shani Temple, [[Shani Shingnapur]], [[Ahmednagar district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-09 |title=Breaking 400-year-old tradition, women enter Shani Shingnapur inner sanctum |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/shani-shingnapur-temple-trust-finally-accepts-hc-order-lets-women-in/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=Why this village in Maharashtra has no doors or locks |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/why-this-village-in-maharashtra-has-no-doors-or-locks-shani-shingnapur-ahmednagar-shirdi/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Shri Khandoba Temple]], [[Jejuri]], [[Pune district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8k98lBxwM4C&dq=Khandoba+Jejuri&pg=PA279 |title=Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism |date=1989-09-21 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-982-6 |pages=279–280 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Religious Places {{!}} District Pune, Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://pune.gov.in/tourism/religious-places/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Grishneshwar Temple|Shri Grishneshwar Jyotirlinga Temple]], Verul, [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Irene M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjXonSWq-EkC&dq=Grishneshwar&pg=PA35 |title=Shiva Lingam |publisher=Sai Towers Publishing |isbn=978-81-87694-21-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* [[Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga Temple|Shri Bhimashankar Jyotirlinga Temple]], [[Khed taluka]], [[Pune district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tilak |first=Sudha G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQC0DwAAQBAJ |title=Temple Tales: Secrets and Stories from India's Sacred Places |date=2019-10-15 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-88322-47-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple|Shri Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple]], [[Trimbak]], [[Nashik District]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dixit |first=Saurabh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WKSEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Wine Tourism |date=2022-11-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64232-2 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Temples of Saints ===
* [[Dnyaneshwar|Shri Sant Dnyaneshwar Maharaj Samadhi Mandir]], [[Alandi]], [[Pune district]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-20|title=Lakhs of devotees reach Alandi with renewed enthusiasm for Ashadhi Wari|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lakhs-of-devotees-reach-alandi-with-renewed-enthusiasm-for-ashadhi-wari-7979492/|access-date=2022-12-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-05 |title=The road to Pandharpur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/the-road-to-pandharpur/article6180421.ece |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":7"/>
* [[Chokhamela|Shri Sant Chokhamela Maharaj Samadhi]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Solapur district]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-20|title=A Dalit at the temple door|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/a-dalit-at-the-temple-door-111646976678518.html|access-date=2022-12-04|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-16|title=In Chokhamela's Bhakti, Past Transforms into Radical Present|url=https://www.newsclick.in/in-chokhamela-bhakti-past-transforms-radical-present|access-date=2022-12-04|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHYnbuKtTz8C&dq=sant+tukaram+maharaj+samadhi+mandir&pg=PA443 |title=Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya: Pariprekshya |publisher=Vani Prakashan |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Eknath|Shri Sant Eknath Maharaj]] Samadhi, [[Paithan]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Garima |date=July 11, 2015 |title=Walk with wari inspires Pune girl's Oxford research paper |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/walk-with-wari-inspires-pune-girls-oxford-research-paper/ |access-date=Jan 8, 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PAITHAN, Gazette Of Aurangabad Division |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/aurangabad/chap19/PAITHAN.htm |website=Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra}}</ref>
* [[Tukaram|Shri Sant Tukaram Maharaj Samadhi Mandir]], [[Dehu]], [[Pune district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-23 |title=Vitthal temple at Pandhapur, Dehu Sansthan closed for Kartik Ekadashi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/vitthal-temple-at-pandhapur-dehu-sansthan-closed-for-kartik-ekadashi/story-l9PvRlhvgEX6seV3yvE2UL.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
* [[Nivruttinath|Shri Sant Nivruttinath Maharaj Samadhi]], [[Trimbakeshwar tehsil|Trimbakeshwar]], [[Nashik district]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=author/lokmat-news-network|date=2020-10-28|title=संत निवृत्तीनाथ महाराज समाधी मंदिराचे काम गेल्या सात महिन्यांपासून संथ गतीने|url=https://www.lokmat.com/nashik/work-sant-nivruttinath-maharaj-samadhi-mandir-has-been-going-slow-pace-last-seven-months-a321/|access-date=2022-12-04|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
*[[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shri Sant Sai Baba Mandir]], [[Shirdi]], [[Ahmednagar district]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Baba death anniversary: Date, teachings and all you need to know|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/shirdi-sai-baba-death-anniversary-date-teachings-and-all-you-need-to-know-1731811-2020-10-15|access-date=2022-12-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Shri Gajanan Maharaj|Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj Mandir]], [[Shegaon]], [[Buldhana district|Buldhana District]]
*

== Islam ==

* [[Haji Ali Dargah]], [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-07 |title=World's Greatest City: 50 reasons Mumbai is No. 1 {{!}} CNNGo |url=http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |access-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007234914/http://www.cnngo.com/mumbai/none/worlds-greatest-city-50-reasons-why-mumbai-no-1-809212 |archive-date=2009-10-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelar |first=Jyoti |date=2020-02-19 |title=552-year-old Haji Ali Dargah listed in World Book of Records |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/552-year-old-haji-ali-dargah-listed-in-world-book-of-records/article30866394.ece |access-date=2022-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Jainism ==

* [[Ellora Caves#The Jain monuments: Caves 30–34|The Jain monuments]], [[Ellora Caves#The Jain monuments: Caves 30–34|Ellora Caves]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Owen |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC |title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora |date=2012-04-03 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20629-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMTgiygj4-oC |title=Monolithic Jinas |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2397-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malandra |first=Geri Hockfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC |title=Unfolding A Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora |date=1993-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1355-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kumbhoj#Jain Temple|Jain Temple, Kumbhoj]], [[Kolhapur district]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krYBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jain+Temple,+Kumbhoj,+Kolhapur&pg=PA312 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kolhapur |date=1886 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |pages=312–313 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mangi-Tungi#Jain Temples|Jain Temples, Mangi-Tungi]], [[Nashik district]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture |date=2001 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoEMAQAAMAAJ |title=Deccan Studies |date=2007 |publisher=Centre for Deccan Studies |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Godiji#Godiji Parshwanth Temple in Mumbai|Godiji Parshwanth Temple, Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=Kalbadevi Road in Mumbai: Cloth market on this road played a part in Swadeshi movement |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/kalbadevi-road-in-mumbai-cloth-market-on-this-road-played-a-part-in-swadeshi-movement/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand celebrations on cards as Jain temple completes 200 yrs |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-grand-celebrations-on-cards-as-jain-temple-completes-200-yrs-1666662 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gajpanth]], [[Nashik district]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

== Sikhism ==

* [[Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=Explained: The role of the 5 Sikh takhts, and the debate over a proposal for a 6th |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sikh-takhts-debate-proposal-nankana-sahib-guru-nanak-shiromani-akali-dal-5480414/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009-07-24 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Judaism ==

* [[Knesset Eliyahoo|Knesset Eliyahoo Synagogue]], Fort, [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uliel |first=Eytan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RbBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Knesset+Eliyahoo+Synagogue&pg=PT171 |title=Head Waggling in Delhi: And Other Travel Tales from an Epic Journey Around India |date=2019-11-26 |publisher=Archway Publishing |isbn=978-1-4808-6799-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqJoDwAAQBAJ&dq=Knesset+Eliyahoo+Synagogue&pg=PT78 |title=The Soul of Mumbai |publisher=Ivan Raskino |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gate of Mercy Synagogue|Shaar Harahamim Synagogue]], Masjid Bhandar, [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caputo |first1=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYuFDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaar+Harahamim+Synagogue&pg=PA254 |title=On the Word of a Jew: Religion, Reliability, and the Dynamics of Trust |last2=Hart |first2=Mitchell B. |date=2019-01-14 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-03741-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Egorova |first=Yulia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB5rDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shaar+Harahamim+Synagogue&pg=PA192 |title=Jews and Muslims in South Asia: Reflections on Difference, Religion, and Race |date=2018-09-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-985624-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Magen David Synagogue (Byculla)|Magen David Synagogue]], [[Byculla]], [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":6" />

== Christianity ==

* [[Church of Our Lady of Health, Cavel]], [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunha |first=J. Gerson Da |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&pg=PA8 |title=The Origin of Bombay |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0815-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-31 |title=St Andrew's: Midnight Mass at 400-year-old church |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/st-andrews-midnight-mass-at-400-year-old-church-5005633/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-23 |title=Church of St Andrew to kick off celebrations with Andrean Fair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/church-of-st-andrew-to-kick-off-celebrations-with-andrean-fair/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]], [[SEEPZ]] Industrial Area, [[Andheri]], Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-11 |title=Ruins of 436-year-old Condita church spring to life for annual Mass |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/436-year-old-ruins-of-condita-church-springs-to-life-for-annual-mass/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* St. John the Baptist Church, Marol, [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-21 |title=Mumbai: Annual feast in May keeps alive legacy of Marol Church |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-annual-feast-in-may-keeps-alive-legacy-of-marol-church-5739353/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* St. John the Baptist Church, Thane <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Restored to glory, 433-year-old Thane church opens its doors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/restored-to-glory-433-yr-old-thane-church-opens-its-doors/ |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra-related lists|Places of worship]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Maharashtra| ]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India|Maharashtra]]

Syed Mohammad Fakhruddin

2026-04-08T05:43:10Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (1868–1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sir Syed Muhammad Fakhruddin Khan Bahadur
| office = Member of the Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council
| term_start = 1921
| term_end = 1933
| term_start1 = 1921
| term_end1 = 1933
| office1 = Education Minister of Bihar and Orissa
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1868}}
| birth_name = Syed Mohammad Fakhruddin
| birth_place = Dumri, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date = 1933
| death_place = [[Patna]]
| education = [[Patna College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| resting_place = Bagh-e-Mujibiya, [[Phulwari Sharif]], [[Patna]]
}}

Sir '''Syed Muhammad Fakhruddin''' Khan Bahadur (1868–1933) was the first Muslim Education Minister of Bihar and Orissa from 1921 to 1933. He was the member of the Bihar Provincial Association. He was elected to Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council in 1921 was there till his death in 1933.<ref name="Sajjad 2015">{{cite web |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |title=Sir Fakhruddin 1868-1933: Educational Visionary of Bihar |website=Academia.edu |date=21 September 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15968911/Sir_Fakhruddin_1868_1933_Educational_Visionary_of_Bihar |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of Muslim in 1857 Revolt Specially in the Concern of Bihar – Ignited Minds Journals |url=http://ignited.in/I/a/221455 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=ignited.in |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Fakhruddin (1868–1933): An Educational Visionary of Bihar Archives |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/tag/sir-fakhruddin-1868-1933-an-educational-visionary-of-bihar/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=BeyondHeadlines |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Ali Imam and the Creation of Bihar |url=https://www.mddmcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/file_60e9e5da43bcc.pdf |website=MDDM College, Muzaffarpur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Muslims response to Two Nations Theory 1940–1947 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144509580.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Collective to Release Booklet "Remembering Muslim Makers of Modern Bihar" in Patna on Feb 23 |url=https://old.indiatomorrow.net/eng/bihar-collective-to-release-booklet-remembering-muslim-makers-of-modern-bihar-in-patna-on-feb-23 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=IndiaTomorrow.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Ashok Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uJSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0&pg=PA1916 |title=Bihar Ke 25 Mahanayak |date=17 December 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-93111-01-2 |language=hi}}</ref> He is known one of the Creator of [[Patna University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=teamht |date=12 October 2018 |title=Sir Fakhruddin (1868–1933): An Educational Visionary of Bihar. |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/sir-fakhruddin-1868-1933-an-educational-visionary-of-bihar/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Muhammad Fakhruddin was born to Syed Mohammad Ali in Village Dumri Near [[Patna]]. Fakhruddin was student of Mohammad Yahya, the husband of Rasheedun Nisa (sister of Syed Imdad Imam Asr). Rasheedun Nisa was the first Urdu Novel writer. Sir Fakhruddin was maternal relatives of Syed Waheeduddin Khan Bahadur (father of Syed Imdad Imam Asar and Rasheedun Nisa).

Fakhruddin completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Patna College]] in 1891 and [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of Law]] in 1893.<ref name="Sajjad 2015" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fakhruddin, Syed Mohammad}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Ram Charan Mehrotra

2026-04-02T11:14:39Z

JacquelynBelz49: new

{{Short description|Indian analytical and organometallic chemist, academic and educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ram Charan Mehrotra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|2|16}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], United Provinces, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|7|11|1922|2|16}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Analytical chemistry]] | [[Organometallic chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Lucknow University]] | [[Birkbeck College]] | [[University of Gorakhpur]] | [[University of Rajasthan]] | [[University of Delhi]] | [[University of Allahabad]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Allahabad]] | [[University of London]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on chemical theory of indicators and organometallic derivatives
| awards = {{ublist | 1949 [[Allahabad University]] E. G. Hill Memorial Prize | 1965 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1975 FICCI Award | 1976 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Professor T. R. Seshadri Seventieth Birthday Commemoration Medal | 1977 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] P. C. Ray Award | 1984 [[Institute of Science, Mumbai|ISM]] Golden Jubilee Medal | 1986 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] J. C. Ghosh Medal | 1987 [[Sōka University]] Academic Achievements Award | 1988 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Platinum Jubilee Distinguished Service Award | 1990 Central Institute of Hindi Atma Ram Award | 1991 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] G. P. Chatterjee Award | 1992 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Acharya Narendra Dev Award | 1993 [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Ashutosh Mukherjee Award | 1999 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Lifetime Achievement Award | 2000 [[Indian Chemical Society|ICS]] Platinum Jubilee Award }}
}}
'''Ram Charan Mehrotra''' (16 February 1922 – 11 July 2004) was an Indian analytical and organometallic chemist, academic, educationist and the vice chancellor of the Universities of [[Delhi University|Delhi]] and [[Allahabad University|Allahabad]].<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N640447 | title=Deceased fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=5 November 2016 | archive-date=9 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109152807/http://insaindia.res.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N640447 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was known for his studies on the chemical theory of indicators, alkoxides and carboxylates of many elements.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=300 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Chemical Society]], [[Chemical Society of London]], [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://nasi.nic.in/deceased.htm | title=Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mehrotra,_Prof._Ram_Charan | title=Fellow profile | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Rajasthan University Gate.JPG|thumb|[[Rajasthan University]]]]
Ram Charan Mehrotra was born in a middle-class family on 16 February 1922 in [[Kanpur]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Ram Bharose Mehrotra, a small-time cloth merchant and his homemaker wife, Chameli Devi.<ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications|title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1120|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-217-6|pages=1120–}}</ref> He lost both his parents before he turned 10 and had to continue his studies depending on merit scholarships and part-time jobs like private tuition.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM28_0512.pdf | title=Ram Charan Mehrotra | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | work=Biography | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> His primary schooling was at Municipal School, Kanpur and later he joined Christ Church School (present-day [[Christ Church College, Kanpur]]) from where he passed the [[Pre-university course|intermediate course]], standing first in the state. Joining the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1939 for his graduate studies, he completed the course on the strength of three scholarships{{Refn|group=note|[[Amarnath Jha]], the then vice chancellor of the university, allotted two additional scholarships to Mehrotra}} and passed BSc with Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as optional subjects. He continued at the university for MSc in chemistry which he passed with first rank in 1943. During this period, he was also involved in student politics in connection with the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942 and had to stay away from studies for four months.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" />

Before starting his formal academic career by joining Allahabad University in 1944 as a member of faculty of inorganic chemistry, Mehrotra worked at Vigyan Kala Bhawan, Daurala, a local learning centre involved in teaching science to prospective young entrepreneurs, for ten months during 1943–44 and was also associated with ''Vigyan Pragati'', a science magazine published by [[National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources]] (NISCAIR) of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> He served the university till 1954; in between, he had a short stint of two years at [[Birkbeck College]] from 1950 to 1952 as a British Council Fellow and part-time faculty, working with [[Donald Charlton Bradley]]; he utilised this period to secure a PhD from the [[University of London]] in 1952. He returned to India the same year and resumed his service at Allahabad University when he was offered the position of a reader at [[Lucknow University]] in 1954. After serving four years there, he moved to [[Gorakhpur University]] in 1958 as a professor where, a year later, he was promoted as the dean of the faculty of science.<ref name="Publications2003" /> It was during this time, he served as a member of the Review Committee in Chemistry of the University Grants Commission of India under the chairmanship of [[T. R. Seshadri]], where his colleagues included [[Asima Chatterjee]], a noted chemist.<ref name="Review Committee in Chemistry">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/stream/chemistryinindia032633mbp/chemistryinindia032633mbp_djvu.txt | title=Review Committee in Chemistry | publisher=Osmania University | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1962, on invitation of [[Mohan Sinha Mehta]], the then vice chancellor of the [[University of Rajasthan]], he took up the post of a professor and head of the newly formed chemistry department and served the institution for two decades. In between, he had a five-year stint as the vice chancellor of [[Delhi University]] (from 1974 to 1979)<ref name="List of Vice‐Chancellors since 1922">{{cite web | url=http://uic.du.ac.in/images/2-%20List%20of%20Vice-Chancellors.pdf | title=List of Vice-Chancellors since 1922 | publisher=University Information Centre, Delhi University | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and a short assignment as a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Fellow in December 1979 but on completion of those assignments, he returned to Rajasthan University, where he stayed till 1982; on his move from the university, he was made an emeritus professor. That year, he became associated with the activities of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], first as the chairman of the Commission on Revision of Pay Scales to Teachers which submitted its report to UGC in 1986.<ref name="Government of India Notification On Revision of Pay Scale of Teachers">{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/psorders/1986.pdf | title=Government of India Notification On Revision of Pay Scale of Teachers | publisher=University Grants Commission | date=17 June 1987 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Background">{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/pub/report/4.pdf | title=Background | publisher=University Grants Commission | date=9 July 1987 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> Simultaneously, when the ''National Commission on Teachers'' was constituted by the Government of India in 1983 under the chairmanship of [[D. P. Chattopadhyaya]], he was appointed as a member of the Research Advisory Committee.<ref name="Research Advisory Committee">{{cite web | url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/mhrd/50yrsedu/r/2Q/42/2Q420101.htm | title=Research Advisory Committee | publisher=Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> After his assignment with the committee, he took up the chair of the Book Writing Project of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) and in 1991, he was appointed as the vice chancellor of the University of Allahabad, a position he held in 1993.<ref name="Former vice chancellors">{{cite web | url=http://allduniv.ac.in/home/pages/136 | title=Former vice chancellors | publisher=Allahabad University | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

Mehrotra was married to Suman, a Hindi scholar, whom he married in 1944 around the same time when he joined Allahabad University. The couple had two daughters, Rashmi and Shalini and one son, Piyush Mehrotra, in between.<ref name="Publications2003" /> He died on 11 July 2004.

== Legacy ==

=== Researches ===
Mehrotra, during his early years in research, made notable contributions in analytical chemistry which included studies on tin, gold and hydrated copper
oxide.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> Through his researches on the chemical theory of indicators, he elucidated the applicability of universal type of indicators, ceramic salts and of hypobromites and widened the understanding of alkoxides and carboxylates of many elements.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34}}</ref> His work covered the synthesis of several metallic compounds such as polymetaphosphates, [[alkoxides]], beta-diketonates, [[carboxylates]], [[thiolates]] and dialkyl 1 [[dithiophosphate]]s.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

=== Academics ===
While serving Rajasthan University as a professor, Mehrotra was known to have contributed in organizing a research school there and successfully tried to obtain Special Assistance Program as well as University Leadership Program from UGC.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> The research school has since published several original research papers in international journals. Similarly, he established research schools on inorganic and [[organometallic]] chemistry at the universities of Allahabad, Lucknow, and Delhi.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> During 1971–72, as a UGC National Professor, he delivered lectures at many Indian universities and he was a pioneer in popularizing science through Hindi medium for which he was awarded a cash prize by the Government of India in 1985. Besides over 800 articles published in peer-reviewed international journals,<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mehrotra=3ARam_Charan=3A=3A.html | title=Browse by Fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | work=Publications by fellow | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} he authored five books viz. ''Metal alkoxides'',<ref name="BradleyMehrotra1978">{{cite book|author1=D. C. Bradley|author2=Ram Charan Mehrotra|author3=D. P. Gaur|title=Metal alkoxides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-_vAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780121242503 }}</ref> ''Metal [beta] [beta]-diketonates and Allied Derivatives'',<ref name="MehrotraBohra1978">{{cite book|author1=R. C. Mehrotra|author2=R. Bohra|author3=D. P. Gaur|title=Metal [beta] [beta]-diketonates and Allied Derivatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7d2QwAACAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref> ''Metal Carboxylates'',<ref name="MehrotraBohra1983">{{cite book|author1=Ram Charan Mehrotra|author2=R. Bohra|title=Metal Carboxylates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8NTAAAAMAAJ|date=January 1983|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-488160-0}}</ref> ''Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals''<ref name="BradleyMehrotra2001">{{cite book|author1=Don Bradley|author2=R. C. Mehrotra|author3=Ian Rothwell, A. Singh|title=Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noeJ0u7mOoIC|date=22 February 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-048832-5}}</ref> and ''Organometallic Chemistry''.<ref name="Mehrotra2007">{{cite book|author=R. C. Mehrotra|title=Organometallic Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSQy3mFKRM8C|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1258-1}}</ref> He has also prepared texts for [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] as a member of the Block Preparation Team.<ref name="Author Block Preparation Team 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/browse?type=author&value=Block++Preparation+Team+(+Prof.+Ramcharan+Mehrotra+and+Prof.+Deshmitra+Puri) | title=Author Block Preparation Team 1 | publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Author Block Preparation Team 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/23949/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Block+Preparation+Team+(+Prof.+Ramcharan+Mehrotra%2C+Prof.+S.A.A.+Jaedi%2C+Dr.+Anirudh+Singh+and+Prof.+T.S.Shrivastav) | title=Author Block Preparation Team 2 | publisher=Indira Gandhi National Open University | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Administration ===
Mehrotra was involved in policy-making bodies from early stages of his career when he sat in the Review Committee in Chemistry in 1960 and the committee made a number of recommendations on improvement of curriculum, research environment, and examination procedures of chemistry education in India.<ref name="Review Committee in Chemistry" /> During 1963–67, he sat in the Chemical Advisory Committee of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]].<ref name="Publications2003" /> The ''Commission on Revision of Pay Scales to Teachers'' which he chaired in 1983 recommended that the procedure for selection of teachers should also include an assessment of the physical and mental abilities of the candidates.<ref name="National Commission on Teachers (1983-'85)">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35255/11/11_chapter2.pdf | title=National Commission on Teachers (1983-'85) | publisher=Shodh Ganga | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> The commission also recommended for pay scale revision of the teaching staff ranging from over 200 to more than 300 per cent which was subsequently accepted by the Government of India and the revision was implemented in 1987 with retrospective effective from 1 January 1986.<ref name="Government of India Notification On Revision of Pay Scale of Teachers" />

Mehrotra served as the president of the chemistry section of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 1967, he would also serve as its national president in 1979.<ref name="List of Past General Presidents">{{cite web | url=http://sciencecongress.nic.in/html/past_general_presidents.php | title=List of Past General Presidents | publisher=Indian Science Congress Association | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605035323/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/past_general_presidents.php | archive-date=5 June 2016 }}</ref> Besides participating in the UGC ad-hoc commissions, he was also associated with the body as a convener of its chemistry panel and his association with the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) included the chair of the Chemical Research Committee (1975) and membership in CSIR Society and CSIR Governing Body (1963–66 and 1976–80).<ref name="Publications2003" /> He served as the president of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1976–77) and Vigyan Parishad, Allahabad, as the vice president of the Indian National Science Academy - INSA (1977–78) and as a member of the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (1977–81). He was also a member of the INSA council from 1979 to 1981.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
During his early years at Allahabad University, Basu received the E. G. Hill Memorial Prize of the university in 1949 for the best research work by a member of the science faculty.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> The Indian National Science Academy elected Basu as a fellow in 1964 and the University of London honored him with the degree of Doctor of Science in 1965. The ensuing years would see him receive several [[honoris causa]] doctorates from Indian universities viz. [[Meerut University]] (1976), [[Kanpur University]] (1996), [[Bundelkhand University|Jhansi University]] (2000) and [[Banares Hindu University]] (2000). The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1965.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> The [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] awarded him the FICCI Award for Science and Technology in 1975 and he received the Professor T. R. Seshadri Seventieth Birthday Commemoration Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 1976<ref name="Professor T. R. Seshadri Seventieth Birthday Commemoration Medal">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ptr | title=Professor T. R. Seshadri Seventieth Birthday Commemoration Medal | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#ptr | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the P. C. Ray Award of the Indian Chemical Society in 1977. He was awarded the National Fellowship by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] in 1980 and the Golden Jubilee Medal by the [[Institute of Science, Mumbai]] in 1984.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

The J. C. Ghosh Medal of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] reached Mehrotra in 1986, followed by the Academic Achievements Award of the [[Sōka University]] in 1987.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> The [[Indian Science Congress Association]] honored him with four awards; starting with the Platinum Jubilee Distinguished Service Award in 1988; followed by G. P. Chatterjee Award in 1991, Acharya Narendra Dev Award in 1992 and Ashutosh Mukherjee Award in 1993. In between, he received the inaugural [[Atmaram Award]] of the [[Central Institute of Hindi]].<ref name="Atma Ram Award">{{cite web | url=http://khsindia.org/india/hi/?option=com_content&view=article&id=260:atmaram-award&catid=64:awards&Itemid=920&lang=en | title=Atma Ram Award | publisher=Central Institute of Hindi | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Chemical Research Society of India]] awarded him Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999 and the Indian Chemical Society awarded him the Platinum Jubilee Award in 2000.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" /> He was an elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences,<ref name="Fellow profile" /> Indian National Science Academy and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows" /> and a fellow of the [[Chemical Society of London]], [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]] and the [[Indian Chemical Society]].<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> He also delivered several award orations and featured lectures; Special lecture at the XVII International Conference on Coordination Chemistry (1977), Plenary lecture at the XIX International Conference on Coordination Chemistry (1978), Plenary lecture at the IV International Conference on Solute-Solvent Interaction (1978), Clarence Karcher Memorial Lecture of [[University of Oklahoma]] (1982), the inaugural Foundation Lecture of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (1987) and N. R. Dhar Memorial Award Lecture of the National Academy of Science, India (1991) are some of the notable ones.<ref name="Ram Charan Mehrotra" />

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author1=D. C. Bradley|author-link1 = Donald Charlton Bradley|author2=Ram Charan Mehrotra|author3=D. P. Gaur|title=Metal alkoxides|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press}}
* {{cite book|author1=R. C. Mehrotra|author2=R. Bohra|author3=D. P. Gaur|title=Metal [beta][beta]-diketonates and Allied Derivatives|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ram Charan Mehrotra|author2=R. Bohra|title=Metal Carboxylates|date=January 1983|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-488160-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Don Bradley|author-link1 = Donald Charlton Bradley|author2=R. C. Mehrotra|author3=Ian Rothwell|author4 = A. Singh|title=Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals|date=22 February 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-048832-5}}
* {{cite book|author=R. C. Mehrotra|title=Organometallic Chemistry|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1258-1}}

=== Articles ===
* {{cite journal | title=Synthetic studies and structural aspects of novel metallacyclic compoundsof titanium(IV) incorporating nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur: 1. Reactions of cis-dialkoxy-bis(acetylacetonato)titanium(IV) with alkoxyalkanols and the crystal structure of a new modification: di-μ-oxo-bis[diacetylacetonatotitanium(IV)] |author1=Pathak, Madhvesh |author2=Bohra, Rakesh |author3=Mehrotra, Ram C. |author4=Lorenz, Ingo-Peter |author5=Piotrowski, Holger | journal=Transition Metal Chemistry | year=2003 | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages=187–192 | doi=10.1023/A:1022901918955|s2cid=93728857 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Synthesis and characterisation of volatile, novel heterotrimetallic derivatives of lanthanides(III) containing nonaisopropoxodizirconate and tetraisopropoxoaluminate ligands |author1=Mishra, Shashank |author2=Tripathi, Upendra Mani |author3=Singh, Anirudh |author4=Mehrotra, Ram C. | journal= Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry| year=2002 | volume=32 | issue=4 | pages=689–702 | doi=10.1081/SIM-120004440|s2cid=97399275 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Dioxomolybdenum(vi) complexes as catalytic neutral esterification agents |author1=Nag, Purnima |author2=Bohra, Rakesh |author3=Mehrotra, Ram C. | journal=Journal of Chemical Research | year=2002 | volume=2002 |issue=2 | pages=86–88 | doi=10.3184/030823402103171249|s2cid=197322506 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Synthesis and characterization of some unique heterocyclic derivatives containing aluminium(III) atoms in different co-ordination states. I. Reactions of bis(β-diketonato)-aluminium(III)-di-μ-isopropoxo-di-isopropoxoaluminium(III) with 2-pyridylmethanol |author1=Nagar, Shweta |author2=Bohra, R. |author3=Mehrotra, R. C. | journal= Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry| year=2002 | volume=32 | issue=10 | pages=1825–1838 | doi=10.1081/SIM-120016470|s2cid=97523846 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Synthesis and characterization of heterobimetallic alkoxide triethanolaminate derivatives of zirconium |author1=Sharma, Maneesh K. |author2=Singh, Anirudh |author3=Mehrotra, Ram C. | journal= Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry| year=2001 | volume=31 | issue=3 | pages=371–379 | doi=10.1081/SIM-100002225|s2cid=97165383 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Synthesis and characterization of homo- and heterobimetallic diethanolaminates of alkaline earth metals |author1=Sharma, M. |author2=Singh, A. |author3=Mehrotra, R. C. | journal=Polyhedron | year=2000 | volume=19 | issue=1 | pages=77–83 | doi=10.1016/S0277-5387(99)00327-7}}
* {{cite journal | title=Synthesis and characterization of some unique heterocyclic derivatives containing aluminium(III) atoms in different coordination states--4. Reaction of bis (β- diketonato) aluminium(III)-di-μ-isopropoxo-di-isopropoxo aluminium(III) with 8-hydroxyquinoline |author1=Dhammani, Anita |author2=Bohra, Rakesh |author3=Mehrotra, Ram C. | journal=Polyhedron | year=1998 | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=163–171 | doi=10.1016/S0277-5387(97)00192-7}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Amarnath Jha]]
* [[T. R. Seshadri]]
* [[Asima Chatterjee]]
* [[D. P. Chattopadhyaya]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79004691.html | title=Mehrotra, R. C. (Ram Charan), 1922- | publisher=Library of Congress | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=8 November 2016}}

{|
|{{Authority control}}
|}
{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehrotra, Ram Charan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Analytical chemists]]
[[Category:Organometallic chemistry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Delhi]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Chemists of Birkbeck, University of London]]

Sushrii Shreya Mishraa

2026-03-27T19:48:13Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{short description|Indian model and actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Sushrii Shreya Mishraa
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|01|04}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = [[St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School, Sambalpur|St. Joseph's Convent]] [[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College|SPM College]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2010—present
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=9|out=cm}}
| title = Femina Miss India United Continents 2015
| spouse =
| domestic_partner =
| children =
| films =
| agency =
| hair_color = Black
| eye_color = Black
| competitions =
[[I AM She – Miss Universe India|Miss Universe India 2010]] (Unplaced) 
[[Miss Diva 2013|Miss Universe India 2013]] (Top 7) 
[[Femina Miss India 2015]] (Top 10) 
Miss United Continents 2015 (3rd Runner-up) (Miss Photogenic) 
| module =
| website =
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}}

'''Sushrii Shreya Mishraa''' (born 4 January 1991) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Model (person)|model]], actress, and beauty pageant titleholder.<ref name=pioneer/><ref name=odia/> She was crowned [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India United Continents 2015]] and represented India at the [[Miss United Continents]] pageant in 2015 held in [[Ecuador]] where she became 3rd runner up.<ref name=4u/> She has won several sub-contest awards, including I AM Popular, Miss Vivacious, Miss Rampwalk, and Best National Costume designed by Melvyn Noronha.<ref name=4u/><ref name=missunited/><ref name=incredible/>

==Early life==
Mishraa was born on 4 January 1991 in [[Odisha]] to Colonel Kishor Kumar Mishra and now-senior police official Sabita Rani Panda.<ref name=orissa/><ref name=sambad/><ref name=pioneer/><ref name=odia/> Her family is [[Odia people|Odia]]<ref name=sambad>{{cite web|url=https://sambadenglish.com/this-odia-girl-debuts-in-bollywood-with-king-khan-in-zero/|title=This Odia Girl Debuts In Bollywood With King Khan In 'Zero'|date=2018-12-23|publisher=Sambad English Bureau|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> She grew up in [[Sambalpur]] and attended [[St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School, Sambalpur|St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School]], then graduated with honors from [[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College]] at [[Delhi University]] with a bachelor's degree in applied psychology.<ref name=odia>{{cite web|url=https://odialive.com/sushrii-shreya-mishra-wins-miss-united-continents-2015/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishra wins Miss United Continents 2015|date=2015-09-08|publisher=OdiaLive|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name=pioneer/><ref name=orissa/> She originally wanted to be a criminal psychologist.<ref name=goldberg/> She later attended [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John Acting School]].<ref name=orissa/>

==Career==
===Pageantry===
In 2010, she won the Asian Supermodel India pageant and was named Miss Friendship International.<ref name=orissa/><ref name=4u/> She later participated in the inaugural [[I Am She–Miss Universe India|I AM She]], a short-lived Indian pageant whose winners continued on to [[Miss Universe]].<ref name=4u/> She was given the I AM Popular award but did not win the competition overall.<ref name=4u/> In 2013, she competed in [[Miss Diva 2013|Miss Diva]] and placed in the top seven semi-finalists. She also won Miss Digital Crown.<ref name=4u/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/miss-diva-2013-manasi-moghe-wins-the-title/articleshow/22351727.cms|title=2013-09-06|work=The Times of India|date=6 September 2013 |access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> Mishraa represented Odisha [[Femina Miss India 2015]] pageant, where she was named Miss Vivacious and Miss Rampwalk and placed in the top five for Best Talent and Miss Multimedia.<ref name=4u>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/model/sushrii-shreya-mishraa|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa|date=n.d.|publisher=NET TV 4 U|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name=missunited>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-feel-like-sandra-bullock-from-miss-congeniality-sushrii-shreya-mishraa/articleshow/47880564.cms|title=I feel like Sandra Bullock from Miss Congeniality: Sushrii Shreya Mishraa|last=Agarwal|first=Netra|date=2015-06-30|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/femina-miss-india-2015-finale-kareena-shahid-perform-where-watch-tv-live-updates-information-627484|title=Femina Miss India 2015 Finale: Kareena, Shahid to Perform; Where to Watch on TV and Live Updates Information|date=2015-03-28|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|publisher=IB Times|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name=orissa>{{cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-india/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa - Odisha Girl in Miss India 2015 Final|date=2015-03-09|publisher=Incredible Orissa|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/femina-miss-india-sub-contest-winners-unveiled/articleshow/46703220.cms|title=Femina Miss India sub-contest winners unveiled|date=2015-03-26|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> She also represented India at the [[Femina Miss India#Representatives to other international pageants##Current franchise###Miss United Continents|Miss United Continents]] pageant and came third.<ref name=4u/> She was given the titles Miss Photogenic and Best Traditional Costume.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishra-3rd-runner-up-miss-united-continents/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishra 3rd runner up in Miss United Continents|date=2015-09-13|publisher=Incredible Orissa|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/entretenimiento/india-trajetipico-misscontinentesunidos-ibarra.html|title=India obtiene, por segundo año consecutivo, el mejor Traje Típico en Miss Continentes Unidos 2015|date=2015-09-05|publisher=El Comercio|access-date=2021-11-19|language=es}}</ref><ref name=odia/> Her traditional clothing with a dress, which illustrated parts of the [[Vedas]], created by Melvyn Noronha.<ref name=incredible>{{cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/odia-girl-sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-united-continent-contest/|title=Odia girl Sushrii Shreya Mishraa in Miss United Continent contest|date=2015-09-07|publisher=Incredible Orissa|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>

===Modelling===
Mishraa shot for the 2016 and 2019 [[Kingfisher Calendar]]s<ref name=pioneer/><ref name=sambad/> and participated in Bombay Fashion Week in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/classic-silhouettes-loads-of-fun-on-day-2-of-bombay-times-fashion-week/articleshow/68558100.cms|title=Classic Silhouettes & loads of fun on Day 2 of Bombay Times Fashion Week|date=2019-03-25|publisher=Entertainment Times|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fotocorp.com/picture-display.aspx?c=FC23031924&e=50565&r=17&t=25|title=ATDC at BTFW Spring/Summer 2019|date=n.d.|publisher=Jafar Khan|website=Photo Corp|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> She was on the May 2016 cover of ''[[Grazia]] India Magazine'' and has appeared in adverts for [[MAC Cosmetics]] and [[Tanishq]] jewellery.<ref name=sen/>

===Acting===
In 2018, she and a cast featuring [[Prateik Babbar]] began filming a web series called ''Baytakhol'' but the show ultimately did not air.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-debut-in-a-web-series-opposite-prateik-babbar/articleshow/63505660.cms|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa to debut in a web series opposite Prateik Babbar|date=2018-03-28|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name=tnn/> She debuted in [[Bollywood]] with the film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' opposite [[Abhay Deol]].<ref name=pioneer>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/odia-girl-features-in-shahrukh-khan---s----zero---.html|title=Odia girl features in Shahrukh Khan's 'Zero'|date=2018-12-24|publisher=The Pioneer|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name=sen/><ref name=tnn>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/just-want-to-work-on-good-scripts-with-good-filmmakers-shreya-mishraa/articleshow/69562415.cms|title=Just want to work on good scripts with good filmmakers: Shreya Mishraa|date=2019-05-29|publisher=Times of India|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref> She had a small part in the romcom ''[[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]'' starring [[Meezaan Jafri]].<ref name=tnn/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/eventshow/69542863.cms|title=Sushrii Mishraa to do a special number in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Malaal'|date=2019-05-28|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref> She appeared in the music video for "Lillah" by [[Aditya Narayan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2019/08/48168/|title=Aditya Narayan launches new single 'Lillah'|date=2019-10-08|publisher=Khabarhub|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref> And in 2021, she joined the cast of ''Cartel'' opposite [[Tanuj Virwani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-sushrii-mishraa-her-series-cartel-and-the-character-played-her-210804|title=Exclusive: Sushrii Mishraa on her series Cartel and the character played by her|date=2021-08-04|publisher=TellyChakkar|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>

Mishraa's first major stage production was Jeff Goldberg's ''The Altamount Road Murders'' which was performed at the [[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Royal Opera House]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youthincmag.com/the-altamount-road-murders-of-secrets-lies-corruption-money-lust-and-love|title=The Altamount Road Murders – Of Secrets, Lies, Corruption, Money, Lust and Love|date=2018-06-29|publisher=Youth Incorporated|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref><ref name=goldberg>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-star-in-jeff-goldbergs-play-the-altamount-road-murders/articleshow/64762840.cms|title=Sushrii Mishraa to star in Jeff Goldberg's play The Altamount Road Murders|date=2018-06-27|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref> Goldberg wrote, directed, produced and starred it in.<ref name=goldberg/> Not long after, she was in the Dionysiac Theatre Company's ''Single'', directed by Karan Pandit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/article/BWW-Review-SINGLE--A-PLAY-BY-DIONYSIAC-THEATRE-COMPANY-That-Speaks-To-All-Of-Us-20190331|title=BWW Review: SINGLE -- A PLAY BY DIONYSIAC THEATRE COMPANY, That Speaks To All Of Us|date=2019-03-31|publisher=Broadway World|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> before reuniting with Jeff Goldberg for ''[[Witness for the Prosecution (play)|Witness for the Prosecution]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushriis-new-play-is-all-about-lies-love-and-betrayal/articleshow/63442508.cms|title=Sushrii's new play is all about lies, love, and betrayal|date=2018-03-24|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref><ref name=goldberg/><ref name=sen>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/cover/2019/jan/04/all-eyes-on-2019-go-behind-the-scene-with-kingfisher-calendar-models-shubra-sushrii-and-diva-11903.html|title=All eyes on 2019! Go behind-the-scenes with Kingfisher Calendar models Shubra, Sushrii and Diva|last=Sen|first=Jaideep|date=2019-01-04|publisher=Indulge|access-date=2021-11-16}}</ref>

===Other===
In 2016, she was a celebrity judge at auditions for [[Jai Hind College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/fresh-face/oppo-bombay-times-fresh-face-2016-jai-hind-college-auditions/articleshow/55770807.cms|title=Oppo Bombay Times Fresh Face 2016 : Jai Hind College Auditions|date=2016-12-03|publisher=Beauty Pageants|access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mishraa is a certified scuba diver and is trained in both [[Kathak]] and [[Bollywood]] styles with [[aerial silk]]s.<ref name=4u/><ref name=odia/> She has [[hypothyroidism]].<ref name=sen/>

==Filmography==
===Films===
* ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Ruslaan]]'' (2024)
===Web Series===
* ''[[Cartel (TV series)|Cartel]]'' (2021)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= [[Gail Nicole Da Silva]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Miss United Continents India]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2014|2015]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lopamudra Raut]]}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gail Nicole Da Silva]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Miss United Continents - Best National Costume
|years=2015}}
{{s-aft|after={{flagicon|IND}}[[Lopamudra Raut]]}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|UKR}} Anna Sardyga}}
{{s-ttl|title=Miss United Continents - 3rd RU
|years=2015}}
{{s-aft|after={{flagicon|BRA}} Taynara Gargantini}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishraa, Sushrii Shreya}}
[[Category:Femina Miss India]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Female models from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from India]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Sambalpur]]

Rubina Dilaik

2026-03-25T14:40:48Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rubina Dilaik
| image = Rubina Dilaik snapped at Filmcity (8).jpg
| caption = Dilaik in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|08|26}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| alma mater = [[St. Bede's College, Shimla]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Abhinav Shukla]]|2022}}
| children = 2
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''|''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''}}
}}

'''Rubina Dilaik''' ({{IPA|hns|ɾuːˈbiːna dɪˈleːk|pron}}; born 26 August 1987) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] [[Television in India| television]].<ref name="Happy Birthday Rubina Dilaik"/> One of the highest-paid television actresses in India, she is a recipient of several accolades including an [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]] and a [[Gold Awards|Gold Award]].<ref name= "Pay1" /><ref name= "Pay2" /> Dilaik is widely recognised for her portrayal of Radhika in ''[[Chotti Bahu]]'' and Soumya in ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''. She is also the winner of the reality shows ''[[Bigg Boss 14]]'' and ''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check|Pati Patni Aur Panga]]''.<ref name="Happy Birthday Rubina Dilaik" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Bigg Boss 14 winner Rubina Dilaik: It's been an incredible journey, I discovered myself - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-14-winner-rubina-dilaik-its-been-an-incredible-journey-i-discovered-myself/articleshow/81143214.cms |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She expanded to Hindi films with [[Palash Muchhal]]'s ''[[Ardh]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rubina Dilaik's debut film 'Ardh' to premiere in June . |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rubina-dilaiks-debut-film-ardh-to-premiere-in-june/articleshow/91639769.cms |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=Laughter Chefs season 2: Expected release and new additions like Elvish Yadav, Rubina Dilaik |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/laughter-chefs-season-2-expected-release-and-new-additions-like-elvish-yadav-rubina-dilaik-648531.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and work==
Dilaik was born on 26 August 1987<ref name="Happy Birthday Rubina Dilaik">{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday Television Star Rubina Dilaik! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/health/happy-birthday-rubina-dilaik-covid-care-lessons-from-bigg-boss-winner-who-tested-positive-twice-article-93788686/amp |work=Times Now News |access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref> in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Happy Birthday Rubina Dilaik" /> She studied at Shimla Public School and [[St. Bede's College, Shimla]]. Her father is also a writer and has written many books in Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |title=TV'sBahu' Rubina Dilaik turns a year older! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/48670223.cms |date=25 August 2015 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In her early days, she was a beauty pageant contender for which she won two local beauty pageants and was crowned Miss Shimla in 2006. She was a national-level champion in debate during her school days. She is a graduate with a degree in English literature with minors in Political science. In 2008, she won the Miss North India Pageant held at [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Did You Know Actress Rubina Dilaik Is The Winner Of Two Coveted Beauty Pageants? |url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/did-you-know-actress-rubina-dilaik-is-the-winner-of-two-coveted-beauty-pageants/ |date=2 May 2020 |publisher=Zee TV |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and breakthrough (2008–2013)===
She started her acting career from [[Chotti Bahu]] though she wanted to be an IAS and was preparing but was selected in auditions in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Choti Bahu of Indian Television |url=https://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/04/slide-show-1-from-rubina-to-radhika.htm |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Dilaik gained recognition by playing Radhika Shastri in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Chotti Bahu]]'' opposite [[Avinash Sachdev]] and reprising the role in the show's sequel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sumit Jha |title=All praises for Rubina Dilaik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/All-praises-for-Rubina-Dilaik/articleshow/11975470.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/tv/31082711_1_chhoti-bahu-rubina-dilaik-radhika |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=26 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2012}}</ref> In 2012, she played Simran "Smiley" Gill in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]''.

In 2013, she played Divya Jakhotia in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Punar Vivah – Ek Nayi Umeed]]'' opposite [[Karan Grover]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rubina-Dilaik-beats-Aamna-Shariff/articleshow/20014614.cms |title=Rubina Dilaik beats Aamna Shariff |website=The Times of India |date=13 May 2013 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

===Success and acclaim (2013–2020)===
From 2013 to 2014, she portrayed [[Sita]] in [[Life OK]]'s mythological show ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' and Jeannie in [[SAB TV]]'s ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/tv/40832529_1_devon-ke-dev-mahadev-sita-new-role |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730154232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/tv/40832529_1_devon-ke-dev-mahadev-sita-new-role |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 July 2013 |title=Rubina Dilaik is back to play Sita in Mahadev |date=27 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>

From June 2016 to January 2020, Dilaik portrayed Soumya Singh, a [[trans woman]] in [[Colors TV]]'s long-running popular show ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'' opposite [[Vivian Dsena]], for which she was awarded for Best Personality in Colors' Golden Petal Awards 2017 and Best Actress in [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]] 2017. She returned to the series in March 2021, which went off air in late 2021. It proved a turning point in her career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/rubina-dilaik-confident-of-transgenders-role-in-mainstream-show/17500185 |title=Rubina Dilaik: Confident of transgender's role in mainstream show |date=5 August 2016 |website=mid-day |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

===''Bigg Boss 14'' and beyond (2020–present)===
[[File:Rubina Dilaik at the Bigg Boss Finale (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Dilaik at ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss]]'' finale]]
In October 2020, Dilaik entered as a contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|fourteenth season]] of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss]]'', the Indian version of the [[reality TV]] show ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rubina Dilaik to participate in Bigg Boss Season 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rubina-dilaik-to-participate-in-bigg-boss-14-6610746/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She took part in the house along with her husband [[Abhinav Shukla]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14 contestant Rubina Dilaik: Want people to remember me for my journey |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-rubina-dilaik-want-people-to-remember-me-for-my-journey-6685125/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She stayed in the house for twenty weeks and emerged as the winner.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14 contestants Rubina Dilaik-Abhinav Shukla: Know more about the couple's career, past relationships, and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-contestants-rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-know-more-about-the-couples-career-past-relationships-and-more/articleshow/78427057.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 September 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 14: Gia Manek OUT, Rubina Dilaik & Abhinav Shukla To Get LOCKED Inside Salman Khan's 'BB 14' House? |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-gia-manek-out-rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-to-get-locked-in-salman-khan-bb-14-house-1351318 |website=ABP NEWS}}</ref>

In 2022, Dilaik participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=Rubina Dilaik on taking up Khatron Ke Khiladi 12: 'Koi daily soap nahi tha mere paas' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rubina-dilaik-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-rohit-shetty-7938281/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Dilaik made her Hindi film debut with ''[[Ardh]]'' in 2022 alongside [[Rajpal Yadav]] and [[Hiten Tejwani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Rajpal Yadav unveils his first look as transgender from upcoming film Ardh, see photo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajpal-yadav-unveils-his-first-look-as-transgender-from-upcoming-film-ardh-see-photo-7788808/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It marks the directorial debut of music composer-singer [[Palash Muchhal]]. Rubina was chosen over 50 other girls during the look-test for the film. ''Ardh'' released digitally on [[ZEE5]] on 10 June 2022 and received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=Ardh trailer: Rajpal Yadav in his mind-blowing avatar chronicles journey of a struggling actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ardh-trailer-rubina-dilaik-rajpal-yadav-film-on-zee5-7924198/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 10|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]'', where she ended up becoming the 1st runner-up.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rubina Dilaik roped in for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rubina-dilaik-roped-in-for-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10/articleshow/93451499.cms |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=9 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sanam">{{Cite web |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 EXCLUSIVE: Paras Kalnawat will dance to the tunes of choreographer Shweta Sharda while Rubina Dilaik and Sanam Johar pair-up to perform some sizzling dance moves! |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-exclusive-paras-kalnawat-will-dance-tunes-choreographer-shweta-sharda-1182052 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=Pinkvilla Telly |date=25 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, Dilaik participated in Colors TV's reality show, ''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check]]'' along with her husband, Abhinav Shukla.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|accessdate=24 July 2025|title=Pati, Patni, Aur Panga promo: Rubina Dilaik accuses Abhinav Shukla of ‘poor quality romance’. Watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pati-patni-aur-panga-promo-rubina-dilaik-accuses-abhinav-shukla-of-poor-quality-romance-10145949/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> The couple emerged as the winners of the series.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 November 2025|title=Rubina Dilaik, Abhinav Shukla win Pati Patni Aur Panga; beat Gurmeet and Debina to be crowned as Sarvagun Sampann Jodi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-win-pati-patni-aur-panga-beat-gurmeet-and-debina-to-be-crowned-as-sarvagun-sampann-jodi-101763341102046-amp.html|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Rubina Dilaik and Abhinav Shukla snapped at the screening of 'Ardh'(4).jpg|thumb|upright|Dilaik with husband in 2022]]
Dilaik married her longtime boyfriend, actor [[Abhinav Shukla]] on 21 June 2018 in [[Shimla]].<ref name="marriage">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-wedding-videos-photos-5227386/ |title=Rubina Dilaik ties the knot with Abhinav Shukla, see photos from their dreamy wedding |work=The Indian Express |date=21 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> Dilaik revealed it on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]'' that her marriage with Shukla was falling apart before they entered the show.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-14-winner-rubina-dilaik-on-divorce-with-abhinav-shukla-won-t-take-my-relationship-for-granted-686607 |title=Bigg Boss 14 winner Rubina Dilaik on divorce with Abhinav Shukla: Won't take my relationship for granted |publisher=India TV |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> She also revealed that they had given six months to each other before their divorce. However, after the show, they decided to continue their marriage while her husband said, "there's no divorce happening".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/theres-no-divorce-happening-abhinav-shukla-on-equation-with-wife-rubina-dilaik-after-bigg-boss-14-2369865 |title="There's No Divorce Happening:" Abhinav Shukla On Equation With Wife Rubina Dilaik After Bigg Boss 14 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> The couple welcomed twin girls on 27 November 2023, Jeeva and Edhaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/its-twin-baby-girls-for-rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-trainer-congratulates-new-mom-edits-post-later-9071890/lite/ |title=It's twin baby girls for Rubina Dilaik-Abhinav Shukla: Trainer congratulates new mom, edits post later |work=The Indian Express |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/its-twin-baby-girls-for-rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-trainer-congratulates-new-mom-edits-post-later-9071890/lite/ |title=Rubina Dilaik, Abhinav Shukla share first glimpse of twin daughters, reveal their names. See pics |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

==Other work and public image==
[[File:Rubina Dilaik grace the 10th Gold Awards 2017.jpg|thumb|upright|Dilaik in 2017]]

Dilaik's acting performances in ''[[Chotti Bahu]]'', ''[[Punar Vivah – Ek Nayi Umeed]]'', ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' and ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'', established her among the popular and highest-paid actresses of Hindi television.<ref name= "Pay1">{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik's journey: From an IAS aspirant to one of India's richest and most popular TV actresses |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-once-ias-aspirant-rubina-dilaik-left-upsc-dreams-to-be-beauty-queen-is-now-one-of-india-richest-tv-actresses-3057476/amp |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=DNA India |date=27 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name= "Pay2">{{cite web |title=Highest Paid Television Actresses |url= https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/television/india-10-highest-paid-television-actresses-1707378046293 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=DNA India |date=12 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' has credited Dilaik's "fast-growing fanbase", "fantastic talent and fearless approach", as a reason of her success.<ref>{{cite news |author=Asjad Nazir |title=Why Rubina Dilaik 'means the world' to her global fans |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/why-rubina-dilaik-means-the-world-to-her-global-fans/ |access-date=26 August 2022 |newspaper=Easterneye |date=25 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> She is known for portraying powerful roles on-screen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik to Rupali Ganguly: TV actresses who played path-breaking and powerful roles on-screen! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rubina-dilaik-to-rupali-ganguly-tv-actresses-who-played-path-breaking-and-powerful-roles-on-screen/etphotostory/81330200.cms |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, for her performance as Saumya, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' placed her at third position in its "Top 10 television actresses" list.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 television actresses of 2017: Divyanka Tripathi, Jennifer Winget and Rubina Dilaik find place in the list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/top-10-television-actresses-of-2017-4981500/lite/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=11 January 2020 |date=29 December 2017}}</ref>

Dilaik has frequently appeared in ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s [[Eastern Eye|Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women]] List.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time-219742-2013-12-04 |title=Katrina Kaif named world's sexiest Asian woman for the fourth time |date=5 December 2013 |work=India Today |access-date=18 January 2015}}</ref> She ranked 26th in 2013, 11th in 2016 and 10th in 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sexiest Asian Women 2013 List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time-219742-2013-12-04 |magazine=India Today |date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917184656/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time/1/327937.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=50 Sexiest Asian Women 2016 |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/deepika-padukone-is-the-sexiest-asian-women/20161209.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115005936/http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/deepika-padukone-is-the-sexiest-asian-women/20161209.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/lite/ |title=Sexiest Asian Women 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229100214/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/lite/ |archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref> Dilaik ranked 18th in 2017 and 10th in 2020, in [[Times of India|Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV]] List.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv/articleshow/64234804.cms |title=Check Out The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television |website=The Times of India |date=20 May 2018 |language=en |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-television-2020/articleshow/83433752.cms |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=12 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Dilaik was placed 31st in ''[[Eastern Eye]]''{{'}}s "Top 50 Asian Stars" list.<ref>{{cite web |author=Asjad Nazir |title=Entertainment: Top 50 Asian Stars of 2022 |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/top-50-asian-stars-of-2022/ |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=Eastern Eye |date=18 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, she ranked 7th in ''[[Times Now]]'' "Popular Actresses" list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/9-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-bollywood-stars/photostory/100432740.cms|title=9 Indian TV actresses who are more famous than Bollywood Stars|newspaper=[[Times Now]] |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

Dilaik has been supporting [[LGBTQ]] community since her portrayal of a [[transgender]] in ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik: It's Pride Month, and we need to be louder in support of the LGBTQIA+ community |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rubina-dilaik-it-s-pride-month-and-we-need-to-be-louder-in-support-of-the-lgbtqia-community-101624450783365-amp.html |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Her ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss 14]]''{{'}}s winning gown and other gowns she wore on the show were sold for charity to support the [[LGBTQIA+ rights|LGBTQIA+ community]], in commemoration of [[Pride Month]] in June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik's Stunning Bigg Boss 14 Winning Gown Up for LGBTQIA+ Charity Sale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rubina-dilaiks-stunning-bigg-boss-14-winning-gown-up-for-lgbtqia-charity-sale-3880556.html |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=News18 India |date=23 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Dilaik is also one of the [[List of Indian television actresses#Most followed Indian television actresses in Instagram|most-followed Indian television actresses in Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik to Tejasswi Prakash to Shivangi Joshi: Top 10 leading TV actresses with most social media followers|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331151122/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Bareilly Ki Beti: The Youngest Survivor''
| Mother
| rowspan="2"|[[Hindi]]
| Short film
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rubina-dilaik-in-hubby-abhinav-shuklas-short-film-bareilly-ki-beti/1719830 |title=Rubina Dilaik in hubby Abhinav Shukla's short film ''Bareilly Ki Beti'' |publisher=Outlook India |date=28 January 2020 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ardh]]''
| Madhu
| debuted in [[Hindi_cinema|Bollywood]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rubina-dilaik-shares-first-poster-debut-film-ardh-shoot-begins/ |title=Rubina Dilaik shares the first poster of her debut film Ardh as shoot begins |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 August 2021 |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''Chal Bhajj Chaliye''
| Prabh
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/watch-rubina-dilaik-shares-clip-from-chal-bhajj-chaliye-shoot-when-she-was-four-months-pregnant-1288899?amp |title=Rubina Dilaik shares clip from Chal Bhajj Chaliye shoot when she was four months pregnant |website=Pinkvilla |date=23 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Hum Tum Maktoob''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Hindi
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rubina-dilaik-announces-second-film-palash-muchhal-titled-hum-tum-maktoob-netflix/ |title=Rubina Dilaik announces second film with Palash Muchhal titled Hum Tum Maktoob for Netflix |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
| Radhika Shastri
| Main role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/rubina-dilaik-on-not-getting-paid-on-time-during-choti-bahu-i-had-to-sell-off-my-house-and-property-tv-news/421276 |title=Rubina Dilaik on not getting paid on time during Choti Bahu: 'I had to sell off my house and property' |website=timesnownews.com |date=18 May 2019 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Chotti Bahu|Chotti Bahu 2]]''
| Radhika/Ruby Bhardwaj
| Main role
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Rubina Dialik: The show will introduce audience to my stronger side |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/rubina-dialik-khatron-ke-khiladi-will-introduce-audience-to-my-stronger-side-news-203303 |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]''
| Simran Gill
|
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Season 14 contestant Rubina Dilaik |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-rubina-dilaik-photos-videos-6610048/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Punar Vivah – Ek Nayi Umeed]]''
| Divya Malhotra
| Main role
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Rubina-Dilaik-quits-Punar-Vivah/articleshow/21123378.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721123439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-17/tv/40634773_1_punar-vivah-punar-vivah-2-production-house |url-status=live |archive-date=21 July 2013 |title=Rubina Dilaik quits Punar Vivah |date=17 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013–2014
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| [[Sita]]
| Main role
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rubina-is-currently-taking-notes-on-her-Hindi-diction-specially-because-this-is-the-first-time-she-is-doing-a-mythological-show-/articleshow/22068389.cms |title=Rubina Dilaik worked on her diction to play Sita |website=The Times of India |date=26 August 2013 |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''
| Jeannie
| Main role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rubina-dilaik-to-replace-shivshakti-in-jeannie-aur-juju/story-ieE2i5TbpZhQoktYKTLrkN.html |title=Rubina Dilaik to replace Shivshakti in Jeannie Aur Juju? |date=8 November 2013 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2020; 2021
| ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| Soumya Singh
| Main role
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="3" | Contestant
| Winner
| <ref name="BB14 win">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-winner-rubina-dilaik-7198288/lite |title=Bigg Boss 14 winner Rubina Diliak, lifts trophy. See her photos |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|5th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 shoot begins: Rubina Dilaik, Mr Faisu, Sriti Jha share photos and videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-12-shoot-begins-rubina-dilaik-sriti-jha-mr-faisu-rohit-shertty-photos-videos-7954973/ |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 10|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
|1st runner up
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=9 August 2022 |title=झलक दिखला जा 10 में हुई रुबीना दिलैक की एंट्री, बाकी कंटेस्टेंट्स की बढ़ी मुश्किलें |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/rubina-dilaik-is-confirmed-contestant-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-after-khatron-ke-khiladi-12-2188375 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''
|Host
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
| Contestant
| Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Rubina Dilaik set to make TV comeback with Laughter Chefs Season 2 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/actor-rubina-dilaik-set-to-make-tv-comeback-with-laughter-chefs-season-2-nc-124121700975_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218033435/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/actor-rubina-dilaik-set-to-make-tv-comeback-with-laughter-chefs-season-2-nc-124121700975_1.html |archive-date=2024-12-18 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Business Standard|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check]]''
|Contestant
|Winner
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2025|title=Rubina-Abhinav win Dhamaal With Pati Patni Aur Panga; crowned Sarvagun Sampann Jodi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/rubina-abhinav-win-dhamaal-with-pati-patni-aur-panga-crowned-sarvagun-sampann-jodi-2820852-2025-11-16 |work=India Today|language=en|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann|Banno Main Teri Dulhan]]''
| rowspan="4" | Radhika
|
|-
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
| ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|
|-
|''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
| rowspan="3" |Herself
|<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2016 |title=Rubina promotes healthy living on the set of her show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rubina-promotes-healthy-living-on-the-set-of-her-show/story-hiwDE8MdU7sFsNwUz1bkKP.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Ankita, Karanvir, Sara, Rubina to groove in Sapne Suhane... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ankita-Karanvir-Sara-Rubina-to-groove-in-Sapne-Suhane-/articleshow/18063164.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2014/2015
| ''Box Cricket League''
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 10|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| rowspan="8" | Soumya
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=Sasural Simar Ka and Shakti Mahasangam episode update April 28, 2017: Piyush kidnaps Soumya and Harman's baby |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-simar-ka-and-shakti-mahasangam-episode-update-april-28-2017-piyush-kidnaps-soumya-and-harmans-baby/articleshow/58430590.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Savitri Devi College & Hospital]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 11|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=21 October 2017 |title=Bigg Boss 11 Day 21 preview: Housemates welcome Rubina Dilaik, Arjun Bijlani, Rashami Desai and others from Colors' family; Dhinchak Pooja enters the house |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-11-day-21-preview-housemates-welcome-rubina-dilaik-arjun-bijlani-rashami-desai-dhinchak-pooja-enters-lifetv-1068761-2017-10-22 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=29 December 2017 |title=Colors to air New Years special 'Jashan-E-Tashan' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-air-new-years-special-jashan-e-tashan/ |website=Biz Asia}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 12|Bigg Boss 12]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 grand premiere: Salman Khan in witness box; Rubina Dilaik's sizzling performance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-grand-premiere-salman-khan-in-witness-box-rubina-dilaik-s-sizzling-performance-1341207-2018-09-16 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| rowspan=9" |Herself
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=25 December 2019 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Jasmin Bhasin is jealous of Shehnaz; confesses about a similar bond with Sidharth Shukla in the past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-jasmin-bhasin-is-jealous-of-shehnaz-confesses-about-a-similar-bond-with-sidharth-shukla-in-the-past/articleshow/72967065.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane 3]]''
|
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
| <ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2021 |title=Rubina Dilaik makes an appearance when we get to see her via Abhinav Shukla's phone when he was on their video call. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-11-premiere-rohit-shetty-takes-rahul-vaidya-shweta-tiwari-arjun-bijlani-on-dangerous-trip-rubina-dilaik-makes-a-cameo-101626536753673.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 1|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss OTT: Rubina Dilaik and Nikki Tamboli share who their favourite contestants are; excited to enter the house in Sunday Ka Vaar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-rubina-dilaik-and-nikki-tamboli-share-who-their-favourite-contestants-are-excited-to-enter-the-house-in-sunday-ka-vaar/articleshow/85942379.cms |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=Winners Rubina Dilaik, Shweta Tiwari and Gauahar Khan to enter Bigg Boss |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/bigg-boss-15-former-winners-rubina-dilaik-shweta-tiwari-and-gauahar-khan-to-grace-salman-khans-show |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra|The Khatra Khatra Show]]''
|
|-
|''[[Saavi Ki Savaari|Saavi Ki Saavari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2022 |title=Watch Rubina Dilaik, Gashmeer Mahajani and other celebs perform at Saavi Ki Savaari's Ganesh Utsav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/watch-rubina-dilaik-gashmeer-mahajani-and-other-celebs-perform-at-saavi-ki-savaaris-ganesh-utsav/videoshow/93735299.cms |access-date=7 September 2022 |work=TOI |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''Wanderlust''
| rowspan=2| Herself
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=MX Studios presents Wanderlust: Starring TV's most loved couple Rubina Dilaik and Abhinav Shukla |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/mx-studios-presents-wanderlust-starring-tvs-most-loved-couple-rubina-dilaik-and-abhinav-shukla/852930/ |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=The Print |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Battleground''
| Mentor of ''Mumbai Strikers''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2022 |title=Battleground unveils star-studded lineup: Shikhar Dhawan leads Rubina Dilaik, Asim Riaz, and more in fitness showdown |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/battleground-unveils-star-studded-lineup-shikhar-dhawan-leads-asim-riaz-rajat-dalal-fitness-showdown/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|"Boss Lady Rubina"
|Roach Killa
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 14 winner Rubina Dilaik cannot stop celebrating as she dances her way through it on Roach Killa's 'Rubina Anthem'; watch the video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-14-winner-rubina-dilaik-cannot-stop-celebrating-as-she-dances-her-way-through-it-on-roach-killas-rubina-anthem-watch-the-video/articleshow/81186477.cms |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=24 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| "Marjaneya"|| [[Neha Kakkar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik and Abhinav Shukla's Marjaneya out. Their chemistry is too cute to handle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rubina-dilaik-and-abhinav-shukla-s-marjaneya-out-their-chemistry-is-too-cute-to-handle-1780624-2021-03-18 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=India Today |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Galat"
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Galat: Rubina Dilaik plays a betrayed wife, Paras Chhabra aces villainous avatar. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/galat-music-video-rubina-dilaik-plays-a-betrayed-wife-paras-chhabra-aces-his-villain-avatar-7260953/ |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Tumse Pyaar Hai"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Shweta Keshri |date=1 August 2021 |title=Rubina Dilaik, Abhinav Shukla give a sneak peek of their new song Tumse Pyaar Hai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-give-a-sneak-peek-of-their-new-song-tumse-pyaar-hai-1835295-2021-08-01 |access-date=4 August 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Bheeg Jaunga"
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bheeg Jaunga music video out. Rubina Dilaik and Stebin Ben's chemistry is unmissable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bheeg-jaunga-music-video-out-rubina-dilaik-and-stebin-ben-s-chemistry-is-unmissable-1846476-2021-08-28 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=28 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"Shah Rukh Khan"
|Inder Chahal
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik's Shah Rukh Khan song की ताज़ा ख़बर |url=https://ndtv.in/topic/rubina-dilaik-shah-rukh-khan-song |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=NDTV India}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Ishq"
|Sarthi K
|
|-
|2023
|"Sanam Aa Gaya"
|[[Payal Dev]], [[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=Rubina Dilaik and Abhinav Shukla redefine monsoon love in Payal Dev and Stebin Ben's song Sanam Aa Gaya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rubina-dilaik-abhinav-shukla-redefine-monsoon-love-teaser-music-video-sanam-aa-gaya/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
===Television awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2009
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female|Fresh New Face Female]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2010
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Female)|Debut in a Lead Role Female]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Jury|Best Actress Drama Jury]]
|rowspan=7|''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2016 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2016/113 |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|Best Actress Drama Popular]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2017
|[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
|Female Actor of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05 |title=Ishqbaaaz wins big at Asian Viewers Television Awards |website=India Today |date=5 December 2017 |language=en |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093120/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/television/soaps/story/ishqbaaz-wins-big-at-asian-viewers-television-awards-lifetv-1100577-2017-12-05 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama Popular|Best Actress Drama Popular]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/ |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018 {{!}} Winners |website=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fazeen |first1=Sana |title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Sriti Jha, Nakuul Mehta win big honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners List: Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan, Surbhi Chandna, Rhea Sharma and Others Win Big |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012033330/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Winners|website=The Indian Express|date=21 March 2019|language=en-IN|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actress OTT
|''Wanderlust ''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=Indian Television Academy Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]]
| Favourite TV Actress
| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Zeba |title=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards: Shah Rukh Khan and Hrithik Roshan emerge winners among others |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-shah-rukh-khan-hrithik-roshan-emerge-winners-609248 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=WION News|date=27 June 2023 }}</ref>
|}

===Other awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2017
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Most Fit Actress
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Gold Awards 2017 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2017/114 |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish TV Star Female
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rubinadilaik.in/}}
* {{IMDb name|3866466}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Rubina Dilaik
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilaik, Rubina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Shimla]]
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:St. Bede's College, Shimla alumni]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) winners]]

Kozhikode South Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T10:24:55Z

JacquelynBelz49: added info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kozhikode South
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 28
| map_image = Calicut beach skyline.jpg
| map_caption = [[Kozhikode Beach]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,57,275 (2021)
| mla = [[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Kozhikode South State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala.
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Ahamed Devarkovil]] of [[Indian National League|INL]].

Kozhikode South constituency was established by the 2008 delimitation. Before, it was known as Calicut-II from 1957 to 2008.

==Local self-governed segments==
Kozhikode South Assembly constituency is composed of the following wards of the [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|22
|Kovoor
|23
|Nellikode
|-
|27
|Puthiyara
|28
|Kuthiravattom
|-
|29
|[[Kottooli and Pottammal|Pottammal]]
|30
|Kommery
|-
|31
|Kuttiyilthazham
|32
|[[Pokkunnu]]
|-
|33
|[[Kinassery, Kozhikode|Kinassery]]
|34
|[[Mankavu]]
|-
|35
|Azhchavattom
|36
|[[Kallayi]]
|-
|37
|[[Panniyankara]]
|38
|Meenchanda
|-
|39
|Thiruvannur
|54
|Kappakkal
|-
|55
|[[Payyanakkal]]
|56
|Chakkumkadavu
|-
|57
|Mukhador
|58
|[[Kuttichira Beach|Kuttichira]]
|-
|59
|[[Chalappuram]]
|60
|Palayam
|-
|61
|[[Kozhikode Beach|Valiyangadi]]
| -
| -
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== Calicut-II ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |P. Kumaran
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[P. M. Aboobacker]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| Kalpally Madhava Menon
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="3"| P. M. Aboobacker
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Muslim League (Opposition)}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| C. P. Kunhu
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| [[M. K. Muneer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| [[Elamaram Kareem]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| T. P. M. Zahir
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| P. M. A. Salam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}}
| 2006 – 2011
|}

=== Kozhikode South ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. K. Muneer]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}}
| [[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode South}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National League|candidate= [[Ahamed Devarkovil]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[Faisal Babu]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. Raneesh|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,57,275 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 kerala election|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm?st=S11}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode South}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]|votes=52,557|percentage=44.15%|change={{increase}}6.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=Noorbeena Rasheed|votes=40,098|percentage=33.68%|change={{decrease}}9.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Navya Haridas|votes=24,873|percentage=20.89%|change={{increase}}4.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=603|percentage=0.51%|change={{decrease}}0.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Mubeena|votes=513|percentage=0.43%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=P Hareendranath|votes=410|percentage=0.34%|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,459
|percentage = 10.46%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,19,054|percentage=75.69%|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National League
|loser = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,49,054 registered voters in Kozhikode South Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode South}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. K. Muneer]]|votes=49,863|percentage=43.13%|change={{decrease}}2.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National League|candidate=A. P. Abdul Vahab|votes=43,536|percentage=37.66%|change={{decrease}}7.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Satheesh Kuttiyil|votes=19,146|percentage=16.56%|change={{increase}}9.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=788|percentage=0.68%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=U. K. Deysi Balasubrahmanyan|votes=593|percentage=0.51%|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamala Pavithran|votes=480|percentage=0.42%|change={{increase}}0.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. P. Abdul Vahab|votes=287|percentage=0.25%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A. K. Sajan|votes=227|percentage=0.20%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Sathar|votes=211|percentage=0.18%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Muneer Davari|votes=190|percentage=0.16%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Premanand T.|votes=166|percentage=0.14%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdul Muneer|votes=130|percentage=0.11%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,327
|percentage = 5.47%
|change ={{increase}}3.44
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,15,617|percentage=77.57%|change={{increase}}0.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Indian National League
|swing ={{decrease}}2.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,32,780 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode South}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. K. Muneer]]|votes=47,771|percentage=46.08%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=C. P. Musaffer Ahammed|votes=46,395|percentage=44.75%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jaya Sadanandan|votes=7,512|percentage=7.25%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Faiz Mohammed|votes=749|percentage=0.72%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=T. T. Muneer|votes=488|percentage=0.47%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Mussafar Ahammed|votes=433|percentage=0.42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Muhammed Asharaf|votes=323|percentage=0.31%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,376
|percentage = 2.03%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,03,671|percentage=78.08%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Indian Union Muslim League}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* Kozhikode South
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]

Olympic Games

2026-03-16T21:00:10Z

JacquelynBelz49: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|International sporting events}}
{{about|the modern games in general|the recent event|2026 Winter Olympics|the ancient Greek games|Ancient Olympic Games|other uses|Olympic (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox sporting event organization
| name = Olympic Games {{small|{{nowrap|{{big|{{native name|fr|Jeux olympiques}}}}}}}}
| image = Olympic rings without rims.svg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| abbreviation = Olympiad (for summer games only)
| motto = {{ubl|''Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together''|([[Latin]]: ''{{lang|la|Citius, Altius, Fortius – Communiter}}''|([[French language|French]]: ''{{lang|fr|Plus vite, Plus haut, Plus fort – Ensemble}})''}}
| formation = '''Summer''' [[Athens]], Greece in [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896]] '''Winter''' [[Chamonix]], France in [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]]
| recurrence = Four years, alternated two years during the four-year cycle
| headquarters = [[Lausanne]], Switzerland
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Kirsty Coventry]]
| website = {{URL|olympics.com}}
| remarks =
}}
{{Olympic Games sidebar}}
The modern '''Olympic Games''' ('''Olympics'''; {{langx|fr|Jeux olympiques }}){{efn|English and French are the official languages of the Olympic Movement.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/fr/|title=Jeux Olympiques – Sports, Athlètes, Médailles, Rio 2016|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=22 October 2018}}</ref> are the world's preeminent international [[Olympic sports|sporting]] events. They feature summer and [[winter sports]] events in which thousands of [[athlete]]s from around the world participate in a [[Multi-sport event|variety of athletic competitions]]. The Olympic Games, [[Open (sport)|open]] to both amateur and professional athletes, involve more than 200 teams, each team representing a sovereign state or territory. The Games often, but not always, substitute for any [[world championship]]s during the year in which they take place.<ref name="EB">{{cite EBO |short=yes |last1=Abrahams |first1=Harold Maurice |author1-link=Harold Maurice Abrahams |last2=Young |first2=David C. |title=Olympic Games |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Olympic-Games |date=4 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> The Olympics are staged every four years. Since [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]], they have alternated between the [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer]] and [[Winter Olympics]] every two years during the four-year [[Olympiad]].<ref>
{{cite magazine
|author=[[The Associated Press]]
|title=Olympics to Hold Events Every 2 Years : Winter Games to Be Split Off, Start Own 4-Year Cycle in '94
|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-14-mn-3527-story.html
|department=L.A. Times Archives
|date=14 October 1986
|magazine=[[Los Angeles Times]]
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine
|author=Alan Riding
|title=OLYMPICS: One Year to Lillehammer; '94 Olympics Are on Schedule Now That Budget Games Are Over
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/sports/olympics-one-year-lillehammer-94-olympics-are-schedule-now-that-budget-games-are.html
|magazine=[[The New York Times]]
|date=12 February 1993
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212184811/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/sports/olympics-one-year-lillehammer-94-olympics-are-schedule-now-that-budget-games-are.html
|archive-date=12 February 2024
}}</ref>

Their creation was inspired by the [[ancient Olympic Games]], held in [[Olympia, Greece]], from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. [[Baron Pierre de Coubertin]] founded the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in [[Athens]] in [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896]]. The IOC is the governing body of the [[Olympic Movement]], which encompasses all [[Entity|entities]] and individuals involved in the Olympic Games. The [[Olympic Charter]] defines their structure and authority.

The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in numerous changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the [[Paralympic Games]] for athletes with disabilities, the [[Youth Olympic Games]] for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental Games ([[Pan American Games|Pan American]], [[African Games|African]], [[Asian Games|Asian]], [[European Games|European]], and [[Pacific Games|Pacific]]), and the [[World Games]] for sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. The IOC also endorses the [[Deaflympics]] and the [[Special Olympics]]. The IOC has adapted to a variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. The [[#Amateurism and professionalism|abuse of amateur rules]] prompted the IOC to shift away from pure [[Amateur sports|amateurism]], as envisioned by Coubertin, to the acceptance of [[professional athletes]] participating at the Games. The growing importance of mass media has created the issue of [[corporate sponsorship]] and general commercialisation of the Games. World Wars [[World War I|I]] and [[World War II|II]] led to the cancellation of the [[1916 Summer Olympics|1916]], [[1940 Summer Olympics|1940]], and [[1944 Summer Olympics|1944]] Olympics; large-scale boycotts during the [[Cold War]] limited participation in the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980]] and [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]] Olympics;<ref name="olympic.org">{{cite news|title=No Boycott Blues|url=https://www.olympic.org/los-angeles-1984|website=olympic.org|access-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> and the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]] Olympics were postponed until 2021 because of the [[COVID-19 restrictions]].

The Olympic Movement consists of [[List of international sports federations|international sports federations]] (IFs), [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs), and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organises and funds the Games according to the [[Olympic Charter]]. The IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the [[Olympic flag]], the [[Olympic flame]] and [[List of Olympic torch relays|torch relay]], and the [[Olympic Games ceremony|opening and closing ceremonies]]. Over 14,000 athletes competed at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] and [[2022 Winter Olympics]] combined, in 40 different sports and 448 events. The first-, second-, and third-place finishers in each event receive [[Olympic medal]]s: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The prizes Olympic athletes can win if they bring home medals |url=https://news.sky.com/story/the-prizes-olympic-athletes-can-win-if-they-bring-home-medals-13187504 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

The Games have grown to the point that nearly every nation is now represented; colonies and overseas territories are often allowed to field their own teams. This growth has created numerous challenges and [[List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents|controversies]], including [[List of Olympic Games boycotts|boycotts]], [[Doping at the Olympic Games|doping]], [[match fixing]], bribery, and terrorism. Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and international fame. The Games also provide an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

The Olympic Games have become a significant global event, fostering international cooperation and cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite EBO |short=yes |last=Hornblower |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Hornblower |title=Ancient Greek civilization |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece |date=29 July 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref> At the same time, hosting the Olympic Games can also bring significant economic benefits and challenges to the host city, affecting infrastructure, tourism and local communities.<ref>{{cite EBO |short=yes |last=Vanderpool |first=Eugene |author-link=Eugene Vanderpool |title=Olympia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Olympia-ancient-site-Greece |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024}}</ref>
{{TOC limit}}

==Ancient Olympics==
{{main|Ancient Olympic Games}}

[[File:Olympia-stadion.jpg|thumb|The [[Ancient Olympic Games]] stadium in [[Olympia, Greece]]]]
The "Ancient Olympic Games" ({{langx|grc|τὰ Ὀλύμπια}}, ''ta Olympia'')<ref name="perseus.tuft.edu">{{LSJ|*)olu/mpia|Ὀλύμπια|ref|mLSJ}}.</ref> were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of [[Zeus]] in [[Olympia, Greece]]. The date of the festival was determined according to a complicated formula whereby the midpoint of the festival would occur during the second full moon after the [[summer solstice]]—usually late August or early September.<ref name=FinleyPleket>
{{cite book
|title=The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years
|author1=[[Moses I. Finley]]
|author2=H.W. Pleket
|date=14 June 1976
|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]
}}</ref>{{rp|p=26}}<ref name=Perrottet>
{{cite book
|author= Tony Perrottet
|title=The Naked Olympics
|date=8 June 2004
|publisher=[[Random House Trade Paperbacks]]|url=http://www.tonyperrottet.com/nakedolympics
}}</ref>{{rp|p=38}} This "came after the annual harvest but before the picking of the olives."<ref name=Perrottet/> Heralds were sent from Elis to announce the dates.<ref name=FinleyPleket/>{{rp|p=26}}<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|p=38}} Competition at first was among only "legitimate sons of free-born Greek parents."<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|p=49}} However, after Macedonia, and then Rome, conquered Greece, the ten Olympic judges loosened the earlier standard and permitted anyone who spoke Greek to participate.<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|p=50}} Tens of thousands of Greeks would make the difficult journey to attend the festival.<ref name=FinleyPleket/>{{rp|p=55}} Some sources say as many as 40,000 attended.<ref>{{cite magazine
|author1=[[Stefan Lovgren]]
|author2=[[Ted Chamberlain]]
|title=Ancient Olympics Had 'Spectacular' Opening Ceremony, Pagan Partying
|date=28 July 2012
|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/120727-2012-olympics-opening-ceremony-ancient-london-world-summer-games
|magazine=[[National Geographic]]
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|author=[[Mark Cartwright]]
|date=13 March 2018
|chapter=Ancient Olympic Games
|title=World History Encyclopedia
|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Olympic_Games
}}</ref> These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the [[pankration]], horse and chariot racing events. It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce.{{r|Swaddling 2000 p54}} This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce only allowed those religious pilgrims who were travelling to [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus.<ref name=FinleyPleket/>{{rp|pp=98–99}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Truce – Myth and Reality by Harvey Abrams|url=http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/showcase/abrams1.html|publisher=Classics Technology Center, AbleMedia.com|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>

The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend;<ref name=Young2004>
{{cite book
|first=David C.
|last=Young
|date= 1 January 2004
|chapter=Chapter 2. Beginnings and Evidence
|title=A Brief History of the Olympic Games
|doi=10.1002/9780470774823
|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]
|isbn= 978-1-4051-1129-4
}}</ref>{{rp|p=12}} one of the most popular myths identifies [[Heracles]] and his father [[Zeus]] as the progenitors of the Games.<ref name=Young2004/>{{rp|pp=12–13}}<ref>{{cite book
|author=[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]
|title=Description of Greece (with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod, Harvard University Press, 1918)
|chapter=Book VII: Elis 1
|publisher=[[Perseus Hopper]]
|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=2:section=5
}}</ref><ref name=Pindar>
{{cite book
|author=[[Pindar]]
|title=Olympian Odes
|chapter=Book O Olympian 2 For Theron of Acragas Chariot Race 476 B. C.
|editor=Diane Arnson Svarlien
|publisher=[[Perseus Hopper]]
|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=O.:poem=2
}}</ref>{{sfn|Richardson|1992|p=227}} According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games "Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years.<ref name=Pindar/> The myth continues that after Heracles completed his [[Labours of Hercules|twelve labours]], he built the [[Olympic Stadium]] as an honour to Zeus. Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a "[[Stadion (unit)|stadion]]" ({{langx|grc|στάδιον|links=no}}, [[Latin]]: {{lang|la|stadium}}, "stage"), which later became a unit of distance. The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]], listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC.<ref name=EB/> For the first thirteen Olympics, the ''stadion'' footrace was the only event contested,<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|p=145}}<ref>
{{cite book
|author=[[Nicholas Richardson|Nicholas J. Richardson]]
|chapter=Olympic Games
|title=Oxford Classical Dictionary
|date=7 March 2016
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4544
|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5
}}</ref> and victory in that sprint was so valued that the next [[Olympiad]] was named after the winner, e.g. "the third year of the eighteenth Olympiad when Ladas of Argos won the stadion."<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|p=145}} The Ancient Games varied over time, but they came to feature running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a jumping event, [[Discus throw|discus]] and [[javelin throw]]s, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing, wrestling, pankration, and [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] events.{{sfn|Crowther|2007|pp=59–61}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Olympic Events|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/sports.html|publisher=Perseus Project of [[Tufts University]]|access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> Tradition has it that [[Coroebus of Elis|Coroebus]], a cook from the city of [[Elis (city)|Elis]], was the first Olympic champion,{{sfn|Golden|2009|p=24}} which indicates that the competition was not limited to the aristocracy.<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|pp=50–51}}

The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, and the sporting events, which were held alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus (whose [[Statue of Zeus at Olympia|famous statue]] by [[Phidias]] stood in his temple at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]) and [[Pelops]] (divine hero and mythical king of Olympia), did not start until the festival's second day.<ref name=FinleyPleket/>{{rp|p=15}} (Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King [[Oenomaus]] of [[Pisatis]].{{sfn|Burkert|1983|p=95}}) The winners of the events were admired and immortalised in poems and statues.{{sfn|Swaddling|1999|pp=90–93}} Although a wreath made from the sacred olive tree in the precinct of Zeus was the only official prize at the Olympic Games, winners' fame brought them economic wealth, too, in the form of subsidies from their hometowns and wealthy sponsors. See, e.g., Finley and Pleket,<ref name=FinleyPleket/>{{rp|pp=24, 76–82}} and Perrottet<ref name=Perrottet/>{{rp|pp=13–14}} The Games were held every four years, and this period, known as an [[Olympiad]], was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the [[Panhellenic Games]], which included the [[Pythian Games]], the [[Nemean Games]], and the [[Isthmian Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013857/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|title=The Olympic Games in Antiquity|author=Olympic Museum|publisher=International Olympic Committee|year=2007|access-date=2 February 2009|url-status=dead|
page=2}}</ref>

The Olympic Games reached the height of their success in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] gained power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 393 AD, when the emperor [[Theodosius I]] decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated.{{efn|However, Theodosius' decree contains no specific reference to [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]].{{sfn|Crowther|2007|p=54}}}} Another date commonly cited is 426 AD, when his successor, [[Theodosius II]], ordered the destruction of all Greek temples.{{sfn|Crowther|2007|p=54}}

==Modern Games==
{{see also|List of Olympic Games host cities}}

===Forerunners===
[[File:Baron Pierre de Coubertin.jpg|thumb|[[Pierre de Coubertin]], co-founder of the [[International Olympic Committee]] and its second president]]
Various uses of the term "Olympic" to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 17th century. The first such event was the [[Cotswold Games]] or "Cotswold Olimpick Games", an annual meeting near [[Chipping Campden]], England, involving various sports. It was first organised by the lawyer [[Robert Dover (Cotswold Games)|Robert Dover]] between 1612 and 1642, with several later celebrations leading up to the present day. The [[British Olympic Association]], in its bid for the [[2012 Olympic Games]] in London, mentioned these games as "the first stirrings of Britain's Olympic beginnings".<ref name=BOA>{{cite web|title=400 Years of Olimpick Passion |url=http://www.olimpickgames.co.uk/contentok.php?id=853|website=olympickgames.co.uk |access-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606045814/http://www.olimpickgames.co.uk/contentok.php?id=853 |archive-date=6 June 2010 }}</ref>

{{lang|fr|L'Olympiade de la République}}, a national Olympic festival held annually from 1796 to 1798 in [[Revolutionary France]] also attempted to emulate the ancient Olympic Games.<ref name="frencholympics" /> The competition included several disciplines from the ancient Greek Olympics. The 1796 Games also marked the introduction of the [[metric system]] into sport.<ref name="frencholympics" />

[[File:Notis - Gim Nas Stik - 1834-08-16.png|thumb|The 1834 handbill, written in phonetic vernacular, advertising "Ho-limpyc Gaymes" in [[Oswestry]], Shropshire, England]]

In 1834 and 1836, the Olympic Games were held in Ramlösa, [[Sweden]], and in [[Stockholm]] in 1843, organised by Gustaf Johan Schartau and others. The Games were attended by 25,000 spectators at most.<ref name=FindlingPelle>
{{cite book
|editor1=John E. Findling
|editor2=Kimberly Pelle
|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement
|edition=1st
|date=30 March 2004
|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]
|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/encyclopedia-of-the-modern-olympic-movement-9780313322785/
}}</ref>

In 1850, an Olympian Class was started by [[William Penny Brookes]] at [[Much Wenlock]], in [[Shropshire]], England. In 1859, Brookes changed the name to the [[Wenlock Olympian Games]]. This annual sports festival continues to this day.<ref name=Young2004.13>
{{cite book
|first=David C.
|last=Young
|date= 1 January 2004
|chapter=Chapter 13. The Origin and Authenticity of the Modern Olympic Games
|title=A Brief History of the Olympic Games
|doi=10.1002/9780470774823
|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]
|isbn= 978-1-4051-1129-4
}}</ref>{{rp|p=144}} The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Brookes on 15 November 1860.<ref name=Young1996>
{{cite book
|first=David C.
|last=Young
|title= The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival
|date=1996
|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
|isbn= 0-8018-7207-3
}}</ref>{{rp|p=28}}

Between 1862 and 1867, [[Liverpool]] held an annual Grand Olympic Festival. Devised by [[John Hulley]] and [[Charles Pierre Melly]], these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook, although only 'gentlemen amateurs' could compete.{{sfn|Matthews|2005|pp=53–54}}{{sfn|Weiler|2004}} The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics.{{r|Girginov Parry 2005 p38}} In 1865 Hulley, Brookes and E. G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the [[British Olympic Association]]. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the [[Olympic Charter|International Olympic Charter]].<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=24}} In 1866, a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at London's [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wenlock-olympian-society.org.uk/william-penny-brookes/index.shtml|title= Much Wenlock & the Olympian Connection|publisher= Wenlock Olympian Society|access-date=31 January 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090123183803/http://www.wenlock-olympian-society.org.uk/william-penny-brookes/index.shtml |archive-date= 23 January 2009}}</ref>

===Revival===
[[File:Evangelos Zappas.jpg|thumb|[[Evangelos Zappas]], co-founder of the [[International Olympic Committee]]]]
Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the [[Greek War of Independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1821. It was first proposed by poet and newspaper editor [[Panagiotis Soutsos]] in his poem "Dialogue of the Dead", published in 1833.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=1}} [[Evangelos Zappas]], a wealthy Greek-Romanian philanthropist, first wrote to [[King Otto of Greece]], in 1856, offering to fund a permanent revival of the Olympic Games.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=14}} Zappas sponsored the first [[Zappas Olympics|Olympic Games]] in 1859, which was held in an [[Athens]] city square. Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire. Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient [[Panathenaic Stadium]] so that it could host all future Olympic Games.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=14}}

The stadium hosted the Olympics in 1870 and 1875.<ref name="Young1996" />{{rp|pp=2, 13–23, 81}} Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870, though no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games.<ref name="Young1996" />{{rp|p=44}} In 1890, after attending the Olympian Games of the [[Wenlock Olympian Society]], [[Baron Pierre de Coubertin]], who aimed to promote international peace and friendship through sports,<ref name="EB" /> was inspired to found the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC).<ref name="wenlock" /> Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years.<ref name="wenlock" /> He presented these ideas during the first [[Olympic Congress]] of the newly created International Olympic Committee. This meeting was held from 16 to 23 June 1894, at the [[University of Paris]]. On the last day of the Congress, it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1896.{{sfn|Coubertin|Philemon|Politis|Anninos|1897|p=8|loc=Part 2}} The IOC elected the Greek writer [[Demetrius Vikelas]] as its first president.<ref name="Young1996" />{{rp|pp=100–105}}

===1896 Games===
{{main|1896 Summer Olympics}}

[[File:1906 Intercalated Olympic Games Opening Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The opening ceremony of the [[1896 Summer Olympics]] in [[Panathinaiko Stadium]] in [[Athens]]]]
The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC were hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in [[Athens]] in 1896. The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Athens-1896/|title=Athens 1896|publisher=The International Olympic Committee|access-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> Zappas and his cousin [[Konstantinos Zappas]] had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games. This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=117}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Mémoire sur le conflit entre la Grèce et la Roumanie concernant l'affaire Zappa|language=fr|location=Athens|year=1893|first=Frédéric|last=de Martens|author-link=Friedrich Martens|publisher=[printer Anestis Constantinides]|url=http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/1/6/metadata-513a41d33e40da3d727896b19c5b9729_1236942720.tkl|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=L'affaire Zappa; Conflit Gréco-Roumain|language=fr|last=Streit|first=Geōrgios S.|author-link=Georgios Streit|date=1894|location=Paris|publisher=L. Larose|url=https://archive.org/details/laffairezappaco00stregoog|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> [[George Averoff]] contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=128}} The Greek government also provided funding, which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set.<ref name=Young1996/>{{rp|p=128}}

Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympic Games - a brief history {{!}} Parramatta History and Heritage|url=https://historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/research-topics/events/olympic-games-brief-history|access-date=31 January 2024|website=historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> This feeling was shared by many of the athletes, who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city. The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world. The [[1900 Summer Olympics|second Olympics]] was held in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200417042610/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1896/|url-status= dead|archive-date= 17 April 2020|title= 1896 Athina Summer Games|publisher= Sports Reference|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref>

===Changes and adaptations===
{{main|Summer Olympic Games}}

[[File:Francis Field 1904.jpg|thumb|[[Francis Olympic Field|Francis Field]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] during the [[1904 Summer Olympics]], the first held outside Europe|alt=]]
After the success of the [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Games]], the Olympics entered a period of stagnation which threatened its survival. The Olympic Games held at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris Exposition]] in [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]] at [[St. Louis]] in [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904]] failed to attract much participation or notice.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://espn.com/olympics/summer08/fanguide/history?year=1904|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210324081509/http://espn.com/olympics/summer08/fanguide/history?year=1904|url-status= dead|archive-date= 24 March 2021|title= St. Louis 1904 – Overview|publisher= ESPN|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> The Games rebounded with the [[1906 Intercalated Games]] (so-called because they were the second Olympics to take place within the third Olympiad), which were held in Athens. These Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated a great deal of public interest, marking the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and the size of the Olympics. The 1906 Games were officially recognised by the IOC at the time (although not any longer), and no Intercalated Games have been held since.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/1906-olympics-mark-10th-anniversary-of-the-olympic-revival-1.719323|title=1906 Olympics mark 10th anniversary of the Olympic revival|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Centre|date=28 May 2008|access-date=31 January 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731211554/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2008/05/05/f-olympics-feature-1906.html|archive-date=31 July 2008 }}</ref>

====Winter Games====
{{main|Winter Olympic Games}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-05472, St. Moritz, Winterolympiade.jpg|thumb|An [[ice hockey]] game during the [[1928 Winter Olympics]] at [[St. Moritz]]]]
The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games. Figure skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics.{{sfn|Hines|2011|page=xxii}} The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities. At the [[List of IOC meetings|1921 Olympic Congress]] in [[Lausanne]], it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports week (it was actually 11 days) was held in [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]] in [[Chamonix]], France, in connection with the [[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris Games]] held three months later; this event became the first [[Winter Olympic Games]].<ref name="chamonix" /> Although, it was intended that the ''same'' country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year, this idea was quickly abandoned. The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years in the same year as their summer counterpart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utah.com/olympics/history.htm|title=Winter Olympics History|publisher=Utah Athletic Foundation|access-date=31 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112071018/http://www.utah.com/olympics/history.htm|archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> This tradition was upheld until the [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992 Games]] in [[Albertville]], France; after that, beginning with the [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994 Games]], the Winter Olympics were held every four years, two years after each Summer Olympics.<ref name=FindlingPelle/>{{rp|p=405}} This allowed the IOC to space out the logistical and financial costs of the two events from one another, and generate advertising revenue from the Games every two years instead of four.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nucilli|first=Ryleigh|title=Here's Why the Olympics Are Held Every 4 Years|url=https://www.rd.com/article/why-olympics-are-held-every-4-years/|date=27 January 2026|website=Reader's Digest|access-date=20 February 2026}}</ref>

====Paralympics====
{{main|Paralympic Games}}

[[File:031164 - Tokyo opening ceremony -7 - 1a - adjusted.jpg|thumb|[[1964 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Tokyo]]]]
In 1948, [[Sir Ludwig Guttmann]], determined to promote the rehabilitation of soldiers after [[World War II]], organised a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the [[1948 London Olympics]]. Originally known as the [[Stoke Mandeville Games]], Guttmann's event became an annual sports festival. Over the next 12 years, Guttmann and others continued their efforts to use sports as an avenue to healing.

In 1960, Guttmann brought 400 athletes to Rome to compete in the "Parallel Olympics", which ran in parallel with the [[1960 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] and came to be known as the first [[1960 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]]. Since then, the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year and, starting with the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Summer Games]] in Seoul, the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/7582206.stm|title= History of the Paralympics|work= [[BBC Sport]]|access-date=2 February 2009|date=4 September 2008}}</ref>{{efn|The [[1988 Winter Olympics]] were in [[Calgary]], Canada, and the [[1988 Winter Paralympics]] were in [[Innsbruck]], Austria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/innsbruck-1988|title=Innsbruck 1988 Paralympics – Ceremonies, Medals, Torch Relay|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>}} The [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) and the [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC) signed an agreement in 2001 which guaranteed that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.<ref name="Parahist" /><ref>{{cite web|title=IPC-IOC Cooperation|publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee|IPC]]|website=paralympic.org|url=http://paralympic.org/IPC/IPC-IOC_Co-operation.html|access-date=3 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908052424/http://paralympic.org/IPC/IPC-IOC_Co-operation.html|archive-date=8 September 2009}}</ref> The agreement came into effect at the [[2008 Summer Paralympics|2008 Summer Games]] in Beijing, and at the [[2010 Winter Paralympics|2010 Winter Games]] in Vancouver.

Two years before the 2012 Games, the [[LOCOG]] chairman [[Lord Coe]] made the following statement about the [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympics]] in London:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/may/04/sainsburys-sponsors-paralympic-games|location=London|title=Sainsbury's announces sponsorship of 2012 Paralympics|date=4 May 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Owen|last=Gibson}}</ref>
{{blockquote
|We want to change public attitudes towards disability, celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole.
}}

====Youth Games====
{{main|Youth Olympic Games}}

In 2010, the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games, which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to compete. The Youth Olympic Games were conceived by IOC president [[Jacques Rogge]] in 2001 and approved during the 119th Congress of the IOC.<ref name="Rogge introduces" /><ref>{{cite news|last= Rice|first= John|url= https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2007-07-05-2774646336_x.htm|title=IOC approves Youth Olympics; first set for 2010
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|work= USA Today|date=5 July 2007|access-date=2 February 2009}}</ref> The [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics|first Summer Youth Games]] were held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, while the [[2012 Winter Youth Olympics|inaugural Winter Games]] were hosted in [[Innsbruck]], Austria, two years later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Innsbruck is the host city for the first Winter Youth Olympic Games|publisher=The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|date=12 December 2008|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/news/feature-stories/-/61888/32574/1t8ch2t/innsbruck-is-the-host-city-for.html|access-date=30 March 2009|archive-date=10 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610111938/http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/news/feature-stories/-/61888/32574/1t8ch2t/innsbruck-is-the-host-city-for.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> These Games will be shorter than the senior Games; the summer version will last twelve days, while the winter version will last nine days.<ref name="CRIonYOG" /> The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the Summer Youth Games, and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth Games.<ref name="YOGisGo" /><ref name="No kidding" /> The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the senior Games, however there will be variations on the sports including mixed NOC and mixed gender teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and events.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/summer/2007-07-05-olympic-notes_N.htm|title= IOC votes to start Youth Olympics in 2010|first= Vicky|last= Michaelis|date= 5 July 2007|work= USA Today|access-date=2 February 2009}}</ref>

===21st-century Games===
Over 14,000 athletes competed at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] and [[2022 Winter Olympics]] combined, in 40 different sports and 448 events.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Olympic Committee - Tokyo 2020|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/tokyo-2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Olympic Committee - Beijing 2022|url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/beijing-2022}}</ref> The Summer Olympics have grown from 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896, to more than 11,300 competitors representing 206 nations in [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/tokyo-2020|title=Tokyo 2020|website=olympic.org|date=23 February 2023|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller; for example, [[Beijing]] hosted 2,971 athletes from 91 nations in [[2022 Winter Olympics|2022]]. Most of the athletes and officials are housed in the [[Olympic Village]] for the duration of the Games. This accommodation centre is designed to be a self-contained home for all Olympic participants, and is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for religious expression.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beijing to build convenient Olympic village|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/headlines/n214262207.shtml|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|access-date=4 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914055027/http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/headlines/n214262207.shtml|archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref>

The IOC has allowed the formation of [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs) to represent individual nations. These do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organisations demand. As a result, [[colonies]] and [[Dependent territory|dependencies]] are permitted to compete at Olympic Games, examples being territories such as [[Puerto Rico]], [[Bermuda]], and [[Hong Kong]], all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Charter|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723070003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011|page=61|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> The current version of the Olympic Charter allows for the establishment of new NOCs to represent nations that qualify as "an independent State recognised by the international community".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Olympic Charter|url=http://www.asksam.com/ebooks/releases.asp?doc_handle=135969&file=Olympic-Charter.ask&query=recognised%20by%20the%20international%20community&search=yes|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=17 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502144028/http://www.asksam.com/ebooks/releases.asp?doc_handle=135969&file=Olympic-Charter.ask&query=recognised%20by%20the%20international%20community&search=yes|archive-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref> Consequently, the IOC did not allow the formation of NOCs for [[Sint Maarten]] and [[Curaçao]] when they gained the same constitutional status as [[Aruba]] in 2010, although the IOC had recognised the [[Aruban Olympic Committee]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/executive-board-concludes-first-meeting-of-the-new-year/112731|date=13 January 2011|access-date=13 January 2011|title=Executive Board Concludes First Meeting of the New Year|website=olympic.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/mr-jose-perurena?articleid=133159|title=Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session|website=olympic.org|date=9 July 2011|access-date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102100904/https://www.olympic.org/mr-jose-perurena?articleid=133159|archive-date=2 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2012, athletes from the former [[Netherlands Antilles]] have had the option to represent either the [[Netherlands]] or Aruba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/news/media-resources?articleid=132830|date=1 July 2011|access-date=23 August 2012|title=Working meeting between the IOC and the NOCs of the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba and the Netherlands|website=olympic.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115004545/http://www.olympic.org/news/media-resources?articleid=132830|archive-date=15 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Cost of the Games===
{{see also|Cost of the Olympic Games}}
The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that, since 1960, sports-related costs for the Summer Games were on average US$5.2 billion and for the Winter Games $3.1 billion. These figures do not include wider infrastructure costs like roads, urban rail, and airports, which often cost as much or more than the sports-related costs. The most expensive Summer Games were Beijing 2008 at US$40{{nbnd}}44 billion,<ref>{{cite news|title= Beijing Olympics to cost China 44 billion dollars|date= 8 June 2008|publisher= pravda.ru|first1=Dmitry|last1=Sudakov|url=http://english.pravda.ru/sports/games/06-08-2008/106003-beijing_olympics-0/|access-date=12 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035715/http://english.pravda.ru/sports/games/06-08-2008/106003-beijing_olympics-0/|archive-date= 22 February 2014 }}</ref> and the most expensive Winter Games were Sochi 2014 at US$51 billion.<ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/oct/09/sochi-2014-olympics-money-corruption|title=Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date= 9 October 2013|access-date=12 February 2014|last1=Gibson|first1=Owen }}</ref><ref name="study">{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School, University of Oxford|year=2016|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2804554|arxiv=1607.04484|s2cid=156794182 }}</ref> As of 2016, costs per athlete were, on average, US$599,000 for the Summer Games and $1.3 million for the Winter Games; for London 2012, the cost per athlete was $1.4 million, and the figure was $7.9 million for Sochi 2014.<ref name="study"/>

Where ambitious construction for the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Summer Games in Montreal]] and the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow had burdened organisers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues, Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses for the 1984 Summer Games by using existing facilities and only two new that were paid for by corporate sponsors. The organising committee, led by [[Peter Ueberroth]], used some of the profits to endow the [[LA84 Foundation]] to promote youth sports in [[Southern California]], educate coaches and maintain a sports library. The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered until that date, the most financially successful modern Olympics and a model for future Games.<ref name="financiallySuccessful">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/86729520.html?dids=86729520:86729520&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+28%2C+2001&author=ALAN+ABRAHAMSON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=L.A.+the+Best+Site%2C+Bid+Group+Insists%3B+Olympics%3A+Despite+USOC+rejection%2C+officials+say+their+plan+was+in+line+with+IOC%27s+call+for+downsizing+of+Games.&pqatl=google|title=LA the Best Site, Bid Group Insists; Olympics: Despite USOC rejection|date=25 July 2004|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=17 August 2008|first=Alan|last=Abrahamson|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105125946/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/86729520.html?dids=86729520:86729520&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+28%2C+2001&author=ALAN+ABRAHAMSON&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=L.A.+the+Best+Site%2C+Bid+Group+Insists%3B+Olympics%3A+Despite+USOC+rejection%2C+officials+say+their+plan+was+in+line+with+IOC%27s+call+for+downsizing+of+Games.&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Budget overruns are common for the Games. Average overrun for Games since 1960 is 156% in real terms,<ref>{{cite news|last=Leahy|first=Joe|title=Brazil's Olympic costs running 51% over budget, report warns|work=Financial Times|date=7 July 2016|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ef122cb6-43d6-11e6-864d-01c0167ff470|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/ef122cb6-43d6-11e6-864d-01c0167ff470|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> which means that actual costs turned out to be on average 2.56 times the budget that was estimated at the time of winning the bid to host the Games. Montreal 1976 had the highest cost overrun for Summer Games, and for any Games, at 720%; Lake Placid 1980 had the highest cost overrun for Winter Games, at 324%. London 2012 had a cost overrun of 76%, Sochi 2014 of 289%.<ref name="study"/>

It has been documented that cost and cost overrun for the Games follow a [[power-law distribution]], meaning that the Games are prone to large [[cost overrun]]s, and it is only a matter of time before an overrun occurs that exceeds the largest to date. In short, hosting the Games carries extreme economical and financial risks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Budzier|first2=Alexander|last3=Lunn|first3=Daniel|date=1 September 2020|title=Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3686009|journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space|ssrn=3686009|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3686009|arxiv=2009.14682|s2cid=233759692 |issn = 1556-5068 }}</ref>

The final cost for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics was reported to be JPY 1,423.8 billion (US$13 billion). This was achieved by balancing revenues and expenditures through various efforts to increase revenue and continuously review expenditures. The primary sources of revenue included the International Olympic Committee (IOC) contribution of JPY 86.8 billion (US$0.8 billion), TOP sponsorship of JPY 56.9 billion (US$0.5 billion), local sponsorship of JPY 376.1 billion (US$3.4 billion), an insurance payout of JPY 50 billion (US$0.5 billion) for the postponement of the Games, and other sources including licensing. The expenditures included JPY 195.5 billion (US$1.8 billion) for venue-related costs and JPY 444.9 billion (US$4 billion) for service expenditures. The total cost also accounted for COVID-19 countermeasures amounting to JPY 35.3 billion (US$0.3 billion). Despite initial estimates, the total costs were reduced by JPY 220.2 billion (US$2 billion) from the budget announced in December 2020, and JPY 29.2 billion (US$0.3 billion) from the estimated budget in December 2021. This successful financial management resulted in a balanced budget for the Tokyo 2020 Games.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2024|title=Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee publishes final balanced budget|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/tokyo-2020-organising-committee-publishes-final-balanced-budget}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics cost $15.4 billion. What else could that buy?|url=https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-games-total-cost-8ec49ea2ea9d7316f37ffd20770a2742|access-date=27 July 2024|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref>

===Economic and social impact on host cities and countries===
Seeking a scholarly institution to independently research the Games, [[Bob Barney]] led efforts to establish the International Centre for Olympic Studies in 1989, endeavouring to write about [[Social environment|sociocultural impacts]] of the Olympic Games.<ref name="Cengel-2008">{{cite news|title=Olympics: beyond sports|last=Cengel|first=Katya|date=10 August 2008|newspaper=[[Courier Journal]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=E1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-olympics-2008/129824534/}}; {{cite news|title=Olympics (Continued from E1)|last=Cengel|first=Katya|date=10 August 2008|newspaper=[[Courier Journal]]|location=Louisville, Kentucky|page=E2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-journal-olympics-2008/129824430/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://baseballresearch.ca/directors/|title=Bob Barney|year=2023|website=Centre for Canadian Baseball Research|location=St. Mary's, Ontario|access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> He felt that the Olympics "is worthy of study because it is one of the biggest meetings in a global context and has many political, economic, and other problems associated with it".<ref name="Cengel-2008" /> He began ''Olympika'' in 1992, the first peer-reviewed academic journal focused on the Olympic Games.<ref name="CSSOR">{{cite web|url=https://www.cssor.org/speakers/robert-k-barney/|title=Robert K. Barney|year=2020|website=Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research|access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="CSSOR-2022">{{cite web|url=https://olympicstudies.org/robert-k-barney-graduate-student-essay-award/|title=Robert K. Barney Graduate Student Essay Award|date=1 November 2022|website=Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research|access-date=5 August 2023}}</ref> Founded in 1991, the [[International Society of Olympic Historians]] publishes the ''Journal of Olympic History''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://isoh.org/about/|title=International Society of Olympic Historians|year=2023|website=[[International Society of Olympic Historians]]|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

Some economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games, emphasising that such "mega-events" often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/olympic-cities-everywhere/|title=Olympics Everywhere|date=August 2016|magazine=WIRED|department=Argument|page=19|type=Paper|quote=...hosting the Olympics is almost always a financial disaster for cities in the long term.... Indeed, economists are uncommonly unanimous that hosting the Olympics is a bad bet.|vauthors=Greenwell M}}</ref> Hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=19 January 2011|title=The Olympic Effect|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume=121|issue=553|pages=652–677|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02407.x|vauthors=Rose AK, Spiegel MM}}</ref> Research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a positive effect on the [[Corporate giving|philanthropic contributions of corporations]] headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards, though it is not permanent.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2013|title=Punctuated Generosity: How Mega-events and Natural Disasters Affect Corporate Philanthropy in U.S. Communities|ssrn=2028982|journal=[[Administrative Science Quarterly]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=111–148|doi=10.1177/0001839213475800|via=Social Science Research Network|vauthors=Tilcsik A, Marquis C|s2cid=18481039|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/42290/1/ASQ.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922021417/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/42290/1/ASQ.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Games have had significant negative effects on host communities; for example, the [[Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions]] reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades,{{When|date=August 2025|reason=Cited journal source uses Atlanta 1996 as case study, so presumably this means two decades spanning before/during/after the 1996 Games?}} often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glynn|first=Mary Ann|year=2008|title=Configuring the Field of Play: How Hosting the Olympic Games Impacts Civic Community|journal=Journal of Management Studies|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1117–1146|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6486.2008.00785.x|s2cid=153973502}}</ref> The [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]] were the most expensive Olympic Games in history, costing in excess of US$50 billion. According to a report by the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] released at the time of the Games, the cost would not boost Russia's national economy but could attract business to Sochi and the southern [[Krasnodar region]] of Russia as a result of improved services. By December 2014, eight months after the Games, ''[[The Guardian]]'' stated that Sochi "now feels like a ghost town", citing the spread-out nature of the stadiums and arenas and the still-unfinished infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/17/sochi-olympics-legacy-city-feels-like-a-ghost-town|title=The Sochi Olympics legacy: 'The city now feels like a ghost town'|date=17 December 2014|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 January 2014|last=Walker|first=Shaun}}</ref> At least four cities withdrew their bids for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]], citing the high costs or lack of local support,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3462070/olympics-winter-2022/|title=Why Nobody Wants to Host the 2022 Winter Olympics|date=3 October 2014|magazine=Time|access-date=10 January 2014|first=Lisa|last=Abend|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918021002/http://time.com/3462070/olympics-winter-2022/|url-status=dead}}</ref> resulting in only [[Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics|a two-city race]] between [[Almaty, Kazakhstan]], and Beijing, China (which hosted the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]). ''The Guardian'' stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that few cities or countries want to host them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/27/biggest-threat-future-olympic-games-rio-2016-ioc-thomas-bach-hosts|title=Revealed: the biggest threat to the future of the Olympic Games|date=27 July 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Bidding for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the IOC took the unusual step of [[Bids for the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics|simultaneously awarding]] both the 2024 Games to Paris and the [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028 Games]] to Los Angeles. Both of the bids were praised for their [[high-tech]] plans and innovative ways of using a record-breaking number of existing and temporary facilities.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 September 2017|title=IOC makes historic decision by simultaneously awarding Olympic Games 2024 to Paris and 2028 to Los Angeles|work=[[International Olympic Committee]]|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-makes-historic-decision-by-simultaneously-awarding-olympic-games-2024-to-paris-and-2028-to-los-angeles|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>

==International Olympic Committee==
{{see also|International Olympic Committee}}
The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations, recognised media partners, as well as athletes, officials, judges, and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter.<ref name="movement" /> As the umbrella organisation of the Olympic Movement, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) is responsible for selecting the host city, overseeing the planning of the Olympic Games, updating and approving the Olympic sports programme, and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights.<ref name="movement roles" />

The Olympic Movement is made of three main elements:
* [[List of international sport federations|International Federations]] (IFs) are the [[Sports governing body|governing bodies]] that supervise a sport at an international level. For example, the International Federation of Association Football ([[FIFA]]) is the international governing body for association football, and the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball]] is the international governing body for volleyball. There are currently 35 IFs in the Olympic Movement, representing each of the Olympic sports.<ref>{{cite web|title=For the Good of the Athletes|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|date=31 October 2007|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214186786.shtml|access-date=4 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123170335/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/ioc/n214186786.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2009 }}</ref>
* [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs) represent and regulate the Olympic Movement within each country. For example, the [[Hellenic Olympic Committee]] (HOC) is the NOC of [[Greece]], officially the Hellenic Republic. There are currently 206 NOCs recognised by the IOC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/national-olympic-committees|title=National Olympic Committees|access-date=13 March 2021|website=olympic.org}} Click on "What is a National Olympic Committee?" (at top of page)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurolympic.org/south-sudan-206th-noc-in-the-olympic-movement/|title=South Sudan 206th NOC in the Olympic Movement|date=4 August 2015|access-date=13 March 2021|website=eurolympic.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313230227/https://www.eurolympic.org/south-sudan-206th-noc-in-the-olympic-movement/|archive-date=13 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Organising Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Olympic Games. OCOGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the IOC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/ioc-governance-organising-committees|title=Organising Committees for the Olympic Games|publisher=Olympic Games|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

French and English are the official languages of the Olympic Movement. The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from French or English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these three (or more) languages, or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or French speaking country. These languages were spoken in the traditional order: French is always spoken first, followed by English, and then the dominant language of the host nation (when this is not English or French).{{sfn|Olympic Charter|2007|p=53|loc=Rule 24}}

In March 2025, [[Kirsty Coventry]] made history by becoming the first woman and the first African to be elected as President of the IOC. Coventry embodies high aspirations, envisioning a future where the Olympics serve as a symbol of global unity, weaving together diverse cultures and nations through athletic excellence. Coventry's leadership is set to ensure that every nation has an equal chance to shine on the Olympic stage, separating sports from politics. Coventry's plans align with the IOC's broader efforts to strengthen global partnerships, particularly with [[BRICS]] nations, while reinforcing its role as a global unifier, promoting peace and development through sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2025 |title=IOC President Kirsty Coventry Advocates Against Olympic Bans Over Conflicts - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/videos/ioc-president-kirsty-coventry-opposes-olympic-bans-conflicts-011-4230938.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIMS congratulates Kirsty Coventry on her historic election as the IOC President – AIMS |url=https://aims.sport/aims-congratulates-kirsty-coventry-on-her-historic-election-as-the-ioc-president/2025/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Allegations of bribery and corruption===
The IOC has often been accused of being an intractable organisation, with several life members on the committee. The presidential terms of [[Avery Brundage]] and [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]] were especially controversial. Brundage fought strongly for amateurism and against the commercialisation of the Olympic Games, even as these attitudes came to be seen as incongruous with the realities of modern sports. The advent of state-sponsored athletes from the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries further eroded the ideology of the pure [[Amateur sports|amateur]], as it placed self-financed amateurs of Western countries at a disadvantage.<ref name=Maraniss>{{cite book
|title=Rome 1960: The Summer Olympics that Stirred the World
|author=[[David Maraniss]]
|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]
|date=14 July 2009
|isbn=978-1-4165-3408-2
|url=https://parents.simonandschuster.com/9781416534082
}}</ref>{{rp|pp=52–60}} Brundage was accused of [[antisemitism]] and of racism in [[Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics|resisting the exclusion of South Africa]].<ref name=Maraniss/>{{rp|pp=60–69}} Under the Samaranch presidency, the office was accused of both [[nepotism]] and corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=Samaranch Defends Nominating Son for IOC Post|website=[[CBC.ca]]|date=18 May 2001|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.722/samaranch-defends-nominating-son-for-ioc-post-1.286083|access-date=4 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205190231/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2001/05/18/ioc010516.html|archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref> Samaranch's ties with the [[Franco regime]] in Spain were also a source of criticism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympics: Barcelona Profile; Samaranch, Under the Gun Shoots Back|last=Riding|first=Alan|date=30 June 1992
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/30/sports/olympics-barcelona-profile-samaranch-under-the-gun-shoots-back.html|access-date=30 January 2009|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112031553/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/30/sports/olympics-barcelona-profile-samaranch-under-the-gun-shoots-back.html|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1998, it was reported that several IOC members had [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|taken gifts]] from members of the [[Salt Lake City]] bid committee for the hosting of the [[2002 Winter Olympics]]. There were soon four independent investigations underway: by the IOC, the [[United States Olympic Committee]] (USOC), the [[Salt Lake Organizing Committee]] (SLOC), and the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DOJ). Although nothing strictly illegal had occurred, it was felt that the acceptance of the gifts was morally dubious. As a result of the investigation, ten members of the IOC were expelled and a further ten sanctioned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/oly/view/0,3949,35000108,00.html|title=Samaranch reflects on bid scandal with regret|work=2002 Winter Olympics coverage|publisher=Deseret News Archives|date=19 May 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020226194341/http://deseretnews.com/oly/view/0%2C3949%2C35000108%2C00.html|archive-date=26 February 2002}}</ref> Stricter rules were adopted for future bids, and caps were introduced to define how much IOC members could accept from bid cities. Additionally, new [[Term limit|term]] and age limits were put into place for IOC membership, and fifteen former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Nevertheless, from sporting and business standpoints, the 2002 Olympics were one of the most successful Winter Games in history; records were set in both the broadcasting and marketing programs. Over two billion viewers watched more than 13 billion viewer-hours.<ref name="Marketing_Matters_6_2002">{{cite web|title=Marketing Matters, Issue 21|date=June 2002|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_456.pdf|access-date=20 October 2010|website=stillmed.olympic.org|publisher=IOC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323224646/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_456.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2002 Games were also a financial success, raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, leaving SLOC with a surplus of [[USD|$]]40 million. This excess revenue was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation (also known as the Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation), which maintains and operates many of the surviving Olympic venues.<ref name="Marketing_Matters_6_2002"/>

It was reported in 1999 that the [[1998 Winter Olympics|Nagano Olympic]] bid committee had spent approximately $14 million on entertaining the 62 IOC members and many of their associates. The precise figures are unknown since [[Nagano Olympic Organizing Committee|Nagano]] destroyed the financial records after the IOC requested that the entertainment expenditures should not be made public.<ref>{{cite web|last1 =Jordan |first1 =Mary |last2 =Sullivan |first2 =Kevin |title =Nagano Burned Documents Tracing '98 Olympics Bid |newspaper =Washington Post |page =A1 |date =21 January 1999 |url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/digest/daily/jan99/nagano21.htm |access-date =20 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012906/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/digest/daily/jan99/nagano21.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last =Macintyre|first =Donald|title =Japan's Sullied Bid|newspaper =Time Magazine|date =1 February 1999|url =http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053970,00.html|access-date =20 August 2016|archive-date =26 June 2022|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220626173316/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053970,00.html|url-status =dead}}</ref>

In July 2000, when the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported on the tangled nature of how the IOC redistributes profits from sponsorships and [[broadcasting rights]], Olympic historian [[Bob Barney]] stated that he had "yet to see matters of corruption in the IOC" but noted that there were "matters of unaccountability".<ref>{{cite news|title=IOC: A tangled web of wealth, mystery|last1=Abrahamson|first1=Alan|last2=Wharton|first2=David|date=30 July 2000|newspaper=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|location=St. Louis, Missouri|page=24|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-ioc-2000/129932172/}}</ref> He later noted that when the spotlight is on the athletes, it has "the power to eclipse impressions of scandal or corruption", with respect to the Olympic bid process.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sun sets on Salt Lake City|date=25 February 2002|newspaper=[[Herald News (New Jersey)|Herald News]]|location=Passaic County, New Jersey|page=A1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939234/}}; {{cite news|title=Games (Continued From A1)|date=25 February 2002|newspaper=[[Herald News (New Jersey)|Herald News]]|location=Passaic County, New Jersey|page=A6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-olympics-2002/129939110/}}</ref>

In August 2004, a [[BBC]] documentary, ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]: Buying the Games'', reported the results of an investigation into bribes allegedly used in the bidding process for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Buying the Games" /> The documentary claimed that it was possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. After being narrowly defeated in their bid for the 2012 Games,<ref>{{cite news|first=Lynn|last=Zinser|title=London Wins 2012 Olympics; New York Lags
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=7 July 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/sports/othersports/london-wins-2012-olympics-new-york-lags.html|access-date=4 February 2009|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529173555/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/sports/othersports/london-wins-2012-olympics-new-york-lags.html|archive-date=29 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Parisian mayor [[Bertrand Delanoë]] specifically accused the British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] and the [[London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics|London bid committee]], headed by former Olympic champion [[Sebastian Coe]], of breaking the bid rules. He cited French president [[Jacques Chirac]] as a witness; Chirac gave guarded interviews concerning his involvement<ref>{{cite news|title=Paris Mayor Slams London Tactics|work=Sporting Life|location=UK|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/london2012/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=others/05/07/06/manual_125524.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515073919/http://www.sportinglife.com/london2012/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=others%2F05%2F07%2F06%2Fmanual_125524.html|archive-date=15 May 2011|access-date=4 February 2009|url-status=dead }}</ref> but the allegation was never fully explored. [[Turin bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics|Turin's bid]] to host the [[2006 Winter Olympics]] was also clouded by controversy; a prominent IOC member, [[Marc Hodler]], closely connected to the rival [[Sion bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics|bid]] of [[Sion, Switzerland]], alleged bribery of IOC officials by members of the Turin Organising Committee. These accusations led to a wide-ranging investigation, and also served to sour many IOC members against Sion's bid which potentially helped Turin to capture the host city nomination.<ref>{{cite news|first=Howard|last=Berkes|title=How Turin got the Games|work=[[NPR]]|date=7 February 2006|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5195274|access-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

==Commercialisation==
===Under national organising committees===
The Olympic Games have been commercialised to various degrees since the inaugural [[1896 Summer Olympics]] in Athens, when a number of companies paid for advertising,<ref name="IOC2011Marketing">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/Documents/IOC_Marketing/OLYMPIC_MARKETING_FACT_FILE_2011.pdf|title=Olympic Marketing Fact File, 2011 Edition|page=18|access-date=22 December 2015|website=olympic.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812082101/https://www.olympic.org/Documents/IOC_Marketing/OLYMPIC_MARKETING_FACT_FILE_2011.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> including [[Kodak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kodak-olympics-idUSWEN164520071012|title=Kodak to end Olympics sponsorship after 2008 games|date=12 October 2007|work=Reuters|last=Paul|first=Franklin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://disruptiveinnovation.se/?p=112|title=No more Kodak moments in the Olympics|website=disruptiveinnovation.se|date=15 April 2013|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> In 1908, [[Oxo (food)|Oxo]], {{ill|Odol|de}} mouthwash, and Indian Foot Powder became official sponsors of the [[1908 Summer Olympics|London Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/london/2015-12-04/wildly-interesting-facts-you-never-knew-about-london-until-now/|title=Wildly interesting facts about London you never knew, until now|website=ITV News|date=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxo.co.uk/about-us|title=The History of OXO|website=oxo.co.uk|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320010255/http://www.oxo.co.uk/about-us|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Coca-Cola]] first sponsored the Summer Olympics in [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], and has remained an Olympic sponsor ever since.<ref name="IOC2011Marketing" /> Before the IOC took control of sponsorship, the NOCs had responsibility for negotiating their own contracts for sponsorship and use of the Olympic symbols.<ref name=CooperChen>
{{cite book
|title= Global Entertainment Media: Content, Audiences, Issues
|editor=Anne Cooper-Chen
|date=23 June 2005
|edition=1st
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|url= https://www.routledge.com/Global-Entertainment-Media-Content-Audiences-Issues/Cooper-Chen/p/book/9780805851694
}}</ref>{{rp|p=231}}

===Under IOC control===
The IOC originally resisted funding by corporate sponsors. It was not until the retirement of IOC President [[Avery Brundage]], in 1972, that the IOC began to explore the potential of the television medium and the lucrative advertising markets available to them.<ref name=CooperChen/>{{rp|p=231}} Under the leadership of [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], the Games began to shift toward international sponsors who sought to link their products to the Olympic brand.<ref name="television"/>

===Budget===
During the first half of the 20th century, the IOC ran on a small budget.<ref name="television"/>{{sfn|Buchanon|Mallon|2006|p=ci}} As president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, Avery Brundage rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interest.<ref name=CooperChen/>{{rp|p=231}} He believed that the lobby of corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC's decision-making. His resistance to this revenue stream meant the IOC left organising committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols.<ref name=CooperChen/>{{rp|p=231}} When Brundage retired, the IOC had US$2 million in assets; eight years later the IOC coffers had swelled to US$45 million. This was primarily caused by a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights.<ref name=CooperChen/>{{rp|p=231}} When Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected IOC president in 1980, his desire was to make the IOC financially independent.{{sfn|Buchanon|Mallon|2006|p=ci}}

The [[1984 Summer Olympics]] became a watershed moment in Olympic history. The Los Angeles-based organising committee, led by [[Peter Ueberroth]], was able to generate a surplus of US$225 million—an unprecedented amount at that time.<ref name=FindlingPelle/>{{rp|p=209}} The organising committee had been able to create such a surplus in part by selling exclusive sponsorship rights to select companies.<ref name=FindlingPelle/>{{rp|p=209}} The IOC sought to gain control of these sponsorship rights. Samaranch helped to establish The Olympic Programme (TOP) in 1985, in order to create an Olympic brand.<ref name="television"/> Membership in TOP was, and is, very exclusive and expensive. Fees cost US$50 million for a four-year membership.{{sfn|Buchanon|Mallon|2006|p=ci}} Members of TOP received exclusive global advertising rights for their product category, and use of the Olympic emblem—the [[Olympic rings|five interlocking rings]]—in their publications and advertisements.<ref name=Slack>{{cite book
|editor=[[Trevor Slack]]
|title=The Commercialisation of Sport
|edition=1st
|publisher=[[Routledge]]
|date=9 March 2005
|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Commercialisation-of-Sport/Slack/p/book/9780714680781
}}</ref>{{rp|p=194}}

===Effect of television===
[[File:Olympic Final 2000 (1936 cartoon).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A ''[[Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung]]'' cartoon published during the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]] in [[Berlin]] envisions the Olympics in 2000, when spectators would be replaced by television and radio, with the cheers of spectators broadcast through loudspeakers. Almost a century after the prediction, spectators still watch the Games in person and by globally-broadcast television coverage.]]
The [[1936 Summer Olympics]] in [[Berlin]] were the first Games to be broadcast on television, though only to local audiences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berlin 1936|website=olympic.org|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1936|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822100804/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1936|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> The [[1956 Winter Olympics]] in Italy were the first internationally televised Olympic Games,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cortina d'Ampezzo|website=olympic.org|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1956|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822213008/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1956|archive-date=22 August 2008|access-date=31 March 2009}}</ref> and the broadcasting rights for the [[1960 Winter Olympics|following Winter Games]] in California were sold for the first time to specialised television broadcasting networks—[[CBS]] paid US$394,000 for the American rights.<ref name=Slack/>{{rp|p=192}}<ref name="television"/> In the following decades, the Olympics became one of the ideological fronts of the Cold War, and the [[IOC]] wanted to take advantage of this heightened interest via the broadcast medium.<ref name=Slack/>{{rp|p=192}} The sale of broadcast rights enabled the IOC to increase the exposure of the Olympic Games, thereby generating more interest, which in turn enhanced the appeal of TV air time to the advertisers. This cycle allowed the IOC to charge ever-increasing fees for those rights.<ref name=Slack/>{{rp|p=192}} For example, CBS paid US$375 million for the American broadcast rights for the [[1998 Winter Olympics|1998 Nagano Games]],{{sfn|Gershon|2000|p=17}} while [[NBC]] spent US$3.5 billion for the American rights to air every Olympic Games from 2000 to 2012.<ref name="television" />

In 2011, NBC agreed to a $4.38 billion contract with the IOC to broadcast the Olympics through to the [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Games]], the most expensive television rights deal in Olympic history.<ref name="adweek">{{cite news|title=Update: NBC Bids $4.38 Billion for Olympic Gold|url=http://www.adweek.com/news/television/update-nbc-bids-438-billion-olympic-gold-132319|last=Crupi|first=Anthony|work=[[Adweek]]|date=7 June 2011|access-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> NBC then agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on 7 May 2014, to air the Olympics up to and including the 2032 Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=NBC Universal pays $7.75 billion for Olympics through 2032|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/07/nbc-olympics-broadcast-rights-2032/8805989/|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=7 May 2014|last=Armour|first=Nancy}}</ref> NBC also acquired the American television rights to the [[Youth Olympic Games]], beginning in [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|2014]],<ref>{{cite news|title=NBC Olympics, Universal Sports announce Youth Olympics coverage|url=http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/08/12/youth-olympics-nbc-coverage-nanjing/|website=[[NBC Sports]]|date=12 August 2014|last=Zaccardi|first=Nick}}</ref> and the [[Paralympic Games]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NBC Olympics, U.S. Olympic Committee acquire media rights to Paralympics in 2014, 2016|url=http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2013/09/24/paralympics-2014-2016-tv-coverage-nbc/|newspaper=Olympictalk | NBC Sports|date=24 September 2013|last=Zaccardi|first=Nick}}</ref> More than half of the Olympic Committee's global sponsors are American companies,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/olympics/russia-olympics-us-business.html|title=Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business|last=Draper|first=Kevin
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=7 December 2017|access-date=5 February 2018|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208120943/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/olympics/russia-olympics-us-business.html|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and NBC is one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC.<ref name="auto"/>

On 13 March 2025, it was announced that [[Comcast]] would pay the IOC $3 billion to air the Olympics through 2036, and that Comcast would transition its role in the Games from Rights Holder to Strategic Partner, furthering their partnership. The announcement comes after the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]] received strong ratings for NBC and a boost in subscribers for [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]]. This deal gave NBC the rights to air the [[2026 Winter Olympics|2026 Milano-Cortina Winter Olympics]] (which occurred from 6 February to 22 February 2026), and gives the network the rights to air the [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028 Los Angeles Olympics]], the [[2030 Winter Olympics|2030 French Alps Winter Olympics]], the [[2032 Summer Olympics|2032 Brisbane Olympics]], the [[2034 Winter Olympics|2034 Utah Winter Olympics]] and the [[Bids for the 2036 Summer Olympics|2036 Olympic Games]], with the latter marking the 100th anniversary of the first televised Games held in Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=13 March 2025 |title=Comcast Extends Olympics Through 2036, Paying $3B And Going From Rights Holder To Strategic Partner |url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/comcast-nbcuniversal-extends-olympics-rights-deal-2036-1236325411/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

Viewership increased exponentially from the 1960s until the end of the 20th century. This was due to the advent of satellites for broadcasting live television worldwide starting in 1964, and the introduction of [[colour television]] in 1968.<ref>{{cite book|title=Five-ring Circus: Money, Power, and Politics at the Olympic Games|editor1-last=Tomlinson|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Whannel|editor2-first=G.|chapter=3. The television spectacular|last=Whannel|first=Garry|year=1984|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London, UK|pages=30–43|isbn=978-0-86104-769-7}}</ref> The global audience for the [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City Games]] was estimated to be 600 million, whereas the audience numbers at the [[1984 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles Games of 1984]] had increased to 900 million; this number had swelled to 3.5 billion by the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in Barcelona.{{sfn|Tomlinson|2005|p=14}}<ref>{{cite news|title=World Series TV ratings slump|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/world-series-tv-ratings-slump/|work=CBS News
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|access-date=4 May 2009|date=27 October 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031072605/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/10/27/sports/main244877.shtml|archive-date=31 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=All Fall Down – Making sense of NBC's tumbling Olympic ratings|last=Walters|first=John|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=2 October 2000|url=http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1020472/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429222810/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1020472/index.htm|archive-date=29 April 2011|access-date=2 April 2009}}</ref><ref name="ratings"/><ref name=Slack/>{{rp|pp=16–18}} With such high costs charged to broadcast the Games, the added pressure of the internet, and increased competition from cable, the television lobby demanded concessions from the IOC to boost ratings. The IOC responded by making a number of changes to the Olympic programme; at the Summer Games, the gymnastics competition was expanded from seven to nine nights, and a Champions Gala was added to attract greater interest;<ref name=Slack/>{{rp|p=17}} the events programmes were also expanded for swimming and diving, both popular sports with a broad base of television viewers.<ref name=Slack/>{{rp|p=17}} Due to the substantial fees paid by NBC for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed the network to influence the event scheduling to maximise U.S. television ratings when possible.<ref name=CooperChen/>{{rp|p=230}}<ref name="ratings"/>{{sfn|Woods|2007|p=146}}<ref>{{cite news|title=London Olympics 2012 Ratings: Most Watched Event In TV History|date=13 August 2012|work=The Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/13/london-olympics-2012-ratings-most-watched-ever_n_1774032.html|access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref> Notable examples of maximising U.S. television viewership include scheduling the finals of the swimming events only during the mornings of the host cities Beijing (during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]) and Tokyo (during the [[2020 Summer Olympics]]), which coincide with the evening [[Prime time#North America|prime time]] broadcast slots of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympics 2021: Why swimming finals are being held in the morning|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/olympics-2021-swimming-finals-being-held-morning-023644266.html|access-date=22 February 2022|website=au.sports.yahoo.com|date=24 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's Why the Swimming Finals Are Held in the Morning at Tokyo Olympics {{!}} Sports Illustrated|url=https://www.si.com/.amp/olympics/2021/07/25/tokyo-olympics-swimming-schedule-us-primetime-finals|access-date=22 February 2022|website=si.com|date=25 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Coskrey|first=Jason|date=28 July 2021|title=Morning finals forcing swimmers to adjust in Tokyo|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/07/28/olympics/summer-olympics/olympic-swimming/tokyo-swim-finals/|access-date=22 February 2022|website=The Japan Times|language=en-US|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222041614/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2021/07/28/olympics/summer-olympics/olympic-swimming/tokyo-swim-finals/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Carter|first=Bill|date=24 August 2008|title=On TV, Timing Is Everything at the Olympics|language=en-US
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/25/sports/olympics/25nbc.html|access-date=22 February 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2006|title=Swimming, gymnastics finals set for mornings in 2008|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/swimming/news/story?id=2639072|access-date=22 February 2022|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Olympic marketing===
The funds from licensing programs support everything that goes into the Games, alongside other revenue streams from ticket sales and broadcasting rights, which represent more than 60 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Phryges – Paris 2024 Mascots Star as Olympic Merchandise|url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2024/article_0014.html|access-date=20 August 2024|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympic Marketing Fact File 2024 Edition|url=https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/International-Olympic-Committee/IOC-Marketing-And-Broadcasting/IOC-Marketing-Fact-File.pdf|website=stillmed.olympics.com}}</ref>

The sale of the Olympic brand has been controversial. The argument is that the Games have become indistinguishable from any other commercialised sporting spectacle.<ref name="Slack" />{{rp|p=194}}{{sfn|Buchanon|Mallon|2006|p=cii}} Another criticism is that the Games are funded by host cities and national governments; the IOC incurs none of the cost, yet controls all the rights and profits from the Olympic symbols. The IOC also takes a percentage of all sponsorship and broadcast income.<ref name="Slack" />{{rp|p=194}} Host cities continue to compete ardently for the right to host the Games, even though there is no certainty that they will earn back their investments.<ref name="Slack" />{{rp|pp=194–195}} Research has shown that trade is around 30 percent higher for countries that have hosted the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2009/wp09-06bk.pdf|title=Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, ''The Olympic Effect'', March 2009|access-date=23 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412103038/http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/papers/2009/wp09-06bk.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Symbols==
{{main|Olympic symbols}}

[[File:Olympic-flag-Victoria.jpg|thumb|The [[Olympic flag]]]]
The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter. The main emblem of the Games is the [[Olympic rings]]—five intertwined rings symbolising the unity of the five inhabited continents ([[Africa]], [[the Americas]] (considered as one continent), [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[Oceania]]). The coloured version of the rings—blue, yellow, black, green, and red—over a white field forms the Olympic flag. These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the [[1920 Summer Olympics]] in Antwerp, Belgium. It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games.<ref name="olympicsymbols" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf|last=Lennartz|first=Karl|title=The Story of the Rings|journal=Journal of Olympic History|date=2002|volume=10|pages=29–61|access-date=30 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107230741/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2016|url-status=dead }}</ref> The IOC maintains exclusive ownership and control<ref>{{Cite web|title=The IP journey of an Olympic Games|url=https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2019/03/article_0007.html|access-date=20 August 2024|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref> of the use of Olympic symbols through the [[Nairobi Treaty]] on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol.

The [[Olympic motto]], {{lang|la|Citius, Altius, Fortius}}, a [[Latin]] expression meaning "Faster, Higher, Stronger" was proposed by [[Pierre de Coubertin]] in 1894 and has been official since 1924. The motto was coined by Coubertin's friend, the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest [[Henri Didon]] OP, for a Paris youth gathering of 1891.<ref>"Sport athlétique", 14 mars 1891: "... dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise 'souvent à la victoire, à la lutte toujours'. Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques: citius, altius, fortius, 'plus vite, plus haut, plus fort'.", cited in Hoffmane, Simone ''La carrière du père Didon, Dominicain. 1840–1900'', Doctoral thesis, Université de Paris IV – Sorbonne, 1985, p. 926; cf. Michaela Lochmann, ''Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique "citius, altius, fortius"''</ref>

Coubertin's Olympic ideals are expressed in the [[Olympic creed]]:

{{blockquote
|The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.<ref name="olympicsymbols" />
}}

Months before each Games, the [[Olympic flame]] is lit at the [[Temple of Hera, Olympia|Temple of Hera]] in [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals. A female performer, acting as a priestess joined by ten female performers as [[Vestal Virgins]], ignites a torch by placing it inside a [[parabolic mirror]] which focuses the sun's rays; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer (who also is a Greek athlete), thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city's Olympic stadium, where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony.<ref name="torch" /> Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], the torch relay was only introduced at the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Summer Games]] to promote the [[Third Reich]].<ref name="olympicsymbols" /><ref>{{cite episode|title=IOC Investigation|series=Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel|network=HBO|date=26 July 2016|season=22|number=7|url=http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/232-episode/index.html}}
</ref>

The [[Olympic mascot]], an animal, a human or an [[anthropomorphic]] figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]. It has played an important part of the identity and promotion of the Games since the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], when the Soviet bear cub [[Misha]] reached international stardom. The mascot of the Summer Olympics in London was named Wenlock after the town of [[Much Wenlock]] in [[Shropshire]]. Much Wenlock still hosts the Wenlock Olympian Games, which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Summer Games Mascots from Munich 1972 to London 2012|work=Olympic Studies Centre|date=April 2011|url=http://www.olympic.org/assets/osc%20section/pdf/qr_3e.pdf|access-date=13 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016105858/http://www.olympic.org/assets/osc%20section/pdf/qr_3e.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mascot for the [[2024 Summer Olympics|Paris 2024]] Olympic Games is an anthropomorphic [[Phrygian cap]] based on the one [[Marianne]] wore at the time of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Belam|first=Martin|date=14 November 2022|title=Meet the Phryges: Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic mascots unveiled|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/nov/14/paris-2024-olympic-mascot-paralympic-mascot-phryges-france|access-date=28 July 2023|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Ceremonies==
{{main|Olympic Games ceremony}}

===Opening ceremony===
[[File:Drones durante a abertura das Olimpíadas de Tóquio.jpg|thumb|Opening ceremony of the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]]]]
As mandated by the [[Olympic Charter]], various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. This ceremony takes place on a Friday and is held prior to the commencement of the sporting events (apart from some group-stage football matches, softball games, and rowing heats).<ref name="OCFactSheetS" /><ref name="OCFactSheetW" /> Most of the rituals for the opening ceremony were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.<ref name="OCprotocol1" /> The ceremony typically starts with the entrance of the president of the International Olympic Committee and a representative of the host country followed by the hoisting of the host country's flag and a performance of its national anthem.<ref name="OCFactSheetS" /><ref name="OCFactSheetW" /> The host nation then presents artistic displays of music, singing, dance, and theatre representative of its culture.<ref name="OCprotocol1" /> The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor's in terms of memorability. The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million, with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/beijing-dazzles-chinese-history-athletes-on-parade-as-olympics-begin-1.722415|title=Beijing Dazzles: Chinese History, on Parade as Olympics Begin|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Centre|date=8 August 2008|access-date=9 September 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906200510/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/story/2008/08/07/olympics-ceremonies.html|archive-date=6 September 2008 }}</ref>

After the artistic portion of the ceremony, the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation. Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter and leads the parade in order to honour the origins of the Olympics. Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country's chosen language, with the host country's athletes being the last to enter. During the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], which was hosted in [[Athens]], the Greek flag entered the stadium first, while the Greek delegation entered last. Beginning with the [[2020 Summer Olympics]], the succeeding hosts of the respective Olympic Games (summer or winter) will enter immediately before the current host in descending order. Speeches are given by the [[President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games|President of the Organising Committee]], the IOC president, and the head of state/representative of the host country, formally opening the Games. Finally, the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier, often a successful Olympic athlete from the host nation, who lights the Olympic flame in the stadium's cauldron.<ref name="OCFactSheetS" /><ref name="OCFactSheetW" />

===Closing ceremony===
[[File:Birdsclosing.jpg|thumb|Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]]]
The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place on a Sunday and after all sporting events have concluded. Flag-bearers from each participating country enter the stadium, followed by the athletes who enter together, without any national distinction.<ref name="IOCclosingProtocol">{{cite web|title=Closing Ceremony Factsheet|publisher=The International Olympic Committee|date=5 June 2012|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Closing_Ceremony_of_the_Games.pdf|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016064630/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Closing_Ceremony_of_the_Games.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played: the flag of the current host country; the flag of Greece, to honour the birthplace of the Olympic Games; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games.<ref name="IOCclosingProtocol"/> The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Olympic flame is extinguished.<ref>{{cite web|title=Closing Ceremony|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=31 January 2002|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_268.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013905/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_268.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|access-date=27 August 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the current mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the current mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/news/feature-stories/-/38344/32574/w6rlej/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem.html|title=The Olympic Flags and Emblem|publisher=The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-date=26 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426042147/http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/news/feature-stories/-/38344/32574/w6rlej/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture.<ref name="IOCclosingProtocol"/>

As is customary, the last medal presentation of the Games is held as part of the closing ceremony. Typically, the marathon medals are presented at the Summer Olympics,<ref name="IOCclosingProtocol"/><ref>{{cite news|title=The Latest: Rio Games close with samba-fueled Carnival party|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|date=21 August 2016|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-the-latest-mens-marathon-underway-on-last-day-of-2016aug21-story.html|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> while the cross-country skiing mass start medals are awarded at the Winter Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Closing Ceremonies of the Olympic Game|publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=1 June 2014|url=https://www.olympic.org/closing-ceremonies|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref>

===Medal presentation===
[[File:CyclingTeamPursuitBeijing2008.jpg|thumb|A medal ceremony at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] with (from left to right): the [[Danish flag]], the [[Union Jack|Union Flag of the UK]], and the [[New Zealand flag]]]]
A medal ceremony is held after the conclusion of each Olympic event. The winner, and the second- and third-place competitors or teams, stand on top of a three-tiered [[wikt:rostrum|rostrum]] to be awarded their respective medals by a member of the IOC.<ref>{{cite EBO |short=yes |last1=Abrahams |first1=Harold Maurice |author1-link=Harold Maurice Abrahams |last2=Young |first2=David C. |title=Programs and Participation: The Medal Ceremonies |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Olympic-Games/Programs-and-participation |date=4 August 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> After the medals have been received, the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the [[national anthem]] of the gold medallist's country is played.<ref name="otraditions" /> Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, assisting the officials who present the medals and acting as flag-bearers.<ref>{{cite news|title= Medal ceremony hostess outfits unveiled|website=[[Sina Corporation|Sina Online]]|date= 18 July 2008|url= http://english.sina.com/china/p/1/2008/0718/172118.html|access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> In the Summer Olympics, each medal ceremony is held at the venue where the event has taken place,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madhani|first1=Aamer|last2=Armour|first2=Nancy|title=Medalists at 2018 Winter Olympics get precious keepsake. And a medal|work=USA Today|date=13 February 2018|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/winter-olympics-2018/2018/02/13/medalists-2018-winter-olympics-get-precious-keepsake-and-medal/332267002/|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref> but the ceremonies at the Winter Olympics are usually held in a special "plaza".<ref>{{cite news|title=Mascots come first, then medals for Olympic champions|work=USA Today
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|date=12 February 2018|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/12/mascots-come-first-then-medals-for-pyeongchang-winners/110334494/|access-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>

The practice of awarding Olympic medals at [[podium]] ceremonies was established at the 1932 Winter Olympics, based on pedestals used at the [[1930 British Empire Games]], as proposed by [[Melville Marks Robinson]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof says Olympic podiums have Canadian connection|last=Ogilvie|first=Claire|date=18 October 2006|newspaper=[[The Province]]|location=Vancouver, British Columbia|page=25|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-barney-2006/129824314/}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{main|Olympic sports}}

The [[Olympic sports|Olympic Games programme]] consists of 35 sports, 30 disciplines and 408 events. For example, [[Wrestling at the Summer Olympics|wrestling]] is a Summer Olympic sport, comprising two disciplines: [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]] and [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]. It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women, each representing a different weight class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wrestling|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/sports/wrestling/|access-date=25 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226194816/http://en.beijing2008.cn/sports/wrestling/|archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref> The Summer Olympics programme includes 26 sports, while the Winter Olympics programme features 15 sports.<ref name="Sports" /> [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Athletics]], [[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|swimming]], [[Fencing at the Summer Olympics|fencing]], and [[Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics|artistic gymnastics]] are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic programme. [[Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]], [[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|figure skating]], [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|ice hockey]], [[Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics|Nordic combined]], [[Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics|ski jumping]], and [[Speed skating at the Winter Olympics|speed skating]] have been featured at every Winter Olympics programme since its inception in [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]]. Current Olympic sports, like [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|badminton]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|basketball]], and [[Volleyball at the Summer Olympics|volleyball]], first appeared on the programme as [[demonstration sport]]s and were later promoted to full Olympic sports. Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were later dropped from the programme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/past/index_uk.asp|title=Olympic Sports of the Past|website=olympic.org|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082711/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/past/index_uk.asp|archive-date=18 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Olympic sports are governed by [[List of international sports federations|international sports federations]] (IFs) recognised by the IOC as the global supervisors of those sports. There are 35 federations represented at the IOC.{{sfn|Olympic Charter|2007|pp=88–90}} There are sports recognised by the IOC that are not included in the Olympic programme. These sports are not considered Olympic sports, but they can be promoted to this status during a programme revision that occurs in the first IOC session following a celebration of the Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/if/index_uk.asp|title=International Sports Federations|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=8 February 2009}}</ref>{{sfn|Olympic Charter|2007|p=87}} During such revisions, sports can be excluded or included in the programme on the basis of a two-thirds majority vote of the members of the IOC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_942.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094118/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_942.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011|title=Factsheet: The sessions|publisher=International Olympic Committee|page=1|access-date=8 February 2009}}</ref> There are recognised sports that have never been on an Olympic programme in any capacity, for example, orienteering.<ref name="recognizedsports" />

In October and November 2004, the IOC established an Olympic Programme Commission, tasked with reviewing the sports on the Olympic programme and all non-Olympic recognised sports. The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic programme for each celebration of the Games.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic programme.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> These criteria are history and tradition of the sport, universality, popularity of the sport, image, athletes' health, development of the International Federation that governs the sport, and costs of holding the sport.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> From this study five recognised sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics: golf, karate, rugby sevens, roller sports and [[Squash (sport)|squash]].<ref name="factsheetsports" /> These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005. Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists: karate and squash.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> Neither sport attained the required two-thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic programme.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby sevens as Olympic sports for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]] and [[2020 Summer Olympic Games]].<ref name="newosports" />

The 114th [[IOC Session]], in 2002, limited the Summer Games programme to a maximum of 28 sports, 301 events, and 10,500 athletes.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> Three years later, at the [[117th IOC Session]], the first major programme revision was performed, resulting in the exclusion of [[Baseball at the Summer Olympics|baseball]] and [[Softball at the Summer Olympics|softball]] from the official programme of the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Games]]. Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports, the 2012 programme featured just 26 sports.<ref name="factsheetsports" /> The 2016 and 2020 Games returned to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf.<ref name="newosports" />

===Amateurism and professionalism===
{{further|Amateur sports}}
[[File:Nagano 1998-Russia vs Czech Republic.jpg|thumb|The Gold medal game between [[Russia men's national ice hockey team|Russia]] and [[Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team|Czech Republic]] at the [[1998 Winter Olympics]]; professional [[National Hockey League]] players have been eligible to participate in [[Ice hockey at the Olympic Games|ice hockey]] since then.]]
The [[ethos]] of the aristocracy as exemplified in the [[English public school]] greatly influenced [[Pierre de Coubertin]].{{sfn|Eassom|1994|pp=120–123}} The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education, an attitude summed up in the saying ''[[mens sana in corpore sano]]'', a healthy mind in a healthy body. In this ethos, a gentleman was one who became an all-rounder, not the best at one specific thing. There was also a prevailing concept of fairness, in which practising or training was considered tantamount to cheating.{{sfn|Eassom|1994|pp=120–123}} Those who practised a sport professionally were considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.{{sfn|Eassom|1994|pp=120–123}}

The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics. The [[1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Olympic]] pentathlon and [[decathlon]] champion [[Jim Thorpe]] was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had taken expense money playing semi-professional baseball before the Olympics. His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 after a ruling found that the decision to strip him of his medals fell [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|outside of the required 30-day period]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jim Thorpe Biography|publisher=Biography.com|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9507017|access-date=9 February 2009}}</ref> Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the [[1936 Winter Olympics]] in support of their skiing teachers, who were not allowed to compete because they earned money with their sport and were thus considered professionals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/garmisch-partenkirchen-1936-winter-olympics|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the [[Eastern Bloc]] countries eroded the ideology of the pure [[Amateur sports#Olympics|amateur]], as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The [[Soviet Union at the Olympics|Soviet Union]] entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but in reality they were all paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.{{sfn|Eassom|1994|pp=120–123}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/|title=The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union – Guided History|website=blogs.bu.edu}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov"/> The situation greatly disadvantaged American and Western European athletes, and this was a significant factor in the decline of American medal hauls in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Degrees of Difficulty: How Women's Gymnastics Rose to Prominence and Fell from Grace|first=Georgia|last=Cervin|isbn=978-0-25204377-2|year=2021|publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> As a result, the Olympics shifted away from amateurism, as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin, to allowing participation of [[professional athletes]],<ref name="Amateurism" /> but only in the 1990s, after the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] and its influence within the [[IOC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005900310006-0.pdf|title=Soviet Control of Sports Activities and Sports Propaganda|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=7 February 1955|access-date=22 August 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712082846/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005900310006-0.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005800260002-1.pdf|title=Soviet Sports as an Instrument of Political Propaganda|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=20 January 1955|access-date=22 August 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712113025/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005800260002-1.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Schantz|first=Otto|title=The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses – from Coubertin to Samaranch|publisher=Comité International Pierre De Coubertin|url=http://coubertin.org/docs/Winter%20Games%20Schantz.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919124001/http://coubertin.org/docs/Winter%20Games%20Schantz.pdf|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=19 September 2016 }}</ref>

====Team Canada ice hockey dispute====
Near the end of the 1960s, the [[Canadian Amateur Hockey Association]] (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]] (IIHF) and IOC. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players<ref name="Num17">{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html|title=Protesting Amateur Rules, Canada Leaves International Hockey|date=4 January 1970|website=iihf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220041527/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-17.html|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> at the 1970 World Championships in [[Montreal]] and [[Winnipeg]], Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-40.html|title=Finally, Canada to Host the World Championship|date=7 May 2004|website=iihf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190615/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-40.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.<ref name="Num17" /> In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "[[Open (sport)|open competition]]" was instituted.<ref name="Num17" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Summit Series '72 Summary|publisher=[[Hockey Hall of Fame]]|url=http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml|access-date=2 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807130920/http://www.hhof.com/html/GamesSummarySUM1972.shtml|archive-date=7 August 2008 }}</ref> [[Günther Sabetzki]] became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics until 1988, because of the IOC's amateur-only policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html|title=First Canada Cup Opens Up the Hockey World|date=15 September 1976|website=iihf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105846/http://www.iihf.com/iihf-home/the-iihf/100-year-anniversary/100-top-stories/story-6.html|archive-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{main|List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies}}

===Boycotts===
{{main|List of Olympic Games boycotts}}

[[File:1956 Summer Olympics (Melbourne) boycotting countries (blue).png|thumb|Countries that boycotted the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] (shaded blue)]]
[[File:1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo) boycotting countries (red).png|thumb|Countries that boycotted the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] (shaded red)]]
[[File:1976 Summer Olympics (Montréal) boycotting countries (blue).png|thumb|Countries that boycotted the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] (shaded blue)]]
[[File:1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow) boycotting countries (blue).svg|alt=|thumb|Countries that boycotted the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] (shaded blue)]]
[[File:1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles) boycotting countries (blue).png|thumb|Countries that boycotted the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] (shaded blue)]]
[[Australia]], [[France]], [[Greece]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United Kingdom]] are the only countries to be represented at every Olympic Games since their inception in 1896. While countries sometimes miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualified athletes, some choose to boycott a celebration of the Games for various reasons. The [[Olympic Council of Ireland]] withdrew from the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin Games]], because the IOC insisted its team needed to be restricted to the [[Irish Free State]] rather than representing the entire island of Ireland.{{r|Krüger Murray 2003 p230}}

There were three boycotts of the [[1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Melbourne Olympics]]: the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], and [[Switzerland]] refused to attend because of the repression of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]] by the [[Soviet Union]] but did send an equestrian delegation to Stockholm; [[Cambodia]], [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], and [[Lebanon]] boycotted the Games because of the [[Suez Crisis]]; and the [[People's Republic of China]] boycotted the Games due to the participation of the [[Republic of China]], composed of athletes coming from [[Taiwan]].<ref name="Boycott 1" />

In [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972]] and [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]] a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott to force them to ban [[South Africa]] and [[Rhodesia]], because of their [[segregationist]] rule. [[New Zealand]] was also one of the African boycott targets, because [[New Zealand national rugby union team|its national rugby union team]] had toured [[apartheid]]-ruled South Africa. The IOC conceded in the first two cases but refused to ban New Zealand on the grounds that rugby was not an Olympic sport.<ref name="CBC boycott" /> Fulfilling their threat, twenty African countries were joined by [[Guyana]] and Iraq in a withdrawal from the Montreal Games, after a few of their athletes had already competed.<ref name="CBC boycott" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore109/ore109h.pdf|title=Africa and the XXIst Olympiad|journal=Olympic Review|issue=109–110|pages=584–585|date=November–December 1976|access-date=6 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226211550/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore109/ore109h.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Republic of China (Taiwan) was excluded from the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Games]] by order of [[Pierre Trudeau]], the prime minister of Canada. Trudeau's action was widely condemned as having brought shame on Canada for having succumbed to political pressure to keep the Chinese delegation from competing under its name.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/02722019109481098|title = Trudeau, Taiwan, and the 1976 Montreal Olympics|journal = American Review of Canadian Studies|volume = 21|issue = 4|pages = 423–448|year = 1991|last1 = MacIntosh|first1 = Donald|last2 = Greenhorn|first2 = Donna|last3 = Hawes|first3 = Michael}}</ref> The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the [[Flag of Taiwan|ROC flag]] and [[National Anthem of the Republic of China|anthem]] as long as the name was changed.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore107/ore107i.pdf|title=Game playing in Montreal|journal=Olympic Review|pages=461–462|issue=107–108|date=October 1976|access-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225031658/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore107/ore107i.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Athletes from Taiwan did not participate again until the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]], when they returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem.<ref name="corbit" />

In 1980 and 1984, the [[Cold War]] opponents boycotted each other's Games. The [[United States]] and sixty-five other countries boycotted the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Moscow Olympics in 1980]] because of the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]]. This boycott reduced the number of nations participating to 80, the lowest number since 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/moscow-1980-summer-olympics|title=Moscow 1980|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The Soviet Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984. Although a boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports, 140 National Olympic Committees took part, which was a record at the time.<ref name="olympic.org"/> The fact that Romania, a Warsaw Pact country, opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States. When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies, they received a standing ovation from the spectators, who comprised mostly U.S. citizens. The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own alternate event, the [[Friendship Games]], in July and August.<ref name="1980 Boycott" /><ref name="1980 Boycott 2" />

There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China's [[Human rights in China|human rights record]], and in response to [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Tibetan disturbances]]. Ultimately, no nation supported a boycott.<ref>{{cite news|title=Australia: Calls to Boycott Beijing Olympics|work=Inter Press Service|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41699|access-date=10 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912023227/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41699|archive-date=12 September 2008 }}</ref><ref name="EUTibet" /> In August 2008, the government of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] called for a boycott of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]], set to be held in [[Sochi]], Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the [[2008 South Ossetia war]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0711/p06s01-woeu.html|title=Putin Faces Green Olympic Challenge: The Sochi 2014 Winter Games are threatened by a looming international boycott, environmental concerns, and public protests against local development|journal=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=18 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822014059/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0711/p06s01-woeu.html|archive-date=22 August 2009|date=11 July 2008 }}, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. Retrieved 18 August 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic challenge for Sochi Games|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/dec/05/winter-olympics-sochi-russia|access-date=31 May 2011|location=London|first=Frederick|last=Bernas|date=5 December 2009}}</ref> Continuing human rights violations in China have led to "[[Concerns and controversies at the 2022 Winter Olympics#Diplomatic boycotts or non-attendance|diplomatic boycotts]]", where athletes still compete at the Games but diplomats do not attend, of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in Beijing by several countries, most notably the United States and United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Erin|last1=Doherty|access-date=20 February 2022|title=What a diplomatic boycott of the Winter Olympics means|url=https://www.axios.com/diplomatic-boycott-beijing-winter-olympics-10f6e9e4-2cd1-457b-99d9-6dfaa406c568.html|website=Axios|date=3 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Simone McCarthy and Rhea Mogul|access-date=20 February 2022|title=India launches last-minute diplomatic boycott of Beijing Olympics over Chinese soldier|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/03/china/india-diplomatic-boycott-beijing-olympics-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>

===Politics===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-G00630, Sommerolympiade, Siegerehrung Weitsprung.jpg|thumb|[[Jesse Owens]] on the podium after winning the long jump at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], where he won four gold medals; in his 1980 obituary, ''[[The New York Times]]'' called him "perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in [[track and field]] history".<ref>{{cite web|last=Litsky |first=Frank |date=1 April 1980 |title=Jesse Owens Dies of Cancer at 66; Hero of the 1936 Berlin Olympics |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0912.html |access-date=23 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110052734/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0912.html}}</ref>]]
[[File:John Carlos, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman 1968cr.jpg|thumb|Gold medallist [[Tommie Smith]] (centre) and bronze medallist [[John Carlos]] (right) showing the [[raised fist]] on the podium after the 200 m race at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]; both are wearing [[Olympic Project for Human Rights]] badges. [[Peter Norman]] (silver medallist, left) from Australia is also wearing an OPHR badge, in solidarity with Smith and Carlos.]]
The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception. Nazi Germany wished to portray the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist Party]] as benevolent and peace-loving when they hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Games]], though they used the Games to display [[Aryan]] superiority.<ref name=FindlingPelle/>{{rp|p=107}} Germany was the most successful nation at the Games, adding support to their allegations of Aryan supremacy, but the message was somewhat blunted by the notable victories of African American [[Jesse Owens]], who won four gold medals, and [[Hungary at the 1936 Summer Olympics|Hungarian]] Jew [[Ibolya Csák]].<ref name=FindlingPelle/>{{rp|pp=111–112}} The [[Soviet Union at the Olympics|Soviet Union]] did not participate until the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in Helsinki. Instead, starting in 1928, the Soviets organised an international sports event called [[Spartakiad]]s. During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s, communist and socialist organisations in several countries, including the United States, attempted to counter what they called the "bourgeois" Olympics with the [[Socialist Workers' Sport International|Workers Olympics]].<ref name="GSE" />{{sfn|Roche|2000|p=106}} It was not until the [[Soviet Union at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Games]] that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and, in doing so, took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1974/ore84/ore84k.pdf|title=The USSR and Olympism|journal=[[Olympic Review]]|issue=84|pages=530–557|date=October 1974|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409030958/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1974/ore84/ore84k.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Soviet Union's success might be attributed to a heavy state's investment in sports to fulfill its political agenda on an international stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/|title=The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union|publisher= Guided History|last=Benson|first=Tyler|website=blogs.bu.edu|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|title=Soviet Sports and Intelligence Activities|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=28 December 1954|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413095421/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda. At the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in Mexico City, two American track and field athletes, [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]], who finished first and third in the 200 metres, performed the [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|Black Power salute]] on the victory stand. The second-place finisher, [[Peter Norman]] of Australia, wore an [[Olympic Project for Human Rights]] badge in support of Smith and Carlos. In response to the protest, IOC president [[Avery Brundage]] ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games.<ref name="Black Salute" /> In another notable incident in the gymnastics competition, while standing on the medal podium after the balance beam event final, in which [[Natalia Kuchinskaya]] of the [[Soviet Union]] had controversially taken the gold, [[Czechoslovakia]]n gymnast [[Věra Čáslavská]] quietly turned her head down and away during the playing of the Soviet national anthem. The action was Čáslavská's silent protest against the recent [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia]]. Her protest was repeated when she accepted her medal for her floor exercise routine when the judges changed the preliminary scores of the Soviet [[Larisa Petrik]] to allow her to tie with Čáslavská for the gold. While Čáslavská's countrymen supported her actions and her outspoken opposition to communism (she had publicly signed and supported [[Ludvik Vaculik]]'s "[[The Two Thousand Words|Two Thousand Words]]" manifesto), the new regime responded by banning her from both sporting events and international travel for many years and made her an outcast from society until the fall of communism.

Currently, the government of Iran has taken steps to avoid any competition between its athletes and those from Israel. [[Arash Miresmaeili]], an Iranian [[judoka]], did not compete in a match against an Israeli during the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens. Although he was officially disqualified for being overweight, Miresmaeli was awarded US$125,000 in prize money by the Iranian government, an amount paid to all Iranian gold medal winners. He was officially cleared of intentionally avoiding the bout, but his receipt of the prize money raised suspicion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranian Judoka rewarded after snubbing Israeli
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|publisher=NBC Sports|date=8 September 2004|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5942871/|access-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034627/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5942871/|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the IOC Executive Board recommended "no participation of Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials, urges International Sports Federations and organisers of sports events worldwide to do everything in their power to ensure that no athlete or sports official from Russia or Belarus be allowed to take part under the name of Russia or Belarus".<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=IOC EB recommends no participation of Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-eb-recommends-no-participation-of-russian-and-belarusian-athletes-and-officials|access-date=3 March 2022|website=International Olympic Committee|language=en|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301030908/https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-eb-recommends-no-participation-of-russian-and-belarusian-athletes-and-officials|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the IOC announced that Russian and Belarusian athletes could participate in the Olympics under certain conditions: they must not represent their country or any associated organisation, and those actively supporting the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] would be barred from competing. This decision aimed to allow athletes to compete and enhance their stature. While 32 athletes accepted the invitation, 28 qualified athletes declined. Competing under a neutral flag and uniform, these athletes had a neutral song played if they won any medals, instead of their national anthems. Additionally, the audience was prohibited from waving Russian and Belarusian flags.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2024|title=Why are Russian athletes 'banned' from the 2024 Paris Olympics?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sports/russia-athletes-banned-paris-olympics-9484765/|access-date=6 August 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

===Use of performance-enhancing drugs===
{{main|Doping at the Olympic Games}}

[[File:Marathon Hicks1904.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Hicks (athlete)|Thomas Hicks]] running the [[marathon]] at the [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Olympics]] in [[St. Louis]]]]
In the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve their athletic abilities. For example, in 1904, [[Thomas Hicks (athlete)|Thomas Hicks]], a gold medallist in the marathon, was given [[strychnine]] by his coach (at the time, taking different substances was allowed, as there was no data regarding the effect of these substances on a body of an athlete).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tom Hicks|publisher=Sports-reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/tom-hicks-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417171703/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/hi/tom-hicks-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2020|access-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> The only Olympic death linked to performance enhancing occurred at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rome]]. A Danish cyclist, [[Knud Enemark Jensen]], fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of [[amphetamines]].<ref name="wadahistory" /> By the mid-1960s, sports federations started to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs; in 1967, the IOC followed suit.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sharon|last=Begley|title=The Drug Charade|work=Newsweek|date=7 January 2008|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/86079/output/print|access-date=27 August 2008}}</ref>

According to British journalist [[Andrew Jennings]], a [[KGB]] colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the [[International Olympic Committed]] to undermine [[doping test]]s and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".<ref name=DG2011/> On the topic of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."<ref name=DG2011>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0292739575|title= Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping|first= Thomas M.|last= Hunt|year= 2011|publisher= University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-73957-4 |page= 66 }}</ref>

In 2016, documents obtained revealed the [[Soviet Union]]'s plans for a statewide doping system in [[track and field]] in preparation for the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.<ref name=NYT160813/> The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping programme prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref name=NYT160813>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/sports/olympics/soviet-doping-plan-russia-rio-games.html|title=The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics|last=Ruiz|first=Rebecca R.|date= 13 August 2016
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|issn=0362-4331|access-date=3 September 2016|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815033105/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/sports/olympics/soviet-doping-plan-russia-rio-games.html|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was [[Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall]], a Swedish [[Modern pentathlon|pentathlete]] at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]], who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.{{sfn|Porterfield|2008|p=15}} One of the most publicised doping-related disqualifications occurred after the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] where Canadian sprinter [[Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)|Ben Johnson]] (who won the [[Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100-metre dash]]) tested positive for [[stanozolol]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Montague|first=James|title=Hero or villain? Ben Johnson and the dirtiest race in history|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/23/sport/olympics-2012-ben-johnson-seoul-1988-dirtiest-race/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=23 July 2012|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>

In 1999, the IOC formed the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) in an effort to systematise the research and detection of performance-enhancing drugs. There was a sharp increase in positive drug tests at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and [[2002 Winter Olympics]] due to improved testing conditions. Several medallists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing from post-Soviet states were disqualified because of doping offences. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the Olympic Standard) has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zachary|last=Coile|title=Bill Seeks to Toughen Drug Testing in Pro Sports|date=27 April 2005|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/27/MNGMICG0SS1.DTL|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050504212551/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/04/27/MNGMICG0SS1.DTL|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2005|access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood tests were used to detect banned substances.<ref name="wadahistory" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Doping: 3667 athletes tested, IOC seeks action against Halkia's coach|date=19 August 2008|publisher=Express India Newspapers|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Doping-3667-athletes-tested-IOC-seeks-action-against-Halkias-coach/350677/|access-date=28 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201114743/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Doping-3667-athletes-tested-IOC-seeks-action-against-Halkias-coach/350677/|archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes were tested. Prior to the Games, 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances and were not allowed to compete.<ref>{{cite web|title=Play True|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|year=2012|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Resources/Publications/PlayTrue_Magazine/PlayTrue-2012-02-London-Games-web-EN.pdf|access-date=13 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125200318/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Resources/Publications/PlayTrue_Magazine/PlayTrue-2012-02-London-Games-web-EN.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Doping Results Announced
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=25 July 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/sports/olympics/antidoping-results-announced.html
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|access-date=13 July 2013|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728054943/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/25/sports/olympics/antidoping-results-announced.html|archive-date=28 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IOC Orders Belarus to Return Gold|publisher=ESPN|date=13 August 2012|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/trackandfield/story/_/id/8263960/2012-london-olympics-belarus-shot-putter-nadzeya-ostapchuk-stripped-gold-doping|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2024, rumors about China's doping spread as many of the athletes, especially in swimming, were accused of doping before Tokyo 2020. 23 Chinese swimmers were tested positive for prohibited substances, with both the World Anti-Doping Agency and World Aquatics accepting Chinese claims that positive tests were caused by tainted food.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=China hits back at the US in response to doping allegations dogging its swimmers |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-china-swimming-doping-51cd4e42bf73f4b9b0f8bb37453775a2 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> After the FBI and Justice Department started investigating, the IOC threatened to revoke the 2034 Olympics in Salt Lake City, unless they dropped the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jett |first=Jennifer |date=2 August 2024 |title=Frequent doping tests and suspicion cast a shadow over China's Olympics swim team |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/rcna164541 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

====Russian doping scandal====
{{further|Doping in Russia|McLaren Report|Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics#Russian doping scandal|Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics|Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics|Oswald Commission}}
[[Doping in sport|Doping]] in [[Russian sports]] has a systemic nature. [[Russia at the Olympics|Russia]] has had 44 [[List of stripped Olympic medals|Olympic medals stripped]] for doping violations—the most of any country, and more than a quarter of the global total. From 2011 to 2015, more than a thousand Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a [[cover-up]].<ref name=EDP/><ref name=McLarenII/><ref name=NYT161209/><ref name=Guardian161209/> Russia was partially banned from the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] and was banned from the [[2018 Winter Olympics]] (while still being allowed to participate as the "[[Olympic Athletes from Russia]]") due to the state-sponsored doping programme.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/36881326|title=Rio Olympics 2016: Which Russian athletes have been cleared to compete?|date=6 August 2016|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ruiz|first1=Rebecca R.|last2=Panja|first2=Tariq
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/sports/olympics/ioc-russia-winter-olympics.html|title=Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C.|date=5 December 2017|access-date=2 February 2020|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217124133/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/sports/olympics/ioc-russia-winter-olympics.html|archive-date=17 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, Russia was banned for four years from all major sporting events for systematic doping and lying to WADA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/others-sports/russia-banned-from-olympics-for-four-years-over-doping-scandal-tass/ar-BBXY8gO?ocid=spartanntp#image=CC8RP1%7C2|agency=Reuters|title=Russia banned from Olympics for four years over doping scandal: TASS|website=MSN|date=9 December 2019|access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref> The ban was issued by WADA on 9 December 2019, and the Russian anti-doping agency RUSADA had 21 days to make an appeal to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] (CAS). The ban meant that Russian athletes would only be allowed to compete under the Olympic flag after passing anti-doping tests.<ref>{{Cite news|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/50710598|title=Russia banned for four years to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup|date=9 December 2019|access-date=9 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Russia appealed the decision to the CAS.<ref>
{{cite magazine
|author=[[The Associated Press]]
|department=Nation / Olympics / Sports / World
|title=Russia confirms it will appeal 4-year Olympic ban
|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/russia-confirms-it-will-appeal-4-year-olympic-ban
|magazine=[[The Seattle Times]]
|date=27 December 2019
}}</ref> On review of Russia's appeal of its case from WADA, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 to reduce the penalty that WADA had placed. Instead of banning Russia from sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but for a period of two years the team cannot use the Russian name, flag, or anthem and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for team uniforms to display "Russia" on the uniform as well as the use of the Russian flag colours within the uniform's design, although the name should be up to equal predominance as the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://apnews.com/article/russia-banned-name-flag-olympic-games-a8bd342806883f66152859701d5ae5d4|title= Russia can't use its name and flag at the next 2 Olympics|first = Graham|last = Dunbar|date = 17 December 2020|access-date= 17 December 2020
|website=[[AP News]]
}}</ref>

In February 2022, during the Beijing Olympics, the international news media reported that the issue of doping was again raised over a positive test for [[trimetazidine]] by the ROC's [[Kamila Valieva]],<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Tétrault-Farber|first1=Gabrielle|last2=Axon|first2=Iain|last3=Grohmann|first3=Karolos|date=9 February 2022|title=Figure skating-Russian media say teen star tested positive for banned drug|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/figure-skating-medals-ceremony-delayed-over-legal-consultation-2022-02-09/|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/beijing/2022/02/09/olympic-figure-skating-team-medals-delayed-russian-drug-test/6717526001/|title=Positive drug test by Russian Kamila Valieva has forced a delay of Olympic team medals ceremony|first=Christine|last=Brennan|author-link=Christine Brennan|website=[[USA Today]]|date=9 February 2022}}</ref> which was officially confirmed on 11 February.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Anna|date=11 February 2022|title=Winter Olympics: Kamila Valieva failed drug test confirmed|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/60329120.amp|work=[[BBC Sport]]|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> Valieva's sample in question was taken by the [[Russian Anti-Doping Agency]] (RUSADA) at the [[2022 Russian Figure Skating Championships]] on 25 December, but the sample was not analyzed at the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA) laboratory where it was sent for testing until 8 February, one day after the team event concluded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/sports/olympics/kamila-valieva-trimetazidine.html|title=Star Russian Figure Skater Tested Positive for Banned Drug|first1=Juliet|last1=Macur|author-link1=Juliet Macur|first2=Andrew|last2=Keh
|website=[[The New York Times]]
|date=12 February 2022}}</ref> CAS was expected to hear the case on 13 February with a decision scheduled for announcement the next day, ahead of her scheduled appearance in the women's singles event beginning on 15 February.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/russia/593979-russian-figure-skaters-drug-case-to-be-heard-sunday-in-beijing|title=Russian figure skater's drug test case to be heard Sunday|first=Lexi|last=Lonas|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/10/sport/kamila-valieva-roc-drugs-test-olympics-spt-intl-hnk/index.html|title=Kamila Valieva: Russian anti-doping agency allowed teenage figure skater to compete in Olympics despite failed drug test|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Watson|first2=Angus|last3=Regan|first3=Helen|date=11 February 2022|website=[[CNN]]|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> Due to Valieva being a minor at the time, as well as being classified as a "protected person" under WADA guidelines, RUSADA and the IOC announced on 12 February that they would broaden the scope of their respective investigations to include members of her entourage (e.g. coaches, team doctors, etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/winter-olympics/news/30787/12539761/kamila-valieva-ioc-welcomes-investigation-of-russian-figure-skaters-entourage-as-15-year-old-awaits-cas-decision-at-winter-olympics|title=Kamila Valieva: IOC welcomes investigation of Russian figure skater's entourage as 15-year-old awaits CAS decision at Winter Olympics|author=PA Media|author-link=PA Media|website=[[Sky Sports]]|date=12 February 2022}}</ref> By the end of the Beijing Olympics, a total five athletes were reported for doping violations.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Yahoo Sport Australia|title=Spanish skater caught in shock new scandal after Winter Olympics|first=Sam|last=Goodwin|date=22 February 2022|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/winter-olympics-2022-spanish-skater-fresh-doping-storm-195328933.html|url-status=live|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226175553/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/winter-olympics-2022-spanish-skater-fresh-doping-storm-195328933.html }}</ref> A decision by RUSADA, issued in mid-October and endorsed by WADA, stated that the details of the Valieva hearing and its scheduled dates would be placed under international guidelines for the protection of minors (Valieva was 15 years old when the positive test results were disclosed) and would not be disclosed publicly.<ref name="Evan Bates">{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2022/10/23/kamila-valieva-doping-case-russia-figure-skating/|title=Evan Bates calls Kamila Valiyeva doping case secrecy 'an injustice'|work=OlympicTalk|publisher=NBC Sports|date=23 October 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116034401/https://www.nbcsports.com/olympics/news/kamila-valieva-doping-case-russia-figure-skating|archive-date=16 November 2023 }}</ref> Although Russia as a country is currently banned from participating in international skating events due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Valieva has continued to compete within Russian borders without being hindered by RUSADA as recently as the Russian Grand Prix held in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hjnews.com/sports/nation/russia-grand-prix-figure-skating-valieva/image_6fcca14d-892d-5da6-87ee-8498be2dcc28.html|title=Russia Grand Prix Figure Skating Valieva|website=The Herald Journal|date=23 October 2022|first1=Alexander|last1=Zemlianichenko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025221740/https://www.hjnews.com/sports/nation/russia-grand-prix-figure-skating-valieva/image_6fcca14d-892d-5da6-87ee-8498be2dcc28.html|archive-date=25 October 2022 }}</ref> On 28 September 2023, CAS "ordered the production of further documentation" and announced that her hearing had been adjourned until 9{{nbnd}}10 November. It appeared that one of the parties in the case requested a file that had not previously been a part of the proceedings.<ref name="USA TODAY 2023 z927">{{cite web | title=Olympic skater Kamila Valieva's doping hearing suddenly adjourned | website=USA TODAY | date=28 September 2023 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/09/28/olympic-skater-russia-kamila-valieva-doping-hearing-adjourned-delayed/70990958007/ | access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> On 10 November, CAS announced that a final decision was expected by the end of January 2024.<ref name="Anon. r079">{{cite web |date=10 November 2023| title= CAS Media Release concerning Kamila Valieva| url=https://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/CAS_Media_Release_9451_9455_9456_Post-Hearing.pdf | access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="USA TODAY 2023 q217">{{cite web | title=Verdict in Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva's doping case to be given by end of January | website=USA TODAY | date=10 November 2023 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2023/11/10/verdict-in-russian-figure-skater-kamila-valieva-s-doping-case-to-be-given-by-end-of-january/71533037007/ | access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref> On 29 January 2024, the CAS disqualified Valieva for four years retroactive to 25 December 2021 for an anti-doping rule violation.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ramsay |first1=George |last2=Morse |first2=Ben |date=29 January 2024 |title=Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva banned for four years by Court of Arbitration for Sport |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/29/sport/kamila-valieva-russia-skating-cas-ruling-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunbar |first=Graham |date=29 January 2024 |title=Figure skater Valieva disqualified in Olympic doping case. Russians set to lose team gold to US |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-valieva-doping-russia-054a24fada41ae8e4b3d28244ccd0473 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[AP News]]}}</ref>

===Sex discrimination===
{{main|Participation of women in the Olympics}}

[[File:Charlotte Cooper.jpg|thumb|[[Charlotte Cooper (tennis)|Charlotte Cooper]] of the [[Great Britain at the Olympics|United Kingdom]], the first female Olympic champion, in the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Games]]]]
Women were first allowed to compete at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] in Paris, but at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] 35 countries were still only fielding all-male delegations.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> This number dropped rapidly over the following years. In 2000, [[Bahrain at the Olympics|Bahrain]] sent two women competitors for the first time: [[Fatema Hameed Gerashi]] and [[Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/news/2000/09/23/anderson_arab_women/|title=Arab women make breakthrough at Games|date=23 September 2000|website=[[CNN/SI]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810022719/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/news/2000/09/23/anderson_arab_women/|archive-date=10 August 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2004, [[Robina Muqimyar]] and [[Fariba Rezayee]] became the first women to compete for [[Afghanistan at the Olympics|Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3826673.stm|title=Afghan women's Olympic dream|date=22 June 2004|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719033311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3826673.stm|archive-date=19 July 2004|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the [[United Arab Emirates at the Olympics|United Arab Emirates]] sent female athletes for the first time; [[Maitha Al Maktoum]] competed in taekwondo, and [[Latifa bint Ahmed Al Maktoum|Latifa Al Maktoum]] in equestrian. Both athletes were from [[House of Maktoum|Dubai's ruling family]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Should Saudi Arabia be Banned from the Olympics?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-wallechinsky/should-saudi-arabia-be-ba_b_115736.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=29 July 2008|first=David|last=Wallechinsky}}</ref>

By 2010, only three countries had never sent female athletes to the Games: [[Brunei at the Olympics|Brunei]], [[Saudi Arabia at the Olympics|Saudi Arabia]], and [[Qatar at the Olympics|Qatar]]. Brunei had taken part in only three celebrations of the Games, sending a single athlete on each occasion, but Saudi Arabia and Qatar had been competing regularly with all-male teams. In 2010, the International Olympic Committee announced it would "press" these countries to enable and facilitate the participation of women for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London. [[Anita DeFrantz]], chair of the IOC's Women and Sports Commission, suggested that countries be barred if they prevented women from competing. Shortly thereafter, the [[Qatar Olympic Committee]] announced that it "hoped to send up to four female athletes in [[Shooting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|shooting]] and [[Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|fencing]]" to the 2012 Summer Games.<ref>{{cite news|last=MacKay|first=Duncan|title=Qatar decision to send female athletes to London 2012 increases pressure on Saudi Arabia|newspaper=Insidethegames.biz - Olympic, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012|publisher=Inside the Games|date=1 July 2010|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228065858/http://www.insidethegames.biz/summer-olympics/2012/9939-qatar-set-to-bow-to-ioc-pressure-and-send-women-to-london-2012|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008, [[Ali al-Ahmed]], director of the [[Institute for Gulf Affairs]], likewise called for Saudi Arabia to be barred from the Games, describing its ban on women athletes as a violation of the International Olympic Committee charter. He noted: "For the last 15 years, many international nongovernmental organisations worldwide have been trying to lobby the IOC for better enforcement of its own laws banning gender discrimination.  While their efforts did result in increasing numbers of women Olympians, the IOC has been reluctant to take a strong position and threaten the discriminating countries with suspension or expulsion."<ref name="nytimes.com" /> In July 2010, ''[[The Independent]]'' reported: "Pressure is growing on the International Olympic Committee to kick out Saudi Arabia, who are likely to be the only major nation not to include women in their Olympic team for 2012. ... Should Saudi Arabia ... send a male-only team to London, we understand they will face protests from equal rights and women's groups which threaten to disrupt the Games".<ref name="independent.co.uk" />

At the 2012 Summer Olympics, every participating nation included female athletes for the first time in Olympic history.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Saudis to send 2 women to London, make history|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=13 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715100639/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/olympics/2012/07/12/saudi-arabia-women-london-olympics.ap/index.html|archive-date=15 July 2012 }}</ref> Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation; Qatar, four; and Brunei, one ([[Maziah Mahusin]], in the 400 m hurdles). Qatar made one of its first female Olympians, [[Bahiya al-Hamad]] (shooting), its flagbearer at the 2012 Games,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18813543|title=London 2012 Olympics: Saudi Arabian women to compete|date=12 July 2012|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717114955/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18813543|archive-date=17 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and runner [[Maryam Yusuf Jamal]] of [[Bahrain]] became the first Persian Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m race]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/13/232068.html|title=Female Gulf athletes make their mark in London Olympics|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=13 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328201452/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/13/232068.html|archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref>

The only sports on the Olympic programme that features men and women individually competing against one another are the equestrian disciplines, as there is no "Women's Eventing", or "Men's Dressage". As of 2008, there were still more medal events for men than women. With the addition of women's boxing to the programme in the 2012 Summer Olympics, however, women athletes were able to compete in all the sports open to men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8196879.stm|title=Women's boxing gains Olympic spot|date=13 August 2009|work=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815152537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympic_games/8196879.stm|archive-date=15 August 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> In the winter Olympics, women are still unable to compete in the [[Nordic combined]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mather|first=Victor|title=Desperately Seeking Skiers for a Budding Olympic Sport
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=21 February 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/sports/olympics/womens-nordic-combined.html|access-date=24 June 2018|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021834/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/21/sports/olympics/womens-nordic-combined.html|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> After men were included in artistic swimming at the Paris 2024 games,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-artistic-swimming-synchronized-worlds-may-fd98564506bf362e515b1e75cb24d01c|title=Men to compete in artistic swimming at Olympics for first time
|website=[[AP News]]
|date=17 July 2023 }}</ref> the only remaining Olympic event in which male athletes may not compete is [[rhythmic gymnastics]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Goldsmith|first=Belinda|title=Men notch up an Olympic win at sex equality Games|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-oly-equality-men-day-idUKBRE86R0KC20120728|work=Reuters|date=28 July 2012|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> Despite being eligible to qualify for the 2024 Paris games, no men were included on any artistic swimming team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/no-male-artistic-swimmers-olympics-after-us-leave-may-out-squad-2024-06-08/ |title=No male artistic swimmers at Olympics after U.S. leave May out of squad |work=Reuters |last=Ewing |first=Lori |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

A recent addition to the Games has been the inclusion of mixed events, whereby men and women of the same nation compete together against other teams. Beginning in 2018, the sport of [[curling]] introduced a mixed event where teams of one man and one women competed in their own tournament for a medal. As of the 2024 Paris games, there are now 13 mixed medal events across 11 disciplines at the summer games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/mixed-team-events-explained-watch-live |title=Which mixed team events will take place at Paris 2024? |publisher=Olympics.com |last=Nelsen |first=Matt |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

===War and terrorism===
The [[world war]]s caused three Olympiads to pass without a celebration of the Games: the [[1916 Summer Olympics|1916 Games]] were cancelled because of [[World War I]], and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II.{{sfn|Hines|2011|page=xxii}} The [[Russo-Georgian War]] between Georgia and Russia erupted on the opening day of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing. Both American President [[George W. Bush]] and Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] were attending the Olympics at that time and spoke together about the conflict at a luncheon hosted by the Chinese president [[Hu Jintao]].<ref name="MSNBC 2009-01-30" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Shooters Hug as their Countries do Battle|website=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/10/olympic.embrace/|access-date=10 August 2008|date=10 August 2008}}</ref>

Terrorism most directly affected the Olympic Games in 1972. When the [[1972 Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] were held in [[Munich]], Germany, eleven members of the [[Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics|Israeli Olympic team]] were taken hostage by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian]] terrorist group [[Black September Organization|Black September]] in what is now known as the [[Munich massacre]]. The terrorists killed two of the athletes soon after taking them hostage and killed the other nine during a failed liberation attempt. A German police officer and five of the terrorists also died.<ref>{{cite news|title=Munich 1972: Massacre at Munich - 50 Years of Olympic Broadcasting|website=[[CBC.ca]]|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-41-1289-7332/sports/olympics_cbc/clip5|access-date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223155213/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-41-1289-7332/sports/olympics_cbc/clip5|archive-date=23 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the selection of [[Barcelona]], Spain, to host the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], the separatist [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] terrorist organisation launched attacks in the region, including the [[Vic bombing|1991 bombing]] in the Catalonian city of [[Vic, Catalonia|Vic]] that killed ten people.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0401/01061.html|title=Spain Tackles Terrorist Threat by Basques to Olympics, Expo|journal=Christian Science Monitor|date=1 April 1992|last=Senor|first=Juan I.|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034137/https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0401/01061.html|archive-date= 26 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/08/11/the-threat-to-the-games-in-spain/37be840c-3424-4451-b037-151a53bf2491/|title=The Threat to the Games in Spain|newspaper=Washington Post|date=11 August 1991|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Beth|last2=Koch|first2=Noel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114183729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/08/11/the-threat-to-the-games-in-spain/37be840c-3424-4451-b037-151a53bf2491/|archive-date= 14 November 2020 }}</ref>

Terrorism affected two Olympic Games held in the United States. During the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in Atlanta, [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing|a bomb was detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park]], killing two people and injuring 111 others. The bomb was set by [[Eric Rudolph]], who is serving a life sentence for the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Park Bombing|website=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9607/27/olympic.bomb.main|access-date=29 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828222231/http://www.cnn.com/US/9607/27/olympic.bomb.main/|archive-date=28 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in Salt Lake City took place just five months after the [[September 11 attacks]], which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for an Olympic Games. The opening ceremonies of the Games featured symbols relating to 9/11, including the flag that flew at [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] and honour guards of [[NYPD]] and [[FDNY]] members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazettenet.com/2011/05/03/ioc-bin-laden-killing-no-bearing-olympic-security|title=IOC on bin Laden killing: no bearing on Olympic security|date=3 May 2011
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|newspaper=Daily Hampshire Gazette|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927034002/http://www.gazettenet.com/2011/05/03/ioc-bin-laden-killing-no-bearing-olympic-security|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Citizenship==
===IOC rules for citizenship===
The Olympic Charter requires that an athlete be a [[Nationality|legal national]] of the country for which they compete. Dual nationals may compete for either country, as long as three years have passed since the competitor competed for the former country. However, if the NOCs and IF involved agree, then the IOC Executive Board may reduce or cancel this period.{{r|Olympic Charter 2011}} This waiting period exists only for athletes who previously competed for one nation and want to compete for another. If an athlete gains a new or second nationality, then they do not need to wait any designated amount of time before participating for the new or second nation. The IOC is only concerned with issues of citizenship and nationality after individual nations have granted citizenship to athletes.{{sfn|Shachar|2011|pp=2114–2116}}

In October 2023, the IOC suspended the [[Russian Olympic Committee]] for incorporating the [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|four annexed Ukrainian regions]] into its charter, and the suspension was upheld in February 2024 by [[Court of Arbitration for Sport|CAS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/sports/ioc-suspends-russian-olympic-committee-for-incorporating-ukrainian-sports-regions/4762965/|title=IOC suspends Russian Olympic Committee for incorporating Ukrainian sports regions|date=12 October 2023 }}</ref> Without any NOC from Russia to approve a change of citizenship in under three years from Russia to another country, the IOC Executive Board approved changes of nationality in November 2023
and March 2024 for a total of five athletes from Russia to another country, including [[Georgii Tibilov (wrestler, born 2000)|Georgi Tiblov]] and [[Aleksandr Komarov (wrestler)|Aleksandr Komarov]] in wrestling (from Russia to Serbia), [[Mikhail Iakovlev|Mikhail Yakovlev]] in cycling (from Russia to Israel), [[Valeriia Liubimova]] in cycling, and [[Anastasiia Kirpichnikova]] in swimming (both from Russia to France).<ref>{{cite web|title=IOC Executive Board approves nine changes of nationality|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-approves-nine-changes-of-nationality|date=29 November 2023|website=IOC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IOC Executive Board approves seven athletes' changes of sporting nationality for the Olympic Games Paris 2024|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-executive-board-approves-seven-athletes-changes-of-sporting-nationality-for-the-olympic-games-paris-2024|date=19 March 2024|website=IOC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.obozrevatel.com/ukr/sport/sport/svavillya-ta-bezzakonnya-rosiya-vlashtuvala-isteriku-cherez-vtechu-sportsmeniv-z-rf-yakih-pidtrimav-mok.htm|title="Свавілля та беззаконня!" Росія влаштувала істерику через втечу спортсменів з РФ, яких підтримав МОК|date=30 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/sports/1715155|title=Moscow calls on IOC to provide official explanations on transfer of three Russian athletes }}</ref>

===Reasons for changing citizenship===
Occasionally, an athlete will become a citizen of a different country to enable them to compete in the Olympics. This is often because they are attracted to sponsorship deals or training facilities in the other country, or the athlete might be unable to qualify from within their country of birth. In preparation for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the Russian Olympic Committee naturalised a South Korean-born short-track speed-skater, [[Ahn Hyun-soo]], and an American-born snowboarder, [[Vic Wild]]. The two athletes won five gold medals and one bronze medal between them at the 2014 Games.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

==Champions and medallists==
{{further|Lists of Olympic medallists|List of multiple Olympic gold medallists}}
[[File:Paavo Nurmi (Paris 1924).jpg|thumb|[[Paavo Nurmi]], legendary [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Middle-distance running|middle-distance]] and [[long-distance runner]], nicknamed the "[[Flying Finn]]", set 22 [[List of world records in athletics|world records]] at distances between [[1500 metres|1500 m]] and 20 km, winning nine [[Gold medal|gold]] and three [[Silver medal|silver]] medals in the 1920 through 1928 Olympic Games.]]
Medals are awarded to the athletes or teams who place first, second, and third in each event. The winners receive gold medals, which were solid gold until 1912, later made of gilded silver, and now gold-plated silver. Every gold medal must contain at least six grams of pure gold.<ref name="BeijingOlymp-1" /> The runners-up are awarded silver medals and the third-place athletes receive bronze medals. In events contested by a [[single-elimination tournament]] (most notably boxing), third place might not be determined and the losers of both semi-finals each receive a bronze medal.

At the [[1896 Summer Olympics|1896 Olympics]], only the winner and runner-up of each event received medals{{emdash}}silver for first and bronze for second, with no gold medals awarded. The current three-medal format was introduced at the [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/st-louis-1904-summer-olympics|title=St Louis 1904|publisher=Olympic Games|access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> From 1948 onward, athletes placing fourth, fifth, and sixth have received certificates, which came to be known officially as [[Olympic diploma]]s; from 1984, these have also been awarded to the seventh- and eighth-place finishers. At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also presented with [[olive wreath]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Modern Olympic Games|publisher=The Olympic Museum|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906225419/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> The [[IOC]] does not keep statistics of medals won on a national level (except for team sports), but the NOCs and the media record medal statistics and use them as a measure of each nation's success.<ref>{{cite news|last=Munro|first=James|title=Britain may aim for third in 2012|work=BBC Sport|date=25 August 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics/london_2012/7579901.stm|access-date=25 August 2008}}</ref>

==Nations==
===Participants===
{{main|List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games|List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games}}

As of the [[2020 Summer Games]] in Tokyo, all of the current 207 NOCs (and 19 obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one edition of the [[Summer Olympics]]. Competitors from five nations—[[Australia at the Olympics|Australia]], [[France at the Olympics|France]],{{efn|The IOC lists a French immigrant to the United States [[Albert Corey]] as a United States competitor for his marathon silver medal, but he is listed (together with four undisputed Americans) as part of a mixed team for the team race silver medal.<ref name="OR1904">{{cite book|title=The Olympic Games – 1904|author=Charles J.P. Lucas|publisher=Woodard & Tiernan|year=1905|location=St. Louis, MO|page=47|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904lucas.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304003336/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1904/1904lucas.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=28 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="IOCdatabase">{{cite web|title=Olympic Medal Winners|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/athletes|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>}} [[Great Britain at the Olympics|Great Britain]],{{efn|All three of [[Great Britain at the 1904 Summer Olympics|Great Britain's athletes in 1904]] were from Ireland, which at the time was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. Despite the team being called "Great Britain" or "Team GB", inhabitants of Northern Ireland (and formerly the whole of Ireland) are/were eligible to join.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacCarthy|first=Kevin|title=Gold, Silver and Green: The Irish Olympic Journey 1896–1924|chapter=St Louis – Ireland's Olympic Awakening|pages=117–146|date=30 March 2010|publisher=Cork University Press|isbn=978-1-85918-458-5}}</ref>}} [[Greece at the Olympics|Greece]], and [[Switzerland at the Olympics|Switzerland]]{{efn|Switzerland participated in the [[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|equestrian events of the 1956 Games]] held in [[Stockholm]] in June,<ref name="EQ1956">{{cite book|title=The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956|publisher=Esselte Aktiebolag|year=1959|location=Stockholm|page=23|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/or1956eq.pdf|access-date=4 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411091101/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/or1956eq.pdf|archive-date=11 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> but did not attend the Games in [[Melbourne]] later that year.<ref name="OR1956">{{cite book|title=XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956|publisher=W. M. Houston|year=1958|location=Melbourne|page=37|url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108024252/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1956/OR1956.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}—have competed in all 28 Summer Olympics. Athletes competing under the Olympic flag, Mixed Teams and the [[Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Refugee Team]] have competed at six Summer Olympics Games.

A total of 119 NOCs (110 of the current 207 NOCs, and nine obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one edition of the [[Winter Olympics]]. Competitors from 12 nations—[[Austria at the Olympics|Austria]], [[Canada at the Olympics|Canada]], [[Finland at the Olympics|Finland]], France, Great Britain, [[Hungary at the Olympics|Hungary]], [[Italy at the Olympics|Italy]], [[Norway at the Olympics|Norway]], [[Poland at the Olympics|Poland]], [[Sweden at the Olympics|Sweden]], Switzerland, and the [[United States at the Olympics|United States]]—have participated in all 23 Winter Games to date.

===Host nations and cities===
{{main|List of Olympic Games host cities}}
{{see also|List of Olympic medals by host nation}}
[[File:Summer Olympics.svg|thumb|Map of [[Summer Olympics]] locations with countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics shaded in green and countries that have hosted two or more shaded in blue]]
[[File:Winter olympics all cities.svg|thumb|Map of [[Winter Olympics]] locations with countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics shaded in green and countries that have hosted two or more shaded in blue]]
The host city for an Olympic Games had historically been chosen seven to eight years ahead of their celebration. Beginning with the 2024 and 2028 Olympics selection process in 2017, the IOC has proceeded to announce the winning bid with a longer lead-in time in order to provide time for the winning cities/regions to prepare.<ref name="bidpro" /><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/future-olympic-games-elections-to-be-more-flexible|title=Future Olympic Games elections to be more flexible|date=2 May 2019|work=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> The process of selection is carried out in two phases that span a two-year period. The prospective host city applies to its country's National Olympic Committee; if more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC, the national committee typically holds an internal selection, since only one city per NOC can be presented to the International Olympic Committee for consideration. Once the deadline for submission of proposals by the NOCs is reached, the first phase (Application) begins with the applicant cities asked to complete a questionnaire regarding several key criteria related to the organisation of the Olympic Games.<ref name="hostcity" /> In this form, the applicants must give assurances that they will comply with the Olympic Charter and with any other regulations established by the IOC Executive Committee.<ref name="bidpro" /> The evaluation of the filled questionnaires by a specialised group provides the IOC with an overview of each applicant's project and their potential to host the Games. On the basis of this technical evaluation, the IOC Executive Board selects the applicants that will proceed to the candidature stage.<ref name="hostcity" />

Once the candidate cities are selected, they must submit to the IOC a bigger and more detailed presentation of their project as part of a candidature file. Each city is thoroughly analysed by an evaluation commission. This commission will also visit the candidate cities, interviewing local officials and inspecting prospective venue sites, before submitting a report on its findings one month prior to the IOC's final decision. During the interview process the candidate city must also guarantee that it will be able to fund the Games.<ref name="bidpro" /> After the work of the evaluation commission, a list of candidates is presented to the General Session of the IOC, which must assemble in a country that does not have a candidate city in the running. The IOC members gathered in the Session have the final vote on the host city. Once elected, the host city bid committee (together with the NOC of the respective country) signs a Host City Contract with the IOC, officially becoming an Olympic host nation and host city.<ref name="bidpro" />

By 2032, the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 47 cities in 23 countries. As of 2021, since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, the Olympics have been held in [[Asia]] or [[Oceania]] four times, a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history. The 2016 Games in [[Rio de Janeiro]] were the first Olympics for a South American country. No bids from countries in Africa have succeeded, although Egypt (thrice) and South Africa (in 2004) have tried.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2024|title=Will Africa ever host the Olympic Games as Egypt prepares 2036 bid?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/68817809|access-date=2 June 2024|website=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[All-time Olympic Games medal table]]
* [[Art competitions at the Summer Olympics]]
* [[List of multi-sport events]]
* [[Olympic Cup]] and [[Olympic Order]]
* [[Olympic Day Run]]
* [[Global Association of International Sports Federations]]
* [[Participation of women in the Olympics]]
* [[List of Olympic Games host cities]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
<references>


<ref name="frencholympics">
{{cite web|url= http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=68524&id_supplement=8&id_edition=4405|title= Histoire et évolution des Jeux olympiques|website= Potentiel|year= 2005|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426131750/http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_supplement.php?id_article=68524&id_supplement=8&id_edition=4405|archive-date=26 April 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="wenlock">
{{cite web|title=Rugby School motivated founder of Games|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/olympics/2004/07/07/bc.sport.olympics.coubertin/|agency=Reuters|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=7 July 2004|access-date=4 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823070741/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2004/olympics/2004/07/07/bc.sport.olympics.coubertin/|archive-date=23 August 2004 }}
</ref>

<ref name="chamonix">
{{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802010902/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=2&OLGY=1924|archive-date= 2 August 2008|title= Chamonix 1924|publisher= International Olympic Committee|access-date=31 January 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="Parahist">
{{cite web
|title=History of the Paralympic Games
|publisher=Government of Canada
|url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/101/histor/010203-eng.cfm
|access-date=7 April 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312224915/http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/101/histor/010203-eng.cfm
|archive-date=12 March 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Rogge introduces">
{{cite news|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/6467087.stm|title= Rogge wants Youth Olympic Games|date= 19 March 2007|work= [[BBC Sport]]|access-date=2 February 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="CRIonYOG">
{{cite web|url= http://english.cri.cn/2886/2007/04/25/1221@220491.htm|archive-url= https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20160809193825/http://english.cri.cn/2886/2007/04/25/1221@220491.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 August 2016|date=25 April 2007|title= IOC to Introduce Youth Olympic Games in 2010|publisher= CRIenglish.com|access-date=29 January 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="YOGisGo">
{{cite web|url= http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2227|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080821232940/http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/olympic_news/full_story_uk.asp?id=2227|archive-date= 21 August 2008|title= IOC session: A "go" for Youth Olympic Games|publisher= International Olympic Committee|date= 5 July 2007|access-date=2 February 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="No kidding">
{{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2007-04-25-2774646336_x.htm|title= No kidding: Teens to get Youth Olympic Games|work= USA Today|access-date=27 August 2008|date=25 April 2007|first=Stephen|last=Wade}}
</ref>

<ref name="movement">
{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/index_uk.asp|title=The Olympic Movement|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=2 May 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="movement roles">
{{cite web|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_843.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429054311/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_843.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2011|title=Roles and responsibilities during the Olympic Games|date=February 2008|publisher=International Olympic Committee|pages=1–2|access-date=2 May 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="Buying the Games">
{{cite news|title=Buying the Games|last=Rowlatt|first=Justin|work=BBC News|date=29 July 2004|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3937425.stm|access-date=16 April 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="television">
{{cite web
|title=Issues of the Olympic Games
|website=Olympic Primer
|publisher=LA84 Foundation of Los Angeles
|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/primer_text2.htm
|access-date=30 March 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425100112/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/primer_text2.htm
|archive-date=25 April 2009
}}
</ref>

<ref name="ratings">
{{cite news|title=A Surprise Winner at the Olympic Games in Beijing: NBC|last1=Carter|first1=Bill|last2=Sandomir|first2=Richard
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=17 August 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/sports/olympics/18nbc.html|access-date=2 April 2009|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901225732/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/sports/olympics/18nbc.html|archive-date=1 September 2008|url-status=live}}
</ref>

<ref name="olympicsymbols">
{{cite web
|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324234949/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf
|archive-date=24 March 2009
|title=The Olympic Symbols
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|access-date=4 February 2009
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

<ref name="torch">
{{cite web
|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_655.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013924/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_655.pdf
|archive-date=25 March 2009
|title=The Olympic flame and the torch relay
|website=Olympic Museum
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|year=2007
|page=6
|access-date=4 February 2009
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

<ref name="OCFactSheetS">
{{cite web|title= Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games|publisher= International Olympic Committee|date=February 2008|url= http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1134.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094114/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1134.pdf|archive-date= 29 April 2011|access-date=14 August 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="OCFactSheetW">
{{cite web
|title=Fact sheet: Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|date=February 2008
|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1036.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013925/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1036.pdf
|archive-date=25 March 2009
|access-date=14 August 2008
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

<ref name="OCprotocol1">
{{cite book
|title=The Modern Olympic Games
|chapter=The development of the Games – Between festival and tradition
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|page=5
|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013906/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf
|archive-date=25 March 2009
|chapter-url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_668.pdf#pages=5
|access-date=29 August 2008
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

<ref name="otraditions">
{{cite news|title= Symbols and Traditions: Medal ceremony|work= USA Today|date= 12 July 1999|url= https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr03.htm|access-date=29 August 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="Sports">
{{cite web|url=http://olympic.org/uk/sports/index_uk.asp|title=Sports|publisher=International Olympic Committee|access-date=8 February 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="recognizedsports">
{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/recognized/index_uk.asp|title=Recognised Sports|website=olympic.org|access-date=31 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324032152/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/recognized/index_uk.asp|archive-date=24 March 2009|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

<ref name="factsheetsports">
{{cite web
|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1135.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325013905/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1135.pdf
|archive-date=25 March 2009
|title=Factsheet: The sports on the Olympic programme
|publisher=International Olympic Committee
|date=February 2008
|access-date=3 July 2012
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>

<ref name="newosports">
{{cite news|title=Golf, rugby added for 2016 and 2020
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|publisher=ESPN|date=9 October 2009|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=4545111|access-date=9 October 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="Amateurism">
{{cite news|title=Symbols and traditions: Amateurism|date=12 July 1999|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/olympics/owg98/osytr01.htm|access-date=9 February 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="Boycott 1">
{{cite web|title=Melbourne/Stockholm 1956|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/melbourne-stockholm-1956-summer-olympics|access-date=25 July 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="CBC boycott">
{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/african-nations-boycott-costly-montreal-games-1.770807|title=African nations boycott costly Montreal Games|publisher=[[CBC Sports]]|date=30 July 2008|access-date=6 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815130412/http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2008/05/09/f-olympics-history-1976.html|archive-date=15 August 2012}}
</ref>

<ref name="corbit">
{{cite web
|title=ChinaOlympic History
|publisher=Chinaorbit.com
|url=http://www.chinaorbit.com/2008-olympics-china/olympic-games-history.html
|access-date=27 August 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531233555/http://www.chinaorbit.com/2008-olympics-china/olympic-games-history.html
|archive-date=31 May 2008
}}
</ref>

<ref name="1980 Boycott">
{{cite news|title=Moscow 1980:Cold War, Cold Shoulder|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3524906,00.html|date=31 July 2008|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=27 April 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="1980 Boycott 2">
{{cite web|title=Los Angeles 1984|publisher=International Olympic Committee|url=http://www.olympic.org/los-angeles-1984-summer-olympics|access-date=25 July 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="EUTibet">
{{cite news|title=Diplomats Visit Tibet as EU Split on Olympic Opening Boycott|date=29 March 2008|work=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Diplomats_visit_Tibet_as_EU_split_on_Olympic_opening_boycott_/articleshow/2908958.cms|access-date=7 February 2008}}
</ref>

<ref name="GSE">
{{cite encyclopedia|title=Spartakiads|volume=24.1|page=286|year=1976|encyclopedia=Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya}}
</ref>

<ref name="Black Salute">
{{cite news|title=1968: Black athletes make silent protest|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/17/newsid_3535000/3535348.stm|access-date=7 February 2009|date=17 October 1968}}
</ref>

<ref name="wadahistory">{{cite web|title=A Brief History of Anti-Doping|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|access-date=10 September 2008|archive-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816090310/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="nytimes.com">
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/opinion/19iht-edahmed.3.13017836.html|title=Bar countries that ban women athletes|last=Al-Ahmed|first=Ali|date=19 May 2008
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502182237/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/19/opinion/19iht-edahmed.3.13017836.html|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

<ref name="independent.co.uk">
{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/inside-lines-protests-at-2012-if-saudis-say-no-girls-allowed-2017852.html|title=Inside Lines: Protests at 2012 if Saudis say 'no girls allowed'|last=Hubbard|first=Alan|date=4 July 2010|work=The Independent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628123306/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/inside-lines-protests-at-2012-if-saudis-say-no-girls-allowed-2017852.html|archive-date=28 June 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref>

<ref name="MSNBC 2009-01-30">
{{cite news|title = Bush turns attention from politics to Olympics
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|publisher = NBC News|date = 7 August 2008|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26081584|access-date =30 January 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">
{{cite magazine|last=Larmer|first=Brook|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833856,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819220119/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1833856,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2008|title=The Year of the Mercenary Athlete|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=19 August 2008|access-date=27 November 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="BeijingOlymp-1">
{{cite web
|title=Medals of Beijing Olympic Games Unveiled
|publisher=The International Olympic Committee
|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/67/83/article214028367.shtml
|access-date=3 September 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903120551/http://en.beijing2008.cn/67/83/article214028367.shtml
|archive-date=3 September 2008
}}
</ref>

<ref name="bidpro">
{{cite web|title=Olympic Charter|publisher=International Olympic Committee|pages= 72–75|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723070003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011|access-date=2 April 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="hostcity">
{{cite web|title=Choice of the Host City|date=2009|website=olympic.org|url=https://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/cities_uk.asp|access-date=2 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402120408/https://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/cities_uk.asp|archive-date=2 April 2009|url-status=dead}}
</ref>

<ref name="Girginov Parry 2005 p38">
{{harvnb|Girginov|Parry|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC&q=liverpool&pg=PA38 38]}}
</ref>

<ref name="Krüger Murray 2003 p230">
{{harvnb|Krüger|Murray|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC&dq=1936+olympics+%22irish+free+state%22&pg=PA230 230]}}
</ref>

<ref name="Swaddling 2000 p54">
{{harvnb|Swaddling|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC 54]}}
</ref>

<ref name="Olympic Charter 2011">
{{cite web|title = Olympic Charter|date = July 2011|publisher = International Olympic Committee|location = Lausanne, Switzerland|url = http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf|access-date =27 July 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007023126/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf|archive-date = 7 October 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref>

<ref name=EDP>{{cite web|url= https://www.ipevidencedisclosurepackage.net/|title= Electronic Documentary Package of the IP Professor Richard H. McLaren, O.C.|date= December 2016|access-date= 28 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170128101648/https://www.ipevidencedisclosurepackage.net/|archive-date= 28 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=McLarenII>{{cite web|url= https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-into-sochi-allegations-0|title= McLaren Independent Investigation Report into Sochi Allegations – Part II|publisher= [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]|date= 9 December 2016|access-date= 28 December 2018|archive-date= 9 December 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161209124206/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-into-sochi-allegations-0|url-status= dead}}</ref>

<ref name=NYT161209>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/sports/russia-doping-mclaren-report.html|title=Report Shows Vast Reach of Russian Doping: 1,000 Athletes, 30 Sports
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|first= Rebecca R.|last= Ruiz|date= 9 December 2016|url-access=registration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217005205/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/sports/russia-doping-mclaren-report.html|archive-date=17 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Guardian161209>{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2016/dec/09/mclaren-report-into-doping-in-sport-part-two-live|title= McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy|work= The Guardian|first= Lawrence|last= Ostlere|date= 9 December 2016 }}</ref>


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* {{cite book|title = Social Issues in Sport|last = Woods|first = Ron|publisher = Human Kinetics|location = Champaign, Illinois|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8|url = https://archive.org/details/socialissuesinsp0000wood|url-access = registration|page = [https://archive.org/details/socialissuesinsp0000wood/page/146 146]|quote = television ratings decline olympic games torino.|access-date =2 April 2009}}
* {{cite book|title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games|last = Young|first = David C.|year = 2004|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell|isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0|chapter = The Beginnings|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival|last = Young|first = David C.|year = 1996|location = Baltimore|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5|ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Power Games: A Political History of the Olympics |last=Boykoff |first=Jules |publisher=Verso |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-784-78072-2 |location=New York and London |author-link=Jules Boykoff}}
* {{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement |last=Buchanan |first=Ian |publisher=Scarecrow Presz |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8108-4054-6 |location=Lanham |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0}}
* {{cite book |title=The Golden Book of the Olympic Games |last=Kamper |first=Erich |publisher=Vallardi & Associati |year=1992 |isbn=978-88-85202-35-1 |location=Milan |author2=Mallon, Bill}}
* {{cite book |title=The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 |last=Preuss |first=Holger |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84376-893-7 |author2=Marcia Semitiel García}}
* Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. "The Olympics and the Cold War: A Historiography" ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' (Dec 2023), Vol.25, 127–158. doi: 10.1162/jcws_a_01173
* {{cite book |title=Dishonored Games: Corruption, Money, and Greed at the Olympics |last=Simson |first=Vyv |publisher=S.P.I. Books |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-56171-199-4 |location=New York |author2=Jennings, Andrew}}
* {{cite web |title=When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art (painters, sculptors, writers, musicians) |date=24 July 2012 |access-date=4 October 2021 |author=Stromberg, Joseph |website=Smithsonian Magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-the-olympics-gave-out-medals-for-art-6878965/}}
* {{cite book |title=The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Athens 2004 Edition |last=Wallechinsky |first=David |publisher=SportClassic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-894963-32-9 |author-link=David Wallechinsky}}
* {{cite book |title=The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition |last=Wallechinsky |first=David |publisher=SportClassic Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-894963-45-9}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Sister project links|voy=Olympic Games}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [http://www.insidethegames.biz/ insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games]
* [http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/ GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070318010246/http://www.databaseolympics.com/index.htm Database Olympics]
* [http://www.olympicgameswinners.com/ Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times]

{{Olympic Games}}
{{Nations at the Olympics}}
{{Sports at the Olympics}}
{{Olympic Games results}}
{{Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
{{Multi-sport events}}
{{Team sports}}
{{portal bar|Olympic Games|Modern history|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Olympic Games| ]]
[[Category:Athletic culture based on Greek antiquity]]
[[Category:French inventions]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1896]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events]]
[[Category:International Olympic Committee competitions]]

Biladi Baug

2026-03-12T19:57:54Z

JacquelynBelz49: Adding A Data

{{Short description|Urban park in Mehsana, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Dmy|date=August 2023|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Biladi Baug
| alt_name = Mahatma Gandhi garden
| image = File:Biladi Baug - Mahatma Gandhi Garden - Mehsana.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Northwest entrance
| relief =
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| mark_width =
| type = [[Urban park]]
| motto =
| location = [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nearest_city =
| nearest_town =
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title,inline}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{convert|7.2|acre|m2|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| authorized =
| created =
| established = 1946
| designated =
| open = 
| opened =
| opening =
| closed = 2025
| founder =
| designer =
| etymology = [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
| owner = Mahesana Municipal Corporation
| administrator =
| manager =
| operator = Mahesana Municipal Corporation
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| status =
| awards =
| camp_sites =
| hiking_trails =
| paths =
| terrain =
| habitat =
| water =
| plants =
| vegetation =
| species =
| collections =
| designation =
| disturbance =
| budget =
| parking = Yes
| publictransit = Mehsana City Bus Service
| transport =
| free_label =
| free_data =
| other_info =
| facilities =
| website =
| embedded =
| child =
|mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Biladi Baug''', officially known as '''Mahatma Gandhi Garden''', is an [[urban park]] in [[Mehsana]], [[Gujarat]], India. It was established in 1946 and is being redeveloped in 2025 by the [[Mehsana Municipal Corporation|Mahesana Municipal Corporation]].

== History ==
As Mehsana Municipality did not own land for the public park, the [[Baroda State|Baroda State government]] acquired 13 [[bigha]]s of land near Navi Karkun Chawl and transferred it to the municipality in 1946. Harilal K. Shah, then Municipal Chief Officer, played a significant role in the park's development. The municipality appointed two gardeners and installed children's playground equipment. Initially, the park was reserved for women on Saturdays, while it remained open to the general public on other days. The park was then known as the Municipal Baug.<ref name=":1" /> It was renovated multiple times over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=લાખોના ખર્ચ બાદ પણ મહેસાણાના બિલાડીબાગની દુર્દશા |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/the-plight-of-mehsanas-biladibagh-even-after-spending-millions/195421.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title=મહેસાણામાં બગીચાની અસમતુલા પશ્ચિમ ભાગમાં 7, પૂર્વમાં માત્ર 2 બગીચા |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/garden-asymmetry-in-mehsana-7-in-the-western-part-only-2-gardens-in-the-east/200557.html |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref>

On 14 November 2025, the park was closed for redevelopment by the Mahesana Municipal Corporation at the cost of {{INRconvert|10.37|c}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-14 |title=બાગનું નવીનીકરણ:મહેસાણામાં મહાત્મા ગાંધી બાગ રૂ.10.37 કરોડના ખર્ચે નવીનીકરણનું કામ શરૂ, જાહેર ઉપયોગ માટે બંધ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/mahatma-gandhi-bagh-in-mehsana-to-be-renovated-at-a-cost-of-rs-10-37-crore-closed-for-public-use-136413089.html |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |language=gu}}</ref>

==Architecture and features==
The park will feature modern landscaping and will include a waterbody, a children's play area, sitting arrangements, walkways, an [[amphitheatre]], a [[gazebo]], a statue of Mahatma Gandhi and areas with artificial mounds. It has two entrances, a toilet block and sports facilities such as tennis, badminton, and volleyball courts; yoga centre, skating rink and [[taekwondo]] ground.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=સમાચાર |first=અટલ |date=2020-10-05 |title=ગંભીર@મહેસાણા: કોરોના કાળમાં શહેરના બિલાડી બાગની માવજત વિસરાઇ ? |url=https://atalsamachar.com/politics/gambhir-mehsana-forget-the-grooming-of-the-citys-cat-garden/cid5582244.htm |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=atalsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-09 |title=બગીચામાં સફાઇનો અભાવ: દર મહિને બિલાડી બાગ સંચાલન પાછળ રૂ. 1 લાખ ખર્ચ છતાં લાઇટ, કેમેરા, મ્યુઝિક સિસ્ટમ, RO બંધ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/every-month-for-cattery-management-rs-lights-camera-music-system-ro-off-despite-spending-1-lakh-130293945.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001044218/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/every-month-for-cattery-management-rs-lights-camera-music-system-ro-off-despite-spending-1-lakh-130293945.html |archive-date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |url-status=live }}</ref>

The park also contains a small [[stepwell]] known as Bodashiyani Vav, constructed by Shah Virchandji Jadavji. The stepwell was named Bodashiya due to the presence of a cremation ground located opposite the park in the past; this cremation ground was relocated because of its proximity to the [[Rajmahal, Mehsana|Rajmahal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bhojak |first=Kanaiyalal Amthalal |title=Mehsana: Prachin Arvachin |publisher=Mehsana Municipality |year=1957 |isbn= |location=Mehsana |pages=84–85, 130, 132 |language=gu |script-title=gu:મહેસાણા: પ્રાચીન અર્વાચીન |trans-title=Mehsana: Ancient and Modern}}</ref>

Atal Sports Centre, located opposite the park, was constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|6.65|c}} and opened in April 2022. It houses sports facilities, including a gymnasium and a swimming pool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=અટલ સ્પોર્ટ્સ સેન્ટરનું એક દિવસ પહેલાં કોંગ્રેસે ઉદ્ધાટન કરી નાખતાં વિવાદ |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/mehsana/controversy-over-atal-sports-center-being-inaugurated-by-congress-a-day-ago |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-17 |title=રજૂઆત: મહેસાણામાં અટલ સ્પોર્ટ્સ સેન્ટરમાં એજન્સી દ્વારા સ્વિમિંગ સભ્ય ફી ડબલ વસુલાતી હોવાની વિપક્ષના નેતાએ પાલિકામાં રજૂઆત કરી |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/leader-of-opposition-in-atal-sports-center-in-mehsana-has-accused-the-agency-of-levying-double-swimming-fee-129817642.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626205126/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/mehsana/news/leader-of-opposition-in-atal-sports-center-in-mehsana-has-accused-the-agency-of-levying-double-swimming-fee-129817642.html |archive-date=2022-06-26 |access-date=2025-12-26 |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are two sewage pumping stations in the park with capacity of 7.33 MLD and 6 MLD each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandesh |title=મહેસાણામાં નવું પમ્પિંગ સ્ટેશન બનતા 12 હજાર પરિવારો ગટર ઊભરાવવાની યાતનામાંથી મુક્ત |url=https://sandesh.com/gujarat/new-pumping-station-in-mehsana-frees-12-000-families-from-the-hassle-of-filling-sewers |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Biladi Baug (Mahatma Gandhi Bag) 2025 Mehsana (83026).jpg|Walkway
File:Biladi Bag (Mahatma Gandhi Bag) 2025 Mehsana (25251).jpg|Yoga centre and pumping station
File:Biladi Bag (Mahatma Gandhi Bag) 2025 Mehsana (24076).jpg|Volleyball court
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Rajmahal, Mehsana]]
* [[Boter Kothani Vav]]
* [[Nagalpur Lake]]
* [[Para Lake]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Mehsana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mehsana district]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]

Suhaag Raat (1968 film)

2026-03-04T03:52:00Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suhaag Raat
| image = Suhaag Raat (1968 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = H.A. Rahi
| producer = R. Bhattacharya
| director = R. Bhattacharya
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rajshree]]
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = Marshal Braganza
| editing = Mohan Rathod
| studio = A.J.Pictures<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0378820/ |title=Heading |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|12|31}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Suhaag Raat''''' ({{Translation|Wedding Night}}) is a 1968 [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced and directed by R. Bhattacharya under the A.J. Pictures banner. It stars [[Jeetendra]] and [[Rajshree]], with music composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]].<ref name="Heading-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/suhag-raat-movie/3954 |title=Heading-1 |publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/hi/Suhagrat-1968/9543205788 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=Nth Wall}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url= http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Suhag+Raat+(1968)|title=Heading-3 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/gv597326 |title=Heading-4 |publisher=MuVyz}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/suhag-raat/9294 |title=Heading-5 |publisher=Bollywood MDB.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajjo, a charming girl, is in love with Flight Lieutenant Jeetendra. Just before their wedding, the Indian army declares an emergency. So, Jeet pauses and moves to the battlefield. Following his departure, aerial bombardment smashes their town. Rajjo loses her family in it, and she is further shattered upon learning of Jeet's death, and re-locates to her uncle's residence. Jeet returns despaired due to a quandary and turns into a wanderer. During that time, a wise lady, Rani Saheba, shelters and appoints him as her manager. Rani Saheba is always perturbed because of the debauchery of her son, Thakur Uday Singh, when Jeet suggests getting him married.

Destiny makes Rajjo Uday's bride, which devastates Jeet, but he stays quiet. The same night, Uday visits the court area, brawls with Nawab Ladan, and kills him. Frightened, he absconds, jumps into a river, and is declared dead. Suddenly, one night, Uday meets Rajjo, consummates their marriage, and takes an oath not to reveal his existence. Soon Rajjo conceives his child. Everyone denounces her as she doesn't reveal Uday's name, accusing Jeet of discerning their previous familiarity, and the two are ostracized. Jeet accommodates Rajjo in a safe place and secretly shields her. Rajjo gives birth to a baby boy.

Eventually, Uday shadows his wife & son in disguise. Once, spotting intimacy between Uday & Rajjo, the villagers revolts upon learning the reality. Jeet guards him and is seriously injured. Witnessing Jeet's selflessness, Uday repents, affirms the identity, and surrenders to the police. Jeet dies, and Uday is acquitted with the short-term penalty. The movie ends with Uday & Rajjo paying their gratitude to Jeet.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Captain Jeetendra / Jeet
*[[Rajshree]] as Rajjo H. Rai
*Prakash Thapa as Thakur Uday Singh
*[[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] as Juman Bijnori
*[[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Pandit
*[[Bipin Gupta]]
*Moni Chatterjee as Lala Harsukh Rai
*[[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Parwana
*[[Mehmood Jr.]] as Banne
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Rani Saheba
*[[Tun Tun]] as Titli Banu
*[[Shabnam]]
*Madhumati as Qayamat Bai
*Neelam as Chamkili Bai
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Mohabbat Bai
*Mridula Rani as Shanta H. Rai

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Are Oh Re"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
| Indeevar
|-
| 2
| "Ganga Maiya Mein"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| [[Indeevar]]
|-
| 3
| "Khush Raho"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
| Indeevar
|-
| 4
| "Main Qayamat Hoon"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle
| Akhtar Romani
|-
| 5
| "Mere Dil Se Dil Ko"
| [[Manna Dey]]
| [[Qamar Jalalabadi]]
|-
| 6
| "Mohe Laagi Re Laagi"
| Lata Mangeshkar
| Qamar Jalalabadi
|}<ref name="Songs">{{cite web|url=http://sabsongs.com/suhaag-raat-1968-songs-download_album.htm |title=Songs |publisher=Sab Songs}}</ref><ref name="Songs-2">{{cite web|url=http://indiamp3.com/music/index.php?action=album&id=5127 |title=Songs-2 |publisher=India Mp3}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1968 drama films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Udayam (film)

2026-03-03T21:05:39Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udayam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Bhaskaran]]
| producer =
| writer = Ettumanur Chandrasekharan Nair [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] [[Adoor Bhasi]] [[Prem Prakash]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| cinematography = S. J. Thomas
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Suchithramanjari
| distributor = Suchithramanjari
| released = {{Film date|1973|03|16|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Udayam''''' is a 1973 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Adoor Bhasi]] and [[Prem Prakash]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=486|title=Udayam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3156|title=Udayam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=30 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330210349/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3156|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/udhayam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060703/http://spicyonion.com/title/udhayam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Udhayam|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Rajasekharan
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Geetha (dubbed by [[KPAC Lalitha]])
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Ready Krishnapillai
*[[Prem Prakash]] as Unni
*[[Sankaradi]] as Raman Pillai
*[[Shobha]] as Young Geetha
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Lakshmikkuttiyamma
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Mohandas/Dasappan
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Vasu Pillai
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Bhavaniyamma
*Amba
*[[Bahadoor]] as Ittiyavira
*C. K. Aravindakshan
*K. V. Mathew as Sadanandan
*Master Vijayakumar as Young Rajasekharan
*P. K. Nambiar
*P. O. Thomas as Thomas
*[[Philomina]] as Ikkavamma
*Radhamani as Vanaja
*Raghava Menon as Chakkochan
*Ramankutty Menon as Narayana Pillai
*[[Rani Chandra]] as Hema
*Thodupuzha Radhakrishnan as Uthuppu
*[[Vanchiyoor Radha]]
*Madhuri as Dancer
*Bhaskaran Nair
*[[Pala Thankam]]
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by V. Dakshinamoorthy and the song lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chaale Chaalicha" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "En Mandahaasam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 3 || "Ente Makan Krishnanunni" || S. Janaki || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Kalayude Devi" || S. Janaki, [[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Karalinte Kadalaassil" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0156148|Udhayam}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Bhaskaran]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Evidence (1988 film)

2026-03-03T20:58:21Z

JacquelynBelz49: fix page after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Evidence
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Radha Ravi]] [[Vani Viswanath]]
| producer = RR Creations
| narrator =
| music = Krishnathej
| cinematography = K.Ramachandrababu
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1988}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Evidence''''' (announced as '''''Puthumazhatthullikal''''') is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?5661|title=Evidence [Puthumazhatthullikal] [1988]}}</ref> directed by actor [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], starring [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Evidence (Puthumazhatthullikal)-Movie Details|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2161|access-date=2013-12-14}}</ref> The film is the remake of Tamil fim ''[[Udhaya Geetham]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Evidence - 1988 Full Malayalam Movie - Captain Raju - Seema - Malayalam Online Movies|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Ln7zIKiHo|access-date=2 January 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Prince
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Alphonsa John Jacob
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Dalia
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Father Dominic
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Thomas
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Asst. Jail Superintendent
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Rajashekhar
*[[Captain Raju]] as Damu
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Advocate Chidambaram
*[[Prathapachandran]] as John Jacob
*[[Janardanan]] as D I G
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as Sharath
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as a convict
*M Chandran Nair
*K.G. Menon
*Sugandhi

== References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Paltan (film)

2026-03-02T10:09:04Z

JacquelynBelz49: General improvements to article content

{{short description|2018 Indian Hindi language war film by J.P. Dutta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paltan
| image = Paltan 2018.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[J.P. Dutta]]
| producer = J.P. Dutta
| based_on = [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]]
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Sonu Sood]] [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] [[Harshvardhan Rane]] [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] [[Luv Sinha]] [[Esha Gupta]] [[Rohit Roy]] [[Sonal Chauhan]] [[Monica Gill]] [[Dipika Kakar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Background Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| cinematography = Shailesh AV Awasthhi Nigam Bomzan
| editing = Ballu Saluja
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] [[J.P. Dutta|JP Films]]
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|09|7|df=yes}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}35 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3830|title=Paltan - Movie - Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>{{efn|Budget figure includes print and advertising costs}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}10.22 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/paltan/box-office/|title=Paltan Box Office collection till Now - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=7 September 2018 |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''Paltan''''' ({{Translation|Platoon}}; {{IPA|hi|pəlʈən}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[war film]] written, directed and produced by [[J. P. Dutta]], based on [[1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] along the [[Sikkim]] border after 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-arjun-rampal-it-s-sad-to-see-the-army-being-maligned-2654232|title=Arjun Rampal: It's sad to see the army being maligned|date=25 August 2018}}</ref> It stars an [[ensemble cast]] with [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Harshvardhan Rane]], [[Rohit Roy]], [[Sonal Chauhan]], [[Monica Gill]], [[Dipika Kakar]] and many more. The film was theatrically released on 7 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/paltan-movie-review-and-release-live-updates-5344214/|title=Paltan movie review and release highlights|date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= 'Paltan' to release on September 7|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/paltan-to-release-on-september-7/articleshow/63201893.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180308131901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/paltan-to-release-on-september-7/articleshow/63201893.cms|url-status= dead|archive-date= 8 March 2018|website= Times of India|access-date= 6 March 2018|language= en|date= 6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JP Dutta's Paltan first poster out, film to release on September 7|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jp-dutta-s-paltan-first-poster-out-film-to-release-on-september-7/story-8f1N7x1ktHGrJ2Ca6Cf2kL.html&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwi41o_Z7ebZAhVHsI8KHddPDm4QFjAAegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw37ZXNuT4Dp-sv-RDgFhcy5|website=hindustantimes|access-date=6 March 2018|language=en|date=6 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monica Gill to play Harshvardhan Rane's love interest in J P Dutta's Paltan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/090218/monica-gill-harshvardhan-rane-love-interest-j-p-dutta-paltan-movie.html|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|date=9 February 2018|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

==Plot ==

The film is Based on [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes|clashes between Indian and Chinese troops in the regions of Nathu La and Cho La in 1967]] where Indian troops defeated Chinese troops and stopped their attempts to encroach on Indian territory.<ref>{{cite news |last= Menon|first= Vandana|date=1 October 2018|title=Remembering the war we forgot: 51 years ago, how India gave China a bloody nose|url=https://theprint.in/defence/remembering-the-war-we-forgot-51-years-ago-how-india-gave-china-a-bloody-nose/127356/|work=The Print|access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>

An Indian platoon is deployed near China. After some days Chinese troops starts creating trouble by using loud speakers and by threatening Indian troops by going near the border. Indian troops does the same to quite the Chinese troops. One day Chinese and Indian troops engage in stone clashes and after that Indian troops start building the fence at border but it was later destroyed by [[People's Liberation Army]].

Indian army tries to build border again but met with heavy fire by Chinese. Indian troops returned fire but were facing trouble by Chinese artillery. Indian commander asked troops to hold their positions till the Indian artillery arrives to support them. Both Side faces Casualties and Indian artillery arrives resulting in heavy Chinese casualties.

Indian troops won and were able to rain down heavy artillery firing on Chinese bunkers.

==Cast==
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as [[Major general (India)|Major General]] [[Sagat Singh]], [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17 Mountain Division]]
* [[Arjun Rampal]] as [[Lt. Col.]] [[Rai Singh Yadav]], [[Commanding Officer|CO]], 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
* [[Sonu Sood]] as [[Major (India)|Major]] Bishen Singh, Second in Command, 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] as Captain Prithvi Singh Dagar, 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as [[Harbhajan Singh (military officer)|Major Harbhajan Singh]], 18 [[Rajput Regiment]] now (13 [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]])
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] as [[Havildar]] Parashar, [[Military Intelligence|Intelligence Corps]]
* [[Luv Sinha]] as [[Second Lieutenant]] Attar Singh, 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
* [[Rohit Roy]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Cheema, [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]]
* Abhilash Chaudhary as [[Hawaldar]] Lakshmi Chand Yadav, 2 [[The Grenadiers|Grenadiers]]
* Nagender Choudhary as [[Naib subedar|Naib Subedar]] Raghav Prasad Pandey, 18 [[Rajput Regiment]] now (13 [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|Mechanised Infantry]])
* Lao Sheng Hua Nelson as Chinese Political Commissar
* [[Sonal Chauhan]] as Maj. Bishen Singh's wife
* [[Monica Gill]] as Harjot Kaur, Maj. Harbhajan Singh's girlfriend
* [[Esha Gupta]] in a special appearance as Lt. Col. Rai Singh Yadav’s wife
* [[Dipika Kakar]] as [[Capt.]] Prithvi Singh Dagar's fiancee

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paltan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 28 August 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Paltan-2018/sHlhCM8Aelc_|title=Paltan - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:54
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Judwaa 2]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|PmVgX2TDcVI|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The background score of the film is composed by [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] and songs are composed by [[Anu Malik]]. The lyrics are written by [[Javed Akhtar]]. The first song "Paltan Title Track" was released on 13 August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2018 |title=Paltan title track explores brotherhood and love for the nation; song penned by Javed Akhtar |language=en-US |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/paltan-title-track-explores-brotherhood-and-love-for-the-nation-song-penned-by-javed-akhtar-4953611.html/amp |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The second song "Raat Kitni" was released on 21 August 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 August 2018 |title=Paltan song Raat Kitni: Arjun Rampal, Sonu Sood and others remember their loved ones |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/paltan-song-raat-kitni-jp-dutta-sonu-nigam-video-5317092/ |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref> The music in the Paltan song is borrowed from the theme music of iconic 1957 Hollywood blockbuster ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paltan Teaser: JP Dutta Borrows 'Bridge On The River Kwai' Theme Music As He Is All Set to Complete India's Biggest War Trilogy |language=en-US |work=Latestly |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/paltan-teaser-jp-dutta-borrows-bridge-on-the-river-kwai-theme-music-as-he-is-all-set-to-complete-indias-biggest-war-trilogy-253326.html/amp |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:54

| title1 = Paltan Title Track
| extra1 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Irfan, Adarsh, Khuda Baksh
| length1 = 6:12

| title2 = Raat Kitni
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 6:51

| title3 = Main Zinda Hoon
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam
| length3 = 6:51
}}

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=29|count=7|average=4.2|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=17 June 2024}}<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Paltan|id=paltan
|type=m|access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref>

Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "''Paltan'' is more testosterone and male ego than strategy or drama and, surprisingly, it’s tentative even in its jingoism."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/paltan-movie-review-sitting-through-jp-duttas-poorly-enacted-overwritten-war-film-is-a-battle-in-itself-5137011.html|title=Paltan movie review: Sitting through JP Dutta's poorly enacted, overwritten war film is a battle in itself|date=September 7, 2018|author=Udita Jhunjhunwala|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

[[Raja Sen]] gave it 1.5 (out of 5) stars, saying: "There is a lot to be said about the futility of war, and now Dutta has made his case for the futility of the war movie."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|title=Paltan movie review: Hindi-Chini why-why?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/paltan-review-a-lifeless-war-film/story-i2VlP9kbvpp0ue1PBSyCBK.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "All-in-all, the film might be a little melodramatic at times but its heart certainly is in the right place."<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Paltan|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-paltan-30203.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

Ronak Kotecha of the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated 3/5, stating that "''Paltan'' manages to undo some of the damage in its final moments that are truly action packed. Director JP Dutta fires all his ammo in a rousing climax for a bitter sweet victory."<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/paltan/movie-review/65711584.cms ''Paltan Movie Review''] ''[[Times of India]]'',
Ronak Kotecha, 7 September 2018</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7162758}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|paltan}}

{{J. P. Dutta}}

[[Category:Indian war drama films]]
[[Category:War drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian War films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:2010s action war films]]
[[Category:2018 war films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 war drama films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. P. Dutta]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]

Kitab-i Nauras

2026-02-28T01:30:21Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made pg...

{{Short description|16th-century work by sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Kitab-i Nauras
| country = [[Bijapur Sultanate]] (modern-day India)
| language = [[Deccani language|Deccani]] with an introduction in [[Persian language|Persian]]
| genre = Poetry
| image = Khalilullah Butshikan - From Dohras (Songs) 40 and 42 from the Kitab-i Nauras (Book of Nine Essence - 2013.284 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
| subject =
| author = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]
| URL =
}}
'''''Kitab-i Nauras''''' ({{translation|The Book of Nine Rasas}}), also transliterated as '''Kitab-e-Nauras''', is a 16th-century treatise written by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Griffin |first=Sushma |title=Vernacular Subjectivity as a Way of Seeing: Visualising Bijapur in Nujūm al-ʿUlūm and Kitāb-i-Nauras |date=2021-12-03 |work=Naẓar:Vision, Belief, and Perception in Islamic Cultures |pages=284–311 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004499485/BP000022.xml?language=en |access-date=2024-12-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-49948-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Umrat |title=Strokes of Sentiment: A case study of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's Kitab-i-Nauras |url=https://www.academia.edu/108143237 |journal=Tyler School of Art & Architecture, Temple University |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215115237/https://www.academia.edu/108143237 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Muqarnas]]|volume=33|date=2016|pages=91–154|title=Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, circa 1580‒1630|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551683|first=Keelan|last=Overton|doi=10.1163/22118993_03301P006 |jstor=26551683}}</ref> It was written with the title ''Nauras'', meaining ''Nine Rasas'', but was named as ''Nauras Nama'' or ''Kitab-i Nauras'' later.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=55}} It is a collection of 59 Manqabat Kalaam (song) and 17 couplets in the [[Deccani language]].

== Contents ==

=== Introduction ===
The introduction to the book was not written by Ibrahim; instead, it was written by the poet [[Muhammad Zuhuri]] in Persian rather than Deccani. Zuhuri states that the preface is "a worthless stone for the garland made of royal pearls".

=== Songs ===
In the ten known manuscripts, there are fifty-nine songs, although no single copy contains all of them. In addition, there are seventeen [[Doha (poetry)|dohas]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=61-67}}

A significant portion of the songs are praises sung for [[Saraswati]], [[Ganesha]], and other Hindu deities. Others praise the prophet [[Muhammad]] and Sufi saint [[Bande Nawaz]]. Another portion refers to Ibrahim's private life. His favorite elephant Atish Khan and favorite tambourine Moti Khan are also praised. In others, Ibrahim's mother Bari Sahib and wife Chand Sultan are referred to.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=61-67}}

=== Rasas ===

# ''Shringara'' means the sentiment of love and romance.
#''Veera'' means the sentiment of heroism or chivalry
#''Veebhatsa'' means the sentiment of disgust
#''Raudra'' means the sentiment of anger and fury
#''Bhayanak'' means the sentiment of dread and terror
#''Hasya'' means the sentiment of joy and humour
#''Karuna'' means the sentiment of compassion and pathos
#''Adbhuta'' means the sentiment of wonder and amazement
#''Shanta'' means the sentiment of peace and contenment{{Sfn|Ahmad|1956|p=55-56}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Nazir |url=https://the-deccan.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ibrahim_adilshah_kitab-i-nauras.pdf |title=Kitab-i-Nauras by Ibrahim Adil Shah II: Introduction, Notes, and Textual Editing |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Kendra |year=1956 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haider |first=Navinda Najat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |chapter=The Kitab-i Nauras: Key to Bijapur's Golden Age|date=2011 |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 }}

[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:16th-century books]]

Nagabhushanam (actor)

2026-02-26T07:58:06Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nagabhushanam
| image = Nagabhushanam actor.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Nagabhushanam in a scene from ''[[Kalyana Mandapam]]'' (1971)
| birthname = Chundi Nagabhushanam
| birth_date = 19 March 1922
| birth_place =
| death_date = 5 May 1995 (73 years) <ref name="ETV Interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At33hTWwrD0&t=76s|title=ETV Interview}}</ref>
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| children = Chundi Raghava Rao Gowriswari
| awards =
}}
'''C. Nagabushanam''' (19 March 1922 – 5 May 1995<ref name="ETV Interview"/>) was an Indian actor known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagabhushanam biography |url=http://www.earlytollywood.com/2008/02/nagabhushanam.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622054241/http://www.earlytollywood.com/2008/02/nagabhushanam.html |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=31 July 2010 |website=EarlyTollywood.com}}</ref> He acted in more than 350 films from the 1950s to the 1980s. He primarily acted in [[villain]] and [[character actor]] roles. Nagabushanam was a trendsetter in enacting comic villain characters. He was also known by the title “Natabhooshana” ({{Translation|Jewel of acting}}).<ref name=":0" />

He acted in with more than 5000 shows of the [[Play (theatre)|play]] ''Raktha Kanneeru'' ({{Translation|Tears of blood}}) due to which he also became known as “Raktha Kanneeru Nagabhushanam”.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=The Forgotten Jewel |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2013-08-11/The-Forgotten-Jewel/68994 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=11 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref> His first film was ''[[Palletooru]]'' (1952). He also played the lead role in the 1956 film ''[[Edi Nijam]]'' which won the Certificate of Merit at the [[4th National Film Awards]].<ref>Edi Nijam in Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006; pp: 134-5.</ref> His other notable films include ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1957), ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' (1971), ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1972 film)|Mohammad bin Tughlaq]]'' (1972), ''Ida Lokam'' (1973), ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973), and ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (1977).<ref name=":0" />

Nagabushanam also produced a handful of films, including ''[[Natakala Rayudu]]'' (1969) and ''[[Oke Kutumbham|Oke Kutumbam]]'' (1970). He died on 5 May 1995.<ref name="maachittoor.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.maachittoor.com/nellore/important-person/raktakanneru-nagabhushanam.html|title=Important people of Nellore- Nagabhushanam|website=Maa Chittoor|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411070535/http://www.maachittoor.com/nellore/important-person/raktakanneru-nagabhushanam.html|archivedate=11 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chundi Nagabhushanam was born into a Telugu speaking family in [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /> He did odd jobs before he joined the railways and later the film industry.<ref name=":0" /> Nagabhushanam had three sons and two daughters and seven grand children. None of them are into film industry.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Palletooru]]'' || Kondayya
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Rechukka]]'' || Chitti Veeranna
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Ardhangi]]'' || Veerayya
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1956 || ''[[Edi Nijam]]'' || Kondayya
|-
| ''[[Penki Pellam]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Uma Sundari]]''
|[[Shiva|Lord Siva]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1957 || ''[[Bhagya Rekha]]'' || Kotayya
|-
| ''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' || [[Satyaki]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1958 || ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' || [[Shiva|Lord Siva]]
|-
| ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' || [[Shiva|Lord Siva]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]'' || Prachandudu
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1962 || ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' || [[Parashurama|Parasurama]]
|-
| ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' || [[Kumar]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' || Rajendra
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1965 || ''[[Zamindar (1965 film)|Zamindar]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Thodu Needa]]''
|
|-
|''[[Visala Hrudayalu]]''
|Pattabhi
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Aame Evaru?]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1967 || ''[[Ave Kallu]]'' ||Doctor
|-
|''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]''
|Zamindar Bhavani Prasad
|-
|''Upayamlo Apayam''
|
|-
|''[[Aada Paduchu]]''
|Rao Bahadur Ranga Rao
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1968 || ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' ||Varaha Murthy
|-
|''[[Bhale Kodallu]]''
|Sankaram
|-
| ''[[Bangaru Gajulu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ranabheri]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Varakatnam]]'' || Meesala Venkayya
|-
| ''[[Nenante Nene]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Vintha Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vintha Kapuram Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/vintha-kapuram-1968#overview}}</ref>
|Srinivasa Rao
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' ||[[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]] Parandhamaiah
|-
|''[[Thalli Prema]]''
|Viswaroopam
|-
| rowspan="10" |1969
|''[[Muhurtha Balam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhurtha Balam Cast and Crew |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/muhurtha-balam}}</ref>
|Raja Bhujanga Rao aka Bhujangam
|-
| ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]''||
|-
| ''[[Aatmiyulu]]'' || Justice Rajaram
|-
| ''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' || Zamindar
|-
|''[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]''
|Nagaraju
|-
| ''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' || Seshayya
|-
| ''[[Natakala Rayudu]]'' || Bujjibabu
|-
|''[[Mathru Devata]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sabash Satyam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sipayi Chinnayya]]''
|Chokka Rao
|-
| rowspan="10" |1970
|''[[Thalla? Pellama?]]''
|Prabhakar
|-
|''[[Amma Kosam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amma Kosam (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NSW |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhujanga Rao
|-
|''[[Vidhi Vilasam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhi Vilasam (1970) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OEQ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kamesam
|-
| ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Oke Kutumbham|Oke Kutumbam]]''
|Marthandam
|-
| ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' || Zamindar Bhujanga Rao
|-
| ''[[Jai Jawan]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Pettandarulu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Mayani Mamata]]''
|Jagannatham
|-
| ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1971 || ''[[Chelleli Kapuram]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Atthalu Kodallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athalu Kodallu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OGN |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Giri Babu
|-
| ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' || Chandrakala's father
|-
| ''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]''||Raja Raghunatha Rao
|-
|''[[Kathanayakuralu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathanayakuralu (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OLR/info |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Diwan Bahadur Satya Rao
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' || Nakkajittula Naganna
|-
| ''[[Pattukunte Laksha]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Amaayakuraalu]]''
|Ananda Rao
|-
| ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' || [[Paundraka Vasudeva]]
|-
|''[[Tahsildar Gari Ammayi]]''
|Venkataramayya
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1972 || ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1972 film)|Mohammad Bin Tuglaq]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Datta Putrudu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Badi Panthulu]]''
|Papa Rao
|-
|''[[Bala Mitrula Katha]]''
|Papayya
|-
|''Anta Mana Manchike''<ref>{{Citation|title=Anta Mana Manchike (1972) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259187/|language=en-US|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>
|Phanibhushana Rao
|-
|''[[Manchirojulu Vachayi|Manchi Rojulu Vachayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchirojulu Vachayi (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PDB |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Karanam Kamaiah
|-
|''Collector Janaki''
|
|-
|''Praja Nayakudu''
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1973
|''[[Desoddharakulu]]''
|Rajabhushanam
|-
|''[[Nindu Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nindu Kutumbam on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nindu-kutumbam |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|Dakkinapally Dharmarao
|-
| ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' || J. B. Rao
|-
|[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|''Bangaru Babu'']]
|Jagannatham
|-
|''[[Palletoori Bava]]''
|Bheema Rao
|-
|''[[Srivaru Maavaru]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srivaru Maavaru (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PZA |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jagapathi
|-
|''[[Marapurani Manishi]]''
|Varaalu
|-
|''[[Vaade Veedu]]''
|Kodandam
|-
|''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayadari Malligadu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUA |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Rangaraju
|-
| rowspan="5" |1974
|''[[Manchi Manushulu]]''
|Raghupati Rao
|-
| ''[[Andaru Dongale]]'' || Bujji Babu
|-
|''[[Uttama Illalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttama Illalu (1974) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QPG |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Sivayya/Bhujangam
|-
|''[[Gundelu Teesina Monagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundelu Teesina Monagadu Cast & Crew |url=https://indiancine.ma/QGO/info |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|''Chakravakam'']]
|Jagapati
|-
| rowspan="3" |1975
|''[[Devudu Chesina Pelli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudu Chesina Pelli (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QFA |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Justice Ranga Rao
|-
|''[[Bhagasthulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagasthulu (1975) |url=https://indiancine.ma/QSQ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Bhushanam
|-
|''[[Moguda Pellama]]''
|Lingayya
|-
| rowspan="4" |1976
|''[[Padi Pantalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padi Pantalu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RAZ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Guravayya
|-
|''[[Alludochadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alludochadu (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RHO |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vishaka Rao
|-
| ''[[Bhale Dongalu (1976 film)|Bhale Dongalu]]'' || Chinna
|-
| ''[[Maa Daivam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1977
|''Aalu Magalu''
|Raja Raghavendra Bahadoor
|-
|''[[Eenati Bandham Yenatido]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eenati Bandham Enatido (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SFD |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Dayasagaram
|-
|''[[Jeevithamlo Vasantham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeevithamlo Vasantham (1977) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SHT |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Major Prathapa Rao
|-
| ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' ||
|-
|''Dongalaku Donga''
|Seethapati
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || [[Shakuni|Sakuni]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |1978
|''[[Vichitra Jeevitham]]''
|
|-
|''[[Madanolsavam|Amara Prema]]''
|
|-
|''Dudu Basavanna''
|Meesala Sivaramakrishnayya
|-
|''Sri Rama Raksha''
|Chakrapani
|-
|''[[Patnavasam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patnavasam (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THH |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Vishwanatham
|-
|''[[Melu Kolupu]]''
|Dayanidhi
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1979 || ''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi]]'' || Zamindar Gajapathi Raju
|-
|''Dongalaku Saval''
|Paramatma
|-
|''[[Burripalem Bullodu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burripalem Bullodu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TRB |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Chidambaram
|-
| ''[[Amma Evarikaina Amma]]'' || Game warden
|-
| rowspan="7" |1980
|''[[Bangaru Bava]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bava (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UNV |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Kodandam
|-
| ''[[Jathara]]'' ||Bhushaiah
|-
| ''Gayyali Gangamma'' <ref>{{Cite web|last=FilmiClub|title=Gayyali Gangamma (1980) Complete Cast & Crew|url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/gayyali-gangamma-1980-telugu-movie/cast-crew|access-date=2021-07-09|website=FilmiClub|language=en-US}}</ref>||
|-
|''Sirimalle Navvindi''
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Gola 1980|Pelli Gola]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=#పెళ్లి గోల {{!}}{{!}} Pelli Gola Telugu Full Length Movie {{!}} Mohan Babu {{!}} Murali Mohan {{!}} Gayatri |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7k3kwQjTfNg |access-date=2023-06-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|Vishnumurthy
|-
|''[[Alludu Pattina Bharatam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Krishnudu]]''
|Karunakaram
|-
| rowspan="7" |1981
|''[[Swargam 1981 film|Swargam]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=SWARGAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} CHANDRA MOHAN {{!}} JAYASUDHA {{!}} SATHYANARAYANA {{!}} S.VARALAKSHMI {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wZGpeds9GA |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en}}</ref>
|Chakrapani
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyulu (1981 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]''
|Bhujangam
|-
|''[[Ragile Jwala]]''
|Bhushanam
|-
|''Maro Kurukshetram''
|
|-
| ''[[Gadasari Attaha Sosagara Kodalu]]'' || Gajapathi Raju
|-
|''Jathagadu''
|Lakshmipati
|-
|''[[Prema Natakam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Natakam Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/prema-natakam-1981}}</ref>''
|Lakshmipati
|-
| rowspan="3" |1982
|''[[Pagabattina Simham]]''
|Picheswara Rao
|-
|''Korukunna Mogudu''
|Prabhakara Rao
|-
|''Iddaru Kodukulu''
|Kailasam
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' ||Dattatreyulu
|-
|1984
|''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]''
|Murikipudi Bangaraiah
|-
|1988
|''Aatma Katha''
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Rajakeeya Chadarangam]]''
|President Parandhamayya
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' ||
|-
|''Palletoori Mogudu''
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0619057}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]

ANM Golam Mostafa

2026-02-24T18:10:46Z

JacquelynBelz49: enhance page additionally and added references

{{other people5||Ghulam Mustafa (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox person
|name=ANM Golam Mostafa
|native_name=আনম গোলাম মোস্তফা
|native_name_lang=bn
|birth_date=1942
|birth_place=[[Nilphamari]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date={{death date and age|1971|12|14|1942|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Nakhalpara]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|known_for=[[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|Martyred Intellectual]]
}}
'''ANM Golam Mostafa''', (1942 – 14 December 1971) was a martyred Bengali journalist.<ref name=Newage_Son/><ref name=Dailystar_Day/>

== Early life and career==
Mostofa was born in 1942 in Pangagram in Nilphamari district. He graduated from Surendranath College in 1963. He completed his master's degree from University of Dhaka in 1965.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Mostafa,_ANM_Gholam}}</ref>

Mostafa, a sub-editor of ''Dainik Purbadesh'', was an outspoken person known for his secular views.<ref name=Newage_Son>{{cite news|title=Son testifies, Golam Mostafa was picked up, killed by Ashraf, Mueen|url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-08-15&nid=61013#.UqFiM8Rwrng|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=New Age|date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210235541/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2013-08-15&nid=61013#.UqFiM8Rwrng|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Dhakatribune_Might/>

==Participation in Bengali movements==
Mostafa suffer imprisonment for taking part anti-Ayub mass movement in 1969. According to [[Kamal Lohani]], Mostofa started believing from late 1970 that the then East Pakistan would be independent and that Mostafa was the first to call East Pakistan, ‘Bangladesh.’<ref name=Newage_Son/>

==Death==
Mostafa's son Anirban Mostafa was only nine months old when some armed [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] men abducted his father from their Gopibagh house on 11 December 1971.<ref name=Dailystar_Day>{{cite news|title=Day he waited so long for|last=Habib|first=Wasim Bin|
url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/day-he-waited-so-long-for/|access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=Daily Star|date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Golam Mostafa never returned home, neither was his body ever found.<ref name=Dhakatribune_Might>{{cite news|last=Chakma|first=Muktasree|title=Might of their pens scared al-Badr|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/nov/04/might-their-pens-scared-al-badr| access-date=6 December 2013|newspaper=Dhaka Tribune|date=4 November 2013}}</ref>

On 3 November 2013, [[Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin]], a Muslim leader based in London, and [[Ashrafuz Zaman Khan]], based in the US, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 people – six journalists including Golam Mostafa, nine [[Dhaka University]] teachers and three physicians – in December 1971.<ref name=Independent1>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Syed Tashfin|title=UK Muslim leader Chowdhury Mueen Uddin sentenced to death in Bangladesh|
url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uk-muslim-leader-chowdhury-mueen-uddin-sentenced-to-death-in-bangladesh-8919895.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uk-muslim-leader-chowdhury-mueen-uddin-sentenced-to-death-in-bangladesh-8919895.html |archive-date=2022-05-06 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=7 November 2013|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Mueenuddin and Golam Mostafa were colleagues at the daily Purbadesh in 1971.<ref name=Dhakatribune_Might/>

==See also==
* [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mostafa, ANM Golam}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Bangladesh]]

Chennaiyin FC

2026-02-21T08:47:30Z

JacquelynBelz49: correct information per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Association football club in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Chennaiyin
| image = Chennaiyin FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Chennaiyin Football Club
| nickname = ''Marina Machans'' (The Sea Blues)
| short name = CFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2014|8|28}}
| ground = [[Marina Arena]]
| capacity = 40,000 (36,000 seated)<ref name="SDAT">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/stadia/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318154030/http://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/stadia/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-chennai|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2014|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|publisher=SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
| owner = [[Abhishek Bachchan]] [[MS Dhoni]] Vita Dani
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Clifford Miranda]]
| league = {{Indian football updater|Chennaiy}}
| season = {{Indian football updater|Chennaiy2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|Chennaiy3}}
| current = 2025–26 Chennaiyin FC season
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}}

'''Chennaiyin Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The club competes in the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL), the top flight of [[Football in India|Indian football]]. The club was founded in August 2014 during the [[2014 Indian Super League|inaugural season]] of the ISL. It has won the ISL title on two occasions, in the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]], [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]] seasons respectively.

The club is owned by Vita Dani, [[Bollywood]] actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[India national cricket team|Indian cricketer]] [[MS Dhoni]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141006/sports-football/article/dhoni-becomes-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-co-owner|title=Dhoni becomes ISL team Chennaiyin FC co-owner|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007051743/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141006/sports-football/article/dhoni-becomes-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-co-owner|archive-date=7 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The team's name ''Chennaiyin FC'' means ''Chennai's football club'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] where the 'yin' suffix is similar to [[Apostrophe s|a possessive 's']] in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntmagazine.in/isl-chennaiyin-fc-official-logo-unveiled/|title=Chennaiyin logo revealed|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141104165902/http://www.tntmagazine.in/isl-chennaiyin-fc-official-logo-unveiled/|archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> The club's primary colour is blue ever since its inception and its logo is the ''[[Drishti bommai|Dhrishti Bommai]]'', a representation of chasing away negativity and preserving positivity in the [[Tamil culture]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sudarshan|first1=N.|title=Chennaiyin Football gets Italian seasoning|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennaiyin-football-gets-italian-seasoning/article6436620.ece|access-date=30 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606043000/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennaiyin-football-gets-italian-seasoning/article6436620.ece|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chennaiyin has played three ISL Finals winning it two times. The first final they played was the [[2015 Indian Super League final|2015 final]] which they beat [[FC Goa]] by 3–2 in [[Goa]]. In their [[2018 Indian Super League final|second final]], they played against [[Bengaluru FC]] at [[Bengaluru]] and won their second title by winning 3–2. During [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20 season]] Chennaiyin played their third final against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]], which they lost 3–1.

==History==
===Origin===
When the [[Indian Super League]] was founded in 2014, the city of [[Chennai]] was one of the nine proposed cities up for franchise bidding.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business giants join forces to launch Indian Super League|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4631/soccerex/2013/10/22/4350862/business-giants-join-forces-to-launch-indian-super-league|website=Goal.com|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018202518/http://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4631/soccerex/2013/10/22/4350862/business-giants-join-forces-to-launch-indian-super-league|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 11 April 2014 it was reported that Chennai's main bidder, a consortium led by [[Sunil Gavaskar]] would drop out due to commitments with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai unlikely to have an ISL team|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Chennai-unlikely-to-have-an-ISL-team/articleshow/33624463.cms|website=Times of India|date=11 April 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423132004/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Chennai-unlikely-to-have-an-ISL-team/articleshow/33624463.cms|archive-date=23 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2014, with two months before the [[2014 Indian Super League|2014 ISL season]], the Bangalore owners [[Sun Group]] dropped out due to disputes with the organizers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=Now, Sun Group opts out of Indian Super League|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Now-Sun-Group-opts-out-of-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/40163965.cms|website=Times of India|date=13 August 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817121223/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Now-Sun-Group-opts-out-of-Indian-Super-League/articleshow/40163965.cms|archive-date=17 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially reports came out that the ISL organizers were looking for bidders for new owners for the Bangalore franchise before it was revealed that [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] would together bid for a Chennai team instead of a Bangalore franchise.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suchindran|first1=Aravind|title=Screwvala, Abhishek may bid for Chennai franchise|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Screwvala-Abhishek-may-bid-for-Chennai-franchise/articleshow/40313996.cms|website=Times of India|date=16 August 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822205914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Screwvala-Abhishek-may-bid-for-Chennai-franchise/articleshow/40313996.cms|archive-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Foundation===
On 14 August 2014, it was reported that ISL officials were inspecting the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Chennai for the proposed team.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=ISL: Draft for overseas players on August 21|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Draft-for-overseas-players-on-August-21/articleshow/40244205.cms|website=Times of India|date=14 August 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021105648/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/ISL-Draft-for-overseas-players-on-August-21/articleshow/40244205.cms|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Finally, the team was bid for by actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and Vita Dani. On 12 September 2014, Italian World Cup winner [[Marco Materazzi]] was hired as player-manager.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Suchindran|first1=Aravind|title=Marco Materazzi to manage Chennai Titans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Marco-Materazzi-to-manage-Chennai-Titans/articleshow/42334829.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915133420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Marco-Materazzi-to-manage-Chennai-Titans/articleshow/42334829.cms|archive-date=15 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 October 2014, former Indian cricket captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] became the joint co-owner of the club. The club officially launched their jersey on 9 October 2014 but had changed their home jersey's pattern in the [[2018–19 Indian Super League]].

===Marco Materazzi era (2014–2016)===
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK_nat = ARM | GK = [[Apoula Edel|Edel Bete]]
| RB_nat = IND | RB = [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo|Wadoo]]
| RCB_nat = FRA | RCB = [[Bernard Mendy|Mendy]]
| LCB_nat = BRA | LCB =[[Maílson Alves|Maílson]]
| LB_nat = IND | LB = [[Dhanachandra Singh|D Singh]]
| RCM_nat = IND | RCM = [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]]
| LCM_nat = IND| LCM = [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi]]
| DM_nat = ITA| DM = [[Manuele Blasi|Blasi]]
| RW_nat =IND | RW = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Jeje]]
| LW_nat =BRA| LW = [[Bruno Pelissari|Pelissari]]
| CF_nat = COL| CF = [[Stiven Mendoza|Mendoza]]
|caption=Lineup against [[FC Goa]] in [[2015 Indian Super League final]]
|
}}

On 15 October 2014, Chennaiyin won their first Indian Super League fixture with a 2–1 victory over [[FC Goa]]. The goals were scored by [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]], who became the first Indian player to score in the competition, and the former Brazil international [[Elano]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Raj|first1=Rohan|title=ISL: Record-breaking Chennaiyin FC romp to 2–1 win over FC Goa|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/isl-2014/story/isl-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa-live-indian-super-league-match-4-nehru-stadium-223304-2014-10-15|access-date=15 October 2014|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015231348/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/isl-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa-live-indian-super-league-match-4-nehru-stadium/1/395917.html|archive-date=15 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 November 2014, the club brought [[Alessandro Nesta]], who won the World Cup for Italy out of retirement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davies|first1=Jack|title=Alessandro Nesta comes out of retirement to join Indian Super League side Chennaiyin|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2892/transfer-zone/2014/11/28/6601801/alessandro-nesta-comes-out-of-retirement-to-join-indian|access-date=30 November 2014|work=Goal.com|date=28 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130144711/http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2892/transfer-zone/2014/11/28/6601801/alessandro-nesta-comes-out-of-retirement-to-join-indian|archive-date=30 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The team finished its 14-game regular season in first place in the league. In the semi-finals, the team lost the first leg 3–0 to [[Kerala Blasters FC]]. In the second leg, they overturned the deficit by leading 3–0 in regular time. However, a 117th-minute goal by [[Stephen Pearson]] sent Kerala through to the finals.

For the [[2015 Chennaiyin FC season|second season]] of [[Indian Super League]], they retained six players: [[Balwant Singh (footballer)|Balwant Singh]], [[Jayesh Rane]], [[Dhanachandra Singh]], [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]], [[Harmanjot Khabra]] and [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Retain Players of Chennaiyin FC in ISL 2|url=http://www.footballlens.com/retain-players-of-chennaiyin-fc-for-isl-2-1682/|website=Footballlens|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517181929/http://www.footballlens.com/retain-players-of-chennaiyin-fc-for-isl-2-1682/|archive-date=17 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> They also signed [[Godwin Franco]] and [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]. On the last day of the transfer window, Chennaiyin FC announced that they had signed back [[Stiven Mendoza]]. The season started with the team losing the first two games. Though the team managed to score points by winning at Goa and Mumbai, they lost another three games on the trot. By the third week of November, Chennaiyin were placed last in the league table. However, the team won four consecutive games to qualify for the playoffs, finishing at 3rd place in the regular season. They won the second season of the ISL by beating [[FC Goa]] 3–2 in the finals.

For the [[2016 Chennaiyin FC season|third season]], of [[Indian Super League]], they retained six players: [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]], [[Jayesh Rane]], [[Dhanachandra Singh]], [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]], [[Harmanjot Khabra]], [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] and [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]].<ref name="Chennaiyin Retained">{{cite news|title=Quartet return from loan for ISL 2016|url=http://chennaiyinfc.com/quartet-returns-from-loan-for-isl-2016/|access-date=1 June 2016|work=Chennaiyin Football Club|date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630165508/http://chennaiyinfc.com/quartet-returns-from-loan-for-isl-2016/|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chennai signed [[John Arne Riise]] as the marquee player for the season. The season kicked off with a draw against Kolkata. Winning only three games through the season, the team finished in seventh place, just one point more than the last placed [[FC Goa]]. After a dismal season, it was announced on 6 March that [[Marco Materazzi]] and Chennaiyin parted ways on mutual consent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Materazzi leaves Chennaiyin|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chennaiyin-and-materazzi-part-ways/article17418920.ece|access-date=6 March 2017|work=The Hindu|date=6 March 2017|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717174842/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/chennaiyin-and-materazzi-part-ways/article17418920.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Materazzi and Chennaiyin part ways|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/indian-super-league-chennaiyin-fc-part-ways-with-head-coach-marco-materazzi/story-jRaH8QCAeseedC6v90HojJ.html|access-date=6 March 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307081325/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/indian-super-league-chennaiyin-fc-part-ways-with-head-coach-marco-materazzi/story-jRaH8QCAeseedC6v90HojJ.html|archive-date=7 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===John Gregory era (2017–2019)===
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2020}}
[[File:John_gregory_CFC_coach.jpg|thumb|[[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]] led the team to ISL title in his first season]]
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK_nat = IND | GK = [[Karanjit Singh|Karanjit]]
| RB_nat = ESP | RB = [[Iñigo Calderón|Calderón]]
| RCB_nat = BRA | RCB = [[Maílson Alves|Maílson]]
| LCB_nat = POR | LCB =[[Henrique Sereno|Sereno]]
| LB_nat = IND | LB = [[Jerry Lalrinzuala|Lalrinzuala]]
| RCM_nat = IND | RCM = [[Dhanpal Ganesh|Ganesh]]
| LCM_nat = IND| LCM = [[Bikramjit Singh|Bikramjit]]
| AM_nat = BRA| AM = [[Raphael Augusto|Augusto]]
| RW_nat =IND | RW = [[Francis Fernandes|Francis]]
| LW_nat =NED | LW = [[Gregory Nelson|Nelson]]
| CF_nat = IND| CF = [[Jeje Lalpekhlua|Lalpekhlua]]
|caption=Lineup against [[Bengaluru FC]] in [[2018 Indian Super League final]]
|
}}

On 3 July 2017, the club announced the appointment of former [[Aston Villa]] Manager [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]] as the head coach for the 2017–18 season.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-englishman-john-gregory-as-head-coach/ |title=Chennaiyin FC appoint Englishman John Gregory as Head Coach |access-date=3 July 2017 |work=Chennaiyin FC |publication-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708022219/http://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-appoint-englishman-john-gregory-as-head-coach/ |archive-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2017 |first=Damayanti |last=Dasgupta |title=Chennaiyin FC rope in John Gregory as head coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-john-gregory-as-head-coach/articleshow/59427171.cms |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812090527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-john-gregory-as-head-coach/articleshow/59427171.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He took charge in September and the club traveled to Thailand for pre-season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-10 |title=Chennaiyin FC to have pre-season camp in Thailand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-to-have-pre-season-camp-in-thailand-isl-4883849/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812090643/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-to-have-pre-season-camp-in-thailand-isl-4883849/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Chennaiyin lost Gregory's first league game as head coach on 19 November against [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennaiyin FC Beat FC Goa to Lift Indian Super League Title |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/chennaiyin-fc-beat-fc-goa-to-lift-indian-super-league-title-1489220 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208165928/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/chennaiyin-fc-beat-fc-goa-to-lift-indian-super-league-title-1489220 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team won its next three matches against [[Northeast United FC]], [[FC Pune City]] and [[ATK (football club)|ATK]]. [[Mumbai City FC]] brought Chennaiyin FC's winning run to an end with a battling 1–0 win at home inside the Mumbai Football Arena.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL 2017, Match 22: Mumbai City FC vs Chennaiyin FC, 5 Talking Points|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-match-22-mumbai-city-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-5-talking-points|date=10 December 2017|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051851/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2017-match-22-mumbai-city-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-5-talking-points|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The blues then travelled to Sree Kanteerava Stadium, where they beat [[Bengaluru FC]] 2–1 in a tightly contested match.<ref>{{cite web|title=ISL, Bengaluru FC vs Chennaiyin FC, full score: BEN 1–2 CHE|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/live-isl-bengaluru-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-live-score/story-14wGf8aSwfHwZVEXGszjRM.html|website=hindustantimes.com|language=en|date=17 December 2017|access-date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221184125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/live-isl-bengaluru-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-live-score/story-14wGf8aSwfHwZVEXGszjRM.html|archive-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennaiyin FC were held to a 1–1 draw when they faced Kerala Blasters at home in their next game. In spite of the draw, The Blues went top of the table with 13 points after seven games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennaiyin FC, Kerala Blasters draw 1–1 after thriller in Chennai: As it happened|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/indian-super-league-2017-18/kerala-blasters-vs-chennaiyin-fc-live-football-score-isl-indian-super-league-updates-4994702/|work=The Indian Express|date=22 December 2017|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223043704/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/indian-super-league-2017-18/kerala-blasters-vs-chennaiyin-fc-live-football-score-isl-indian-super-league-updates-4994702/|archive-date=23 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The team went on to win the finals against Bangalore on their home ground and became the champions for the second time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennaiyin FC conquer fortress Bengaluru to lift ISL 4 title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-conquer-fortress-bengaluru-to-lift-isl-4-title/articleshow/63350853.cms|work=The Indian Express|date=18 March 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320204822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-conquer-fortress-bengaluru-to-lift-isl-4-title/articleshow/63350853.cms|archive-date=20 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Chennaiyin FC finished as runner-ups in AIFF Super Cup 2019 where they lost to [[FC Goa]] 2–1. Following Indian Super League glory in 2017–18, Chennaiyin became the first Indian club, representing the ISL, to play in the [[2019 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]], as they drew 0–0 with [[Colombo FC]] in [[Sri Lanka]] on 6 March 2019. A week later, they won the second leg 1–0 in Chennai to progress to the [[2019 AFC Cup group stage]]. Chennayin FC is the first ISL club to reach in Group stage of AFC Cup 2019 i.e. in Group E.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukherjee, Soham; Easwar, Nisanth V|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|title=How have Indian clubs fared in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup?|date=1 April 2020|access-date=23 March 2021|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415045019/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-clubs-in-afc-champions-league-afc-cup/3dj1qowtkdxc1pzji71c49vnz|url-status=live}}</ref> They played a tie of 0–0 to [[Minerva Punjab FC]] on 3 April 2019 and won 2–0 to Nepalese club [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]] on 17 April 2019 whereby [[Maílson Alves]] and [[Chris Herd]] were also accompanied by win against [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]] by 1–0 and goal scorer was [[Anirudh Thapa]] on 30 April 2019. On 19 June 2019 Chennaiyin FC faced a draw of 1–1 against [[Minerva Punjab F.C.]] where [[Mohammed Rafi]] secured a goal in the last minute of game. On [[John Gregory (footballer)|John Gregory]]'s 65th birthday the club announced that the coach's [[contract]] was renewed which will expire soon after the [[2019–20 Indian Super League]]. After losing the [[AFC Cup]] the club then made some shocking decisions by releasing their captain, [[Mailson Alves]] and [[Raphael Augusto]] as a preparation for the [[2019–20 Indian Super League]]. They also released some of the Indian players in their team which includes [[C.K. Vineeth]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Halicharan Narzary]], [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]. They then signed [[Nerijus Valskis]], [[Lucian Goian]], [[Dragoș Firțulescu]], [[André Schembri]], [[Masih Saighani]] and [[Rafael Crivellaro]] to strengthen their squad. On 30 November 2019 John Gregory resigned from his post as head coach even though owner Mrs. Vita Dani tried in vain to get him to stay. Under his guidance [[Chennaiyin|Chennai]] won their second [[Indian Super League]] trophy.

===Owen Coyle (2019–2020 & 2023-2025)===
{{football squad on pitch|align=right
| GK_nat = IND | GK = [[Vishal Kaith|Kaith]]
| RB_nat = IND | RB = [[Laldinliana Renthlei|Renthlei]]
| RCB_nat = BRA | RCB = [[Eli Sabiá|Sabiá]]
| LCB_nat = ROM | LCB =[[Lucian Goian|Goian]]
| LB_nat = IND | LB = [[Jerry Lalrinzuala|Lalrinzuala]]
| RCM_nat = IND | RCM = [[Germanpreet Singh|Germanpreet]]
| LCM_nat = IND| LCM = [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]]
| AM_nat = BRA| AM = [[Rafael Crivellaro|Crivellaro]]
| RW_nat =MLT| RW = [[André Schembri|Schembri]]
| LW_nat =IND | LW = [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]]
| CF_nat = LTU| CF = [[Nerijus Valskis|Valskis]]
|caption=Lineup against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] in [[2020 Indian Super League final]]
|
}}
Owen took the charge of the club on 4 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-interviews/chennaiyin-fc-coach-owen-coyle-interview-indian-super-league-isl-2019-2020-john-gregory-indian-football/article30170277.ece|title=Owen Coyle: I had other offers but felt a real connection with Chennaiyin FC|date=4 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225021927/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-interviews/chennaiyin-fc-coach-owen-coyle-interview-indian-super-league-isl-2019-2020-john-gregory-indian-football/article30170277.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Under his guidance Chennaiyin faced 1–1 draw against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]], won 3–1 against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] and lost a dramatic game 4–3 to [[FC Goa|Goa]] in the initial days of Coyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-jamshedpur-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-2417995.html|title=ISL 2019-20 HIGHLIGHTS, Jamshedpur FC vs Chennaiyin FC: Isaac Cancels Out Valskis Opener|date=9 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228123854/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-jamshedpur-fc-vs-chennaiyin-fc-2417995.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-chennaiyin-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-2431225.html|title=ISL 2019-20 HIGHLIGHTS, Chennaiyin FC vs Kerala Blasters FC: Chennaiyin Beat Blasters in Dramatic Game at Home|date=20 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228123854/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-chennaiyin-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc-2431225.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-live-scores-fc-goa-vs-chennaiyin-fc-lineups-brandon-corominas-chhangte-thapa-valskis-schembri-indian-football/article30402565.ece|title=ISL 2019-20: Coro strike earns Goa 4-3 win over Chennayin FC|date=26 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226123625/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-live-scores-fc-goa-vs-chennaiyin-fc-lineups-brandon-corominas-chhangte-thapa-valskis-schembri-indian-football/article30402565.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> They lost to [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] on 6 January 2020 and won a game against [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] by 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian youngsters on target as Odisha beat Chennaiyin|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/indian-youngsters-on-target-as-odisha-beat-chennaiyin|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211154/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/indian-youngsters-on-target-as-odisha-beat-chennaiyin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-chennaiyin-fc-3-1-hyderabad-fc-talking-points-valskis-crivellaro-asish-rai/article30537561.ece|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC 3-1 Hyderabad FC - Talking points|access-date=2020-01-23|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=11 January 2020 |language=en|archive-date=12 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112152521/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-chennaiyin-fc-3-1-hyderabad-fc-talking-points-valskis-crivellaro-asish-rai/article30537561.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Coyle era catapulted Chennaiyin FC to 4th from Bottom of the table (9th), thus earning them qualification for the playoffs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=569558 |title=FC Goa vs. Chennaiyin FC - Football Match Summary - March 7, 2020 - ESPN |access-date=7 March 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307053406/https://www.espn.in/football/match?gameId=569558 |url-status=live }}</ref> He went on to guide Chennaiyin FC to the [[2020 Indian Super League final|2020 ISL final]] after beating [[FC Goa]] 6–5 on aggregate over the two legs of the [[2020 Indian Super League playoffs|semifinals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/30701-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa|title=Semi-final 1 - 1st Leg - Completed|access-date=2020-03-06|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170524/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/30701-chennaiyin-fc-vs-fc-goa|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2019-20, as it happened: Chennaiyin reaches final after 6-5 aggregate win|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2020-live-score-fc-goa-vs-chennaiyin-fc-updates-playoff-semifinal-valskis-thapa-chhangte-rafael-corominas-boumous-coyle-brandon/article31001391.ece|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Sportstar|date=7 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308193950/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2020-live-score-fc-goa-vs-chennaiyin-fc-updates-playoff-semifinal-valskis-thapa-chhangte-rafael-corominas-boumous-coyle-brandon/article31001391.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chennaiyin were beaten 3–1 by [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] with the game played behind closed doors, due to the rise of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-atk-3-1-chennaiyin-fc-isl-2020-final-indian-super-league-has-become-more-professional-antonio-habas/348807|access-date=2020-03-16|title=ATK 3-1 Chennaiyin FC, ISL 2020 Final: Indian Super League Has Become More Professional – Antonio Habas|website=www.outlookindia.com|language=en|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316113017/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-atk-3-1-chennaiyin-fc-isl-2020-final-indian-super-league-has-become-more-professional-antonio-habas/348807|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nerijus Valskis]], who scored in the final for Chennaiyin, topped golden boot tally consequently, he was awarded ISL golden boot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-final-atk-roy-krishna-golden-boot-gurpreet-singh-sandhu-bengaluru-fc-hugo-boumous/article31070220.ece|access-date=2020-03-16|title=ISL final: Valskis wins Golden Boot, Gurpreet takes Golden Glove|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=14 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118194410/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-2019-20-final-atk-roy-krishna-golden-boot-gurpreet-singh-sandhu-bengaluru-fc-hugo-boumous/article31070220.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Csaba László (2020–2021)===
[[Csaba László (footballer, born 1964)|Csaba László]] took the charge of the club on 30 August 2020. He had an average season with three wins and 11 draws. On April 10, 2021, he parted ways with the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-chennaiyin-fc-appoint-csaba-laszlo-head-coach|title=Chennaiyin FC appoint Csaba Laszlo as new head coach|date=30 August 2020 |access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717174949/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-chennaiyin-fc-appoint-csaba-laszlo-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Božidar Bandović (2021–2022) ===
Chennaiyin FC appointed Bozidar Bandovic as their manager for the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]] following the 0–5 defeat to FC Goa - the heaviest loss endured by the club in its history, the club said in a statement. "Bandovic was in charge of the first team for 16 matches - winning five, drawing four and losing seven. The team's assistant coach Syed Sabir Pasha will take over in the interim. Over the years, we've lost and won. But as a club, losing like this is something we cannot stand by and watch. And for now, we have full confidence in Sabir to see the season through," co-owner Vita Dani stated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-10|title=Chennaiyin FC appoints Bozidar Bandovic as head coach|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4430284/isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-appoints-bozidar-bandovic-as-head-coach|access-date=2021-07-20|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720063321/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4430284/isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-appoints-bozidar-bandovic-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Stadium ==
{{Main|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)}}

Chennaiyin FC play their home matches at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] nicknamed the ''Marina Arena''. The stadium is located at Sydenhams Road, Park Town behind the [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central suburban Railway station]] and [[Ripon Building]]. The stadium is named after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[India]]'s first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and earlier hosted [[cricket]] [[Test cricket|Test Matches]] between 1956 and 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nehru Stadium: Test Matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58009.html?class=1;template=results;type=aggregate |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=17 June 2011 |access-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714131932/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/ground/58009.html?class=1;template=results;type=aggregate |archive-date=14 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Support==
[[File:Nehru Stadium Chennai.jpg|300px|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the club's home ground.]]
Chennaiyin has a considerable fan base with an average attendance of over 20,000 over the first three seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-to-bleed-blue-again-this-football-season/articleshow/54524193.cms|title=Chennai to bleed blue again, this football season – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218201257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/Chennai-to-bleed-blue-again-this-football-season/articleshow/54524193.cms|archive-date=18 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/AroundTown/2016/10/01234934/Its-time-for-fans-to-show-their-loyalty.vpf|title=Supermachans show their loyalty through a flashmob|date=2 October 2016|newspaper=dtNext.in|language=en-US|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195656/http://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/AroundTown/2016/10/01234934/Its-time-for-fans-to-show-their-loyalty.vpf|archive-date=28 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chennaiyin FC is one of the very few clubs in India to have multiple active fan groups. The B Stand Blues (BSB) and the Supermachans are the two fan groups of Chennaiyin FC. Both the fan groups are very famous among the Indian football scenario and they are constantly active on and off the season. Their support to the team is so dedicated and they also carry out CSR activities.

[[File:BSB.jpg|thumb|100px|BSB cheering for Chennaiyin in 2017]]

Both these fan groups have worked so hard to spread the football fan culture in the state.
They even travel to some away games to extend their support to the club.
The most famous away trip is the 2017-18 ISL finals against Bengaluru FC, where there were hundreds of fans from both fan clubs despite the game happening in a different state. Both fan clubs ended up conquering the stands of Kanteerava when their club had conquered it on the field.

Opponents generally find the Chennaiyin crowd intimidating. Indian captain Sunil Chhetri himself has acknowledged this fact, as he's usually been on the receiving end when he travels to the Marina Arena in BFC colours.
In addition to this, Chennaiyin also has a huge fan following all over the state of Tamil Nadu. Their social media following is among the top in Indian clubs.

==Rivalry==
{{Main|South Indian Derby}}

Since Chennaiyin FC, [[Bengaluru FC]] and [[Kerala Blasters FC]] are dominant clubs from South India, the rivalry between these clubs' fans are visible both on ground and on various social platforms. The matches between the clubs create sparks among the clubs and especially the fans. The meetings between the three teams are known as the South Indian Derby.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=Chennaiyin FC host Bengaluru Fc in crunch Southern Derby|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-chennaiyin-kerala-blasters-preview/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123134440/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-chennaiyin-kerala-blasters-preview|archive-date=23 November 2020|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
!Back sponsor
!Chest sponsor
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|2014-15
|rowspan="2" |[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennaiyin FC 2014/15 TYKA Home and Away Kits|url=http://footballfashion.org/wordpress/2014/11/01/chennaiyin-fc-201415-tyka-home-and-away-kits/|access-date=30 April 2015|work=Football Fashion|date=1 November 2014|archive-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401031458/http://footballfashion.org/wordpress/2014/11/01/chennaiyin-fc-201415-tyka-home-and-away-kits/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" |Ozone Group<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-renew-sponsorship-with-ozone-group/articleshow/48945637.cms Chennaiyin FC renew sponsorship with Ozone Group] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 6 May 2021</ref>
|[[Reliance Digital]]
| colspan="2" | -
|-
|2015-16
|
|[[Haier]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haier Partners with Chennaiyin FC as Associate Sponsor for Indian Super League 2015-Haier India|url=https://www.haier.com/in/about-haier/news/20190816_97681.shtml|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.haier.com|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214741/https://www.haier.com/in/about-haier/news/20190816_97681.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" |[[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]
|-
|2016-17
|[[Puma SE|Puma]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-23|title=Chennaiyin FC announce Puma as official kit partner|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-puma-as-official-kit-partner/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Official Chennaiyin FC Website|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213558/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-puma-as-official-kit-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[TVS Group|TVS Tyres]]
|[[The Himalaya Drug Company|Himalaya Men]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Havells|Lloyd]]
|-
|2017-18
|rowspan="4" |Performax
|rowspan="6" |[[Apollo Tyres]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Apollo Tyres renews association with Chennaiyin FC as their Principal Sponsor|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/apollo-tyres-renews-association-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-their-principal-sponsor/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Official Chennaiyin FC Website|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212631/https://chennaiyinfc.com/apollo-tyres-renews-association-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-their-principal-sponsor/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Jio]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Nippon Paint]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Nippon Paint India renews affiliation with Chennaiyin FC as Associate Sponsor|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/dafanews-to-continue-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-principal-sponsor-for-a-second-consecutive-year-2/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Official Chennaiyin FC Website|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215343/https://chennaiyinfc.com/dafanews-to-continue-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-principal-sponsor-for-a-second-consecutive-year-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018-19
|[[Saint-Gobain|Gyproc]]
|-
|2019-20
|rowspan="3" |[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-18|title=DafaNews to continue with Chennaiyin FC as Principal Sponsor for a second consecutive year|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/dafanews-to-continue-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-principal-sponsor-for-a-second-consecutive-year/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Official Chennaiyin FC Website|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212723/https://chennaiyinfc.com/dafanews-to-continue-with-chennaiyin-fc-as-principal-sponsor-for-a-second-consecutive-year/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="7" |SSVM
|-
|2020-21
|[[Acko General Insurance|Acko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2020: Acko General Insurance becomes Chennaiyin FC's associate sponsor - ET BrandEquity|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/isl-2020-acko-general-insurance-becomes-chennaiyin-fcs-associate-sponsor/79340787|access-date=2021-05-29|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213928/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/isl-2020-acko-general-insurance-becomes-chennaiyin-fcs-associate-sponsor/79340787|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021-22
|rowspan="3" |[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2021|title=Chennaiyin FC announce Nivia as official kit partner|url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-nivia-as-official-kit-partner/|website=Chennaiyin FC|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809051221/https://chennaiyinfc.com/chennaiyin-fc-announce-nivia-as-official-kit-partner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|BatBall11
|-
|2022-23
|[[Parimatch|Parimatch News]]
|[[Dream11]]
|-
|2023-24
|rowspan="2" |MelBat
|Polyhose
|NueGo
|-
|2024-25
|rowspan="2" |SIX5SIX
|[[Ramraj Cotton]]
|Refex
|-
|2025-26
|ISGL
|
|[[Ramraj Cotton]]
|}

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{updated|30 January 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/505-chennaiyin-fc-profile/squad|title=Chennaiyin FC Squad Details|access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Samik Mitra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|Jitendra Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[PC Laldinpuia|Laldinpuia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Elsinho (footballer, born 1991)|Elsinho]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Ankit Mukherjee]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Imran Khan (footballer)|Imran Khan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalrinliana Hnamte]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=Iñigo Martin}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Alberto Noguera]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Gurkirat Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mandar Rao Dessai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pritam Kotal]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Maheson Singh Tongbram|Maheson Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Irfan Yadwad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Laldinliana Renthlei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=NGA|pos=FW|name=[[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Eduardo Kau]]}}
{{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jiteshwor Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Devansh Dabas}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Klusner Pereira}}
{{fs player|no=57|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Raj Basfore}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=MAR|pos=MF|name=[[Mohammed Ali Bemammer]]}}
{{Fs player|no=71|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Farukh Choudhary]]}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Out on loan ===
{{fs start}}
{{fs end}}

==Personnel==
===Technical staff===
{{updated|12 November 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background; text-align:center;" | Role
!colspan="1" style="background; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Noel Wilson]]
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajath Guha
|-
|Head of Performance Analysis
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aswin K
|}

===Management===
'''Board of directors'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Co-owners
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[MS Dhoni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Bachchan]] {{flagicon|IND}} Vita Dani<ref>{{Cite web |title=Owners |url=https://chennaiyinfc.com/owners/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Official Chennaiyin FC Website |language=en-US |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509085429/https://chennaiyinfc.com/owners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Top goalscorers==
Here is the list of top goalscorers(minimum 3 goals) across all competitions for '''Chennaiyin FC'''.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Rank
! Player name
! Matches
! Goals
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]
| 77
| 25
|-
| 2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|LIT }} [[Nerijus Valskis]]
| 31
| 17
|-
| 3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL }} [[Stiven Mendoza]]
| 25
| 17
|-
|4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }}[[Rahim Ali]]
| 85
| 14
|-
| 5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Rafael Crivellaro]]
| 54
| 14
|-
| 6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Anirudh Thapa]]
| 125
| 12
|-
| 7
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| 53
| 12
|-
| 8
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Elano Blumer]]
| 26
| 12
|-
| 9
| align="left" |{{flagicon|CRO }} [[Petar Sliskovic]]
| 22
| 11
|-
| 10
| align="left" |{{flagicon|COL }} [[Wilmar Jordán|Wilmar Jordán Gil]]
| 24
| 10
|-
| 11
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NED }} [[Abdenasser El Khayati|Nasser El Khayati]]
| 13
| 9
|-
| 12
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Maílson Alves]]
| 57
| 8
|-
| 13
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Raphael Augusto]]
| 69
| 7
|-
| 14
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} '''[[Irfan Yadwad]]'''
| 48
| 7
|-
| 15
| align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS }} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
| 28
| 7
|-
| 16
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Bruno Pelissari]]
| 25
| 7
|-
| 17
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Vincy Barretto]]
| 57
| 6
|-
| 18
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SCO }} [[Connor Shields]]
| 49
| 6
|-
| 19
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Nigeria }} '''[[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chima Chukwu]]'''
| 24
| 6
|-
| 20
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GHA }} [[Kwame Karikari]]
| 23
| 6
|-
| 21
| align="left" |{{flagicon|FRA }} [[Bernard Mendy]]
| 39
| 5
|-
| 22
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]]
| 21
| 5
|-
| 23
| align="left" |{{flagicon|MLT }} [[André Schembri]]
| 18
| 5
|-
| 24
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGA }} [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| 13
| 5
|-
| 25
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]]
| 84
| 4
|-
| 26
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} '''[[Farukh Choudhary]]'''
| 45
| 4
|-
| 27
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ESP }} [[Iñigo Calderón]]
| 32
| 4
|-
| 28
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Lukas Brambilla]]
| 23
| 4
|-
| 29
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[C. K. Vineeth|CK Vineeth]]
| 18
| 4
|-
| 30
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GNB }} [[Esmael Goncalves|Esmaël Gonçalves]]
| 16
| 4
|-
| 31
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA }} [[Eli Sabia]]
| 79
| 3
|-
| 32
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul|Edwin Sydney]]
| 79
| 3
|-
| 33
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Ninthoi Meetei]]
| 55
| 3
|-
| 34
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ENG }} [[Ryan Edwards (English footballer)|Ryan Edwards]]
| 46
| 3
|-
| 35
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NED }} [[Gregory Nelson]]
| 38
| 3
|-
| 36
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND }} [[Dhanachandra Singh]]
| 30
| 3
|-
| 37
| align="left" |{{flagicon|GER }} [[Julius Duker]]
| 28
| 3
|-
| 38
| align="left" |{{flagicon|Iran }} [[Vafa Hakhamaneshi]]
| 24
| 3
|-
| 39
| align="left" |{{flagicon|HUN }} [[Vladimir Koman]]
| 17
| 3
|-
| 40
| align="left" |{{flagicon|ITA }} [[Davide Succi]]
| 13
| 3
|-
|}
'''In Bold:''' Players currently playing for Chennaiyin FC

== Honours ==
=== League ===
*'''[[Indian Super League]]''' (as '''top-tier league''')<ref group="note" name="Top_league">For first three seasons, ISL was considered as just a tournament, but not as league. Before fourth season, AFC recognised ISL as an official top tier league along with I-League and from 9th season it's considered as only top tier league.</ref>
**Champions (1): [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
**Runners-up (1): [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]

=== Cup ===
*'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]

=== Other Domestic tournaments ===
*'''[[Indian Super League]]''' (as '''tournament''')<ref group="note" name="Top_league"></ref>
** Champions (1): [[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]

==AFC club ranking==
{{updated|5 February 2023|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballdatabase.com/ranking/asia/2|title=Asia Football / Soccer Clubs Ranking|website=FootballDatabase.com|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195730/http://footballdatabase.com/ranking/asia/2|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Rank !! Team !! Points
|-
|246||align=left|{{flagicon|SOL}} [[Solomon Warriors F.C.|Solomon Warriors]]||1,255
|-
|247||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai FC]]||1,255
|-bgcolor="#ddffdd"
|248||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Chennaiyin||1,254
|-
|249||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]||1,254
|-
|250||align=left|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Al-Ain FC (Saudi Arabia)|Al-Ain FC]]||1,254
|}

==Continental record==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Club
! Home
! Away
! Aggregate
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[2019 AFC Cup|2019]]
|rowspan="4"|[[AFC Cup]]
|rowspan="1"|[[2019 AFC Cup#Play-off round|Play-off round]]
|{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Colombo FC|Colombo]]
|style="background:#dfd;"|1–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-colombo-fc-afc-cup-2019-playoff-second-leg-football-live-score-updates-vineeth-raphael-augusto-jeje/article26522052.ece|access-date=2020-05-10|language=en|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=13 March 2019|title=As it happened: Jeje sends Chennaiyin through to AFC Cup 2019 group stage|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717174922/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-colombo-fc-afc-cup-2019-playoff-second-leg-football-live-score-updates-vineeth-raphael-augusto-jeje/article26522052.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#ffd;"|0–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/afc-cup-qualifiers-chennaiyin-fc-colombo-fc-report/article26447584.ece|access-date=2020-05-10|language=en|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|date=6 March 2019|title=AFC Cup Qualifiers: Chennaiyin FC held to 0-0 draw by Colombo FC|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421190832/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/afc-cup-qualifiers-chennaiyin-fc-colombo-fc-report/article26447584.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|style="background:#dfd;"|1–0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2019 AFC Cup#Group E|Group E]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|style="background:#ffd;"|0–0
|style="background:#ffd;"|1–1
|rowspan="3"|Group stage: 2nd Knockout Stage: DNQ
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
|style="background:#dfd;"|2–0
|style="background:#dfd;"|2–3
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]
|style="background:#dfd;"|1–0
|style="background:#fdd;"|3–2
|}

==eSports==
The organizers of ISL introduced eISL, a [[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA video game]] tournament, for the ISL playing clubs, each represented by two players. Chennaiyin FC hosted a series of qualifying games for all the participants wanting to represent the club in eISL. On 20 November the club announced the signing of the two players. They won the inaugural eISL on 20 March 2022, following [[2022 Indian Super League final]].

=== Roster ===
{{Esports roster header
| team = Channaiyin FC eSports
| game = FIFA
}}

{{Esports player | handle = saranshjain7 | first = Saransh | last = Jain | nat = IND}}
{{Esports player | handle = Navinh29 | first = Navin | last = H | nat = IND}}

{{Esports roster footer
| head_coach =
| asst_coach =
| otherlegend =
| roster_url =
| transaction_date = 19 November 2021
}}

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Sport in Chennai]]
* [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}

* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/9029 Chennaiyin FC] at [[All India Football Federation|the-aiff.com]]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/chennaiyin-fc/716/ Chennaiyin FC] at Global Sports Archive

{{Chennaiyin FC}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{Football in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tamil Nadu Sports}}

[[Category:Chennaiyin FC| ]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian Super League teams]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2014]]

Talwar

2026-02-17T07:18:16Z

JacquelynBelz49: added info

{{Short description|Type of sword from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{About|a type of sword}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Talwar
| image = Sword (Talwar) with Scabbard MET 32.75.298ab 002Jun2015.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Typical 18th-century talwar, with iron disc hilt and knucklebow, and a fullered blade.
| origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| type = [[Sword]]
| is_bladed = yes
| service =
| used_by =
| wars = 
| designer =
| design_date =
| manufacturer =
| unit_cost =
| production_date = Early types from {{circa}} 1300, the classic form from c. 1500 to present (mostly within the [[Mughal Empire]])
| number =
| variants = 
| spec_label =
| weight =
| length =
| part_length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| crew = 
| blade_type = Single-edged, curved bladed, pointed tip.
| hilt_type = Unique Indian "disc hilt"
| sheath_type = Leather- or cloth-covered wood and same with metal mounts, all metal- and leather-covered metal
| head_type =
| haft_type =
}}

The '''talwar''' ({{IPA|hns|t̪əlʋaːr|pron}}), also spelled '''talwaar''' and '''tulwar''', is a type of curved sword or [[sabre]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Swords">{{cite book |title=Swords and Hilt Weapons |year=2012 |publisher=Prion |location=London |isbn=9781853758829}}</ref>

==Etymology and classification==
The word ''talwar'' originated from the [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]] word ''taravāri'' ({{langx|sa|तरवारि}}) which means "one-edged sword".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/talwar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201013243/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/talwar |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2016 |title=Talwar |website=Lexico }}</ref> It is the word for ''sword'' in several related languages, such as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]), [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], etc. and as {{lang|bn|toloar}} ({{lang|bn|talōẏāra|italic=no}}) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swords meaning in Urdu |url=https://hamariweb.com/dictionaries/swords_urdu-meanings.aspx |website=Hamari Web }}{{better source needed|date=April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Talwar meaning in Hindi |url=https://www.gkexams.com/dictionary/english/7865-sword-meaning-in-hindi.html |website=Gk Exams}}{{better source needed|date=April 2022}}</ref>

Like many swords from around the world with an etymology derived from a term meaning simply 'sword', the talwar has in scholarship, and in museum and collector usage, acquired a more specific meaning. However, South Asian swords, while showing a rich diversity of forms, suffer from relatively poor dating (so developmental history is obscure) and a lack of precise nomenclature and classification. The typical talwar is a type of sabre, characterised by a curved blade (without the radical curve of some Persian swords), possessing an all-metal hilt with integral quillons and a disc-shaped pommel. This type of hilt is sometimes called the 'Indo-Muslim hilt', or 'standard Indian hilt'. Talwars possessing only slightly curved blades can be called ''sirohi''. However, many other variations exist. Swords with straight blades and the disc-pommel hilt are usually referred to as 'straight-bladed talwars' (though the word ''dhup'' is also used), while those with the same hilt but [[yatagan]]-type forward-curved blades are termed 'sosun patta'. Swords with sabre-blades and all metal Indo-Muslim hilts, but having the pommel in the shape of the head of an animal or bird, instead of the disc, are termed talwar, without being differentiated by name.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|loc=plate facing p. 32, pp. 46-47, 77}}

==History==
The talwar belongs to the same family of curved swords as the Persian [[shamshir]], the Turkish [[kilij]], Arabian [[Arab sword|saif]] and the Afghan [[pulwar]], all such swords being originally derived from earlier curved swords developed in Turkic Central Asia.{{sfn|Nicolle|2007|p=175}} The talwar typically does not have as radical a curve as the shamshir and only a very small minority have the expanded, stepped yelman (a sharp back edge on the distal third of the blade) typical of the kilij.{{sfn|Bull|1991|p=176}}{{sfn|Stone|1934|loc=Fig. 770. The illustration shows 6 talwar, only 1 of which has a Turkish-style yelman}}

The talwar has a distinctive, all-metal, Indo-Muslim hilt, developed in Medieval western India.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|p=37}} The increasing influence in India of Turco-Afghan, and later Turco-Mongol, dynasties (employing Persian and Central Asian arms) in the Late Medieval and subsequent eras led to ever greater use of sabre-like, curved swords. By Mughal times, the talwar had become the most popular form of sword in [[medieval India]]. The talwar was the product of the marriage of the curved blade derived from Turco-Mongol and Persian swords and the native all-metal Indo-Muslim hilt.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|pp=36–37, 46}}

==Characteristics==
[[File:PB210833.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Talwar with a [[wootz]] blade and silver ''koftgari'' decoration to hilt and blade forte. Note the widening of the blade near the tip.]]

The talwar was produced in many varieties, with different types of blades. Some blades are very unusual, from those with double-pointed tips ([[zulfiqar]]) to those with massive blades (sometimes called tegha – often deemed to be executioner's swords but on little evidence). However, all such blades are curved, and the vast majority of talwars have blades more typical of a generalised [[sabre]]. As noted above, swords with blades other than curved sabre-blades, or possessing hilts radically different from the Indo-Muslim type are usually differentiated by name, though usage is not entirely consistent.{{sfn|Stone|1934|loc=see entries Talwar and Tegha (the glossary is alphabetical)}}

Many examples of the talwar exhibit an increased curvature in the distal half of the blade, compared to the curvature nearer the hilt. Also relatively common is a widening of the blade near the tip (often without the distinct step [latchet] to the back of the blade, characteristic of the yelman of the kilij). The blade profile of the British [[Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre]] is similar to some examples of the talwar, and it has been suggested that the talwar may have contributed to the design of the British sabre.{{sfn|Robson|1975|p=23}}

A typical talwar has a wider blade than the [[shamshir]]. Late examples often had European-made blades, set into distinctive Indian-made hilts. The hilt of the typical talwar, is of the Indo-Muslim type, and is often termed a "disc hilt" from the prominent disc-shaped flange surrounding the [[Hilt#Pommel|pommel]].{{sfn|Evangelista|Gaugler|1995|p=575}} The pommel often has a short spike projecting from its centre, sometimes pierced for a cord to secure the sword to the wrist. The hilt incorporates a simple cross-guard which frequently has a slender knucklebow attached.{{sfn|Evangelista|Gaugler|1995|p=575}} The hilt is usually entirely of iron, though brass and silver hilts are found, and is connected to the tang of the blade by a very powerful adhesive resin. This resin, or ''lac'', is derived from the [[Ficus religiosa|peepal tree]], it is softened by heating and, when cooled, it sets solidly.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|p=118}} More ornate examples of the talwar often show silver or gold plated decoration in a form called ''koftgari''.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|p=118}} Talwars of princely status can have hilts of gold, profusely set with precious stones, one such, preserved at the Baroda Palace Armoury, is decorated with 275 diamonds and an emerald.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|pp=116-117}}

==Use==
The talwar was used by both [[cavalry]] and [[infantry]]. The grip of the talwar is cramped and the prominent disc of the pommel presses into the wrist if attempts are made to use it to cut like a conventional sabre. These features of the talwar hilt result in the hand having a very secure and rather inflexible hold on the weapon, enforcing the use of variations on the very effective "draw cut". The fact that the talwar does not have the kind of radical curve of the shamshir indicates that it could be used for thrusting as well as cutting purposes. The blades of some examples of the talwar widen towards the tip. This increases the momentum of the distal portion of the blade when used to cut; when a blow was struck by a skilled warrior, limbs could be amputated and persons decapitated.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Louis Nolan |last=Nolan |first=L.E. |title=Cavalry: Its History and Tactics |orig-year=1853 |publisher=Bosworth |edition=Pallas Armata facsimile reprint |year=1995}}</ref> Because of this attribute, the talwar was also used for [[Capital punishment|executions]] in some regions. The spike attached to the pommel could be used for striking the opponent in extreme close quarter circumstances when it was not always possible to use the blade. Due to the presence of a blunted [[ricasso]] the talwar can be held with the fore-finger wrapped around the lower [[quillon]] of the cross guard.{{sfn|Jaiwant Paul|1995|p=46}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
The Damascus Blade.JPG|Talwar hilt without knuckle bow, with extensive silver koftgari decoration
19th century Indian tulwar sword 1.jpg|Talwar hilt with knuckle bow, 19th century, silver koftgari decoration, damascus steel blade.
Sword (AM 696907-1).jpg|Typical talwar with plain sabre-blade
Indian tulwar sword.jpg|Talwar, 19th century, 23 inch long blade, typical style steel handle finely decorated with silver koftgari inlay work.
Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg|[[Bhimsen Thapa]], Mukhtiyar of Nepal (1806–1837), holding a talwar
A Barkandaz.jpg|Indian soldier holding a talwar, 1850
The executioner.jpg|Photograph ([[Hand-colouring of photographs|hand-coloured]]), original dated 1898, of the high executioner of the former princely state of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewah]], central India, with large Tegha sword.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Firangi (sword)|Firangi]]
* [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]]
* [[Kukri]]
* [[Ram-dao]]
* [[Mughal weapons]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Bull |first=Stephen |title=An Historical Guide to Arms and Armour |location=London |publisher=Studio Editions |year=1991 |isbn=1-85170-723-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Evangelista |first1=Nick |name-list-style=and |last2=Gaugler |first2=W.M. |year=1995 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Sword |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-27896-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jaiwant Paul |first=E. |year=1995 |title=By My Sword and Shield: Traditional Weapons of the Indian Warrior |publisher=Roli Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7436-014-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |year=2007 |title=Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the struggle against the Crusades |location=London |publisher=Hambledon Continuum }} {{ISBN|1-84725-146-3|978-1-84725-146-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Robson |first=B. |year=1975 |title=Swords of the British Army |publisher=Arms and Armour Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |year=1934 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor |publisher=Southworth Press |location=Portland, Maine}}
* {{cite web |title=Rising of Independent States during 14th and 15th Centuries |author=Sonali, article shared by |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/rising-of-independent-states-during-14th-and-15th-centuries/2756 |website=History Discussion|date=29 November 2014 }} {{better source needed|date=April 2022}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Haider |first=Syed Zafar |year=1991 |title=Islamic Arms and Armour of Muslim India |location=Lahore|publisher=Bahadur Publishers}} {{ISBN|978-9-69812-300-0|9-69812-300-8}}
{{commonscat}}

{{Swords by region}}

[[Category:Indian swords]]
[[Category:South Asian swords]]
[[Category:Single-edged swords]]
[[Category:Pakistani swords]]
[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]

Rani Karnaa

2026-02-15T09:31:07Z

JacquelynBelz49: stub

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rani Karnaa
| image = Rani Karnaa.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1939
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 7 May 2018
| death_place = Kolkata
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Kathak dancer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Nayak
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Assandas Karnaa
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Vice-President's Gold Medal Order of the Queen of [[Laos]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] ''Sangeet Varidhi'' ''Vijay Ratna'' Senior Fellowship - Govt of India
}}
'''Rani Karnaa''' was an Indian classical dancer, known for her proficiency in the Indian dance form of [[Kathak]], and regarded by many as one of the greatest exponents of the art form.<ref name="PAD MA" /><ref name="Sindhistan" /> She was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, by bestowing on her the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for her services to the field of dance.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Rani Karnaa Portrait.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Rani Karnaa]]
==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''Rani polished her Kathak into an instrument of elegance and grace in which she has few equals.'', Late Dr. Charles Fabri, art crtitic, wrote about Rani Karnaa in the [[Statesman Journal|Statesman]].{{cn|date=February 2020}}}}

Rani Karnaa was born in 1939, in a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] family of amirs<ref name="New Indian Express" /> in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]],<ref name="Rani Karnaa bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.ranikathak.net/about1.htm | title=Rani Karnaa bio | publisher=Rani Karnaa.net | date=2012 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Meri News" /> in the present day Pakistan and erstwhile [[British India]].<ref name="PAD MA">{{cite web | url=http://pad.ma/DEO/info | title=PAD MA | publisher=PAD MA | date=12 June 2013 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sindhistan">{{cite web | url=http://www.sindhishaan.com/article/music/musi_01_02b.html | title=Sindhistan | publisher=Sindhistan | date=2012 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Seher Now">{{cite web | url=http://sehernow.in/ananya2012htmls/oct7.html | title=Seher Now | publisher=Seher Now | date=7 October 2012 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Her father, Assandas Karnaa belonged originally to the Karnamalani family of [[Larkana]] region. The family name of Karnamalani, over a period of time, got abbreviated to Karanani and eventually to Karnaa. In 1942, her family moved to Delhi when the young Rani was three years old.<ref name="Sindhistan" /> She had her early schooling in Delhi and graduated in [[Botany]] from the Hindu College, Delhi. She also did Honours degree in Botany later but forsook academics to concentrate on her dance career.<ref name="Sindhistan" />

Rani Karnaa's family moved from Sindh to Delhi when she was three<ref name="Interview" /> and settled at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref name="New Indian Express" /> She soon grew a fancy for dance seeing a neighbor dancing,<ref name="Interview" /><ref name="IUE Mag" /> insisted on learning the art and started learning dance from the age of four,<ref name="Meri News">{{cite web | url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rani-karna-life-long-affair-with-kathak/15764663.shtml | title=Meri News | publisher=Meri News | date=7 April 2009 | access-date=25 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212123/http://www.merinews.com/article/rani-karna-life-long-affair-with-kathak/15764663.shtml | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100707/jsp/orissa/story_12648317.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070841/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100707/jsp/orissa/story_12648317.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=The Telegraph | publisher=The Telegraph | date=7 July 2010 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> learning [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]].<ref name="Sindhistan" /> Her early teachers were ''Nrityacharya'' Narayan Prasad and Sundar Prasad. She continued her studies to master the Jaipur gharana style under Guru Hiralal and the Lucknow gharana ethos from [[Pandit Birju Maharaj]].<ref name="Sindhistan" />

Rani Karnaa shifted her residence to [[Bhubaneshwar]] when she got married into an [[Odia people|Odia]] family in 1963<ref name="PAD MA" /><ref name="The Telegraph" /> and this gave her an opportunity to meet [[Kumkum Mohanty]], the famous Odissi dancer. Through her, Rani Karnaa got in touch with the renowned guru, [[Kelucharan Mahapatra]] and learnt [[Odissi]] from the master from 1966 to 1985.<ref name="Sindhistan" /><ref name="New Indian Express" /><ref name="Rani Karnaa bio" /> She has also trained under various other famous gurus such as Amubi Singh, Narendra Kumar and [[Lalita Shastri]], a disciple of the renowned [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]].<ref name="New Indian Express" /><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-a-swirl/article5004423.ece | title=The Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 August 2013 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref>

Rani Karnaa performed extensively across India and outside,<ref name="The Telegraph" /> performing at almost all the major classical dance festivals in India.<ref name="Seher Now" /><ref name="The Telegraph" /> Her performances are said to have received acclaim in places like UK, Russia and many other European countries.<ref name="Seher Now" /><ref name="IUE Mag" /><ref name="The Telegraph" />

Rani Karnaa lived in Kolkata, since shifting from [[Bhubaneshwar]] when her husband, Nayak, was transferred to Kolkata in 1978,<ref name="Interview" /> attending to her duties as the director of ''Samskritiki Shreyaskar'' and was active until recently, her last public performance was in 2013, at the age of 74.<ref name="Interview">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv129.html | title=Kathak guru Rani Karnaa's journey of life and dance | publisher=Narthaki.com | date=3 July 2011 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> She died on 7 May 2018, aged 79.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|date=2018-05-11|title=Rani Karnaa, an erudite ambassador of Kathak|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/an-erudite-ambassador-of-kathak/article23840121.ece|access-date=2021-06-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Apart from contributing to the propagation of Kathak through her performances, Rani Karnaa is credited with integrating the traditions of [[Jaipur]] and [[Lucknow]] [[gharanas]].<ref name="PAD MA" /><ref name="Seher Now" /><ref name="IUE Mag" /><ref name="The Telegraph" /><ref name="Buzz in Town">{{cite web | url=http://www.buzzintown.com/kolkata/events/grace-balance-kathak-workshop-smt-rani-karnaa/id--916358.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140925151901/http://www.buzzintown.com/kolkata/events/grace-balance-kathak-workshop-smt-rani-karnaa/id--916358.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 September 2014 | title=Buzz in Town | publisher=Buzz in Town | date=2013 | access-date=25 September 2014 }}</ref> Many critics have acknowledged her contributions in bringing different cultural traditions into Kathak, by integrating their literature, music and dance.<ref name="PAD MA" /><ref name="Interview" /> She is said to have combined artistry with creative expression.<ref name="Sindhistan" /> She has done research on the aesthetics of Kathak<ref name="Sindhistan" /> with Professor S. K. Saxena of [[Delhi University]] and the body of that research work is well recognized.<ref name="Buzz in Town" />

She established a dance academy, ''Samskritiki Shreyaskar'',<ref name="New Indian Express" /> 1995, and also guides the ''Sangeet and Nritya Sikshan Bharati'', a division of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Kolkata.<ref name="Buzz in Town" /> She is also the founder and the first director of [[Calcutta School of Music]] and worked there from 1978 till 1993.<ref name="Seher Now" /><ref name="The Telegraph" /> She established the dance division of Aurobindo Bhavan, Kolkata, by name, ''Ahana'' and headed the department from 1980 to 1987.<ref name="PAD MA" />

==Samskritiki Shreyaskar==
[[File:Kathak 3511900193 986f6440f6 b retouched.jpg|thumb|A Kathak dancer performing the chakkarwala tukra, one of the many popular highlights of Kathak]]
Samskritiki Shreyaskar is a dance academy founded in 1995, by Rani Karnaa,<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/Rani-Karnaas-life-Long-Affair-with-Kathak/2013/12/07/article1932265.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122190432/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/on_stage/Rani-Karnaas-life-Long-Affair-with-Kathak/2013/12/07/article1932265.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 January 2014 | title=New Indian Express | newspaper=New Indian Express | date=7 December 2013 | access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph" /> with the aim to propagate the dance form of Kathak and to develop the performing arts in general. The academy stands along [[Jodhpur Park]], Kolkata and offers various courses in various dance forms. The academy and its students have participated in various cultural festivals across India such as:<ref name="Rani Karnaa bio" />
* [[Konarak Sun Temple|Konarak]] Festival - 1994
* [[Jaipur]] Kathak Festival, New Delhi - 1995
* [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra]] Janmotsav, Calcutta - 1996, 1998 and 1999
* Vasantotsav, New Delhi - 2000
* Natyanjali Festival, Chidambaram - 2000
* [[Puri]] Beach Festival - 2000
* Kathak Mahotsav, Calcutta - 2000
* [[Thyagaraja]] Festival, Tirupati - 2000
* Virasat Festival, Mangalore - 2000.

The academy, apart from the courses it offers, conducts workshops and live demonstrations. It has associations with [[Rabindra Bharati University]] and Nehru Children's Museum, New Delhi, for conducting regular workshops.<ref name="Rani Karnaa bio" /> It also has a subsidiary centre in Odisha, started in 2005.<ref name="New Indian Express" />

==Awards and recognitions==
[[File:Kathak 3394879526 09db68a66e o.jpg|thumb|Music to Kathak is normally provided by tabla and sitar players]]
Rani Karnaa was honoured by the [[Government of India]] by awarding her the [[Padma Shri]], in 2014, in recognition of her efforts to the cause of [[Kathak]] dance.<ref name="Padma" /><ref name="Receiving the Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://english.v6news.tv/padma-shree-padma-bhushan-awards-2014/prof-biman-bihari-das | title=Receiving the Padma Shri | publisher=V6 News TV | date=2012 | access-date=25 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091313/http://english.v6news.tv/padma-shree-padma-bhushan-awards-2014/prof-biman-bihari-das | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has also received many other awards and honours such as:
* Vice-President's Gold Medal - [[Shankar's Weekly]] - 1954<ref name="Sindhistan" /><ref name="IUE Mag">{{cite web | url=http://m.iuemag.com/august2014/is/rani-karnaa.php | title=IUE Mag | publisher=IUE Mag | date=28 August 2014 | access-date=25 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064504/http://m.iuemag.com/august2014/is/rani-karnaa.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Order of the Queen of [[Laos]] - 1964<ref name="IUE Mag" />
* ''Sangeet Varidhi'' - [[Bharatiya Kala Kendra]], New Delhi - 1977<ref name="IUE Mag" />
* ''Vijay Ratna'' - Indian International Friendship Society, New Delhi - 1990<ref name="IUE Mag" />
* Senior Fellow - Department of Culture, Ministry of Human Resources Development - Government of India<ref name="Sindhistan" />
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] - 1996<ref name="Sindhistan" />
* Honorary Award - Akhil Bhartiya Sindhi Boli and Sahitya Sabha - 1998<ref name="Sindhistan" />

==See also==
* [[Pandit Birju Maharaj]]
* [[Kumkum Mohanty]]

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite interview | title=Kathak guru Rani Karnaa's journey of life and dance | date=3 July 2011 | access-date=25 September 2014 | last=Rani Karnaa | subject-link=Kathak guru Rani Karnaa’s journey of life and dance | interviewer=Nita Vidyarthi | location=Kolkata | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv129.html}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCN04G8YunY | title=Rani Karnaa at her best - YouTube video | publisher=YouTube | date=14 April 2009 | access-date=25 September 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSLz8mztmQ0 | title=Rani karnaa at Chidambaram - YouTube video | publisher=YouTube | date=9 April 2009 | access-date=25 September 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofLKOmUyIF4&t=25s | title=Rani Karnaa's interview on Rajya Sabha TV - YouTube video | publisher=YouTube | date=6 November 2016 | access-date=23 November 2016}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnaa, Rani}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Sindh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Women artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Odisha]]

Mahamaham tank

2026-02-11T16:44:15Z

JacquelynBelz49: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Mahamaham tank
| native_language = Tamil
| image = Masimagam1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Mahamaham tank
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9558|79.3817|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Mahamaham tank''' is a huge [[temple tank]] located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is considered to be the foremost and one of the largest temple tanks in Tamil Nadu. The Masimaham festival held in the tank has 100,000 visitors and the once-in-12-year [[Mahamaham|Mahamaham festival]] has close to 2 million visitors.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040306/asp/nation/story_2973836.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105003900/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040306/asp/nation/story_2973836.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 January 2013 | title=Hi-tech rein on pilgrims | publisher=The Telegraph | date=6 March 2004 | access-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>

==Legend==
In the northern bank mandapa, there is an inscription of [[Tulabhara|Tula-purusha-dana]], a practise of weighing oneself against gold. The ceremony is observed during various times like equinoxes, commencement of an era (''[[Yuga]]'') and its ending, eclipses and [[Makara Sankranti]]. The ceremony is usually performed in sacred places like temples, rivers and tanks. The amount of gold thus weighed is distributed among deserving men. As per Hindu legend, after the end of each era, the whole world immerses in a deluge on account of the wrath of Hindu god [[Shiva]] for the sins committed by humans in earth. [[Brahma]], the Hindu god of creation, recreated the world during the start of current ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' (Iron Age). Shiva declared that after the end of previous era, a divine pot would reach a holy spot. As the divine pot reached Kumbakonam, Shiva, in the form of a hunter, broke the pot with an arrow. The pot broke into many parts and scattered around, which became the cause for so many temples in the town – Kumbeswara, Someswara, Kasi Viswanatha, Nageswara, Kamata Viswanatha, Abimukeshwara, Goutameswara, Banapuriswara, Varahar, Lakshminaryana, Sarangapani, Chakrapani and Varadharaja. Brahma prayed to Shiva to allow pilgrims to visit the tank during the sacred occasion. Shiva acceded to the demand and is believed to arrive along with Vishnu and other celestial deities at the centre of the tank. Astronomically, when the planet Jupiter passes over Leo on the day of the festival, it is believed to bring all water bodies together and enrich the tank with minerals. Similarly, a lake in Kotihar in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] gets full supply of water the same day, which otherwise remains empty during the other 11 years. Since Brahma reconstructed the world after the last deluge, there is a temple dedicated to him in Kumbakonam, though he is cursed not to have any temple for him anywhere else.<ref name=Ayyar>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1993]], pp. 320–23</ref><ref name="Bansal">[[#Bansal|Bansal 2008]], p. 126</ref>

==History==
The antiquity of the Mahamaham is deduced from the architectural and epigraphical patterns. The ceiling of the Gangatirtha mandapam carries the sculptural representation of Tulapurushardava. It is believed that Govinda Dikshitar subjected himself to the event and donated the gold to the building of the sixteen mandapas. The visit of Krishandevaraya during 1445 is recorded in an inscription in the gopuram of Nagalpuram, a village in Chengalpattu district. That Krishnadevaraya visited the event is also recorded in the inscription found in the Shiva temple in Kuthalam.<ref name=Ayyar/>

==Architecture==
The tank is located in the heart of Kumbakonam town. It covers an area of {{convert|21|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and is trapezoidal in shape.<ref name=Ram>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrim centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|year=2012|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore, India|edition=2nd|page=78}}</ref> The tank is surrounded by [[Sodasa Linga Mandapas, Kumbakonam|sixteen small Mandapams (shrines)]]<ref name="Bansal"/> and has 21 wells inside the tank. The names of the wells carry the name of [[Hindu god]] Shiva or that of [[Rivers of India]].<ref name="dict"/> [[Govinda Dikshitar]], the chieftain of [[Nayaks of Tanjore#Ragunatha Nayak|Ragunatha Nayak]] of [[Thanjavur]], constructed the sixteen [[Mandapam]]s and stone steps around this tank.<ref name="V.">[[#V.|V. 1995]], p.120</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage Centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|ref=Harsha|edition=second|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore|year=2012|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|page=78}}</ref>

==List of mandapams and wells inside the tank==
Brahmatheerthesar, Mukunthar, Thalesar, Rishakesar, Umaipakesar, Nairuthesar, Brahmeesar, Gangatheerthesar and Seshtra Paleesar, are the names of deities located in these Mandapams.

There are 21 wells inside the tank in the shape of small spring wells. Beginning the eastern side of the tank, there are 8 wells in the name of celestial deities namely Indra, Yama, Agani, Ninruthi, Vayu, Kubena and Isana respectively. In between the Vayu and Kubera wells, the ninth well is located called Brahma Theertham. Commencing from the north of Vayu Theertham, and ending to the little east of it, there are nine wells indicating the holy rivers of India, namely the Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Narmada, Saraswathi, Kaveri, Tungabatra, Krishna and Sarayu. At the centre of all these exists the Sixty-six crore theertham, believed to be the most sacred of all.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 25em; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|-style="background:orange"
| width="25em" | '''Name of [[Theertham]]'''
| width="25em" | '''Associated Deity'''
|-
| Vayu Theertham
| [[Vayu]] (Air)
|-
| Ganga Theertham
| [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (River)
|-
| Brahma Theertham
| Lord [[Brahma]]
|-
| Yamuna Theertham
| [[Yamuna]] (River)
|-
| Kubera Theertham
| [[Kubera]] (Celestial Deity)
|-
| Godavari Theertham
| [[Godavari]] (River)
|-
| Eshana Theertham
| [[Shiva]]
|-
| Narmada Theertham
| [[Narmada]] (River)
|-
| Saraswathi Theertham
| [[Saraswati]] (Deity)
|-
| Indira Theertham
| [[Indra]] (Celestial Deity)
|-
| Agni Theertham
| [[Agni]] (Fire)
|-
| Cauvery Theertham
| [[Cauvery]] (River)
|-
| Yama Theertham
| [[Yama]] (Celestial Deity)
|-
| Kumari Theertham
| [[Parvathi]] (Goddess)
|-
| Niruthi Theertham
| [[Parvathi]] (Goddess)
|-
| Bayoshini Theertham
| [[Parvathi]] (Goddess)
|-
| Deva Theertham
| [[Shiva]] (God)
|-
| Varunai Theertham
| [[Varuna]] (Celestial Deity)
|-
| Sarayu Theertham
| [[Sarayu]] (River)
|-
| Kanya Theertham
| [[Parvathi]] (Goddess)
|-
|}

==Mahamaham festival==
{{Main|Mahamaham}}
Masimaham is an annual event that occurs in the [[Tamil month]] of [[Tamil calendar|Masi]] (February–March) in the star of [[Magam]]. Once in twelve years, when the planet ''Guru'' ([[Jupiter]]) enters the sign ''Siṃha'' ([[Leo (astrology)|Leo]]), the [[Kumbh mela]] festival of South India is celebrated at Mahamaham tank.<ref name="Gajrani">[[#S.|S. 2004]], p. 240</ref> Vast crowds gather at Kumbakonam to have a dip in the tank, along with saints and philosophers. All the rivers of India are believed to meet at the tank on this day and a purificatory bath at this tank on this day is considered equal to the combined dips in all the holy rivers of [[India]]<ref name="Gajrani"/> Festival deities from all the temples in Kumbakonam arrive at the tank and at noon, all the deities bathe along with the devotees – it is called "Theerthavari".<ref name="dict">[[#International|International Dictionary of Historical Places 1996]], p. 503</ref> The purificatory bath is believed to remove sins and after the dip, pilgrims offer charitable gifts in the hope of being rewarded in the current life and subsequent lives.<ref name="dict"/> Historians view the continuity of the temple festivals as a test of time to reinforce continuity with the past.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44211361|volume=28|issue=1|pages=21–22|journal=Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review|publisher= International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments (IASTE)|first=Shanmugapriya |last=Balasubramanian|title=Myth, Religion and Ritual and Their Role in Defining the Existence of Tanks in Kumbakonam, A South Indian Temple Town |date=24 September 2023 |jstor=44211361 |accessdate=27 Jun 2021}}</ref> The temple cars of major temples in Kumbakonam come around the city on the festival night. During the Mahamaham of 1992, the number of devotees reached 1 million.<ref name="dict"/>
[[File:Kbkpano3.jpg|thumb|800px|center|Night view of the Mahamaham tank]]

== Literary mention ==
''[[Bhavishya Purana]]'' mentions the importance of Mahamaham and the importance of the festival as a narrative of [[Shiva]] to all celestial deities as under:
{{cquote| Let all of you this very day go to Kumbakonam, a spot dear to me and to [[Vishnu]] and bathe there is the nectar full tank created by the directions of the Parabrahman. Do bathe in the presence of Kumbesvara in Vrishaba lagna on this Mahamagam day, the full-moon day combined with Mahga star with Jupiter in the sign of Leo. Thereby you will get rid of all your accumulated sins and regain power to wipe off the sins of others}}

Sekkizhar, saint author of ''[[Periyapuranam]]'' notes the holy rivers as
{{cquote|
"பூமருவும் கங்கை முதல் புனிதமாம் பெருந்தீர்த்தம் 
மாமகந்தான் ஆடுவதற்கு வந்து வழி படுங்கோவில்"}}
meaning a dip in the holy tank on the Mahamaham day is equivalent to dip in all holy rivers and leads to worldly prosperity. [[Appar]], the 7th-century saint poet mentions the subtle presence of holy rivers like the Ganges in the Mahamaham tank in ''Tiruthandakam''.
{{cquote| தாவிமுதற் காவிரிநல் யமுனை கங்கை 
சரஸ்வதிபொற் றாமரைபுட் கரணி தெண்ணீர்க் 
கோவியோடு குமரிவரு தீர்த்தஞ் சூழ்ந்த 
குடந்தைக்கீழ் கோட்டத்தெங் கூத்தனாரே"}}

==Associated temples==
Traditionally, twelve Shiva temples and five Vishnu temples are connected with this festival. The twelve Shiva temples are [[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kasi Viswanathar Temple]], [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple|Kumbeswarar Temple]], [[Someswaran Temple|Someswarar Temple]], [[Nageswaraswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Nageswara Temple]], [[Ekambeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Ekambareswarar Temple]], [[Abimukeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Abimukeswarar Temple]], [[Gauthameswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Gowthameswarar Temple]], [[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kambatta Visvanathar Temple]], [[Banapuriswarar Temple]], [[Kalahasteeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kalahasteeswarar Temple]], [[Kottaiyur Kodeeswarar temple|Koteeswarar Temple]], and [[Amirthakadeswarar Temple, Sakkottai|Amirthakalasanathar Temple]].<ref name="hrace">Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref> Of these ten temples are in Kumbakonam. The processional deities of these temples come to this tank during festival days. The five Vishnu temples are [[Sarangapani Temple]], [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam|Chakrapani Temple]], [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]], [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]], and [[Varahaperumal Temple, Kumbakonam|Varahaperumal Temple]].<ref name="hrace"/> All these temples are in Kumbakonam. The processional deities of these temples come to Cauvery during festival days.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" perrow="4">
File:Masimagam2.jpg|Yearly Masimagam festival at the tank
File:Masimagam3.jpg|Yearly Masimagam festival at the tank
File:Masimagam4.jpg|Yearly Masimagam festival at the tank
File:Masimagam - Kacheri.jpg|Percussions
File:Masimagam - elephant.jpg|Elephant procession
File:Adikumbeswarar - Masimagam.jpg|Kumbeswarar Procession
File:Mahamaham Tank.jpg|Kumbakonam Mahamaham tank on a regular day
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Mahamaham Stampede]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines Illustrated|last=Ayyar|first=P.V. Jagadisa|location=New Delhi|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=81-206-0151-3|ref=Ayyar}}
*{{Citation |last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant |title=Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India |year=2008 |publisher=Hindology Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-223-0997-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&q=mahamaham&pg=PA126|ref=Bansal}}
*{{Citation |last=S.|first=Gajarani |title=History, Religion and culture of India, Vol. 3|year=2004 |publisher=Isha Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-8205-061-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&q=kumbakonam+gajrani&pg=PA210|ref=S.}}
* {{Citation |last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|title=Nayaks of Tanjore |year=1995 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC&q=kumbakonam+govinda&pg=PA120|ref=V.}}.
{{refend}}
{{Kumbakonam Topics}}

[[Category:Temple tanks in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Temple tanks in India]]

Shashikant Dhotre

2026-02-11T07:20:57Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting a data

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{autobiography|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Shashikant Dhotre
| image = Shashikant dhotre.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shashikant Vaman Dhotre
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1 April 1982
| birth_place = [[Shirapur]], [[Mohol/Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| known_for = Painter
| spouse =
| awards = Kohinoor of Maharashtra] (2015)<ref>[http://www.news18.com/blogs/lifestyle/koral-dasgupta/beyond-the-canvas-with-shashikant-dhotre-14361-1038923.html Kohinoor of Maharashtra]</ref> Maharashtrian of the Year (2016)<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Realistic-art-at-its-best/articleshow/11475981.cms? Maharashtrian of the Year]</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.shashikantdhotre.com}}
}}

'''Shashikant Dhotre''' (born April 1, 1982) is an Indian artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/blogs/lifestyle/koral-dasgupta/beyond-the-canvas-with-shashikant-dhotre-14361-1038923.html|title=Beyond the canvas with shashikant dhotre|publisher=News18|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shashikant Dhotre was born in [[Shirapur]] village, [[India]]. Dhotre joined Bachelor of Fine Arts in painting in [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]], Mumbai in year 2003. He had to leave the college halfway due to financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-17 |title=Shashikant Dhotre's stunning life-like portraits belie life he led in a Solapur |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/shashikant-dhotre-stunning-lifelike-portraits-belie-life-he-led-in-a-solapur-village-18830164 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Since then, he started his professional work and developed an expertise in colour pencil and pastel on paper.<ref name="fin">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/From-the-quarry-to-the-art-world/articleshow/46559713.cms|title=From the quarry to the art world|agency=TNN|date=14 March 2015|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2007 – Arts Society of India
*2009 – First prize at Bombay Arts Society Awards
*2010 – Aashadeep Award, Maharashtra
*2011 – First prize at India Art Festival Awards
*2013 – First prize at State Art Exhibition Awards
*2015 – Kohinoor of Maharashtra Awards
*2016 – Maharashtrian of the Year Awards<ref name="art">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Realistic-art-at-its-best/articleshow/11475981.cms|title=Realistic art at its best|publisher=Times of India|access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

==Exhibition==

He participated in 11 selected group exhibition
And more than 10 solo exhibition
'Jaagar' was the Travelling show, a journey of Art exhibition in famous cities of Maharashtra.<ref name="art"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhotre, Shashikant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]

Shankar Puntambekar

2025-12-31T07:38:53Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new article

{{Short description|Indian writer}}

'''Shankar Punatambekar''' (1923 – 2016) was a writer in [[Hindi language]]. He is known as a satirist. His literary output includes short stories, novels, one-act plays, based on satire and reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noted writer Dr Shankar Puntambekar passes away|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20160201/2783889.html|access-date=2021-06-15|website=News.webindia123.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/noted-writer-dr-shankar-puntambekar-passes-away/other/news/365069.html|title=Noted writer Dr Shankar Puntambekar passes away|website=Uniindia.com|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Prabhune |first1=Anupama Ratnakar |title=Hindi vyangya parampara mein Dr. Shankar Puntambekar ka sthan |date=2007 |publisher=University of Pune |location=Pune |pages=67–80 |url=http://lib.unipune.ac.in:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/6310/07_chapter%202.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Kasabe2020">{{cite book|author=Dr. Dilip Kasabe|title=Sahityasama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT200|date=1 December 2020|publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan|isbn=978-93-89598-54-4|pages=200–}}</ref>

== Literary career==
He brought a different kind of satirical novel in Hindi.Two of his popular novels include, ''Ek Mantri Swarglok Main'' (translation:''a minister in heaven'') and
''Janha devta marte hai'' (translation:''Where gods die'').<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bajeli |first1=Diwan Singh |title=Rising from the dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/yamlok-ki-chahal-pahal-rising-from-the-dead/article6245403.ece |access-date=15 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issue=July 24, 2014 }}</ref>
Puntambekar also wrote ''Vyangakosh'' (dictionary of satire) in Hindi. The book includes 9500 words in Hindi with Puntambekar's own satirical meaning for each word.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Chandrakant |title=ध्यानस्थ 'व्यंगश्री (The Meditative Satirist) |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/manasa/-/articleshow/10533152.cms |access-date=15 June 2021 |newspaper=[[Maharashtra Times]] |issue=October 30, 2011 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards ==
Punatambekar was honored with awards such as 'Vyangyashree', 'Chakallas' and 'Muktibodh'.<ref name="auto"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puntambekar, Shankar}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]

Flying Fox Neemrana

2025-12-24T14:06:01Z

JacquelynBelz49: Adding Pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
[[File:neemranazipping.jpg|thumb|right|Flying Fox Neemrana]]

'''Flying Fox Neemrana''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[zipwire]], dubbed India's first ''Zip Tour''. The ''Zip Tour'' is located at Neemrana Fort Palace, in the village of [[Nimrana|Neemrana]], [[India]] {{convert|122|km|mi}} south-west of [[New Delhi]]. The ''Zip Tour'' is situated on an outcrop of the [[Aravalli Range]].

Flying Fox Neemrana was inaugurated on 18 January 2009 by Sri Banerjee, Secretary of Tourism, [[Government of India]] and Sir Richard Stagg KCMG, British High Commissioner to India.

== Location ==
The Zip Tour is located in Neemrana, with views of Neemrana Fort Palace, the Aravali Range and the surrounding countryside of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/mar/01/india-travel Guardian: A zip through India's history]</ref>

==Lines==

There are five lines at the location, navigated in a 2-3 hour tour.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* http://www.flyingfox.asia/

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alwar district]]
[[Category:Adventure tourism in India]]
[[Category:Zip lines]]
[[Category:Neemrana]]

Kodibeesanahalli metro station

2025-12-14T21:14:11Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made info...

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kodibeesanahalli
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kodibeesanahalli metro station (Mar '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station as of March 2025 under Phase 2A of [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]
| address = Kodibeesanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560103
| coordinates = {{coord|12.94504|77.69810|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|rail|1}} Belandur Road Railway station
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = KODI '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Kadubeesanahalli|to-left1=Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=Marathahalli|to-right1=Krishnarajapura or KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kodibeesanahalli''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112205959/https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |url-status=live }}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the IT Companies like JP Morgan Chase,[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], [[Nutanix|Nutanix Technologies Pvt. Ltd]] followed by Prestige Tech Park containing corporate and IT companies such as CoinSwitch, Amadeus Software Labs, Juniper Networks, [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle Tech Hub]] and [[Byju's|Byju's - The Learning App]]. This metro station is slated to become operational ''December 2026'' instead of ''June 2026''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Bengaluru Big Infra Push: How Karnataka Is Planning to Fast Track Namma Metro's Blue Line Construction |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-blue-line-how-karnataka-is-planning-to-fast-track-namma-metros-blue-line-construction-bengaluru-news-article-153262357 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607160007/https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908145326/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214054605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
In December 2019, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Kodibeesanahalli metro station, part of the 9.859 km Reach 2A – Package 1 section (Central Silk Board - Kodibeesanahalli) of the 18.236 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On 13 October 2020, '''Shankaranarayana Constructions (SNC)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Afcons & Shankaranarayana Win Bangalore Metro Phase 2A ORR Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416231730/https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/13/afcons-shankaranarayana-win-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-orr-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms.

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kodibeesanahalli track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Marathahalli}} **
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{BSsplit|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Embassy TechVillage]]|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Kadubeesanahalli]]}} **
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}}** '''Next Station:''' [[Marathahalli metro station|Marathahalli]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Embassy TechVillage Kadubeesanahalli]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''''Note: '''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |'''''** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} in future '''''
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Sikkim Gold Cup

2025-12-07T01:30:56Z

JacquelynBelz49: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian football tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| logo = Sikkim Football Association.svg
| organiser = [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA)
| founded = {{Start date and age|1979}}
| region = [[India]]
| number of teams = Various
| current champions = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (1st title)
| most successful team = [[Mohun Bagan]] (10 titles)
| current = [[2025 Sikkim Gold Cup]]
| next =
}}

The '''Sikkim Gold Cup''', also known as the '''All India Governor's Gold Cup''', is an Indian [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Sikkim]] and organized by the [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA).<ref>{{cite web |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Sikkim |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee |website=Goal.com |last1=Parasar |first1=Swapnaneel |date=24 July 2018 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229090720/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sikkim-football-league-structure-india/6njz9an3wn6g1kage4csg1mee }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006211012/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isikkim.com/sikkim-governors-gold-cup-kicked-off/ |title=Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup kicked-off |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226141704/http://isikkim.com/sikkim-governors-gold-cup-kicked-off/ |archive-date=26 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}</ref>

==History==
Some of the past champions include [[New Road Team]] of [[Nepal]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/s_gold_cup.html |access-date=14 April 2011 |title=29th SIKKIM GOVERNORS GOLD CUP - 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228133536/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/s_gold_cup.html |archive-date=28 December 2010 }}</ref> [[Three Star Club]] in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/30th_sikkim_govornor%27s_Gold_Cup.html |title=30th SIKKIM GOVERNORS GOLD CUP - 2008 |access-date=14 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218214715/http://kolkatafootball.com/30th_sikkim_govornor%27s_Gold_Cup.html |archive-date=18 December 2010 }}</ref> [[ONGC FC]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/2010/final-stages/|title=Summary - Sikkim Governors Gold Cup - India - Results, fixtures, tables and news - Soccerway|publisher=|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055809/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/2010/s5881/final-stages/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in 2016, and [[Mohun Bagan]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohammedan SC wins 2016 Sikkim Governors Gold Cup.|date=27 October 2016|url=http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=756|website=Goalie365|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183724/http://goalie365.com/show_details.php?article_id=756|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Venue==
Sikkim Gold Cup matches are played at the [[Paljor Stadium]], [[Gangtok]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Aritra|last=Chowdhury|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/msc-confident-ahead-of-gold-cup-final-vs-sikkim-himalayan-fc/articleshow/72011202.cms|title=MSC confident ahead of Gold Cup final vs Sikkim Himalayan FC|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 November 2019|access-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216195452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/msc-confident-ahead-of-gold-cup-final-vs-sikkim-himalayan-fc/articleshow/72011202.cms|archive-date=16 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/39th_sikkim_governors_gold_cup_2019/sikkim_gold_cup_final.html|title=39th SIKKIM GOVERNOR'S GOLD CUP 2019 SEMI-FINALS AND FINAL|website=Kolkatafootball.com|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105194015/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/39th_sikkim_governors_gold_cup_2019/sikkim_gold_cup_final.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
List of winners and runners-up:<ref>{{Cite web|title=India — List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507053015/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:74%"
!Year
!Winners
!Score
!Runners-up
|-
|1979
| '''Gangtok Municipal Corporation (GMC)'''
| –
| [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]] (Kadamtala)
|-
|1980
| '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''
| –
| Rajasthan Club (Calcutta)
|-
|1981
| '''Mafatlal SC (Mumbai)'''
| –
| [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited|ITI (Bangalore)]]
|-
|1982
| '''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''
| –
| Punjab State Electricity Board
|-
|1983
| '''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''
| –
|{{flagicon|Bhutan}} Thimpu XI
|-
|1984
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|'''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' and '''Jamshedpur XI''' (joint winners)
|-
|1985
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|-
|1986
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|-
|1987
| '''[[Sesa Sports Club|Sesa]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|5–3}}
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|-
|1988
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''JCF'''
| –
| [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
|-
|1989
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|-
|1990
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''Royal Nepal Airlines Club (RNAC)'''
| –
| [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Bank of India]]
|-
|1991
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|2–1
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|-
|1992
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC|Muktijoddha Sangsad]]
|-
|1993
| '''[[Rising Star Club]]'''
| –
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Victoria SC|Victoria]]
|-
|1994
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|-
|1995
| '''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''
| –
| [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|1996
| '''[[Air India FC|Air India]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|4–3}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – List of Champions: Sikkim Gold Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref>
| [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|-
|1997
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Nepal national football B team|All-Nepal FA XI]]'''
|2–1
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
|1998
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Nepal national football B team|All-Nepal FA XI]]'''
|2–1
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|-
|1999
| '''[[Army Red football team|Army XI]]'''
|3–1
| [[Kerala Police FC|Kerala Police]]
|-
|2000
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|3–0
| [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|-
|2001
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|4–0
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Arambagh KS]]
|-
|2002
| '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]'''
|3–0
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Arambagh KS]]
|-
|2003
| '''[[Tata Football Academy]]'''
|1–0
| [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|-
|2004
| '''[[United SC|EverReady SA]]'''
|1–1 {{pso|4–2}}
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal national football B team|All-Nepal FA XI]]
|-
|2005
| '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]'''
|1–1 {{pso|4–2}}
| [[Tata Football Academy]]
|-
|2006
| '''[[Air India FC|Air India]]'''
|2–2 {{pso|4–1}}
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|-
|2007
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[New Road Team]]'''
|2–1
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Three Star Club]]
|-
|2008
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Three Star Club]]'''
|1–0
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|-
|2009
| '''Calcutta Port Trust'''
|1–0
| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|BNR Kolkata]]
|-
|2010
| '''[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]'''
|3–1
| [[Bengal Mumbai FC|Bengal Mumbai]]
|-
|2011
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| ''The tournament was not held''
|-
|2012
| '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|3–0}}
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Three Star Club]]
|-
|2013
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Three Star Club]]'''
|3–1
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
|-
|2014
| '''[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]'''
|2–2 {{pso|2–0}}
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]
|-
|2015
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| ''The tournament was not held''
|-
|2016
| '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''
|1–0
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Jhapa XI]]
|-
|2017
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
|1–0
| [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|-
|2018
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Manang Marshyangdi Club]]'''
|1–0
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|-
|2019
| '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''
|2–1
| [[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Gold Cup|2024]]
|'''[[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United]]'''
|0–0 {{pso|4–3}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=NewsDesk |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-11-25 |title=NorthEast United FC lifts 40th Governor’s Gold Cup |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2024/11/northeast-united-fc-lifts-40th-governors-gold-cup/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Gangtok Himalayan]]
|-
|[[2025 Sikkim Gold Cup|2025]]
| '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
|1–0
| [[Services football team|Services]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Sikkim Premier Division League|SFA A-Division S-League]]
*[[Sikkim Premier League]]
*[[Bhaichung Stadium]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16|title=Sikkim Premier Division League 2023 to kick off on June 21st|first=Sujal|last=Pradhan|location=Gangtok|website=indiatodayne.in|publisher=India Today North East|date=16 June 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616181450/http://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/sikkim-premier-division-league-2023-to-kick-off-on-june-21st-580729-2023-06-16}}

==External links==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html List of Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup Winners]

{{Football in Sikkim}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Sikkim Gold Cup| ]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football in Sikkim]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1986]]

2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open

2025-11-28T16:28:26Z

JacquelynBelz49: Put Up A Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2004|AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|
| date=16–21 February
| edition=2nd
| category=[[WTA Tier IV tournaments|Tier IV]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=$140,000
| location=[[Hyderabad]], India
| surface=Hard / outdoor
| champs={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt]]
| champd={{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

The '''2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open''' was a [[WTA Tier IV tournaments|Tier IV]] women's professional [[tennis]] tournament on the [[2004 WTA Tour]]. It was the second edition of the [[AP Tourism Hyderabad Open|tournament]] and was held on outdoor [[hard court]]s in [[Hyderabad]], India from 16 through 21 February 2004. Fourth-seeded [[Nicole Pratt]] won the singles title.<ref>{{cite web|title=ITF – Tournament details|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/hyderabad/ind/2004/w-t4-ind-01a-2004/draws-and-results/|publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pratt claims WTA Indian Open title |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-02-22/pratt-claims-wta-indian-open-title/140264 |website=ABC |date=22 February 2004}}</ref>

==Finals==
===Singles===
{{main article|2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt]] defeated {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Kirilenko]], 7–6(7–3), 6–1
* It was Pratt's only singles title of her career.

===Doubles===
{{main article|2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] defeated {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Ting (tennis, born 1980)|Li Ting]] / {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]], 7–6(7–1), 6–4

==Entrants==

===Seeds===

* '''The following players were seeded'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Seed !! Country !! Player name
|-
| 1 || {{flag|JPN}} || [[Saori Obata]]
|-
| 2 || {{flag|FRA}} || [[Marion Bartoli]]
|-
| 3 || {{flag|THA}} || [[Tamarine Tanasugarn]]
|-
| 4 || {{flag|AUS}} || [[Nicole Pratt]]
|-
| 5 || {{flag|CRO}} || [[Jelena Kostanić]]
|-
| 6 || {{flag|CHN}} || [[Zheng Jie]]
|-
| 7 || {{flag|ITA}} || [[Maria Elena Camerin]]
|-
| 8 || {{flag|SVK}} || [[Lubomira Kurhajcova]]
|}

===Other entrants===
'''The following players received Wildcards into the main draw'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]

'''The following players got entry from the Qualifying Draw'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Bhambri]]
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er]]
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Barbara Schwartz (tennis)|Barbara Schwartz]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Neha Uberoi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2004/1015.pdf WTA tournament draws]

{{2004 WTA Tour}}

[[Category:2004 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography

2025-11-23T18:18:19Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made new pg...

{{Short description|Literary award for Malayam writers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The '''Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography''' is an award presented every year by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] (Kerala Literary Academy) to Malayalam writers for writing a [[biography]] or [[autobiography]] of literary merit. It is one of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award#Awards|twelve categories]] of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]].{{hsp}}<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others.htm#Jeevacharithram |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography |date=2019-04-28 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref><ref>[http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 "Literary Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |date=2012-06-18 }}. [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref>

==Awardees==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Book !! Author !! Image
|-
|1980<ref name="Kerala Women">{{cite web |title=സി.കെ. രേവതിയമ്മ |url=https://keralawomen.gov.in/ml/C.K.Revathy_Amma |website=Kerala Women |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |language=ml |date=26 March 2021}}</ref> || ''Sahasra Poornima'' || [[C. K. Revathi Amma]] ||
|-
|1992 || ''Arangu Kaanaatha Nadan'' || [[Thikkodiyan]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''Ardhaviramam''|| Amarthyananda ||
|-
|1994 || ''Pathikayum Vazhiyorathe Manideepangalum'' || K. Kalyanikutty Amma ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Viplava Smaranakal: Bhagam Onnu'' || [[Puthupally Raghavan]] ||
|-
|1996 || ''Charitrathinoppam Nadanna Oraal'' || A. V. Anil Kumar ||
|-
|1997 || ''Rajyadrohiyaya Rajyasnehi'' || T. Venugopal ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Sucheendram Rekhakal'' || [[T. N. Gopakumar]] || [[File:TN Gopakumar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| 1999 || ''Kodumkattuyarthiya Kaalam'' || [[Joseph Edamaruku]] ||
|-
| 2000 || ''V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan: Athmakatha'' || [[V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan]] ||
|-
|2001 || ''A. K. Pillai: Adarsangalude Raktasakshi'' || A. Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Achan'' || Neelan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Bertrand Russell]]'' || V. Babusenan ||
|-
| 2004 || [[Rajan case|''Orachante Ormmakkuripukal'']] || [[T. V. Eachara Warrier]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Panampilly Govinda Menon]]: Charitravazhiyile Dipasikha'' || [[L. V. Harikumar]] ||
|-
|2006 || ''Ente Jivitham'' || [[G. Janardhana Kurup]] || [[File:Adv.janardanakurup.jpg|80px]]
|-
|2007 || ''Pavana Parvam'' || Parvathi Pavanan ||
|-
|2008 || ''Smruthi Parvam'' || [[P. K. Warrier]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Ghoshayathra'' || [[T. J. S. George]] || [[File:TJS George.JPG|80px]]
|-
| 2010 || ''Anubhavangal Anubhaavangal'' || [[P. K. R. Warrier]] || [[File:PkrWarrier.png|80px]]
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2011]]<ref name=2011award>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article3715418.ece "Sahitya Akademi awards announced"]. ''The Hindu''. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> || ''Athmakatha'' || [[K. R. Gowri Amma]] || [[File:K.R. Gouri Amma in 2013.JPG|80px]]
|-
| [[2012 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2012]]<ref name=2012award>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=137916 "Jayachandran Nair and Santhosh Kumar get Sahithya academy award "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715223147/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=137916 |date=2013-07-15 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> || ''Ente Pradakshina Vazhikal'' || [[S. Jayachandran Nair]] ||
|-
| [[2013 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2013]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 December 2014|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |title=2013–ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || ''Swarabhedangal'' || [[Bhagyalakshmi]] || [[File:Bhagyalakshmi MDS.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2014 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2014]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2014 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202014_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=29 February 2016 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> || ''Paralmeen Neenthunna Paadam'' || [[C. V. Balakrishnan]] || [[File:C.V. Balakrishnan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2015]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/08-08-2016/Award2015.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> || ''Green Room'' || [[Ibrahim Vengara]] ||
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2016]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/07-01-2018/Award_2016_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> || ''[[A. K. Gopalan|AKG]]: Oru Sampoorna Jeevacharithram'' || Chanthavila Murali ||
|-
| [[2017 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2017]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/01/23/kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-v-j-james-nireeswaran.html |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi award goes to V J James's 'Nireeswaran' |newspaper=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=23 January 2019 |accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> || ''Thakkijja, Ente Jayil Jeevitham'' || Jayachandran Mokeri ||
|-
| [[2018 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2018]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-fellowships-for-mukundan-sankara-pillai/article30369408.ece |title=Akademi fellowships for Mukundan, Sankara Pillai |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 December 2019 |accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> || ''Athmayanam'' || Muni Narayana Prasad ||
|-
| [[2019 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2019]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-p-valsala-nvp-unithiri/article33843100.ece |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships for P. Valsala, N.V.P. Unithiri |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 February 2021 |accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> || ''Jalakangal: Oru Charithranweshiyude Vazhikal Kazhchakal'' || [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] || [[File:M.G.S_Narayanan.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2020 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2020]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/akademi-fellowship-for-sethu-perumbadavam/article35960287.ece |title=Akademi fellowship for Sethu, Perumbadavam |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 August 2021 |accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> || ''Mukthakantam V. K. N.'' || [[K. Raghunathan]]||
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[2021 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2021]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-vaisakhan-kp-sankaran/article65689827.ece |title=State Sahitya Akademi fellowships for Vaisakhan, K.P. Sankaran |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 July 2022 |accessdate=31 July 2022}}</ref> || ''[[Assault on T. J. Joseph|Attupokatha Ormakal]]'' || [[Assault on T. J. Joseph|Prof. T. J. Joseph]] ||
|-
| ''Ethiru'' || [[M. Kunjaman]] ||
|-
| [[2022 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2022]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-v-shinilal-s-sambarkkakranthi-wins-best-novel-1.8688660 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards announced, V Shinilal's 'Sambarkkakranthi' best novel |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=30 June 2023 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> || ''News Room'' || [[B. R. P. Bhaskar]] || [[File:BRP Bhaskar.jpg|80px]]
|-
| [[2023 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2023]]<ref name="2023 Award">{{Cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships announced |language= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/26/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> || ''Oranweshanathinte Katha'' || [[K. Venu (Kerala)|K. Venu]] || [[File:K._Venu.png|80px]]
|-
| [[2024 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2024]]<ref name="2024 Award">{{Cite news |title=K.V. Ramakrishnan, Ezhacheri Ramachandran selected for Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kv-ramakrishnan-ezhacheri-ramachandran-selected-for-kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships/article69740893.ece |access-date=23 November 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 June 2025}}</ref> || ''Njan Enna Bhaavam'' || K. Rajasekharan Nair ||
|}

==References==
<references />
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Awards established in 1992]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary awards]]
[[Category:Biography awards]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Kerala]]

Keezhanthoor

2025-11-16T12:37:30Z

JacquelynBelz49: brief refine formatting to improve readability also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keezhanthoor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|13|0|N|77|11|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 67.87
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,205
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]],<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>[[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685620
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-68]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Keezhanthoor ''' <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/keezhanthoor/id/6809 |title=Keezhanthoor on Kerala Tourism}}</ref> is a [[village]] in [[Idukki district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], in southwestern [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?ComboState_Code=32|title=Census of India : List of villages by Alphabetical : Kerala|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> The village is in the [[Western Ghats]] and is known for growing apples. A Mariyamman Temple and a Vinayagar Temple are the places of devotion.

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Keezhanthoor village had a population of 4,205 of which 2,082 were males and 2,123 were females. Keezhanthoor village spreads over an area of {{cvt|67.88|km2}} with 1,145 families residing in it. In Keezhanthoor, 9.6% of the population was under 6 years of age. Keezhanthoor had an average literacy of 73.7% lower than the national average of 74% and state average of 94%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=52,53 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{Idukki-geo-stub}}

Thirukkural Express

2025-11-14T15:43:12Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new entry

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 005000
| name = Thirukkural Express
| logo =
| image = Thirukkural Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Thirukkural Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] & [[Delhi]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari}} (CAPE)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|2919|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 46 hours 5 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12641 / 12642
| speed =
{{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}} maximum speed, 
{{convert|64|km/h|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Thirukkural Express Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil}}
| sharing =
}}
The 12641 / 12642 '''Thirukkural Express''' is a superfast express train in [[Indian Railways|India]], running between [[Kanniyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] which is the southernmost tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]], and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} in [[New Delhi]]. From December 2020, it runs with newly manufactured LHB rakes.

It is currently a bi-weekly train covering a distance of {{convert|2919|km}}, making it one of the longest running [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast trains in the country]]. The train shares a common route and timetable with the [[Tamil Nadu Sampark Kranti Express]] from Hazrat Nizamuddin to [[Dindigul]] in return and from [[Madurai]] to Hazrat Nizamuddin in upward.

==Origin of the name==
[[Thirukkural]] is a book of verses on common ethics and morality written by Tamil Poet [[Thiruvalluvar]]. The train was named after the book, with the [[Thiruvalluvar Statue|statue of Thiruvalluvar]] installed at [[Kanniyakumari]]

==Timings==
The 12641 Hazrat Nizzamuddin–Thirukkural Express departs Kanniyakumari every Wednesday and Friday at 19:05 IST (07:05 PM) and reaches Hazrat Nizamuddin every Friday and Sunday 18:30 IST (06:30 PM). It takes 47 hours and 30 minutes to complete journey.<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Yash|title=12641/Thirukkural SF Express (PT) - Kanniyakumari to Hazrat Nizamuddin SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thirukkural-sf-express-12641/1627/1010/748|access-date=2021-05-24|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

12642 Kanniyakumari–Thirukkural Express departs Hazrat Nizamuddin every Monday and Saturday at 05:20 IST (05:20 AM) and reaches Kanniyakumari every Wednesday and Monday at 04:45 IST (04:45 AM). It takes 47 hours and 25 minutes to complete journey.<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Yash|title=12642/Thirukkural SF Express (PT) - Hazrat Nizamuddin to Kanniyakumari SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-thirukkural-sf-express-12642/1628/748/1010|access-date=2021-05-24|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== Coaches ==
It consists of 22 LHB coach with the maximum speed of 130 kmph.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:red;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:grey;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:ligh;"| 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lime;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lime;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lime;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:cyan;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:grey;" | 22
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG || UR || 2AC1 || 2AC2 || 3AC1 || 3AC2 || 3AC3 || 3AC4 || SL1 || SL2 || SL3 || SL4 || PC || SL5|| SL6 || SL7 || SL8 || SL9 || SL10 || UR || UR || EOG
|}

* Ac two tier - 2 coaches
* Ac three tier - 4 coaches
* Sleeper class - 10 coaches
* (PC) - Pantry car - 1
* ( UR )Unreserved General Class Coach - 1
* 2 EOG
* Loco- Locomotive

==Route==
This train runs from Kanniyakumari via [[Nagercoil]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Madurai]], [[Dindigul]], {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, [[Vriddhachalam]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tambaram]], {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}}, {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}, [[Balharshah]], {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}, [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh|Betul]], [[Itarsi]], {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} to Hazrat Nizamuddin.

==Traction==
The Train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.indiarailinfo.com
* http://www.indianrail.gov.in

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirukural Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

Tirumala Deva Raya

2025-11-10T18:27:08Z

JacquelynBelz49:

{{Short description|Emperor of Vijayanagara from 1570 to 1572}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 1570–1572
| title = [[Emperor]]
| image = File:Tirumala Raya.jpg
| succession = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperor of Vijayanagara]]
| predecessor = [[Sadasiva Raya]]
| successor = [[Sriranga I]]
| spouse = Vengalamba
| dynasty = [[Aravidu Dynasty|Aravidu]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| issue = [[Sriranga Deva Raya]] [[Venkatapati Deva Raya]]
}}
'''Tirumala Deva Raya''' (reigned 1570–1572) was the first crowned [[Vijayanagara Empire|Emperor of Vijayanagara]] from the [[Aravidu Dynasty]]. He was the younger brother of [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]] and the husband of Princess Vengalamba, making him the son-in-law of [[Krishna Deva Raya|Emperor Krishna Deva Raya]]. Following the [[Battle of Talikota]], he rescued the last [[Tuluva Dynasty | Tuluva]] Emperor, [[Sadasiva Raya]], and relocated the imperial capital to [[Penukonda]]. After Sadasiva's death in 1570 CE, he ascended as the Emperor of Vijayanagara. He was succeeded by his son, [[Sriranga I]] in 1572.<ref name=Eaton>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard |chapter=The Deccan and the South, 1400-1650 |title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2019 |page=175}}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Raksas Tagdi 04.jpg|thumb]]
==Muslim Invasion of Penukonda==
Tirumala Raya escaped the Battle of Talikota and afterwards shifted his capital to [[Penukonda]]. He later repulsed a Muslim invasion on Penukonda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=http://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |page=19|date=1919 |publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |last2=Shulman |first2=David Dean |first3=Sanjay |last3=Subrahmanyam |title=Symbols of substance: court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563021-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |authorlink=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthecity035512mbp |year=1958 |edition=Second |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Nilakanta Sastri|1958}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=Sanjay |last2=Shulman |first2=David |title=The Men who would be King? The Politics of Expansion in Early Seventeenth-Century Northern Tamilnadu |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2008 |pages=225–248 |issn=0026-749X |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00010301 |s2cid=146726950 |ref={{sfnref|Subrahmanyam & Shulman, The Men who would be King?|2008}}}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Vijayanagar empire]]|before=[[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]]|after=[[Sriranga I]] |years=1565–1572}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raya, Tirumala Deva}}
[[Category:1578 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara emperors]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Aravidu dynasty]]

Tamil copper-plate inscriptions

2025-10-23T21:25:46Z

JacquelynBelz49: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Historical records of Tamil Nadu}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Tamil copper-plate inscriptions''' are [[intaglio printing|copper-plate]] records of [[Land grant|grants]] of villages, plots of cultivable lands or other privileges to private individuals or public institutions by the members of the various South Indian royal dynasties.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/iie/six.htm
|title=Nature and Importance of Indian Epigraphy - Chapter IV
|publisher=
|accessdate=2007-03-14
}}</ref> The study of these inscriptions has been especially important in reconstructing the history of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tamil">{{cite web
|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no48436.htm
|title=History and Culture of Tamil Nadu : As Gleaned from the Sanskrit Inscriptions
|publisher=
|accessdate=2007-03-14
|archive-date=3 February 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203131221/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no48436.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The grants range in date from the 10th century C.E. to the mid-19th century C.E. A large number of them belong to the [[pandyas]], the [[Cholas]] . These plates are valuable [[epigraphy|epigraphically]] as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India; they also help us fill chronological gaps in the connected history of the ruling dynasties. For example, the Leyden grant (so called as they are preserved in the Museum of [[Leyden]] in [[Holland]]) of Parantaka Chola and those of [[Uttama Chola|Parakesari Uttama Chola]] are among the most important, although the most useful part, i.e., the genealogical section, of the latter's plates seems to have been lost



'''South Indian inscriptions'''

Most of the Tamil country inscriptions were written in Tamil, but beginning in the 6th century, both stone and copper-plate inscriptions were written in Sanskrit as well, some being bilingual.<ref name="tamil"/> Indian archaeologists have discovered hundreds of inscriptions during the last 120 years. Professor [[E. Hultzsch]] began collecting South Indian inscriptions systematically from the latter part of 1886 when he was appointed Epigraphist to the Government of Madras.

The earliest of the extant copperplate inscriptions date from the 10th century C.E. Of these, the Leyden plates, the Tiruvalangadu grant of [[Rajendra Chola I]], the [[Anbil, Tamil Nadu|Anbil]] plates of [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]] and the [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] inscription of [[Virarajendra Chola]] are the only epigraphical records discovered and published so far that give genealogical lists of Chola kings.

The ''Thiruvalangadu'' copperplates discovered in 1905 C.E. comprise one of the largest so far recovered and contains 31 copper sheets. The Thiruvalangadu plates contain text written in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. These two seem to have been written at least a decade apart. These plates record a grant made to the shrine of the goddess at Tiruvalangadu by Rajendra Chola I. The list of the [[Legendary early Chola kings|legendary Chola kings]] forms the preamble to the Sanskrit portion of these plates.

<gallery class="center" caption="[[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagar]] Copper Plate Inscriptions at the Dharmeshwara Temple, Kondarahalli, [[Hoskote]]" mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates.jpg|Plate 1 and Back
File:Dharmeshwara Temple Plates HT-34.jpg|Plate 2<ref name=RiceIX>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume IX: Inscriptions in the Bangalore District|date=1894|publisher=Mysore Department of Archaeology|location=Mysore State, British India|url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref>
</gallery>

== A Chola inscription ==
A typical Chola copperplate inscription currently displayed at the Government Museum, [[Chennai]], India, is dated c. 10th century C.E. It consists of five copper plates stringed in a copper ring, the ends of which are secured with a Chola seal bearing in relief, a seated tiger facing the right, two fish to the right of this. These three figures have a bow below, a parasol and two [[fly-whisk]]s (Champaran) at the top and a lamp on each side. Around the margin engraved in Grantha characters, "This is the matchless edict of King Parakesarivarman, who reached justice to the kings of his realm"...

A portion of this inscription is in Sanskrit and the rest is in Tamil.

The plates contain an edict issued by the Chola king Ko-Para-Kesarivarman alias [[Uththama Chola]], at Kachhippedu ([[Kanchipuram]]) at the request of his minister, to confirm the contents of a number of stone inscriptions, which referred to certain dues to be paid to the temple of [[Vishnu]] at Kachhippedu. Arrangements made for the several services in the temple are also described.

Uththama Chola was an uncle and predecessor of [[Rajaraja Chola I]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Indian copper plate inscriptions]]
*[[Indian inscriptions]]
*[[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]
*[[Tamil bell]]
*[[Tamil inscriptions of Bangalore]]
*[[Vatteluttu]]

== References ==

* Tamil And Sanskrit Inscriptions Chiefly Collected In 1886 - 87, E. Hultzsch, Ph.D., Published by Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
* Government Museum, Chennai, India - http://www.chennaimuseum.org

==External links==
{{Commons category|Copper plate Tamil language inscriptions}}
* [http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/ South Indian Inscriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415023748/http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/ |date=15 April 2012 }}

[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Types of archaeological artefact]]
[[Category:Archaeology of India]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]
[[Category:Copper objects]]

Sasneham (TV series)

2025-10-07T23:53:23Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting article

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sasneham TV series.jpeg
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| director = Shaiju Sukesh
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| producer = Dr. Shaju Sham<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actor-dr-shaju-interview-shaju-s-opens-up-about-his-doctor-profession-and-production-experience-in-his-new-serial-sasneham/articleshow/84610398.cms|title=ഞാനും ഭാര്യയും ഡോക്ടേഴ്‌സാണ്; കഴിഞ്ഞ എട്ടുവര്ഷത്തോളം ഖത്തറിലായിരുന്നു; പ്രൊഡക്ഷനോപ്പം അഭിനയവും എക്കാലവും തുടരും; വിശേഷങ്ങൾ പങ്കിട്ടുകൊണ്ട് ഷാജു!|website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref>
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| network = {{plainlist|
* [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|06|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|03|25|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 559
}}

'''''Sasneham''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language television soap opera that aired on Malayalam entertainment Channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and also streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/something-about-asianet-malayalam-family-entertainer-serial-sasneham-and-serial-review-qwltze|title='കാലഘട്ടത്തെ അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുന്ന സസ്‌നേഹം' : റിവ്യു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/sasneham-serial-asianet-cast-start-date-timings-511194/|title=Sasneham Serial: സസ്നേഹം; പുതിയ കുടുംബപരമ്പര എത്തുന്നു}}</ref> starring [[Rekha Ratheesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/rekha-ratheesh-talks-about-the-need-of-women-empowerment-qv785g|title='സ്‌ട്രോങ്ങായിരിക്കണം, ആത്മഹത്യയല്ല പ്രതിവിധി' : രേഖ രതീഷ് പറയുന്നു|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> and K. P. A. C. Saji in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/new-malayalam-serial-named-sasneham-in-asianet-entertainment-quhepe|title=മികച്ച താരനിരയുമായി ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ പുതിയ കുടുംബ പരമ്പര; 'സസ്‌നേഹം'|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> This series focuses on the trials and tribulations of an older generation who are thrown into [[Retirement home|old age homes]]. The show launched on 8 June 2021 and ended on 25 March 2023.

== Plot ==
''Sasneham'' depicts the story of Indira and Balachandran, past lovers, who reunite in an old age home. They two are neglected by their own family. Indira has two children, Manu and Mini. After her husband's death, Indira lives with her daughter and gives her land in the name of Manu and his cunning wife Priya. As Mini and her family leave to the United States for a better career, Indira is forced to shift to Manu's home. Priya hates Indira extremely and taunts her. Much to Indira's dismay, Manu also supports Priya and behaves like a puppet at Priya's hand. Priya tries to get rid of Indira and considers her as a burden. Meanwhile, Indira tolerates everything and stays there for the sake of her son and her grandchildren, who are fond of her.

On the other hand, Balan has a daughter, Meera who is a good lady by heart but is forced to behave harshly to her own father due to her arrogant and a money-minded advocate husband, Raghu. He taunts Meera and Balan and insults Balan. Even his grandson Sudhi, ridicules Balan. This worries Balan.

Priya tries every other methods to get rid of Indira. She even goes to the extent of killing her by putting up an act that she changed for good and takes her to a temple and pushes her into the temple pond and escapes. But to Priya's dismay, she returns to her home after being rescued by Shankaranarayanan aka Shanku, a lawyer, and his childhood sweetheart, Nandha. Shanku was bought up in Thanal, a destitute home for the elderly which was run by Nandha's parents as he was an orphan. They become Indira's saviours.

Meanwhile, a mutual friend of Indira and Balan, Zachariah comes in to the picture who is a millionaire but has no children. He grows fond of Balan and he turns out to be a consolation for Balan. Zachariah asks about his long lost love during his schooling, who is revealed to be Indira and Balan also confesses that he always remembers her and wishes to meet her. Zachariah gets Indira's phone number to Balan and they both start a beautiful friendship. They hide their imperfections and their sufferings and exchange lies such as being rich with many servants and having caring children and in-laws in order to avoid getting hurt by the reality mutually. They also visit once at a restaurant with the help of Zachariah. But the relationship is considered shameful as their children discover it. But they assure that they are just friends but Priya and Raghu pay no heed and Manu strongly opposes their relationship.

Indira decides to leave the house and goes to Thanal due to Priya's prolonged torture to leave the family. Unknown to Indira, Balan also joins Thanal due to Raghu's constant nagging. After a series of events, both Balan and Indira realize that they are on the same situation and vows themselves to not hide anything hereafter. Their friendship grows. After the death of Zachariah, a friend of him search Indira and Balan to give a very important document relating to Zachariah's assets. He reveals that Zachariah have written a will in which the whole property of him, totally with a value of 150 crores, will be inherited by Balan and Indira respectively but at the condition of them getting married. Both Priya and Raghu realize their folly and try to bring back to their respective homes ignoring Manu and Meera's strong opposition and warnings and tries to get Indira and Balan married, but all the efforts are in vain when they refuse to marry as both consider that marriage is a divine bond which cannot be exploited for one's greed for money.

Both in-laws try their best to make them marry as they both are in the need of money but the duo refuses every time which leads to tension between them. Priya again gets intolerant with Indira and she demands her to go back to Thanal. But this time, Manu supports Indira wholeheartedly, and as a result a case gets filed by Priya claiming for the house by adding a fake assault case due to which Manu, Indira, and the two children leave from the home they were staying in as per court orders. Priya tries to get back her children but as they refuse to move in with her, she sends a divorce notice to Manu via Raghu. Manu, already stressed due to the concern of the future as he loses his job, becomes frustrated and decides to go on a spiritual pilgrimage to relax his mind. Due to this, Indira further gets distressed as they struggle for making their ends meet and Priya rejoices at this.

Indira faces financial difficulties as she has taken custody of the children. By seeing a guy selling biriyani for a cheap cost in the road, decides to start Ammayunu, which provides quality lunch for everyone at a low cost. Even though they did not succeed at first, their business improves as Indira and Balan get many orders. Priya tries her best to destroy the business by sending Food safety authorities, Municipal authorities (for getting her children back), etc. She even tries to start another food business named Magalunu, similar to Ammayunu and invites Kudumbavilaku serial fame Actor K.K Menon for inauguration but he fails to turn up on the occasion as he discovers that Madhavan, Priya's father is involved in a murder case which creates huge loss and shame for her. Finally, she sends a lady to add poison into the food, thus adulterating the food and closing the business. Indira and Balan are arrested but realize the truth and the lady is caught and says that Priya is the culprit. Police searches for her. Priya, with the help of her legal advisor Raghu, goes absconding to avoid arrest and applies for antiscipatory bail which gets rejected by the court. Priya gets into deep trouble.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rekha Ratheesh]] as Indira / Indu: Manu's mother, Priya's mother-in-law, Balachandran's childhood friend
* K. P. A. C. Saji as Balachandran / Balan: Meera's father, Adv. Raghu's father-in-law, Sudhi's grandfather, Indira's childhood friend
* [[Prasanth Kumar]] p as Adv. Shankaranarayanan / Shanku: A junior advocate also an orphan, Nandhitha's close friend and lover
* Sonu Anna Jacob as Nandhitha / Nandha, Shankaranarayanan's Wife
*Kishore as Gregory, Indira's real son
* Mithun Menon as Manu Chandran: Indira's fake son, Priya's husband

===Recurring===
* Anoop Sivasenan as Adv. Raghu: A senior advocate, Meera's husband, Sudhi's father, Balachandran's son-in-law
* Lakshmi Priya / Soniya Mohandas as Priya Manu: Manu's wife, Indira's daughter-in-law, Madhavan's daughter
* Anjana K. R. / Irine as Meera Raghu: Raghu's wife, Balachandran's daughter, Sudhi's mother
* Jixil Philip as Sudhi: Meera and Raghu's son, Balachandran's grandson
* Venugopal as Madhavan: Priya's father, Manu's father-in-law
* Rani Larius/____ as Saraswathy: Priya's mother, Manu's mother-in-law
* Rithika/Adhya Aurora as Mini: Indira's daughter, wife of Sajan and Manu's younger sister
* [[Ranjith Raj]] as Sajan: Mini's husband and Indira's son-in-law
* Maya as Girija: A servant of neighbourhood house of Manu who treats Indira as her own mother
* [[Aparna P. Nair]] as Sindhu: Priya's neighbour
* Arjun Sunil as Vinu: The son of Manu and Priya
* Anandritha Manu as Anu: Manu and Priya's daughter
* [[Kalyani Nair]] as Dr. Sethulakshmi
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Vasudevan
*Illekettu Namboothiri as Surendran
* Sreekutty as Mohini
*[[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as Ragini
*Vinayak as Rupesh
*Padmakumar as CI Narayanan Kutty – Circle Inspector of Police

==Reception==
The show premiered on 8 June 2021, a Tuesday at 8.40 PM as a filler due to another show [[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]] halted temporarily due to [[COVID-19]] second wave. Since the starting, the show received average [[Target Rating Point|TRP]] rating as there is a less promotion and after some weeks it is moved to evening slot of 6:30 PM.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/sasneham-serial-asianet-info/ | title=Sasneham Serial Asianet Launching on 08th June at 08:40 P.M | date=8 June 2021 }}</ref> In some weeks of 2021, the show received highest TRP ratings of the evening time slot.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatv.in/week-38-television-rating-report/ | title=Week 38 Television Rating Reports Malayalam - High TRP Shows and Channels | date=30 September 2021 }}</ref> From 13 February 2023, it began airing at 6:00 PM IST and ended on 25 March 2023.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Anjali

2025-08-02T06:27:31Z

JacquelynBelz49: Put Up Biography

{{wikt|añjali|अञ्जलि}}

'''Añjali''' ([[Devanagari]]: अञ्जलि) is a Sanskrit word that means "salutation" or "reverence".

{{tocright}}

== People ==
===Actors===
* [[Anjali (actress)]] (born 1986), Indian actress
* [[Anjali Abrol]] (born 1990), Indian actress
* [[Anjali Bhimani]], Indian-American actress
* [[Anjali Devi]] (1927–2014), Indian actress and producer
* [[Anjali Jay]] (born 1975), English actress
* [[Anjali Lavania]] (born 1986), Indian actress and model
* [[Anjali Patil]] (born 1987), Indian actress
* [[Anjali Sudhakar]] (born 1972), Indian actress

===In other arts===
* [[Anjali Joseph]] (born 1978), British-Indian author, journalist, and teacher
* [[Anjali Lavania]] (born 1986), Indian actress and model
* [[Anjali Mendes]] (1946–2010), Indian fashion model
* [[Anjali Ranadivé]] (born 1992), Indian singer-songwriter and marine conservationist

===In sport===
* [[Anjali Bhagwat]] (born 1969), Indian shooter
* [[Anjali Forber-Pratt]] (born 1984), American wheelchair racer
* [[Anjali Pendharker]] (born 1959), Indian cricketer
* [[Anjali Sharma (cricketer)]] (born 1956), Indian cricketer

===In other fields===
* [[Anjali Damania]], Indian anti-corruption activist and politician
* [[Anjali Gopalan]] (born 1957), Indian human and animal rights activist
* [[Anjali Gupta]] (1975–2011), former officer in the Indian Air Force
*[[Anjali Sharma (climate activist)]] (born 2004), Australian environmentalist
* [[Anjali Sud]], Indian American businesswoman and CEO of Tubi and former CEO of Vimeo
== Other uses ==
* [[Anjali (2006 TV series)|''Anjali'' (2006 TV series)]], an Indian Tamil-language soap opera
* [[Anjali (2019 TV series)|''Anjali'' (2019 TV series)]], a Tamil-language television soap opera
* "Anjali", a song by Vandemataram Srinivas and Hariharan from the 2001 Indian film ''[[Ammayi Kosam]]''
* [[Añjali Mudrā]], a hand gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest
* [[Anjali Pictures]], an Indian film production company
* Anjali Raichand, a fictional character in the 2001 Indian film ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham]]'', portrayed by [[Kajol]]

==See also==
* [[Anjala (disambiguation)]]
* [[Anju (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kavyanjali (disambiguation)]]
* [[Anjolie Ela Menon]] (born 1940), Indian artist
* [[Anjuli Shukla]], Indian cinematographer and director

{{disambiguation|given name}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian feminine given names]]
[[Category:Feminine given names]]

Fox Life (Indian TV channel)

2025-02-26T18:37:49Z

JacquelynBelz49: Improved readability and structure

#REDIRECT [[StarLife (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Yogesh Patel

2025-02-17T19:45:08Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Yogeshbhai Narayandas Patel''' (born 23 July 1946)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Yogesh Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANJALPUR(VADODARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=5230 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a three-time member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Manjalpur Assembly constituency]] since 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Results: Full list of winners in 2017 and how it changed in 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-election-results-2017-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-in-assembly-polls-of-gujarat-and-how-it-can-change-in-2022/2904712/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Financialexpress |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He represents the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=In land of Amul, BJP tastes success after 5 years as Yogesh Patel set to wrest Anand from Congress |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/election/in-land-of-amul-bjp-tastes-success-after-5-years-as-yogesh-patel-set-to-wrest-anand-from-congress-1169807.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vadodara Election Result: BJP's Yogeshbhai Narandas Patel wins in Manjalpur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/vadodara-assembly-seat-gujarat-election-results-2022-candidates-bjp-congress-aap-live-updates-2306591-2022-12-08 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=India Today | date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Manjalpur Assembly constituency|Manjalpur]], Vadodara district, Gujarat. He is the son of Narayanbhai. He studied SSC at Sharda Mandir High School and passed the examinations in 1964. Later in 1966, he did a one-year diploma course in civil and mechanical engineering at [[M. S. University|MS University]], Vadodara.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from Manjalpur Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 120,133 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Tashveen Singh of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 100,754 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Manjalpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Yogesh Patel retains seat, wins by over 1 lakh votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/manjalpur-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15348091.htm |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] and retained the seat for the BJP in the 2017 election. He won for a third consecutive time winning the 2022 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogeshbhai Narandas Patel in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/gujarat/yogeshbhai-narandas-patel-manjalpur-candidate-s06a145c01/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 December 2022, he became pro-tem speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=15 Dec 2022 |title=Yogesh Patel is pro tem speaker in Gujarat {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/yogesh-patel-is-pro-tem-speaker-in-gujarat/articleshow/96239321.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A pro-tem speaker conducts the proceedings of the house till a speaker is elected.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Yogesh}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shrigonda

2024-10-13T12:26:58Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Refimprove|date=March 2007}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shrigonda
| settlement_type = city
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.616|N|74.698|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 561
| population_total = 31134
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413701
| area_code = 912487
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-16
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
'''Shrigonda''' is a [[municipal council]] in Ahilyanagar - [[Ahmednagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Shrigonda is located at {{Coord|18.616|N|74.698|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 561 metres (1840 feet). As of the 2001 Indian [[census]], Shrigonda had a population of 26,331. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Shrigonda has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 64%. In Shrigonda, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Shrigonda Municipal Council]]
* [[Ahmednagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmednagar district]]

K. V. Soundararajan

2024-08-18T21:14:35Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made new entry...

{{short description|Indian archaeologist (born 1925)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2017}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=April 2017}}
}}
'''Kodayanallur Vadamamalachery Soundararajan''' (born 17 February 1925) is an Indian archaeologist who served as Superintendent of the Chennai circle and later, a Joint Director General of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. He was known for his pioneering work in excavating [[Stone Age]] and [[megalithic]] sites of [[South India]] along with [[Mortimer Wheeler]] and [[V. D. Krishnaswami]] in the late 1940s and the 1950s. Some of the sites excavated by Soundararajan include Sanur (near [[Chengalpattu]]) (1950), [[Kundrathur]] (1955–56), Perur (1970–71), Malayamputtu (1970–71) and Poompuhar (1970–71, 1973–74).

Soundararajan is known for excavating the submerged city of [[Puhar, Nagapattinam|Puhar]] in the 1970s. In 1990, he controversially remarked about the presence of an 11th-century AD Hindu shrine underneath the remains of [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]].

== Works ==
; Papers
* {{cite journal|title=Stone Age industries near Giddalur|journal=[[Ancient India (journal)|Ancient India]]|volume=7|year=1952}}
* {{cite journal|title=The lithic industries of Singrauli Basin|journal=Ancient India|volume=7|year=1952}}
* {{cite journal|title=The iconic development of the Tamils|journal=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference|volume=1|year=1953}}
* {{cite journal|title=Studies in the Stone Age of Nagarjunakonda and its neighbourhood|journal=Ancient India|volume=14|year=1958}}
* {{cite journal|title=Sanur 1950 & 1952 - A megalithic site in district Chingleput|journal=Ancient India|volume=15|year=1959}}
* {{cite journal|title=A magnificent Saptamatrika group and Parvati from Vadaval, North Gujarat|journal=Prince of Wales Museum Bulletin|volume=7|year=1959–60}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Typology of the Anantasayi Icon|journal=Artibus Asiae|year=1969|volume=29|pages=69–84}}
; Books
* {{cite book|title=Indian Temple styles|year=1972|place=New Delhi|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}
* {{cite book|title=Early Chola Temple|place=Bombay|year=1973}}
* {{cite book|title=Glimpses of Indian Culture, History and Archaeology|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|place=New Delhi|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|title=Invitation to Indian architecture|publisher=Arnold Heinemann|place=New Delhi|year=1984}}
* {{cite book|title=Kaveripattinam Excavations 1963-73|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|year=1994}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundararajan, K. V.}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]

Katya Coelho

2024-08-14T18:30:34Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made stub...

{{short description|Indian windsurfer (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Katya Coelho
| image = Katya Coelho.jpg
| caption = Coelho in 2022
| birth_name = Katya Ida Coelho
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|8|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| height = 1.52 m
| weight = 52 kg
| classes =
| club =
| collegeteam =
| coach =
| pb =
| show-medals = yes | medaltemplates =
{{MedalBronze|[[2015 Asian Open Championship]]| Under-17 Techno}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 International Windsurfing Cup Thailand]]|
Wind Foil women}}
}}

'''Katya Ida Coelho''' (born 13 August 1999) is an Indian professional [[windsurfer]] who is currently India's only Women iQFoiler and the first Indian to win an [[IQFoil]] Medal at the International Windsurfing Cup in July 2022 in [[Pattaya]], Thailand.

== Early and personal life ==
Katya Ida Coelho was born on 13 August 1999,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympedia – Katya Ida Coelho |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/2101908 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=www.olympedia.org}}</ref> to a former national windsurfing champion of India Donald Coelho,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-surf%E2%80%99s-always-up-for-this-family/84106 | title=The surf's always up for this family }}</ref> who also introduced windsurfing in Goa at The Goa Beach Sports Academy (GBSA) in association with the Water & Beach Sports Promotion Forum. Her brother Dayne Edgar Agnelo Coelho is also a windsurfing champion. Together they are called Coelho siblings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/indian-sailing-team-left-high-and-dry-1.2269585 | title=Indian sailing team left high and dry | date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Coelho started windsurfing at the age of 11 and went on to compete in the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics at the age of 14.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/simply-sport/katya-coelho-windsurfer-simply-sport-prudent-300422/21803.html | title=Katya Coelho | Windsurfer | Simply Sport | Prudent | 300422 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2014 |title=Windsurfer Katya gets Nanjing berth {{!}} More sports News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/windsurfer-katya-gets-nanjing-berth/articleshow/33361485.cms |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to her achievements, Coelho also had the honor of representing India at the 2018 Asian Games Mixed RS:One event. She formed a team with her brother, Dayne Edgar Agnelo Coelho, and together they competed as Team India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/asian-games-2018-day-7-indians-in-action-today/article24774208.ece | title=Asian Games 2018 Day 7: Indians in action today | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 August 2018 }}</ref>

In July 2022, Coelho represented India at the International Windsurfing Cup in Pattaya, Thailand. She secured second place, making her the first Indian to win an IQFoil Medal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa's Katya Coelho becomes the first Indian to win an IQ Foil medal at the International windsurfing cup |url=https://twitter.com/ingoa24x7/status/1551187672768471040 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=Ingoa |language=en}}</ref>{{better source|date=August 2023}}

==Awards==
Coelho has won 10 national gold medals and 2 bronze medals at the Asian Open Championship in Techno 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Katya Coelho: 'Being on water gives me a sense of freedom, gliding over the waves and feeling the breeze brush by makes me feel wholesome' |url=https://www.fistosports.com/katya-coelho-being-on-water-gives-me-a-sense-of-freedom-gliding-over-the-waves-and-feeling-the-breeze-brush-by-makes-me-feel-wholesome-indias-first-and-only-iqfoiler-windsurfer |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328154548/https://www.fistosports.com/katya-coelho-being-on-water-gives-me-a-sense-of-freedom-gliding-over-the-waves-and-feeling-the-breeze-brush-by-makes-me-feel-wholesome-indias-first-and-only-iqfoiler-windsurfer |archive-date=28 March 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{instagram|katya_coelho}}
*[https://www.ocagames.com/orb/athlete.php?id_game_edition=4&ctrycod=IND&person_ln=COELHO%20Katya%20Ida&sport_code=SAL Profile at Olympic Council]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coelho, Katya Ida}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sailors (sport)]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Sailors at the 2018 Asian Games]]

Theo Metcalfe

2024-03-11T08:00:54Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting post

{{Short description|British Bengal civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{For|the Emmerdale character|Theo Metcalfe (Emmerdale)}}
'''Sir Theophilus John Metcalfe, 5th Baronet''' (1828–1883) was a British Bengal civil servant of the [[East India Company]]. He is noted for his part in the [[1857 Indian Rebellion]], and his vindictive behaviour in the aftermath.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Early life==
Born at [[Delhi]] on 28 November 1828, he was eldest son of [[Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 4th Baronet]], by his second wife, Felicite Browne, the daughter of J. Browne, of the Bengal Medical Board.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Metcalfe, Theophilus John|volume=37}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=18623|first=Katherine|last=Prior|title=Metcalfe, Sir Theophilus John}}</ref>

Theophilus Metcalfe was first sent to [[Addiscombe Military Seminary]] in [[Croydon]], south London, but was moved to [[East India Company College]] in [[Hertfordshire]], after an illness had cost him the use of his right eye, ruling out a military career.<ref name="ODNB"/> In 1848 he entered the [[Bengal Civil Service]].

==Documentation of the Koh-i-Noor==
In 1849, the [[Treaty of Lahore]] transferred possession of the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond from Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]] to [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]].<ref name="Dalrymple 2017">{{cite book | url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/koh-i-noor-9781408888841/ | title=Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] | last1=Dalrymple |first1=William | authorlink1=William Dalrymple (historian)|last2=Anand |first2=Anita |authorlink2=Anita Anand | year=2017 | page=352 | isbn=9781635570762}}</ref> As part of preparations for sending the diamond to England, Dalhousie tasked Metcalfe with writing a history of the Koh-i-Noor.<ref name="Dalrymple 2017"/> His instructions were "to collect and record as much accurate and interesting information regarding the Koh-i-Noor" as he could find.<ref name="Dalrymple 2017"/> After interviewing courtiers, jewelers, and local gossips he drafted a report about which he said, "I cannot but regret that the results are so very meagre and imperfect". Still, this report was the earliest account of the history of the Koh-i-Noor which anyone has been able to find. Metcalfe's report is the basis for most histories of the Koh-i-Noor describing it before 1849.<ref name="Dalrymple 2017"/>

==Activities during 1857 Indian Rebellion==
Metcalfe joined his father at Delhi, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1853.<ref name="DNB"/> In 1857, Metcalfe was appointed joint-magistrate and deputy-collector, first grade, at [[Meerut]], and deputy-collector at [[Fatehpur Sikri|Futtepore]]. On the morning of 11 May 1857 he brought information to Delhi that Meerut mutineers of the previous day were crossing the river to the city. He aided the escape of European inhabitants, and himself reached safety with the help of the Nawab of Jhajjar.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Metcalfe went to [[George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)|George Anson]]'s army at [[Kurnaul]]. On 6 June, he was there when the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]] arrived on its march towards the [[siege of Delhi]]. He diverted the Guides into punitive attacks on villages, and the corps was delayed from the [[Battle of Badli-ki-Serai]].<ref name="DNB"/>
[[File:Different views of the Metcalfe House, Delhi, 1843.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Views of [[Metcalfe House#The town house|Metcalfe House]], Delhi, from 1843]]
At Delhi Metcalfe led the cavalry that attacked the rebels' rear at the [[Battle of Najafgarh]], and, during the assault of 14 September, guided [[George Campbell (1824–1892)|George Campbell]], with the [[52nd light infantry]], in the street fighting. The family residence, [[Metcalfe House#The town house|Metcalfe House]] in [[Delhi]], had been gutted by the rebels, and burned. After Delhi fell, Metcalfe exacted retribution.<ref name="DNB"/> He did not intervene to save the Nawab of Jhajjar, and the impression was gained that he, rather than the commissioner Charles Saunders, was in charge.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Metcalfe was appointed assistant to the agent at Delhi and deputy-collector at Futtepore in 1858, and went home on sick furlough in 1859. Ill-health prevented his return to India. He was made [[Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath|C.B.]] in 1864, and retired on an invalid pension in 1866. He died in Paris, on 10 November 1883, aged 54.<ref name="DNB"/>

==Family==
Metcalfe married: first, in 1851, Charlotte, daughter of [[John Low (East India Company officer)|Sir John Low]], died at [[Simla]] in 1853, leaving one child, Sir Charles Herbert Theophilus Metcalfe, 6th Baronet (1853–1928), a civil engineer; and secondly, in 1876, Katherine Hawkins, daughter of James Whitehead Dempster of [[Dunnichen]], [[Forfarshire]].<ref name="DNB"/><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=35001|first=Simon|last=Katzenellenbogen|title=Metcalfe, Sir Charles Herbert Theophilus,}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
;Attribution
{{DNB|wstitle=Metcalfe, Theophilus John|volume=37}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Metcalfe baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Chilton)''' | years=1853–1883}}
{{s-aft|after=Charles Metcalfe}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metcalfe, Theophilus John}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]

Thakur House, Kochi

2024-02-17T16:58:29Z

JacquelynBelz49: starting new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Thakur House
| image = Thakur House.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = The entrance of the house in 2016
| location = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| built = 18th century
| architect =
| architecture = Dutch
| latitude=
| longitude=
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

The '''Thakur House''' is an historical building located in [[Fort Kochi]] in the [[South India|South Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]. It was constructed on the site of the Gelderland Bastion, one of the seven bastions of the old Dutch fort. Previously known as Kunal or Hill Bungalow, it was the residence of the [[Grindlays Bank|National Bank of India]]'s managers during the British rule in India. For decades, the house on a cliff overlooking the sea has been a prominent landmark in Fort Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakur House, Historical buildings, Fort Kochi, Ernakulam, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/thakur-house-fort-kochi.php |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Kerala Tourism - Kochi |language=en}}</ref>

The house was occupied by a prominent spice trade family of Mattancherry in the late nineteenth century when the Dutch left India in the 19th century. In 1977, Ram Bahadur Thakur and Company, a major tea trading company, purchased the property and utilised it as their residence, giving rise to the name Thakur House. It is believed that the house includes a network of tunnels that connect various Fort Kochi locations, including the Bishop's home and [[Church of Saint Francis, Kochi|St Francis Church]]. When the Dutch were in power, they used this home as a club and community hall for the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thakur House and its Dutch connection - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/kochi/2023/jan/07/thakur-house-and-its-dutch-connection-2535385.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vasco House, Kochi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kochi]]
{{india-struct-stub}}

1997–98 Duleep Trophy

2024-01-28T22:28:50Z

JacquelynBelz49: Put Up A Info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1997–98 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 1 December 1997
| todate = 21 December 1997
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = shared by [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] (3rd title) and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] (14th title)
| count =
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[Devang Gandhi]] (EZ) (206)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 1997/98 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1997-98/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] (EZ) (10)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 1997/98 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1997-98/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1996–97
| previous_tournament = 1996–97 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 1998–99
| next_tournament = 1998–99 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''1997–98 Duleep Trophy''' was the 37th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

The title was shared by Central Zone and West Zone.

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1=W
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD1-score2=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD2-score1=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]'''
| RD2-score2=RPW

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3=[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| RD2-score3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]'''
| RD2-score4=FIL

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD3-score1=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2=[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| RD3-score2=
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 17–21 December 1997
| team2 = [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] | team1 = [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 384/7 dec (149 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] 72
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Zakir Hussain (Railways cricketer)|Zakir Hussain]] 2/48
| score-team2-inns1 = 36/5 (22 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rizwan Shamshad]] 11*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] 2/4
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| toss = West Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/65/65021.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn; Trophy shared
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1997-98.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1997-98 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1997–98|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1997 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Khandamouda

2023-12-07T07:23:38Z

JacquelynBelz49: Made a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Notice|See [[Talk:Khandamouda#Assessment details|Talk Khandamouda]] for assessment details.}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandamouda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village & Panchayat Office
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|16|51|N|86|44|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = East Singhbhum
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 600
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832101
| registration_plate = JH
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khandamouda''' is a village in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It has a population of nearly 4,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khandamouda Village|url=http://www.baharagora.com/|publisher=baharagora.com|accessdate=7 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224174607/http://www.baharagora.com/|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref>

Nearby villages are [[Baharagora]] [[Parulia]] [[Kumardubi]] [[Panchrulia]] [[Khamar]] [[Digbarda]] etc.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Tata Safari Storme

2023-11-04T00:09:46Z

JacquelynBelz49: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Tata Safari#Safari Storme (2012–2019)]]

[[Category:Cars introduced in 2012]]

Sibi Raj

2016-12-31T19:27:44Z

JacquelynBelz49: stub

#REDIRECT [[Sibi Sathyaraj]]