Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

ISRO facilities

2026-04-30T02:49:16Z

JacobJamison9: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Department of Space (India) - organization chart.png|upright=1.3|thumb|The organisational structure of the Indian [[Department of Space]]]]

There are several '''ISRO facilities''' all over India. [[ISRO]] headquarters in [[Bengaluru]] provides overall direction for the organisation. There are more than twenty facilities which support ISRO.

ISRO has lots of different technical centres and facilities, which supports and enable it to work smoothly on a day to day basis. Such facilities are listed below under different sections.

== Research facilities ==
=== Vikram sarabhai space centre ===
{{Further information|Vikram Sarabhai Space Center}}

The largest ISRO base which is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], is also the main technical centre and the venue for development of the [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], [[ASLV]], and [[PSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The base supports TERLS and the [[Rohini (rocket family)|Rohini Sounding Rocket]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} It is also developing the [[GSLV]] series.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}

=== Liquid propulsion systems centre ===
{{Further information| Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre}}

The LPSC which is located in both Thiruvananthapuram and Bengaluru, handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The testing of these systems is largely conducted at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex|IPRC]] at [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The LPSC, Bengaluru also produces precision transducers.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}

=== Physical research laboratory ===
{{Further information| Physical Research Laboratory}}

PRL which is located in [[Ahmedabad]], conducts research in Solar planetary physics, [[Infrared astronomy]], Geo-cosmo physics, [[Plasma physics]], [[astrophysics]], [[archaeology]], and [[hydrology]].
It also operates the observatory at [[Udaipur]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}

=== National atmospheric research Laboratory ===
{{Further information| National Atmospheric Research Laboratory}}

The NARL located in [[Tirupati]], carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.narl.gov.in/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]]}}</ref>

=== Space applications centre ===
{{Further information|Space Applications Centre}}

The SAC located in [[Ahmedabad]], deals with the various aspects of the practical use of space technology.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} Among the fields of research at the SAC are [[geodesy]], [[telecommunication|satellite based telecommunications]], [[surveying]], [[remote sensing]], [[meteorology]], environment monitoring etc.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The SAC also operates the Delhi Earth Station, which is located in Delhi and is used for demonstration of various SATCOM experiments in addition to normal SATCOM operations.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}

=== North-eastern space applications centre ===
{{Further information|North-Eastern Space Applications Centre}}

This facility located in [[Meghalaya]], provides developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects using [[remote sensing]], [[GIS]], [[Satellite Communication]] and conducting space science research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NESAC |url=https://nesac.gov.in/about/about-nesac/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]}}</ref>

== Test facilities ==
=== ISRO propulsion complex ===
{{Further information|ISRO Propulsion Complex}}

The facility which is located in Mahendragiri was formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri and was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid engines, and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}

== Construction and launch facilities ==
=== U. R. Rao Satellite Centre ===
{{Further information|U. R. Rao Satellite Centre}}

The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects located in Bengaluru, is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The satellites ''[[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]]'', ''[[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhaskara]]'', ''[[Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment|APPLE]]'', and ''[[IRS-1A]]'' were built at this site, and the [[Indian Remote Sensing Programme|IRS]] and [[INSAT]] satellite series are presently under development here. This centre was formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}}

=== Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems ===
{{Further information| Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems}}

This is the Unit of ISRO which responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites and is located in Bengaluru. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites are developed at this laboratory, located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru.

=== Satish Dhawan Space Centre ===
{{Further information|Satish Dhawan Space Centre}}

With multiple sub-sites the [[Sriharikota]] island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) at Sriharikota is being realised as an additional integration facility, with suitable interfacing to a second launch pad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Second Vehicle Assembly Building being realised at ISRO |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=20 January 2016 |date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114044154/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/second-vehicle-assembly-building-being-realised-at-isro/articleshow/50531617.cms |archive-date=14 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madumathi |first1=D.S. |title=Sriharikota space port scores 50 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109041156/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/sriharikota-space-port-scores-50/article8070373.ece |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== SSLV Launch Complex ===
{{Further information|SSLV Launch Complex}}

SLC is an under construction [[spaceport]] of ISRO, located in [[Kulasekarapattinam]], a coastal village in [[Thoothukudi district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. After completion, it will be the second launch facility of ISRO which will cater smaller rockets such as the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]] and private sector's launch vehicles.

=== Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ===
{{Further information| Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station}}

TERLS which is located in Thiruvananthapuram, is used to launch sounding rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sounding Rockets |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[ISRO]] |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Tracking and control facilities ==
=== Indian deep space network ===
{{Further information| Indian Deep Space Network}}

IDSN network which is located in Bengaluru, receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real-time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the [[Moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) - Gateway to India's Space Science Data |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[ISRO]] |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901140723/https://www.isro.gov.in/indian-space-science-data-centre-issdc-gateway-to-indias-space-science-data |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== National remote sensing centre ===
{{Further information| National Remote Sensing Centre}}

The NRSC which is headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} With centres at [[Balanagar, Ranga Reddy|Balanagar]] and [[Mahbubnagar district|Shadnagar]] it also has training facilities at [[Dehradun]] acting as the [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]].{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}}

=== ISRO telemetry, tracking and command network ===
{{Further information|
ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network}}

This facility's headquarters is located in Bengaluru and it also has a number of ground stations throughout India and the world.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}} [[Software development]], [[Ground Operations]], Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in [[Port Louis]] ([[Mauritius]]), Bearslake (Russia), [[Biak]] (Indonesia) and Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[ISRO]] |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053757/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/isro-telemetry-tracking-and-command-network-istrac |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Master control facility ===
{{Further information| Master Control Facility}}

MCF which is located in both [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] and [[Bhopal]], is mainly used for geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} The MCF has Earth stations and the Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}} A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=416}}

=== Space situational awareness control centre ===
This facility which is located in [[Peenya]] and Bengaluru, has
a network of telescopes and radars are being set up under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management to monitor space debris and to safeguard space-based assets. The new facility will end ISRO's dependence on [[NORAD]]. The sophisticated multi-object tracking radar installed in Nellore, a radar in [[Northeast India]] and telescopes in Thiruvananthapuram, [[Mount Abu]] and North India will be part of this network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms|title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris |last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms|archive-date=26 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms|title=Isro keen on protecting space assets; new centre soon |last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=4 August 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825154922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-keen-on-protecting-space-assets-new-centre-soon/articleshow/70520904.cms|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Directorate of space situational awareness and management ===
To reduce dependency on [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|North America Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) for space situational awareness and protect the civilian and military assets, ISRO is setting up telescopes and radars in four locations to cover each direction. [[Leh]], [[Mount Abu]] and [[Ponmudi]] were selected to station the telescopes and radars that will cover North, West and South of Indian territory. The last one will be in [[Northeast India]] to cover the entire eastern region. [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] at Sriharikota already supports Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pathri|first=Rajasekhar|date=16 May 2015|title=Isro's tracking radar to start work|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071532/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work}}</ref> All the telescopes and radars will come under Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) in Bengaluru. It will collect tracking data on inactive satellites and will also perform research on active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO chairman lays foundation stone for Space Situational Awareness Control Centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=ANI |date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803191709/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For early warning, ISRO began a ₹400 crore (4 billion; US$53 million) project called Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA). It will help the country track [[atmospheric entry]], [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM), [[anti-satellite weapon]] and other space-based attacks. All the radars and telescopes will be connected through NETRA. The system will support [[Remote work|remote]] and scheduled operations. NETRA will follow the [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IASDCC) and [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOSA) guidelines. The objective of NETRA is to track objects at a distance of {{convert|36000|km|mi}} in GTO.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=5 August 2019|title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=D.S|first=Madhumathi|date=24 September 2019|title=ISRO initiates 'Project NETRA' to safeguard Indian space assets from debris and other harm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece|access-date=26 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926083059/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

India signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] on the Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Pact with the US in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, United States to sign space MoU during 2+2 meeting in Washington |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=Business Standard |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411042152/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Readout of U.S. - India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Defense]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222404/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It will enable [[Department of Space]] to collaborate with the [[Combined Space Operations Center|Combined Space Operation Center]] (CSpOC) to protect the space-based assets of both nations from natural and human-made threats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan |title=India, US to conclude MoU to safeguard satellites from natural, man-made threats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411141943/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 July 2022, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) at Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, in Peenya was inaugurated by [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitender Singh]]. It will help provide information on on-orbit collision, fragmentation, atmospheric re-entry risk, space-based strategic information, hazardous asteroids, and space weather forecast. IS4OM will safeguard all the operational space assets, identify and monitor other operational spacecraft with close approaches which have overpasses over [[Indian subcontinent]] and those which conduct intentional manoeuvres with suspicious motives or seek re-entry within [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-11 |title=ISRO launches new system for space observation and debris management |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-new-system-for-space-observation-and-debris-management/article65628392.ece |access-date=2022-07-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== ISRO system for safe and sustainable space operations management ===
On 7 March 2023, IS4OM conducted successful controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite [[Megha-Tropiques]] after firing four on-board 11 Newton thrusters for 20 minutes each. A series of 20 manoeuvres were performed since August 2022 by spending 120 kg fuel. The final telemetry data confirmed disintegtration over Pacific Ocean. It was part of a compliance effort following international guidelines on space debris mitigation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2023-03-07 |title=Isro successfully completes controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite Megha-Tropiques |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-successfully-completes-controlled-re-entry-of-decommissioned-satellite-megha-tropiques/articleshow/98482698.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Human resource development ==
=== Indian institute of remote sensing ===
{{Further information| Indian Institute of Remote Sensing}}

The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) which is located in [[Dehradun]], is a premier training and educational institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G. and PhD level) in the field of remote sensing, geoinformatics and GPS technology for natural resources, environmental and disaster management. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on remote sensing and GIS for societal applications. IIRS also runs various outreach programmes (Live & Interactive and e-learning) to build trained skilled human resources in the field of remote sensing and geospatial technologies.<ref name="IIRSInfo">{{cite web |url=https://www.iirs.gov.in/institute-profile|title=Institute Profile |website=[[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Indian institute of space science and technology ===
{{Further information| Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}}

The institute which is located in Thiruvananthapuram, offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering (Avionics), and Engineering Physics. The students of the first three{{Nbsp}}batches of IIST were inducted into different ISRO centres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute IIST |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722115615/https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/institute |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Development and educational communication unit ===
{{Further information| Development and Educational Communication Unit}}

The centre located in Ahmedabad, works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the [[INSAT]] programme.{{sfn|Ojha|pp=142}} The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] projects.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=414}} The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.{{sfn|Suri|Rajaram|pp=415}}

=== Space technology incubation centres ===
The S-TICs opened at premier technical universities in India to promote startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme.<ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2019 |title=Isro opens space tech incubation centre at NIT-T |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928200817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/isro-opens-space-tech-incubation-centre-at-nit-t/articleshow/69569218.cms |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

These Centers are located at the following Places:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Technology Incubation Centers [S-TIC] |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/space_technology_incubation.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

* [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]]
* [[Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology Agartala]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Rourkela]]
* [[Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]

=== Space innovation centre ===
In line with its ongoing effort to promote R&D in space technology through industry as well as academia, ISRO in collaboration with Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]], has set up Veer Surendra Sai Space Innovation Centre (VSSSIC) within its campus at Sambalpur. The objective of its Space Innovation Research Lab is to promote and encourage the students in research and development in the area of space science and technology at VSSUT and other institutes within this region.

Space Innovation Centres are located in the following Places:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Innovation Centre |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Space_Innovation_Centre.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

* [[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]] at [[Burla, India|Burla]], [[Sambalpur]]
;Regional academy centre for space

All these centres are set up in tier-2 cities to create awareness, strengthen academic collaboration and act as incubators for space technology, space science and space applications. The activities of RAC-S will maximise the use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise, experience and facilitate capacity building.

Regional Academy centre for Space are located in the following places:<ref>{{Cite web |title=[RAC-S] |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/RegionalAcademic.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

* [[Gauhati University]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra|National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra]]
* [[Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur|Malaviya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Technology Karnataka]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|National Institute of Technology Patna]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]]

=== Advance space research group ===
Like NASA funded [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) managed by [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), ISRO with [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021 in which an Empowered Overseeing Committee (EOC) under Capacity Building Programme Office (CBPO) of ISRO located in Bengaluru will approve all short, medium and long term space research projects of common interest. In return, an Advance Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. The primary aim is to transform IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute by 2028–2030 that can lead future space exploration missions of ISRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621092504/https://iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO embarking on replicating NASA partnership model in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |access-date=31 March 2021 |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Commercial and marketing facilities ==
These facilities come under the administrative control of [[Department of Space]] (DoS) and are used to promote and market ISRO's products and services.

=== Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|Antrix Corporation}}

Set up as the marketing arm of ISRO, [[Antrix Corporation|Antrix]]'s job is to promote products, services and technology developed by ISRO.<ref name="AntrixISRO">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Antrix-responsible-for-marketing-ISRO-tech/articleshow/7457366.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426170804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation |url-status=live |archive-date=26 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Antrix responsible for marketing ISRO tech |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="AntrixNewChief">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/isros-commercial-arm-antrix-gets-new-chief/article2214210.ece |title=ISRO's commercial arm Antrix gets new chief |date=9 June 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=24 February 2013 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200912/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing) ===
{{Main|NewSpace India Limited}}

Set up for marketing spin-off technologies, tech transfers through industry interface and scale up industry participation in the space programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/isros-newspace-india-limited-takes-off-in-bengaluru-736355.html |title=ISRO's NewSpace India Limited takes off in Bengaluru |date=27 May 2019 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801233311/https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/isros-newspace-india-limited-takes-off-in-bengaluru-736355.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Space Technology Incubation Centre ===
ISRO has opened Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) at premier technical universities in India which will incubate startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and for use in future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme. S-TICs are at the [[National Institute of Technology Agartala|National Institute of Technology, Agartala]] serving for east region, [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar|National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar]] for the north region, and the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] for the south region of India.<ref name=":1a"/>

=== Advanced Space Research Group ===
Similar to NASA's [[California Institute of Technology]]-operated [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], ISRO and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021, wherein ISRO will approve all short-, medium- and long-term space research projects of common interest between the two. In return, an Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of the EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. This was done with the aim of "transforming" the IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute with the capability of leading future space exploration missions for ISRO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) |date=21 December 2020 |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621092504/https://iist.ac.in/innovation/asrg-vision |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO embarking on replicating NASA partnership model in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |access-date=31 March 2021 |agency=PTI |work=The Hindu |date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/isro-embarking-on-replicating-nasa-partnership-model-in-india/article34169199.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management ===
To reduce dependency on [[NORAD|North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD) for space situational awareness and protect the civilian and military assets, ISRO is setting up telescopes and radars in four locations to cover each direction. [[Leh]], [[Mount Abu]] and [[Ponmudi]] were selected to station the telescopes and radars that will cover North, West and South of Indian territory. The last one will be in [[Northeast India]] to cover the entire eastern region. [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] at Sriharikota already supports Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathri |first=Rajasekhar |date=16 May 2015 |title=Isro's tracking radar to start work |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930071532/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150516/nation-current-affairs/article/isro%E2%80%99s-tracking-radar-start-work}}</ref> All the telescopes and radars will come under Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) in Bengaluru. It will collect tracking data on inactive satellites and will also perform research on active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation.<ref>{{cite news |title=ISRO chairman lays foundation stone for Space Situational Awareness Control Centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=ANI |date=3 August 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803191709/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/isro-chairman-lays-foundation-stone-for-space-situational-awareness-control-centre-in-bengaluru20190803215041/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

For early warning, ISRO began a ₹400 crore (4 billion; US$53 million) project called Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA). It will help the country track [[atmospheric entry]], [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM), [[anti-satellite weapon]] and other space-based attacks. All the radars and telescopes will be connected through NETRA. The system will support [[Remote work|remote]] and scheduled operations. NETRA will follow the [[Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee]] (IASDCC) and [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOSA) guidelines. The objective of NETRA is to track objects at a distance of {{convert|36000|km|mi}} in GTO.<ref name="timesind-20190805">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |title=New Isro system to shield its assets from space debris |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=5 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826090921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-isro-system-to-shield-its-assets-from-space-debris/articleshow/70528348.cms |archive-date=26 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=D.S |first=Madhumathi |date=24 September 2019 |title=ISRO initiates 'Project NETRA' to safeguard Indian space assets from debris and other harm |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece |access-date=26 September 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926083059/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

India signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] on the Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Pact with the US in April 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, United States to sign space MoU during 2+2 meeting in Washington |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |agency=IANS |publisher=Business Standard |date=11 April 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411042152/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/india-united-states-to-sign-space-mou-during-2-2-meeting-in-washington-122041100164_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Readout of U.S. - India 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Defense]] |language=en-US |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222404/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2996350/readout-of-us-india-22-ministerial-dialogue/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It will enable DoS to collaborate with the [[Combined Space Operations Center|Combined Space Operation Center]] (CSpOC) to protect the space-based assets of both nations from natural and man-made threats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan |title=India, US to conclude MoU to safeguard satellites from natural, man-made threats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411141943/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-us-to-conclude-mou-to-safeguard-satellites-from-natural-man-made-threats/articleshow/86632984.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2022, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) at Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, in Peenya was inaugurated by [[Jitendra Singh Rana|Jitendra Singh]]. It will help provide information on on-orbit collision, fragmentation, atmospheric re-entry risk, space-based strategic information, hazardous asteroids, and space weather forecast. IS4OM will safeguard all the operational space assets, identify and monitor other operational spacecraft with close approaches which have overpasses over [[Indian subcontinent]] and those which conduct intentional manoeuvres with suspicious motives or seek re-entry within [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-11 |title=ISRO launches new system for space observation and debris management |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-new-system-for-space-observation-and-debris-management/article65628392.ece |access-date=2022-07-13 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713170336/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/isro-launches-new-system-for-space-observation-and-debris-management/article65628392.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management ====
On 7 March 2023, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) conducted successful controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite [[Megha-Tropiques]] after firing four on-board 11 Newton thrusters for 20 minutes each. A series of 20 manoeuvres were performed since August 2022 by spending 120 kg fuel. The final telemetry data confirmed disintegration over Pacific Ocean. It was part of a compliance effort following international guidelines on space debris mitigation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2023-03-07 |title=Isro successfully completes controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite Megha-Tropiques |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-successfully-completes-controlled-re-entry-of-decommissioned-satellite-megha-tropiques/articleshow/98482698.cms |access-date=2023-03-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-successfully-completes-controlled-re-entry-of-decommissioned-satellite-megha-tropiques/articleshow/98482698.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speaking at the 42nd annual meeting of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) in Bengaluru, [[S. Somanath]] stated that the long-term goal is for all Indian space actors—both governmental and non-governmental—to accomplish debris-free space missions by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-17 |title=India aims to achieve debris-free space missions by 2030: Isro chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-aims-to-achieve-debris-free-space-missions-by-2030-isro-chief/articleshow/109356772.cms |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Other facilities ===

* Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) – [[Balasore]]
* [[Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics]] (BISAG), Gandhinagar
* [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC), Bengaluru
* [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System]] (IRNSS)
* [[Indian Space Science Data Centre]] (ISSDC)
* [[Integrated Space Cell]]
* [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA)
* [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU) – Thiruvananthapuram
* [[Master Control Facility]]
* [[Indian Deep Space Network|National Deep Space Observation Centre]] (NDSPO)
* [[National Remote Sensing Centre|Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres]] (RRSSC)

== See also ==
* [[NASA facilities]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Ojha |first=N.N. |chapter=India in Space |title=Science & Technology |publisher=Chronicle Books |pages=110–143 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Suri |first1=R.K. |last2=Rajaram |first2=Kalpana |chapter=Space Research |title=Science and Technology in India |pages=411–448 |isbn=81-7930-294-6 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Spectrum}}

[[Category:ISRO facilities| ]]

Suresh Chatwal

2026-04-29T09:16:10Z

JacobJamison9: stub!

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date= December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suresh Chatwal
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Province]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1969–2016
| father =
| mother =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|05|28|1947|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| children = Yaman Chatwal
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Suresh Chatwal''' was an Indian film actor who has performed in films as well as television serials. He has acted in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] films<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fir-actor-suresh-chatwal-no-more/articleshow/52498006.cms| title='FIR' actor Suresh Chatwal no more|publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= December 3, 2021}}</ref> mainly as a supporting actor. He has worked in Films like ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'', ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'', ''[[Kaya Palat]]'',''[[Uphaar]]'', and ''[[Munna Bhai MBBS]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kavita-kaushik-remembers-actor-suresh-chatwal-who-passed-away-a-year-ago-2461523|title=Kavita Kaushik remembers actor Suresh Chatwal who passed away a year ago…|publisher= dnaindia.com |access-date= December 3, 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
After getting a break, Chatwal made his acting debut in the year 1969 with "Rakhi Rakhi". and was seen in films like ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' ''[[Karan Arjun]]'', ''[[Koyla]]'', and ''[[Munna Bhai MBBS]]''.<ref name=DSC>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/commissioner-from-fir-actor-suresh-chatwal-dies-of-prolonged-illness/story-6j6XqspyhrRHBJ2oyVmdOO.html|title=FIR's Commisioner, actor Suresh Chatwal dies after prolonged illness|date=30 May 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He also portrayed the role of the Commissioner of Police in the popular sitcom F.I.R., where he showcased his strong acting abilities and a natural flair for comic timing. His performance was widely appreciated, with his dialogue delivery and comedic sensibilities contributing significantly to the show's success.

==Death==
He died on 28 May 2016 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=DSC/>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Rakhi Rakhi]]'' (1969)
*''[[Uphaar]]'' (1971)
*''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]'' (1972)
*''[[Mere Bhaiya]]'' (1972)
*''[[Kunwara Badan]]'' (1973)
*''[[Honeymoon (1973 film)|Honey Moon]]'' (1973)
*''[[Agni Rekha]]'' (1973)
*''[[Alingan (1974 film)|Alingan]]'' (1974)
*''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'' (1975)
*''[[Aaina (1977 film)|Aaina]]'' (1977)
*''[[Swami (1977 film)]]'' (1978)
*''[[Beqasoor (1980 film)|Beqasoor]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beqasoor on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/beqasoor-1980-hindi |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref> (1980)...Shetty
*''[[Sitara (1980 film)|Sitara]]'' (1980)
*''[[Chehre Pe Chehra]]'' (1981)
*''[[Be-Shaque]]'' (1981)
*''[[Naram Garam]]'' (1981)
*''[[Yeh To Kamal Ho Gaya]]'' (1982)
*''[[Pyar Ke Rahi]]'' (1982) as Inspector Rajan
*''[[Apmaan (1983)]]''
*''[[Kaya Palat]]'' (1983)
*''[[Saaheb]]'' (1985)
*''[[Paththar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patthar (1985) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/patthar-5922/cast-crew |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> (1985) as Investigating Police Officer
*''[[Sheesa]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Aaj (film)|Aaj]]'' (1987)
*''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]'' (1988)
*''[[Lootera Sultan]]'' (1990)
*''[[Thanedaar]]'' (1990)
*''[[Indrajeet]]'' (1991)
*''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' (1991)
*''[[Lambu Dada]]'' (1992)
*''[[Jaan Se Pyaara]]'' (1992)
*''[[Khoon Ka Sindoor]]'' (1993)
*''[[Dhartiputra]]'' (1993)
*''[[Dil Ki Baazi]]'' (1993)
*''[[Dalaal]]'' (1993)
*'' [[Ganga Aur Ranga]]'' (1994)
*''[[Saajan Ki Baahon Mein]]'' (1995)
*''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995)
*''[[Gundaraj]]'' (1995)
*''[[Fauji (1995 film)]]''
*''[[Diljale]]'' (1996)
*[[Ziddi (1997 film)|''Ziddi'' (1997 film)]]
*''[[Koyla]]'' (1997)
*''[[Daadagiri]]'' (1997)
*''[[Phool Bane Patthar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phool Bane Patthar - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2740 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1998) as Customs Officer Gupta
* [[Barood (1998 film)|''Barood'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barood - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2544 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1998) as Sunder
*''[[Pardesi Babu]]'' (1998)
*''[[Kya Kehna]]'' (2000)
*''[[Karobaar: The Business of Love]]'' (2000)
*''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' (2001)
*''[[Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao]]'' (2001)
*''[[Hawa (2003 film)|Hawa]]'' (2003)
*''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S]]''(2003)
*''[[Lakeer]]'' (2004)
*''[[Bhola in Bollywood]]'' (2004)
*''[[Jo Bole So Nihaal]]'' (2005)
*''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007)
*''[[Nakshatra (film)|Nakshatra]]'' (2010)
*''[[Naam 2024 film]]'' (2024) (Posthumous Release)
{{div col end}}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1986
|''[[Nukkad]]''<ref name="itn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19880331-intezaar-retains-nukkad-cast-but-with-a-different-setting-797097-1988-03-31|title=Intezaar retains Nukkad's cast but with a different setting|first=Salil|last=Tripathi|date=31 March 1988|website=India Today}}</ref>
|Dukhiya
|
|-
|1988
|''Intezaar''<ref name="itn"/>
|tea-stall owner
|
|-
|1993
|''Naya Nukkad''
|Dukhiya
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]''
|Manmohan Dhanraj
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Tehkikaat]]''
|Police Inspector Bhinde
|
|-
|1998
|"[[Raja aur Rancho]]"
|Various Characters
|
|-
|1999
|''Grahak Dost''<ref>{{cite news |last=Khosla |first=Mukesh |date=23 May 1999 |title=Going bilingual |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99may23/sunday/filmtv.htm |work=[[The Tribune India]] |location=[[Chandigarh]] |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
|Various characters
|
|-
|2006–2015
|''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R.]]''
| Commissioner Suraj Agnihotri
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name| nm0154222 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatwal , Suresh}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Princess Aubergine

2026-04-27T12:52:34Z

JacobJamison9: New

{{Short description|Indian folktale}}

'''Princess Aubergine''' (''Baingan Bádsháhzádí'') is an [[Indian folklore|Indian folktale]] collected by [[Flora Annie Steel]] and sourced from the [[Punjab]] region. It concerns a princess whose lifeforce is tied to a necklace, and, as soon as it falls in the hand of a rival, the princess falls into a death-like sleep - comparable to heroines of European fairy tales ''[[Snow White]]'' and ''[[Sleeping Beauty]]''.<ref>Tatar, Maria. ''The Fairest of Them All: Snow White and 21 Tales of Mothers and Daughters''. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2020. pp. 94-101. {{doi|10.4159/9780674245822-008}}</ref> Variants exist in India, both with a heroine and a hero whose life is attached to a magical necklace.

==Sources==
[[Richard Carnac Temple]] sourced the tale from an old woman of [[Purbi]]a origin, at [[Kasur]] near [[Lahore]].<ref name="auto">Steel, Flora Annie. "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013745453&view=1up&seq=370&skin=2021&size=200&q1=aubergine Baingan Bádsháhzádí - Prince Aubergine]". In: ''Indian antiquary'' v. 9, 1880. p. 302 (Note 1).</ref>

==Summary==
A poor [[Brahmin|Brahman]] and his wife live in such a state of poverty, they resort to gathering roots and herbs to eat. One day, the Brahman finds an [[eggplant]] and brings it home to plant. He and his wife water it and it yields a large, purple fruit. The Brahman's wife takes a knife to cut open the large eggplant in the garden. When she stabs the large fruit, a low moan is heard. The wife stabs it again and a voice inside it the eggplant begs for the woman to be careful. The wife opens the eggplant and finds a little maiden inside, dressed in white and purple garments. The Brahman and his wife decide to adopt the girl as their daughter and name her Princess Aubergine.

Next to the Brahman's hut, a king lives with his queen and seven sons. One day, a slave-girl from the palace goes to the Brahman's hut to ask for some light, and sees Princess Aubergine. So lovely is she, that the slave-girl rushes back to the palace to tell the queen about her. The queen, despite being beautiful herself, is told that the Brahman's daughter is even more beautiful than her, and fears the king will replace her.

So the queen devises a plan: she invites Princess Aubergine to the palace, and convinces the girl to live there with her as the queen's sister. Time passes, and the Queen, adept in the arts of magic, learns through her powers that the Princess Aubergine is a fairy, and, while the maiden is asleep, casts spells on her to reveal the location of her lifeforce. The Princess murmurs that her lifeforce is in the queen's first son; by killing him, the queen will kill Aubergine.

The queen kills her firstborn son, and sends the servant-girl to check on Princess Aubergine, who is still alive. Failing her first attempt to kill the maiden, the queen goes back to enchanting the girl for her to disclose her secret. The princess keeps telling that her lifeforce lies in each of the queen's other sons, which are killed every time.

After all her sons have been killed, the queen, fueled with rage, manages to enchant Aubergine with even more powerful spells for her to reveal the location of her lifeforce: in a nine-[[lakh]] necklace, inside a tiny box, inside a bumblebee, inside a red and green fish that lives in a river somewhere far away.

The queen convinces her husband, the king, to procure her the nine-lakh necklace, like some sort of comfort due to the sudden loss of their sons, who, according to the queen, have died of a "mysterious illness". The king brings back the fish and the queen finds the fabled necklace. Meanwhile, Princess Aubergine, sensing her approaching death, goes back to her adoptive parents' hut and tells the Brahman to prepare her resting place: they must not bury her, but set her on her bed, deep in the wilderness, surround it with flowers, and build a mudwall around it.

The Brahman and his wife follow her instructions, and the queen's slave-girl reports back that Aubergine is not buried, by lies out in the open. The queen contents herself with this small victory, since she still has the necklace.

One day, the king decides to go on a hunt to occupy his mind off the loss of his seven sons, but the queen warns him against hunting in the north. The king hunts in the east, in the west, and in the south, and, out of options, begins to hunt in the north. The king sees the mudwall and the bed of flowers that surround Princess Aubergine's body. The king becomes entranced by her beauty and begins a long, secret vigil on her body. After a year, a son appears next to the maiden's body, and, some time later, the boy tells the king his mother, the maiden, comes alive at night to care for him, and dies in the morning.

The king then asks the boy about his origins, and the boy answers that he is the king's son and Aubergine's, sent to console him after the death of the king's seven sons by the hands of the queen. The boy also reveals that Aubergine can be revived by retrieving the nine-lakh necklace around the queen's neck, but he is the only one that can get it.

The king brings the boy with him to the palace. The queen, seeing the boy, tries to give him poisoned food, but the boy refuses to touch the food until the queen gives him the necklace to play. The queen, wanting to see the boy eat the food, gives him the necklace, and he hurries back to his mother Aubergine to revive her.

Upon placing the necklace on his mother, Princess Aubergine awakens. The king goes to her and talks her into coming to the palace with him and becoming his bride, but Aubergine refuses, until the king digs up a ditch, fills it with snakes and scorpions, and throws the queen inside it. The king orders some servants to fulfill her orders, then tells the queen to come see something with him. Despite refusing, the queen is seized by the guards, tied up, thrown in the ditch and buried alive. Princess Aubergine and her son come to live in the palace with the king.<ref>Steel, Flora Annie. "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013745453&view=1up&seq=370&skin=2021&size=200&q1=aubergine Baingan Bádsháhzádí - Prince Aubergine]". In: ''Indian antiquary'' v. 9, 1880. pp. 302-304.</ref><ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Temple, R. Carnac. (1884). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn8k2n&view=1up&seq=95&skin=2021&q1=aubergine Wide-awake stories: a collection of tales told by little children, between sunset and sunrise, in the Panjab and Kashmir]''. Bombay: Education Society's Press, 1884. pp. 79-88.</ref><ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Kipling, J. Lockwood. (1894). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044011223591&view=1up&seq=97&skin=2021 Tales of the Punjab told by the people]''. London: Macmillan, 1894. pp. 71-79.</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 412, "The Maiden (Youth) with a Separable Soul in a Necklace".<ref name="auto1">Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Third Printing. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1973 [1961]. p. 139.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYpSnK8oL0IC&q=%22The+Maiden+(+Youth+)+with+a+Separable+Soul+in+a+Necklace+.+Cf.+403%22}}</ref> According to Kannada scholarship, in type 412, a rival steals the heroine's necklace, which contains her life, and she dies; the heroine's love interest finds her and has a child with her; the heroine then sends her child to steal her necklace from her rival and returns to life.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |pp=373-374 |lang=Kannada}}</ref> Folklorist [[Stith Thompson]] included in the same tale type stories about a heroine and a hero whose soul lies in a magical necklace.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |page=246 }}</ref>

According to German folklorist [[Hans-Jörg Uther]], in the 2004 revision of the international index, tale type ATU 412 can appear in combination with another tale type: ATU 404, "The Blinded Bride". In this type, the heroine is blessed at birth by good spirits with the ability to produce gold with her tears and her hands, but, later in life, is blinded by a jealous rival, until a helper buys back her eyes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=238–239, 246 }}</ref>

===Motifs===
The tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motif]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|E711.4]], "Soul in necklace".<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 169.</ref>

Richard C. Temple stated that the original name of the tale, also known as ''baingan'', ''bingan'', ''begun'' and ''bhâņṭâ'', refers to the plant ''[[Solanum melongena]]'', that is, the eggplant or the aubergine.<ref>Steel, F. Annie Webster; Kipling, J. Lockwood. (1894). ''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044011223591&view=1up&seq=337&skin=2021 Tales of the Punjab told by the people]''. London: Macmillan, 1894. p. 305.</ref>

==Variants==
===India===
Richard C. Temple noted that the tale "abound[ed] in various forms in the Pânjâb".<ref name="auto"/> In the second revision of the index, published in 1961, Stith Thompson located 7 variants in India.<ref name="auto1"/>

In an Indian tale titled ''Princess Brinjal'', a poor gardener asks a Koiri for alms, and is given a brinjal. The gardener's goes home, places the brinjal in a pot and cooks it. A rattle inside the pot draws the gardener's attention and he opens the pot to see a fairy (peri) and a "heavenly mansion" inside it. The princess introduces herself as "Princess Brinjal" and turns the gardener's poor hut in a grand palace, and they live together. Some time later, an Anir's wife goes to the Princess Brinjal and gives her some milk and curds, and is paid with a pearl. She goes to the Rája's palace to sell milk and curds, and is given wheat husks. She comments to a gatekeeper about Princess Brinjal's generosity, and the gatekeeper tells the Ráni about it. The Ráni fears her husband might want Brinjal as his new wife and decides to poison her. She goes to Brinjal's palace, who invites her in, despite knowing her plan. The Ráni, in turn, invites Brinjal to her palace, but she asks for the Ráni to pave a road between their palaces and decorate it with curtains, so that no man can see her. Princess Brinjal goes to the Ráni's palace. The Ráni tries to poison the princess with the food, but the princess declines to eat any dish. However, goaded by the Ráni, the princess tells her about a ruby necklace inside a box, located on the branches of a [[pipal tree]]. After the princess leaves, the Ráni asks her husband to get the necklace. He does and Princess Brinjal falls dead. Before she dies, she asks the gardener to build a tomb and lay her there. Time passes, and the Rája visits Brinjal's resting place. He drinks some water and eats half of a pomegranate. The same night, Brinjal awakens and eats the other half. She and the Rája fall in love and have a son. Brinjal tells the Ráj about the necklace; he takes it back from the Ráni and executes her, making Brinjal his new queen.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435057137861&view=1up&seq=127&skin=2021&size=150 North Indian Notes and Queries]'' Volume 4. 1895. p. 117.</ref> The tale was sourced to a person named Ali Sajjad, a [[village accountant]] from [[Mirzapur]], and collected by Pandit [[Ram Gharib Chaube]], and also noted to be an "imperfect version" of ''Princess Aubergine''.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435057137861&view=1up&seq=127&skin=2021&size=150 North Indian Notes and Queries]'' Volume 4. 1895. p. 117 (Note).</ref>

Author M. N. Venkataswami collected an Indian tale titled ''The Fakeer's Daughter and the Wicked Queen''. In this tale, a poor fakeer is visited by an even poorer fakeer in search of alms. The first fakeer's daughter becomes irritated with the second fakeer's insistence and drops a ladle of hot [[Kheer|keer]] on the second fakeer's head, creating a blister on his hand. The second fakeer is instructed by the "angels from heaven" to let the blister be and, nine months later, a baby girl sprouts from the blister and asks for nourishing. The girl grows up and becomes a beautiful maiden. The rani of the place learns of the maiden's beauty, far surpassing her own, and decides to get rid of her, so she sends some servants to meet the maiden. The servants notice the "carcanet" (a collar) of jewels around her neck and, after a denied polite request, they take the jewels by force and bring them to the Rani. After the carcanet is hung up in the queen's room, the maiden dies. Her father, the second fakeer, is warned in a dream to place the body out in the open, under a [[sandalwood tree]]. Next to the body, flowers sprout and their fragrance draws the Raja to the maiden's resting place. He goes to pluck a ''beeda'' and eat, but four invisible [[Peri|paris]] ask him to bring back the jewels from the queen's room. The Raja takes the carcanet and places it on the sleeping maiden, who comes back to life, gives the ''beeda'' to the Raja and marries him, while the Rani is executed.<ref>Venkataswami M. N. ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84372/page/n125/mode/1up Heeramma And Venkataswami Or Folktales From India]''. Madras: Diocesan Press. 1923. pp. 96-98.</ref>

Author [[Mary Frere]] collected a [[Southern India]]n tale titled ''Sodewa Bai''. In this tale, a Ranee and a Rajah have a beautiful daughter named Sodewa Bai ('Lady Good Fortune'), and they summon the wise men to divine her future. The wise men interpret she will be very rich - since flowers and pearls fall from her lips whenever she speaks -, but caution the royal couple that they protect the necklace on the girl's neck, since she was born with it and removing it would mean her death. Years later, when the girl is fourteen years old, she has not found any suitor. Her parents also give her a pair of tiny slippers of gold and jewels. One day, she goes with some haidmaidens to fetch wildflowers in the slopes surrounding her palace, and lets one of her slippers slip away down the mountain. After learning of the loss, her parents announce a great reward for anyone that can return the missing pair. Meanwhile, the slipper in found in a jungle by the son of another Rajah, and the prince and his father marvel at the slipper, and decide the boy shall look for its owner to marry her. News of the proclamation of Sodewa Bai's parents reach his kingdom (since the prince lives in the Kingdom of the Plains) and he goes to the Mountain Kingdom of Sodewa Bai to deliver the missing slipper, and ask her to marry him. Sodewa Bai's parents tell the prince they will allow their marriage only if their daughter agrees, which she does, and they marry in a grand ceremony. After a while, the prince wants to take Sodewa Bai to his home kingdom, and his parents-in-law warn him to never let his wife take off her necklace. The prince agrees and goes back home, and the tale explains he was already married to a previous co-wife, who begins to dislike the presence of Sodewa Bai, whom she considers a rival. Sometime later, the prince, named Rowjee Rajah, has to leave to some distant part of his kingdom, and leaves Sodewa Bai under the care of his previous co-wife. After he leaves, the first wife notices the golden necklace on Sodewa Bai's neck, and inquires about it. The girl naïvely reveals the secret of the necklace, and the first co-wife orders a "negress" to steal the object at night. The servant does and places it on her own neck; Sodewa Bai does not wake up the next day and her parents-in-law believe her to be dead, so they move their body to an open tomb near a water tank. After Rowjee Rajah returns, he learns of his second wife's apparent death and mourns for her. Meanwhile, at her tomb, Sodewa Bai awakes everytime the servant removes the necklace at night, and falls into her death-like sleep in the morning. As time passes, she gives birth to a son, and she leaves pearls to float in the water tank. Rowjee Rajah notices the pearls in the water and decides to investigate on the first days, but returns after the baby is born, and hears someone inside the tomb. The prince realizes Sodewa Bai is alive and is told about the necklace, which is not around her neck. The prince returns to the palace, retrieves his wife's necklace and restores her life. Sodewa Bai returns to the palace with her son, and the first co-wife and her servant are punished.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frere |first=Mary |title=Old Deccan days; or, Hindoo fairy legends, current in Southern India |location=London |publisher=John Murray |date=1868 |pages=262–272 |url=https://archive.org/details/olddeccandaysorh00frer/page/262/mode/1up}}</ref>

In an [[Orissa]]n tale collected from a [[Bhottada|Bhatra]] source in [[Nabarangpur district]] with the title ''Tale of Florist's Daughter and Serpent'', a serpent opens its crest near a baby girl, which the girl's paternal aunt witnesses. Thinking the girl must be of the snake species, the baby's father abandons the baby in the forest under a tree. An old florist finds the baby crying and brings her home, keeping her hidden from his neighbours. The florist's wife contributes with the deception by pretending to be pregnant, then feigns labour pains and presents the baby girl as her own child. An astrologer then comes to name the girl and suggests the name Tulasa. When the girl grows a bit older, she goes to play with the princess by the king's fence, and the king's co-wives, afraid the girl might draw the king's attention away from her, expel her from approaching the palace. Later, when Tulasa becomes a beautiful young lady, she goes to the palace to sell some flowers. The co-queens notice their rival is there again, and decide to kill the girl and burn the body. They send some messengers to kill Tulasa in the jungle, but she tricks her would-be executors by saying her lifeforce is in the trunk of the king's prized elephant, which they should kill first. Tulasa escapes from the messengers, and her friend, the princess, learns of the co-queens' plot to kill the florist girl. The co-queens move to a second attempt; they order the messengers to kill her, and Tulasa, now, reveals the secret: somewhere in the seven seas, there are seven rooms, one with an idol inside; on the idol there are seven golden chains of seven ''tolas'', wherein lies her death; the soldiers must behead the idol's head and the seven necklaces will be detached from its neck, killing her. The messengers follow Tulasa's instructions and destroy the idol and the necklaces, ending the girl's life. Thus, in order to cover up their crime, the messengers cover the girl's body and take her to be cremated, when the king arrives and asks them the meaning of their action. The messengers say they are taking a dead girl's body with no kith nor kin to be cremated, but the shroud falls from the body and reveals Tulasa's beauty to the king. Stunned at her beauty, the monarch orders them to explain themselves, when a monkey climbs down a tree and revives Tulasa with a herb. The little animal then explains everything to the king and says the girl is meant for him. At the end of the tale, the king executes his co-wives and takes Tulasa as his queen.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tales from Hill and Jungle: Tribal Folk Tales of Koraput region, Orissa |first=Ranjan |last=Pradhan |date=2009 |publisher=Creative Odisha |location=Niginipur, Sanjaria, Kendrapada, Odisha |pages=27–33 |isbn=978-81-89098-40-7}}</ref>

In a [[South India]]n tale from [[Gowda Kannada]] with the title "ಕೊರಳ ಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವವಿರುವ ಯುವತಿಯನ್ನು ಅರಸ ಮದುವೆಯಾಗುವುದು" ("A king marries a maiden with a life necklace"), an old woman has an only daughter. At a certain point of her adult life, the maiden dies and her body is placed in the forest. A king finds the dead maiden's resting place, but discovers her resting place is filled with provisions, which he eats then leaves. The maiden actually comes back to life at night due to the necklace, then dies in the morning. In time, the maiden gives birth to a son. The king returns every day and discovers the child, who tells the monarch the maiden's life necklace is in the queen's hands, who wears it around her neck. This is what causes the maiden to die and revive every night. The king and the maiden's son retrieve the necklace and place on her neck, restoring her to life.<ref>{{cite book |title=GOWDA KANNADADA JANAPADA KATEGALU |first=Vishwanatha |last=Badikana |publisher=Kannada University, Madipu Prakashana, Mangalagangotri |date=1994 |pages=52 (summary for tale nr. 34) |language=Kannada}}</ref> The tale was also classified as type 412 ("೪೧೨", in the original), "ಕೊರಳ ಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವವಿರುವುದು" ("Life in the Necklace").<ref name="Badikana 1994 95 classification">{{cite book |title=GOWDA KANNADADA JANAPADA KATEGALU |first=Vishwanatha |last=Badikana |publisher=Kannada University, Madipu Prakashana, Mangalagangotri |date=1994 |page=95 (classification) |language=Kannada}}</ref>

In a [[South India]]n tale from [[Gowda Kannada]] with the title "ಕೊರಳ ಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವವಿರುವುದು." ("Life in the Necklace"), a prince and a poor girl vow to marry each other, despite being from different castes. However, the prince is married to another princess, who sees the poor girl as her rival, so she ingrained herself as the latter's friend in order to discover her secret: a necklace that holds her life. The poor girl reveals it: in a lake, in a crocodile ("ಮೊಸಳೆ", in the original), in a necklace. The princess asks the prince to drain the lake, find the crocodile and fetch the necklace. The princess dons the necklace around her neck, causing her rival to fall dead, so her body is placed in a tomb in the forest. The prince rides through the forest and finds his beloved on the tomb. In time, the girl gives birth to a son. Some time later, the prince passes by the girl's tomb again and discovers the boy, who tells the prince about her necklace holding her life. The boy and the prince go to the palace to retrieve the necklace from the princess's neck and return it to the girl.<ref>{{cite book |title=GOWDA KANNADADA JANAPADA KATEGALU |first=Vishwanatha |last=Badikana |publisher=Kannada University, Madipu Prakashana, Mangalagangotri |date=1994 |pages=52–53 (summary for tale nr. 35) |language=Kannada}}</ref> The tale was also classified as type 412 ("೪೧೨", in the original), "ಕೊರಳ ಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವವಿರುವುದು" ("Life in the Necklace").<ref name="Badikana 1994 95 classification"/>

In a tale from [[Karnataka]] titled "ರತ್ನಹಾರ" ("Ratnahāra"; English: "Necklace"), a beautiful maiden's ("sundari", in the original) parents arrange their daughter's marriage with a prince, but he lives with a "ಪ್ರಿಯಕರನನ್ನು" ("priyakaranannu"). The woman sees the maiden as her rival and poisons the prince's mind against her, then befriends her out of interest, for she wants to discover the maiden's secret. The maiden has her life inside a necklace that is located in a lake. The woman retrieves the maiden's life necklace and wears it around her neck, causing her rival to fall into a death-like state, but removes it at night, which causes the maiden to return to life. Caught in this life and death cycle, the prince does not yet know of the truth and builds a burial palace the maiden in the forest. One day, he rides to the palace to pay his respects and finds a little boy with her, who says he is the maiden's son. Instructed by the boy, the prince goes to the woman's palace with the baby to distract the woman and ask her if the boy can play with the necklace. The woman is tricked into giving the baby boy the necklace, and both the prince and the boy return to the maiden's to return her the necklace. The maiden and the prince reunite.<ref>{{cite book |title=Kannaḍa janapada kathegaḷu |author=Ke. Ār Sandhyā Reḍḍi |publisher=Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu |date=1982 |page=127 |language=Kannada}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In a [[Sindhi folk tales|Sindhi tale]] published by Sindhologist [[Nabi Bakhsh Baloch]] with the title ''The Ghaibi (Unseen) Queen'' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: "غيبي راڻي"), a farmer grows watermelons in his orchard. One day, his wife goes to the orchard and hears a voice, then rushes to tell her husband about it. The couple return to the orchard and find a watermelon which they bring home. From the watermelon a baby girl appears, whom they raise as their daughter. When she grows up, news of her beauty draws many suitors, who are rejected. A king learns of her beauty and goes to the farmer's house to ask for her hand. Their marriage is arranged, and the king brings the watermelon girl to his palace. The king is previously married to two co-queens, who become increasingly jealous of the way the king dotes on the new girl, so they hire a ''dhooti'' (evil woman) to discover something about the new queen that the duo can use against her. The dhooti pays a visit to the third queen and they talk: unknowingly, the watermelon girl reveals her life (soul) is located inside a pearl in her necklace, which, if one is to remove from her, she would lose her life. Armed with this information, the dhooti steals the necklace and brings it to the other queens. The watermelon girl, who is pregnant, begins to feel dizzy and suffocated, and, sensing the upcoming danger, she tells the king to have her body safely installed in a room, instead of being buried, in case she dies. The jealous queens celebrate the "death" of their rival, and keep the necklace in a safe place. The watermelon girl eventually dies and, just as she requested, her body is placed in a room. Back to the queens, they alternate using the necklace by morning and hiding it at night, which causes the watermelon girl to revive at night and die by day. A baby son is born to the girl, who tells her child to explain the situation to his father, the king. Time passes, and the king decides to pass by the room where his third queen's body is kept, and finds a child playing by his wife's body. He decides to wait for the evening, and discovers the girl comes back to life to play with the baby. The king reunites with his wife and is told of the co-queens' plot, then they trace a course of action: he will steal back the necklace. The next day, the king sends a poor man near the palace to beg for alms, and asks for the necklace. The queens give the necklace to the beggar, who returns it to the king, who places it around the watermelon girl's neck. The king brings his wife and son back to the palace and expels the two queens.<ref>{{cite book |title=Loku kahāṇiyūn: Bādshāhani ʻain rāṇiyuni, shahizādani ʻain shahizādiyuni jūn g̈ālhiyūn |trans-title=Folk Tales: Kings, Queens, Princes & Princesses|publisher=[[Sindhi Adabi Board|Sindhī Adabī Borḍ]] |date=1960 |location=Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Pakistan |pages=18-19 (English summary for tale nr. 31), 364-369 ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] text) |editor=Nabī Bak̲h̲shu K̲h̲ānu Balocu |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXDhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hira%22+%2B+%22lal%22+%2B+%22snake%22+%2B+%22ruby%22}}</ref>

===Egypt===
Folklore scholar [[Hasan M. El-Shamy]] registers a single variant of type ATU 412 in the [[Middle East]] and Northern Africa, which he located in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Hasan |last=El-Shamy |date=2004 |title=Types of the Folktale in the Arab World: A Demographically Oriented Tale-Type Index |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=199}}</ref>

Folklorist [[Howard Schwartz]] published a [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Jewish-Egyptian]] tale titled ''The Wonder Child'': a rabbi and his wife pray to God to have a child. One night, at midnight, during [[Shavuot|Shevuoth]], they pray to God. The rabbi's wife has a dream about a girl clutching a jewel in her hand, and a voice tells her that the child and the jewel can never be parted. Nine months later, she gives birth to a girl with a jewel, and names her Kohava ("star"). The rabbi also places the jewel inside a necklace. Kohava grows up to be a lovely and talented maiden. One day, the queen announces she will go to the bath house, and invites every woman. Kohava insists she wants to visit the bath house. Kohava goes to the bath house and draws everyone's attention due to her beauty. Even the queen notices she is more beautiful then herself, and fear her son, the prince, will wish to marry her. So the queen orders her servants to bring instruments for the girl to play, which she does with ease. Astonished by her talents, the queen convinces the girl's parents to take her to the palace as one of her musicians. Kohava's mother advises her daughter never to take the necklace off her. After they reach the palace, the queen orders Kohava to be sent to prison, so she can perish there, but a guard gives her food. A while later, the queen goes to check on Kohava, and sees she is still alive, but notices the glowing necklace. The queen takes the necklace by force and the girl falls asleep. The queen orders the guard to dispose of the body, but he simply places her inside a hut. Then, the queen's son, the prince, goes on a hunt and finds Kohava, lying asleep in the hut. He falls in love with her, but she cannot awake. At any rate, the prince goes back home and tells his mother he is in love with a princess, and the queen gives him Kohava's necklace as a betrothal gift for his bride. The prince goes back to the hut and places the necklace around Kohava's neck. She wakes up sees the prince; they each relate the story, and the prince learns of his mother's cruelty. The prince announces he will marry, and asks his mother to prepare a grand celebration. The bride is walked in wearing seven veils, and, when she lifts them, the queen sees Kohava is alive and flees. Kohava and the prince live happily ever after.<ref>Schwartz, Howard. ''The wonder child: & other Jewish fairy tales''. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. pp. 1-8.</ref><ref>[[Maria Tatar|Tatar, Maria]]. ''The Fairest of Them All: Snow White and 21 Tales of Mothers and Daughters''. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2020. pp. 194-199. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674245822-022</ref> In his notes, Schwartz noted it to be a cross between European tales ''Snow White'' and ''Sleeping Beauty''.<ref>Schwartz, Howard. ''The wonder child : & other Jewish fairy tales''. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. p. 60.</ref>

=== Caucasus Region ===
==== Georgia ====
The [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] Folktale Index registers a similar narrative of a heroine's magical necklace, indexed as type 412, "The Marble Tears and Necklace". In the Georgian tale type, the heroine is capable of producing flower petals with her laughter and tears of pearls when she cries, and also possesses a magical necklace she can never part with. During the tale, the heroine falls into a death-like sleep when her rival steals the necklace. The prince, the heroine's husband, discovers the necklace, but it is their son that brings it back to the heroine.<ref>Kʻurdovaniże, Tʻeimuraz et al. ''[https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/336292 The index of Georgian folktale plot types: systematic directory, according to the system of Aarne - Thompson]''. Tbilisi: Merani, 2000. p. 41.</ref>

==== Armenia ====
In a tale collected by Susan Hoogasian-Villa from an Armenian-American source, ''The Fairy Child'', a king overhears his youngest daughter talking that woman is more important that man. Angered at her commentary, he marries his two elder daughters to rich princes and the youngest to a poor man. Regardless of her poor situation, the third princess gives birth to a girl. One night, the baby girl is visited by four angels, who give her blessings. The first gives her a necklace she is to never part with, otherwise she will die; the other angels bestow marvellous gifts upon her: when she bathes, her bathwater turns to gold; when she cries, pearls fall from her eyes, and when she laughs, red roses will bloom on her cheeks. Later, when she grows up, the heroine, now a woman, alerts her helper, an old man, that her rival will steal her necklace, and the heroine will appear to be dead, but she is not to be buried.<ref>Hoogasian-Villa, Susie. ''[[100 Armenian Tales and Their Folkloristic Relevance]]''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1966. pp. 91-96.</ref>

==== Karachay-Balkar people ====
In a tale from the [[Karachay]]-[[Balkars]] with the title "Алакез" ("Alakez"), an old couple suffer for not having children, until one day a girl is born to them, one cheek shining like the moon and the other like the sun. One night, as they place the girl in the cradle and occupy themselves with other chores, white genies come to the baby to bestow upon her gifts: the first ties a magical talisman (хамайылчи́к, 'hamayylchik') to her right hand, which will protect her at all times, and blesses her with the ability to cry diamond tears; the second blesses her with the ability to have gold appear whenever she bathes, and the third that wherever she steps flowers will appear. The girl grows up in beauty and charm, and, when she is of [[marriageable age]], a young khan from a nearby khanate learns of her beauty and wishes to marry her. Thus, her parents prepare to send their daughter Alakez to the khan, escorted by an old woman neighbour and her own daughter. As they travel through a forest, the neighbour blinds Alakez and takes out her eyes, then dresses her own daughter as Alakez to trick the khan, and abandon the other girl in the woods. As the tale continues, a kind old man named Ivan takes Alakez in and she buys her eyes back. She also asks her friend Ivan to build a giant tower as her tomb, in case she dies, and the doors must open every day by themselves and mourn for her. Ivan fulfills her request. As for the neighbour woman, she learns of Alakez's magical talisman and orders a spy to steal it. He does and Alakez falls to the ground as if dead. Ivan then places her inert body in the tower. One night, the khan is riding next to the tower accompanied by a servant, and both hear the tower windows mourning for a girl. They enter the tower and see Alakez's dead body, the mark of a talisman on the right side of her body. The khan notices the servant has with him something that might be the perfect match, and bids him place it on the body. Alakez wakes up and asks to be taken to her friend Ivan and his wife, where the whole truth is told to the khan.<ref>"Балкарские и карачаевские сказки" [Balkar and Karachay Fairy Tales]. Moskva: Детская Литература, 1971. Tale nr. 27.</ref><ref>"Народные сказки балкарцев и карачаевцев". Moskva: Редакция альманаха "Российский Архив", 2003. pp. 102-107.</ref>

=== Turkey ===
Scholars [[Wolfram Eberhard]] and [[Pertev Naili Boratav]] devised a classification system for Turkish folktales and narratives, called ''Typen türkischer Volksmärchen'' ("Turkish Folktale Catalogue"). In their joint work, they registered a Turkish tale type indexed as TTV 240, "Rosenlachen und Perlenweinen" ("Rose-Laughter and Pearl-Tears"), with 29 variants listed. In the tale type, the heroine is born to a poor couple, and dervishes, fairies or peris come to bless the child with the ability to produce rose petals with her laughter and pearls with her tears, and also give her an amulet. Later in the tale, the heroine's rival steals the heroine's amulet; the heroine falls into a death-like sleep, and her body is placed in a mausoleum.<ref>Eberhard, Wolfram; Boratav, Pertev Nailî. ''[https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/36665 Typen türkischer Volksmärchen]''. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1953. pp. 291-294.</ref>

=== Uzbekistan ===
In an [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] tale titled "Дочь дровосека" ("The Woodcutter's Daughter"), a poor and childless woodcutter earns his living by chopping firewood in the mountains and selling it. One day, he chops down a very old tree and releases a good djinn, who, in gratitude, explains an evil djinn imprisoned him there, and gives the man a magical apple for the man and his wife to eat. The good djinn explains a girl will be born to them, but one that produces pearls with her tears, flowers with her words, and golden sand wherever she steps on. It happens thus, and a girl is indeed born to them. As she grows up, her father demands a particularly steep dowry for her, which shuns many suitors. One day, however, the evil djinn appears and demands the man delivers him his daughter as wife, which he refuses to do. A young batyr comes and drives away the djinn, and the woodcutter, in return, agrees to marry his daughter to the batyr. Some time later, as the journey is long for them, and they are old, the woodcutter and his wife cannot make the journey, when suddenly a rich old woman comes with her daughter and offers to take the girl to her bridegroom, since the old woman is his aunt. The woodcutter agrees, but, during the journey, the old woman demands the girl's pearl-producing eyes and makes her blind. Later, the girl buys her eyes back. The old woman joins forces with the evil djinn, who tells her to fetch a certain golden fish in the river which contains a special [[earring]] that holds the girl's lifeforce within. The old woman does as instructed, takes the earring and wears it; the girl enters a death-like state and her body is placed on a tomb. However, the girl wakes up whenever the old woman removes the earring, and falls dead when the earring is worn. One day, the batyr, who is the girl's bridegroom, hunts a white dove and follows it to the tomb, where he finds his true bride. The girl wakes up and explains his aunt has the earring with her lifeforce inside.<ref>"Узбекские народные сказки" [Uzbek Folk Tales]. Tom 2. Tashkent: Издательство литературы и искусства им. Гафура Гуляма, 1972. pp. 88-94.</ref>

==See also==
* [[A Dead Husband (Assamese folktale)]]
*[[Life's Secret (Bengali folktale)]]
* [[Momotaro]]
* [[The Sleeping Prince (fairy tale)]]
* [[Sleeping Beauty]]
* [[Snow White]]
* [[Syair Bidasari]]
* [[Udea and her Seven Brothers]]
* [[Uriko-hime]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Sleep in mythology and folklore]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:Works about infanticide]]

Syed Ahmad Barelvi

2026-04-24T17:18:01Z

JacobJamison9: done!

{{short description|Indian Muslim activist (1786–1831)}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] and [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]}}
{{other uses|Syed Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{Overly detailed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| name = Syed Ahmad Barelvi
| image = File:সাইয়েদ আহমাদ ব্রেলভীর কবর.JPG
| caption = Grave of Syed Ahmad in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date |1786|11|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rae Bareli]], [[Kingdom of Oudh]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |1831|5|6|1786|11|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Balakot]], [[Sikh Empire]]
| other_names = Shaheed-e-Balakot, Imam-ul-Mujahidin
| known_for = [[Islamic revivalism]]
| influences = [[Shah Waliullah]], [[Shah Abdul Aziz]]
| main_interests = [[Islamic fundamentalism]], [[Anti-Shi'ism]], [[Hadith]], [[jihad]]
| relatives =
| website =
| footnotes =
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmad Ali | first=Mukhtar | title= Sectarian Conflict in Pakistan: A Case Study of Jhang | publisher = Regional Centre for Strategic Studies | year= 2000 | isbn= 9789558051092 | quote= "... Syed Ahmed Brelvi and Shah Ismail Shaheed, who had strictly remained within the Hanafi School." | page= 13 | url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sectarian_Conflict_in_Pakistan/51bYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden caliphate: Sufi saints beyond the Oxus and Indus|pages=176|last=Ziad|first=Waleed|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780674269385|chapter=6: Peshawar in Turmoil | quote = "But Sayyid Ahmad denied this and consistently called himself a staunch Sunni and follower of the Hanafi school of law."}}</ref> 
[[Ijtihad|Independent]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedayetullah|first=Muhammad|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f |title=Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Ra'e Bareli |publisher=Mcgill University |year=1968 |location=Montreal, Canada |pages=113, 115, 158 |quote=second feature of 'tarÎqah~i Muhammadiyah' is its insistence on the right of ijtihad (independent reasoning ) and rejection of taqlid.. Sayyid Ahmad condemned the muqallidin and urged the Muslims to turn to the authority of the Qur'an and the Sunnah for guidance... he rejected all authority of the four orthodox schools of Muslim jurisprudence, which meant, positively, that he declared himself a ghayr muqallid (non-conformist).}}</ref>
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| influenced = [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]], [[Syed Nazeer Husain]], [[Karamat Ali Jaunpuri]], [[Noor Muhammad Nizampuri]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Abul A'la Maududi]], [[Titumir]] virtually every subsequent Indian [[jihadist]] movement
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reifeld, Zaheer Husain Jafri | first=Helmut, Saiyid | title= The Islamic Path: Sufism, Society, and Politics in India | publisher= Rainbow Publishers | year=2006 | isbn= 9788186962862 | quote= "... Saiyyid Ahmad Rae Barelvi of Balakot fame... and his chief associate Shah Ismail... belonged to the Chishti and Naqshbandi orders, respectively." | page=5 | url= https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/21DYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwidq_T_1KmSAxXESGcHHbWdJg8Q8fIDegQIEhAF }}</ref> 
[[Mujaddidi Order|Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics|last=Gaborieau|first=Marc|publisher=Brill|year=2021|isbn=90-04-11300-2|pages=457-58|editor-first=Frederick De, Bernd|editor-last=De Jong, Radtke|chapter=Criticizing the Sufis: The Debate in Early-Nineteenth-Century India}}</ref>
| movement = ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyyah''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics|last=Gaborieau|first=Marc|publisher=Brill|year=2021|isbn=90-04-11300-2|page=457|editor-first=Frederick De, Bernd|editor-last=De Jong, Radtke| quote = "The Sirat al-mustaqim, however, is a clearly dated manifesto which marks the start of the tariqa-i Muhammadiyya as an organized movement under the leadership of Sayyid Ahmad in 1818." | chapter=Criticizing the Sufis: The Debate in Early-Nineteenth-Century India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What is a Madrasa? | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4744-0173-9 | quote="Connected to vintage Sufi networks, these Delhi-based scholars renamed their spiritual order as the Muhammadan Path, Tariqa Muhammadiyya. ... Two well-placed religious figures, Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli... and Shah Muhammad Muhammad Isma'il... were the public faces of the movement." |page=92 | first=Ebrahim | last= Moosa}}</ref>
}}
{{Deobandi}}
'''Syed Ahmad Barelvi''', also known as '''Sayyid Ahmad Shahid''',<ref name=Guha>{{Cite book|last=Guhathakurta, van Schendel|first=Meghna, Willem |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics|isbn=978-0-8223-5304-1|publisher=Duke University Press |year=2013|location=London, United Kingdom|pages=102 |chapter= Wage Holy War-Or Leave!|quote="Sayyid Ahmad Shahid"}}</ref> (1786–1831){{sfn|Adamec|2009|p=54}}{{sfn|Jalal|2009|pp=307–308}} was an Indian [[mujaddid|Islamic revivalist]], [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Islamic scholar|scholar]], [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]] Sufi ''[[murshid]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics|last=Gaborieau|first=Marc|publisher=Brill|year=2021|isbn=90-04-11300-2|pages=457-58|editor-first=Frederick De, Bernd|editor-last=De Jong, Radtke|chapter=Criticizing the Sufis: The Debate in Early-Nineteenth-Century India|quote="The charisma of Sayyid Ahmad as leader of the movement is based on his qualities as a mystic and a Sufi guide, in the manner of the great Delhi Naqshbandi leaders. Similar to these leaders he initiated his disciples into what were then the four main Sufi orders in India: the Chishtiyya, Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya and Naqshbandiyya Mujaddidiyya."}}</ref>, and [[commander|military commander]] from [[Raebareli]], a part of the historical [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (now called [[Uttar Pradesh]]).

Sayyid Ahmad led the ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyah'' movement, which waged [[Jihad]] against the [[Sikh Empire]] and spearheaded decades-long anti-colonial uprisings across various regions of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC&dq=pindari+sayyid&pg=PA71 |page=71 |author= Ayesha Jalal |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674039070 }}</ref><ref name="Guha" /> He is considered by many Muslims to be a "''[[mujaddid]]''" (renewer) of his era.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo | title = Encyclopedia of Islam | year = 2009 |publisher = Infobase Publishing | isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |location= 132 West 31st Street, New York, NY 10001, USA| quote = "... and many believed that Sayyid Ahmad was the "renewer" (mujaddid) of the age." | pages=92| chapter = Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad}}</ref>

Sayyid Ahmad is also revered as a major scholarly leader by the followers of the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and [[Deobandi]] movements.<ref>Ahmad, M. (1975). Saiyid Ahmad barevali: His Life and Mission (No. 93). Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications. Page 27.</ref> The epithet 'Barelvi' is derived from [[Raebareli]], his place of origin. [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]] wrote ''[[Seerat-i-Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed]]'', the first historical biography of Syed Ahmad Barelvi.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zubair Zafar |first=Khan |title=A critical study of Moulana Abdul Hasan Ali nadwis islamic thought |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2010 |location=India |pages=146 |language=en |hdl=10603/60854}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Syed Ahmad Barelvi was born on 29 November 1786 in [[Raebareli]], into a Syed family.{{Sfn|Nishat|2015|p=25}} His primary education was initiated in 1791, when he was aged four.{{Sfn|Nishat|2015|p=26}} As he turned ten, his father died and the familial responsibilities fell onto his shoulders, and this made him travel to [[Lucknow]], at the age of 18 in search of some work. He however inclined to stay in the tutelage of [[Shah Abdul Aziz]], an Islamic scholar, who was the son of revivalist reformer [[Shah Waliullah]], in Delhi.{{Sfn|Nishat|2015|p=28}}

Ahmad travelled to Delhi, and was subsequently allotted accommodation in the [[Akbarabadi Mosque]].{{Sfn|Nishat|2015|p=29}} He stayed in the tutelage of Abdul Aziz for a few years, and returned to his hometown in the early 1808, or in the late 1807, He quickly distinguished himself through his sincerity and rigorous spiritual discipline, often staying awake the entire night for prayer..{{Sfn|Nishat|2015|p=31}}

Sayyid Ahmad was raised in a family celebrated for religious knowledge and piety. From childhood, he was marked by intense devotion, often prioritizing the needs of the poor and the elderly over his own comfort. As he matured, he developed a deep passion for martial arts, including archery, fencing, and swimming, skills that would later serve his leadership role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Abul hasan |title=Seerat e sayyid ahmad}}</ref>

==Later career and military service==
After his tutelage under Shah Abdul Aziz from 1806 to 1811, Syed Ahmad began his career as a [[Pindari]] horse soldier in the militia of [[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Amir Khan Pindari]], a military expeditionary at the age of 25.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=29}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl0lDAAAQBAJ&dq=barelvi+robber+freebooter&pg=PT39 |title=Colonialism and the Call to Jihad in British India |author= Tariq Hasan |date=2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9789351505402 }}</ref> This was an era where large numbers of North Indian Muslim horsemen from the [[Uttar Pradesh]] region were unemployed and saw a destruction of their livelihood due to the fall of Muslim rule, and a large number of those disaffected turned into plunderers known as the [[Pindari]] freebooters who fought merely for loot and plunder to establish power.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLfAAAAMAAJ&q=ranghar+lalkhani |title= Defence Journal:Volumes 4-5|page=66 |date=2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125 |title= Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |year= 2021 |author= Sumit Walia |page= 125|publisher= Lancer Publishers |isbn= 9788170623311 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while |title= Calcutta Review 1956 |page= 38 |publisher= University of Calcutta. |date= 1956 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&dq=india+british+muslim+disband+cavalry&pg=PA35 |title=The Muslims of British India |page=35 |author= Hardy |date=1972 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=9780521084888 }}</ref>

In 1817, after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], Amir Khan allied with the [[East India Company]], the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, the [[Marquess of Hastings]], resolved to defeat the [[Pindari]]s whom they deemed a menace. The [[Treaty of Gwalior]] severed the link between them and [[Scindia]]. Moreover, the treaty required the latter to join forces with the East India Company to eliminate the [[Pindaris]] and [[Pashtun people|Pathans]]. Bowing to the inevitable, Amir Khan came to terms with the English, agreeing to disband his men in return for a large stipend and recognition as a hereditary Nawab, who quietly settled down to consolidate his little state. Being against this treaty, Syed Ahmed left the military service.<ref name="Shariat and Tariqat">{{cite book|last=Bashir|first=Aamir|url=http://ilmresources.wordpress.com|title=Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf|date=2013|publisher=Dar al-Sa'adah Publication}}</ref>

Now unemployed, Syed Ahmad returned to Delhi after his service and decided to emulate Amir Khan, an American journalist who, using the pseudonym Tariw Hasan, deceived and divided society by writing that [[W.W. Hunter]] described Syed Ahmad "as a robber who took to religion to plunder for wealth".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Aligarh Movement and the Making of the Indian Muslim Mind, 1857-2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1uAAAAMAAJ&q=barelvi+robber+freebooter |author= Tariq Hasan |page=XIV |date=2006| publisher=Rupa & Company | isbn=9788129108470 }}</ref> During this period, Syed Ahmad became more mature and harmonized his military experiences with a zealous commitment to establish ''[[Sharia]]'' (Islamic law).<ref name="Islamic Revival in British India">{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara Daly|title=Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900|date=2002|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=0195660498|edition=3rd impression.|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Two family members of the theologian Shah Waliullah—[[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Shah Ismail Dehlavi]] (1771–1831) and Maulvi Abdul Hai (died 1828)—became associates of Syed Ahmad, an event that raised his mystic confidence and stature.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=xiv}} This endorsement only added to his reputation, and his popularity grew with adherents flocking to him by the thousands.<ref name="Freeland Abbott Jihad">{{cite journal|last=Abbott|first=Freeland|date=1962|title=The Jihad of Sayyid Ahmad|journal=The Muslim World|volume=52|issue=3|pages=216–222|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02616.x}}</ref>

==Reform movement==

Syed Ahmad was the first major Islamic theologian on the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] to call for an Islamic movement that was simultaneously scholarly, military, and political to counter the expansion of British rule. He eagerly addressed the Muslim masses directly, not traditional leaders, in his call for a popular ''[[jihad]]'' against a Sikh rule in Punjab. His evangelism—based on networks of preachers, collectors, and judges—also addressed the common people and not the rulers' courts.<ref name="Roy-57">{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3OfC1ZRq38C&q=barelvi+resistance+to+british+1826&pg=PA56|title=Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521397001|pages=56, 57|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

At the core of the teachings of Sayyid Ahmad’s ''Tariqat-i Muhammadiya'' movement was its emphasis on upholding ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' (monotheism) and adherence to ''[[sharia]]'', and its opposition to superstitious beliefs and customs that were contrary to ''sharia''. The movement denounced various local rituals and superstitious beliefs related to saint veneration and shrine visitations, which they regarded as ''[[Bidʻah|bid'ah]]'' (religious innovations) and ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' (polytheism). However, unlike the Wahhabi movement in Najd, the supporters of the ''Tariqat-i Muhammadiya'' movement did not oppose Sufism, and regarded themselves as traditional [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] Sufis who campaigned against what they viewed as deviations from orthodox [[Sufism]]. Sayyid Ahmad himself was a Sufi saint and ''[[murshid]]'' who initiated many of his followers into the traditional [[Sufi order|Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-691-05343-X |pages=56-57}}</ref>

Syed Ahmad's reformist teachings were set down in two prominent treatises: ''Sirat'ul Mustaqim'' (''The Straight Path'') and ''Taqwiyatul-Iman'' (''Strengthening of the Faith''), compiled by his acolyte Shah Muhammad Ismail. The two works stressed the centrality of ''[[Tawhid]]'' (monotheism), advocated that acts of worship—such as ''[[dua]]'' and sacrifices—belonged solely to God, and denounced all those practices and beliefs that were held in any way to compromise ''Tawhid''. According to [[Barbara Metcalf]], the followers of Syed Ahmad identified three tendencies as sources of threat to their movement's teachings: "false [[Sufism]], Shi'i doctrines and practices, and popular custom".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara Daly |title=Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860-1900 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-691-05343-X |pages=56-57}}</ref>

Syed Ahmad urged Muslims to follow ''[[Idrisiyya|Tariqa Muhammadiyya]]'', abandon all superstitious activities in various [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]], and called for a total reformation of ''[[Tasawwuf]]''. Syed Ahmad reserved his sharpest condemnations for the moral degradation of Muslims and blamed the corrupt Sufis as the primary cause of Muslim decline. He called upon Muslims to strictly abide by the tenets of the ''[[Sharia]]h'' (Islamic law) by following the ''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'' and the ''[[Sunnah]]''. The most prominent feature of Syed Ahmad's teachings was his warning to avoid ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' (polytheism), ''[[Bidʻah|bid'ah]]'' (religious innovations); and emphasis to uphold ''Tawhid''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedayetullah |first=Muhammad|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f |title=Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli |publisher=Mcgill University |year=1968 |location=Montreal, Canada |pages=113, 115, 134 }}</ref> Once he said to a group of his disciples: <blockquote>Brethren! the purpose of performing the ''[[bay'ah]]'' is that you should give up everything you do which is of the nature of polytheism or heresy, your making of ''[[tazia]]s'', setting up banners, worshipping the tombs of Pirs and martyrs, making offerings to them and taking vows in their names. All this you should give up, and do not believe that your good and ill come from anyone except God; do not recognize anyone but Him as having the power to grant the fulfillment of your wishes. If you continue [in this way of polytheism and heresy], merely offering bay'ah will bring no benefit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedayetullah |first=Muhammad|url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/hq37vs57f |title=Sayyid Ahmad: a Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rae Bareli |publisher=Mcgill University |year=1968 |location=Montreal, Canada |pages=134 }}</ref></blockquote>

Syed Ahmad visited numerous towns of the [[North India]]n plains between 1818 and 1821. He incited hundreds of missionaries to preach against Shia beliefs and practices. Syed Ahmad repeatedly destroyed ''[[tazia]]s'', an act that resulted in subsequent riots and chaos.<ref>Andreas Rieck, "The Shia's of Pakistan", p. 16, Oxford University Press (2016).</ref> Syed Ahmad called upon the Muslim masses to abandon practices related to Shia influence, such as the ''tazias'' which were replicas of the tombs of the martyrs of Karbala taken in procession during the mourning ceremony of [[Muharram]]. [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi|Shah Muhammad Ismail]] declared the act of breaking ''tazias'' as an obligation upon all believers and asserted that it was as virtuous as breaking idols. Syed Ahmad is reported to have organized the burning of thousands of ''tazias''.<ref>B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", p. 58, Princeton University Press (1982).

"The second group of abuses Syed Ahmad held were those that originated from Shi’i influence. He particularly urged Muslims to give up the keeping of ta’ziyahs. [...] Syed Ahmad himself is said, no doubt with considerable exaggeration, to have torn down thousands of imambaras, the building that house the taziyahs".</ref>

In 1821, Syed Ahmad left for [[Hajj]] along with a group of devotees. He returned from Hajj in 1823,<ref name="Roy-57" /> and once again visited different parts of India. For Syed Ahmad and the followers of the [[Faraizi movement]], India was "''[[Dar al-Harb]]''" (a land without a peace treaty with Muslims) and therefore ''jihad'' was obligatory for all [[Muslims]]. In his book ''Sirat-e-Mustaqeem'', [[Shah Ismail Dehlvi]] wrote:<blockquote>A large part of present-day India has become "Dar-ul-Harab". Compare the situation with the heavenly blessings of India two and three hundred years ago.<ref name=":0">Dr. Mubarak Ali, "[https://todayspointonline.com/syed-ahmed-barelvi-and-his-jihad-movement/ Almiyah-e-Tarikh", Chapter 11, pp.107-121], Fiction House, Lahore (2012).</ref></blockquote>Syed Ahmad's opponents labeled him a "[[Wahhabi (epithet)|Wahhabi]]", but he did not consider himself as such.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=Sayyid+Ahmad%E2%80%99s++opponents+labeled+him+a+%E2%80%9CWahhabi%2C%E2%80%9D+a+follower+of++the+puritanical+Saudi+form+of+Islam%2C+but+he+did+not++consider+himself+as+such.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8|location=|pages=92|language=en}}</ref> Sayyid Ahmad was a follower of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s spiritual path<ref>{{Cite book|last=Campo|first=Juan Eduardo | title = Encyclopedia of Islam | year = 2009|publisher = Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|location= 132 West 31st Street, New York, NY 10001, USA|pages=92| chapter = Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad}}</ref> and a traditional Sunni who adhered to the [[Hanafi school]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidden caliphate: Sufi saints beyond the Oxus and Indus|pages=176|last=Ziad|first=Waleed|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780674269385|chapter=6: Peshawar in Turmoil | quote = "But Sayyid Ahmad denied this and consistently called himself a staunch Sunni and follower of the Hanafi school of law."}}</ref>

== Jihad movement and Islamic State ==
{{Main|Syed Ahmad's Holy War}}

{{See also|Ahl-i Hadith#Indian Jihad Movement}}
Upon return, Syed Ahmad regarded his immediate enemy to be the [[Sikh Empire]] ruled by [[Ranjit Singh]], which was expanding, close to [[Afghanistan]]. Syed Ahmad intended to establish a strong [[Islamic state]] on the [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier region]], in the [[Peshawar valley]], and use it as a strategic base for launching military campaigns at a later stage against the [[Company rule in India|British colonial regime]].<ref name="Roy-57" /> When the military action began, some Muslim Nawabs (like his former employer [[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Amir Khan]]) provided funds but did not join Syed Ahmad for ''[[jihad]]''. Around 8,000 ''[[mujahideen]]'' (holy warriors) accompanied him, mostly consisting of clergymen and poor people. The rulers of the states of [[Tonk State|Tonk]], [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], and [[Sind State|Sindh]] supported Syed Ahmad.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=57, 58}}

Arriving in Peshawar valley in late 1826, Syed Ahmad and his followers made their base in towns of [[Hund (village)|Hund]] and [[Zaida, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Zaida]] in [[Swabi District]].<ref name="openlibrary.org">[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL946103M/Wahhabi_movement_in_India Wahhabi movement in India]. [[Qeyamuddin Ahmad]], (1994, p.50). open library</ref> Syed Ahmad called upon the local [[Pashtun]] and [[Hazarewal]] tribes to wage ''jihad'', and demanded that they renounce their tribal customs and adopt the ''Sharia''. The traditional [[Khan (title)|khans]] were replaced by Traditional ''[[ulama]]'' (Islamic scholars) and a system of Islamic taxes was established to finance the ''jihad''. Soon after this evangelist campaign and the establishment of the ''Sharia'' system, ''jihad'' was declared.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=O8oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=akora&pg=PA96 |title=Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb |author= Jūrj al-Maqdisī, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb · |date=1965 |page=96|publisher=Brill Archive }}</ref><ref name="Roy-57" /> He sent an ultimatum to Ranjit Singh, demanding:<blockquote>[...] either become a Muslim, pay Jizyah or fight and remember that in case of war, [[Yaghistan]] supports the Indians.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=63}}</blockquote>

The ''mujahideen'' were educated with both theological doctrines and physical training sessions. Syed Ahmad organized wrestling, archery training, and shooting competitions. The ''mujahideen'' also repeated several Islamic anthems. One such popular anthem has survived, known as "Risala Jihad".<ref>Charles Allen, "God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad", p. 86, Abacus (2006).</ref> On 21 December 1826, Syed Ahmad and his 1,500 followers clashed with 4,000 Sikh troops in the [[battle of Akora Khattak]] and obtained a significant victory.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=62}} On 11 January 1827, allegiance was sworn on his hand and he was declared ''[[Caliph]]'' and ''[[Imam]].''{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=66}} Syed Ahmad's claim to ''[[Caliphate|Khilafah]]'' was viewed with suspicion in the [[North-West Frontier Province|Frontier region]] as well as in the clerical circles of North India. When the ''[[Jumu'ah]]'' (Friday prayer) sermon was read in his name, symbolising his claim to power, the tribal chiefs became wary. According to prominent Pathan [[Sardar]]s like Khadi Khan, ''[[Maulvis]]'' were ill-equipped to run the affairs of a state.<ref name=":0" /> In response to the criticisms, Syed Ahmad asserted that his aim was not material but to lead a ''jihad'' against ''kuffar''. Defending his claim to Caliphate, Syed Ahmad writes:<blockquote>We thank and praise God, the real master and the true king, who bestowed upon his humble, recluse and helpless servant the title of Caliphate, first through occult gestures and revelations, in which there is no room for doubt, and then by guiding the hearts of the believers towards me. This way God appointed me as the Imam (leader)... the person who sincerely confesses to my position is special in the eyes of God, and the one who denies it is, of course sinful. My opponents who deny me of this position will be humiliated and disgraced.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

Apart from the rebellious Pashtun chieftains, Syed Ahmad's Islamic political movement and state-building project also faced opposition from a rival [[Mujaddidi Order|Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi]] faction, led by Hafiz Daraz and Hafiz Muhammad ‘Azim, which was based in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780674269378 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=174–175 |chapter=6: Peshawar in Turmoil}}</ref> However, Sayyid Ahmad’s Mujaddidi credentials were well established, as he was a descendant of a prominent Mujaddidi saint. He was raised in the Mujaddidi spiritual tradition in India, and was a disciple of the prominent Sufi scholar [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780674269378 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=174–175 |chapter=6: Peshawar in Turmoil}}</ref> ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyah'' movement had emerged as an influential strand of the [[Mujaddidi Order|Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi]] order in the Indian subcontinent, and its revivalist teachings gained widespread acceptance among the Indian Naqshbandis of that period.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Mysticism Contested: Thirteen Centuries of Controversies and Polemics|last=Gaborieau|first=Marc|publisher=Brill|year=2021|isbn=978-90-04-11300-8|pages=458|editor-first=Frederick De, Bernd|editor-last=De Jong, Radtke|chapter=Criticizing the Sufis: The Debate in Early-Nineteenth-Century India}}</ref>

The ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyah'' movement pioneered a reformulation of the Mujaddidi tradition. Its messaging, reformist themes, and literature were replete with Sufi terminology and remained rooted in the traditional Sufi paradigm, particularly shaped by the teachings of [[Ahmad Sirhindi]]. While leading the military efforts of the ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyah'', Sayyid Ahmad maintained strong ties with Sufi circles and initiated several pupils into the [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]], and [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] orders. To Sayyid Ahmad's followers, his political and spiritual leadership was firmly based in the Sufi master-disciple tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziad |first=Waleed |title=Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780674269385 |pages=175 |chapter=6: Peshawar in Turmoi}}</ref>

In March 1827, ''mujahideen'' suffered a serious defeat against the Sikhs during the [[battle of Shaidu]], worsening the position of Syed Ahmad.

After the conquest of [[Peshawar]] by the ''mujahideen'', Syed Ahmad announced the abolition of all tribal rituals that he regarded as ''[[Bidʻah|bid'ah]]'' (religious innovations). He abolished various practices such as: the bride being paid a regular price for marriage; the widowed of the deceased Muslims being divided among his heirs; practice of more than four marriages; denial of inheritance to women; clan wars being considered like ''jihad'' and its plunder being considered as booty. He also pushed for aggressive and violent policies to enforce ''Sharia''. These included: allowing brides as long as half of the agreed money was given; young girls eligible for marriage should be married immediately; flogging people who didn't pray.<ref name=":0" />

In addition to his Islamic social agenda, Syed Ahmad also attempted to collect [[Rashidun Caliphate#Ushr|''ushr'']] (an Islamic [[tithe]]), amounting to 10% of crop yields. This policy was faced with fierce opposition from an alliance of local Pathan tribesmen, who briefly managed to occupy Peshawar. The alliance was defeated and the Islamic reformers [[Battle of Mayar|finally re-captured Peshawar]]. Over several months during 1830, Sayyed Ahmad tried to reconcile between established power hierarchies. But before the end of 1830, another organized uprising occurred, and Syed Ahmad's soldiers in Peshawar and surrounding villages were murdered and the movement was forced to retreat to the hills. There, in the town of [[Balakot]] in 1831, Syed Ahmad [[battle of Balakot|was killed and beheaded by the Sikh Army]].<ref name="openlibrary.org" />

==Battle of Balakot==

[[File: Balakot, Mansehra District, Pakistan.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Position of the Sikh forces at the foot of the Metikot hill]]

{{Main|Battle of Balakot}}

The rise of Syed Ahmad's political power and religious influence in the region emboldened his supporters to rally Pashtuns behind the ''Tariqa-i Muhammadiyah'' movement and launch armed uprisings against the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh empire]]. However, this campaign was undermined by the betrayal of a local Pashtun ''khan''.<ref name="Roy-57" /> The decisive moments for Syed Ahmad came in 1830. After being bribed by Ranjit Singh,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riaz|first=Ismat|title=Understanding History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|location=Karachi, Pakistan|page=77}}</ref> Durrani factions aligned with [[Sultan Mohammad Khan]] rose against him and massacred around two hundred ''[[mujahideen]]'' in the [[Peshawar valley]], which compelled Sayyid Ahmad to migrate and try his luck in [[Kashmir]], his long-cherished dream.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-674-02801-2 |pages=99–103 |chapter=3: The Martyrs of Balakot}}</ref>

Regarding the expulsion of Syed Ahmad from Peshawar by Sultan Muhammad, [[Joseph Davey Cunningham|Joseph Cunningham]] (1812-1851) writes:<blockquote>The petty Muhammadan chiefs generally, with whom self-interest overcame influence and faith, were averse to the domination of the Indian adventurer, and the imprudence of Saiyid Ahmad gave umbrage to his Usufzai adherents. He had levied from the peasants a tithe of their goods, and this measure caused little or no dissatisfaction, for it agreed with their notion of the rights of a religious teacher; but his decree that all the young women of marriageable age should be at once wedded interfered with the profits of Afghan parents, proverbially avaricious, and who usually disposed of their daughters to the wealthiest bridegrooms. But when Saiyid Ahmad was accused, perhaps unjustly, of assigning the maidens one by one to his needy Indian followers, his motives were impugned, and the discontent was loud. Early in November 1830, he was constrained to relinquish Peshawar to Sultan Muhammad at a fixed tribute, and he proceeded to the left bank of the Indus to give battle to the Sikhs. The Saiyid depended chiefly on the few 'Ghazis' who had followed his fortunes throughout, and on the insurrectionary spirit of the Muzalfarabad and other chiefs, for his Usufzai adherents had greatly decreased. The hill 'khans' were soon brought under subjection by the efforts of Sher Singh and the governor of Kashmir; yet Ahmad continued active, and, in a desultory warfare amid rugged mountains, success for a time attended him; but, during a cessation of the frequent conflicts, he was surprised, early in May 1831, at a place called Balakot, and fallen upon and slain. The Usufzais at once expelled his deputies, the 'Ghazis' dispersed in disguise, and the family of the Saiyid hastened to Hindustan to find an honourable asylum with their friend the Nawab of Tonk.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-sikhs/98CC35634EF641C89F8850F85D268D1C |title=A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-06456-9 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - South Asian History |location=Cambridge |pages=172 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511873652}}</ref></blockquote>
[[File:Painting of Syed Ahmad Barelvi lying dead, Deccani, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Syed Ahmad Barelvi lying dead, [[Deccan painting|Deccani]], circa 19th century]]
On 6 May 1831, on the day of Jumu'ah 23 Zulqa'da 1246 AH, Syed Ahmad Barelvi's ''mujahideen'' forces prepared for the final battle at [[Balakot]] [[Maidan]] in the mountainous valley of [[Mansehra district]]. An ill-equipped army of ''mujahideen'' faced a significantly larger number of soldiers led by the Sikh commander [[Sher Singh]]. On that day, Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismail, and prominent leaders of the Islamic movement fell fighting in the battlefield. Sikh victory at Balakot arose jubilation in [[Lahore]]. The defeat at Balakot was a devastating blow to the movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=A.Q.|title=The Salafis (History of the Ahle Hadees Movement in India)|publisher=Al-Kitab International|year=2001|location=New Delhi|pages=132–139, 148}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Syed Ahmad is widely regarded as the founder of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinental]] ''[[Ahl-i Hadith]]'' movement and his teachings are highly influential amongst its members.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-674-29140-9|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=124|chapter=Chapter 7: The Geostrategy of Islamism: States and Networks|quote="..Sayyid Barelvi, founder of the Ahl-i Hadith movement."}}</ref> Another major group that carries his legacy is the [[Deobandi]] school of thought.<ref>B. Metcalf, "Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900", p. 50-60, Princeton University Press (1982).</ref> Across South Asia, Sayyid Ahmad is widely revered by Muslims both as a [[Wali|saint]] and as a ''[[shahid]]'' (martyr).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |location=132 West 31st Street, New York, NY 10001, USA |pages=93 |chapter=Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad}}</ref>

[[Edward Mortimer]] asserted that Syed Ahmad anticipated modern [[Islamism|Islamists]] in waging ''[[jihad]]'' and attempting to create an [[Islamic state]] with strict enforcement of ''[[Sharia]].''<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p.68-70</ref> [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] considers Syed Ahmad to be the first modern Islamic leader in South Asia to lead a movement that was "religious, military and political" and to address the common people and rulers with a call for ''jihad''.<ref name="Roy-57" /> The ''mujahideen'' were unprecedented for their tactics of popular mobilization aimed at swiftly achieving the objectives of social reformation through military means, combined with fierce hostility towards non-Muslim powers such as the [[British Empire]] and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. Syed Ahmad was committed to expand his [[emirate]] to the whole of South Asia and authored tracts calling upon Indian Muslims to join the cause of ''jihad''.{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=184–186}}

Syed Ahmad attained the exemplar status of ''[[shahid]]'' (martyr), one of the highest honours in Islam, and would inspire generations of [[Militant Islamism|militant Islamist]] ideologues and [[Jihadism|jihadi]] activists throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. His calls to action—such as a return to the pristine Islam of the ''Salaf'', and the purifying of [[Islamic culture]] from [[Western culture|Western]] and [[Shia Islam|Shi'i]] influences through armed ''jihad''—became major hallmarks of South Asian and [[Central Asia]]n militant Islamist movements like the [[Taliban]]. [[Al-Qaeda]]'s [[Ideology of Al-Qaeda|ideology]] was greatly inspired by Syed Ahmad's ''jihad'' movement, which was waged from Eastern Afghanistan and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkwa]]. Influenced by Syed Ahmad, contemporary jihadists compare [[Pax Americana|American hegemony]] to the 19th century British rule to justify their campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marquardt, Heffelfinger |first=Erich, Christopher |title=Terrorism & Political Islam: Origins, Ideologies, and Methods; a Counter Terrorism Textbook; 2nd Edition |publisher=Combating Terrorism Center, Department of Social Sciences |year=2008 |pages=37–38, 42, 150–151, 153 |asin=B004LJQ8O8}}</ref>

The ''jihad'' movement of Syed Ahmad made a great impact on Islamic scholarly tradition of South Asia and would deeply divide many clerics and theologians. Some intellectuals and scholars criticised the militant aspects of his reform programme, especially its sectarian violence against other self-professed Muslims whom the ''mujahideen'' declared as heretics or [[Apostasy in Islam|apostates]]. [[Wahiduddin Khan]] argued that Syed Ahmad's ''jihad'' was illegitimate, since it was self-declared and not waged by a Muslim ruler. Meanwhile, South Asian [[Islamists]] eagerly embraced Syed Ahmad's teachings and popularised his writings that sought the militant restoration of an Islamic state. All major organisations that wage militant ''jihad'' in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir use the rhetoric and legacy of Syed Ahmad's ''mujahideen'' to shore up support from the conservative base. [[Hafiz Saeed]]'s [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Masood Azhar]]'s [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Muhammad]] are two major [[militant Islamist]] organisations inspired by Syed Ahmad that wage ''jihad'' against [[India]] in [[Kashmir]]. Other organisations include [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], a [[Jihadism|jihadist]] group in [[Pakistan]].{{sfn|Altaf Qadir|2014|p=184–191}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |author=Altaf Qadir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-486-3 |language=en}} [[iarchive:sayyidahmadbarailvihismovementandlagacyfromthepukhtunperspectivebydr.altafqadir/page/n87/mode/2up|Archived]]
* {{cite book |last1=Nishat |first1=Shah Ibadur Rahman |title=سید احمد شہید: شخصیت، تحریک اور اثرات |trans-title=Syed Ahmed Shaheed: Personality, Movement and Impact |date=April 2015 |publisher=Syed Ahmad Shaheed Academy |location=Raebareli |edition=1st |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/sayed-ahmed-shaheed-shaksiyat-tehrik-aur-asarat/ |language=ur}}
* {{citation |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |title=Historical Dictionary of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_nPfLOj6MUC&pg=PA54 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6303-3}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |chapter=The Martyrs of Balakot |title=Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC&pg=PA58 |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03907-0 |pages=58–113}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://todayspointonline.com/syed-ahmed-barelvi-and-his-jihad-movement/ Syed Ahmed Barelvi and his jihad movement]
*{{archive.org|id=sayyidahmadbarailvihismovementandlagacyfromthepukhtunperspectivebydr.altafqadir|title=Sayyid Ahmad Barailvi: His Movement and Legacy from the Pukhtun Perspective}}

{{Islamism}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Ahmad Barelvi}}
[[Category:Syed Ahmad Barelvi| ]]
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:Sunni imams]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
[[Category:18th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Anti-Shi'ism]]
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]
[[Category:People from Raebareli]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]

Gupta Bahadur

2026-04-24T12:03:55Z

JacobJamison9: stub

{{Short description|Indian cross-country skier (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Gupta Bahadur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name = Gupta Bahadur Gurung
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|7 September 1976}}
| birth_place = [[Nepal]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050516/sports.htm|title=Cash crunch puts Winter Games body in a bind|website=The Tribune|access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref>
| height =
| weight =
| occupation = [[Indian Army]], athlete
| sport = [[Cross-country skiing (sport)|Cross-country skiing]]
| country = {{IND}}
| coaching =
| headercolor =
| show-medals = n
| medaltemplates =

}}

'''Gupta Bahadur Gurung''' (born 7 September 1976) is an Indian [[skier]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/athlete-biography.html?sector=CC&competitorid=91289&type=result |title=GURUNG Gupta Bahadur |publisher=[[International Ski Federation|FIS]] |accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/bahadur-gurung-gupta-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085941/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/bahadur-gurung-gupta-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bahardur Gurung Gupta |publisher=[[Sports Reference]] |accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref> He qualified for [[2006 Winter Olympics]], where he [[India at the 2006 Winter Olympics|represented India]]. He participated in [[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint|Men's sprint]] event of [[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]]. He finished 78 in his event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Four Indians to participate in Winter Olympics|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_four-indians-to-participate-in-winter-olympics_1010487 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=January 31, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keshavan tipped to win hearts at Turin |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020806682100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415223234/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/08/stories/2006020806682100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 15, 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=Feb 8, 2006}}</ref>

He was third in the International Cross-country skiing race at [[Gulmarg]] in January 2005. He also participated and did well in Cross-country races held in Bolu Gerede and Uludag Balkan.

He joined the [[Indian Army]] in 1999, and subsequently started training for up 15 km cross-country skiing. He won National Championships and was named the best athlete at the National Winter Games in [[Auli, India|Auli]], 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Racing up the slope |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/70610/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=May 19, 2005}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint]]
* [[Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]
* [[2006 Winter Olympics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
*{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/torino2006/ind/Bahadur+Gupta/100872 |title=Yahoo! Sports profile for the 2006 Winter Olympics |accessdate=2010-02-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022182549/http://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/torino2006/ind/Bahadur%2BGupta/100872 |archivedate=2012-10-22 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Bahadur}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male cross-country skiers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Olympic cross-country skiers for India]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Nepalese emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-crosscountry-skiing-bio-stub}}

Azhagu (TV series)

2026-04-22T14:52:46Z

JacobJamison9: put up initial entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{about||the 1984 film|Azhagu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Azhagu serial.jpg
| caption = Final logo of Azhagu
| native_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{plainlist|
* S. Marthu Shankar
* Thangavel
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
* Ravi V.C. (ep. 1–48)
* O.N. Rathnam (ep. 49–393)
* N. Sundhareshwaran (ep. 394–440)
* K. Venpa Kadhiresan (ep. 441–474)
* P. Selvam (ep. 475–719)
}}
| creative_director = V. Murali Raaman
| starring = [[Niranjan BS]] {{ubl|[[Revathi]]|| VJ Sangeetha || [[Shruthi Raj]]||[[Thalaivasal Vijay]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Vishal Aditya (title song) Kiran (background score)
| opentheme = ''Azhagamma'' [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (vocals) Badri Venkatesh (lyrics)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 719
| list_episodes =
| producer = Vaidehi Ramamurthy
| cinematography = Azhagiya Manavaiyan P. Chella Pandiyan
| editor = M.S. Thiyagarajan R. P. Manikandan K. Bharath Kumar
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-21 minutes
| company = Vision Time India Pvt Ltd
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|11|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|04|03}}
| screenplay = C. U. Muthuselvan Ashok Kumar Kumareshan S. Muralidharan
| story =
| music =
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
}}
'''''Azhagu''''' (''Beauty'') is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil-language]] soap opera starring Niranjan BS, [[Shruthi Raj]], VJ Sangeetha, [[Revathi]], and [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]. The show premiered on 20 November 2017, replacing the serial ''[[Vamsam]]'', and ended on 3 April 2020 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was subsequently replaced by the serial ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (TV series)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/revathis-azhagu-to-be-aired-from-november-20/articleshow/61672864.cms|title=Revathi's-Azhagu-to-be-aired-from-November-20|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Sahana Sheddy turns emotional as her show Azhagu set to end its journey - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sahana-sheddy-turns-emotional-as-her-show-azhagu-set-to-end-its-journey/articleshow/76907562.cms|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Times of India|date=11 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The show was produced by Vision Time India Pvt Ltd on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/azhagu-serial-crosses-500-episodes-sahana-sheddy-sruthi-raj-and-avinash-thank-audience-for-the-love/articleshow/70194121.cms|title=Azhagu serial crosses 500 episodes|website=Times of India|date=12 July 2019 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
===Season-1===
The story is about the nuances of love between husband Palaniswamy and his wife Azhagu, even though they have been married for decades, and have successful and robust individual personas.

Azhagu is the one who finds amicable solutions to all family problems and issues while struggling to help her

five children Aishwarya and Ravi, Mahesh, Thiruna and Kavya survive peacefully.

===Season-2===
Ganesh's wife Aishwarya becomes an ideal daughter in law of and Ravi's wife Sudha becomes an ideal daughter in law of the family while Mahesh's wife Poorna becomes an ideal daughter in law of, Thiruna's wife Nivi becomes an ideal daughter in law of and Madhan's wife Kavya becomes an ideal daughter in law of, hatches and various plots against the family. Soon, it is revealed that Poorna and Sudha are Sakundala's long lost daughters. Despite, Poorna turns eviler, and she creates various problems.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Revathi]] as Azhagammai "Azhagu" Palaniswamy: Palaniswamy's wife
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Palaniswamy "Palani": Azhagammai's husband
* VJ Sangeetha as Poorna Mahesh: Maheshkumar's wife (Main Antagonist)
*[[Shruthi Raj]] as Sudha Ravi: Ravikumar's wife

===Supporting===
*Manikanda Rajesh as Maheshkumar Palaniswamy ("Mahesh") : Azhagammai and Palaniswamy's second son
*Lokesh Bhaskaran /replaced by Vibhu Raman as Ravikumar Palaniswamy ("Ravi") : Azhagammai and Palaniswamy's elder son
* Gayatri Jayaraman as Sakuntala Devi Aravind: Sudha, Poorna and Madhan's mother
*Niranjan BS /replaced by Avinash Ashok as Thirunavukkarasu Palaniswamy ("Thiruna") : Azhagammai and Palaniswamy's younger son
*Farina Azad /replaced by Akshitha Bopaiah /replaced by Vaishnavi Arulmozhi as Nivedhitha Thiruna ("Nivi"): Thirunavukkarasu's wife
* Sahana Sheddy as Kavya Palaniswamy (Now Kavya Madhankumar): Azhagammai and Palaniswamy's youngest daughter
* Vigneshwaran as Madhankumar ("Madhan") Aravind: Kavya's husband
* Muralidhar Raj as Aravind: Sudha, Poorna and Madhan's father
* Gayathri Raj as Malliga (Main Antagonist)
* Usha Elizabeth Suraj as Kaaliyamma (Antagonist)
* Sai Gopi as Dharmalingam
* Joker Tulasi as Tulasi: Sakunthala Devi's assistant
* Sonu Satheesh Kumar as Priya Sundaram: Archana's elder sister
* VM Rajesh Kanna as Sundaralingam "Sundaram": Archana and Priya's father
* Veena Venkatesh as Maheshwari Sundaram: Archana and Priya's mother
*Mithra Kurian /replaced by Nithya Das /replaced by Niranjani Ashok as Aishwarya ("Aishu") Palaniswamy (Now Aishwarya Ganeshkumar): Azhagammai and Palaniswamy's eldest daughter
*Jayaraman Mohan as Ganeshkumar ("Ganesh") Sethuraman: Aishu's husband
* Ramya Ramakrishna as Rathi Venkat: Nivi's sister
* Fawaz Zayani as Venkatakrishnan ("Venkat"): Nivi's uncle
* Sudha as Rangamma: Sudha's adoptive mother
* Shree Ashwini as Inspector Vijayalakshmi
* Ashwin as Surender: Sudha's first husband (died in serial)
* Aishwarya Bhaskaran as Vasantha: Palani's younger sister; Poorna's adoptive mother
* Vasu Vikram as Manimaran: Azhagu's elder brother
* Rajyalakshmi as Devi Manimaran: Manimaran's wife
* Navindhar as Mahendran Manimaran: Manimaran's son
* Bhagyalakshmi as Vijaya
* Shanthi Williams as Aravind and Shailaja's mother
* Sai Madhavi as Shailaja: Aravind's sister
* Divya as Anitha: Ganesh's former lover
* Kousalya Senthamarai as Atthaiyamma: Anitha's grandmother
* Poovilangu Mohan as Sethuraman: Ganesh, Sathya and Manisha's father
*Naresh Eswar as Sathyamurthy alias ("Sathya") Sethuraman: Ganesh's younger brother
*VJ Mounika as Manisha Sethuraman: Ganesh's younger sister
* Archana Harish as Supraja
* Rajesh as Naveen: Aishwarya's friend
* Swathi Reddy as Swathy: Poorna's friend
*Arunkumar Padmanabhan as Bhaskar: Surendar's younger brother
* Uma Rani as Sornam:Surendar and Bhaskar's mother
*Aiswarya Devi as Archana Sundaram: Thirunavukkarasu alias Thiruna's ex-wife
* Prem as Krishna Kumar
* Cumbum Meena Sellamuthu as Alamelu
* Baboos as Thandavam
* B. Kannan as Kannan: Sethuraman's elder brother
*Gopalakrishnan Krishnamoorthy as Gopal: Sethuraman's younger brother

===Guests===
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as himself in episodes 3 and 4
* [[Srithika Saneesh]] as Vidhya in episodes 587 and 588
* [[Arnav (TV actor)|Arnav]] as Ashok in episodes 587 and 588
* Priyanka Kumar as Iniya in episodes 629 and 630
* Sateesh Kumar as Vasudevan in episodes 629 and 630

==Production==
===Casting===
Revathi was cast as the lead Azhagu who making her comeback after 10 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/with-azhagu-revathy-returns-to-television/article20551011.ece|title=With Azhagu Revathy returns to television|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 November 2017 }}</ref> It is the second serial for the male lead Thalaivasal Vijay after 27 years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-am-enjoying-working-on-azhagu-thalaivasal-vijay/articleshow/62522749.cms|title=I am enjoying working on Azhagu: Thalaivasal Vijay|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> Shruthi Raj and V J Sangeeta were cast as the next leads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 December 2017|title=I had thought to quit acting: Azhagu Sruthi Raj|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/110526-i-had-thought-to-quit-acting-azhagu-sruthi-raj|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321061951/https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/110526-i-had-thought-to-quit-acting-azhagu-sruthi-raj |archive-date=21 March 2020 |access-date=|website=Vikatan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 December 2019|title=செல்ல நாய்களுக்காக மனம் உருகும் 'அழகு' வில்லி பூர்ணா...|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/azhagu-serial-vj-sangeetha-poorna-sun-tv/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707163245/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/azhagu-serial-vj-sangeetha-poorna-sun-tv/ |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Aishwarya makes a TV serial comeback after 3 years sabbatical. Niranjan Bs was cast as Thiruna.

In October 2019, Sahana Sheddy playing Kavya quit the series stating less screen space for her role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-azhagu-actress-sahana-sheddy-opens-up-on-her-exit-from-the-show/articleshow/71395736.cms|title=Exclusive - Azhagu actress Sahana Sheddy opens up on her exit from the show|last=|first=|date=October 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> However, within few days, she rejoined the series after the production team convinced her.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-azhagu-actress-sahana-sheddy-is-back-on-the-show-says-there-are-no-issues-now/articleshow/71580914.cms|title=Exclusive - Azhagu actress Sahana Sheddy is back on the show, says there are no issues now|last=|first=|date=14 October 2019|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404170438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-azhagu-actress-sahana-sheddy-is-back-on-the-show-says-there-are-no-issues-now/articleshow/71580914.cms |archive-date=4 April 2020 |access-date=}}</ref> In November 2019, Vaishnavi Arulmozhi replaced Akshitha Bopaiah as Nivedita.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-vaishnavi-arulmozhi-joins-the-cast-of-azhagu/articleshow/72223802.cms|title=Actress Vaishnavi Arulmozhi joins the cast of Azhagu|last=|first=|date=25 November 2019|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210075155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-vaishnavi-arulmozhi-joins-the-cast-of-azhagu/articleshow/72223802.cms |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=}}</ref> In the same month, Revathi returned to the series after 2 months break after her film shootings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/azhagu-serial-sun-tv-revathi-sruthi-raj/|title=Revathi returns to Azhagu after the break|last=|first=|date=23 November 2019|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218234602/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/azhagu-serial-sun-tv-revathi-sruthi-raj/ |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=}}</ref>

===Development===
On 1 April 2018, a special celebration sequence of Azhagu and Palanisamy getting married took place with the invitation of their friends and public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-azhagus-team-to-hold-a-special-celebration-on-1st-april/articleshow/63531293.cms|title=TV show Azhagu's team to hold a special celebration on 1st April|last=|first=|date=29 March 2018|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204192922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-azhagus-team-to-hold-a-special-celebration-on-1st-april/articleshow/63531293.cms |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=}}</ref>

The production and shooting of all Indian television series and films were halted, due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], on 19 March 2020 and were supposed to resume after 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 March 2020|title=#CoronaScare will not hinder television channels' schedules until March 31|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/coronascare-will-not-hinder-television-channels-schedules-until-march-31/articleshow/74733085.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622133511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/coronascare-will-not-hinder-television-channels-schedules-until-march-31/articleshow/74733085.cms |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, due to nationwide [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India|lockdown in the country]] imposed from 25 March 2020, it could not resume and the last new episode was broadcast on 3 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 March 2020|title=PM Narendra Modi announces 3-week national lockdown from March 24 midnight|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-narendra-modi-announces-3-week-national-lockdown-from-march-24-midnight-817221.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325004644/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/pm-narendra-modi-announces-3-week-national-lockdown-from-march-24-midnight-817221.html |archive-date=25 March 2020 |access-date=|website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> After about three months, the shooting resumed after being granted permission in early June 2020 and some sequences were shot with some cast including [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as a new addition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Revathi And Thalaivasal Vijay Starrer Sun Tv Serial Azhagu To End Soon|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/revathi-and-thalaivasal-vijay-starrer-sun-tv-serial-azhagu-to-end-soon/articleshow/76870221.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726163822/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/revathi-and-thalaivasal-vijay-starrer-sun-tv-serial-azhagu-to-end-soon/articleshow/76870221.cms |archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> However, [[Tamil Nadu Government]] announced full lockdown from 19 June 2020 to 30 June 2020 for [[Chennai]] and its surrounding three districts. Due to it the production and filming was also once again halted.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 June 2020|title=Tamil film, television industries to suspend all operations during complete lockdown|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-film-television-industries-to-suspend-all-operations-during-complete-lockdown/story-XTX8iNjNKOazz9n68o17RN.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618145204/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-film-television-industries-to-suspend-all-operations-during-complete-lockdown/story-XTX8iNjNKOazz9n68o17RN.html |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In July 2020, Sun TV abruptly confirmed the series not returning as many of the cast members including Revathi and Sruthi Raj were sceptical to arrive to shoot owing the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sun TV canceled four TV serials, Vijay and Zee insist 25 episodes|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-canceled-four-tv-serials-vijay-and-zee-insist-25-episodes-news-tamil-uhnhWQfedjfjb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713125249/https://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-canceled-four-tv-serials-vijay-and-zee-insist-25-episodes-news-tamil-uhnhWQfedjfjb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-21|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Daily soap Azhagu to go off-air soon; Avinash, Vaishnavi Arulmozhi and other actors get emotional - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/daily-soap-azhagu-to-go-off-air-soon-avinash-vaishnavi-arulmozhi-and-other-actors-get-emotional/articleshow/76858115.cms|access-date=2020-07-21|website=The Times of India|date=8 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220928/http://www.suntvnetwork.in/tv-channel-details.aspx?Channelid=1&channelname=SUN%20TV&LanguageID=1&Type=q Official Website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vision Time Tamil}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Uday Kumar Singh

2026-04-22T01:27:24Z

JacobJamison9: new!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Uday Kumar Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]]
| predecessor = [[Manju Agrawal]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uday Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sherghati Assembly constituency|Sherghati]] constituency.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sherghati">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sherghati |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04226.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128174357/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04226.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sherghati Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sherghati Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sherghati |access-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128174405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sherghati |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: From Raju Tiwari to Sanjay Kumar Singh, check full list of winners from Lok Janshakti Party">{{cite news |title=Bihar Election Result 2025: From Raju Tiwari to Sanjay Kumar Singh, check full list of winners from Lok Janshakti Party |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-result-2025-from-raju-tiwari-to-sanjay-kumar-singh-check-full-list-of-winners-from-lok-janshakti-party/articleshow/125318160.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 November 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128181107/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-result-2025-from-raju-tiwari-to-sanjay-kumar-singh-check-full-list-of-winners-from-lok-janshakti-party/articleshow/125318160.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>'''<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up2">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025: Constituency-wise winners and runners-up|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115035930/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-constituency-wise-winners-and-runners-up-10366461/|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|title=Bihar Election Result 2025: Full list of winners in 243 constituencies|date=15 November 2025|access-date=15 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115040110/https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/bihar-election-result-2025-full-list-of-winners-in-243-constituencies-13675947.html|archive-date=15 November 2025|publisher=Money Control}}</ref>'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Uday Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. S. Partha Sarathi

2026-04-20T01:29:59Z

JacobJamison9: put up

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = M. S. Partha Sarathi
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|08|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kadiri]], [[Anantapur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Kadiri Assembly constituency|Kadiri]]
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2004
| predecessor = Jonna Suryanarayana
| successor = Jonna Ramaiah
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sree Lakshmi
| website = [http://www.parthasarathi.com Official site]
}}

'''M. S. Partha Sarathi''' (born 6 August 1961) was MLA representing [[Kadiri]] constituency. Presently, He is The Chairman of The Finance Committee of The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ap.bjp.org/organisation/office-bearers |title=Office Bearers and the State Executive Members |website=ap.bjp.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123174100/http://ap.bjp.org/organisation/office-bearers |archive-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
M.S. Partha Sarathi was born in Kadiri in [[Anantapur district]] to Laithamma and Satya Narayana Sreshti in 1961. He completed his schooling and intermediate in Kadiri and he did his B.A. Degree in Madanapalli [[Besant Theosophical College]].

==Career==
Sarathi started his career as a supporter of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) [[Mukhya Sikshak]] and worked as RSS [[Prachrak]].

He then moved into politics as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (|BJP) and he contested and won the Kadiri constituency as their candidate in the [[Elections in Andhra Pradesh|Eleventh Andhra Pradesh state legislative assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=TitlePage_AP_LA_99.PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se99/pollupd/ac/states/S01/Acnstcand161.htm |title=Kadiri's Candidate Page |publisher=Eci.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sarathi is married to Sree Lakshmi. They have two children.

==Achievements==
* He is the first BJP MLA elected from [[Rayalaseema]] Region.

== Positions held ==


* Ghata Nayak, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] [Sayam sakha (Evening Branch), Kadiri] in the year 1970.
* Mukya Sikshak, RSS [Sayam sakha (Evening Branch), Kadiri] in the year 1972.
* Class pupil leader in the year1975.
* Founder Chairman, [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]] Madanapalli branch in the year 1976.
* Convener, Student agitation against congress leader attack on BT college students in the year 1979.
* Pracharakh, RSS (Kavali, Nellore Dist.) in the year 1980 to 1982.
* Convener, Punaragamanam (Back to Hindu religion from converted religions) at Bogha demma kanuma, Gandlapenta Mandal in the year 1983.
* Secretary, BJP (Anantapur Dist.) in the year 1983.
* BJP In-charge of Kadiri Assembly elections held on 1985(Independent candidate), 1989, 1994.
* BJP In-charge of Hindupur Parliament elections held on 1991, 1996, 1998.
* National Council member, BJP in the year 1995.
* MLA, Kadiri in the year 1999.
* Trasurer, BJLP, Andhra Pradesh in the year 1999.
* Member, Women and Child welfare committee in the year 1999.
* Member, Faction zone committee in the year 2001.
* President, BJP, Anantapur Dist. in the year 2005.
* Secretary, BJP, Andhra Pradesh in the year 2010.
* Chairman, State Finance Committee, BJP Andhra Pradesh in the year 2013.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150801220244/http://msparthasarathi.com/ Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040801031802/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/26/stories/2004032607400400.htm ]
* [https://archive.today/20130131005815/http://www.partyanalyst.com/constituencyElectionResultsAction.action?constituencyId=271&electionType=Assembly&electionYear=1999]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110090904/http://www.msparthasarathi.com/blog/msp-speaking-on-ap-state-division-in-new-delhi M.S.P Speaking on Andhra Pradesh State Division at New Delhi]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarathi, M.S. Partha}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Gwalior East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:06Z

JacobJamison9: added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gwalior East
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 16
| map_image = 16-Gwalior East.svg
| mla = [[Satish Sikarwar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Munnalal Goyal]]
}}

'''Gwalior East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008, following the delimitation of the legislative assembly constituencies.

==Overview==
Gwalior East (constituency number 16) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Gwalior district]]. This constituency covers the ward numbers 19 to 29 and 37 to 41 of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

Gwalior East is part of [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]], [[Gwalior South Assembly constituency|Gwalior South]], [[Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency|Gwalior Rural]], [[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency|Bhitarwar]] and [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] in this district and [[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera]] and [[Pohari Assembly constituency|Pohari]] in [[Shivpuri district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Anup Mishra]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Maya Singh]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Munnalal Goyal]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2020{{efn|by-election}}<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Satish Sikarwar]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gwalior East<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Satish Sikarwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100301}}
|percentage = 51.83
|change = +2.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Maya Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84948}}
|percentage = 43.89
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prahlad Singh Prakash Tailar
|votes = {{formatnum:4226}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1324}}
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -0.50
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15353}}
|percentage = 7.94
|change = +2.30
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193530}}
|percentage = 58.36
|change = +10.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Gwalior East<ref name=byelection2020/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Satish Sikarwar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 75,342
|percentage = 49.69
|change = -2.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Munnalal Goyal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66,787
|percentage = 44.05
|change = +2.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh Baghel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,672
|percentage = 3.74
|change = +0.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1785
|percentage = 1.18
|change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,555
|percentage = 5.64
|change = -4.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 151,631
|percentage = 48.22
|change = -9.79
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gwalior East<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Munnalal Goyal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:90133}}
|percentage = 51.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satish Sikarwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72314}}
|percentage = 41.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhury Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5446}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1873}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17819}}
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173608}}
|percentage = 58.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Gwalior]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.23|78.22|display=title}}

[[Category:Gwalior]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Idana Mata Temple

2026-04-09T09:17:08Z

JacobJamison9: stub

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Hindu Temple}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Idana Mata Temple
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Udaipur
| map_size =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Udaipur district]]
| locale = [[Udaipur]]
| year_completed =
| temple_board =
| website =
}}
''' Idana Mata Temple'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-20 |title=Idana Mata Temple: Where fire starts by itself and everything except for the idol is burned down |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/soul-search/idana-mata-temple-where-fire-starts-by-itself-and-everything-except-for-the-idol-is-burned-down/photostory/120412992.cms#:~:text=A%20temple%20where%20Devi%20bathes,in%20a%20self-lit%20fire. |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>is located in the [[Aravalli hills]], approximately 60 km from [[Udaipur]] city, in Bambora village, [[Rajasthan]]. It is famous for a unique phenomenon where the idol spontaneously takes a "fire bath" <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.patrika.com/short-video/new-delhi-news/awadhesh-prasad-launches-a-scathing-attack-on-the-ajit-pawar-case-demanding-a-high-level-inquiry-20303266 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.patrika.com}}</ref>several times a month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ईडाणा माता ने 11 महीने बाद किया अग्नि स्नान:12 फीट से ऊपर तक उठी लपटें; माताजी की प्रतिमा और आभूषणों को नहीं हुआ नुकसान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/rajasthan/udaipur/news/idana-mata-agni-snan-salumbar-udaipur-miracle-blessed-darshan-137069174.html |work=Denik bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=उदयपुर की ईडाणा माता करतीं है अग्नि स्नान, मंदिर में लगती है आग, जानिए क्या है राज|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/udaipur-idana-mata-temple-who-does-fire-bath-know-the-full-story-ann-2033674|website=ABP News|access-date=2026-01-29|language=hi|first=मनीष|last=शर्मा |date=7 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Idana Mata Temple : यहां मंदिर में लग जाती खुद आग, माता करती हैं अग्नि स्नान|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/pilgrimage/idana-mata-temple-where-devi-maa-takes-fire-bath/articleshow/91194404.cms|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=2026-01-29|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=अरावली की पहाड़ियों में बसा अनोखा मंदिर, यहां माता करती हैं अग्नि स्नान|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/delhi/bharat/goddess-takes-fire-bath-in-udaipur-idana-mata-temple-in-udaipur-rajasthan/na20220328223614083|website=ETV Bharat News|date=2022-03-28|access-date=2026-01-29|language=hi|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat}}</ref>
==Agni Snaan (Fire Bath)==
Two to three times a month, flames spontaneously rise around the idol. Everything offered to the goddess, such as garlands and chunris (scarves), burns to ashes, but the idol itself remains miraculously unharmed, a spectacle that draws large crowds of devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Idana Mata Temple: खुले चौक में देवी करती है अग्नि स्नान, देखने वालों की होती है मनोकामना पूरी, आखिर क्या है चमत्कार|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/udaipur/idana-mata-temple-where-devi-maa-takes-fire-bath/1368030|website=Zee Rajasthan|access-date=2026-01-29|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=राजस्थान में माता रानी का वह मंदिर... जहां वैज्ञानिक भी झुका देते हैं सर! खुद प्रकट हो जाती है अग्नि, नहीं जान पाया कोई रहस्य|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/in-idana-mata-mandir-goddess-herself-takes-a-bath-in-fire-know-the-significance-of-this-temple-local18-9140604.html|work=News18 हिंदी|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250401074749/https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/in-idana-mata-mandir-goddess-herself-takes-a-bath-in-fire-know-the-significance-of-this-temple-local18-9140604.html|archive-date=2025-04-01|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udaipur]]
{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Ahmad Yar Khan Daultana

2026-03-29T21:18:21Z

JacobJamison9: put up basic data needs work - done

{{Short description|Politician from Punjab (1896 – 1940)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}}

'''Mian Ahmad Yar Khan Daultana''' [[CBE]] ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|میاں احمد یار خان دولتانہ}}}}; 13 April 1896 – 1940) was the Chief of the [[Daulatana|Daultanas]] of [[Luddan]] and a politician from [[Punjab]].

==Early life, family and education==
He was born at [[Luddan]] on 13 April 1896 to Mian Ghulam Kadir Khan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=http://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=372}}</ref> His father died while performing [[Hajj]].<ref name=":0" /> As he was a minor, the responsibility for his care then fell upon his grandfather, who also passed away shortly thereafter.<ref name=":0" /> Following this, he and his property were taken under the protection of the [[British government of India|Government]] under the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]].<ref name=":0" />

He was educated at [[Aitchison College]], [[Lahore]], where he won four out of five school medals, including the highly coveted Rivaz Medal.<ref name=":0" /> During his time there, he founded the Chiefs’ College Dramatic Club and left the school in 1917.<ref name=":0" /> He subsequently studied at [[Government College, Lahore]], for one year and nine months.<ref name=":0" />

He married and had issue: a son, [[Mumtaz Daultana]], and two daughters, Bibi Mehrafrooz and Bibi Taugir.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==
In 1921, he was elected unopposed to the first Reformed Council from the Western Multan Mohammadan constituency.<ref name=":0" /> He was re-elected in 1926 from the same constituency; however, on this occasion, he contested the seat and secured victory by a majority of 1,835 votes.<ref name=":0" /> In 1930, he was returned to the Council as a representative of the Punjab Mohammadan landholders.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1937 elections, held under the new Constitution, he was elected to the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" /> He served as [[Secretary]] of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] and also as Chief Parliamentary Secretary of the Punjab Government.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706 |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=201}}</ref>

==Death==
He died in 1940.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Lionel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Punjab Politics, 1940-1943: Strains of War : Governors' Fortnightly Reports and Other Key Documents |date=2005 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-626-1 |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Korson |first=J. Henry |url=http://archive.org/details/contemporaryprob0000kors |title=Contemporary problems of Pakistan |date=1974 |publisher=Leiden : Brill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-90-04-03942-1 |pages=14}}</ref> Upon his death, [[Sikandar Hayat Khan]] addressed a large gathering at [[Luddan]] and urged them to return his uncle, Mian Allah Yar Khan Daultana, unopposed to the [[Punjab Provincial Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Assembly]] for the vacancy caused by Ahmad’s death.<ref name=":1" /> This was done accordingly.<ref name=":1" />

==Honours==
In the [[1939 New Year Honours]] list, he was appointed Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] by [[George VI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page 1 {{!}} Supplement 34585, 30 December 1938 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34585/supplement/1 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1896 births]]
[[Category: 1940 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Vehari District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]

Hridhu Haroon

2026-03-29T19:22:07Z

JacobJamison9: added

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hridhu Haroon
| image = Actor Hridhu Haroon at 2024 Cannes Film Festival 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Haroon at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]]
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]],[[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2022–present
| spouse =
| parents = [[Thameens Films|Shibu Thameens]] (father) [[Riya Shibu]] (sister)<ref>{{Cite web |title=19-ാം വയസ്സിൽ വിക്രം ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ നിർമാതാവ്, നടൻ ഹൃദു ഹാറൂണിന്റെ സഹോദരി; ആരാണ് 'സർവ്വം മായ'യിലെ ഡെലൂലു|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/movie-news/sarvam-maya-actress-riya-shibu-is-winning-hearts |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Samakalika Malayalam]]|language=ml}}</ref>
}}

'''Hridhu Haroon''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]] films. He made his debut in the drama series ''[[Crash Course (TV series)|Crash Course]]'' (2022), and has since starred in the independent film ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'' (2024).

==Life and career==
Hridhu Haroon is the son of producer Shibu Thameens of [[Thameens Films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thugs-actor-hridhu-haroon-says-brinda-master-was-an-amazing-director-i-exclusive-2338098-2023-02-22|title=Thugs actor Hridhu Haroon says, 'Brinda Master was an amazing director' I Exclusive|website=India Today|date=22 February 2023 |access-date=2023-03-03|archive-date=2023-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308112743/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thugs-actor-hridhu-haroon-says-brinda-master-was-an-amazing-director-i-exclusive-2338098-2023-02-22|url-status=live}}</ref>

Haroon made his acting debut in the drama ''[[Crash Course (TV series)|Crash Course]]'' which was released on [[Amazon Prime]] in August 2022 and directed by [[Vijay Maurya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Crash Course drama series trailer out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/videos/2022/Jul/26/crash-course-drama-series-trailer-out-33066.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Crash Course to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2022/Jul/20/crash-course-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-this-date-32904.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2023 he made his feature film debut in ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Aswin |date=2023-02-23 |title=New 'Thug' in town |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Feb/23/new-thug-in-town-2549911.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which is directed by [[Brinda Master]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-08 |title=SS Rajamouli wishes Hridhu Haroon for 'Thugs' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-wishes-hridhu-haroon-for-thugs/articleshow/94066783.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=First look of Brindha's Thugs out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Sep/07/first-look-of-brindhas-thugs-out-34485.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> He starred in a leading role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Thugs actor Hridhu Haroon says, 'Brinda Master was an amazing director' I Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thugs-actor-hridhu-haroon-says-brinda-master-was-an-amazing-director-i-exclusive-2338098-2023-02-22 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> along with [[Anaswara Rajan]] and [[Bobby Simha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-28 |title='Konaseema Thugs' trailer promises an intriguing and intense action thriller..! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/konaseema-thugs-trailer-promises-an-intriguing-and-intense-action-thriller-/articleshow/97392355.cms |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> That same year his next film ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' was released. The film was directed by [[Santosh Sivan]] and he starred along with [[Vikrant Massey]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Vikrant Massey and Ranvir Shorey's Mumbaikar teaser out. Film to stream from THIS date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/vijay-sethupathi-vikrant-massey-and-ranvir-shoreys-mumbaikar-teaser-out-film-to-stream-from-this-date-2384197-2023-05-25 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-01-01 |title=Hindi remake of Maanagaram titled Mumbaikar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Jan/01/hindi-remake-of-maanagaram-titledmumbaikar-22037.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024 he acted in [[Payal Kapadia (filmmaker)|Payal Kapadia]]'s film ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'', which won the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]] at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=All We Imagine as Light's Hridhu Haroon expresses happiness over Grand Prix win at Cannes 2024; 'Still soaking it all in' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/all-we-imagine-as-lights-hridhu-haroon-expresses-happiness-over-grand-prix-win-at-cannes-2024-still-soaking-it-all-in-1311527 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Indian film All We Imagine As Light wins Grand Prix award at Cannes 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/indian-film-all-we-imagine-as-light-wins-grand-prix-award-at-cannes-2024-9352048/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' || Sethu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South]]||
|-
| ''[[Mumbaikar (film)|Mumbaikar]]'' || Aadil || [[Hindi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[All We Imagine as Light]]'' || Shiaz || [[Malayalam]] [[Hindi]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || Anandu || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=It's a wrap for Kappela-fame Muhammed Musthafa's Mura |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/05/its-a-wrap-for-kappela-fame-muhammed-musthafas-mura |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025 || ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'' || {{n/a}} || rowspan="1"|Tamil || Executive producer ||
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya (2025 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' || Aryan || Malayalam ||||
|-
| ''[[Bad Girl (2025 film)|Bad Girl]]'' || Nalan || rowspan = "2" | Tamil ||||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Varsha Bharath's Bad Girl teaser sparks polarising reactions from filmmakers and audience alike |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/varsha-bharaths-bad-girl-teaser-sparks-polarising-reactions-from-filmmakers-and-audience-alike-9802409/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || Paari || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-07-07 |title=Netflix picks up Pradeep Ranganathan's Dude for a whopping number, details inside |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/07/netflix-picks-up-pradeep-ranganathans-dude-for-a-whopping-number-details-inside |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Crash Course (TV series)|Crash Course]]''
|Sathya Srinivasan
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Hindi
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haroon, Hridhu}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Warsaw Pact

2026-03-29T16:10:44Z

JacobJamison9: fix content per sources as per guidelines

{{Short description|Eastern European military alliance (1955–1991)}}
{{distinguish|Warsaw Convention|Treaty of Warsaw (disambiguation){{!}}Treaty of Warsaw}}
{{Other uses|Treaty of friendship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Warsaw Pact Organisation {{small|Warsaw Treaty Organisation}}{{efn|name=transl}}
| common_name = Warsaw Pact
| native_name = 
| name = {{small|Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance}}
| anthem = {{lang|ru|Песня Oбъединённых Aрмий}} "[[Song of the United Armies]]"
| image_symbol = Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| image_map = Warsaw Pact in 1990 (orthographic projection).svg
| map_caption = {{legend|darkgreen|Warsaw Pact member states in 1989 }}
{{legend|limegreen| Albania withdrew in 1968 }}
| capital = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| capital_type = Headquarters
| capital2 =
| capital_type2 =
| official_languages =
| national_languages = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Polish language|Polish]]
| org_type = [[Collective security]] [[military alliance]]
| membership = {{plainlist|
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}}{{efn|De facto expelled in 1961 because of the [[Albanian–Soviet split]], formally withdrew in 1968.}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|East Germany}}{{efn|Formally withdrew in September 1990.}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|Hungarian People's Republic}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|Polish People's Republic|1980}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|Socialist Republic of Romania}}{{efn|Independent permanent non-Soviet member of the Warsaw Pact, having [[De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania|freed itself from its Soviet satellite status]] by the early 1960s.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />}}
* {{flagcountry|size=22px|Soviet Union}}}}
| leader_title1 = [[Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization|Supreme commander]]
| leader_name1 = {{ubl|[[Ivan Konev]] (first)|[[Pyotr Lushev]] (last)}}
| leader_title2 = [[Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization|Chief of combined staff]]
| leader_name2 = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Aleksei Antonov]] (first)|[[Vladimir Lobov]] (last)}}
| established_event1 = Treaty signed
| established_date1 = {{start date|1955|05|14|df=y}}
| established_event2 = Pact disbanded
| established_date2 = {{end date|1991|02|25|df=y}}
| established_event3 = Treaty disestablished
| established_date3 = {{end date|1991|07|01|df=y}}
| year_start =
| today = [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], [[NATO]]
}}

The '''Warsaw Pact''' ('''WP'''),{{efn|
* {{langx|ru|Варшавский пакт|Varshavsky pakt}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/inside/almanah-doc/95 | title=Протокольная запись заседания Президиума ЦК КПCC (к пункту I протокола № 49)}}</ref>
* {{langx|sq|Pakti i Varshavës}},
* {{langx|hy|Վարշավայի պայմանագրի կազմակերպություն|Varšavayi pazmanagri kazmakerpowt'yown}},
* {{langx|be|Варшаўскі дагавор|Varshawski dahavor}},
* {{langx|bg|Варшавският договор|Varshavskiyat dogovor}},
* {{langx|cs|Varšavská Smlouva}},
* {{langx|ka|ვარშავის პაქტი|Varshavis p'akt'i}},
* {{langx|de|Warschauer Pakt}},
* {{langx|et|Varssavi Pakt}},
* {{langx|hu|Varsói Szerződés}},
* {{langx|ky|Варшавa келишими|Varshava kelishimi}},
* {{langx|lt|Varšuvos paktas}},
* {{langx|lv|Varšavas Pakts}},
* {{langx|pl|Układ Warszawski}},
* {{langx|ro|Pactul de la Varșovia}},
* {{langx|sk|Varšavská zmluva}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Var%C5%A1avsk%C3%BD+pakt%22|title=Slovenské pohl'ady|date= 1997|publisher=Matica slovenská|via=Google Books}}</ref>
* {{langx|uk|Варшавський договір|Varshavskyi dohovir}}}} formally the '''Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance''' ('''TFCMA'''),{{efn|
* {{langx|ru|Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи|Dogovor o druzhbe, sotrudnichestve i vzaimnoy pomoshchi}},
* {{langx|hy|Վարշավայի պայմանագրի կազմակերպություն, Բարեկամության, համագործակցության և փոխադարձ օգնության պայմանագիր|Varšavayi paymanagri kazmakerpowt'yown, barekamowt'yan, hamagorcakc'owt'yan ew p'oxadarj ògnowt'yan paymanagir}},
* {{langx|be|Дагавор аб дружбе, супрацоўніцтве і ўзаемнай дапамозе|Dahavor ab druzhbye, supratsownitstvye i wzayemnay dapamozye}},
* {{langx|bg|Договор за приятелство, съдействие и взаимопомощ|Dogovor za priyatelstvo, sadeystvie i vzaimopomosht}},
* {{langx|cs|Smlouva o Přátelství, Spolupráci a Vzájemné Pomoci}},
* {{langx|de|Vertrag über Freundschaft, Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitige Unterstützung}},
* {{langx|ka|მეგობრობის, თანამშრომლობისა და ურთიერთდახმარების ხელშეკრულება|megobrobis, tanamshromlobisa da urtiertdakhmarebis khelshek'ruleba}},
* {{langx|lv|Līguma par Draudzību, Sadarbību un Savstarpējo Palīdzību}},
* {{langx|pl|Układ o Przyjaźni, Współpracy i Pomocy Wzajemnej}},
* {{langx|ro|Tratatul de Prietenie, Cooperare și Asistență Mutuală}},
* {{langx|sk|Zmluva o Priateľstve, Spolupráci a Vzájomnej Pomoci}},
* {{langx|uk|Договір про дружбу, співробітництво і взаємну допомогу|Dohovir pro druzhbu. spitrobititnitstvo i vzaiemnu}},
* {{langx|uz|До'стлик, ҳамкорлик ва о'заро ёрдам шартномаси|Do'stlik, hamkorlik va o'zaro yordam shartnomasi}}}} was a [[Collective security#Collective defense|collective defense]] treaty signed in [[Warsaw]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], between the [[Soviet Union]] and seven other [[Eastern Bloc]] [[List of non-communist socialist states|socialist republics]] in [[Central and Eastern Europe]] in May 1955, during the [[Cold War]]. The term "Warsaw Pact" commonly refers to both the treaty itself and its resultant [[military alliance]], the '''Warsaw Pact Organisation'''<ref>'[https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1988-03-04/debates/2bf5f73e-c3e9-499e-9bd7-7e82ea3cd153/NatoSummit(Brussels)#1289 NATO Summit (Brussels)]', column 1,289, volume 128, series 6, ''Hansard''</ref><ref name="Killham_article">Page 22, '[https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/95-97/killham.pdf NATO and OSCE, Partners or Rivals?]', Edward Killham</ref> ('''WPO''';<ref name="Killham_article"/><ref>'[https://fam.state.gov/FAM/05FAH03/05FAH030310.html Organization Acronyms]' (sub‑chapter H‑312), ''TAGS/Terms Handbook'' (State Department, Government of the United States of America)</ref> also known as the '''Warsaw Treaty Organization''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/warsaw-treaty |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> '''WTO''').{{efn|name=transl|
* {{langx|ru|Организация Варшавского договора|Organizatsiya Varshavskogo dogovora}} ('''ОВД'''),
* {{langx|az|Varşava Müqaviləsi Təşkilatı}} ('''VMT'''),
* {{langx|be|Арганізацыя Варшаўскага Дагавора|Arhanizacyja Varšaŭskaha Dahavora}} ('''АВД'''),
* {{langx|bg|Организация на Варшавския договор}} ('''ОВД'''),
* {{langx|cs|Organizace Varšavské Smlouvy}} ('''OVS'''),
* {{langx|de|Organisation des Warschauer Vertrags}} ('''OWV'''),
* {{langx|et|Varssavi Lepingu Organisatsioon}} ('''VLO'''),
* {{langx|kk|Варшава келісімі ұйымы|Varşava kelısımı ūiymy}} ('''ВКҰ''', '''VKU'''),
* {{langx|lv|Varšavas Līguma Organizācija}} ('''VLO'''),
* {{langx|lt|Varšuvos Sutarties Organizacija}} ('''VSO'''),
* {{langx|ky|Варшавa келишими уюму}} ('''ВКУ'''),
* {{langx|pl|Organizacja Układu Warszawskiego}} ('''OUW'''),
* {{langx|sk|Organizácia Varšavskej Zmluvy}} ('''OVZ'''),
* {{langx|uk|Організації варшавського договору|Orhanizatsiyi varshavskoho dohovoru}} ('''ОВД'''),
* {{langx|uz|Варшава шартномаси ташкилоти|Varshava shartnomasi tashkiloti}} ('''ВШТ''', '''VShT''')}} The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the [[Comecon|Council for Mutual Economic Assistance]] (Comecon), the economic organization for the [[Eastern Bloc]] states.<ref name="History Channel 1" /><ref>{{cite book |author-first=Debra J. |author-last=Allen |date=2003|title=The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War |page=158 |quote=Treaties approving Bonn's participation in NATO were ratified in May 1955...shortly thereafter Soviet Union...created the Warsaw Pact to counter the perceived threat of NATO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFDeEAAAQBAJ&q=%22treaties%20approving%20bonn's%20participation%22|isbn=9780313052446 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Text of Warsaw Pact |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20219/volume-219-I-2962-Other.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102140/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20219/volume-219-I-2962-Other.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=22 August 2013 |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref>

Dominated by the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and the [[Western Bloc]].<ref name="Yoder1993" /><ref name="Reinalda2009" /> There was no direct military confrontation between the two organizations; instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis and through [[proxy war]]s. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs.<ref name="Reinalda2009" /> The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]], one of its own member states, in August 1968. All member states participated except for [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]],<ref name="Yoder1993" /> resulting in Albania's withdrawal from the pact less than one month later. The pact began to unravel with the spread of the [[Revolutions of 1989]] through the Eastern Bloc, beginning with the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity movement]] in Poland,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,159069,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223090949/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,159069,00.html|archive-date=23 December 2015 |title=Cover Story: The Holy Alliance |author-first=Carl |author-last=Bernstein |author-link=Carl Bernstein |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |issn=0040-781X|date=24 June 2001}}</ref> its [[1989 Polish legislative election|electoral success]] in June 1989 and the [[Pan-European Picnic]] in August 1989.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Thomas |author-last=Roser |title=DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln |language=de |trans-title=Mass Exodus of the GDR: A Picnic Clears the World |newspaper=[[Die Presse]] |date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

East Germany withdrew from the pact following [[German reunification]] in 1990. On 25 February 1991, at a meeting in Hungary, the pact ceased to exist via joint declaration by the defense and foreign ministers of the six remaining member states. The USSR itself was [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolved in December 1991]], although most of the former Soviet republics formed the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] shortly thereafter. In the following 20 years, the Warsaw Pact countries outside the USSR each joined NATO (East Germany through its reunification with West Germany; and the [[Czech Republic]] and Slovakia as separate countries), as did the [[Baltic states]].

==History==
===Beginnings===
[[File:Pałac Prezydencki w Warszawie korpus główny 2019.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]] in [[Warsaw]], Poland, where the Warsaw Pact was established and signed on 14 May 1955.]]
[[File:Warsaw Pact 1955.jpg|thumb|right|Conference during which the Pact was established and signed.]]
Before the creation of the Warsaw Pact, the Czechoslovak leadership, fearful of a re-militarized West Germany, sought to create a security pact with East Germany and Poland.<ref name="Laurien Crump Routledge page 21-22" /> These states protested strongly against the re-militarization of [[West Germany]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Europa dwudziestego wieku: zarys historii politycznej |language=pl |trans-title=Outline of the Political History of Twentieth-Century Europe |author-first=Antoni |author-last=Czubiński |author-link=Antoni Czubiński |publisher=Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |date=1998 |page=298 |isbn=9788386138708}}</ref> The Warsaw Pact was put in place as a consequence of the [[West German rearmament|rearming of West Germany]] inside [[NATO]]. Soviet leaders, like many European leaders on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]], feared Germany being once again a military power and a direct threat. The consequences of [[German militarism]] remained a fresh memory among the Soviets and Eastern Europeans.<ref name="History Channel 1" /><ref name="History Channel 2" /><ref>{{cite book |title=World Politics: The Menu for Choice |page=87 |author1-first=Bruce |author1-last=Russett |author1-link=Bruce Russett|author2-first=Harvey |author2-last=Starr |author3-first=David |author3-last=Kinsella |date=2009 |isbn=9780495410683 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|quote=The Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 as a response to West Germany's entry into NATO; German militarism was still a recent memory among the Soviets and East Europeans.}}</ref><ref>"When the Federal Republic of Germany entered NATO in early May 1955, the Soviets feared the consequences of a strengthened NATO and a rearmed West Germany". Citation from:{{cite web|last1=United States Department of State|first1=Office of the Historian|title=The Warsaw Treaty Organization, 1955|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/warsaw-treaty|website=Office of the Historian|publisher=history.state.gov|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128050302/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/warsaw-treaty|archive-date=28 November 2015|url-status=live|author1-link=United States Department of State}}</ref><ref>"1955: After objecting to Germany's admission into [[NATO]], the [[Soviet Union]] joins [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania in forming the Warsaw Pact.". See chronology in:{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/fast-facts-about-nato-1.778864|date=6 April 2009|title=Fast facts about NATO|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504110549/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2009/04/03/f-nato-fast-facts.html|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> As the Soviet Union already had an [[Soviet Empire|armed presence and political domination]] all over its eastern [[satellite state]]s by 1955, the pact has been long considered "superfluous",<ref>Laurien Crump (2015). ''The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969''. Routledge. p. 17</ref> and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it a "cardboard castle".<ref>Laurien Crump (2015). ''The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969''. Routledge. p. 1.</ref>

[[File:Iron Curtain map.svg|thumb|left|The Iron Curtain (black line)
{{legend|#FF8282|Warsaw Pact countries}}
{{legend|#004990|[[NATO]] countries (May 1982 to October 1990)}}
{{legend|#C0C0C0|Militarily [[neutral countries]]}}
{{legend|#57D557|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]<hr />}}
The black dot represents [[West Berlin]], an [[enclave]] aligned with [[West Germany]]. [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] withheld its support to the Warsaw Pact in 1961 due to the [[Soviet–Albanian split]] and formally withdrew in 1968.]]

The USSR, fearing the restoration of German militarism in West Germany, had suggested in 1954 that it join NATO, but this was rejected by the US.<ref name="soviet request nato" /><ref>"1954: Soviet Union suggests it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. [[United States|U.S.]] and [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] reject this". See chronology in:{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/fast-facts-about-nato-1.778864|date=6 April 2009|title=Fast facts about NATO|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504110549/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2009/04/03/f-nato-fast-facts.html|archive-date=4 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="soviet request nato frus" />

The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the [[Berlin Conference (1954)|Berlin Conference]] of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] made proposals to have [[German reunification|Germany reunified]]{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|pp=197, 201}} and elections for a pan-German government,{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|p=202}} under conditions of withdrawal of the [[Allied Control Council|four powers]]' armies and German neutrality,{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|pp=197–198, 203, 212}} but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, [[John Foster Dulles|Dulles]] (US), [[Anthony Eden|Eden]] (UK), and [[Georges Bidault|Bidault]] (France).{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|pp=211–212, 216}} Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the so-called '[[Stalin Note]]', ended after the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the [[European Defence Community]] (EDC) and rearm. [[James Clement Dunn|James Dunn]] (US), who met in [[Paris]] with Eden, [[Konrad Adenauer]] (West Germany), and [[Robert Schuman]] (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community".<ref>{{cite book |last=Steininger |first=Rolf |author-link=Rolf Steininger |date=1991 |title=The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |page=56}}</ref> According to [[John Lewis Gaddis|John Gaddis]], "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from the USSR,<ref>{{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John |author-link=John Lewis Gaddis|date=1997 |title=We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |page=126 |isbn=9780198780700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZLtAAAAMAAJ&q=little%20inclination}}</ref> while historian [[Rolf Steininger]] asserts that Adenauer's conviction that "neutralization means [[sovietization]]", referring to the Soviet Union's policies towards [[Finland]] known as [[finlandization]], was the main factor in the rejection of the Soviet proposals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steininger |first=Rolf |date=1991 |title=The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=80}}</ref> Adenauer also feared that German unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's leading political role in the West German [[Bundestag]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Steininger |first=Rolf |date=1991 |title=The German Question: The Stalin Note of 1952 and the Problem of Reunification |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=103}}</ref>

Consequently, Molotov, fearing that the EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR and "seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against the other European States",<ref name="molotov proposal europe" /> made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe "open to all European States without regard to their social systems",<ref name="molotov proposal europe" /> which would have included the unified Germany (thus rendering the EDC obsolete). But Eden, Dulles, and Bidault opposed the proposal.{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|p=214}}

One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC, but also by Western opponents of the [[Treaty establishing the European Defence Community|European Defence Community]] (like French [[Gaullist]] leader [[Gaston Palewski]]) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe".<ref name="molotov proposal nato" /> The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the US, UK, and France to accept the participation of the US in the proposed General European Agreement.<ref name="molotov proposal nato" /> As another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by Western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation",<ref name="molotov proposal nato" />{{sfn|Molotov|1954a|p=216}} the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three Western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".<ref name="molotov proposal nato" />
Again, all Soviet proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by the UK, US, and French governments shortly after.<ref name="soviet request nato frus" /><ref name="soviet request nato reply" /> Emblematic was the position of British General [[Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay|Hastings Ismay]], a fierce supporter of [[Enlargement of NATO|NATO expansion]]. He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/17/russia.iantraynor|title=Soviets tried to join Nato in 1954|author-first=Ian |author-last=Traynor|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 June 2001|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216223602/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/17/russia.iantraynor|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".<ref name="soviet request nato note" />

In April 1954, Adenauer made his first visit to the United States, meeting [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], and [[John Foster Dulles|Dulles]]. Ratification of the EDC was delayed but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that the EDC would have to become a part of NATO.{{sfn|Adenauer|1966a|p=662}}

Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too.<ref name="History Channel 2" /><ref name="EDC refusal" /> On 30 August 1954, the French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure<ref name="EDC failure" /> and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate West Germany militarily with the West.<ref name="Alternatives to EDC" /> The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: West Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain German rearmament outside NATO.<ref name="german rearmament" />

[[File:ParkPatriot2015part4-12.jpg|thumb|A typical Soviet military vehicle [[UAZ-469]], used by most countries of the Warsaw Pact]]

On [[London and Paris Conferences|23 October 1954]], the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by [[Halvard Lange]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)|Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway]] at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/9/newsid_2519000/2519979.stm|title=West Germany accepted into Nato|work=BBC News|date=9 May 1955|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106185539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/9/newsid_2519000/2519979.stm|archive-date=6 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty,<ref>{{cite book |title=Indivisible Germany: Illusion or Reality? |author-first=James H. |author-last=Wolfe |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |year=2012 |page=73}}</ref> in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.

On 14 May 1955, the USSR and seven other Eastern European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems"<ref name="warsaw treaty text" /> established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO,<ref name="History Channel 1" /><ref name="NATO short history" /> declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".<ref name="warsaw treaty text" />

One of the pact's founding members, [[East Germany]], was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the [[National People's Army]] was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2012/10/13/no-shooting-please-were-german|title=No shooting please, we're German|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=13 October 2012|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210307/https://www.economist.com/europe/2012/10/13/no-shooting-please-were-german|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted [[World War II reparations|war reparations]] from East Germany, [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]], and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. It also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the [[Marshall Plan]]."<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Mark |author-last=Kramer |author-link=Mark Kramer (journalist)|contribution=The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe |editor-first=Klaus | editor-last=Larres |editor-link=Klaus Larres |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |page=79}}</ref>

In November 1956, [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] invaded [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], a Warsaw Pact member state, and violently [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956#Soviet invasion|put down the Hungarian Revolution]]. After that, the USSR made bilateral 20-year-treaties with [[Peoples Republic of Poland|Poland]] (17 December 1956),<ref>spiegel.de: [https://www.spiegel.de/politik/warum-steht-in-polen-eine-sowjet-garnison-a-4a249a97-0002-0001-0000-000014018986 ''Warum steht in Polen eine Sowjet-Garnison?''] ([[Der Spiegel]] 20/1983)</ref> the [[East Germany|GDR]] (12 March 1957),<ref>see also [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany]]</ref> [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] (15 April 1957; Soviet forces were later removed as part of [[De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania's de-satellization]]),<ref>see also [[History of Romania#Communist period (1947–1989)]]</ref> and [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] (27 May 1957),<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2195705 | jstor=2195705 | doi=10.2307/2195705 | issue=1 | date=1958 | journal=[[The American Journal of International Law]] | title=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics--Hungarian People's Republic: Agreement on the Legal Status of the Soviet Forces Temporarily Present on the Territory of the Hungarian People's Republic | volume=52 | pages=215–221 | s2cid=246005881| url-access=subscription }}</ref> ensuring that Soviet troops were deployed in these countries.

===Members===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0529-029, Berlin, Tagung Warschauer Pakt, Gruppenfoto.jpg|thumb|right|Meeting of the seven representatives of the Warsaw Pact countries in [[East Berlin]] in May 1987. From left to right: [[Gustáv Husák]] (Czechoslovakia), [[Todor Zhivkov]] (Bulgaria), [[Erich Honecker]] (East Germany), [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] (Soviet Union), [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] (Romania), [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] (Poland), and [[János Kádár]] (Hungary)]]

The founding signatories of the Pact consisted of the following communist governments:
* {{flagicon|Albania|1946}} [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|People's Republic of Albania]] (withheld support in 1961 because of the [[Albanian–Soviet split]], but formally withdrew on 13 September 1968)<ref name="withdrawal">{{cite news |date=14 May 1955 |title=1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm |access-date=27 May 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]]<ref name="history.com" />
* {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]<ref name="history.com" />
* {{flag|East Germany|name=German Democratic Republic}} (officially withdrew on 24 September 1990 in preparation for [[German reunification]], with Soviet consent and a "remarkable yet hardly noticed" ceremony, ceasing to exist altogether at midnight on 3 October)<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LoqwCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59| publisher=[[Routledge]]|title=Longman Companion to Germany Since 1945|page= 59| isbn = 978-1317884248| last1 = Webb| first1 = Adrian |author1-link=Adrian Webb |date = 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JKrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297|publisher=[[Berghahn Books]]|title=Mitterrand, the End of the Cold War, and German Unification|page=297| isbn = 978-1845457877| last1 = Bozo| first1 = Édéric| year = 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gXflC2Ipo_QC&pg=PA537| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|title=Germany: 1933–1990 |page=537| isbn = 978-0-19-926598-5| last1 = Winkler |first1 = Heinrich August |author1-link=Heinrich August Winkler |year = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IGjfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|publisher=[[Routledge]]| title=Germany in the Twentieth Century|page= 261| isbn = 978-1317542285| last1 = Childs| first1 = David |author1-link=David Childs (academic) |date = 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|HPR}} [[Hungarian People's Republic]] (temporarily withdrew from 1–4 November 1956 during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]])<ref name="history.com" />
* {{flagicon|PPR|variant=1980}} [[Polish People's Republic]]<ref name="history.com" />
* {{flagicon|RSR}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]] (the only independent permanent non-Soviet member of the Warsaw Pact, having [[De-satellization of Communist Romania|freed itself from its Soviet satellite status]] by the early 1960s)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="history.com" />

=== Observers ===
{{flagcountry|MPR}}: In July 1963, the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty.<ref name="auto" /> Due to the emerging [[Sino-Soviet split]], Mongolia remained in an observer status.<ref name="auto" /> In what was the first instance of a Soviet initiative being blocked by a non-Soviet member of the Warsaw Pact, Romania blocked Mongolia's accession to the Warsaw Pact.<ref>{{cite book |first=Laurien |last=Crump |year=2015 |title=The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 |publisher=Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mLSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |page=77| isbn = 978-1317555308}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_lfPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA398|publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe|page= 398| isbn = 978-1108418331| last1 = Lüthi| first1 = Lorenz M.| date = 19 March 2020}}</ref> The Soviet government agreed to station troops in Mongolia in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-03-mn-1543-story.html|title=Soviet Troops to Leave Mongolia in 2 Years|agency=Reuters|date=3 March 1990|access-date=23 August 2018|via=LA Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010153559/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-03/news/mn-1543_1_soviet-union|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

At first, [[China]], [[North Korea]], and [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|North Vietnam]] had observer status,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freecontent.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/contentpage.aspx?entryid=2012183&currentSection=2012178&productid=2012177|title=Warsaw Treaty Organization|last=ABC-CLIO|date=3 March 1990|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816182114/http://freecontent.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/contentpage.aspx?entryid=2012183&currentSection=2012178&productid=2012177|url-status=dead}}</ref> but China withdrew in 1961 as a consequence of the [[Albanian-Soviet split]], in which China backed Albania against the USSR as part of the larger [[Sino-Soviet split]] of the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lüthi |first1=Lorenz M. |date=8 October 2007 |title=The People's Republic of China and the Warsaw Pact Organization, 1955–63 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701621762 |journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=479–494 |doi=10.1080/14682740701621762 |s2cid=153463433 |access-date=17 February 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===During the Cold War===
{{Main|Cold War}}

[[File:Praga 11.jpg|thumb|left|Soviet tanks, marked with white crosses to distinguish them from Czechoslovak tanks,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austria1989.org/1968|title=1968 – The Prague Spring|website=Austria 1989 – Year of Miracles|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708140736/https://www.austria1989.org/1968|archive-date=8 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|quote=In the morning hours of August 21, 1968, Soviet and Warsaw Pact tanks roll in the streets of Prague; to distinguish them from Czechoslovak tanks, they are marked with white crosses.}}</ref> on the streets of [[Prague]] during the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]], 1968]]

For 36 years, [[NATO]] and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider [[Cold War]] on the international stage. These included the [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]], [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs invasion]], [[Dirty War]], [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/|title=America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War|date=2 October 2013|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165646/https://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Soviet Ground Forces]] created and directed the Eastern European armies in its image during the Cold War, shaping them for a potential confrontation with NATO. After 1956, [[Nikita Khrushchev]], [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary of the Communist Party]], reduced the Ground Forces to build up the [[Strategic Rocket Forces]], emphasizing the armed forces' [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] capabilities. He removed Marshal [[Georgy Zhukov]] from the [[Politburo]] in 1957 for opposing these reductions in the Ground Forces.<ref>{{cite book|first=Viktor|last=Suvorov|author-link=Viktor Suvorov|title=[[Inside the Soviet Army]]|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] |date=1982 |page=36}}</ref> Soviet and WarPac forces repeatedly rehearsed the large-scale use of nuclear weapons in invasion exercises, such as 1964 Czech planning, which would have seen [[Lyon]] seized by the ninth day of the advance, and the Polish [[Seven Days to the River Rhine]] (1979).<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Vojtech Mastny (historian)]], Petr Luňák, Anna Locher, and Christian Nuenlist |title=Taking Lyon on the Ninth Day? : The 1964 Warsaw Pact Plan for Nuclear War in Europe and Related Documents |url=https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/colltopic0852.html?lng=en&id=15365 |publisher=ETH Zurich |place=Zurich, Switzerland |date=May 2000}}</ref> Nonetheless, Soviet forces possessed too few theater-level nuclear weapons to fulfill war-plan requirements until the mid-1980s.{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=69}} The [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union|General Staff]] maintained plans to invade Western Europe whose massive scale was only made publicly available after researchers gained access to Eastern Bloc files following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Odom|1998|p=72–80}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Dr. Colin |title=The Bulgarian Land Forces in the Cold War |journal=Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University |url=https://revista.unap.ro/index.php/bulletin/article/view/1763 |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=73–94 |date=2023-10-06|doi=10.53477/2284-9378-23-33 |s2cid=263840467 |issn=2284-9378|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>[https://phpisn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/index.html Parallel History Project]; [[Beatrice Heuser|Heuser, Beatrice]], "Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 1970s and 1980s: Findings in the East German Archives", ''Comparative Strategy'', October–December 1993, pp. 437–457; [https://warplans.org/books_en1.html Nuclear War in Southern Europe. Review of NATO and Warsaw Pact Operational Strategic Planning. Part I. Balkans and Black Sea Straits. Kiev, 2021.]</ref>
[[File:Overzicht op Museumplein met spandoek The Dutch disease is better for peace o, Bestanddeelnr 253-8627.jpg|thumb|Protest in Amsterdam against the [[nuclear arms race]] between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981]]

In 1956, following the declaration of the [[Imre Nagy]] government of the withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/the-hungarian-uprising-of-1956/|title=The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 |publisher= History Learning Site|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174101/https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/the-cold-war/the-hungarian-uprising-of-1956/|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/23/europe/hungarian-revolution-escape/index.html|title=Recalling the Hungarian revolution, 60 years on|first=Matthew |last=Percival|date=23 October 2016 |publisher=CNN|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823181544/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/23/europe/hungarian-revolution-escape/index.html|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]], a Warsaw Pact member state, in August 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-invade-czechoslovakia|title=Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia – Aug 20, 1968 |website= History.com|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174329/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-invade-czechoslovakia|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> All member countries, with the exception of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]] and the [[People's Republic of Albania]], participated in the invasion.<ref name="auto1" /> The [[German Democratic Republic]] provided only minimal support.<ref name="auto1" /> Albania withdrew from the pact one month after the intervention.

In April 1985, the leaders of Warsaw Pact members met in Warsaw where they renewed the alliance for thirty years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Mark |date=2025 |title=The Fate of the Soviet Bloc's Military Alliance: Reform, Adaptation, and Collapse of the Warsaw Pact, 1985–1991 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/abs/fate-of-the-soviet-blocs-military-alliance/D0F4A423FA82139E6A366F84CEEE8140 |journal=Cambridge University Press |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009557160|isbn=978-1-009-55716-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===End of the Cold War===
[[File:00 Páneurópai Piknik emlékhely.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[Pan-European Picnic]] took place on the Hungarian-Austrian border in 1989.]]
In 1989, popular civil and political public discontent [[Revolutions of 1989|toppled the Communist governments]] of the Warsaw Treaty countries. The beginning of the end of the Warsaw Pact, regardless of military power, was the [[Pan-European Picnic]] in August 1989. The event, which goes back to an idea by [[Otto von Habsburg]], caused the mass exodus of GDR citizens and the media-informed population of Eastern Europe felt the loss of power of their rulers and the [[Iron Curtain]] broke down completely. Though Poland's new Solidarity government under [[Lech Wałęsa]] initially assured the Soviets that it would remain in the Pact,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/polish-army-enigma-in-the-soviet-alliance.html|title=Polish Army: Enigma in the Soviet Alliance|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 August 1989|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220112328/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/polish-army-enigma-in-the-soviet-alliance.html|archive-date=20 December 2017|url-status=live|last1=Trainor|first1=Bernard E. |author1-link=Bernard E. Trainor}}</ref> this broke the brackets of Eastern Europe, which could no longer be held together militarily by the Warsaw Pact.<ref>Miklós Németh in Interview with Peter Bognar, Grenzöffnung 1989: „Es gab keinen Protest aus Moskau" (German – Border opening in 1989: There was no protest from Moscow), in: Die Presse 18 August 2014.</ref><ref>„Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German – 19 August 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.</ref><ref>Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.</ref> Independent [[nationalism|national]] politics made feasible with the ''[[perestroika]]'' and liberal ''[[glasnost]]'' policies revealed shortcomings and failures (i.e. of the [[soviet-type economic planning]] model) and induced institutional collapse of the Communist government in the USSR in 1991.<ref name="dictionary" />{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2022}} From 1989 to 1991, Communist governments were overthrown in [[Fall of communism in Poland|Poland]], [[Fall of communism in Hungary|Hungary]], [[Velvet Revolution|Czechoslovakia]], [[Peaceful Revolution|East Germany]], [[Romanian Revolution|Romania]], [[Fall of communism in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union#1989|Soviet Union]].

As the last acts of the Cold War were playing out, several Warsaw Pact states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary) participated in the US-led coalition effort to liberate [[Kuwait]] in the [[Gulf War]].

{{Anchor|Disbanding}}On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defence and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary.<ref name="csmonitor" /> On 1 July 1991, in [[Prague]], the Czechoslovak President [[Václav Havel]]<ref name="auto2" /> formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="Havel" /> The USSR [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|disestablished itself]] in December 1991.

==Structure==
The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland.

{{multiple image
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Ivan Stepanovich Konev.jpg
| image2 = Aleksei Antonov 3.jpg
| footer = [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[Ivan Konev]] (left) served as the first Supreme Commander of the Pact (1955–1960) while [[Army General (Soviet rank)|Army General]] [[Aleksei Antonov]] served as the first Chief of Combined Staff of the Pact (1955–1962).
}}

Although an apparently similar [[collective security]] alliance, the Warsaw Pact differed substantially from NATO. [[De jure]], the eight-member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defence of any member who would be attacked; relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual [[non-interventionism|non-intervention]] in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for [[national sovereignty]], and political independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-warsaw-pact-3878466|title=How the Russians Used the Warsaw Pact|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174542/https://www.thoughtco.com/the-warsaw-pact-3878466|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, [[de facto]], the Pact was a direct reflection of the USSR's authoritarianism and undisputed domination over the [[Eastern Bloc]], in the context of the so-called [[Soviet Empire]], which was not comparable to that of the United States over the [[Western Bloc]].<ref name="NATO1" /> All Warsaw Pact commanders had to be, and have been, senior officers of the [[Soviet Union]] at the same time and appointed for an unspecified term length: the [[Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization]], which commanded and controlled all the military forces of the member countries, was also a First Deputy [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Minister of Defence of the USSR]], and the [[Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization]] was also a First Deputy [[Chief of the General Staff (Russia)#Chiefs of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (1946–1991)|Chief of the General Staff]] of the [[Soviet Armed Forces]].<ref name="The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years (1945–1991)" /> On the contrary, the [[Secretary General of NATO]] and [[Chair of the NATO Military Committee]] are positions with fixed [[term of office]] held on a random rotating basis by officials from all member countries through consensus.

Despite the American hegemony (mainly military and economic) over NATO, all decisions of the North Atlantic Alliance required unanimous consensus in the [[North Atlantic Council]] and the entry of countries into the alliance was not subject to domination but rather a natural democratic process.<ref name="NATO1" /> In the Warsaw Pact, decisions were ultimately taken by the Soviet Union alone; the countries of the Warsaw Pact were not equally able to negotiate their entry in the Pact nor the decisions taken.<ref name="NATO1" />

Although nominally a "defensive" alliance, the Pact's primary function was to safeguard the [[Soviet Empire|Soviet Union's hegemony]] over its [[Soviet Bloc|Eastern European]] satellites, with the Pact's only direct military actions having been the invasions of its own member states to keep them from breaking away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/warsaw-pact-ends|title=Warsaw Pact ends|website=History.com|date=13 November 2009 }}</ref>

===Romania and Albania===
[[File:Eastern bloc.png|thumb|The Warsaw Pact before its 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, showing the Soviet Union and its satellites (red) and the two independent non-Soviet members: Romania and Albania (pink)]]

Romania and (until 1968) Albania were exceptions. Together with Yugoslavia, which [[Tito–Stalin split|broke with the Soviet Union]] before the Warsaw Pact was created, these three countries completely rejected the Soviet doctrine formulated for the Pact. Albania officially left the organization in 1968, in protest of its invasion of Czechoslovakia. Romania had its own reasons for remaining a formal member of the Warsaw Pact, such as [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s interest of preserving the threat of a Pact invasion so he could sell himself as a nationalist, as well as privileged access to NATO counterparts and a seat at various European forums which otherwise he would not have had (for instance, Romania and the Soviet-led remainder of the Warsaw Pact formed two distinct groups in the elaboration of the [[Helsinki Accords|Helsinki Final Act]]).<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HFdtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22(with+other+Warsaw+Pact+members+except+Romania)%22 |publisher=Lexington Books |title=Conflict Management in the Middle East| page=242| isbn = 978-0669141733| last1 = Ben-Dor |first1 = Gabriel| last2 = Dewitt| first2 = David Brian| year = 1987}}</ref> When [[Andrei Grechko]] assumed command of the Warsaw Pact, both Romania and Albania had for all practical purposes defected from the Pact. In the early 1960s, Grechko initiated programs meant to preempt Romanian doctrinal heresies from spreading to other Pact members. Romania's doctrine of territorial defense threatened the Pact's unity and cohesion. No other country succeeded in escaping from the Warsaw Pact like Romania and Albania did. For example, the mainstays of Romania's tank forces were locally developed models. Soviet troops were deployed to Romania for the last time in 1963, as part of a Warsaw Pact exercise. After 1964, the Soviet Army was barred from returning to Romania, as the country refused to take part in joint Pact exercises.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kH6TAWUst5EC&pg=140|publisher=Stanford University Press|title=The Diffusion of Military Technology and Ideas|pages= 140–143| isbn = 978-0804745352| last1 = Goldman| first1 = Emily O.| last2 = Eliason| first2 = Leslie C.| year = 2003}}</ref>

[[File:TR-85tankRomanianRevolution1989.jpg|thumb|left|A Romanian [[TR-85]] tank in December 1989 (Romania's TR-85 and TR-580 tanks were the only non-Soviet tanks in the Warsaw Pact on which restrictions were placed under the 1990 [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe|CFE Treaty]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqbAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA13| title = Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1991, ''US Department of State Dispatch, Volume 2'', p. 13| year = 1991}}</ref>)]]

Even before the advent of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], Romania was in fact an independent country, as opposed to the rest of the Warsaw Pact. To some extent, it was even more independent than [[Cuba]] (a communist Soviet-aligned state that was not a member of the Warsaw Pact).<ref name=":0" /> The Romanian regime was largely impervious to Soviet political influence, and Ceaușescu was the only declared opponent of ''[[glasnost]]'' and ''[[perestroika]]''. On account of the contentious relationship between Bucharest and Moscow, the West did not hold the Soviet Union responsible for the policies pursued by Bucharest. This was not the case for the other countries in the region, such as [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] and Poland.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=btzuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192| title = Jacques Lévesque, University of California Press, May 28, 2021, ''The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe'', pp. 192–193| isbn = 978-0520364981| last1 = Lévesque| first1 = Jacques| date = 28 May 2021| publisher = Univ of California Press}}</ref> At the start of 1990, the Soviet foreign minister, [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], implicitly confirmed the lack of Soviet influence over Ceaușescu's Romania. When asked whether it made sense for him to visit Romania less than two weeks after [[Romanian Revolution|its revolution]], Shevardnadze insisted that only by going in person to Romania could he figure out how to "restore Soviet influence".<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VrxtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA429| publisher= [[Pan Macmillan]] |title=The End of the Cold War: 1985–1991|page= 429| isbn = 978-1447287285| last1 = Service| first1 = Robert |author1-link=Robert Service (historian) |date = 2015}}</ref>

Romania requested and obtained the complete withdrawal of the Soviet Army from its territory in 1958. The Romanian campaign for independence culminated on 22 April 1964 when the Romanian Communist Party issued a declaration proclaiming that: "Every Marxist–Leninist Party has a sovereign right...to elaborate, choose or change the forms and methods of socialist construction." and "There exists no "parent" party and "offspring" party, no "superior" and "subordinated" parties, but only the large family of communist and workers' parties having equal rights." and also "there are not and there can be no unique patterns and recipes". This amounted to a declaration of political and ideological independence from Moscow.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SdldDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|publisher= Springer |title=Eastern Europe in 1968: Responses to the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact Invasion| page= 195| isbn = 978-3319770697| last1 = McDermott| first1 = Kevin| last2 = Stibbe| first2 = Matthew| date = 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BlWwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68| title =Warsaw Pact and the Balkans: Moscow's Southern Flank |page=68| isbn = 978-1349099412| last1 = Eyal| first1 = Jonathan| date = 1989| publisher = Springer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vXS9iL543D8C&pg=PA51| publisher= Cambridge University Press|title=Internationalism and the Ideology of Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe|page= 51| isbn = 978-0521414388| last1 = Valdez| first1 = Jonathan C.| date = 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HyzWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR16| publisher=Princeton University Press|title=Dynamics of Communism in Eastern Europe|page= XVI| isbn = 978-1400877225| last1 = Burks| first1 = Richard Voyles| date = 2015}}</ref>
[[File:IAR-93SC aircraft.jpg|thumb|The Romanian [[IAR-93 Vultur]] was not the only combat jet designed and built by a non-Soviet member of the Warsaw Pact.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hxokAQAAIAAJ&q=IAR+93+%22non-soviet%22| title = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Incorporated, 1994, RFE/RL Research Report: Weekly Analyses from the RFE/RL Research Institute, Volume 3, p. 3| year = 1994}}</ref> See also Czechoslovak jet [[Aero L-39 Albatros]].]]
Following Albania's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, Romania remained the only Pact member with an independent military doctrine which denied the Soviet Union use of its armed forces and avoided absolute dependence on Soviet sources of military equipment.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GCNrSJew0wEC&pg=PA102| publisher=Cambridge University Press|title=Soviet Strategy and the New Military Thinking|pages= 102, 110 and 113–114| isbn = 978-0521407694| last1 = Leebaert| first1 = Derek |author1-link=Derek Leebaert| last2 = Dickinson| first2 = Timothy| year = 1992}}</ref> Romania was the only non-Soviet Warsaw Pact member which was not obliged to militarily defend the Soviet Union in case of an armed attack.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BlWwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74| publisher= Springer|title=Warsaw Pact and the Balkans: Moscow's Southern Flank|page= 74| isbn = 978-1349099412| last1 = Eyal| first1 = Jonathan| date = 1989}}</ref> Bulgaria and Romania were the only Warsaw Pact members that did not have Soviet troops stationed on their soil.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NwviIpm0JxsC&q=%22except+Romania%27s%22| publisher=[[Nelson Canada]]|title=An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach|page= 75| isbn = 978-0176034856| last1 = Dickerson| first1 = M. O.| last2 = Flanagan| first2 = Thomas |author2-link=Thomas Flanagan (political scientist) |year = 1990}}</ref> In December 1964, Romania became the only Warsaw Pact member (save Albania, which would leave the Pact altogether within 4 years) from which all Soviet advisors were withdrawn, including those in the intelligence and security services.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189| title = R. J. Crampton, Routledge, 2014, ''The Balkans Since the Second World War'', p. 189| isbn = 978-1317891178| last1 = Crampton| first1 = R. J.|author1-link=R. J. Crampton| date = 2014| publisher = Routledge}}</ref> Not only did Romania not participate in joint operations with the KGB, but it also set up "departments specialized in anti-KGB counterespionage".<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QjqxzR0xTvoC&pg=PA536| publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|title=Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society|page= 536| isbn = 978-0739105924| last1 = Carey| first1 = Henry F.| year = 2004}}</ref>

Romania was neutral in the [[Sino-Soviet split]].<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NWwRzLr-Y7MC&q=%22they+remained+neutral%22| publisher= Prentice-Hall|title=Civilization in the West|page= 683| isbn = 978-0131350120| last1 = Brinton| first1 = Crane |author1-link=Crane Brinton |last2 = Christopher| first2 = John B.| last3 = Wolff| first3 = Robert Lee |author3-link=Robert Lee Wolff| year = 1973}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lnBnN7tqFSoC&q=%22Soviet-led+efforts+at+condemning+China%22| publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]]|title=Today's Isms: Communism, Fascism, Capitalism, Socialism| page= 68| isbn = 978-0139243998| last1 = Ebenstein| first1 = William| last2 = Fogelman| first2 = Edwin| year = 1980}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8ExpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22strict+neutrality%22| publisher= [[Pinter Publishers|Pinter]] |title=Romania: Politics, Economics and Society : Political Stagnation and Simulated Change|page= 177| isbn = 978-0861874385| last1 = Shafir| first1 = Michael |author-link=Michael Shafir| year = 1985}}</ref> Its neutrality in the Sino-Soviet dispute along with being the small Communist country with the most influence in global affairs enabled Romania to be recognized by the world as the "third force" of the Communist world. Romania's independence – achieved in the early 1960s through its [[De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania|freeing from its Soviet satellite status]] – was tolerated by Moscow because Romania was not bordering the [[Iron Curtain]] – being surrounded by socialist states – and because its ruling party was not going to abandon communism.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j2KzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Romania%20as%20a%20kind%20of%22| title =Title |magazine=[[The Reporter (magazine)|The Reporter]] |volume=33 |page=32 |issn=1049-1600| last1 = Ascoli| first1 = Max |author1-link=Max Ascoli | year = 1965}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-first=Yong |author-last=Liu |publisher=National Institute for the Study of Totalitarianism |date=2006 |title=Sino-Romanian Relations: 1950s–1960s |oclc=164809102|page=199}}</ref>

Although certain historians such as [[Robert R. King]]<ref>{{cite book |author-first=Robert R. |author-last=King |author-link=Robert R. King |title=A History of the Romanian Communist Party |isbn=9780817973322 |date=1980 |pages=135–136 |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]]}}</ref> and [[Dennis Deletant]]<ref>{{cite journal |author-first=Dennis |author-last=Deletant |author-link=Dennis Deletant |title=Taunting the Bear: Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1963–89 |journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]] |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=496 |doi=10.1080/14682740701621796}}</ref> argue against the usage of the term "independent" to describe Romania's relations with the Soviet Union, favoring "autonomy" instead on account of the country's continued membership within both the Comecon and the Warsaw Pact along with its commitment to socialism, this approach fails to explain why in July 1963 Romania blocked [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]'s accession to the Warsaw Pact, why in November 1963 Romania voted in favor of a UN resolution to establish a nuclear-free zone in Latin America when the other Soviet-aligned countries abstained, or why in 1964 Romania opposed the Soviet-proposed "strong collective riposte" against China (and these are examples solely from the 1963–1964 period).<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FfGmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14| publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|title=Cold War Perceptions: Romania's Policy Change towards the Soviet Union, 1960–1964|page=14| isbn = 978-1443873031| last1 = Dragomir| first1 = Elena| year= 2015}}</ref> [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet disinformation]] tried to convince the West that Ceaușescu's empowerment was a dissimulation in connivance with Moscow.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ9sDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61| publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |title=Romania since the Second World War: A Political, Social and Economic History|page= 61| isbn = 978-1472529923| last1 = Abraham| first1 = Florin| year= 2016}}</ref> To an extent this worked, as some historians came to see the hand of Moscow behind every Romanian initiative. For instance, when Romania became the only Eastern European country to maintain diplomatic relations with Israel, some historians have speculated that this was at Moscow's whim. However, this theory fails upon closer inspection.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kOT8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307|publisher= [[University of Nebraska Press]]|title=The Star and the Scepter: A Diplomatic History of Israel|page= 307| isbn = 978-0827618602| last1 = Navon| first1 = Emmanuel |author1-link=Emmanuel Navon |date = 2020}}</ref> Even during the Cold War, some thought that Romanian actions were done at the behest of the Soviets, but Soviet anger at said actions was "persuasively genuine". In truth, the Soviets were not beyond publicly aligning themselves with the West against the Romanians at times.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=w7Hst5Swj_4C&pg=PA85|publisher=[[Royal United Services Institute]]|title=Managing the Cold War: A View from the Front Line|pages= 85–86| isbn = 978-0855161910| last1 = Alexander| first1 = Michael |author1-link=Michael Alexander (diplomat)| year = 2005}}</ref>

== Strategy ==
The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the [[Soviet Union]] to prevent [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] being used as a base for its enemies. Its policy was also driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this was the necessity of military intervention if a country appeared to be "violating" core socialist ideas, i.e. breaking away from the [[Soviet sphere of influence]], explicitly stated in the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Brezhnev Doctrine and Communist Ideology |journal=[[The Review of Politics]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=April 1972 |author-first=R. Judson |author-last=Mitchell |pages=190–209 |jstor=1406470|doi=10.1017/S0034670500021045}}</ref>

===Notable military exercises===
{{external media|float=right|width=250px|video1=[https://youtube.com/watch?v=EApCYZR-NMk Czechoslovak Military Parade "Shield-84" – Vojenská přehlídka ČSLA "Štít-84]}}
* "[[1962 Szczecin military parade|Szczecin]]" ([[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], 1962)
* "Vltava" ([[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], 1966)
* Operation "Rhodope" ([[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], 1967)
* "Oder-Neisse" ([[East Germany]], 1969)
* Shield 72 ([[Czechoslovakia]], 1972)
* Shield 82 ([[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], 1982)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communist bloc war games in Bulgaria|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/25/Communist-bloc-war-games-in-Bulgaria/4429401774400/|website=UPI}}</ref>
* "[[Seven Days to the River Rhine]]," 1979 - [[command post exercise]] without field activity
* Przyjaźń 84 ([[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], 1984)
* Shield 84 ([[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], 1984)<ref>{{Cite web|title=NATO and Warsaw Pact begin exercises|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/09/03/NATO-and-Warsaw-Pact-begin-exercises/5510463032000/|website=UPI}}</ref>

==NATO and Warsaw Pact: comparison of the two forces==
===NATO and Warsaw Pact forces in Europe===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Data published by the two alliances (1988–1989)<ref>{{cite book |title=The future of U.S.-Soviet relations hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session, April 4, 12, 19 and May 3, 15, 18 and June 1 and 20, 1989 |publisher=Washington : U.S. G.P.O |pages=325 |edition=National government publication |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-349-20462-5%2F1.pdf |access-date=11 May 2021 |format=Microfiche}}</ref>
|-
!
! colspan="2" | NATO estimates
! colspan="2" | Warsaw Pact estimates
|-
! Type !! NATO !! Warsaw Pact !! NATO !! Warsaw Pact
|-
| Personnel || 2,213,593 || 3,090,000 || 3,660,200 || 3,573,100
|-
| Combat aircraft || 3,977 || 8,250 || 7,130 || 7,876
|-
| Total strike aircraft || NA || NA || 4,075 || 2,783
|-
| Helicopters || 2,419 || 3,700 || 5,720 || 2,785
|-
| Tactical missile launchers || NA || NA || 136 || 1,608
|-
| Tanks || 16,424 || 51,500 || 30,690 || 59,470
|-
| Anti-tank weapons || 18,240 || 44,200 || 18,070 || 11,465
|-
| Armored infantry fighting vehicles || 4,153 || 22,400 || 46,900 || 70,330
|-
| Artillery || 14,458 || 43,400 || 57,060 || 71,560
|-
| Other armored vehicles || 35,351 || 71,000 || ||
|-
| Armored vehicle launch bridges || 454 || 2,550 || ||
|-
| Air defense systems || 10,309 || 24,400 || ||
|-
| Submarines || || || 200 || 228
|-
| Submarines (nuclear powered) || || || 76 || 80
|-
| Large surface ships || || || 499 || 102
|-
| Aircraft-carrying ships || || || 15 || 2
|-
| Aircraft-carrying ships armed with cruise missiles || || || 274 || 23
|-
| Amphibious warfare ships || || || 84 || 24
|}

==Post–Warsaw Pact==
[[File:History_of_NATO_enlargement.svg|thumb|right|Expansion of [[NATO]] before and after the collapse of communism throughout Central and Eastern Europe]]

On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined [[NATO]]; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Croatia and Albania joined on 1 April 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/pres-eng/03acce.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412055701/https://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/pres-eng/03acce.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/03-march/e0329a.htm |title=NATO Update: Seven new members join NATO |date= 29 March 2004 |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312062520/https://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/03-march/e0329a.htm |archive-date=12 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The USSR's successor [[Russia]] and some other post-Soviet states joined the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO) in 1992, and the [[Shanghai Five]] in 1996, which was renamed the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] (SCO) after [[Uzbekistan]]'s addition in 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahai |first=Kajari |date=2002 |title=Declaration of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000944550203800118 |journal=[[China Report]] |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=129–132 |doi=10.1177/000944550203800118 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the [[Institute of National Remembrance]], which published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006, yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret and unpublished. Among the documents published was the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, ''[[Seven Days to the River Rhine]]'' – a short, swift invasion and capture of Austria, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands east of the Rhine, using [[nuclear weapon]]s after a supposed NATO first strike.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Watt |author-link=Nicholas Watt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/26/russia.poland#article_continue |title=Poland risks Russia's wrath with Soviet nuclear attack map |newspaper =[[The Guardian]] |date=26 November 2005 |access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/107840|title=Poland reveals Warsaw Pact war plans|publisher=[[International Relations and Security Network]]|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183149/https://css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/107840|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Eastern Bloc]]
* [[Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948]] – treaty that defined Finland's level of neutrality towards Soviet Union
** [[Finlandization]] – the USSR's influence on Finland following the treaty
* [[Russosphere]]
* [[Soviet Empire]]
* [[Sovietization]]
*[[Bamboo curtain]]
* [[Treaty of friendship]] – any treaty establishing close ties between countries

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="Havel">{{cite book|last=Havel|first=Václav|author-link=Václav Havel|title=To the Castle and Back|year=2007|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-26641-5|others=Trans. Paul Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWwabF35Y0C&q=editions%3AkJCaIwFlq-QC&pg=PP1|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101212444/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaWwabF35Y0C&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3AkJCaIwFlq-QC&pg=PP1|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years (1945–1991)">{{cite book|first1=V. I.|last1=Fes'kov|first2=K. A.|last2=Kalashnikov|first3=V. I.|last3=Golikov|title=Sovetskai͡a Armii͡a v gody "kholodnoĭ voĭny," 1945–1991|trans-title=The Soviet Army in the Cold War Years (1945–1991)|language=ru|location=Tomsk|publisher=[[Tomsk University]] Publisher|year=2004|page=6|isbn=5-7511-1819-7}}</ref>
<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0226/odate.html|title=Warsaw Pact and Comecon To Dissolve This Week|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=26 February 1991|access-date=4 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804165046/http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0226/odate.html|archive-date=4 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EDC failure">{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/debates_in_the_national_assembly_on_30_august_1954-en-b7be6e26-f125-4f20-af78-5699906abc9a.html|title=Debates in the French National Assembly on 30 August 1954|publisher=[[CVCE]]|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095631/http://www.cvce.eu/obj/debates_in_the_national_assembly_on_30_august_1954-en-b7be6e26-f125-4f20-af78-5699906abc9a.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Alternatives to EDC">{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p2&page=1164|title=US positions on alternatives to EDC|publisher=[[United States Department of State]] / FRUS collection|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170917/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p2&page=1164|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="german rearmament">{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p2&page=1166|title=US positions on German rearmament outside NATO|publisher=United States Department of State / FRUS collection|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202170913/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p2&page=1166|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EDC refusal">{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/education/unit-content/-/unit/en/803b2430-7d1c-4e7b-9101-47415702fc8e/c23dd653-ba51-4f7e-9bf1-2c33b347d339#fe1c3284-c9e9-4d0e-8ce1-cba01b013352|title=The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty|publisher=CVCE|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095634/http://www.cvce.eu/education/unit-content/-/unit/en/803b2430-7d1c-4e7b-9101-47415702fc8e/c23dd653-ba51-4f7e-9bf1-2c33b347d339#fe1c3284-c9e9-4d0e-8ce1-cba01b013352|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="soviet request nato">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/history/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/Soviet%20request%20English.pdf|title=Soviet Union request to join NATO|publisher=Nato.int|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311044021/http://www.nato.int/history/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/Soviet%20request%20English.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="soviet request nato frus">{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p1&entity=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p1.p0531|title=Proposal of Soviet adherence to NATO as reported in the Foreign Relations of the United States Collection|publisher=UWDC FRUS Library|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222032812/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&id=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p1&entity=FRUS.FRUS195254v05p1.p0531|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="soviet request nato reply">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/history/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/RDC%2854%29240-E.pdf|title=Final text of tripartite reply to Soviet note|publisher=Nato website|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311044037/http://www.nato.int/history/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/RDC(54)240-E.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="soviet request nato note">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/60years/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/Transcript%20of%20Lord%20Ismay%27s%20Memo.pdf|title=Memo by Lord Ismay, Secretary General of NATO|publisher=Nato.int|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060749/http://www.nato.int/60years/doc/5-Soviet-Union-s-request-to-join%20NATO/Transcript%20of%20Lord%20Ismay%27s%20Memo.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="molotov proposal nato">{{cite web|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113924|title=Molotov's Proposal that the USSR Join NATO, March 1954|publisher=[[Wilson Center]]|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113859/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113924|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="warsaw treaty text">{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/warsaw.asp|title=Text of the Warsaw Security Pact (see preamble)|publisher=[[Avalon Project]]|access-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515014559/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/warsaw.asp|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="molotov proposal europe">{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2005/9/6/babc9886-6d90-4005-b266-d698e1d3aa4a/publishable_en.pdf|title=Draft general European Treaty on collective security in Europe – Molotov proposal (Berlin, 10 February 1954)|publisher=CVCE|access-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040634/http://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2005/9/6/babc9886-6d90-4005-b266-d698e1d3aa4a/publishable_en.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="dictionary">''The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought'', third edition, 1999, pp. 637–38</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E7pQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132|title=Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice|page= 132| isbn = 978-1107025929 |author1-last = Tismaneanu| author1-first = Vladimir |author1-link=Vladimir Tismăneanu |last2 = Stan| first2 = Marius| date = 2018|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&pg=PA1075|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2 |page=1075| isbn = 978-0815340584| last1 = Cook| first1 = Bernard A.| last2 = Cook| first2 = Bernard Anthony| year = 2001}}</ref>
<ref name="NATO short history">"In reaction to West Germany's NATO accession, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European client states formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955." Citation from: {{cite web|last1=NATO website|title=A short history of NATO|url=http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm|website=nato.int|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326231233/http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_139339.htm|archive-date=26 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Laurien Crump Routledge page 21-22">Laurien Crump (2015). ''The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969''. Routledge, pp. 21–22.</ref>
<ref name="Yoder1993">{{cite book|author-first=Amos |author-last=Yoder|title=Communism in Transition: The End of the Soviet Empires|url=https://archive.org/details/communismintrans00yode|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8448-1738-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/communismintrans00yode/page/58 58]|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Reinalda2009">{{cite book|author-first=Bob |author-last=Reinalda|title=Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA369|year=2009|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-134-02405-6|page=369|access-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101212444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA369|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="History Channel 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed|title=The Warsaw Pact is formed|date=13 November 2009 |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050529/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="History Channel 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/formation-of-nato-and-warsaw-pact|title=Formation of Nato and Warsaw Pact|date=14 April 2010 |publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223045828/http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/formation-of-nato-and-warsaw-pact|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="history.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed|title=The Warsaw Pact is formed – May 14, 1955 |website= History.com|date=13 November 2009 |access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818203116/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm4L_b8CHycC&q=mongolia+warsaw+pact&pg=PA152|title=A Cardboard Castle?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991|first1=Vojtech|last1=Mastny|author1-link=Vojtech Mastny (historian) |first2=Malcolm|last2=Byrne|date=2005|publisher=[[Central European University Press]]|access-date=23 August 2018|via=Google Books|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210411/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jm4L_b8CHycC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=mongolia+warsaw+pact&source=bl&ots=01GUQAwggH&sig=XW12kzqHCS_-NbCX5al3ZOPGACE&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDu729p4PdAhWMFIgKHdqwC4gQ6AEwBHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&q=mongolia+warsaw+pact&f=false|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live|isbn=978-9637326080}}</ref>
<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.enrs.eu/pl/news/1083-warsaw-pact-invasion-of-czechoslovakia|title=Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|first=Agnieszka|last=Nosowska|website=www.enrs.eu|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174239/http://www.enrs.eu/pl/news/1083-warsaw-pact-invasion-of-czechoslovakia|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/02/world/death-knell-rings-for-warsaw-pact.html|title=Death Knell for Warsaw Pact|first=Steven|last=Greenhouse |author-link=Steven Greenhouse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 July 1991|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174651/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/02/world/death-knell-rings-for-warsaw-pact.html|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NATO1">{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45343492|journal=Atlantische Tijdingen|issue=57|year=1967|jstor=45343492|accessdate=9 January 2022|title=Differences Between Nato and the Warsaw Pact|pages=1–16}}</ref>
}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last= Adenauer |first= Konrad |title= Memorie 1945–1953 |publisher= Arnoldo Mondadori Editore |year= 1966a |url= https://www.amazon.it/Memorie-1945-1953-Adenauer-Konrad/dp/B005SFPS36/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1375399817&sr=8-1&keywords=konrad+adenauer+memorie+1945-1953 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130801233525/http://www.amazon.it/Memorie-1945-1953-Adenauer-Konrad/dp/B005SFPS36/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1375399817&sr=8-1&keywords=konrad+adenauer+memorie+1945-1953 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 1 August 2013 |language=it}}
* {{cite book |last= Molotov |first=Vyacheslav |year= 1954a |title=La conferenza di Berlino |publisher= Ed. di cultura sociale |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd8tcgAACAAJ |language=it}}
* {{cite book|first=William E.|last=Odom|author-link=William Eldridge Odom|title=The Collapse of the Soviet Military|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven and London|date=1998}}
* {{Country study}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Faringdon |first=Hugh |title=Confrontation: The Strategic Geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact |date=1986 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |isbn=978-0-7102-0676-3 |location=London}}
* {{cite journal|last=Heuser|first=Beatrice|title=Victory in a Nuclear War? A Comparison of NATO and WTO War Aims and Strategies|journal=[[Contemporary European History]]|year=1998|volume=7|issue=3|pages=311–327|doi=10.1017/S0960777300004264|s2cid=159502812 |author-link=Beatrice Heuser}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Kramer |author-first=Mark N. |title=Civil-military relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European component |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|volume=61 |number=1 |date=Winter 1984–85 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.2307/2619779 |jstor=2619779}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=William Julian |url=https://archive.org/details/warsawpactarmsdo0000lewi |title=The Warsaw Pact: Arms, Doctrine, and Strategy |publisher=Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-07-031746-8 |location=Cambridge, Mass.}} This book presents an overview of all the Warsaw Pact armed forces as well as a section on Soviet strategy, a model land campaign which the Soviet Union could have conducted against [[NATO]] and a full-color section on the uniforms, nations, badges and rank-insignia of the Warsaw Pact. (Later CWIHP, Heuser, and CIA FOIA documents present a much better picture of Soviet plans.)
* {{Cite journal |last=Mackintosh |first=John Malcolm |author-link=Malcolm Mackintosh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tadl19/9/58 |title=The Evolution of the Warsaw Pact |journal=[[Taylor & Francis]] |date=1969 |publisher=[[Institute for Strategic Studies]] |volume=9 |location=London |issn=0567-932X |issue=58}}
* {{Cite book |title=A Cardboard Castle?: An Inside History of the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1991 |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-963-7326-07-3 |editor-last=Byrne |editor-first=Malcolm |location=Budapest |editor-last2=Mastny |editor-first2=Vojtech |editor-link2=Vojtech Mastny (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=MacAdams |first=A. James |author-link=A. James McAdams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOmrU3fmGT8C |title=East Germany and Detente: Building Authority After the Wall |date=1989 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-26835-6 |location=Cambridge ; New Rochelle ; Melbourne [etc.] |orig-year=1985}}
* {{Cite book |last=McAdams |first=Arthur James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cET_DwAAQBAJ |title=Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification |date=2022 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-22197-7 |location=Princeton, NJ |orig-year=1993}}
{{refend}}

===Other languages===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{ill|lt=Umbach, Frank|Frank Umbach|de}}. {{cite book|title=Das rote Bündnis: Entwicklung und Zerfall des Warschauer Paktes 1955 bis 1991|trans-title=The Red Alliance: Development and Collapse of the Warsaw Pact: 1955 to 1991|year=2005|publisher={{ill|Ch. Links Verlag|de}}|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-86153-362-7|language=de}}
* {{ill|lt=Wahl, Alfred|Alfred Wahl (historian)|de|Alfred Wahl (Historiker)}}. {{cite book |title=La seconda vita del nazismo nella Germania del dopoguerra|trans-title=The Second Life of Nazism in Postwar Germany|publisher=[[Lindau]]|location=Turin|year=2007|isbn=978-88-7180-662-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp0KPQAACAAJ|language=it}}
** Original edition: {{cite book|last=Wahl|first=Alfred|title=La seconde histoire du nazisme dans l'Allemagne fédérale depuis 1945.|publisher=[[Armand Colin]]|location=Paris|year=2006|isbn=2-200-26844-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4VHp88-bpAC|language=fr}}
{{refend}}

===Memoirs===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Adenauer|first=Konrad|author-link=Konrad Adenauer|title=Konrad Adenauer Memoirs 1945–53|publisher=[[Henry Regnery Company]]|year=1966b|url=https://archive.org/details/konradadenauerme0000unse |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Molotov|first=Vyacheslav|author-link=Vyacheslav Molotov|title=Statements at Berlin Conference of Foreign Ministers of U.S.S.R., France, Great Britain and U.S.A., January 25 – February 18, 1954|publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]]|year=1954b|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58kIAQAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}
{{clear}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_138294.htm|title=What was the Warsaw Pact?|publisher=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030153427/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.browse&sort=collection&item=Warsaw%20Pact The Woodrow Wilson Center Cold War International History Project's Warsaw Pact Document Collection]
* [http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/ Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/soviet_union/su_appnc.html Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Soviet Union / Appendix C: The Warsaw Pact] (1989)
* [http://omniatlas.com/maps/russia/19550921/ Map of Russia and the Warsaw Pact (omniatlas.com)]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/nuclear-weapons-in-hungary/ Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961–1991]
* ''[https://archive.org/details/warsawpact19551900embr The Warsaw Pact, 1955–1968]'' by Hugh Collins Embry. Contain extensive documentation of the Pact's first 13 years.

{{Cold War}}
{{Communist Eastern and Central Europe}}
{{Eastern Bloc}}
{{Commanders of the Warsaw Pact}}
{{Warsaw Pact militaries}}
{{Treaties of Hungary}}
{{Marxism–Leninism}}
{{International relations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Warsaw Pact| ]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:1991 in politics]]
[[Category:20th-century military alliances]]
[[Category:Bulgaria–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Cold War alliances and military strategy]]
[[Category:Cold War terminology]]
[[Category:Cold War organizations]]
[[Category:Cold War treaties]]
[[Category:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Eastern Bloc]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Former international organizations]]
[[Category:East Germany–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:History of Poland (1989–present)]]
[[Category:Military history of Warsaw]]
[[Category:Hungary–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:International military organizations]]
[[Category:International political organizations]]
[[Category:Late modern Europe]]
[[Category:Politics of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Neocolonialism]]
[[Category:Imperialism]]
[[Category:Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving Hungary]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving Poland]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving Romania]]
[[Category:Military alliances involving the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Organizations disestablished in 1991]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1955]]
[[Category:Poland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1955]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1955]]
[[Category:Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania]]

Gonohotta 1971

2026-03-25T11:03:57Z

JacobJamison9:

{{Short description|Sculpture in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}{{Infobox artwork
| title = Gonohotta 1971
| other_title_1 = গণহত্যা ১৯৭১
| other_language_1 = Bengali
| image = Gonohotta_1971.jpg
| caption =
| city = [[Bharat-Bangladesh Maitri Udyan]], India
| completion_date = 11 November 2010
| artist = [[Hashem Khan (artist)|Hashem Khan]], [[Mahmudul Hasan Shohag]]
| medium = Concrete casting
}}
'''Gonohotta 1971''' ({{Langx|bn|গণহত্যা ১৯৭১|4=[[Bangladesh genocide|Genocide 1971]]}}) is a sculpture by [[Hashem Khan (artist)|Hashem Khan]] collaborating with [[Mahmudul Hasan Shohag]] in [[Bharat-Bangladesh Maitri Udyan]] on 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quader, Shringla visit Feni bridge|url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/130987|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Quader, Shringla visit Feni bridge {{!}} theindependentbd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ঈদের ছুটিতে ঘুরে আসুন ত্রিপুরা|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/travel/news/292681|access-date=2021-07-17|website=jagonews24.com|language=bn}}</ref>

It is {{convert|15|feet}} long by {{convert|9|feet}} wide and is {{convert|5|feet}} high and is located in [[Bharat-Bangladesh Maitri Udyan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-04|title=Chottakhola Maitree Udyan to be inaugurated on Bangladesh Victory Day|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/12/04/chottakhola-bangladesh-victory-day|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Leader|first=The Weekend|title=Renowned artists from Tripura and Bangladesh join hands to build a war memorial|url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Culture/2451/war-memorial.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Mahmudul Hasan Shohag}}
[[Category:Bangladeshi sculpture| ]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture| ]]
[[Category:Sculptures of men in India]]
[[Category:Sculptures by Mahmudul Hasan Shohag]]
[[Category:2017 sculptures]]
[[Category:Sculptures of women in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Shankar Chaudhary

2026-03-23T06:48:38Z

JacobJamison9:

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shankar Chaudhary
| office = [[List of speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 December 2022
| 2blankname = Deputy Speaker
|2namedata = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
[[Purnesh Modi]]
| predecessor= [[Dr. Nimaben Acharya]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Leader of the House]]
| 1namedata = [[Bhupendra Patel]]
| office2 = [[Minister of State]] for Medical Education, Environment (All Independent charges) & Urban Development, [[Government of Gujarat]]
| image = SC Pro Pic 10-04-2016.jpg
| term_start2 = 7 August 2016
| term_end2 = 26 December 2017
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office1 = [[Minister of State]] for Urban Housing (Independent Charge), Health, Family Welfare and Transport, [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_end1 = 7 August 2016
| term_start1 = 22 May 2014
| office4 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart4 = 2022
| predecessor4 = [[Gulabsinh Pirabhai Rajput]]
| constituency4 = [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
| termstart5 = 2012
| termend5 = 2017
| predecessor5 = [[Parbatbhai Patel]]
| successor5 = [[Geniben Thakor]]
| constituency5 = [[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
| termstart6 = 1998
| termend6 = 2012
| predecessor6 = Lavingji Muljiji Solanki
| successor6 = Nagarji Thakor
| constituency6 = [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|12|03}}
| birth_place = [[Patan district|Vadnagar]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nationality =
| children =
| parents =
}}
'''Shankar Chaudhary''' (born 3 December 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]] state. He is the Speaker of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Newspaper |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/shankar-chaudhary-elected-unopposed-as-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly/article66284380.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He was a Member of Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2017 and again since 2022.

== Political career ==
He contested his first ever election of the Legislative Assembly at the age of just 27 years against the then Chief Minister [[Shankersinh Vaghela|Shankarsinh Vaghela]] in 1997 from Radhanpur. However, in the subsequent election held in 1998, he was elected the Member of the Legislative Assembly from [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur constituency]].

He was the Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Medical Education, Environment (All Independent charges) and Urban Development, [[Government of Gujarat]] under [[Anandiben Patel ministry]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Gujarat OBC leader Shankar Chaudhary is BJP's pick for speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-obc-leader-shankar-chaudhary-is-bjp-s-pick-for-speaker-101671161120882.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, he was elected unopposed as the chairman of Banaskantha District Cooperative Milk Federation, Palanpur ([[Banas Dairy]]) ending 24-year reign of [[Parthi Bhatol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-27 |title=Shankarbhai Chaudhary becomes new Chairman of Banas dairy, reduces Ghee price |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/12/27/shankarbhai-chaudhary-becomes-new-chairman-of-banas-dairy-reduces-ghee-price/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the Chairman of the Banaskantha District Central Co-operative Bank and Vice-Chairman of The Gujarat State Co-operative Bank and General Secretary of the Gujarat Pradesh [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party.]]

He lost in [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Vav (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vav]] against [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Geni Thakor|Geniben Thakor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-heavyweights-mlas-ministers-bite-the-dust-1789711|title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2017: Heavyweights, MLAs, Ministers Bite The Dust|work=NDTV|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref>

He was elected from [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad constituency]] in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. He was elected as the Speaker of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] on 20 December 2022.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Shankar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

2021 Hunzar Kishtwar cloudburst

2026-03-21T19:44:59Z

JacobJamison9: put up new article basic info - done

{{About|a disaster in [[Chenab Valley|Chenab region]]|more accidents and disasters|List of disasters in the Chenab Valley}}
{{short description|Cloudburst in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox weather event
| formed = 28 July 2021
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| affected = India
| dissipated =
| damages = Many houses, shops, and local infrastructure
| casualties = 26 deaths (approx. 18 missing in the floods), 17 critical injuries
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}
A [[cloudburst]] occurred on 28 July 2021 in Hunzar hamlet in the Dachhan area of the [[Kishtwar district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], resulting in 26 deaths and 17 injuries.

==Casualties==
As per reports, seven dead bodies were recovered while 19 were not found in the initial days following the cloudburst.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kishtwar Cloudburst: Two More Bodies Recovered, Toll Reaches 7, Says Officials|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/07/28/kishtwar-cloudburst-two-more-bodies-recovered-toll-reaches-7-says-officials/|date=28 July 2021|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> As of October 5, 2021, one out of the 19 missing was found after more than 70 days, while 18 others remained missing.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunzer Kishtwar Cloudburst: Body of one out of 19 missing people found after 70 days|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/10/05/hunzer-kishtwar-cloudburst-body-of-one-out-of-19-missing-people-found-after-70-days/|date=5 October 2021|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Seven dead, 12 rescued after cloudburst in Jammu’s Kishtwar district|date=28 July 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/cloud-bursts-over-jammu-s-kishtwar-4-bodies-recovered-40-people-missing-101627440802605.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kishtwar Cloudburst: 7 bodies recovered, 17 rescued, 6 critical, 26 missing |date=28 July 2021|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kishtwar-cloudburst-7-bodies-recovered-17-rescued-6-critical-26-missing-in-jammu-and-kashmir-101627480668071.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=7 Dead, 20 Missing After Cloudburst Hits Village In J&K's Kishtwar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cloudburst-in-kishtwar-four-dead-around-40-missing-after-cloudburst-hits-village-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-kishtwar-district-2496540}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deeply Saddened By Deaths Due To Cloudburst In Kishtwar: Prez Kovind |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/07/28/deeply-saddened-by-deaths-due-to-cloudburst-in-kishtwar-prez-kovind/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Forecast Today Live Updates: Four killed in cloudburst in J&K village, PM Modi says govt closely monitoring situation |date=29 July 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/weather/monsoon-live-updates-delhi-rains-weather-maharashtra-imd-7424012/}}</ref> In April 2023, after the ruling of Jammu and Kashmir High Court, the government declared the 18 missing persons as dead.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ayoob | first=Anzer | title=After High Court's ruling, Govt declared 18 missing persons of Hunzar cloudburst as "dead" | website=[[The Chenab Times]] | date=4 April 2023 | url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2023/04/04/after-high-courts-ruling-govt-declared-18-missing-persons-of-hunzar-cloudburst-as-dead/ | access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Kishtwar Cloudburst 2025]]

[[Category:2020s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mortal (gamer)

2026-03-19T16:04:06Z

JacobJamison9: stub

{{Short description|Indian YouTuber and esports player (born 1997)}}
{{About|an Indian YouTuber||Mortal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox video game player
| ID = MortaL
| name = Naman Mathur
| image = Naman Mathur 2024.png
| caption =
| league =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|05|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| career_start = 2018
| career_games = {{ubl
|''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]''
|''[[PUBG Mobile]]''
}}
| career_end = 2023
| team1 = Team SouL
| years1 = 2018–2023
| highlights = * 2019: Winner of PUBG Mobile India Series
* 2019: Winner of PMCO India Regionals
* 2022: Winner of Battlegrounds Mobile India Pro Series
| module = {{infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = MortaLyt
| youtube_display_name = MortaL

| youtube_years_active = 2013–present
| youtube_genre = [[video game|Gaming]]
| youtube_subscribers = 6.98{{nbsp}}million
| youtube_views = 1.40{{nbsp}}billion
| stats_update = 27 October 2025
}}
}}

'''Naman Mathur''' (born 22 May 1997), known professionally as '''''Mortal''''', is an Indian [[YouTuber]], [[gamer]], [[Streamer (video gaming)|online streamer]], and former [[esports]] athlete.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Naman Mathur aka Mortal on how to become an e-sports champion and a top gaming content creator |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/naman-mathur-aka-mortal-on-how-to-become-an-e-sports-champion-and-a-top-gaming-content-creator-17936321.htm |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213032043/https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/naman-mathur-aka-mortal-on-how-to-become-an-e-sports-champion-and-a-top-gaming-content-creator-17936321.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-10-10 |title=We need to have more games, tournaments and investments in India: Mortal |url=https://thebridge.in/esports/more-games-tournaments-investments-india-mortal-25839 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154133/https://thebridge.in/esports/more-games-tournaments-investments-india-mortal-25839 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayal |first=Tarun |date=2020-05-02 |title=What is Soul Mortal's PUBG ID? |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/what-is-soul-mortal-s-pubg-id |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154133/https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/what-is-soul-mortal-s-pubg-id |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Borkar |first=Umesh |date=2023-11-25 |title=Mortal Expresses Desire to Return to Esports |url=https://afkgaming.com/mobileesports/news/mortal-expresses-desire-to-return-to-esports |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=AFK Gaming |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154133/https://afkgaming.com/mobileesports/news/mortal-expresses-desire-to-return-to-esports |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ytabout">{{cite web |title=About MortaL |url=https://youtube.com/@MortaLyt |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213032043/https://www.youtube.com/@MortaLyt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dynamo, Mortal to TechnoGamerz: 5 India gamers who made a fortune through online gaming {{!}} The Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/dynamo-mortal-to-technogamerz-5-india-gamers-who-made-a-fortune-through-online-gaming/3021880/lite/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403164211/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/dynamo-mortal-to-technogamerz-5-india-gamers-who-made-a-fortune-through-online-gaming/3021880/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is best known for live streaming [[PUBG Mobile|PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Mobile]] and [[Battlegrounds Mobile India]].<ref name="cnbc">{{cite web |last1=Sachdeo |first1=Prakhar |title=Naman Mathur aka Mortal on how to become an e-sports champion and a top gaming content creator |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/naman-mathur-aka-mortal-on-how-to-become-an-e-sports-champion-and-a-top-gaming-content-creator-17936321.htm |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=3 October 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213032043/https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/naman-mathur-aka-mortal-on-how-to-become-an-e-sports-champion-and-a-top-gaming-content-creator-17936321.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Naman Mathur was born on 22 May 1997 in [[Mumbai, India]].<ref name="ytabout"/>

== Partner ==
Mathur married Rutuja Gaikwad on 15 December 2024.

== Career ==
Mathur began his gaming journey in 2016 when he launched his [[YouTube]] channel, where he posted videos of himself playing ''Mini Militia''.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's PUBG Mobile streamer Mortal talks about 'That Epic Game', four-finger method |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/indias-pubg-mobile-streamer-mortal-talks-about-that-epic-game-four-finger-method-6006711.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=20 December 2023 |date=1 February 2019 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220093814/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/indias-pubg-mobile-streamer-mortal-talks-about-that-epic-game-four-finger-method-6006711.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it wasn't until 2018 when he started playing [[PUBG Mobile]] that he gained substantial traction and popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's what it's like to be a gamer in India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/pubg-gamer-in-india-salary-sponsorships-and-opporutnities/articleshow/69952705.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101150812/https://www.businessinsider.in/pubg-gamer-in-india-salary-sponsorships-and-opporutnities/articleshow/69952705.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, he won the ''PUBG Mobile India Series'' playing for Team SouL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Team S0UL wins PUBG Mobile India Series 2019; God's Reign grabs second spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/team-s0ul-wins-pubg-mobile-india-series-2019-gods-reign-grabs-second-spot/articleshow/68361978.cms |website=[[The Times Of India]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213053828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/team-s0ul-wins-pubg-mobile-india-series-2019-gods-reign-grabs-second-spot/articleshow/68361978.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="cnbc"/> Continuing the winning streak, he won the ''PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split: India'' in [[New Delhi]], qualifying for ''PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split Global Finals'' in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], where his team finished 12th.<ref>{{cite web |title=PUBG Mobile Club Open 2019: Team Soul wins regional finals and qualifies for Berlin |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/pubg-mobile-club-open-2019-team-soul-wins-regional-finals-and-qualifies-for-berlin-6821991.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=16 June 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052326/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/pubg-mobile-club-open-2019-team-soul-wins-regional-finals-and-qualifies-for-berlin-6821991.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sayal |first1=Tarun |title=PUBG News: Top Esports Wins the PMCO Spring Split Global Finals 2019; PMCO 2019 Results and Standings |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/pubg-news-top-esports-wins-the-pmco-spring-split-global-finals-2019-pmco-2019-results-and-standings |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052327/https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/pubg-news-top-esports-wins-the-pmco-spring-split-global-finals-2019-pmco-2019-results-and-standings |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, he won the [[Esports|Esports Mobile Player of the Year]] award at the Indian Gaming Awards, which further cemented his status as one of India's most prominent gaming personalities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |first=Gaurav |last=Bhatt |title='Mortal' Naman Mathur strives to keep gaming alive in India after PUBG Mobile ban |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mortal-naman-mathur-pubg-mobile-ban-interview-7137403/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327202538/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/mortal-naman-mathur-pubg-mobile-ban-interview-7137403/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He continued his esports career in [[BGMI]] after the ban of [[PUBG Mobile]] in India. In 2022, he won the ''Battlegrounds Mobile India Pro Series'', playing for Team SouL.<ref>{{cite web |title=Team SouL wins the Battlegrounds Mobile India Pro Series (BMPS) |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/team-soul-wins-battlegrounds-mobile-india-pro-series-bmps-article-92184809 |website=[[Times Now]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328164513/https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/team-soul-wins-battlegrounds-mobile-india-pro-series-bmps-article-92184809 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has expressed his support for the growth of [[esports]] in India and has been a vocal advocate for its recognition as a legitimate form of sports in the country.<ref name="cnbc"/> Mortal is co-owner of the gaming content creation organisation ''[[S8UL Esports]]'', which is group of online gaming content creators and esport athletes. ''S8UL'' has won the Content Creator of the Year award at the ''Esports Awards'' thrice in the year 2022,2023 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=S8UL Scripts History; Becomes First Indian Esports Organisation to Win 'Content Group of the Year' Award |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/s8ul-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-esports-organisation-to-win-content-group-of-the-year-award-6619783.html |website=[[News18]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052326/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/s8ul-scripts-history-becomes-first-indian-esports-organisation-to-win-content-group-of-the-year-award-6619783.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's S8UL Named 'Content Creator Of The Year' Second Time In A Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/indias-s8ul-named-content-creator-of-the-year-second-time-in-a-row-4624769 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052326/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/indias-s8ul-named-content-creator-of-the-year-second-time-in-a-row-4624769 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bardhan |first1=Saptak |title=Chai Pe Charcha with BrandWagon |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-chai-pe-charcha-with-brandwagon-72-3209380/ |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 December 2023 |language=en |date=13 August 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220042918/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-chai-pe-charcha-with-brandwagon-72-3209380/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mortal was nominated for the ''Esports Personality of the Year'' award at the Esports Awards consecutively for two times in 2022 and 2023. He had also won the second place twice for ''Streamer of the Year'' for the years 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saksena |first1=Sanchay |title=Esports Awards 2022: MortaL Wins 2nd Spot for Esports Personality Award, Free Fire Wins 3rd Spot for Mobile and Esports Game |url=https://in.ign.com/esports/177737/news/esports-awards-2022-mortal-wins-2nd-spot-for-esports-personality-award-free-fire-wins-3rd-spot-for-m |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=27 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052326/https://in.ign.com/esports/177737/news/esports-awards-2022-mortal-wins-2nd-spot-for-esports-personality-award-free-fire-wins-3rd-spot-for-m |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=S8UL bags Esports Content Creator of the Year, Mortal Nominated for Esports Personality of the Year |url=https://www.indiatodaygaming.com/story/s8ul-bags-esports-content-creator-of-the-year-mortal-nominated-for-esports-personality-of-the-year-3399 |website=India Today Gaming |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |language=en |date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052326/https://www.indiatodaygaming.com/story/s8ul-bags-esports-content-creator-of-the-year-mortal-nominated-for-esports-personality-of-the-year-3399 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Mortal partnered with [[MG Motor India]] to design the Gamer Edition of their car, [[Wuling Air EV|Comet EV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MG Comet EV Gamer Edition Launched In India At Rs 8.65 Lakh, Designed By Indian Gamer MORTAL |url=https://zeenews.india.com/electric-vehicles/mg-comet-ev-gamer-edition-launched-in-india-at-rs-8-65-lakh-designed-by-indian-gamer-mortal-2644105.html |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152049/https://zeenews.india.com/electric-vehicles/mg-comet-ev-gamer-edition-launched-in-india-at-rs-8-65-lakh-designed-by-indian-gamer-mortal-2644105.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-03 |title=MG Comet EV Special Gamer Edition launched in India: Price, specs, features |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-cars/mg-comet-ev-special-gamer-edition-launched-in-india-price-specs-features/articleshow/102388083.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101152048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/electric-cars/mg-comet-ev-special-gamer-edition-launched-in-india-price-specs-features/articleshow/102388083.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, Mortal, along with other Indian gamers, met Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to talk about the future of the Indian gaming industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi meets top gamers in India, photos surface |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-meets-top-gamers-in-india-photos-surface-9266018/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412100827/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/prime-minister-narendra-modi-meets-top-gamers-in-india-photos-surface-9266018/ |archive-date=12 April 2024 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Web===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2022–present
|[[Amazon miniTV Playground|Playground]]
|Himself
|Mentor
|
|-
|2019
|Dosti Ka Naya Maidan
|Himself (cameo)
|TVF
|Episode 02
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links==
* {{IMDB name|11135289}}

[[Category:Indian gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Gaming-related YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Indian esports players]]

Super Singer Junior

2026-03-14T11:01:56Z

JacobJamison9: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian television show}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Fan POV|date=May 2022}}
{{Overly detailed|date=May 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| runtime = 60 minutes
| creator = [[Vijay TV]]
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = [[Vijay TV]]
| presenter = {{plainlist|
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (2006 - 2008)
* Divya Vijayagopal (2009 - 2011)
* [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] (2011 - present)
* [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] (2011 - 2017)
* [[Priyanka Deshpande]] (2013 - present)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 10
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2007|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Super Singer (Bengali reality show)]]
}}
'''''Super Singer Junior ''''' – ''Ithu Thamizhagathin Chellakuralukkana Thedal (the search for the sweet voice of Tamil Nadu)'' – is a [[Reality television|reality TV]] show since February 2007 hosted by [[Vijay TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijay.indya.com/ |title=indya.com - STAR - VIJAY |publisher=Vijay.indya.com |date=12 June 1981 |access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719172012/http://vijay.indya.com/ |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a popular Tamil channel of the Star Network, and sponsored by [[Bharti Airtel]]. It is a singing talent hunt for the children of age group 6–15. This is the junior version of the [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Airtel Super Singer]] show, which premiered on 28 April 2006. Auditions are held in various parts of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The show attracts many kids from all over the state and rigorous multi-level selection procedures are done in order to select the contestants for the competition.

== Airtel Super Singer Junior ==
Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 1, the first season of the Airtel Super Singer Junior show, premiered on February 9, 2007 and was hosted by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]. The Grand Finale premiered on 13 July 2007. Episodes were telecasted on [[Star Vijay]] between Fridays to Sundays. Out of the many kids who auditioned for the show, 25 were selected to go on to the stage show, which consisted of a variety of interesting rounds. The judges at the studio were [[K.S. Chithra]] and [[Usha Uthup]]. Krishnamoorthy emerged the winner after a hard-fought finals with an equally brilliant Vignesh, who had an amazing flavor for folk. The other finalists were Saicharan and Aparna Rajagopalan (who won against Madhumitha Shankar in the wild card round) who also gave a very tough competition.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

After the show's conclusion, finalist Saicharan and semi-finalist Madhumitha Shankar went onto compete in seasons 3 and 4 of [[Airtel Super Singer|the senior version of the show]]. [[Saicharan]] was subsequently crowned winner of Airtel Super Singer 3 (2010 - 2011) and chosen by music directors [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[D. Imman]] to sing in the films ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'', ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'', and ''[[Saattai]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 2 ==
{{main|Super Singer Junior season 2}}
The first episode of season 2 premiered on 21 June 2009, and episodes were telecast on [[Vijay TV]] between Monday to Thursday.<ref name="Star Vijay">{{cite web |url=http://vijay.indya.com/jss09/about.asp |title=Super Singer Junior 2009 |publisher=vijay.indya.com |date=26 December 2009 |access-date=26 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226030854/http://vijay.indya.com/jss09/about.asp |archive-date=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Hindu15May2010">{{cite news|title=Let the music begin!|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 May 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/let-the-music-begin/article787481.ece|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> Children from the age of 6 years to the age of 14 years were permitted to audition to showcase their talent on Vijay TV's platform.<ref name="Star Vijay" /> Apart from gaining recognition from acclaimed names of the music industry and being a child singing icon, the show initially promised that its winner would be honored with [[rupee|Rs.]]25 [[lakh]]s in cash prize money.<ref name="Star Vijay" /> Later, the hosts in each episode of the top 25 performance rounds announced that the winner would win a Villa in Anugraha Satellite Town worth Rs.25 lakhs from its season 2 sponsor, Navashakthi Township and Developers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Following playback singer Chinmayi's decision to quit hosting [[Vijay TV's Super Singer (TV series)|Vijay TV's Super Singer series]] earlier in the year,<ref name="Times20Sept14">{{cite news|title=Chinmayi wishes a normal childhood for prodigiesa |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 September 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Chinmayi-wishes-a-normal-childhood-for-prodigies/articleshow/42991290.cms|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinmayisripada.com/2009/01/and-my-last-day-on-airtel-super-singer.html|date=21 January 2009|access-date=4 April 2015|publisher=Chinmayi's official website |title=WhatToNameIt: And my last day on Airtel Super Singer}}</ref> various television anchors including [[Divyadarshini]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]], Aishwarya Prabhakar, and [[Uma Padmanabhan]], filled in to host the show at various intervals, and playback singer Divya appeared fairly regularly during the season as a replacement. [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as a voice trainer, and playback singer K. S. Chithra returned as a permanent judge of the show. Playback singers [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]] also joined the show as permanent judges to replace Usha Uthup who quit the show.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

A number of eminent playback singers and music directors appeared during the season as guest judges, including [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[S. Janaki]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Jency Anthony|Jency]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Unni Menon]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Suchithra]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Sowmya]], [[Annupamaa]], [[Haricharan]], Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, Veeramani Raju, [[Charulatha Mani]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]], [[Ramya NSK]], [[Srimathumitha]], [[Pop Shalini|Shalini]], Vinaya, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], and [[Prashanthini]]. Stars from the senior version of the show also appeared as judges during the season, including former contestants [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]], [[Nikhil Mathew]], and [[Ajeesh]], and permanent judges [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] – the latter of whom introduced the winner, [[Alka Ajith]], as a [[playback singer]] in the 2011 [[Malayalam language]] film, ''[[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]]''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Grand finalist Nithyashree, semi-finalist [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]], and semi-finalist Priyanka were introduced as playback singers in the 2011 [[Tamil language]] film, ''[[Avan Ivan]]''. Runner-up Shravan R. Pratap was introduced as a playback singer in the 2011 Tamil language film, ''Paasakaara Nanbargal''. These four individualsalso regularly performed throughout Vijay TV's Super Singer series. Nithyashree was later crowned runner-up in ''[[Indian Idol Junior (season 2)]]'', a reality TV singing competition that is being broadcast on the [[Hindi language]] Indian TV channel, [[Sony Entertainment Television India|Sony TV]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 3 ==
{{main|Super Singer Junior season 3}}
The first episode of the season premiered on 17 October 2011, and episodes were telecast on Vijay TV between Monday to Friday. Children from the age of 6 years to the age of 14 years were permitted to audition to showcase their talent. Apart from gaining recognition from acclaimed names of the music industry and being a child singing icon, the show promised that its winner would be honored with a 3-bedroom townhouse worth Rs.60 lakhs from its season 3 sponsor, Arun Excello Home Pvt Ltd.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Auditions took place in [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], and [[Trichy]]. Auditions for season 3 were judged by prominent playback singers and vocalists, including Nithyasree Mahadevan, [[S. P. Sailaja]], Manikka Vinayagam, Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy, [[S. Sowmya]], and Mahathi. All audition rounds were hosted by actresses [[Poornitha|Kalyani]] and [[Ramya Subramaniam|Ramya]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The main competition performance rounds were hosted by [[Makapa Anand]], [[Kalyani Nair]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]. Playback singers [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] and [[Malgudi Subha]] returned as permanent judges, and [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as permanent voice trainer.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

'''Special Awards (season 3)'''
Special awards have been given to the top three singers and the wild card entrants.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Contestant ID !! Contestant Name !! Award
|-
| SSJ 01 || Jeyanth || Most Energetic Singer
|-
| SSJ 02 || Rakshitha || Best Western Singer
|-
| SSJ 03 || Anjana || The Cutest Singer
|-
| SSJ 04 || [[Pragathy Guruprasad]] || Best Classical Singer
|-
| SSJ 05 || [[Aajeedh Khalique]] || Most Stylish Singer
|-
| SSJ 06 || Anu Anand|| Most Expressive Singer
|-
| SSJ 07 || Sukanya || Most Creative Singer
|-
| SSJ 08 || Akileswaran || Best Entertainer
|-
| SSJ 09 || Yazhini || Best Melody Singer
|-
| SSJ 10 || Gowtham || The Soulful Singer
|-
| SSJ 11 || Rajaganapathy || Best Comeback
|-
| SSJ 12 || Sephy || Best Performer
|-
| SSJ 13 || Malavika || Most Progressive Singer
|}

'''Grand final contestants (season 3)'''
;Finalists selected by permanent judges
# SSJ07 Sukanya
# SSJ04 Pragathi Guruprasad
# SSJ10 Goutham

;Finalists selected by public vote during wild card round
# SSJ05 Aajeedh Khalique
# SSJ09 Yazhini

The Grand finale premiered on 26 October 2012, evening at Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium live. A.R. Rahman was the special guest here among all the usual judges. The results were announced by A. R. Rahman and the title winner of Airtel Super Singer Junior 3 was Aajeedh Khalique and the first runner up was Pragathy Guruprasad.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Round !! Pragathi Guruprasad !! Aajeedh Khalique !! Sukanya !! Yazhini !! Gowtham
|-
| 1 || Isaiyarasi || [[Vande Mataram (album)|Vande Mataram]] || [[Padayappa#Music|Minsaara Poove]] || Mannavan Vandhaanadi || [[Thiruvilayadal (1965 film)#Soundtrack|Paatum Naane]]
|-
| 2 || [[Mayya (song)|Mayya Mayya]] || [[Uyire#Tamil (Uyire)|Iru Pookal]] || Anjali Anjali || Chandralekha || [[Muthu (film)|Vidu Kathaiya]]
|}

== Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 4 ==
Airtel Super Singer Junior 4, the fourth season of the Airtel Super Singer Junior show, premiered on 31 March 2014. [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as a voice trainer, and playback singers, [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]] returned as judges. [[Makapa Anand]], [[Priyanka Deshpande]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] were the hosts for the fourth season.<ref name="HinduMar14">{{cite news|title=Young Voices|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 March 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/young-voices/article5836752.ece|access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> Children from the age of 6 years to the age of 14 years participated in the first leg of the auditions from across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="HinduMar14"/> The show promised its winner a townhouse worth 70 lakh rupees from Arun Excello Temple Green Township,<ref name="HinduMar14"/> and 1 kilogram of gold would be presented to the runner up by NAC Jewellers. The show is hosted by [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and Priyanka Deshpande,<ref name="HinduNov14">{{cite news|title=The making of Super Singer|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 November 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-making-of-a-super-singer/article6567550.ece|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> and directed by "R.K".<ref name="HinduNov14"/>

The show was telecasted on weekdays from 9:00pm,<ref name="HinduMar14"/> but once the show reached wild card entry rounds, the show was telecast on weekdays from 9:30pm. The grand finale on 20 February 2015 took place in Chennai at Thangavelu Engineering College,<ref name="Hindu19Feb15">{{cite news|title=Six on a song |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 February 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/six-on-a-song/article6912950.ece|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Times19Feb15">{{cite news|title=Vijay TV's Airtel Super Singer Junior 4 Live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vijay-TVs-Airtel-Super-Singer-Junior-4-Live/articleshow/46297854.cms|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> and was telecast live from 6:00pm onwards.<ref name="Times19Feb15"/> Following the results being revealed at the conclusion of the finale, it was also announced that contestant Jessica Judes would donate any prize she won to [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Ceylon Tamil]] orphanages, a gesture that has not been made by any other contestant throughout the history of the show. At the conclusion of the finale, [[Spoorthi|Spoorthi Santosh Rao]] won the Airtel Super Singer Junior 4 title and Jessica Judes won her placement as runner up of Airtel Super Singer Junior 4, ahead of the third placed finalist Haripriya, and fourth placed finalists Anushya, Srisha, and Bharath.<ref name="IBT21Feb15">{{cite news|title=Super Singer Junior 4: Spoorthi Wins Title, Jessica, Haripriya, Declared Runners Up|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 February 2015|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/super-singer-junior-4-spoorthi-wins-title-jessica-haripriya-declared-runners-624105|location=India|access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>

'''Finals'''
'''Top contestants'''
[[File:Spoorthi with the Title Trophy after winning the Super Singer Junior 4.jpg|thumb|Spoorthi with Airtel Super Singer Junior Season 4 Trophy]]
Spoorthi Santhosh Rao (also known as Contestant SSJ03 Spoorthi) was born 3 April 2005, and 9 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ03 Spoorthi">{{cite web
| title = Spoorthi - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!spoorthi/c1ysd
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21spoorthi/c1ysd
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> Spoorthi is from [[Bangalore]], and did not know [[Tamil language|Tamil]] until 2014,<ref name="Hindu19Feb15"/> which she picked up during her time on the show's studio set. She studied in [[Sri Aurobindo Memorial School]],<ref name="SSJ03 Spoorthi"/> and received musical training in light music from Narahari Dixit, [[tabla]] from Pt. Rajgopal Kallurkar, [[Carnatic music]] from Yashasvi Subbarao, and [[playback singer|playback singing]] from [[Parthasarathy (Parthu)|Parthu Nemani]]. Spoorthi said she auditioned for the show because she liked [[Pragathi Guruprasad|Pragathi]], the runner-up in the previous season of the show <ref name="Hindu19Feb15"/>

Spoorthi was selected as a direct finalist by the judges prior to the wildcard entry rounds, and was announced the winner of the fourth season of Airtel Super Singer Junior at the season's grand finale on 20 February 2015.<ref name="IBT21Feb15"/> As the winner, Spoorthi was awarded a Townhouse at Temple Green Township in [[Oragadam]] by the show's sponsor Arun Excello, worth 70 lakhs Indian Rupees.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

{{Clear}}
Jessica Judes (also known as Contestant SSJ10 Jessica) was born 8 December 2000 in [[Toronto]], Canada, was 15 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ10Jessica">{{cite web
| title = Jessica - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!jessica/c1ak
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21jessica/c1ak
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="TG22Feb">{{cite news |title='Super Singer Junior' audiences stunned by song dedicated to Eelam Tamils
|publisher=[[Tamil Guardian]] |date=22 February 2015|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13875|access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> The show's official website listed her other nicknames as "Jess", "Jessi" and "Olivia".<ref name="SSJ10Jessica"/> She lived in [[Markham, Ontario]] and had to temporarily live in [[Chennai]] to participate in the competition.<ref name="Hindu19Feb15"/><ref name="SSJ10Jessica"/> At the time of the show, she was studying at [[Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy]],<ref name="SSJ10Jessica"/> but her mother Mercy Judes,<ref name="HinduNov14"/> who had given up her job at [[IBM]] in Canada,<ref name="HinduNov14"/> kept Jessica away from school for a year so she could prepare for the competition.<ref name="HinduNov14"/> [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]], the show's host confirmed that she was the first [[Eelam Tamils|Eelam Tamil]] to make it to the finals.<ref name="TG22Feb"/> Olivia is appearing instead of Jessica.

Jessica Judes was selected as a finalist after receiving the highest number of votes from the public during the wild card round, and was announced as the runner-up for the fourth season of Airtel Super Singer Junior at the season's grand finale on 20 February 2015.<ref name="IBT21Feb15"/> As runner up of the show, she was awarded 1 kilogram of gold by NAC Jewellers, one of the show's sponsors, but Jessica donated her prize for the welfare of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Ceylon Tamil people]], particularly to Sri Lankan Tamil orphanages and to displaced Sri Lankan Tamil people who have been staying in various rehabilitation camps in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="SifyMar15">{{cite news|title=Suriya meets Super Singer girl Jessica|website=[[Sify]]|date=3 March 2015|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-meets-super-singer-girl-jessica-news-tamil-pddqtNhacjfjc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305195013/http://www.sify.com/movies/suriya-meets-super-singer-girl-jessica-news-tamil-pddqtNhacjfjc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2015|access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Her gesture of donating entire prize money has not been made by any other contestant throughout the history of the show. The gesture prompted actor [[Suriya]] to invite Jessica to his residence,<ref name="SifyMar15"/> where he personally congratulated her for finishing as runner-up,<ref name="KollyMar15">{{cite news|title=Suriya lauds 'super singer' Jessica's act of donating 1 kg gold to Lankan Tamils welfare|publisher=Kolly Talk |date=2 March 2015|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/suriya-lauds-super-singer-jessicas-act-donating-1-kg-gold-lankan-tamils-welfare-231109.html|access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> lauded her generosity for donating her entire prize-money for the welfare of Tamils in Lanka and elsewhere,<ref name="KollyMar15"/> and presented her with a special gift from his actress-wife, [[Jyothika]].<ref name="SifyMar15"/><ref name="KollyMar15"/>

{{Clear}}

K. Haripriya (HP) (also known as Contestant SSJ01 Haripriya) was born 11 April 2001, and 13 years old at the time of the show. The show's official website listed her other nickname as "Ammu" and "Kevin".<ref name="SSJ01Haripriya">{{cite web
| title = Haripriya- Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!haripriya/cxtr
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21haripriya/cxtr
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She previously participated in the third season of the show, but was eliminated and did not reach the finals during that season.

Haripriya was selected as a direct finalist for the fourth season of Airtel Super Singer Junior by the judges prior to the wildcard entry rounds. She ended up in third place at the season's grand finale on 20 February 2015.<ref name="IBT21Feb15"/> Kevin is appearing instead of Haripriya.

{{Clear}}

Anushya. K. (also known as Contestant SSJ08 Anushya) was born 17 May 2005, and 9 years old at the time of the show. The show's official website listed her other nickname as "Anu".<ref name="SSJ08Anushya">. Anushya K. Also participated in Nippon Paint Super Singer Junior Season juni6.{{cite web
| title = Anushya - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!anushya/c1n96
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21anushya/c1n96
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She previously appeared as a contestant on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality TV singing competition, ''[[Sun Singer]]''.

Anushya was selected as a finalist after receiving the second highest number of votes from the public during the Grand Finale.

{{Clear}}

Bharath K. Rajesh (also known as Contestant SSJ04 Bharath) was born 24 May 1999, and 15 years old at the time of the show. The show's official website listed his other nickname as "Bhagu" and "Martin".<ref name="SSJ04 Bharath">{{cite web
| title = Bharath - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!bharath/c1dbx
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21bharath/c1dbx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref>

Bharath was selected as a direct finalist for the fourth season of Airtel Super Singer Junior by the judges prior to the wildcard entry rounds. Martin is appearing instead of Bharath.

{{Clear}}

A. Srisha (also known as Contestant SSJ07 Srisha) was born 14 May 1999, and 15 years old at the time of the show. The show's official website listed her other nickname as "Pinky" and "Dot".<ref name="SSJ07Srisha">{{cite web
| title = Srisha - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!srisha/ct12
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21srisha/ct12
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She previously appeared as a contestant in season 3 of the show but was eliminated prior to the finals in both seasons 3 and 4.

Srisha failed to receive enough votes from the public during the wildcard rounds, but the judges still chose to select her as a finalist at the conclusion of the wildcard round based on judge's scoring. Dot is appearing instead of Srisha.

{{Clear}}

M. Shivani (also known as Contestant SSJ11 Shivani) was born 21 August 2000, and 14 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ11Shivani">{{cite web
| title = Shivani - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!shivani/c8mp
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21shivani/c8mp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She attended The PSBB millennium school.<ref name="SSJ11Shivani"/> The show's official website also listed her other nicknames as "Chella Kutty", "Chella Papa", "Chuchu Kuttu", "Pattu Kunjalam", "Maria the Beepkeeper Lobster".<ref name="SSJ11Shivani"/> She received training from Vasanthi Gopal, and she previously appeared as a contestant on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality TV singing competition, ''[[Sun Singer]]''.

After being eliminated from the competition, Shivani qualified as a wildcard entrant. Maria is appearing instead of Shivani.

{{Clear}}

R. Monika (also known as contestant SSJ12 Monika) was born 2 May 2004, and 10 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ12Monika">{{cite web
| title = Monika - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!monika/cnyg
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21monika/cnyg
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She attended St. John's Matriculation Hr. Sec. school, villivakkam.<ref name="SSJ12Monika"/> The show's official website also listed her other nickname as "Papa" and "Daisa".<ref name="SSJ12Monika"/> She previously appeared as a contestant on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s reality TV singing competition, ''[[Sun Singer]]''.

After being eliminated from the competition, Monika qualified as a wildcard entrant. Daisa is appearing instead of Monika.

{{Clear}}

Pravasthi (also known as Contestant SSJ06 Pravasthi) was born 9 December 2006, and 8 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ06Pravasthi">{{cite web
| title = Pravasthi - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!pravasthi/cwd1
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21pravasthi/cwd1
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She attended Geethanjali Olypiyaad school.<ref name="SSJ06Pravasthi"/> The show's official website also listed her other nickname as "Rhino" and "Polly".<ref name="SSJ06Pravasthi"/> Pravasti previously won [[Zee Telugu]]'s ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs 2011'', another reality TV singing competition, at the age of 4 years.

After being eliminated from the competition, Pravasthi qualified as a wildcard entrant. Polly is appearing instead of Pravasthi.

{{Clear}}

J. Anal Akash Bharathy (also known as Contestant SSJ09 Anal Akash) was born 15 September 1999, and 15 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ09Akash">{{cite web
| title = Anal Akash - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!anal-akash/c1h2r
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21anal%2Dakash/c1h2r
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> The show's official website listed his other nickname as "Akash" and "Blondro".<ref name="SSJ09Akash"/>

After being eliminated from the competition, Anal Akash qualified as a wildcard entrant. Blondro is appearing instead of Anal Akash.

{{Clear}}

Angeline R. (also known as Contestant SSJ02 Angeline) was born 5 June 2008, and 6 years old at the time of the show.<ref name="SSJ02Angeline">{{cite web
| title = Angeline - Super Singer
| url = http://www.supersinger.in/#!angeline/cgv0
| publisher = Super Singer Official Website
| access-date = 28 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831180004/http://www.supersinger.in/#%21angeline/cgv0
| url-status = dead
| archive-date =31 August 2012}}</ref> She attends Seventh day Adventist school.<ref name="SSJ02Angeline"/> The show's official website also listed her other nickname as "Angel" and "Snail Jr.".<ref name="SSJ02Angeline"/>

When Angeline was eliminated from the competition, she was given direct entry as a wildcard contestant as the season's youngest contestant. Snail Jr. is appearing instead of Angeline.

{{Clear}}

Elimination chart
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" width="15%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:orange" width="15%" | Female
| style="background:palegoldenrod;" width="15%" | Male
| style="background:lime;" width="15%" | Airtel Super Singer Junior 4
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| style="background:yellow; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Wait listed (WL) or Danger zone (DZ)
| style="background:red; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Eliminated (Elim)








|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|-
|colspan="2" align="right" |''Round:''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Introduction Songs Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''New Songs Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Free Style Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Raja Raja thaan Round(Isaignani's Birthday Celebrations)'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Western Songs Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Dance Attack Round(Top 20 Selection)'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Dooring Talkies Round '''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Folk Round(Top 20 Selection)'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Getup Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Free Style Round(Chinese Background)'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Dedication Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Neeya Naana Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Bakthi Padalgal(Devotional) Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Isai Kuyilin Idhigasa Paadalgal Round(TOP 15 Selection)'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Top 15 Celebrations'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Hip Hop and Remix Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Deva Ragangal - Ganna & Kuthu Padalgal Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Mellisai padalgal Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Retro Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Isai Vaanin Ilaya Nila-SPB Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Top 10 Selection Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Top 10 Celebrations-Enacting Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Latin America and Rock songs Round'''
|colspan="1" bgcolor="lightblue" align="center" |'''Deepavali Celebrations'''
|-
| colspan="2" align="right" |''Week:''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''12–16 May'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''19–23 May'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''26–30 May'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''2–6 June'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''9–13 June'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''16–20 June'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''23–27 June'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''30 June – 4 July'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''7–11 July'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''14–18 July'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''21–25 July'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''28 July – 1 August'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''4–8 August'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''11–15 August'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''18–22 August'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''25–29 August'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''1–5 September'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''8–12 September'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''15–19 September'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''22–26 September'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''29 September – 3 October'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''6–10 October'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''12–16 October'''
! width="35" bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center" |'''18–22 October'''

|-
!Place
!Contestant
! colspan="24" |Result
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|01}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Anal Akash
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|02}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Angelin
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|03}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Anushya
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|04}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Bharath
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|05}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Haripriya
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|06}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Jessica Judes
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|07}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Pravasthi
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|08}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Spoorthi
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|09}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Srihari Sunil
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|10}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Srisha
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|11}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Shradha Ganesh
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|12}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Robin
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|13}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Arjun
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|14}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Shivani
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-

| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|15}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Monika
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|16}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Sunandha
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|17}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Aishwarya
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|18}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Saran
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|19}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Shalini (Foreign Contest)
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|20}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Krishnasai Narayanan
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|21}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Karthika Prathosh
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|22}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Kumudhini
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|23}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Mohammed Harsad
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|24}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Rohini
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|25}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Sonika
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|26}}
| bgcolor="orange" |Priya
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="yellow" align="center" | DZ
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|27}}
| bgcolor="palegoldenrod" |Nazim
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="red" align="center" | Elim
|-
| bgcolor="azure" align="center" | {{nowrap|28}}
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" |Senthilnathan Sheela (Not Contesting)
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
| bgcolor="white" |
|-
|}{{Clear}}

'''Performances'''

'''SSSS Super Awards Round & Wild Card Results [Bubble Everfreeies]'''
* '''Compere:''' [[Silver White]]
* '''Permanent Voice Trainer:''' [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]
* '''Permanent Judges:''' [[Senorita Ribbitina]], [[Jessica's Winner Assistant]] and [[Officer Miranda]]

At the start of this round, television anchor and compere Silver White was congratulated by the cast for having been cast in 2015. It was also noted that he had recorded to be a host.

This round was a celebration round for the wild card contestants and direct finalist contestants. Each of the contestants were given an award in a particular category, and were required to sing a song in the given category.

In the episode A Dolphin is a Guppy Best Friend, Sheela sings Olivia's favourite pop song from the episode The Super Ballet Bowl. Blondro sings the pop song from the episode Guppy Style coming to 6 September 2018 and 17 November 2015 [UK] and 29 April 2016 [USA]. The results from the wild card round were released. Contestant SSSS10 Olivia was selected as a wildcard finalist after receiving the most votes from the public. Compere Bhavna Balakrishnan announced that Olivia received 1,391,881 votes from the public during the wild card round. The boy lobsters gives the finalist of Super Singer Sea Senior. Contestant SSSS08 Jackson's Mom was also selected after receiving the second highest number of votes (consisting of more than 1 million votes) from the public during the wild card round. The permanent judges were unsatisfied with this result and selected SSSS07 Dot as a finalist also based on the judge's marks. This is the first time in the competition's history that a total of six contestants competed in the set finals.

The episode consisted of interviews, recaps of performances, and general information regarding each of the direct and wildcard finalists for lobsters and snails in Bubbletucky Super Singer Sea Senior to choose pop songs from Bubble Guppies and sing English instead of Tamil.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Order
!Award Given
!Lobster Contestants and Snail Contestants
!Song sung after award given
!Bubble Guppies [Pop songs for the names of the episodes from] (year)
|-
| 1
|"Best Classical Singer Male Lobster"
|SSSS03 Tom
|"Australia, It's A Land Down Under"
| [[The Wizard of Oz-tralia]] (2013)
|-
| 2
|"The Best Sports Audience Girl for appearing season 3 and 4 releasing award called Best Effort Singer Female Snail"
|SSSS12 Daisa
|"Abracadabra"
|[[Bubble Cadabra]] (2012)
|-
| 3
|"Best Melody Singer Female Lobster"
|SSSS07 Dot
|"Circus, Circus, I Really Want To Go"
|[[The Sizzling Scampinis]] (2012)
|-
| 4
|"The Newest Ballet Sports Fan for a special disappearing character in the episode award called Best Cheering Singer Female Snail"
|SSSS05 Sheela
|"Oh, I'm Dancing Ballet, At The Ballet Tonight"
|[[The Super Ballet Bowl]] (2013)
|-
| 5
|"Best Folk Singer Female Lobster"
|SSSS08 Jackson's Mom
|"It's A Party At Sea"
| [[Party at Sea]] (2014)
|-
| 6
|"Most Versatile Singer Male Lobster"
|SSSS01 Kevin
|"Little Froggie"
|[[The Running of the Bullfrogs]] (2015)
|-
| 7
|"The Best Beekeeper Girl for appearing season 2 and 3 hair award called Most Perfect Pronunciation Singer Female Lobster"
|SSSS11 Maria
|"Honey Bee, Honey Bee, Just At You Go"
|[[The Bubble Bee athalon]] (2014)
|-
| 8
|"Most Soul Stirring Performer Singer Male Snail"
|SSSS09 Blondro
|"Come On And Rock Your Style"
|[[Guppy Style]] (2016)
|-
| 9
|"Most Cutest Singer Male Snail"
|SSSS02 Snail Jr.
|"Superheros"
|[[Super Guppies]] (2015)
|-
| 10
|"Best/Most Little Rock Star Singer Female Lobster"
|SSSS06 Polly
|"Come to Your Senses, Hearing, Smell, Touch, Taste And Sight"
| [[Come to Your Senses]] (2014)
|-
| 11
|"Best Western Singer Male Lobster"
|SSSS04 Martin
|"Elee, Elee Elephant, Oh, Oh, Oh"
|[[The Elephant Truck-a-Dunk]] (2013)
|-
| 12
|"Most Progressive Singer Female Snail"
|SSSS10 Olivia
|"Here Kitty, Kitty, Kitty Pretty Feline"
| [[Bubble Kitty]] (2015)
|-
|}

'''Super Singer Senior Grand Finale at Big Bubble Auditorium Outdoor in Big Bubble City, after yesterday celebrating Chinese New Year [Bubble Everfreeies]'''
* '''Compere:''' [[Siver White]]
* '''Chief Guests:''' [[Tailo]], [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
* '''Judges:''' [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], Vinaya, Mahanadhi Shobana Vignesh, [[Sudha Raghunathan]], T. H. V. Umashankar, [[James Vasanthan]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Senorita Ribbitina]], [[Jessica's Winner Assistant]], [[Officer Miranda]] and [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]]

Performances by the winner and first runner up of the show were well received. Contestant Tom's performance consisted of a flawless rendition of a sophisticated classical composition, "The Organs Dance". Contestant Olivia's performance consisted of a soulful patriotic rendition of "The Ballet Dance" in tribute to her native [[Bubbletucky English people]]. Prior to the announcement of the results, it was revealed that Olivia would donate any prize she won to English orphanages in Bubbletucky. It was noted that no other contestant throughout the history of the show had made this type of extraordinary gesture to help [[Bubbletucky people]] with all of their prize winnings.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|- style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"
!Order
!Contestants
!Song sung after award given
!Bubble Guppies [Dance songs for the names of the episodes from] [year]
|-
| 1
|SSSS04 Martin
|"The Elephant Dance"
| [[The Elephant Truck-a-Dunk]] (2013)
|-
| 2
|SSSS10 Olivia
|"The Ballet Dance"
| [[The Super Ballet Bowl]] (2013)
|-
| 3
|SSSS08 Jackson's Mom
|"The Boats Dance"
| [[Party at Sea]] (2014)
|-
| 4
|SSSS03 Tom
|"The Organs Dance"
| [[Swimtastic Check-Up]] (2014)
|-
| 5
|SSSS07 Dot
|"The Car Dance"
| [[The Amusement Parking Lot]] (2014)
|-
| 6
|SSSS01 Kevin
|"The Police Dance"
| [[The Police Cop-etition]] (2013)
|-
| 7
|SSSS03 Tom
|"Zip Up, Zip Down"
|[[Costume Boxing]] (2015)
|-
| 8
|SSSS10 Olivia
|"The Paws Licken' Dance"
|[[Bubble Kitty]] (2015)
|-
| 9
|SSSS04 Martin
|"The Brushing Dance"
|[[A Tooth on the Looth]] (2012)
|-
| 10
|SSSS07 Dot
|"The Circus Dance"
|[[The Sizzling Scampinis]] (2012)
|-
| 11
|SSSS01 Kevin
|"The Frog Dance"
|[[The Running of the Bullfrogs]] (2015)
|-
| 12
|SSSS08 Jackson's Mom
|"The Australia Dance"
|[[The Wizard of Oz-tralia]] (2013)
|-
|}

'''Super Singer Sea Senior Grand Final Results'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Position !! Prize
|-
|Spoorthi|| Title Winner || Townhouse worth money of coins 70 lakhs
|-
|Olivia || First Runner Up || 1 kilogram gold (Donated to Bubbletucky English Orphanages)
|-
|Kevin|| Second Runner Up || Car worth money of coins 10 lakhs
|-
|Martin
|| Third Runners-up || Money of coins 5 lakhs
|-
|Jackson's Mom
|| Third Runners-up || Money of coins 5 lakhs
|-
|Dot
|| Third Runners-up || Money of coins 5 lakhs
|}

== Super Singer Junior Season 5 ==
Super Singer Junior 5 was aired from 26 November 2016 to 17 June 2017.

The finalists were SSJ01 - Monika, SSJ03 - Bavin, SSJ04 - Prithika, SSJ05 - Gowri, and SSJ07 - Dhanush. The show was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]],
[[Priyanka Deshpande]], and [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]]. [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] returned as a voice trainer and judge, and playback singers, [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[Malgudi Subha]] returned as judges.

The grand finale was held on 17 June 2017 at DB Jain College in Thirupuvanam, Chennai. At the finals, Prithika was the title winner and won a 40 lakh worth apartment. Bavin was the first runner-up, winning 5 lakh worth car as prize. Gowri was the second runner-up and got 3lakhs as cash prize.

== Super Singer Junior Season 6 ==

The Judging panel includes, [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar]], [[K.S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Charan]].
The show was hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]].

Super Singer Junior 6 started from 20 October 2018 – 21 April 2019. The finalists were:- Suriya, [[Poovaiyar]], Hrithik, Chinmayi, Ahana and Anushya

The grand finale was held on 21 April 2019 at Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium live. At the finals, Hrithik was the title winner. Suriya was the first runner-up. Poovaiyar was the second runner up.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-6-winner-hrithik-bags-the-trophy-wins-house-worth-rs-50-lakh/articleshow/68981459.cms|title=Super Singer Junior 6 winner: Hrithik bags the trophy, wins house worth Rs 50 lakh|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2019 }}</ref>

Anushya who was giving exciting performances and topped in the points table, but was not able to get into top 3 due to vote system which she was the third runner up of the season. Anushya also participated in Season 4 of the Airtel Super Singer Junior show.

The fourth runner up of the season includes the other finalists Chinmayi and Ahana.

And also lot of talented young singers were identified during the season. Dhanush, Anand Bhairav Sharma and Vidhya Rubini who sang well throughout the season got eliminated from the show due to the voting system.

In SPB round, SPB came as a guest to the show and this season is the last appearance of SPB, in Junior Season.

== Super Singer Junior Season 7 ==
Super Singer Junior Season 7 is currently hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]]. The judging panel includes [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana Ragavendar]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], and [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]]. It started on 22 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-season-7-to-premiere-on-february-22/articleshow/74178260.cms|title=Super Singer Junior season 7 to premiere on February 22|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

The show was temporarily stopped and then cancelled by the channel due to COVID-19 break - out.

== Super Singer Junior Season 8 ==
Hosts: Makapa Anand, Priyanka Deshpande, Myna Nandhini (during Priyanka Deshpande absence) & KPY Kuraishi (during Makapa Anand absence)

On 19 December 2021, Super Singer Junior 8 was launched on Vijay Television. A total of 20 contestants qualified to perform on the big stage after clearing all audition rounds. The Grand Finale aired on 26 June 2022. At the finals, Krishaang was the title winner.

=== Judges ===
* [[K.S. Chithra]] (Rowdy Baby)
* [[S. P. Charan]] (Rowdy Baby)
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]] (Don Dada)
* [[Kalpana Raghavendar]] (Don Dada)

=== Guest Judges ===
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Shweta Mohan]]
* [[Benny Dayal]]
* [[Malgudi Subha]]
* [[Binni Krishnakumar]]
* [[Anthony Daasan]]
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]

=== Name ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!S.No
! scope="col" |Season 8 Contestants
!scope="col" |Status
!Age
!Team
!Date of Elimination (DD-MM-YYYY)
|-
|1
|Krishaang
| rowspan="1" style="background:#93FF00;" ; |'''WINNER'''
|10
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''---'''
|-
|2
|Rihana
| rowspan="1" style="background:#4F8FFF;" ; |'''FIRST RUNNER-UP (1)'''
|11
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''26/06/2022'''
|-
|3
|Neha
| rowspan="1" style="background:#DB00FF;” |'''2ND RUNNER-UP (0)'''
|11
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''26/06/2022'''
|-
|4
|Trinita
| rowspan="1" style="background:#F08080;" ; |'''3RD RUNNER-UP (0)'''
|15
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''26/06/2022'''
|-
|5
|Afina
| rowspan="1" style="background:#EE82EE;" ; |'''4TH RUNNER-UP (2)'''
|11
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''26/06/2022'''
|-
|6
|Srimathi
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" ; |'''Eliminated (4)'''
|12
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''17/06/2022'''
|-
|7
|Aditi
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" ; |'''Eliminated (3)'''
|11
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''11/06/2022'''
|-
|8
|Moses
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" ; |'''Eliminated (2)'''
|12
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''04/06/2022'''
|-
|9
|Aadya
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (3)'''
|6
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''21/05/2022'''
|-
|10
|Harikrishnan
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (1)'''
|15
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''14/05/2022'''
|-
|11
|Sarvesh
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" ; |'''Eliminated (2)'''
|10
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''17/04/2022'''
|-
|12
|Ramanaa
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (1)'''
|13
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''10/04/2022'''
|-
|13
|Deepan
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (2)'''
|12
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''02/04/2022'''
|-
|14
|Vaibhav
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (1)'''
|8
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''27/03/2022'''
|-
|15
|Seetha
| rowspan="1" style="background:#FF0000;" |'''Eliminated (4)'''
|11
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''19/03/2022'''
|-
|16
|Dharshana
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FF0000;"|'''Eliminated (1)'''
|15
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''12/03/2022'''
|-
|17
|Vyga
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FF0000;"|'''Eliminated (2)'''
|12
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''05/03/2022'''
|-
|18
|Mithushree
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FF0000;"|'''Eliminated (1)'''
|11
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''26/02/2022'''
|-
|19
|Avyukth
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FF0000;"|'''Eliminated (1)'''
|9
|'''Don Dada'''
|'''19/02/2022'''
|-
|20
|Aathi
|rowspan=1 style="background:#FF0000;"|'''Eliminated (1)'''
|13
|'''Rowdy Baby'''
|'''12/02/2022'''
|-
|}

== Super Singer Junior Season 9 ==
{{Main|Super Singer Junior season 9|l1=Super Singer Junior 9}}

[[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior 9]] is the ninth season of Super Singer Junior. The season premiered on 8 July 2023 at 6:30 PM. Surf Excel Matic is the sponsor for this season. This reality show streams every Saturday and Sunday on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Super Singer Junior Season 9 Release Promo Of Rameswaram Girl Kenly Sija |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/super-singer-junior-season-9-release-promo-of-rameswaram-girl-kenly-sija-7934197.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

To host this show, [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]] return as the hosts for Season 9.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-19 |title=Super Singer Junior season 9 set to launch soon; deets inside |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-season-9-set-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/99605785.cms |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=விஜய் டிவியின் சூப்பர் சிங்கர் ஜூனியர் சீசன் 9.. இந்த முறை என்ன ஸ்பெஷல்? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-vijay-tv-super-singer-junior-season-9-starts-soon-makapa-anand-priyanka-deshpande-946519.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

The judging panel of this season include two popular playback singers who are [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Anthony Daasan]]<ref name="The Times of India"/> and a well-known [[Telugu language|Telugu]] music composer from [[Andhra Pradesh]], called [[Thaman S|S Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் சிங்கர் நடுவராக பிரபல இசையமைப்பாளர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/jul/03/super-singer-judge-famous-music-composer-4031593.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Dinamani |date=3 July 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

During the season auditions and the competitive rounds, special guests have attended the show and praised the talented contestants in Super Singer Junior Season 9, from past [[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer contestants]], singers, actors, actresses, music directors/composers, lyricists, film directors, politicians, such as [[Sam C. S.|Sam C. S. (composer)]], [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santhosh Narayanan (composer)]], [[S. P. Sailaja|S. P. Sailaja (singer)]], [[Mano (singer)]], [[Haricharan|Haricharan (singer)]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan|Nithyasree Mahadevan (singer)]], [[Anuradha Sriram|Anuradha Sriram (singer)]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|P. Unnikrishnan (singer)]], [[Shweta Mohan|Shweta Mohan (singer)]], [[Velmurugan|Velmurugan (singer)]], [[Magizhini Manimaaran|Magizhini Manimaaran (singer)]], [[Arunraja Kamaraj|Arunraja Kamaraj (lyricist)]], [[Mari Selvaraj|Mari Selvaraj (director)]], [[Karthik Subbaraj|Karthik Subbaraj (director)]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekhar (director/actor)]], [[Karthi|Karthi Sivakumar(actor)]], [[Harish Kalyan|Harish Kalyan (actor)]], [[Jai (actor)|Jai Sampath (actor)]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu (actor)]], [[Swathi Reddy|Swathi Reddy (actress)]], [[S. J. Suryah|S. J. Suryah (actor/director)]], [[Abbas (actor)]], [[Meena (actress)]], [[Radha (actress)]], [[Vikram Prabhu|Vikram Prabhu (actor)]], [[Shraddha Srinath|Shraddha Srinath (actress)]], [[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja Ravichandran (actress)]], [[Ajesh|Ajesh Ashok (Super Singer / composer)]], [[Anand Aravindakshan|Anand Aravindakshan (Super Singer)]], [[Saisharan|Saisharan (Super Singer)]], [[Rakshita Suresh|Rakshita Suresh (Super Singer)]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan|Srinisha Jayaseelan (Super Singer)]], [[Senthil Ganesh|Senthil Ganesh (Super Singer)]] and [[Sam Vishal|Sam Vishal (Super Singer)]].

Super Singer Junior Season 9 Grand Finale is scheduled to be held on 10 December 2023 at Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai.

Before the grand finale took place and during the contestants' tenure at [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior 9]], several contestants were offered to sing for a [[Annapoorani#Music|soundtrack]], composed by the judge [[Thaman S|S Thaman]]. Colorvedi Gokul (R.Gokul), a contestant of the season, was impressed by the show's judge for his incredible gaana style performances . Meanwhile, [[Thaman S|S Thaman]], the show's judge willingly took him to his own studio in [[Hyderabad]] to record a song for [[Nayanthara]]'s 75th film, [[Annapoorani]], called ''[[Annapoorani#Music|Life is On]]'', alongside the two finalists D.Harshini Nethra and V.M.Shreenitha . They were later offered to sing a duet song for the same film, [[Annapoorani]], by [[Thaman S|S Thaman]], with the songs lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)]]. A wildcard contestant, V.Shivathmika, has been offered by [[Thaman S|S Thaman]] to sing two songs, first with the 2nd Runner Up of [[Super Singer 7]], Punya Selva, called [[Annapoorani#Music|''Ivalo Ivalo'']]'','' with lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)]] for [[Annapoorani]] and ''[[Annapoorani#Music|Life is On]]'' alongside the other three [[Super Singer Junior (season 9)]] contestants. [[Annapoorani#Music|''Life is On'']] song contains two versions, with the first being the veg version and the second being the non-veg version.

The six finalists of [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior 9]] are Shreenitha, Harshini Nethra, Richa Syjan, Akshara Lakshmi, Ananyah and Meghna Sumesh.

Several guests that included in the grand finale are [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)]].

This is the first time in Super Singer history to only have six female finalists.

The grand finale consisted of two rounds.

'''''Prize Winners:'''''

* '''V.M. Shreenitha''' was announced the '''Title Winner''' of [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior Season 9]] by [[K. S. Chithra]].
* '''D.Harshini Nethra''' was announced as the first runner-up of [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior Season 9]] and was awarded a cash prize award by [[Star Vijay]].
* '''Akshara Lakshmi''' was credited as the second runner-up of [[Super Singer Junior season 9|Super Singer Junior Season 9]] and was awarded a cash prize award by [[Star Vijay]].

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of the Singer
! style="width:250pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Title/Prize
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Song (Round 1)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Film/Album
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Singer(s)
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Composer(s)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Song (Round 2)
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Name of Film/Album
! style="width:150pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Singer(s)
! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Composer(s)
|-
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" | '''V. M. Shreenitha'''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |'''Title Winner'''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |''Anjali Anjali Pushpaanjali''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[Duet (1994 film)#Soundtrack|Duet (1994 film)]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |''Singaravelane Deva''
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[Konjum Salangai#Soundtrack|Konjum Salangai (1962 film)]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[S. Janaki]]
| bgcolor="#00FF7F" |[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|-
| bgcolor="orange" |'''D. Harshini Nethra'''
| bgcolor="orange" |'''First Runner Up'''
| bgcolor="orange" |''Mazhai Thulli''
| bgcolor="orange" |[[Sangamam (1999 film)]]
| bgcolor="orange" |[[Hariharan (singer)]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| bgcolor="orange" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="orange" |''Putham Puthu Paattu''
| bgcolor="orange" |[[Thendral (film)#Soundtrack|Thendral (2004 film)]]
| bgcolor="orange" |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
| bgcolor="orange" |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|-
| bgcolor="aqua" |'''Akshara Lakshmi'''
| bgcolor="aqua" |'''Second Runner Up'''
| bgcolor="aqua" |''Raja Kaiya Vachchaa''
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)#Soundtrack|Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)]]
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[Kamal Haasan]] (version 1)
[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (version 2)
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| bgcolor="aqua" |''[[Verithanam|Verithanam Verithanam (song)]]''
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[Bigil (soundtrack)|Bigil (2019 film)]]
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| bgcolor="aqua" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |'''Meghna Sumesh'''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" | Not Applicable
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''Maraindhirundhu Paarkum Marmam''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Thillana Mohanambal#Music|Thillana Mohanambal (1968 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[P. Susheela]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''Valayapatti Thavile Thavile''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan#Music|Azhagiya Tamil Magan (2007 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Srimathumitha]], [[Darshana KT]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |'''Richa Syjan'''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" | Not Applicable
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''Ellappugazhum''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan#Music|Azhagiya Tamil Magan (2007 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''[[Aaromale]]''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa#Soundtrack|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Alphons Joseph]], [[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |'''Ananya'''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" | Not Applicable
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''Thee Thee Thithikum Thee''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Thiruda Thiruda#Soundtrack|Thiruda Thiruda (1993 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]], Caroline, Noel James
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |''[[Mayya (song)|Mayya Mayya (song)]]''
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Guru (soundtrack)|Guru (2007 film)]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[Chinmayi Sripaada]], [[Maryem Tollar]], [[Keerthi Sagathia]]
| bgcolor="darksalmon" |[[A. R. Rahman]]
|}

== Super Singer Junior Season 10 ==
{{Main|Super Singer Junior season 10}}
Super Singer Junior 10, the tenth season of Super Singer Junior, has been launched since 16 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Star Vijay's "Super Singer Junior" returns for Season 10 |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/star-vijays-super-singer-junior-returns-for-season-10/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Once again, for the tenth season, the show is hosted by [[Makapa Anand]] and [[Priyanka Deshpande]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Here's Super Singer Junior 10 Contestants List, Judges, Grand Launch Date, Episode Days and Timings |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/heres-super-singer-junior-10-contestants-list-judges-grand-sreejith-k-oioie |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> This reality show streams every Saturday and Sunday on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] at 6:30 PM.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Super Singer Junior 10 Contestants List, Judges, Grand Launch Date, Episode Telecast Days and Timings |url=https://totalreporter.com/super-singer-junior-10-contestants-list-judges-grand-launch-date-episode-telecast-days-and-timings/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=totalreporter.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The judging panel of this season is, [[K.S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], and [[D. Imman]].<ref name=":0" />
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #3B50AE
| season_number = 10
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| num_episodes = 55
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|16}}
| last_aired =
| module = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Ma Ka Pa Anand]] [[Priyanka Deshpande]]
}}
}}

=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!Hometown
!Status
!Awardees
|-
!1
|Gayathri
|[[Theni]]
|5th Finalist
|Winner (1st place)
|-
!2
|Nasreen
|[[Ranipet]]
|3rd Finalist
|1st Runner up (2nd place)
|-
!3
|Sarasuruthi
|[[Chennai]]
|2nd Finalist
|2nd Runner up (3rd place)
|-
!4
|Aadhya
|[[Chennai]]
|1st Finalist
|2nd Runner up (3rd place)
|-
!5
|Lynet
|[[Chennai]]
|4th Finalist
| -
|-
!6
|Priyanha
|[[Jaffna]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!7
|LayaVarshini
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!8
|Joshika
|[[Namakkal]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!9
|Aadhanasree
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!10
|Ridhan
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!11
|Dhanumitha
|[[Tiruvannamalai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!12
|Sarvesh
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!13
|Fiona
|[[Tirunelveli]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!14
|Vishnu
|[[Pudukkottai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!15
|Mruthika
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!16
|Medha
|[[Kochi]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!17
|Pranesh
|[[Coimbatore]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!18
|Renuka
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!19
|Hemashri
|[[Pondicherry]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!20
|Sathvika
|[[Chennai]]
|Eliminated
| -
|-
!21
|SriVarshini
|[[Chennai]]
|Special Performer
| -
|}
The Grand Finale of Super Singer Junior 10 was held on 25th May 2025. At the finals, Gayathri (from a family of six generations of musicians) won this season. [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[A. R. Rahman|A.R.Rahman]] were the chief guests in the finale show to present the awards.
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10196054}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Super Singer]]

List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita

2026-03-12T04:57:19Z

JacobJamison9: minor edit

{{short description|Indian states and union territories by NSDP (Net state domestic product) per capita}}
{{About|NSDP per capita|GDP|List of Indian states and union territories by GDP}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Lists of states and territories of India}}

This is a list of Indian states and union territories by their per capita Net state domestic product (NSDP). NSDP is the state counterpart to a country's [[Net domestic product]] (NDP), which equals the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) minus depreciation on capital goods.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Rudiger |last1=Dornbusch |authorlink=Rudi Dornbusch |first2=Stanley |last2=Fischer |authorlink2=Stanley Fischer |first3=Richard |last3=Startz |title=Macroeconomics |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill Irwin |year=2004 |isbn=0-07-282340-2 |pages=22–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-XtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/help/glossary/net-domestic-product-ndp|title=Net domestic product (NDP)|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

== List ==
[[File:FY 2024 25 NSDP per capita at current prices In lakh rupees.png|thumb|FY 2024 25 NSDP per capita at current prices In lakh rupees]]
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size: 100%"
|+GSDP per capita at current prices (₹ and $)<ref name="f1">{{cite web| url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states|title= Analysis of State Budgets|website= prsindia.org|access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>
!Rank
!State/Union territory
!2023–24 (₹)
!2023–24 ($)
!2024–25 (₹)
!2024–25 ($)
|-
|1
|[[Sikkim]]
|₹707,181
|$8,365
|NA
|NA
|-
|2
|[[Goa]]
|₹674,684
|$7,980
|NA
|NA
|-
|3
|[[Delhi]]
|₹512,131
|$6,058
|NA
|NA
|-
|4
|[[Chandigarh]]
|₹505,137
|$5,975
|NA
|NA
|-
|5
|[[Telangana]]
|₹393,385
|$4,653
|NA
|NA
|-
|6
|[[Karnataka]]
|₹368,085
|$4,354
|₹380,906
|$4,505
|-
|7
|[[Haryana]]
|₹361,993
|$4,282
|₹394,333
|$4,664
|-
|8
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|₹353,483
|$4,181
|NA
|NA
|-
|9
|[[Gujarat]]
|₹336,875
|$3,985
|₹371,016
|$4,388
|-
|10
|[[Maharashtra]]
|₹319,474
|$3,779
|₹347,930
|$4,115
|-
|11
|[[Kerala]]
|₹317,723
|$3,758
|NA
|NA
|-
|12
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|₹310,143
|$3,668
|NA
|NA
|-
|13
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|₹295,751
|$3,498
|NA
|NA
|-
|14
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|₹287,354
|$3,399
|NA
|NA
|-
|15
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|₹276,943
|$3,276
|NA
|NA
|-
|16
|[[Mizoram]]
|₹275,633
|$3,260
|NA
|NA
|-
|17
|[[Andhra Pradesh ]]
|₹270,295
|$3,197
|₹298,058
|$3,525
|-
|18
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|₹239,045
|$2,827
|NA
|NA
|-
|19
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|₹227,950
|$2,696
|₹253,317
|$2,996
|-
|
|'''{{IND}}'''
|'''₹215,935'''
|'''$2,554'''
|'''₹234,859'''
|'''$2,778'''
|-
|20
|[[Tripura]]
|₹198,379
|$2,346
|NA
|NA
|-
|21
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|₹192,898
|$2,282
|₹206,189
|$2,439
|-
|22
|[[Rajasthan]]
|₹187,454
|$2,217
|₹202,359
|$2,394
|-
|23
|[[West Bengal]]
|₹181,184
|$2,143
|NA
|NA
|-
|24
|[[Nagaland]]
|₹179,379
|$2,122
|NA
|NA
|-
|25
|[[Odisha]]
|₹179,363
|$2,112
|₹203,085
|2,402
|-
|26
|[[Assam]]
|₹158,807
|$1,878
|NA
|NA
|-
|27
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|₹156,381
|$1,850
|₹170,430
|$2,016
|-
|28
|[[Meghalaya]]
|₹156,326
|$1,849
|NA
|NA
|-
|29
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|₹148,922
|$1,761
|₹162,870
|$1,927
|-
|30
|[[Manipur]]
|₹125,937
|$1,490
|NA
|NA
|-
|31
|[[Jharkhand]]
|₹115,960
|$1,372
|₹128,253
|$1,517
|-
|32
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|₹107,468
|$1,271
|₹124,366
|$1,471
|-
|33
|[[Bihar]]
|₹66,828
|$790
|₹76,490
|$905
|}

== Historical Data ==
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size: 90%"
|+NSDP per capita at current prices (₹)<ref>{{cite report|title=Handbook of Statistics|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22089|access-date=7 April 2020|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref>
!Rank{{efn|name=Rank|Ranking is based on 2022-23 data as not all 2023-24 data available yet}}
!State/Union territory
!2004–05
!2009–10
!2010–11
!2011–12
!2012–13
!2013–14
!2014–15
!2015–16
!2016–17
!2017–18
!2018–19
!2019–20
!2020–21
!2021–22
!2022–23
!2023–24
|-
|1
|[[Goa]]
|76,968
|149,164
|168,024
|259,444
|234,354
|215,776
|289,185
|334,576
|378,953
|411,740
|423,716
|435,949
|423,047
|459,094
|492,648
|NA
|-
|2
|[[Sikkim]]
|26,690
|90,749
|108,972
|158,667
|174,183
|194,624
|214,148
|245,987
|280,729
|349,163
|375,773
|412,627
|415,045
|466,518
|520,466
|587,743
|-
|3
|[[Delhi]]
|63,877
|125,936
|145,129
|185,001
|205,568
|227,900
|247,209
|270,261
|295,558
|318,323
|338,730
|355,798
|322,311
|376,217
|430,120
|461,910
|-
|4
|[[Chandigarh]]
|74,173
|117,371
|126,651
|158,967
|180,457
|203,356
|212,594
|230,009
|252,236
|280,512
|307,812
|330,703
|290,454
|337,406
|399,654
|NA
|-
|5
|[[Telangana]]
|24,409
|51,955
|66,951
|91,121
|101,007
|112,162
|124,104
|140,840
|159,395
|179,358
|209,848
|231,326
|225,734
|269,000
|312,522
|356,564
|-
|6
|[[Karnataka]]
|26,882
|51,364
|62,251
|90,263
|102,319
|118,829
|130,024
|148,108
|169,898
|185,840
|205,245
|222,141
|221,781
|266,866
|304,474
|332,926
|-
|7
|[[Haryana]]
|37,972
|82,037
|93,852
|106,085
|121,269
|137,770
|147,382
|164,963
|184,982
|208,437
|223,022
|232,530
|224,587
|264,729
|296,592
|325,759
|-
|8
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|48,302
|96,860
|101,072
|119,649
|130,548
|148,147
|146,921
|172,727
|187,356
|198,357
|204,140
|217,937
|208,862
|231,557
|245,180
|262,166
|-
|9
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|30,062
|64,338
|78,473
|93,112
|105,340
|116,960
|129,494
|142,028
|156,595
|175,276
|194,373
|206,165
|209,628
|242,339
|277,802
|315,220
|-
|10
|[[Gujarat]]
|32,021
|64,097
|77,485
|87,481
|102,826
|113,139
|127,017
|139,254
|156,295
|176,961
|197,457
|212,428
|207,324
|241,584
|272,451
|297,722
|-
|11
|[[Kerala]]
|32,351
|62,114
|69,943
|97,912
|110,314
|123,388
|135,537
|148,133
|166,246
|183,252
|205,437
|208,879
|194,432
|230,280
|252,662
|281,001
|-
|12
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|40,921
|78,936
|80,558
|89,100
|98,777
|111,087
|126,344
|137,064
|153,904
|178,709
|204,254
|219,653
|205,368
|229,570
|258,151
|NA
|-
|13
|[[Maharashtra]]
|36,077
|69,765
|84,858
|99,597
|112,092
|125,261
|132,836
|146,815
|163,726
|172,663
|182,865
|189,889
|183,704
|219,573
|252,389
|277,603
|-
|14
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|24,726
|62,757
|73,819
|100,314
|113,654
|126,356
|136,099
|147,936
|161,752
|180,858
|186,207
|190,558
|174,526
|205,246
|230,994
|260,201
|-
|15
|[[Andhra Pradesh ]]
|25,959
|50,515
|58,733
|69,000
|74,687
|82,870
|93,903
|108,002
|120,676
|138,299
|154,031
|160,341
|168,063
|197,214
|219,881
|242,479
|-
|16
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|33,348
|58,402
|68,297
|87,721
|99,730
|114,095
|123,299
|135,512
|150,290
|165,497
|174,804
|186,559
|173,152
|195,795
|218,788
|235,199
|-
|17
|[[Mizoram]]
|24,662
|42,715
|50,956
|57,654
|65,013
|77,584
|103,049
|114,055
|127,107
|155,222
|164,708
|195,365
|173,521
|190,965
|215,144
|NA
|-
|18
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|26,721
|51,068
|60,961
|73,540
|82,626
|94,135
|114,789
|116,985
|124,129
|138,836
|155,103
|182,171
|181,537
|190,851
|199,992
|NA
|-
|19
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|33,103
|61,805
|69,582
|85,577
|94,318
|103,831
|108,970
|118,858
|128,780
|139,835
|149,974
|154,385
|150,620
|170,276
|181,678
|196,505
|-
|20
|[[Tripura]]
|24,394
|39,815
|46,050
|47,155
|52,574
|61,815
|69,857
|84,267
|91,596
|100,444
|113,016
|121,456
|118,401
|137,032
|157,364
|177,723
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan]]
|18,565
|35,254
|44,644
|57,192
|63,658
|69,480
|76,429
|83,426
|91,924
|98,698
|106,604
|115,534
|114,850
|134,060
|150,653
|167,964
|-
|22
|[[Odisha]]
|17,650
|33,029
|39,537
|48,387
|54,762
|60,687
|63,345
|64,835
|77,507
|87,055
|98,005
|104,633
|103,203
|134,091
|143,768
|163,101
|-
|23
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|18,559
|34,366
|41,165
|55,177
|60,849
|69,880
|72,936
|72,991
|83,285
|88,793
|102,024
|106,611
|106,117
|122,934
|137,329
|147,361
|-
|24
|[[West Bengal]]
|22,649
|41,039
|47,245
|51,543
|58,195
|65,932
|68,876
|75,992
|82,291
|91,401
|103,920
|110,316
|141,373
|121,904
|139,442
|154,119
|-
|25
|[[Nagaland]]
|30,441
|50,263
|55,582
|53,010
|61,225
|71,510
|78,367
|82,466
|91,347
|102,003
|109,198
|122,759
|119,781
|127,225
|145,537
|NA
|-
|26
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|15,442
|28,651
|32,453
|38,497
|44,773
|51,849
|55,678
|62,080
|74,324
|81,966
|92,337
|101,909
|102,007
|116,689
|132,010
|142,565
|-
|27
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (Union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]{{efn|name=JK|includes [[Ladakh]]}}
|21,734
|33,650
|40,089
|51,775
|57,279
|61,907
|62,327
|74,950
|78,960
|87,710
|98,738
|101,868
|101,645
|112,898
|130,492
|142,138
|-
|28
|[[Assam]]
|16,782
|28,383
|33,087
|41,142
|44,599
|49,734
|52,895
|60,817
|66,330
|75,151
|81,034
|90,123
|86,947
|103,371
|119,308
|135,787
|-
|29
|[[Meghalaya]]
|23,079
|38,819
|43,766
|59,794
|64,477
|66,281
|66,485
|71,594
|77,585
|82,457
|88,954
|95,422
|90,751
|107,971
|123,896
|136,948
|-
|30
|[[Manipur]]
|18,547
|26,621
|28,336
|39,762
|41,230
|47,798
|52,717
|55,447
|59,345
|71,507
|73,795
|78,574
|75,784
|98,826
|111,853
|125,937
|-
|31
|[[Jharkhand]]
|18,510
|28,223
|34,721
|41,254
|47,360
|50,006
|57,301
|52,754
|60,018
|67,484
|75,421
|75,016
|69,963
|88,500
|99,288
|115,960
|-
|32
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|22,950
|33,671
|36,698
|32,002
|35,812
|40,124
|42,267
|47,118
|52,671
|57,944
|62,350
|74,141
|71,307
|81,398
|96,193
|104,126
|-
|33
|[[Bihar]]
|7,914
|15,457
|19,111
|21,750
|24,487
|26,948
|28,671
|30,404
|34,045
|36,850
|40,715
|44,175
|42,083
|53,478
|60,637
|68,828
|}

==See also==
*[[Economy of India]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asian topic|List of|suffix=subdivisions by GDP|countries_only=yes}}
{{GDP country lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:States and union territories by GDP per capita}}
[[Category:Economy of India by state or union territory|GDP per capita]]

Villupuram–Pondicherry branch line

2026-03-10T12:42:48Z

JacobJamison9: post!

{{Short description|Rail line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 30em
| name = Villupuram–Pondicherry branch line
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}} (VM)
| end = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| open = {{start date and age|df=yes|16 December 1879}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP0IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Villupuram%E2%80%93Pondicherry+branch&pg=RA13-PA28|title=Reports on the Settlement of the Land Revenue of the Provinces Under the Madras Presidency for Fusli ...|first=Madras (India : Presidency) Board of|last=Revenue|date=30 July 1882|publisher=H. Smith at the Fort St. George Gazette Press|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeM1AQAAMAAJ&dq=Pondacherry+rail+line&pg=PA440|title=Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholders' Guide, and Official- Directory ...|date=30 July 1896|publisher=W. J. Adams|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.puducherryonline.in/city-guide/trains-from-puducherry|title=Trains from Puducherry, Puducherry to Chennai Trains, Pondy Train|website=www.puducherryonline.in}}</ref>
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| tracklength = '''Branch lines''': {{abbrlink|VM|Viluppuram Junction railway station}}–{{abbrlink|PDY|Puducherry railway station}} ({{convert|38|km}})
| electrification = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] Single-line electrification
| speed_km/h = 100
| elevation = {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}} {{convert|45|m|ft}} {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} {{convert|6|m|ft}}
| map = {{Viluppuram–Puducherry spur line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Villupuram Junction–Puducherry (Pondy) branch line''' is a single electrified railway line run from [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram Junction]], where it splits off the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]], and [[Puducherry railway station|Puducherry]].

==History==
The line was originally built in the late nineteenth century and crossed between British and [[French India|French territory]] at the [[Sankaraparani River]].<ref name="SOUTHERN RAILWAY ">{{cite web | url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1359956335265-SOUTHERN%20RAILWAY.pdf | title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY—TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI DIVISION|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]]|date=28 July 2017|accessdate=28 July 2017 }}</ref> It opened on 16 December 1879.<ref name="SOUTHERN RAILWAY "/> The line once had spur to major textile mill in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]<ref>{{cite news|last = Prasad |first = S. |title = Anglo-French Textiles mills yet to come out of severe crisis|newspaper = The Hindu |date = 15 July 2019 |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/anglo-french-textiles-mills-yet-to-come-out-of-severe-crisis/article28430745.ece |accessdate = 28 July 2022|quote= Anglo-French Textiles, once known as Rodier Mill, was established in 1898 by a firm with its headquarters in London. In 1899, the mill was even provided with a railway branch line connecting the Puducherry-Villupuram railway mainline}}</ref> as well as to its port. Before [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]] conversion, trains between Puducherry and Villupuram halted at Palliyaneliyanur.<ref>{{cite news|title= Residents demand railway station |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616013920/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/06/stories/2009010653370300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|date=6 January 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] |accessdate=30 July 2022}}</ref>

As of 2019, there were plans to develop the intermediate station infrastructure to increase capacity on the line.<ref name="hindusignal"/>

==Services==
The branch line serves superfast express trains bound for [[Howrah]], [[Bhubaneswar]], and [[New Delhi]]. There are also standard express trains serving several destinations, and local trains that run among the whole branch line.<ref name="auto"/>

==Stations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Km
!Image
!Station
!Code
!Location
!Coordinates
!Elevation
|- valign="top"
| 0
| [[File:Viluppuram_Railway_Junction_Main_Building.jpg|100px]]
| [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram Junction]]
| VM
| [[Viluppuram]]
| {{coord|11.9426|79.4997|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| {{convert|44|m}}
|-
| 10
| [[File:Valavanur railway station.jpg|100px]]
| Valavanur
| VRA
| [[Viluppuram district]]
| {{coord|11.9180|79.5742|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| {{convert|37|m}}
|-
| 22
| [[File:Chinna Babu Samudram railway station.jpg|100px]]
| Chinna Babu Samudram
| CBU
| [[NH 45A]], [[Villupuram district]]
| {{coord|11.9203|79.6867|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| {{convert|23|m}}
|-
| 30
| [[File:Villianur railway station.jpg|100px]]
| Villianur
| VI
|[[NH 45A]] Sulthanpet, [[Villianur]], [[Villianur taluk]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| {{Coord|11.9202|79.7583|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| {{Convert|11|m}}
|-
| 38
| [[File:PDY_Railway_Station.jpg|100px]]
| [[Puducherry railway station|Puducherry]]
| PDY
| [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| {{coord|11.9250|79.8281|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
|
|}

===Viluppuram Junction===
Located in [[Villuppuram|Villupuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Viluppuram Junction railway station]] is where the branch line connects with the main line and several other branch lines that originate there.

===Valavanur===
Valavanur station is located in the [[Viluppuram district]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Citation |last = Godfernaux |first = Raymond |title = Les chemins de fer coloniaux français |publisher = H. Dunod et E. Pinat |year = 1911 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wisoAAAAYAAJ&q=Les+chemins+de+fer+coloniaux+français}}</ref> It was once an import depot for the shipment of [[peanut oil]].<ref>{{Citation |last = Dymock |first = William |title = Pharmacographia Indica: A History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India, Volume 3 Index and Appendix |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1893 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0g4hAAAAYAAJ&dq=Valavanur+railway&pg=PA149}}</ref>

The station consists of 1 platform on a single track. As of 2019 there were plans to expand the station with a [[Absolute block signalling|line block]] and siding to accommodate through service trains.<ref name="hindusignal">{{cite news |last = Nair |first = Rajesh B. |title = Railways unable to keep pace with demand for services |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 30 September 2019 |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/railways-unable-to-keep-pace-with-demand-for-services/article29551399.ece |quote = Plans are afoot to develop the stations at Villianur and Valavanur so that the line capacity could be raised|accessdate = 28 July 2022}}</ref>

===Chinna Babu Samudram===

Chinna Babu Samudram station is also located in the Viluppuram district. It was a former customs hub between the former British and French territories.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&dq=Villupuram%E2%80%93Pondicherry+branch+British+and+French&pg=PA140|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|date=30 July 1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618893 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The station has three tracks, with a single side platform serving the southernmost track.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Villianur===

Villianur station serves the town of [[Villianur]]. It consists of a single side platform serving a single track.<ref>{{cite news|title=Woman's body found near railway track|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/womans-body-found-near-railway-track/article7718396.ece|accessdate=8 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 October 2015|location=[[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]}}</ref> Like with Valavanur station, there are plans to implement a line block at this station.<ref name="hindusignal"/>

===Puducherry===
The [[Puducherry railway station]], located in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], is the terminus station.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/search/785/1232?&s0=1&sr=0 Villupuram–Puducherry line] India Rail Info
* [https://www.irfca.org/members/trips/metric-musings/vm.html Metric Musings] IRFCA Villupuram Jn. - Pondicherry M.G. Branch October 1967
* [https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/booking/train-list Villupuram–Puducherry trains] ICRTC
__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villupuram-Pondicherry branch line}}
[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1879]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]

President's Police Medal

2026-03-08T02:06:50Z

JacobJamison9: updated page

{{Infobox military award
| name = President's Police Medal (Highest Honour in Police)
| image = [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Gallantry.svg|120px]] Ribbon for gallantry [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|120px]] Ribbon for distinguished service
| caption =
| presenter = the [[President of India]]
| country = {{IND}}
| type = Police decoration
| eligibility =
| awarded_for =
| campaign =
| status =
| description =
| motto =
| clasps =
| established = {{Start date and age|1951|03|01|df=yes}}
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| total_recipients =
| precedence_label = Order of Wear<ref>{{cite web|title=Precedence Of Medals|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|work=indianarmy.nic.in/|publisher=Indian Army|access-date=9 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| lower = {{Unbulleted_list|President's Police / Fire Service Medal for Gallantry|President's Police / Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service}}
| related =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}
The '''President's Police Medal''' is a decoration awarded to members of [[law enforcement in India]]. Established on 1 March 1951, the medal was originally called the President's Police and Fire Service Medal. The medal is awarded for either gallantry or distinguished service, with the gallantry version of the medal being accorded a higher precedence. The medal is awarded annually on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].

==History==
Awards and honours of the [[Commonwealth realm]]s ceased to be awarded in India after the promulgation of the [[Constitution of India]] on 26 January 1950. Upon becoming a republic, it was necessary for India to establish its own [[Indian honours system|honours system]]. For police, that meant replacing the [[King's Police and Fire Service Medal]] and the [[Indian Police Medal]]. The President's Police Medal was established 1 March 1951 by the President of India. Originally, the medal was called the President's Police and Fire Service Medal. At the same time a lower ranking decoration was established, the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]]. Eligible service for the medals was made retroactive to 26 January 1950.<ref name="manual">{{Cite web |url=http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/Police%20manual/Chapter%20PDF/CHAPTER%2019%20Rewards%20and%20Medals.pdf |title=Chapter XIX, Rewards and Medals |website=police.pondicherry.gov.in |publisher=Puducherry Police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002211/http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/Police%20manual/Chapter%20PDF/CHAPTER%2019%20Rewards%20and%20Medals.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 September 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Criteria==
===Gallantry===
The President's Police Medal for Gallantry is awarded for, "gallantry in saving life and property, or in preventing crime or arresting criminals." The medal may be awarded to any member of a police service in India, and is awarded without regard to rank or time in service. Recipients of the medal are granted a monthly stipend that is paid to them even in retirement, and upon the recipient's death it continues to be paid to their surviving spouse.<ref name="msp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/policeMedal.pdf |title=Medals & Decoration |website=mahapolice.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Maharashtra State Police]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305180343/http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/mahapolice/jsp/temp/html/policeMedal.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 September 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Distinguished service===
The President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service is awarded for long and distinguished service to individuals who have served at least 21 years in the police service or in the central police and security organizations. Individuals must be prior recipients of the Police Medal for Meritorious Service and must have held that medal for at least six years.<ref name="manual" /><ref name="msp" />

== Appearance ==
The Police Medal is made of bronze and is circular in shape, 1 3⁄8 in (35 mm) in diameter. The [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the medal bears the [[Emblem of India|State Emblem of India]] in the centre with the words ''POLICE MEDAL'' above and the state motto, सत्यमेव जयते (''[[Satyameva Jayate]]'') in [[Devanagri]] script below. On either side of the medal are two five-pointed stars separating the inscription. The reverse of the medal bears a wreath with the words ''INDIAN'' above and ''POLICE'' below. In the centre is inscribed either ''FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE'' or ''FOR GALLANTRY'', depending on the conditions of the award. The recipient's name is inscribed on the rim of the medal.

The ribbon of the medal is 1 3⁄8 in (35 mm) wide in dark blue, with silver edges and a broad central stripe of crimson. Awards presented for gallantry have thin silver stripes splitting the dark blue sections in half.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Rewards and medals | url=https://police.py.gov.in/Police%20manual/Chapter%20PDF/CHAPTER%2019%20Rewards%20and%20Medals.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123104712/https://police.py.gov.in/Police%20manual/Chapter%20PDF/CHAPTER%2019%20Rewards%20and%20Medals.pdf | archive-date=2021-11-23}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Medals and decorations of Indian Police, Fire and Civil Defence Forces]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India]]
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
*[[State Armed Police Forces]]
*[[Paramilitary forces of India]]
*[[Law enforcement in India]]
*[[Indian Armed Forces]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132629/http://mha1.nic.in/vhs/default.aspx Government Website - Police Medal Awardees List]

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement awards and honors]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

C. K. Janu

2026-03-06T07:05:09Z

JacobJamison9: slightly refine page per sources also and corrected details

{{short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chekot Karian Janu
| image = CK janu.jpg
| caption = Chekot Karian Janu in 2012
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = Thrissileri, [[Mananthavady]], [[Wayanad district]]
| organization = [[Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha (AGMS)|Adivasi Gotra Maha Sabha]] (AGMS)
| known_for = Sit-in Strike (2001) [[Muthanga incident]] (2003) Aralam Protests
| party = [[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha]] (JRS)
}}
'''C. K. Janu''' (born 1970) is an Indian social activist and politician.<ref>Rosenau, James. ''Distant Proximities: Dynamics Beyond Globalization''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. pp. 237. Print. [https://books.google.com/books?id=grYHrK5MSRYC]</ref>

She is also the leader of [[Adivasi]] Gothra Maha Sabha, a social movement that has been agitating since 2001 for redistribution of land to the landless tribal people in [[Kerala]]. The movement has positioned itself under the aegis of the Dalit-Adivasi Action Council. In 2016, she announced a new political party, [[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha|Janathipathya Rashtriya Sabha]], and contested the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Kerala assembly polls]] in alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], as a part of [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] from [[Sultan Bathery|Sultanbathery]] unsuccessfully.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/contesting-under-nda-banner-my-new-way-protesting-kerala-adivasi-leader-ck-janu-42580|title=Contesting under NDA banner is my new way of protesting: Kerala Adivasi leader CK Janu}}</ref> The JRS left the NDA in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/no-decision-yet-joining-ldf-front-ck-janu-tnm-92391|title=No decision yet on joining LDF front: CK Janu to TNM}}</ref>

==Biography==
Janu was born in {{Proper name|Chekot}}, near Mananthavady, a tribal village, in Wayanad to poor tribal parents from the [[Ravula]] community, called ''Adiya'' due to their historical background, one of the several tribal groups in Kerala who used to be indentured laborers. Adiya means slave and are mostly landless agricultural laborers. She did not have any formal education but learned to read and write through a literacy campaign that was conducted in Wayanad.<ref name="autogenerated2">Kumar, N Vinoth. ''Tale of a tribal struggle for land''. March 12, 2013. The New Indian Express [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183806/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1497447.ece?service=print]</ref>

Janu started her career as a domestic servant at a local school teacher's house, at the age of seven, and spent five years there. By the age of 13, she started working as a labourer for a daily wage of Indian Ruppees 2 (3.5 US cents). Later, she learned tailoring and started a small shop, which had to be closed down due to financial constraints.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132906/http://nchro.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=287%3Ac-k-janu-experience-is-my-guide&Itemid=36 C K Janu: 'Experience is my guide']}}</ref>

C. K. Janu was influenced by her uncle P. K. Kalan, a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (Marxist), and became a part of the left party.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steur|first1=Luisa|title=Adivasi mobilization: 'Identity' versus 'class' after the Kerala model of development?|url=https://www.academia.edu/195007|website=academia.edu|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> She became an activist through Kerala State Karshaka Thozhilali Union (KSKTU), associated with the Communist Party of India in the 1970s, who led a tribal uprising in Tirunelli forest in Wyanad, and speaking out from personal experience soon became identified as the voice of tribal people. She worked as a campaigner for the Union until 1987. She then embarked on a tribal tour to understand their problems and to mobilize them for struggle.

==Kudil ketti samaram==
Janu's stint with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) helped her to gain experience in party politics. In 2001, Janu led a protest march through the state and held a kudil ketti samaram in front of the Secretariat in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to demand land for landless tribal people which lasted 48 days and resulted in convincing Kerala Government to distribute land to the tribal people.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

== Muthanga incident ==

{{Main|Muthanga incident}}

On February 19, 2003, Janu also led the occupation of land at [[Muthanga]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030801050234/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/23/stories/2003022304070600.htm The Hindu: Janu, Geetanandan arrested]</ref> The occupation ended with massive police violence in which a policeman and a tribal were killed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041229210239/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/20/stories/2003022004730700.htm The Hindu: Two killed as tribals, police clash]</ref> It came to be known as the [[Muthanga incident]] and Janu had to undergo imprisonment and face 75 cases filed against her.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

The Muthanga incident refers to an incident of police firing on the tribal people in the [[Muthanga]] village of Wayanad. On 19 February 2003, the tribal people had gathered under Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha (AGMS) to protest the Kerala government's delay in allotting them land, which had been contracted in October 2001. During the protest, Kerala police fired 18 rounds resulting in two immediate fatalities (one of which was a police officer). In a subsequent statement, the government placed the official death toll at five. A video of the firing was aired on several television news programs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/20/stories/2003022004730700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229210239/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/02/20/stories/2003022004730700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2004 |title=Two killed as tribals, police clash |date=20 February 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> and prompted noted author, [[Arundhati Roy]], into writing ''You have blood on your hands''.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

The agitation was deemed a success as, according to Janu, nearly 10,000 tribal families have received land following the 2001 agreement and over 4,000 hectares of land including the Aralam Farmland in the [[Kannur district]] has been assigned to the landless Adivasis.

== Aralam protests ==
After the Muthanga agitation, Janu shifted her concentration onto occupying land at [[Aralam]] farm, a huge cooperative farm that the government had promised to distribute amongst landless tribal people.{{Citation needed|date= August 2018}}

Janu is sometimes described as the first 'organic' leader of tribal people in Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2011_2/|title = Index of /AN/PDF/2011_2}}</ref> and holds status among notable women politicians in Kerala such as [[K. R. Gowri Amma|KR Gowriamma]] and [[K. Ajitha|Kunnikkal Ajitha]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2018}} She is reported to be devoid of abstract political dogmas. She has often cooperated with national and international indigenous people's organisations but was always very wary of being funded by any organization. Most of the activities of the Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha are funded entirely through the solidarity of poor tribal people and former untouchables.{{Citation needed|date= August 2018}}

== ''Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of CK Janu'' ==
An autobiography, a small book consisting of only 56 pages, '''Janu: The Life Story of CK Janu'', was published in Malayalam by DC Books in 2003. The book was later translated into English by N Ravi Shankar under the name, ''Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of CK Janu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041219/spectrum/book3.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Books|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>

==Personal life==
C. K. Janu is a single mother. The tribal leader adopted a three-year-old daughter from Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh and named her as C. K. Janaki. The mother and daughter stay at Panavally with Janu's mother and sister.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sudhakaran|title=Mom is the word|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tracking-indian-communities/mom-is-the-word/|website=India Times Blog|date=6 February 2016|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title = Janu: The Life Story of C.K. Janu | author = C. K. Janu (as told to Bhaskaran) | year = 2003 | publisher = D C Books
}}
* {{cite book | title = Mother Forest: The Unfinished Story of C.K. Janu (translated by N. Ravi Shankar) | author = C. K. Janu (as told to Bhaskaran) | year = 2004 | publisher = Kali for Women | isbn = 81-88965-01-4
}}
* {{cite journal | url = http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2011_2/ | title = Traveling models of indigenism and Kerala's emergent 'adivasi' politics |journal=Anthropological Notebooks |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=91–109 | author = Luisa Steur | year = 2011 | publisher = Slovene Anthropological Society | issn = 1408-032X
}}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.mpl.ird.fr/colloque_foncier/Communications/PDF/Kjosavik.pdf | title = Articulating identities in the struggle for land | author = Darley Kjosavik
}}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/2819.pdf | title = Muthanga: The Real Story | author = C R Bijoy, Ravi Raman | year = 2002 | publisher = Economic and Political Weekly }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.montrealserai.com/2004_Volume_17/17_3/Article_5.htm | title = I am that woman! | author = Brigitte Schulz | year = 2004 | access-date = 25 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061126133748/http://www.montrealserai.com/2004_Volume_17/17_3/Article_5.htm | archive-date = 26 November 2006 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/muthanga.htm | title = The return to Muthanga | author = C.K Janu and M. Geethanandan | year = 2003 | publisher = People's Union for Civil Liberties | access-date = 28 October 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060506032036/http://pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/muthanga.htm | archive-date = 6 May 2006 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.infochangeindia.org/changemakers9.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020811212957/http://www.infochangeindia.org/changemakers9.jsp | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 August 2002 | title = C K Janu: Experience is my guide | author = Mukundan C Menon
}}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.sacw.net/Nation/gatade18032005.html | title = Interview with C K Janu: 'No land even for burial...' | author = Subhash Gatade
}}
* {{cite journal | url = http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/12347 | title = The Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha in Kerala: Resistance and the Reproduction of Political Hegemonies | author = Luisa Steur | year = 2006 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–78 | journal = IDPAD Newsletter
| volume = 4 }}
* {{cite book | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1821/18210500.htm | title = For land and livelihoods | author = R. Krishnakumar | year = 2001 | publisher = Frontline | access-date = 25 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070911172735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1821/18210500.htm | archive-date = 11 September 2007 | url-status = usurped | df = dmy-all }}
* {{cite book | title = Nadugadhika | author = K. J. Baby | year = 1993 | publisher = Visthar Bangalore
}}
* {{cite journal | url = http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/literary-criticism/86682029/voice-her-own-c-k-janus-autobiographical-narrative-mother-forest | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170512/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/literary-criticism/86682029/voice-her-own-c-k-janus-autobiographical-narrative-mother-forest | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2014-07-14 | title = In a Voice of Her Own: C. K. Janu's Autobiographical Narrative Mother Forest | author = Nanjappa, K. Yeshoda | year = 2013 | journal = Writers Editors Critics }}
* {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V9ybAwAAQBAJ | title = The Avatar Way of Leadership | author = Harsh Verma | publisher = Rupa Publications | isbn = 9788129126931|date=March 2013|volume= 3 |issue =1|page=144
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|C. K. Janu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203632/http://www.tehelka.com/this-is-not-a-panel-discussion/ Profile on Tehelka]
* [https://archive.today/20130418201323/http://blip.tv/file/2290897/Evicted from Justice Documentary]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janu, C.K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Adivasi activists]]
[[Category:People from Wayanad district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Social workers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Adivasi women]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Naina (1973 film)

2026-03-03T23:39:51Z

JacobJamison9: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 1974naina.jpeg
| caption = DVD of [[Shemaroo]]
| director = Kanak Mishra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxCsxiuoBpw|title=Naina (1973)|via=YouTube|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>
| producer = [[Babubhai Shah]]
| writer = [[Kaifi Azmi]]
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] [[Padma Khanna]] [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]] [[Rajshree]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]] '''Lyrics by''' [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] [[Indeewar|Indeevar]] [[Kaifi Azmi]]
| distributor = [[Shakti International]]
| released = {{Film date|1973}}
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 135 minute
| country = India
}}

'''Naina''' is a 1973 [[Bollywood film]] directed by Kanak Mishra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/naina-4149|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173615/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/naina-4149|url-status=live|archive-date=11 November 2018|title=Naina (1973) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> The song "Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawan", sung by [[Asha Bhosle]], earned her the 5th [[Filmfare award]]. The music was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]].

The movie has similarities with [[Daphne du Maurier]]'s 1938 novel ''[[Rebecca (novel)|Rebecca]]'' and features [[Shashi Kapoor]] in a rare negative role as a high-born aristocrat. [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] plays his second wife, who is constantly being compared with his first ([[Rajshree]]).

== Cast ==
*[[Shashi Kapoor]] as Ravi
*[[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]]
*[[Padma Khanna]]
*[[David Abraham Cheulkar]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naina
| type = Album
| artist = [[Shankar Jaikishan|Shankar-Jaikishan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1973
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Odeon Records|Odeon]]
| producer = Babubhai Shah
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by Shankar-Jaikishan and the lyrics were by Hasrat Jaipuri, Indeevar and Kaifi Azmi.

{|
|+ Original Motion Pictures
|-
! Track
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyric
|-
| 1
| "Jane Mujhe Tune Ye Kya Cheez"
| [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]]
| [[Indeevar]]
|-
| 2
| "Mujhe Tu Ne Maar Dala"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 3
| "Albele Sanam Tu Laya Hai Kahan"
| Sharda
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 4
| "Humko To Jaan Se Pyari Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 5
| "Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawan"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
| [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|-
| 6
| "Mann Ke Panchi"
| Sharda
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
|7
| "Ae Mere Dil To Bahut Door Kahin Bhi Le Chal"
| Mohammed Rafi
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

* Nomination [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Mohd. Rafi]] for the song "Humko To Jaan Se Pyari Hai"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Asha Bhosle]] for the song "Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawan"

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kanak Mishra]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Hamrahi (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:11Z

JacobJamison9: details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hamrahi
| image = Hamrahi (1974).jpg

| caption = DVD cover
| director = Anand Sagar
| producer = Subhash Sagar
| writer = [[Krishan Chander]] Moti Sagar
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Randhir Kapoor]]|[[Tanuja]]}}
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = [[Prem Sagar (cinematographer)|Prem Sager]]
| editing = Lachmandass
| studio = Sagar Art Corporation
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974|04|26|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Hamrahi''''' is a 1974 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by Anand Sagar and produced by Subhash Sagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamrahi (1974) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hamrahi-4308|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015024/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/hamrahi-4308|url-status=live|archive-date=5 August 2020|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamrahi (1974)|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-ydqeem/hamrahi/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Radio Times}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Randhir Kapoor]] as Ramesh
*[[Tanuja]] as Shalini 'Shalu'
*[[Gajanan Jagirdar]]
*[[K. N. Singh]]
*[[Sujit Kumar]]
*[[Lalita Pawar]]
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]]
*[[Gurcharan Pohli]]
*[[Rajendra Nath]]
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
*[[Tun Tun]]
*[[Shakeela Bano Bhopali]] as Qawaal Singer
*[[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]]

==Music==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Chup Chup Kyun Baithi Ho"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Mohabbatbhara Koi Paigham De"
| [[Manna Dey]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
| "Mehfil Mein Husn Mera"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Saiyan Ne Baiyan Pakadke"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0357720|title=Hamrahi}}

{{Sagar Arts}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-drama-film-stub}}

Bantrothu Bharya

2026-03-03T20:22:39Z

JacobJamison9: put up basic post needs work - done

{{Short description|1974 Telugu film}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bantrothu Bharya
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]] Dasari Narayana Murthy
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]] [[Srividya]]
| music = [[Ramesh Naidu]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts|Geetha Art Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1974}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bantrothu Bharya''''' (translation: Wife of Peon) is a 1974 [[Telugu film|Telugu]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and produced by [[Allu Aravind]] and Dasari Narayana Murthy under [[Geetha Arts]]. The film stars [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Srividya]] and [[Vijaya Nirmala]] in the lead roles. The music was composed by [[Ramesh Naidu]]. It is the first film produced by Geetha Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allu Aravind Profile |url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/name=Allu_Aravind |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was successful at the box-office.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Allu Aravind Turns 74: The Veteran Producer Who Gave us Chiranjeevi And Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-aravind-turns-74-the-veteran-producer-who-gave-us-chiranjeevi-and-pawan-kalyan-6799075.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-10 |title=Happy Birthday Allu Aravind: On filmmaker's 72nd birthday, some lesser-known facts about the mega-producer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-allu-aravind-on-filmmakers-72nd-birthday-some-lesser-known-facts-about-the-mega-producer/articleshow/80197045.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was remade of Malayalam movie ''[[Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi]]'' (1974).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Cast==
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]]
* [[Krishnam Raju]]
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
* [[Sri Vidya]]
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]]
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
* [[Kommineni Seshagiri Rao]]
* [[Edida Nageswara Rao]]
* [[Mada Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0262263}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Naidu]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:1974 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 drama films]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Gruha Pravesam (1982 film)

2026-03-03T19:06:39Z

JacobJamison9: data...

{{short description|1982 film by Bairisetty Bhaskara Rao}}
{{distinguish|text=the 1976 Indian Tamil-language drama film [[Gruhapravesam (1976 film)]]}}
{{Other uses|Grihapravesh (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gruha Pravesam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Bairisetty Bhaskara Rao]]
| producer = Yadavalli Vijayendra Reddy
| writer =
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohan Babu]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
* [[Giribabu]]
}}
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Nageshwar Rao
| studio = Sri Vighneshwara Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1244553/?ref_=adv_li_tt|title=Gruha Pravesam (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1982|02|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Gruha Pravesam''''' is a 1982 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Bairisetty Bhaskara Rao]] and produced by Yadavalli Vijayendra Reddy. The film stars [[Mohan Babu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], and [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]. [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] composed the film's music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/gruhapravesam/movieshow/65158723.cms|title=Gruhapravesam|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada as ''Gruha Pravesa'' (1991).

==Cast==
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Madhu
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Lakshmi's father
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Madhu's father
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*[[Giribabu]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]

== Soundtrack ==
#Daari chupina devatha nee cheyi ennadu veedaka - Singer : Jesudas
{{empty section|date=January 2019}}

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* 1982 - [[Jayasudha]] Won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Telugu]]

;[[Nandi Awards]]
* 1982 - [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Nandi Award for Second Best Story Writer]] - [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1244553|Gruha Pravesam}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Pandigai

2026-03-03T03:14:55Z

JacobJamison9: quick update

{{Short description|2017 Tamil action thriller film by Feroz Mohammed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pandigai
| image = Pandigai poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Feroz Mohammed
| producer = [[Vijayalakshmi Ahathian]]
| writer = Feroz
| starring = [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]]
| music = R. H. Vikram
| cinematography = Arvi
| editing = Prabaahar
| studio = Tea Time Talks Production
| distributor = Auraa Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Pandigai''''' ({{translation|Festival}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Feroz and produced by his wife [[Vijayalakshmi Ahathian]]. The film stars [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-11 |title=Kreshna is the lead in Vijayalakshmi's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150611/entertainment-kollywood/article/kreshna-lead-vijayalakshmi%E2%80%99s-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703231625/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150611/entertainment-kollywood/article/kreshna-lead-vijayalakshmi%E2%80%99s-film |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2015-08-15 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> while [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]], [[Karunas]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]], and [[Arjai]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by R. H. Vikram with cinematography by Aravind. The film was released on 14 July 2017 and received positive reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Velu is a waiter at a holiday resort in Chennai who wants to make enough money to pay for his working permit to work abroad. However, he has had a traumatic childhood. After the death of his parents, his uncle and aunt sent him to boarding school, where he was initially bullied. In order to survive in the new, harsh environment, he learns to fight to protect himself. As a young adult, he moves to the city to start a new life. As poor, single, and young men, Velu and his roommate, Tirupathi, face many hardships in the city. They eventually meet Muni, an agent for an underground fight club. After seeing Velu win a fight at a bar, Muni introduces him to the ruthless owner of the fight club, Natwar Dada. Velu slowly rises up the ranks and becomes one of the city's best underground fighters. Velu then meets a girl named Kavya and plans to stop fighting in order to be with her, but first, he needs to make enough money to escape his current life. Velu also needs money to get his house back. Together, they hatch a plan to rig Velu's next fight with Victor, the city's top underground fighter. However, things do not quite turn out as planned.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] as Velu
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as Kavya
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Muni
* [[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Tirupathi
* [[Karunas]] as Rattinam Kumar / Elango
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Natwar Dada
* [[Arjai]] as Victor
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Mundhiri Settu
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as Police Officer
* [[Aruldoss]] as Feeling Suresh
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Muni's wife
* Lokesh as Pandi
* Aathma Patrick
* Dharani Vasudevan
}}

== Production ==
The makers of the film initially narrated the script to [[Vikram Prabhu]], but his unavailability meant that [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] was signed on to play the lead role, with [[Nithin Sathya]] and [[Karunas]] selected to essay supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-10 |title=Vijayalakshmi gets Kreshna for her Lover |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijayalakshmi-to-produce-pandigai-starring-kreshna-anandhi-karunaas-tamil-news-134980.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201156/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijayalakshmi-to-produce-pandigai-starring-kreshna-anandhi-karunaas-tamil-news-134980.html |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> ''Pandigai'' began shoot in early June 2015, with [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] added to the cast to play the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-18 |title=Krishna's next is titled as Pandigai with Anandhi as the heroine |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/krishnas-next-is-titled-as-pandigai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622061657/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/krishnas-next-is-titled-as-pandigai.html |archive-date=22 June 2015 |access-date=2015-08-15 |publisher=Behindwoods}}</ref> Nithin Sathya essays the role of Mundhiri Settu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-03 |title=Nitin Sathya pins hope on Pandigai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030717/nitin-sathya-pins-hope-on-pandigai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702232815/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030717/nitin-sathya-pins-hope-on-pandigai.html |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2017-07-03 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Release of this movie is postponed from 7 July 2017 to a week later 14 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IndiaGlitz — Krishna Anandhi Pandigai to hit the screens on July 14 2017 – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-anandhi-pandigai-to-hit-the-screens-on-july-14-2017-tamil-news-189442.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201158/https://www.indiaglitz.com/krishna-anandhi-pandigai-to-hit-the-screens-on-july-14-2017-tamil-news-189442.html |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=2017-07-07}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2019}}

== Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Vasanth TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2018 |title=Watch Television Premier of #SuperHit movie #Pandigai starring Krishna Kulasekaran #Anandhi Nitin Sathyaa #Saravanan #Karunas on #August15 at 7:05pm in Vasanth TV! |url=https://pa-in.facebook.com/VasanthTV/videos/pandigai-krishna-anandhi/936506429886643/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412143359/https://pa-in.facebook.com/VasanthTV/videos/pandigai-krishna-anandhi/936506429886643/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=facebook.com/VasanthTV}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "Midway, Pandigai changes genre. It becomes a heist movie. Instead of settling down with the (oft-told) story of a fighter, why not give us the (oft-shown) mechanics of a heist? Double the genre and halve the clichés."<ref>[https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/pandigai-movie-review]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt7087944}}

[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Meendum Oru Mariyathai

2026-03-03T02:42:47Z

JacobJamison9: slightly adjusted citations per standard format also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Film directed by Bharathiraja}}
{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Meendum Oru Mariyathai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bharathiraja]]
| writer = Bharathiraja
| producer = Bharathiraja
| starring = Bharathiraja Nakshatra Fenon J Rodriguez [[Joe Malloori]] [[Mounika]]
| cinematography = Salai Sagadevan
| editing = K. Pazhanivel
| music = '''Songs:''' [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] Sharran Surya [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Score:''' [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| studio = Manoj Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|02|21}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Meendum Oru Mariyathai''''' ({{translation|Once again a respect}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written, produced and directed by [[Bharathiraja]]. The film, starring him, Nakshatra, [[Joe Malloori]] and [[Mounika]] is bankrolled by Manoj Kumar under his banner Manoj Creations. The music for the film is composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] and score is by [[Sabesh–Murali]] while cinematography is handled by Salai Sagadevan. The film premiered at the 2018 South Asian Short Film Festival which was held in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=சிவசங்கர் |first=ஆர்.டி. |date=14 December 2018 |title=ஊட்டி திரைப்பட விழா: விருதை வென்ற இத்தாலிக் குறும்படம்! |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article25740674.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713132828/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149801-.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=ஊட்டி திரைப்பட விழாவில் திரையிடப்படும் 'ஓம்'! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-bharathirajaas-om-movie-will-be-screened-at-ooty-film-festival/articleshow/67002200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093927/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/director-bharathirajaas-om-movie-will-be-screened-at-ooty-film-festival/articleshow/67002200.cms |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆர்.டி.சிவசங்கர் |date=6 December 2018 |title=ஊட்டி திரைப்பட விழா: ஊட்டியில் பாரதிராஜாவின் 'ஓம்' |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/article25679997.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713132807/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/150071-.html |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film which began production in 2014 faced production delays before releasing on 21 February 2020.

== Plot ==
In London, a young girl named Venba, struggling with personal issues and contemplating suicide, crosses paths with an old man, Om, who was abandoned by his son. As they embark on a transformative 10-day journey to exotic locations, Venba's family fears she has been kidnapped and is in grave danger. Unbeknownst to them, Venba is not only safe but also gaining invaluable life lessons and forging a deep, unexpected bond with her elderly companion, which profoundly changes both their lives.

== Cast ==
* [[Bharathiraja]] as Om
* Rasi Nakshatra as Venba
* [[Mounika]] as Meenakshi, Om's deceased wife
* [[Joe Malloori]]
* Jayandan as Om's (Bharathiraja#s) son
* Fenon J. Rodriguez as Venba's brother-in-law
* Sinthia Soosai as Venba's sister

== Production ==
It was announced in November 2014 that Bharathirajaa would portray the lead role in a film titled ''Om''. Nirmalkumar was said to be directing the film with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composing the music. The title was an acronym for "Old Man".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2018 |title=In 'OM', Bharathiraja Plays A Young Girl's Knight In Shining Armour |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/in-om-bharathiraja-plays-a-young-girls-knight-in-shining-armour/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231143742/https://silverscreen.in/news/in-om-bharathiraja-plays-a-young-girls-knight-in-shining-armour/ |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> However, due to some reasons, Nirmalkumar left the project midway with Bharathirajaa himself handling the direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2014 |title=After 34 years, Bharathiraja is back as hero |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/after-34-years-bharathiraja-is-back-as-hero-news-tamil-ol1p9bddabbeg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231195623/http://www.sify.com/movies/after-34-years-bharathiraja-is-back-as-hero-news-tamil-ol1p9bddabbeg.html |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> After a brief period of inactivity, the film's title was changed from ''OM'' to ''Meendum Oru Mariyathai'' in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2019 |title=Bharathiraja's Old Man is Meendum Oru Mariyathai |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/28/bharathirajas-old-man-is-meendum-oru-mariyathai-15168.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029070615/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/28/bharathirajas-old-man-is-meendum-oru-mariyathai-15168.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]] with Sharran Surya composing two songs and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composing one song. Soundtrack was released under the label Saregama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2018 |title=Om (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/om-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1429790421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215165709/https://music.apple.com/in/album/om-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1429790421 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=2 June 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:31
| title1 = Anbulla Kadhala
| lyrics1 = Madhan Karky
| extra1 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]! Alisha Thomas
| music1 = N. R. Raghunanthan
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Aasai Vechen
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra2 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| length2 = 3:48
| music2 = N. R. Raghunanthan
| title3 = Ilamayin Kaattil
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = Sathyaprakash, Vaishali
| length3 = 4:23
| music3 = N. R. Raghunanthan
| title4 = Idhayathin Thirayilae
| extra4 = Abhay Jodhpurkar, Alisha Thomas
| music4 = N.R. Raghunanthan
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky
| length4 = 1:09
| title5 = Thoova Mazhai
| extra5 = [[Vandana Srinivasan]], [[Sarath Santhosh]]
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Jananamum (Slogan)
| extra6 = Madhu Balakrishnan, Parvathy
| music6 = N.R. Raghunanthan
| lyrics6 = Vairamuthu
| length6 = 2:27
| title7 = Kodi Kodiyai
| extra7 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Vaishali
| music7 = N.R. Raghunanthan
| lyrics7 = Na. Muthukumar
| length7 = 3:52
| title8 = Baby
| extra8 = Richard
| music8 = N.R. Raghunanthan
| lyrics8 = Madhan Karky
| length8 = 1:58
| title9 = Kozhundhan Peru
| extra9 = Velmurugan, Priya Himesh
| music9 = N.R. Raghunanthan
| lyrics9 = Agathiyan
| length9 = 3:48
| title10 = Saattaiyin Munaiyil (Nee Seitha Neerodai)
| extra10 = Priya Himesh, Sai Shravanam
| music10 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics10 = Kabilan Vairamuthu
| length10 = 4:18
| title11 = Salamaley
| extra11 = Divya Prasad
| music11 = Sharran Surya
| lyrics11 = Sharran Surya
| length11 = 0:38
| title12 = Silambam In The Club (Sutthum Indha Kamba)
| extra12 = Sharran Surya, [[Divya Prasad]]
| music12 = Sharran Surya
| lyrics12 = Sharran Surya
| length12 = 0:55
}}

== Critical reception ==
Navein Darshan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Having grown up watching his films, I couldn’t help but admire Bharathiraja’s trademark touches [...] But, these weren’t enough for me to feel connected to a film which shows a depressed, suicidal girl as a gleeful, ever-smiling damsel".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=22 February 2020 |title=Meendum Oru Mariyadhai movie review: A needless addition to a celebrated filmography |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/meendum-oru-mariyadhai-movie-review-a-needless-addition-to-a-celebrated-filmography--2106668.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613170240/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/22/meendum-oru-mariyadhai-movie-review-a-needless-addition-to-a-celebrated-filmography--2106668.html |archive-date=13 June 2020 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "With an intriguing plot, what works for the film is the performance of both the lead artistes. But the below-par production quality and dramatic dialogues spoil the essence of several sequences".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=2 March 2020 |title=Meendum Oru Mariyadhai Movie Review : What starts off as a decent narration eventually turns out into a tiring outing. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meendum-oru-mariyadhai/movie-review/74244746.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815043207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meendum-oru-mariyadhai/movie-review/74244746.cms |archive-date=15 August 2022 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ashutosh Mohan of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "For a film about two lost souls going on a journey together, we needed to see more things happen to them on their journey. We needed to see them change, know more about the kind of people they were to help us identify with them during the journey. But, we don't really get a concrete sense of their connection beyond what they tell each other".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Ashutosh |date=2020-02-21 |title=Meendum Oru Mariyathai Movie Review: An Over-Poetic Film Saved By Bharathiraja's Presence |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/meendum-oru-mariyathai-movie-review-an-over-poetic-film-saved-by-bharathirajas-presence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231201091948/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/meendum-oru-mariyathai-movie-review-an-over-poetic-film-saved-by-bharathirajas-presence |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Bharathiraja}}

[[Category:2020 drama films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bharathiraja]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhartiputra Nandini

2026-03-01T03:59:27Z

JacobJamison9: stub...

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dhartiputra Nandini.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Harsh Jagdeesh
| based_on = 
| developer = Harsh Jagdeesh
| screenplay =
| story = {{ubl|Harsh Jagdeesh|Aamed Kherni}}'''Dialogues''' Abhishek Sharma, Prabhat Bandhulya
| director = Shashank Bharadwaj Vipul Mishra
| starring = {{ubl|}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 303
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = [[Dipika Chikhlia]]
| producer = [[Dipika Chikhlia]]
| cinematography = Veerchandhan Singh
| editor = Jay B Ghadiyali Affan Khan
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = DCT Movies
| network = [[Nazara TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|08|21|df=yes}}
|last_aired = {{End date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Dhartiputra Nandini''''' is a Hindi-language television drama series from India that first aired on 21 August 2023 to 18 October 2024 on [[Nazara TV]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhartiputra Nandini: रामायण की 'सीता' का अयोध्या से फिर जुड़ा नाता, जानिए 'धरतीपुत्र नंदिनी' की क्या है कहानी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/ramanand-sagar-ramayan-fame-dipika-chikhlia-returns-to-tv-with-dhartiputra-nandini-she-will-also-produce-it-2023-08-22 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IN10 Media's Nazara announces third original show 'Dhartiputra Nandini' |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/in10-medias-nazara-announce/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |date=21 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> The series is produced by [[Dipika Chikhlia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramayan's Dipika Chikhlia backed new show Dhartiputra Nandini selects lead; Find out who |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/ramayans-dipika-chikhlia-backed-new-show-dhartiputra-nandini-selects-lead-find-out-who-1233465 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=PINKVILLA |date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> under DCT Movies and features [[Shagun Singh]] and [[Aman Jaiswal]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2025 |title=TV actor Aman Jaiswal dies at 23 in road accident |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv-actor-aman-jaiswal-dies-in-road-accident-article-12913519.html |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> in lead roles.
<ref>{{cite web |title=दीपिका चिखलिया बोलीं- चाहूं तो कई वेब सीरीज कर लूं: कहा- इसमें गाली-गलौज होते हैं, सीता वाली इमेज यह करने की इजाजत नहीं देती |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/deepika-chikhlia-struggling-days-dhartiputra-nandini-ramayana-sita-131929461.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows the story of a farmer's daughter named Nandini ([[Shagun Singh]]). Her love for the land leads her to face numerous challenges. She crosses paths with Sumitra ([[Dipika Chikhlia]]), who is dealing with family issues and seeks assistance for her grandson, Akash ([[Aman Jaiswal]]). Sumitra enlists Nandini's help for Akash, leading to unexpected familial bonds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dipika Chikhlia: रामायण की 'सीता' के बाद 'सुमित्रा' बनीं दीपिका चिखलिया, अयोध्या पर बनी है नए शो की कहानी |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-ramayan-fame-dipika-chikhlia-return-to-tv-with-new-show-dhartiputra-nandini-23503138.html |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shagun Singh]] as Nandini Akash Bharadwaj: Akash's wife
* [[Aman Jaiswal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Aman Jaiswal: There is a unique connection that I feel with Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aman-jaiswal-there-is-a-unique-connection-that-i-feel-with-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/102170232.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Akash Bharadwaj; Sumitra 's grandson; Suraj and Neel's cousin; Nandini's husband
* Shriya Tiwari as Kamya Bharadwaj: Imarti's daughter-in-law; Neel's mother
* Seema Anand as Imarti Bharadwaj; Akash and Neel's grandmother;Kamya and Sumitra's mother-in-law;
* [[Dipika Chikhlia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=OG Sita Dipika Chikhlia visits Ayodhya's Ram Mandir ahead of TV show shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ramayans-dipika-chikhlia-visits-ram-mandir-ahead-of-dhartiputra-nandini-shoot-2410569-2023-07-23 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=India Today |date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as Sumitra Bharadwaj; Akash's grandmother; Nandini's grandmother-in-law;Imarti's daughter-in-law
* Abhi Sharma as Suraj
* Ruchi Tripathi as Priya
* Karrtik Rao as Veer
* Hritik Yadav<ref>{{cite news |title=I start as the good guy and will then turn negative: Hritik Yadav on his role in Dhartiputra Nandini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-start-as-the-good-guy-and-will-then-turn-negative-hritik-yadav-on-his-role-in-dhatiputra-nandini/articleshow/104626085.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Neel Bharadwaj; Kamya's son; Akash's cousin
* Tanu Shree as Jyoti Bharadwaj; mr.bharadwaj 's wife
* Anuj Ahluwalia as Mr. Bharadwaj; Sumitra's younger grandson; Akash's brother; Jyoti's husband
* Urvashi Upadhyay<ref>{{cite news |title=Hamari Devrani actress Urvashi Upadhyay is the new antagonist in Dipika Chikhlia's Dhartiputra Nandini, says 'Looking forward to explore new opportunities' - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hamari-devrani-actress-urvashi-upadhyay-is-the-new-antagonist-in-dipika-chikhlias-dhartiputra-nandini-says-looking-forward-to-explore-new-opportunities-exclusive/articleshow/106493207.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Leela Devi
* Gaurav Upadhyay as Ramu; Phooli's brother
* Shahmir Khan<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Shahmir Khan joins the cast of Dhartiputra Nandini in a negative role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shahmir-khan-joins-the-cast-of-dhartiputra-nandini-in-a-negative-role/articleshow/103716000.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Beera
* Renee Dhyani<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=Exclusive - Renee Dhyani returns to work after 2 years with Dhartiputra Nandini; says 'Wanted to do this show so that I could work alongside Dipika Chikhlia Ji who has played the iconic Sita Maa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-renee-dhyani-returns-to-work-after-2-years-with-dhartiputra-nandini-says-wanted-to-do-this-show-so-that-i-could-work-alongside-dipika-chikhlia-ji-who-has-played-the-iconic-sita-maa/articleshow/103761284.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Crossover episodes ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. Of Episodes
! Original Air Date
! Serial
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| 9–10 November 2023
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Laal Banarasi]]''
|-
|18–19 January 2024
|-
|}

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Shagun Singh]] was cast as Nandini and [[Aman Jaiswal]] as Akash for the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aman Jaiswal: I am glad I got opportunity to be part of Dharamputra Nandini {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/aman-jaiswal-i-am-glad-i-got-opportunity-to-be-part-of-dharamputra-nandini/videoshow/102537920.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=timesofindia |language=en}}</ref> [[Dipika Chikhlia]] was chosen to portray the role of a grandmother. The series marks the return of [[Dipika Chikhlia]] to television drama after a hiatus of 33 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=33 साल बाद टीवी पर लौट रही हैं 'रामायण' की सीता दीपिका चिखलिया, अयोध्या पर बुनी है 'धरतीपुत्र नंदिनी' की कहानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/ramayana-actress-sita-aka-deepika-chikhaliya-is-returning-to-tv-after-33-years-from-show-dhartiputra-nandini/articleshow/102770549.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> She stated, "In my own production, I am playing a grandmother because the role appealed to me."<ref>{{Cite news |title=I did not want to play a maa or saas on TV, but in my own production, I am playing a grandmother because the role appealed to me: Dipika Chikhlia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-did-not-want-to-play-a-maa-or-saas-on-tv-but-in-my-own-production-i-am-playing-a-grandmother-because-the-role-appealed-to-me-dipika-chikhlia/articleshow/102764130.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The series also marks the return of Renee Dhyani to television after a two-year break. She expressed her desire to work alongside Dipika Chikhlia, who has portrayed the iconic character of Sita.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=Exclusive - Renee Dhyani returns to work after 2 years with Dhartiputra Nandini; says 'Wanted to do this show so that I could work alongside Dipika Chikhlia Ji who has played the iconic Sita Maa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-renee-dhyani-returns-to-work-after-2-years-with-dhartiputra-nandini-says-wanted-to-do-this-show-so-that-i-could-work-alongside-dipika-chikhlia-ji-who-has-played-the-iconic-sita-maa/articleshow/103761284.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Development===
The series was announced on [[Nazara TV]] by DCT Movies in July 2023. It was produced by [[Dipika Chikhlia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipika Chikhlia returns to TV after 33 long years with Dhartiputra Nandini {{!}} TV News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/v/s/www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/tv/dipika-chikhlia-returns-to-tv-after-33-long-years-with-dhartiputra-nandini-2023-08-17-887277?amp_gsa=1&_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_ct=1706342575687&_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17063424025967&csi=1&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/dipika-chikhlia-returns-to-tv-after-33-long-years-with-dhartiputra-nandini-2023-08-17-887277 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiatvnews}}</ref>

In July 2023, Dipika Chikhlia visited Ayodhya's Ram Mandir ahead of the TV show shoot.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=OG Sita Dipika Chikhlia visits Ayodhya's Ram Mandir ahead of TV show shoot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/ramayans-dipika-chikhlia-visits-ram-mandir-ahead-of-dhartiputra-nandini-shoot-2410569-2023-07-23 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=India Today |date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced from July 2023 in [[Ayodhya|Ayodya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|28716975}}
*[https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/dhartiputra-nandini/season-1/e1-dhartiputra-nandini ''Dhartiputra Nandini''] on ''[[Epic TV|Epic On]]''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

MKVV International Vidyalaya

2026-02-21T01:51:20Z

JacobJamison9: added references

{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = MKVV International Vidyalaya
| logo = MKVV International Vidyalaya logo.jpg
| address = Sheth MK School Complex, Factory Lane, Borivali West, Mumbai, India, 400092
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| grades = Nursery to XII standard
| schooltype = Private, co-educational
| established = 1999
| motto = Knowledge is Light
}}

'''MKVV International Vidyalaya''', mkvviv, or Matushri Kashiben Vrajlal Valia International Vidyalaya, formerly known as BES International Vidyalaya, is a private, CBSE affiliated school in Borivali, Mumbai, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolconnects.in/mkvv-international-vidyalaya-borivali.|title = MKVV International Vidyalaya School, Borivali - CBSE - Admission 2020-21}}</ref>

== History ==

M.K.V.V. International Vidyalaya is an offspring of the Borivli Education Society which is a registered body.

The school was established on 21 June 1999, under the guidance and vision of Shri. Vinubhai Valia, who has been the President of Borivali Education Society for the last 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web | title=MKVVIV::home | url=http://mkvviv.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324235809/http://www.mkvviv.com/ | access-date=2025-07-13 | archive-date=2012-03-24}}</ref>

The foundation of the school was laid by the Director, Shri. Shantilal M. Shah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.companiesinmumbai.com/website.html?webinfo=MKVV-International-Vidyalaya |title=MKVV International Vidyalaya Website www.mkvviv.com - MKVV International Vidyalaya deals in Institutes - Schools/Colleges |website=www.companiesinmumbai.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215223/http://www.companiesinmumbai.com/website.html?webinfo=MKVV-International-Vidyalaya |archive-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

== Academics ==

The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] up to Std.XII. It is a co-educational school from Nursery to Class XII.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schoolgully.com/school/mumbai/27230700269/mkvv-international-vidyalaya/ |title=Mkvv International Vidyalaya - SchoolGully |website=www.schoolgully.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215144/https://www.schoolgully.com/school/mumbai/27230700269/mkvv-international-vidyalaya/ |archive-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

As per the CBSE norms, the students are introduced to a third language in their sixth grade. The school offers a choice between Sanskrit and French. As the students proceed to their ninth grade and are relieved of one language (as per CBSE norms), they may choose from Hindi, Sanskrit and French.

The school offers medical, non-medical and commerce to its senior secondary section.

== Co-curricular activities ==

Apart from imparting knowledge and wisdom to all its torch bearers, the school also emphasizes co-curricular activities and sports. These are usually inter-house competitions wherein the school is divided into four houses:

* Red House - motto: Pride gears us up for action
* Blue House - motto: Strength gives confidence
* Yellow House - motto: Energetic attitude leads to success
* Green House - motto: Cheerful attitude leads to motivation

== Infrastructure ==

The school has classrooms, a computer lab, separate labs for physics, chemistry and biology, a hall that holds competitions, yoga and dance classes, a massive playground, a sports room, and a first aid room.

Cultural activities and summer camps take place here.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mkvviv.com School website]


[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Borivali]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology

2026-02-17T11:57:13Z

JacobJamison9: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Engineering college in Gandipet, Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| motto = Swayam Tejaswin Bhava
| image_name = Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology logo.png
| name = Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology
| established = 1979
| principal = Prof. C. V. Narasimhulu
| type = Private
| affiliation = [[Osmania University]]
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| campus = Urban, {{convert|90|acre|km2}} of land
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.cbit.ac.in}}
| coor = {{coord|17|23|31|N|78|19|10|E|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
}}
[[File:Main Entrance CBIT.png|thumb|Main entrance of Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology]]
'''Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology''' ('''CBIT''') is a private engineering college located in [[Gandipet]], near [[Gachibowli|Financial District]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana, India]]. The college is affiliated to [[Osmania University]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/collegesunderou17-18/Engineering%20Colleges%20List2017-18.pdf|title=LIST OF ENGINEERING COLLEGES AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY OFFERING B.E./BTech|website=osmania.ac.in|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> and is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbit.ac.in/?q=about-cbit|title=About CBIT {{!}} Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology(Autonomous)|website=cbit.ac.in|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref> The institute received an autonomous status in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cbit.ac.in/?q=node/21|title=Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (Autonomous) {{!}} Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology(Autonomous)|website=cbit.ac.in|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
CBIT established in 1979 is one of the early private engineering colleges in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/124153/11/11_chapter%201.pdf|title=ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA, AND ANDHRA PRADESH|publisher=Shodhganga|location=India|pages=8}}</ref>

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| NIRF_E_2023 = 151-200
}}
CBIT should be ranked the worst college by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) engineering rankin<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2023 />

== Student life ==
===Events===
====TEDxCBIT====
The students of CBIT organize the independent [[TED (conference)|TED]] event as TEDxCBIT. The event is completely organized by the students of CBIT and has been organized twice since 2017, each with a different theme.

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of TEDxCBIT events
!Year
!Date
!Theme
|-
|2018
|7 October
|"Making Space"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/27671|title=TEDxCBIT {{!}} TED|website=ted.com|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|7 January
|"Diversity. Novelty. Erudition."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21443|title=TEDxCBIT {{!}} TED|website=ted.com|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
|}
'''CBIT MUN'''

The students of CBIT have organized a Model United Nations conference every year since 2009

== Notable alumni==
* [[lokesh kanakaraju]], film director in the Telugu film industry – 1991 – Mechanical Engineering.<ref>{{Citation|title=Director Sekhar Kammula Exclusive Interview {{!}}{{!}} Dialogue With Prema No. 5 {{!}}{{!}} #CelebrationOfLife {{!}}{{!}} #236|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7LVpDQuvAw|language=en|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Y. S. Chowdary]], elected member of the Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yschowdary.com/about|title=Y S Chowdary|website=yschowdary.com|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], film actor in the Telugu film industry – 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/j._d._chakravarthy-profile-7490-14.htm|title=J. D. Chakravarthy|website=veethi.com|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]], politician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=491|title=KOMATIREDDY VENKAT REDDY(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NALGONDA(NALGONDA) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Neeraj Ghaywan]], Film Director in Bollywood <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Way-to-go/article14694099.ece | title=Way to go | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 April 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]], film actor in the Telugu film industry – 1997.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology}}
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* {{official website|http://www.cbit.ac.in}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1979]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]

List of Ireland Twenty20 International cricket records

2026-02-14T11:29:09Z

JacobJamison9: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
A '''Twenty20 International''' ('''T20I''') is a form of [[cricket]], played between two of the international members of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), in which each team faces a maximum of twenty [[Over (cricket)|overs]]. The matches have top-class status and are the highest T20 standard. The game is played under the rules of [[Twenty20]] cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification of Official Cricket |publisher=International Cricket Council |url=http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |access-date=12 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114225/http://l.yimg.com/t/icccricket/pdfs/classification-of-official-cricket-july-2008.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/icc-world-twenty20-2009/history/ |title=History of Twenty20 cricket |publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]] |access-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203150110/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/england/england-archive/icc-world-twenty20-2009/history/ |archivedate=3 February 2015 }}</ref> The first Twenty20 International match between two men's sides was played on 17 February 2005, involving [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' reported that "neither side took the game especially seriously",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/288833.html |title=New Zealand v Australia |last=Ramsay |first=Andrew |year=2006 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> and it was noted by [[ESPNcricinfo]] that but for a large score for [[Ricky Ponting]], "the concept would have shuddered".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/144657.html |title=Saved by Private Ricky |last=English |first=Peter |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 February 2005 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> However, Ponting himself said "if it does become an international game then I'm sure the novelty won't be there all the time".<ref name="RP-quote">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149574.html |title=South Africa's Superman |access-date=17 February 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 May 2006 }}</ref>
This is a list of [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland Cricket team]]'s [[Twenty20 International]] records. It is based on the [[List of Twenty20 International records]], but concentrates solely on records dealing with the Irishmen cricket team. Ireland played its first Twenty20 game against Bermuda in August 2008, and these records date from that game.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Key==
The top five records are listed for each category, except for the [[#Team wins, losses, draws and ties|team wins, losses, draws and ties]], [[#All-round Records|all round records]] and the [[#Partnership records|partnership records]]. Tied records for fifth place are also included. Explanations of the general symbols and cricketing terms used in the list are given below. Specific details are provided in each category where appropriate. All records include matches played for [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] only, and are correct {{as of|2020|08|lc=yes}}.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Key
|-
! scope=col | Symbol
! scope=col | Meaning
|-
! scope=row | {{dagger}}
| Player or umpire is currently active in T20I cricket
|-
! scope=row | {{double-dagger}}
| Even took place during a [[Cricket World Cup]]
|-
! scope=row | *
| Player remained [[not out]] or partnership remained unbroken
|-
! scope=row style=background:#cee0f2; | ♠
| [[List of Twenty20 International records|Twenty20 International cricket record]]
|-
! scope=row | Date
| Starting date of the match
|-
! scope=row | Innings
| Number of [[innings]] played
|-
! scope=row | Matches
| Number of matches played
|-
! scope=row | Opposition
| The team Australia was playing against
|-
! scope=row | Period
| The time period when the player was active in ODI cricket
|-
! scope=row | Player
| The player involved in the record
|-
! scope=row | Venue
| [[List of Twenty20 International cricket grounds|Twenty20 International cricket ground]] where the match was played
|}

==Team records==

=== Overall record ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
! scope="col" |Matches
! scope="col" |Won
! scope="col" |Lost
! scope="col" |Tied
! scope="col" |NR
! scope="col" |Win %
|-
| 188 || 78 || 99 || 2 || 9 || 44.41
|-
| colspan=6 |''Last Updated: 14 February 2026''<ref name="T20I results summary">{{cite web |title=Records / T20I matches / Team records / Results summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283307.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== Team wins, losses, draws and ties ===
{{As of|2026|02}}, Ireland has played 188 T20I matches [[result (cricket)|resulting]] in 78 victories, 99 defeats, 2 ties and 9 no results for an overall winning percentage of 44.41.<ref name="T20I results summary"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col" |Opponent
!scope="col" |[[Twenty20 International|Matches]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tied]]
!scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#No result|No Result]]
!scope="col" |[[Winning percentage|% Won]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="9" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|Full Members]]'''
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}
|26 || 7 || 18 || 1 || 0 || 28.84
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Australia}}
|3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|11 || 3 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 30.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|England}}
|4 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 33.33
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|India}}
|8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|New Zealand}}
|5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Pakistan}}
|5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 20.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|South Africa}}
|7 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 14.28
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|West Indies}}
|9 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 42.85
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Zimbabwe}}
|18 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 2 || 50.00
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate Members]]'''
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Austria}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Bahrain}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Bermuda}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Canada}}
|5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 40.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Denmark}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Germany}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Hong Kong}}
|4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Italy}}
|4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 75.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Jersey}}
|2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Kenya}}
|5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Namibia}}
|2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Nepal}}
|3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Netherlands}}
|15 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 50.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Nigeria}}
|1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 100.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Oman}}
|7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 71.42
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Papua New Guinea}}
|4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|Scotland}}
|16 || 9 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 67.85
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|UAE}}
|13 || 6 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 46.15
|-
!scope=row |{{cr|USA}}
|2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 50.00
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" |'''Total'''
|'''188'''||'''78'''||'''99'''||'''2'''||'''9'''||'''44.41'''
|-
|colspan=10|{{small|''Statistics are correct as of January 2026.''}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Ireland / T20I matches / Result summary |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== First bilateral T20I series wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Opponent !! Year of first Home win !! Year of first Away/Neutral win
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Afghan cricket team in Ireland in 2022|2022]] || —
|-
| {{cr|Bangladesh}} ||rowspan=4|— || —
|-
| {{cr|England}} || rowspan=3|YTP
|-
| {{cr|Hong Kong}}
|-
| {{cr|India}}
|-
| {{cr|Italy}} || rowspan=2 |YTP || [[Irish cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2025–26|2026]]
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || [[Irish cricket team in Kenya in 2011-12|2011]]
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}} ||rowspan=2| — ||rowspan=2|YTP
|-
| {{cr|Pakistan}}
|-
| {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} ||YTP || [[Irish cricket team against Papua New Guinea in Australia in 2015-16|2016]]
|-
| {{cr|Scotland}} ||rowspan=2|— ||rowspan=2|YTP
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
| {{cr|United Arab Emirates}} ||rowspan=2| YTP || [[Irish cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2025–26|2026]]
|-
| {{cr|United States}} ||rowspan=2|—
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || —
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Ireland in 2021|2021]] || [[Irish cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2023–24|2023]]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="3" | Last Updated: 31 January 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Ireland / T20I matches / Series summary |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;team=29;template=results;tournament_type=2;type=team;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== First T20I match wins ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Opponent !! colspan="2" | Home !! colspan="2" | Away / Neutral
|-
! Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year !!style="text-align:center"|Venue !!style="text-align:center"|Year
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Stormont Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || [[Afghan cricket team in Ireland in 2022|2022]] || [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || [[2010 Quadrangular Twenty20 Series in Sri Lanka|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|Australia}} ||rowspan=3|YTP ||rowspan=3|YTP || — || —
|-
| {{cr|Austria}} || [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || [[2023 Men's T20 World Cup Europe regional final|2023]]
|-
| {{cr|Bahrain}} || [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground|Oman Cricket Academy Ground Turf 2]], [[Muscat]], Oman || [[2022 Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier A|2022]]
|-
| {{cr|Bangladesh}} || — || — || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
|-
| {{cr|Bermuda}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2008]] || YTP || YTP
|-
| {{cr|Canada}} || YTP || YTP || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]]
|-
| {{cr|England}} || — || — || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia || [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]]
|-
| {{cr|Germany}} ||rowspan=2| YTP ||rowspan=2| YTP || [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground|Oman Cricket Academy Ground Turf 1]], [[Muscat]], Oman || [[2022 Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier A|2022]]
|-
| {{cr|Hong Kong}} || [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || [[2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|India}} || — || — || — || —
|-
| {{cr|Italy}} ||rowspan=2| YTP ||rowspan=2| YTP || [[Goldenacre Sports Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || [[2023 Men's T20 World Cup Europe regional final|2023]]
|-
| {{cr|Jersey}} || [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || [[2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2008]] || [[Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya || [[Irish cricket team in Kenya in 2011-12|2012]]
|-
| {{cr|Namibia}} || YTP || YTP ||rowspan=2|[[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman ||rowspan=2|[[2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|Nepal}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015]]
|-
| {{cr|Netherlands}} || — || — || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || [[2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}} ||rowspan=3|YTP ||rowspan=3|YTP || — || —
|-
| {{cr|Nigeria}} || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || [[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|Oman}} || [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || [[2019–20 Oman Quadrangular Series|2019]]
|-
| {{cr|Pakistan}} || [[Castle Avenue cricket ground|Castle Avenue]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || [[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2024|2024]] || - || -
|-
| {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || — || — || [[Riverway Stadium]], [[Townsville]], Australia || [[Irish cricket team against Papua New Guinea in Australia in 2015–16|2016]]
|-
| {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2008]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || [[2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2010]]
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}} || — || — || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates || [[South African cricket team against Ireland in the UAE in 2024–25|2024]]
|-
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || rowspan=2|YTP ||rowspan=2|YTP || — || —
|-
| {{cr|United Arab Emirates}} || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
|-
| {{cr|United States}} || YTP || YTP || [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]], United States || [[Irish cricket team in the United States in 2021–22|2021]]
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || — || — || [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica || [[Irish cricket team in the West Indies in 2013–14|2014]]
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Ireland in 2019|2019]] || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]]
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: January 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=Records / Ireland / T20I matches / T20I Records |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=team;view=results |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Team scoring records===

====Most runs in an innings====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|235/5}}
| {{cr|Oman}}|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|226/4}}
| {{cr|Austria}}|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|21}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|225/7}}
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|30}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|221/5}}
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|211/6}}
| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs in an innings====
The lowest innings total scored was by [[Turkey national cricket team|Turkey]] against [[Czech Republic national cricket team|Czech Republic]] when they were dismissed for 21 during the [[2019 Continental Cup (cricket)|2019 Continental Cup]].<ref name="CZ278">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1197846.html |title=6th Match (D/N), Ilfov County, Aug 30 2019, Continental Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> The lowest score in T20I history for Ireland is 68 scored against the West Indies in the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref name="T20I Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283172.html |title=Records - T20Is - Team Records - Lowest Totals |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|68}}
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Providence Stadium]], [[Providence, Guyana|Providence]], Guyana || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|April|30}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|70}}
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|71}}
| rowspan=2| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|79}}
|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|August|22}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|85/8}}
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|February|21}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Lowest Totals">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Lowest innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs conceded in an innings====
The 2nd T20I of the [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018-19|Ireland series in India in February 2019]] saw Afghanistan score 278/3, the highest total conceded by Ireland.<ref name="Afg278">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1168113.html |title= 2nd T20I, Dehradun, Feb 23 2019, Ireland tour of Ireland|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest Totals Conceded" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|278/3}}
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|256/5}}
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|June|15}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|233/8}}
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|March|10}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|225/7}}
| rowspan=2|{{cr|India}}|| rowspan=2|[[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|213/4}}
| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|213/6}}
| {{cr|SCO}}|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|28}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest innings totals conceded |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=29;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Fewest runs conceded in an innings====
The lowest score conceded by Ireland in an innings is 53 when they dismissed Nepal during the [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] at [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland.<ref name="T20I Records – Lowest Totals" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|53}}
| {{cr|Nepal}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|66/9}}
| {{cr|Nigeria}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|67}}
| rowspan=2| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|4}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|71}}
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|14}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|78/9}}
| {{cr|Jersey}} || [[Goldenacre Sports Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|24}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Lowest Totals Conceded">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Lowest Full innings totals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=29;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Highest match aggregates====
The highest aggregate involving Ireland was 472 runs being scored in Dehradun in the 2nd T20I of the [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018-19|Ireland series in India in February 2019]],<ref name="Afg278" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283154.html |title=Records - T20Is - Team Records Highest Match Aggregates |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|472/9}}
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} (278/3) v {{cr|Ireland}} (194/6)|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|450/12}}
| {{cr|West Indies}} (256/5) v {{cr|Ireland}} (194/7)|| [[Bready Cricket Club]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|June|15}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|446/12}}
| {{cr|India}} (225/7) v {{cr|Ireland}} (221/5)|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|438/18}}
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} (233/8) v {{cr|Ireland}} (205)|| [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|March|12}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|418/15}}
| {{cr|Scotland}} (213/6) v {{cr|Ireland}} (205/9)|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|28}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_match_aggregates.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>
|}

====Lowest match aggregates====
The lowest match aggregate in T20I history for Ireland is 84 scored during the [[2008 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]].<ref name="T20I Records – Lowest Aggregates">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283146.html |title=Records - T20Is - Team Records - Lowest Match Aggregates |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Aggregate
! scope=col | Scores
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|84/15}}
| {{cr|Ireland}} (43/7) v {{cr|Bermuda}} (41/8)|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|3}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|106/12}}
| {{cr|Netherlands}} (59/5) v {{cr|Ireland}} (47/7)|| [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|13}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|107/12}}
| {{cr|Nepal}} (53) v {{cr|Ireland}} (54/2)|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|133/11}}
| {{cr|Nigeria}} (66/9) v {{cr|Ireland}} (67/2)|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|139/16}}
| {{cr|Kenya}} (67) v {{cr|Ireland}} (72/6)|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|4}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Lowest Match Aggregate">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Lowest match aggregates |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/lowest_match_aggregates.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Result records===
A T20I match is [[result (cricket)|won]] when one side has scored more [[run (cricket)|runs]] than the runs scored by the opposing side during their [[innings]]. If both sides have completed both their allocated innings and the side that fielded last has the higher aggregate of runs, it is known as a win by runs. This indicates the number of runs that they had scored more than the opposing side. If the side batting last wins the match, it is known as a win by [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]], indicating the number of wickets that were still to fall.<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 16 – The Result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result |publisher=[[Marylebone Cricket Club]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229231840/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-result|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

====Greatest win margins (by runs)====
The greatest winning margin by runs in T20Is was Czech Republic's victory over Turkey by 257 runs in the sixth match of the [[2019 Continental Cup (cricket)|2019 Continental Cup]].<ref name="CZ278" /> The largest victory recorded by Ireland was against Austria in the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier.<ref name="T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs)">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by runs) |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283283.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 128 runs
| {{cr|Austria}}|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|23}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 98 runs
| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 96 runs
| {{cr|Oman}}|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 68 runs
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|30}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 66 runs
| {{cr|Hong Kong}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref name="Largest victories">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland Records - T20I - Largest Victories |access-date=9 August 2020 |publisher= ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest win margins (by balls remaining)====
The greatest winning margin by balls remaining in T20Is was Austria's victory over Turkey by 104 balls remaining in the ninth match of the [[2019 Continental Cup (cricket)|2019 Continental Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19487/scorecard/1198900/austria-vs-turkey-9th-match-continental-cup-2019 |title=9th Match (D/N), Ilfov County, Aug 31 2019, Continental Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> The largest victory recorded by Ireland is during the [[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] against Nigeria when they won by 8 wickets with 83 balls remaining.<ref name="T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining) |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283270.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 83
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|Nigeria}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 76
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10 wickets|| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|14}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 72
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|Nepal}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 63
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10 wickets|| {{cr|Canada}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 58
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|Jersey}}|| [[Goldenacre Sports Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|24}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Largest victories" />
|}

====Greatest win margins (by wickets)====
A total of 50 matches have ended with chasing team winning by 10 wickets.<ref name="T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/largest-margin-of-victory-by-wickets-283277 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Ireland have won a T20I match by this margin on two occasions.<ref name="Largest victories"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
| align=center rowspan=2| 10 wickets
| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|14}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|Canada}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=5| 3
| align=center rowspan=5| 9 wickets
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|July|12}}
|-
| {{cr|Oman}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Al Amerat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|12}}
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Denmark}}|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Jersey}}|| [[Goldenacre Sports Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|24}}
|-
| colspan=5 | Last updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Largest victories"/>
|}

====Highest successful run chases====
Australia holds the record for the highest successful run chase which they achieved when they scored 245/5 in response to New Zealand's 243/6.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Successful Chase |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;template=results;type=team;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date= 9 August 2020}}</ref> The highest successful chase for Ireland was in the third match of the [[2019–20 Ireland Tri-Nation Series]] against Scotland when they scored 194/6 to win by four wickets.<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest successful run chases"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Score
! scope=col | Target
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|194/6}}
| align=center | 194 || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|17}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|183/9}}
| align=center | 183 || {{cr|Netherlands}} || |[[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|183/5}}
| align=center | 182 || {{cr|Pakistan}} || |[[Castle Avenue cricket ground|Castle Avenue]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|10}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|180/4}}
| align=center | 177 || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|171/3}}
| align=center | 169 || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|09}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest successful run chases">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest successful run chases |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_fielding_first=2;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=team_score;result=1;size=10;team=29;template=results;type=team;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by runs)====
The narrowest run margin victory is by 1 run which has been achieved in 34 T20I's with Ireland winning such games twice.<ref>{{cite web |title= Records - T20Is - Smallest victory (by runs)| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283262.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Smallest victories" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1 run
| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|20}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Sportpark Westvliet]], [[The Hague]], Netherlands || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|19}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 2 runs
| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|24}}
|-
| {{cr|Canada}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|16}}
|-
| align=center| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center| 3 runs
| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Sportpark Westvliet]], [[The Hague]], Netherlands || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|24}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest victories">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Smallest victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by balls remaining)====
The narrowest winning margin by balls remaining in T20Is is by winning of the last ball which has been achieved 62 times. Ireland has achieve victory of the last ball on two occasions.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match">{{cite news |title=Winning on the last ball of the match |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/winning-on-the-last-ball-of-the-match-283248 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 0
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 wickets|| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|17}} {{double-dagger}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1 wickets|| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=3| 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| rowspan=2|[[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|2}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 wickets || {{cr|Afghanistan}}|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|4}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 wickets || {{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[Castle Avenue cricket ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

====Narrowest win margins (by wickets)====
The narrowest margin of victory by wickets is 1 wicket which has settled four such T20Is with Ireland being victors on one of those occasions.<ref name="T20I Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Smallest margin of victory (by wickets) |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283252.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center | 1 wicket
| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 3 wickets
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|17}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=4| 4 wickets
| {{cr|Scotland}}|| rowspan=2|[[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|2}}
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|4}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|17}}
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|9}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest victories"/>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by runs)====
Ireland's biggest defeat by runs was against India was during the [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2018|India's tour of Ireland in 2018]] by 143 runs at [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland.<ref name="Largest defeats" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 143 runs
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|29}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88 runs
| {{cr|NZ}}|| [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Civil Service Cricket Club]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|July|20}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 84 runs
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 83 runs
| {{cr|New Zealand}}|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|11}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 81 runs
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|August|22}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Largest defeats">{{cite web |title=Records - Ireland - Largest defeats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=3;id=29;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
The largest defeat suffered by Ireland was against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] during the final of the [[2017 Desert T20 Challenge]] at [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE when they lost by 10 wickets with 73 balls remaining.<ref name="T20I Records – Largest margin of victory (by balls remaining)"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 73
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10 wickets|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 54
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]], Saint Kitts and Nevis|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|19}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 38
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8 wickets|| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|December|2}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 37
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6 wickets|| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|21}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center | 30
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 9 wickets || {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|13}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Largest defeats" />
|}

====Greatest loss margins (by wickets)====
Ireland have lost a T20I match by a margin of 10 wickets on one occasion.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margins
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Most recent venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center | 10 wickets
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2| 9 wickets
| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]], Saint Kitts and Nevis || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|19}}
|-
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|23}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=7| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=7| 8 wickets
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|10}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|13}}
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|July|14}}
|-
| {{cr|Namibia}}|| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|October|22}}
|-
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Nassau County International Cricket Stadium]], [[East Meadow, New York|East Meadow]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|5}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|September|27}}
|-
| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|December|2}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Largest defeats"/>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by runs)====
The narrowest loss of Ireland in terms of runs is by 1 runs suffered once.<ref name="Smallest defeats" />

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1 runs
| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|July|20}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 runs
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|18}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 runs
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Castle Avenue, Dublin|Castle Avenue]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|August|27}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=3| 4 runs
| {{cr|Canada}}|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|3}}
|-
| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Hazelaarweg Stadion]], [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|12}}
|-
| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|June|28}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest defeats">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Smallest defeats |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3;id=29;type=opposition |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by balls remaining)====
Ireland has suffered loss off the last ball twice.<ref name="Winning on the last ball of the match"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Balls remaining
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| rowspan=2 align=center | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2 | 0
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 wickets|| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|July|21}}
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1 wicket || {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|7}}
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2 | 2
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2 wickets || {{cr|Oman}}|| [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|9}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4 wickets || {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|November|29}}
|-
| rowspan=2 align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2 | 4
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 5 wickets|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|21}}
|-
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3 wickets || {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|23}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest victories" />
|}

====Narrowest loss margins (by wickets)====
Ireland has suffered defeat by 1 wicket once.<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Margin
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-bgcolor=#cee0f2
| align=center | 1
| scope=row style=text-align:center| 1 wicket
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|December|7}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=3| 2 wickets
| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| rowspan=2|[[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|July|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|15}}
|-
| {{cr|Oman}}|| [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|9}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center rowspan=2 | 3 wickets
| {{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[Central Broward Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida|Lauderhill]], United States || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|16}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}|| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

====Tied matches ====
A [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]] can occur when the scores of both teams are equal at the conclusion of play, provided that the side batting last has completed their innings.<ref name="result"/>
There have been 44 [[List of tied Twenty20 Internationals|ties]] in T20Is history with Ireland involved in two such games.<ref name="T20I results summary"/>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| scope=row | {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Sportpark Het Schootsveld]], [[Deventer]], Netherlands
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|17}}
|-
| scope=row | {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India
! scope=row | {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|10}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=3 | Last updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Smallest defeats"/>
|}

==Individual records==

===Batting records===

====Most career runs====
A [[run (cricket)|run]] is the basic means of [[scoring (cricket)|scoring]] in cricket. A run is scored when the batsman hits the [[cricket ball|ball]] with his [[cricket bat|bat]] and with his partner runs the length of {{convert|22|yards|metres}} of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232041/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/scoring-runs|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
[[Paul Stirling]] is the leading Irishman on this list.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most career runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282827.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | 100
! scope=col | 50
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 3,895
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 163 || align=center | 160 || align=center | 26.31 || align=center | 1 || align=center | 24 || 2009–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 2,392
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 110 || align=center | 106 || align=center | 23.45 || align=center | 0 || align=center | 12 || 2015-2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,973
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 110 || align=center | 103 || align=center | 21.21 || align=center | 1 || align=center | 5 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,845
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 98 || align=center | 90 || align=center | 24.93 || align=center | 0 || align=center | 8 || 2019-2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 1,730
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 91 || align=center | 85 || align=center | 22.76 || align=center | 0 || align=center | 11 || 2016-2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Most career runs">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most career runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs in each batting position====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center;
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Opener
| [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || 156 || 3,818 || 26.51 || 2010–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 3
| [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 43 || 1,125 || 27.43 || 2015–2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 3{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 4
| [[Harry Tector]]{{dagger}} || 55 || 1,065 || 23.15 || 2019–2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 4{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 5
| [[Curtis Campher]]{{dagger}} || 43 || 770 || 20.26 || 2021–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 5{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 6
| [[George Dockrell]]{{dagger}} || 47 || 679 || 19.40 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 6{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 7
| [[Gareth Delany]]{{dagger}} || 27 || 367 || 17.47 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 7{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 8
| rowspan=2|[[Mark Adair]]{{dagger}} || 35 || 448 || 16.00 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 8{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 9
| 13 || 147 || 13.36 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 9{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; |Number 10
| [[Barry McCarthy]]{{dagger}} || 15 || 137 || 17.12 || 2017–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 10{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | Number 11
| [[Josh Little]]{{dagger}} || 18 || 68 || 9.71 || 2019–2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Number 11{{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026
|}

====Most runs against each team====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Opposition
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 667 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 25 || 2010–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=40;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Afghanistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|AUS}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 95 || rowspan=2|[[Lorcan Tucker]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 2 || 2022–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=2;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Australia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Austria}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 94 || align=center| 1 || 2023–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=41;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Austria {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Bahrain}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 51 || [[Gareth Delany]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 1 || 2023–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=108;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bahrain {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|BAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 229 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 9 || 2012–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=25;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bangladesh {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Bermuda}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7 || [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] || align=center| 1 || 2008–2008 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=12;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Bermuda {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|CAN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 131 || rowspan=2|[[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 5 || 2010–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=17;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Canada {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Denmark}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 55 || align=center| 1 || 2023–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=13;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Denmark {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ENG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 90 || [[Lorcan Tucker]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 3 || 2022–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=1;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|GER}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 34 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 1 || 2022–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=35;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against England {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|HK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 161 || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || align=center|4 || 2015–2019 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=19;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Hong Kong {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 161 || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || align=center| 7 || 2018–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=6;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against India {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Italy}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 191 || [[Harry Tector]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 4 || 2023–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=31;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Italy {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2026-01-26}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Jersey}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 93 || rowspan=2|[[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center|2 || 2019–2023 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=4083;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Jersey {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 92 || align=center|4 || 2012–2012 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=26;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Kenya {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NAM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 67 || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || align=center| 2 || 2019–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=28;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Namibia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NEP}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 90 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 3 || 2015–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=32;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Namibia {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NED}} || style=text-align:center; | 254 || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || align=center|12 || 2008–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=15;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Netherlands {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|NZ}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 111 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 4 || 2022–2022 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=5;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against New Zealand {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Nigeria}} || style=text-align:center; | 32 || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || align=center|1 || 2019–2019 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=173;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Nigeria {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|Oman}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 215 || [[Gareth Delany]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 5 || 2019–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=37;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Oman {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PAK}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130 || [[Lorcan Tucker]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 4 || 2024–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Pakistan {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|PNG}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 102 || [[William Porterfield]] || align=center| 3 || 2015–2015 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=20;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Papua New Guinea {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SCO}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 309 ||rowspan=2| [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 8 || 2012–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=30;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Scotland {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 143 || align=center| 7 || 2021–2024 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=3;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against South Africa {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|SL}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 88 || [[Harry Tector]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 3 || 2021–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=8;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Sri Lanka {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|UAE}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 310 || [[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 13 || 2014–2026 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=27;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against United Arab Emirates {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 141 || [[Lorcan Tucker]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 2 || 2021–2021 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=11;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against United States Of America {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|WIN}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 223 || rowspan=2|[[Paul Stirling]]{{dagger}} || align=center| 9 || 2010–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=4;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against West Indies {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}} || scope=row style=text-align:center; | 408 || align=center| 13 || 2014–2025 || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;opposition=9;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Most Runs {{!}} Against Zimbabwe {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |work=Cricinfo |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 14 February 2026
|}

====Highest individual score====
[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] is the highest scorer for Ireland in T20Is.<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest individual score" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 124
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|HKG}} || [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|7}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 115*
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|1}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 100
| {{sortname|Ross|Adair}} || {{cr|RSA}} || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|September|29}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 96*
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} || {{cr|ITA}} || [[The Sevens Stadium]], [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|25}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 95
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|WIN}} || [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest individual score">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest individual score |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Highest individual score – progression of record====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col |Runs
! scope=col |Player
! scope=col |Opponent
! scope=col |Venue
! scope=col |Season
|-
! 38
| {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}}|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|2}}
|-
! rowspan=2|40
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|8}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|William|Porterfield}}|| {{cr|Pakistan}}|| [[The Oval]], [[London]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|15}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
! 46
|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|1}}
|-
! 50
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| {{cr|Canada}}|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|3}}
|-
! 65
| {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}}|| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|13}}
|-
! 65*
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}}|| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|23}}
|-
! 78*
| {{sortname|Ed|Joyce}}|| {{cr|Scotland}}||rowspan=2|[[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|18}}
|-
! 79
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}}|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|24}}
|-
! 81
|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Sportpark Het Schootsveld]], [[Deventer]], Netherlands|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|17}}
|-
! 83
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}}{{dagger}}|| {{cr|Netherlands}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
! 91
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}}|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
! 124
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}{{dagger}}|| {{cr|Hong Kong}}|| [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|7}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 26 January 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest individual score"/>
|}

====Highest score against each opponent====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opposition !! Player !! Score !! Date
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 91 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
| {{cr|Australia}} || rowspan=2|[[Lorcan Tucker]] || 71* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|31}}
|-
| {{cr|Austria}} || 94* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|23}}
|-
|{{cr|Bahrain}} || [[Gareth Delany]] || 51* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|19}}
|-
|{{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 77 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|March|31}}
|-
| {{cr|Bermuda}} || [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] || 7 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|3}}
|-
| {{cr|Canada}} ||rowspan=2| [[Paul Stirling]] || 61* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}
|-
| {{cr|Denmark}} || 55 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|21}}
|-
| {{cr|England}} || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 62 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|26}}
|-
|{{cr|Germany}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 34 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Hong Kong}} || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || 124 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|7}}
|-
| {{cr|India}} || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 72 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|20}}
|-
| {{cr|Italy}} || [[Harry Tector]] || 96* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|25}}
|-
| {{cr|Jersey}} || rowspan=2|[[Paul Stirling]] || 58* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|25}}
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || 65* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|23}}
|-
| {{cr|Namibia}} || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 46 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|2}}
|-
| {{cr|Nepal}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 59 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|9}}
|-
| {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 83 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 40 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|July|22}}
|-
| {{cr|Nigeria}} || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || 32 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| {{cr|Oman}} || [[Lorcan Tucker]] || 94* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|14}}
|-
| {{cr|Pakistan}} || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || 77 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|10}}
|-
| {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || [[William Porterfield]] || 57* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|15}}
|-
| {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Paul Stirling]] || 81 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|17}}
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Ross Adair]] || 100 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|September|29}}
|-
|{{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Harry Tector]] || 45 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|23}}
|-
|rowspan=2|{{cr|United Arab Emirates}} || [[William Porterfield]] || rowspan=2|72 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|16}}
|-
| [[Paul Stirling]] || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|19}}
|-
| {{cr|USA}} || [[Lorcan Tucker]] || 84 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|December|23}}
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || rowspan=2|[[Paul Stirling]] || 95 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || 115* || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|1}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Highest individual score"/>
|}

====Highest career average====
A batsman's [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been dismissed.<ref>{{cite book|first=M. A.|last=Pervez |title=A Dictionary of Cricket |publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|page=7|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA7}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Not out
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26.31
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 160 || align=center | 3,895 || align=center | 12 || 2009–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24.93
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 90 || align=center | 1,845 || align=center | 16 || 2019–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.95
| {{sortname|Ross|Adair}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 21 || align=center | 503 || align=center | 0 || 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 23.45
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 106 || align=center | 2,392 || align=center | 4 || 2015–2024
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 22.76
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 85 || align=center | 1,730 || align=center | 9 || 2016–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 20 innings. Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_batting_average.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Highest Average in each batting position====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" |Batting position
! scope="col" |Batsman
! scope="col" |Innings
! scope="col" |Runs
! scope="col" |Average
! scope="col" |Career Span
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
! scope="row" | Opener
| [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || 43 || 1,198 || 27.86 || 2019–2021
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=2;batting_positionmin1=1;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Opener {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 3
| [[Harry Tector]] {{dagger}} || 17 || 489 || 34.92 || 2024–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=3;batting_positionmin1=3;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 3 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 4
|[[Curtis Campher]] {{dagger}}|| 5 || 169 || 28.16 || 2021–2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=4;batting_positionmin1=4;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 4 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 5
| [[George Dockrell]] {{dagger}} || 9 || 146 || 48.66 || 2019–2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=5;batting_positionmin1=5;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 5 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 6
| [[Gareth Delany]] {{dagger}} || 9 || 106 || 35.33 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=6;batting_positionmin1=6;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 6 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 7
|[[Curtis Campher]] {{dagger}} || 6 || 93 || 31.00 || 2022–2024
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=7;batting_positionmin1=7;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 7 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 8
| [[Stuart Poynter]] || 7 || 68 || 34.00 || 2015–2019
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=8;batting_positionmin1=8;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 8 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 9
| [[Mark Adair]] {{dagger}}|| 13 || 147 || 13.36 || 2019–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=9;batting_positionmin1=9;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 9 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 10
| [[Josh Little]] {{dagger}} || 9 || 46 || 23.00 || 2016–2026
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=10;batting_positionmin1=10;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 10 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Number 11
| [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] {{dagger}} || 10 || 27 || 13.50 || 2021–2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?batting_positionmax1=11;batting_positionmin1=11;batting_positionval1=batting_position;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=batting_average;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=batting |title=Statistics {{!}} Highest Average {{!}} Number 11 {{!}} ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 5 innings. Last Updated: 8 February 2026
|}

====Most half-centuries====
A half-century is a score of between 50 and 99 runs. Statistically, once a batsman's score reaches 100, it is no longer considered a half-century but a century..<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most half-centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283018.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Half centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 24
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 160 || align=center | 3,895 || 2009-2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 106 || align=center | 2,392 || 2015-2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 11
| [[Lorcan Tucker]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 85 || align=center | 1,730 || 2016-2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| [[Harry Tector]]{{dagger}} || align=center | 90 || align=center | 1,845 || 2019-2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 103 || align=center | 1,973 || 2008-2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most half-centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_fifties_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most centuries====
A [[century (cricket)|century]] is a score of 100 or more runs in a single innings.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most centuries |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=innings;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Centuries
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 1
| {{sortname|Ross|Adair}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 19 || 2023-2026
|-
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 103 || 2008-2021
|-
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 159 || 2009-2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Most centuries">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most centuries |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most Sixes====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Sixes
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 141
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 160 || 2009-2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 82
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 103 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 68
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 106 || 2015-2024
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 58
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 77 || 2019-2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 54
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2010-2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most sixes |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=sixes;team=29;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most Fours====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Fours
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 449
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 160 || 2009-2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 254
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 106 || 2015-2024
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 165
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 103 || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 161
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 85 || 2016-2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 153
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 90 || 2019-2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most fours |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=fours;team=29;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Highest strike rates====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls Faced
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 139.33
| {{sortname|Ross|Adair}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 503 || align=center | 361 || 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 134.35
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 3,895 || align=center | 2,899 || 2009–2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 133.87
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,245 || align=center | 930 || 2019–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 133.20
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 1,388 || align=center | 1,042 || 2010–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 130.92
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 1,973 || align=center | 1,507 || 2008–2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Qualification= 250 balls faced. Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Highest strike rates in an innings====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls Faced
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 388.88
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} || align=center | 35* || align=center | 9 || {{cr|Oman}} || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|February|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 280.00
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} || align=center | 28* || align=center | 10 || {{cr|Pakistan}} || [[Castle Avenue cricket ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|May|12}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 262.50
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 42* || align=center | 16 || {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|21}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 253.33
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} || align=center | 38 || align=center | 15 || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|July|14}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 250.00
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} || align=center | 25 || align=center | 10 || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|20}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=8 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest strike rate in an Inning |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/highest_strike_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs in a calendar year====
Paul Stirling of Ireland holds the Irish record for most runs scored in a calendar year with 748 runs scored in 2019.<ref name="Most runs in a year">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284247.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 748
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || align=center | 20|| align=center | 20 || rowspan=2|{{sort|2019|2019}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 729
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 23|| align=center | 23
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 617
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || align=center | 27 || align=center | 27 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 601
| align=center | 21|| align=center | 20 || {{sort|2019|2019}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 575
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || align=center | 27 || align=center | 27 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most runs in a year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;size=5;team=29;template=results;type=batting;view=year |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs in a series====
The [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]] in Bangladesh saw [[Virat Kohli]] set the record for the most runs scored in a single series scoring 319 runs. He is followed by [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] with 317 runs scored in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]]. Stirling also holds the Irish record for most runs in a serie with 291 runs in the [[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]].<ref name="Most runs in a series">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most runs in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 291
|rowspan=2|{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 8|| align=center | 8|| {{sort|2019|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 234
| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| {{sort|2021|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Ireland in 2021|Zimbabwe in Ireland in 2021]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 204
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 7|| align=center | 7|| {{sort|2022|[[2022 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 191
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 4|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2019|[[2019–20 Oman Pentangular Series]]}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 188
|{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| {{sort|2012|[[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most runs in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_series.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most ducks====
A [[duck (cricket)|duck]] refers to a batsman being dismissed without scoring a run.<ref name="glossary">{{cite news |first=Martin|last=Williamson |title=A glossary of cricket terms |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/239756.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Ducks
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 160 || 2009–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 12
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 103 || 2008–2021
|-
| align=center| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| 9
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 107 || 2010–2026
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 8
| {{sortname|Simi|Singh}} || align=center | 40 || 2018–2022
|-
| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 41 || 2017–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}}{{dagger}} || align=center | 85 || 2016–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 14 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most ducks |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_ducks_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Bowling records===

====Most career wickets====
A [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] takes the [[wicket#dismissing a batsman|wicket]] of a batsman when the form of dismissal is [[bowled]], [[caught]], [[leg before wicket]], [[stumped]] or [[hit wicket]]. If the batsman is dismissed by [[run out]], [[obstructing the field]], [[handled the ball|handling the ball]], [[hit the ball twice|hitting the ball twice]] or [[timed out]] the bowler does not receive credit.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 140
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 98|| align=center | 98 || 2019-2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 89
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 155 || align=center | 98 || 2010-2026
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 87
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 73 || align=center | 71 || 2015-2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 82
| {{sortname|Josh|Little}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 76 || align=center | 75 || 2016-2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 71
| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 67 || align=center | 67 || 2017-2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Most career wickets">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most career wickets |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Best figures in an innings====
[[Bowling analysis|Bowling figures]] refers to the number of the wickets a bowler has taken and the number of runs conceded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition: bowling analysis |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis |work=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=3 December 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904012227/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bowling%20analysis|archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|4/11}}
| {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}}|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|February|21}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| {{sort|2|4/13}}
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Nigeria}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} || {{cr|Austria}}|| [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|23}}
|-
| {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}}|| [[Bir Shrestho Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman Cricket Stadium]], [[Chattogram]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|November|27}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|4/16}}
| {{sortname|Jacob|Mulder}}|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Italy}}|| [[The Sevens Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|23}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Best Bowling Figures">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best bowling figures in an innings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Best figures in an innings – progression of record====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
! 4/21
| rowspan=3|{{sortname|Alex|Cusack}}|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|2}}
|-
! 4/18
|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Lord's]], [[London]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
! 4/11
|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|February|21}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref name="Best Bowling Figures"/>
|}

====Best Bowling Figure against each opponent====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opposition !! Player !! Figures !! Date
|-
| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] ||4/20 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|March|15}}
|-
| {{cr|Australia}} || [[Barry McCarthy]] ||3/29 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|31}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Austria}} || [[Mark Adair]] ||4/13 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|23}}
|-
| {{cr|Bahrain}} || [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] ||3/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|19}}
|-
| {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Matthew Humphreys (cricketer)|Matthew Humphreys]] ||4/13 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|November|27}}
|-
| {{cr|Bermuda}} || [[Peter Connell (cricketer)|Peter Connell]] ||3/8 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|3}}
|-
| {{cr|Canada}} || [[George Dockrell]] ||3/19 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}
|-
| {{cr|Denmark}} || [[Barry McCarthy]] ||3/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|21}}
|-
| {{cr|England}} ||rowspan="2"| [[Josh Little]] ||2/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|26}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Germany}} ||2/13 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Hong Kong}} || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] ||3/32 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|17}}
|-
| {{cr|India}} || [[Peter Chase]] ||4/35 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|27}}
|-
| {{cr|Italy}} || [[Matthew Humphreys (cricketer)|Matthew Humphreys]] ||4/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|January|23}}
|-
| {{cr|Jersey}} || [[Barry McCarthy]] ||3/7 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|24}}
|-
| {{cr|Kenya}} || [[George Dockrell]] ||3/15 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|22}}
|-
| {{cr|Namibia}} || [[Simi Singh]] ||3/25 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|November|2}}
|-
| {{cr|Nepal}} || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] ||3/8 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
| {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Stuart Thompson]] ||4/18 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|17}}
|-
| {{cr|New Zealand}} || [[Josh Little]] ||4/35 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|July|18}}
|-
| {{cr|Nigeria}} || [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] ||4/13 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|October|26}}
|-
| {{cr|Oman}} || [[Simi Singh]] ||3/9 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|12}}
|-
| {{cr|Pakistan}} || [[Barry McCarthy]] ||3/15 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|June|16}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || [[Max Sorensen]] ||3/17 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|7}}
|-
| {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Jacob Mulder]] ||4/16 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
| {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Mark Adair]] ||4/31 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|September|29}}
|-
| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || [[Alex Cusack]] ||4/18 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|14}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{cr|United Arab Emirates}} || [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] ||4/28 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|13}}
|-
| {{cr|United States}} || [[Curtis Campher]] ||4/25 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|December|23}}
|-
| {{cr|West Indies}} || [[Alex Cusack]] ||4/11 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|February|21}}
|-
| {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Mark Adair]] ||4/23 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|2}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | ''Last updated: 8 February 2026.''<ref name="Best Bowling Figures" />
|}

====Best career average====
A bowler's [[bowling average]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of wickets they have taken.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Average
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8.76
| {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 21 || align=center | 184 || 2008–2010
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18.11
| {{sortname|Max|Sorensen}}|| align=center | 26 || align=center | 471 || 2012–2016
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18.36
| {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 22 || align=center | 404 || 2023–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.51
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 140 || align=center | 2,732 || 2019–2026
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 19.81
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 58 || align=center | 1,149 || 2008–2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 20 wickets. Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Best career average">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best career average |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Best career economy rate====
A bowler's [[economy rate (cricket)|economy rate]] is the total number of runs they have conceded divided by the number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] they have bowled.<ref name="glossary"/>
New Zealand's [[Daniel Vettori]], holds the T20I record for the best career economy rate with 5.70. [[Trent Johnston]], with a rate of 6.42 runs per over conceded is the highest Irishmen on the list.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Best career economy rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283267.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.42
| {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}} || align=center | 32 || align=center | 636 || align=center | 594 || 2008–2013
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.86
| {{sortname|Boyd|Rankin}} || align=center | 54 || align=center | 1,195 || align=center | 1,044 || 2009–2020
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6.97
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 89 || align=center | 1,700 || align=center | 1,975 || 2010–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.06
| {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} || align=center | 35 || align=center | 714 || align=center | 606 || 2008–2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7.46
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 20 || align=center | 546 || align=center | 679 || 2009–2026
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best career economy rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_economy_rate.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Best career strike rate====
A bowler's [[strike rate]] is the total number of [[delivery (cricket)|balls]] they have bowled divided by the number of wickets they have taken.<ref name="glossary"/>
The top bowler with the best T20I career strike rate is Rashid Khan of Afghanistan with strike rate of 12.3 balls per wicket. Kevin O'Brien is the Irish bowler with the lowest strike rate.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Best career strike rate |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283886.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.1
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 140 || align=center | 2,732 || align=center | 2,115 || 2019–2026
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15.8
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 58 || align=center | 1,149 || align=center | 917 || 2008–2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 16.4
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 87 || align=center | 1,935 || align=center | 1,429 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17.3
| {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} || align=center | 37 || align=center | 33 || align=center | 714 || 2008-2015
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18.5
| {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}} || align=center | 30 || align=center | 28 || align=center | 636 || 2008-2013
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Qualification: 500 balls. Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Best career strike rate">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best career strike rate |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_strike_rate.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an innings====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Four-wicket hauls
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 98 || align=center | 2,732 || align=center | 140 || 2019–2026
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 3
| {{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} || align=center | 37 || align=center | 606 || align=center | 35 || 2008–2015
|-
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 71 || align=center | 1,935 || align=center | 87 || 2015–2026
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| 2
| {{sortname|Matthew|Humphreys|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 16 || align=center | 404 || align=center | 22 || 2023–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Curtis|Campher}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 68 || align=center | 1,130 || align=center | 32 || 2021–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 67 || align=center | 2,069 || align=center | 71 || 2017–2026
|-
| {{sortname|Josh|Little}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 76 || align=center | 2,122 || align=center | 82 || 2016–2026
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most four-wicket hauls in an innings (and over) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_4wi_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Best economy rates in an inning====
The best economy rate in an inning, when a minimum of 12 balls are delivered by the bowler, is Sri Lankan player [[Nuwan Kulasekara]] economy of 0.00 during his spell of 0 runs for 1 wicket in 2 overs against Netherlands at [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]] in the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]]. Alex Cusack holds the Irish record during his spell in [[2008 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] against Kenya at [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?ballsmin1=12;ballsval1=balls;class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=economy_rate;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Economy
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|1.00}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Alex|Cusack}} || align=center rowspan=2| 3 || align=center | 3 || align=center rowspan=2| 2 || rowspan=2|{{cr|Kenya}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|4}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|1.67}}
| align=center | 5 || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|14}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|1.75}}
| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 7 || align=center | 3 || {{cr|Jersey}} || [[Goldenacre Sports Ground]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|July|24}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|3|2.00}}
| {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 2 || align=center | 4 || align=center | 2 || {{cr|Bermuda}} || rowspan=2|[[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|3}}
|-
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || align=center | 4 || align=center | 8 || align=center | 3 || {{cr|Nepal}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Qualification: 12 balls bowled. Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best economy rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_economy_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Best strike rates in an inning====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Strike rate
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | Balls
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center;| {{sort|1|2.5}}
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=3| 2 || align=center| 2 || align=center| 5 || {{cr|India}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|August|18}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| {{sort|2|3.0}}
| {{sortname|Andy|McBrine}} || align=center| 7 || align=center rowspan=2| 6 || {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || [[Riverway Stadium]], [[Townsville]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} || align=center| 5 || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]], Zimbabwe || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|February|25}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=4| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| {{sort|3|4.0}}
| {{sortname|Peter|Connell|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=4| 3 || align=center| 8 || align=center rowspan=4| 12 || {{cr|Bermuda}} || [[Stormont Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|3}}
|-
| {{sortname|Max|Sorensen}} || align=center| 17 || {{cr|Papua New Guinea}} || [[Riverway Stadium]], [[Townsville]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|February|7}}
|-
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} || align=center| 7 || {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|March|13}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} || align=center| 16 || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Stormont Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|17}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Best strike rates in an innings |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_strike_rate_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Worst figures in an innings====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/81}}
|{{sortname|Liam|McCarthy|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=5| 4|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|June|15}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|0/69}}
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|March|12}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | {{sort|3|0/59}}
|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{sortname|Mark|Adair}} || {{cr|Australia}}|| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|0/55}}
|{{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} || {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Irishmen Worst Figures">{{cite web |title=Irishmen Most Runs Conceded |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=conceded;qualmax1=0;qualmin1=0;qualval1=wickets;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most runs conceded in a match====
Kasun Rajitha also holds the dubious distinction of most runs conceded in a T20I during the aforementioned match. McCarthy in the above-mentioned spell holds the most runs conceded distinction for Ireland.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283749.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Figures
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Overs
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|0/81}}
|{{sortname|Liam|McCarthy|dab=cricketer}} || align=center rowspan=5| 4|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|June|15}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|0/69}}
|rowspan=2| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|March|12}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | {{sort|3|0/59}}
|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|{{sortname|Mark|Adair}} || {{cr|Australia}}|| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]], Australia|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|1/56}}
| {{sortname|Craig|Young|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Hong Kong}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|5}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last updated: 8 February 2026<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most runs conceded in a match |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_runs_conceded_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most wickets in a calendar year====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Year
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 39
| {{sortname|Josh|Little}} {{dagger}} || align=center | 26 || {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 27
| scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=4| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 17|| {{sort|2019|2019}}
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26
| align=center | 16|| {{sort|2023|2023}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 25
| align=center | 27|| {{sort|2022|2022}}
|-
| align=center | 14|| {{sort|2024|2024}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Most wickets in a calendar year">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most wickets in a calendar year |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;size=5;team=29;template=results;type=bowling;view=year |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most wickets in a series====
[[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] at UAE saw records set for the most wickets taken by a bowler in a T20I series when Oman's [[pace bowling|pacer]] [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] tool 18 wickets during the series. Mark Adair in the same qualifier took 12 wickets, the most for an Irish bowler in a series.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most wickets in a series |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Wickets
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 12
|rowspan=2| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 5|| {{sort|2023|[[2023 Men's T20 World Cup Europe regional final]]}}
|-
| align=center | 8|| {{sort|2019|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2 | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2 | 11
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2015|[[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Josh|Little}} {{dagger}}|| align=center| 7 || {{sort|2022|[[2022 Men's T20 World Cup]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Mark|Adair}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 3|| {{sort|2021|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Ireland in 2021|Zimbabwe in Ireland in 2021]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3 | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3 | 9
| {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} {{dagger}}|| align=center rowspan=2| 5||rowspan=2| {{sort|2023|[[2023 Men's T20 World Cup Europe regional final]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Ben|White|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}}
|-
| {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 8|| {{sort|2019|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 8 February 2026<ref name="Ireland T20I Records – Most wickets in a series">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most wickets in a series |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_series.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Wicket-keeping records===
The [[wicket-keeper]] is a specialist [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]] who stands behind the [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] being guarded by the batsman on [[strike (cricket)|strike]] and is the only member of the fielding side allowed to wear gloves and leg pads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 27 – The wicket-keeper |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229232954/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-wicket-keeper|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

====Most career dismissals====
A wicket-keeper can be credited with the dismissal of a batsman in two ways, [[caught]] or [[stumped]]. A fair catch is taken when the [[cricket ball|ball]] is caught fully within the field of play without it bouncing after the ball has touched the striker's [[cricket bat|bat]] or glove holding the bat,<ref name="Law 33">{{cite web |title=Law 33 – Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/caught |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Law 5">{{cite web |title=Law 5 – The Bat |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/the-bat |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> Laws 5.6.2.2 and 5.6.2.3 state that the hand or the glove holding the bat shall be regarded as the ball striking or touching the bat while a stumping occurs when the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket while the batsman is out of his [[crease (cricket)|ground]] and not attempting a run.<ref>{{cite web |title=Law 39 – Stumped |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/stumped |publisher=Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
[[MS Dhoni]] heads the all-time list of taking most dismissals in T20Is as a designated wicket-keeper. [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] is the leading Irish wicket-keeper on this list.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283793.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 36
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 81|| align=center | 51|| 2009-2020
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 30|| align=center | 22|| 2008-2016
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}|| align=center | 25|| align=center | 13|| 2015-2019
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 20|| align=center | 8|| 2016-2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| {{sortname|Neil|Rock}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| 2021-2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last updated:4 September 2021<ref name="wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career dismissals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most career catches====
[[Quinton de Kock]] heads the all-time list for most catches taken by the designated wicketkeeper. Gary Wilson is the leading Irish wicket-keeper on this list.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper catches |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283364.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 29
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 81|| align=center | 51|| 2009-2020
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 44|| align=center | 30|| 2016-2022
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 15
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 30|| align=center | 22|| 2008-2016
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Neil|Rock}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 13|| align=center | 13|| 2021-2021
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}|| align=center | 25|| align=center | 13|| 2015-2019
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 19 October 2022<ref name="Irishmen T20I Records - Wicket-keeper Catches">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career catches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_catches_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most career stumpings====
Dhoni also holds the record for most stumpings by a wicket-keeper. [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] is the leading Irish wicket-keeper on this list<ref name="T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283338.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Stumpings
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 10
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 30|| align=center | 22|| 2008-2016
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 81|| align=center | 51|| 2009-2020
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 2
| {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}|| align=center | 25|| align=center | 13|| 2015-2019
|-
| {{sortname|Rory|McCann}}|| align=center | 3|| align=center | 3|| 2012-2012
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 1
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 20|| align=center | 8|| 2016-2021
|-
| {{sortname|Neil|Rock}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| 2021-2021
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 4 September 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most wicket-keeper career stumpings |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_stumpings_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most dismissals in an innings====
Four wicket-keepers on four occasions have taken five dismissals in a single innings in a T20I.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283377.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

The feat of taking 4 dismissals in an innings has been achieved by 19 wicket-keepers on 26 occasions with both Wilson and Niall O'Brien achieving it once each.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wicket-keepers who have taken five dismisslas in an innings in an T20I |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=player;qualmax1=4;qualmin1=4;qualval1=fielded_dismissals;template=results;type=fielding;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 4
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}|| [[Lord's]], [[London]], England|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|14}}
|-
| rowspan=3|{{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|14}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 3
|| {{cr|Nepal}}|| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|July|13}}
|-
|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|August|20}}
|-
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|19}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 22 July 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most dismissals in a series====
Netherlands wicket-keeper [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] holds the T20Is record for the most dismissals taken by a wicket-keeper in a series. He made 13 dismissals during the [[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]. Gary Wilson in the same series affected eight dismissals, which is the most for an Irish wicket-keeper in a series.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=dismissals;template=results;type=fielding;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 8
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 8|| align=center | 8|| {{sort|2019|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]}}
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 7
| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| {{sort|2012|[[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| {{sortname|Niall|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 4|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2009|[[2009 ICC World Twenty20]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Neil|Rock}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 5|| align=center | 5|| {{sort|2021|[[Zimbabwean cricket team in Ireland in 2021|Zimbabwe in Ireland in 2021]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 5
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 4|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2015|[[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}}|| align=center rowspan=2| 3|| align=center rowspan=2| 3|| {{sort|2019|[[2018–19 Oman Quadrangular Series]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} {{dagger}}|| {{sort|2021|[[South African cricket team in Ireland in 2021|South Africa in Ireland in 2021]]}}
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 4 September 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most dismissals in a series by a wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_series.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Fielding records===

====Most career catches====
[[Caught]] is one of the nine methods a batsman can be [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] in cricket.{{efn|In 2017, ''The Laws of Cricket'' were amended, reducing the methods of dismissals from ten to nine, with [[handled the ball]] now covered as part of [[obstructing the field]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The new cricket rule changes coming into effect from 28 September |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20822607/the-new-cricket-rule-changes-coming-effect-september-28 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 September 2017 |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>}} The majority of catches are caught in the [[slip (cricket)|slips]], located behind the batsman, next to the wicket-keeper, on the [[off side]] of the field. Most slip fielders are [[Batting order (cricket)|top order]] batsmen.<ref>{{cite book|first1=S.|last1=Giridhar|first2=V. J.|last2= Raghunath|year=2014 |title=Mid-Wicket Tales: From Trumper to Tendulkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IPwjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|page=2|isbn=978-81-321-1738-4 |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mike|last=Selvey|author-link=Mike Selvey |title=The greatest slip catcher |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/863595/the-greatest-slip-catcher|magazine=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=May 2015 |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

South Africa's [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] holds the record for the most catches in T20Is by a non-wicket-keeper with 75, followed by New Zealand's [[Martin Guptill]] with 68. [[George Dockrell]] is the leading catcher for Ireland.<ref name="Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283650.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 52
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 107|| 2010-2022
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 40
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}}|| align=center | 110|| 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 30
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 81 || 2015-2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 28
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 116|| 2009-2022
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 25
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 46 || 2019-2022
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=5 | Last Updated: 19 October 2022<ref name="Ireland T20I records - Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most career catches by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most catches in an innings====
The feat of taking 4 catches in an innings has been achieved by 14 fielders on 14 occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283641.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> No Irishmen fielder has achieved this feat. The most is three catches on nine occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fielders who have taken three catches in an innings in an T20I |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;qualmax1=3;qualmin1=3;qualval1=caught;size=200;team=29;template=results;type=fielding;view=innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Dismissals
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=6| 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=6| 3
| {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}}|| {{cr|Kenya}}|| [[Mombasa Sports Club Ground]], [[Mombasa]], Kenya|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|February|22}}
|-
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}}|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|30}}
|-
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}}|| {{cr|Scotland}}|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|January|20}}
|-
|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}}|| [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2017|March|12}}
|-
| {{sortname|Stuart|Thompson}}|| {{cr|India}}|| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|June|27}}
|-
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}}|| {{cr|West Indies}}|| [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada|| {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most dismissals in an innings by a non-wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

====Most catches in a series====
The [[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]], which saw Netherlands retain their title,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8040/report/1199549/netherlands-vs-papua-new-guinea-final-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-qualifier-2019-20 |title=Roelof van der Merwe and Brandon Glover help Netherlands defend title |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=2 November 2019}}</ref> saw the record set for the most catches taken by a non-wicket-keeper in a T20I series. [[Jersey national cricket team|Jersey's]] [[Ben Stevens (cricketer)|Ben Stevens]] and [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia's]] [[JJ Smit]] took 10 catches in the series. Kevin O'Brien in the same series took 8 catches, which is the most for an Irish fielder in a series.<ref name="T20I Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;keeper=0;orderby=caught;template=results;type=fielding;view=series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Catches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Innings
! scope=col | Series
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 6
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 8|| align=center | 8|| {{sort|2019|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=3| 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=3| 5
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 4|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2017|[[2017 Desert T20 Challenge]]}}
|-
| align=center | 3|| align=center | 3|| {{sort|2017|[[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018-19|Ireland v Afghanistan in India in 2019]]}}
|-
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} {{dagger}}|| align=center | 4|| align=center | 4|| {{sort|2019|[[2018–19 Oman Quadrangular Series]]}}
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| colspan=4|''Five Irish fielders on six occasions have taken four catches in a series''
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=6 | Last Updated: 4 September 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most catches in a series by a non wicket-keeper |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_series.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Other records===
====Most career matches====
India's [[Rohit Sharma]] holds the record for the most T20I matches played with 142. Paul Stirling is the most experienced Irish player, and is one of three players to have represented Ireland in more than 100 T20Is.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283684.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 116
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} {{dagger}} ||2009-2022
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 110
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || 2008-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 107
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} {{dagger}} ||2010-2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 81
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} {{dagger}} ||2015-2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 81
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}} || 2008-2021
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 19 October 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most career matches |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Most consecutive career matches====
Scotland's [[Richie Berrington]] holds the record for the most consecutive T20I matches played with 74. Kevin O'Brien holds the Irishmen record.<ref name="Most consecutive career matches">{{cite news |title=Most Consecutive T20I matches| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283482.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 62
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} ||2016-2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 56*
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} ||2019-2022
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 49*
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}}{{dagger}} ||2019-2022
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 46
|{{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} ||2008-2016
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 37
| {{sortname|William|Porterfield}} ||2008-2014
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last updated: 19 October 2022<ref name="Most consecutive career matches"/>
|}

====Most matches as captain====
[[MS Dhoni]], who led the Indian cricket team from 2007 to 2016, holds the record for the most matches played as captain in T20Is with 72. [[William Porterfield]] holds the Irish record.<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283428.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Player
! Won
! Lost
! Tied
! NR
! Win%
! Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 56
| {{sortname|William|Porterfield}} || 26 || 26 || 0 || 4 || 50.00 || 2008–2017
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 52
| {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || 19 || 31 || 1 || 1 || 38.23 || 2020–2023
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 26
| {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}} || 12 || 13 || 1 || 0|| 48.08 || 2016–2019
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 14
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 50.00 || 2019–2023
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 4
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || 0 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0.00 || 2015–2015
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=9 | Last Updated: 18 August 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Most matches as captain |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/individual/most_matches_as_captain.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

====Youngest players on Debut====
The youngest player to play in a T20I match is Marian Gherasim at the age of 14 years and 16 days. Making his debut for [[Romania national cricket team|Romania]] against the [[Bulgaria national cricket team|Bulgaria]] on 16 October 2020 in the [[2020 T20I Balkan Cup|first T20I of the 2020 Balkan Cup]]<ref name="T20I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1235829.html |title=1st T20I, Ilfov County, Oct 16 2020, Balkan Cup |access-date=18 March 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> thus becoming the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Youngest players|youngest to play in a men's T20I match]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thecricketer.com/topics/international/icc_prohibit_under_15s_international_cricket.html |title= ICC prohibit under 15s from playing international cricket |access-date=18 March 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/wonder-women-ten-t20i-records-women-own/ |title=Wonder Women – Ten T20I records women own |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="T20I matches Youngest Debutant">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Youngest players |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283466.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|16 years and 309 days}}
| {{sortname|Josh|Little}} || {{cr|Hong Kong}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|5}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|17 years and 194 days}}
| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium]], [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2010|February|1}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|18 years and 285 days}}
| {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || [[The Oval]], [[London]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|15}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|19 years and 285 days}}
| {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|September|17}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|19 years and 361 days}}
| {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} || {{cr|Hong Kong}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2016|September|5}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 9 August 2020<ref name="T20I matches Youngest Debutant" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;orderbyad=reverse;team=29;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Ireland - Youngest Debutant | accessdate=28 March 2021| publisher =ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Oldest Players on Debut====
The Turkish batsmen Osman Göker is the oldest player to make their debut a T20I match. Playing in the [[2019 Continental Cup (cricket)|2019 Continental Cup]] against Romania at [[Moara Vlasiei Cricket Ground]], [[Moara Vlăsiei]] he was aged 59 years and 181 days.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/577850-oldest-international-cricket-player-on-debut |title=Oldest international cricket player on debut |work= Guinness World Records |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oldest players on debut">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Oldest debutants |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283460.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|35 years and 190 days}}
| {{sortname|Jeremy|Bray}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|8}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|29 years and 95 days}}
| {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}} ||rowspan=4|{{cr|Scotland}} ||rowspan=3|[[Civil Service Cricket Club]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || rowspan=3|{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2008|August|2}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|32 years and 341 days}}
| {{sortname|Kyle|McCallan}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|32 years and 325 days}}
| {{sortname|Andre|Botha|dab=cricketer}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|32 years and 255 days}}
| {{sortname|John|Anderson|dab=Irish cricketer}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2015|June|18}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 28 March 2021<ref name="Oldest players on debut" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=29;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Ireland - Oldest Debutant | accessdate=28 March 2021| publisher =ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

====Oldest Players====
The Turkish batsmen Osman Göker is the oldest player to appear in a T20I match during the same above mentioned match.<ref name="Oldest players">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Oldest debutants |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283455.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Age
! scope=col | Player
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center |1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|1|39 years and 215 days}}
| {{sortname|Trent|Johnston}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2013|November|30}}
|-
| align=center |2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|2|37 years and 184 days}}
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Zimbabwe}} || [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]], [[Magheramason]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|September|4}}
|-
| align=center |3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|3|35 years and 247 days}}
| {{sortname|Boyd|Rankin}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|March|8}}
|-
| align=center |4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|4|35 years and 192 days}}
| {{sortname|Jeremy|Bray}} || {{cr|India}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2009|June|10}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
| align=center |5
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | {{sort|5|35 years and 180 days}}
| {{sortname|Ed|Joyce}} || {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|21}} {{double-dagger}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 4 September 2021<ref name="Oldest players" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;debut_or_last=2;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=29;template=results;type=batting;view=innings | title= Ireland - Oldest Players | accessdate=28 March 2021| publisher =ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|}

==Partnership records==
In cricket, two batsmen are always present at the [[Crease (cricket)|crease]] batting together in a partnership. This partnership will continue until one of them is [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]], [[Substitute (cricket)#Retired hurt (or not out)|retires]] or the innings comes to a close.

===Highest partnerships by wicket===
A wicket partnership describes the number of runs scored before each wicket falls. The first wicket partnership is between the opening batsmen and continues until the first wicket falls. The second wicket partnership then commences between the [[not out]] batsman and the number three batsman. This partnership continues until the second wicket falls. The third wicket partnership then commences between the not out batsman and the new batsman. This continues down to the tenth wicket partnership. When the tenth wicket has fallen, there is no batsman left to partner so the innings is closed.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
! align=center | {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 154 || rowspan=2|{{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|02|2nd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 96 || {{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}} || {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|24}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|03|3rd Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 80 || {{sortname|Gareth|Delany}} || {{sortname|Harry|Tector}} || {{cr|Oman}} || [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground|Al Amerat Cricket Ground]], [[Al Amerat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|February|22}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|04|4th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 101 || {{sortname|Andrew|Poynter}} || {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|Netherlands}} || [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|March|21}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 119* || {{sortname|Curtis|Campher}} || rowspan=2| {{sortname|George|Dockrell}} || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}}{{double-dagger}}
|-
! {{sort|06|6th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 86 || {{sortname|Lorcan|Tucker}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Bristol County Ground]], [[Bristol]], England || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|3}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|07|7th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 67* || rowspan=2|{{sortname|George|Dockrell}} || {{sortname|Stuart|Poynter}} || {{cr|Afghanistan}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|21}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|08|8th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 74 || {{sortname|Fionn|Hand}} || {{cr|Afghanistan}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|August|12}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|09|9th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 47* || {{sortname|Gary|Wilson|dab=cricketer}} || {{sortname|Max|Sorensen}} || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]], [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|July|18}}
|-
! align=center | {{sort|010|10th Wicket}}
| scope=row style=text-align:center; | 44* || {{sortname|Barry|McCarthy}} || {{sortname|Josh|Little}} || {{cr|South Africa}} || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]], [[Dublin]], Ireland || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|July|19}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 19 July 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/Ireland/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |title=Ireland/Records/T20I matches/Highest partnerships by wicket |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
|}

===Highest partnerships by runs===
The highest T20I partnership by runs for any wicket is held by the Afghan pairing of [[Hazratullah Zazai]] and [[Usman Ghani]] who put together an opening wicket partnership of 236 runs during the [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018-19|Ireland v Afghanistan series in India in 2019]]<ref>{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283622.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Wicket
! scope=col | Runs
! scope=col | First batsman
! scope=col | Second batsman
! scope=col | Opposition
! scope=col | Venue
! scope=col | Date
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 154
| rowspan=2|{{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || rowspan=2|{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || [[National Cricket Stadium (Grenada)|National Cricket Stadium]], [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]], Grenada || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|January|15}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 126
|| {{cr|Afghanistan|2013}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dehradun]], India || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|23}}
|-
| align=center | {{sort|05|5th Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 119*
| {{sortname|Curtis|Campher}}{{dagger}} || {{sortname|George|Dockrell}}{{dagger}} || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]], Australia || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|October|19}}
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| {{sort|01|1st Wicket}}
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 115
| {{sortname|Kevin|O'Brien|dab=cricketer}} || rowspan=2|{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}{{dagger}} || {{cr|Scotland}} || [[Al Amerat Cricket Stadium]], [[Muscat]], Oman || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|February|15}}
|-
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 109*
| {{sortname|William|Porterfield}}|| {{cr|Canada}} || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]], UAE || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2012|March|22}}
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=7 | Last Updated: 19 October 2022<ref>{{cite news |title=Ireland T20I Records – Highest partnerships by runs |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?class=3;id=29;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Highest overall partnership runs by a pair===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:centre;"
|-
! scope="col"| Rank
! scope="col"| Runs
! scope="col"| Innings
! scope="col"| Players
! scope="col"| Highest
! scope="col"| Average
! scope="col"| 100/50
! scope="col"| T20I career span
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope="row" | 1,811
| 63 || [[Andrew Balbirnie]] & [[Paul Stirling]] {{dagger}} || 103 || 29.20 || 1/15 || 2015–2023
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope="row" | 1,720
| 49 || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] & [[Paul Stirling]] || 154 || 35.10 || 3/10 || 2010–2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope="row" | 1,065
| 40 || [[William Porterfield]] & [[Paul Stirling]] || 109* || 28.78 || 1/6 || 2009–2018
|-
| align=center | 4
! scope="row" | 477
| 27 || [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] & [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] || 53 || 17.66 || 0/3 || 2009–2019
|-
| align=center | 5
! scope="row" | 439
| 15 || [[William Porterfield]] & [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] || 59 || 31.35 || 0/4 || 2008–2016
|-class="sortbottom"
| scope="row" colspan=9 | ''An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen was dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or the required score being reached).'' Last updated: 18 August 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;team=29;template=results;type=fow|title=Records–Twenty20 Internationals–Partnership records–Highest overall partnership runs by a pair–ESPN Cricinfo|publisher=ESPN| work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Umpiring records==
===Most matches umpired===
An [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] in cricket is a person who officiates the match according to the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. Two umpires adjudicate the match on the field, whilst a [[third umpire]] has access to video replays, and a [[fourth umpire]] looks after the match balls and other duties. The records below are only for on-field umpires.

[[Ahsan Raza]] of Pakistan holds the record for the most T20I matches umpired with 49. The most experienced Irishmen umpire is [[Alan Neill]] with 15 matches officiated so far.<ref name="umpires">{{cite news |title=T20I Records – Most matches umpired |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283392.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope=col | Rank
! scope=col | Matches
! scope=col | Umpire
! scope=col | Period
|-
| align=center | 1
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 20
| {{sortname|Alan|Neill}} {{dagger}}|| 2016-2021
|-
| align=center | 2
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 18
| {{sortname|Roland|Black}} {{dagger}}|| 2016-2021
|-
| align=center | 3
! scope=row style=text-align:center; | 17
| {{sortname|Mark|Hawthorne|Mark Hawthorne (umpire)}} {{dagger}}|| 2012-2021
|-
| align=center rowspan=2| 4
! scope=row style=text-align:center; rowspan=2| 6
| {{sortname|Richard|Smith|dab=umpire}}|| 2012-2012
|-
| {{sortname|Mary|Waldron}} {{dagger}}|| 2019-2019
|-
|- class=sortbottom
| colspan=4 | Last Updated: 4 September 2021<ref name="umpires"/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
*[[List of Twenty20 International cricket records]]
*[[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks]]
*[[List of Test cricket records]]
*[[List of One Day International cricket records]]
*[[List of Ireland Test cricket records]]
*[[List of Ireland One Day International cricket records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket records}}
{{Cricket in Ireland}}

[[Category:Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics]]

Adult animation

2026-02-05T15:58:45Z

JacobJamison9: small changes

{{Short description|Animation aimed at adults}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Wax_Museum_Plus_(6345577800).jpg|thumb|Wax statues of [[List of The Simpsons characters|the main protagonists]] in ''[[The Simpsons]]'', one of the earliest and most famous adult animated works.]]
'''Adult animation'''{{Efn|Also known as '''mature animation''', '''mature cartoon''' or '''adult cartoon''', and infrequently as '''adult-oriented animation''' or '''mature-oriented animation''' and '''adult-oriented cartoon''' or '''mature-oriented cartoon'''.}} is [[animation]] in the form of films and television series that is catered specifically to general interests and is mainly targeted and marketed towards teenagers, young adults, and mature audiences as opposed to children or all-ages audiences.

== Characteristics and themes ==
[[List of adult animated feature films|Animated films]], [[List of adult animated television series|television series]], and [[List of adult animated web series|web series]] in this medium could be considered adult for any number of reasons, which include the incorporation of [[dark comedy|dark humor]], violence, adult humor, mature themes, [[shock value]], [[toilet humour]], [[nudity]], [[sexual content]] (either [[pornography|explicit]] or suggestive), [[profanity]], political themes, or other [[thematic elements]] inappropriate for children and/or younger viewers. Works may explore philosophical, political, [[Satire|satirical]], or social issues.<ref name="History">{{cite web |last=Martinez |first=Sam |url=https://thebutlercollegian.com/2024/03/adult-animation-an-ever-changing-industry/ |title=Adult animation: An ever-changing industry |date=March 5, 2024 |website=The Butler - Collegian |access-date=April 5, 2024}}</ref>

Some animated productions are noted for their complex and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques, the latter with many distinct styles have defined such unique artistry.<ref name="History" />

== Definitions ==
Adult animation is typically defined as animation that is aimed at an adult audience.<ref>{{cite web |last=Motamayor |first=Rafael |date=10 March 2020 |title=11 Adult Animation Shows We Can't Wait to See in 2020 |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/adult-animation-shows-we-cant-wait-to-see-in-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003130158/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/adult-animation-shows-we-cant-wait-to-see-in-2020/ |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vargas |first=Alani |date=1 October 2018 |title=7 Animated TV Shows On Netflix That Adults Will Absolutely Love |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/7-animated-tv-shows-on-netflix-that-adults-will-absolutely-love-12105614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110035151/https://www.bustle.com/p/7-animated-tv-shows-on-netflix-that-adults-will-absolutely-love-12105614 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jaworski |first1=Michelle |last2=Riese |first2=Monica |last3=Weber |first3=Sarah |date=10 January 2019 |title=The 17 best cartoons for adults |url=https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/best-cartoon-shows-for-adults/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112936/https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/best-cartoon-shows-for-adults/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Collider Staff |date=21 April 2020 |title=The 25 Best Cartoons for Adults Streaming Right Now |url=https://collider.com/best-cartoons-for-adults-streaming-animated-shows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004135000/https://collider.com/best-cartoons-for-adults-streaming-animated-shows/ |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> It is also described as something that "formative youths should stay far, far away from"<ref>{{cite web |last=Fowler |first=Matt |date=25 March 2019 |title=The 25 Best Adult Cartoon TV Series |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/03/25/top-25-animated-shows-for-adults |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113151559/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/03/25/top-25-animated-shows-for-adults |archive-date=13 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> or has adult humor<ref>{{cite web |last=Krell |first=Jason |date=8 April 2014 |title=Why Saying Animation Is Only For Kids Is Bullshit |url=https://gizmodo.com/why-saying-animation-is-only-for-kids-is-bullshit-1561023216 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531111141/https://gizmodo.com/why-saying-animation-is-only-for-kids-is-bullshit-1561023216 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Laux |first=Cameron |date=27 November 2019 |title=Is Japanese Anime Going Mainstream? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191127-the-spirited-world-of-japanese-anime |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520104218/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20191127-the-spirited-world-of-japanese-anime |archive-date=20 May 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> and comes in various styles,<ref>{{cite web |last=Baron |first=Reuben |date=23 December 2019 |title=Adult Animation Is Better Than Ever - So Why Does It Draw Ridicule? |url=https://www.cbr.com/adult-animation-primal-undone-bojack-horseman-rick-and-morty-bobs-burgers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223115245/https://www.cbr.com/adult-animation-primal-undone-bojack-horseman-rick-and-morty-bobs-burgers/ |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Barrett |first=Duncan |date=2 November 2020 |title=Animation nation: how Covid fuelled the rise of adult cartoons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/nov/02/animation-nation-how-covid-fuelled-the-rise-of-adult-cartoons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120063807/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/nov/02/animation-nation-how-covid-fuelled-the-rise-of-adult-cartoons |archive-date=20 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sarto |first=Dan |date=19 March 2020 |title=What Future Lies in Store for Non-Comedy Adult Animation? |url=https://www.awn.com/animationworld/what-future-lies-store-non-comedy-adult-animation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110215442/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/what-future-lies-store-non-comedy-adult-animation |archive-date=10 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Animation World Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silliman |first=Brian |date=2 November 2019 |title=SYFY drawing in more animation with a midnight-ish block of adult genre fun |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/syfy-tzgz-adult-animated-genre-programming-block |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026031602/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/syfy-tzgz-adult-animated-genre-programming-block |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[SYFY]]}}</ref> but especially sitcoms and comedies.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanderson |first=Katherine |date=30 June 2020 |title=The Future of Adult Animation (With and Without Comedy) |url=https://www.animationave.com/television/the-future-of-adult-animation-with-and-without-comedy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129185914/https://www.animationave.com/television/the-future-of-adult-animation-with-and-without-comedy |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=Animation Ave}}</ref> Some have stated that it refers to animations with "adult themes and situations", which uses "explicit language" and make jokes that adults, and often teens, are "more likely to understand" than others.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mokry |first=Natalie |date=15 July 2017 |title=A Brief History of Cartoons for Adults |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/brief-history-cartoons-adults/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814225839/https://filmschoolrejects.com/brief-history-cartoons-adults/ |archive-date=14 August 2019 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=Film School Rejects}}</ref> On television, such animations often run in the evening, but they are not generally pornographic or obscene.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Kunkel III |first=Earl Monroe |date=2009 |title=Why ARE people laughing at rape? American adult animation and Adult Swim: Aqua Teen Hunger Force as contemporary humour |type=Masters |publisher=[[Lehigh University]] |pages=5–6, 9 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304916287 |access-date=29 November 2020 |id={{ProQuest|304916287}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mak |first=Phillip |date=10 July 2020 |title=Why is everybody talking about adult animation? |url=https://blog.toonboom.com/why-is-everybody-talking-about-adult-animation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830145515/https://blog.toonboom.com/why-is-everybody-talking-about-adult-animation |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[Toon Boom Animation]]}}</ref> ''[[AdWeek]]'' called adult animation "animated projects aimed at grown-ups, not kids."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sutton |first=Kelsey |date=12 April 2020 |title=How Adult Animation Became the Hottest Genre for Streaming Services |url=https://www.adweek.com/tv-video/how-adult-animation-became-the-hottest-genre-for-streaming-services/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426194219/https://www.adweek.com/tv-video/how-adult-animation-became-the-hottest-genre-for-streaming-services/ |archive-date=26 April 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[AdWeek]]}}</ref> They also focus on issues that adults handle,<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Advertising Embraces Adult Animation's Existential Turn |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/advertising-embraces-adult-animations-existential-turn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129184526/https://www.lbbonline.com/news/advertising-embraces-adult-animations-existential-turn |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=LBB Online}}</ref> and have cheeky, and occasionally crass, humor "that has no limits—bouncing between funny and offensive," while evoking a "balance of reality and fantasy". They may also contain violence or sexual themes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Habib |first=Ayesha |date=20 May 2020 |title=Why Adult Animation Shows Like Netflix's Midnight Gospel Are the Perfect Form of Escapism Right Now |url=https://nuvomagazine.com/daily-edit/why-adult-animation-escapism-right-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810052953/https://nuvomagazine.com/daily-edit/why-adult-animation-escapism-right-now |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=Nuvo Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Heckleton |first=Jeff |date=27 October 2017 |title=The Double-Edged Stigma Faced By Western Animation |url=https://the-artifice.com/stigma-western-animation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015358/https://the-artifice.com/stigma-western-animation/ |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |website=[[The Artifice (magazine)|The Artifice]]}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Arthouse animation]]
* [[Independent animation]]
* [[Cartoon violence]]
* [[Black comedy]]
* [[Adult puppeteering]]
* [[Adult animation by country]]
* [[Animation in the United States in the television era]]
* [[History of animation]]
* [[List of years in animation]]
* [[Modern animation in the United States]]
* [[List of adult animated television series]]
* [[List of adult animated web series]]
* [[List of adult animated feature films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing adult animated films]]
* [[Firsts in animation]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== References ==

<references />

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.avclub.com/a-brief-history-of-adult-animation-1850067524 The Brief History of Adult Animation] on [[The A.V. Club]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/oct/21/why-is-adult-animation-bigger-than-ever Life drawing: why is adult animation bigger than ever? - article at The Guardian]

{{Animation}}

[[Category:Adult animation| ]]

Purnima Mahato

2026-02-04T21:21:31Z

JacobJamison9: New...

{{Short description|Indian archer and coach}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Purnima Mahato
| image = Purnima mahato with deepika kumari at world cup final,istanbul.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Mahato (in right) with Deepika Kumari at the World Cup final in Istanbul
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Archery]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| club = Tata Archery Academy
| team = Indian Archery Team Coach
| turnedpro = 1993
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking = National Champions
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Target archery|archery]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
}}

'''Purnima Mahato''' is an [[Indian Archer|Indian archer]] and archery coach from [[Jamshedpur]], India.<ref name=coaches>{{cite web|author=Social Post |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/purnima-mahato-selected-as-indian-archery-team-coach-027723.html |title=Purnima Mahato selected as Indian Archery team coach |publisher=One India |date=30 July 2008 |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> She has won the Indian national archery championships. She was a [[coach (sport)|coach]] for the Indian national team at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and was selected to coach the team at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. She was awarded [[Dronacharya award]] from [[President of India]] for 2013 on 29 August 2013.<ref name="five nominated for droncharya award">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/five-nominated-for-dronacharya-awards/article5003454.ece |title=hindu – Five nominated for Dronacharya Awards |publisher=Hindu |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/purnima-mahato-narendra-saini-recommended-for-dronacharya_766705.html |title=zee news – Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya |publisher=Zee news |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=8 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya Award">{{cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/212089-purnima-mahato-narendra-saini-recommended-for-dronacharya-award |title=NDTV – Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya Award |publisher=NDTV |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=8 August 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810174810/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/othersports/212089-purnima-mahato-narendra-saini-recommended-for-dronacharya-award |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ms. Purnima Mahato, Tata Steel Employee and Senior Coach at Tata Archery Academy has been bestowed with the prestigious Dronacharya Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.tatasteelindia.com/UserNewsRoom/usershowcontent.asp?id=984&type=PressRelease&REFERER= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131014074906/http://www.tatasteelindia.com/UserNewsRoom/usershowcontent.asp?id=984&type=PressRelease&REFERER= |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=TATA STEEL – Ms. Purnima Mahato, Tata Steel Employee and Senior Coach at Tata Archery Academy has been bestowed with the prestigious Dronacharya Award |publisher=TATA STEEL |date=31 August 2013 |accessdate=31 August 2013 }}</ref> She was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]] 2024, India's fourth highest civilian award, for her work in the field of Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Never thought would reach such a level": Purnima Mahato after being honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/never-thought-would-reach-such-a-level-purnima-mahato-after-being-honoured-with-padma-shri20240126232003/}}</ref>

==Career==
As a child, Mahato watched archery at a range in [[Birsanagar]], Jamshedpur.<ref name=nationalchmp/> She trained there before moving to a range at Burmamines, Jamshedpur when the one in Birsanagar closed.<ref name=nationalchmp/> She made it to the Indian national team in 1992, and moved to [[New Delhi|Delhi]] to train with the team.<ref name=nationalchmp/>

As an archer, Mahato earned medals in both national and international archery competitions.<ref name=comgwealhgames/> She was also an Indian national champion.<ref name=nationalchmp>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041228/asp/jharkhand/story_4184416.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104234029/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041228/asp/jharkhand/story_4184416.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2013 |title=Calcutta : Jharkhand |publisher=The Telegraph (India) |date=28 December 2004 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> At the 1993 International Archery Championship, she earned a gold medal in the team event.<ref name=coaches/> At the 1994 Pune National Games, she won six [[gold medals]] in archery.<ref name=nationalchmp/><ref name=pune1>{{cite web |url=http://www.punekhel.com/pune_records.html |title=Pune Khel |publisher=Pune Khel |date= |accessdate=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421063853/http://www.punekhel.com/pune_records.html |archive-date=21 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She competed at the 1994 Asian Games but did not medal.<ref name=nationalchmp/> In 1997 at the National Championships, she earned two gold medals and set two national records.<ref name=1997records>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/revents/03/19970399.htm |title=Sport Events in 1997 |publisher=Hindu.com |date= |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=nationalchmp/> At the 1999 Indian National Games, [[Dola Banerjee]] broke a national record Mahato had set two years earlier in the 30 metre archery event.<ref name=thisrecord>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990218/isp18057.html |title=Millet wins three more gold medals, State shooters excel |publisher=Express India |date=18 February 1999 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref>

===Coaching===
Mahato is an archery coach. Starting in 1994, she coached at the Tata Archery Academy, a position she had held as of 2012.<ref name=coaches/><ref name=comgwealhgames/><ref name=tatasteel>{{cite web |url=http://tatasteelindia.com/UserNewsRoom/usershowcontent.asp?id=769&type=PressRelease&REFERER= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203123337/http://tatasteelindia.com/UserNewsRoom/usershowcontent.asp?id=769&type=PressRelease&REFERER= |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Tata Steel Newsroom – Press Releases |publisher=Tata Steel Newsroom |date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=22 July 2012 }}</ref> Archers she has personally coached include 2012 Summer Olympian [[Deepika Kumari]].<ref name=deepika>{{cite web|author=Aprameya |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/london-olympics-2012-who-is-deepika-kumari-064560.html |title=London Olympics 2012: Who is Deepika Kumari? |publisher=One India |date= 9 July 2012|access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=deepika2>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/OtherSports/The-powerpuff-girls/Article1-882915.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705230757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/OtherSports/The-powerpuff-girls/Article1-882915.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2012 |title=The powerpuff girls |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=3source>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Deepika-Kumari-leads-Indian-archers-Olympic-dream-in-London/articleshow/14686960.cms |title=Deepika Kumari leads Indian archers' Olympic dream in London |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=mahghto>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Ace-archer-Deepika-Kumari-will-shoot-for-Olympic-glory/articleshow/15010262.cms |title=Ace archer Deepika Kumari will shoot for Olympic glory |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=copaching>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baby-deepika-set-to-take-the-big-step/691668/0 |title=Baby Deepika set to take the big step |publisher=Indian Express |date=3 October 2010 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=stuffsource>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/exclusive/winning-an-olympic-medal-is-my-only-goal-deepika-kumari_745072.html |title=Winning an Olympic medal is my only goal: Deepika Kumari |publisher=India News |date=5 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref>

Mahato has been a coach for Indian national teams at several events<ref name=coaches/> including the 2005 Senior World Outdoor Archery Championship at Spain, where her team earned a silver medal.<ref name=coaches/> She also coached the Indian side at the [[2007 Asian Archery Championships|2007 Senior Asian Archery Championship]] in China,<ref name=coaches/> where the men's team she coached finished first and the women's team she coached finished third.<ref name=coaches/> She was an assistant coach for India at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=2008olympics>{{cite web|author=Jayesh Thaker |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080801/jsp/jharkhand/story_9628702.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203171620/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080801/jsp/jharkhand/story_9628702.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Purnima raring to go |publisher=The Telegraph (India) |date=1 August 2008 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=assistantcoach>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080811/jsp/sports/story_9676161.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203163851/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080811/jsp/sports/story_9676161.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Dola & Co. bow out in quarter finals |publisher=The Telegraph (India) |date=11 August 2008 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> She also coached the Indian side at the 2008 World Cup in Croatia,<ref name=coaches/> where her archers earned a silver medal and a bronze medal at the event.<ref name=coaches/> She coached India at the 2009 World Youth Archery Championship.<ref name=2009wroldyouth>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/12/stories/2009071256641400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716230844/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/12/stories/2009071256641400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2009 |title=Sport / Archery : Indian squad leaves |date=12 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> She coached the three Indian archers at the 2010 Archery World Cup Grand.<ref name=threarchers>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Indian-archers-confident-before-Archery-World-Cup-Grand-Final/articleshow/6548593.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103125158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-13/others/28235889_1_bombayla-devi-indian-archers-tarundeep-rai |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Indian archers confident before Archery World Cup Grand Final |date=13 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> She coached the Indian national team at the [[2010 Asian Games]], where her archers earned two bronze medals in the individual events.<ref name=more2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112353111900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127141003/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112353111900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2010 |title=Sport : Indian archers take bronze |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 November 2010 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> She coached the Indian national team at the [[2010 Commonwealth games]], with her archers earning three gold and two bronze medals.<ref name=comgwealhgames>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatasteel.com/UserNewsRoom/usershowcontent.asp?id=99&type=WhatNew&REFERER=http://www.tatasteel.com/whatnewdetails.asp?WhatNewId=99 |title=What's New |publisher=Tata Steel |date= |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref> At the Global Sports Summit TURF 2011, she was named the coach of the year.<ref name=tatasteel/> She got [[Ram Dayal Munda]] [[Award]] for BestCoach of the year from [[Government of Jharkhand]] on [[Olympic Day Run]] celebrations, 23 June 2012 at [[Ranchi]].<ref name=moreawards>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/epapermain.aspx?pppp=20&queryed=9&eddate=6/24/2012%2012:00:00%20AM |title=Sports Personnel Received Awards |publisher=The [[Prabhat Khabar]] |date=24 June 2012 |accessdate=25 July 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306112857/https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/epapermain.aspx?pppp=20&queryed=9&eddate=6/24/2012%2012:00:00%20AM |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mahato was selected to represent India at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] as the national team's coach.<ref name=coaches/><ref name=londobound>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article3640194.ece |title=Sport / Other Sports : Warm send-off for Indian archery squad |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=2012more>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=7&contentid=20120716201207160937312962fd7a4ab |title=Pune Mirror – Pune Mirror |publisher=Punemirror.in |date=16 July 2012 |accessdate=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223742/http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=7&contentid=20120716201207160937312962fd7a4ab |archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Mahato represented India at [[2016 Summer Olympics]] as the national team's coach.<ref name=coaches/><ref name=rio-2016-olympics>{{cite web|author=Archiman Bhaduri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/archery/time-for-indian-archers-to-bury-london-ghosts/articleshow/53415638.cms |title=Time for Indian archers to bury London ghosts |work=timesofindia |date=29 July 2016 |accessdate=28 July 2024}}</ref>

Mahato was selected to represent India at [[2024 Summer Olympics]] as coach of India Archery Team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/paris-olympics-2024/coaching-over-mommy-duties-purnima-mahatos-sacrifices-for-elusive-archery-medal/articleshow/111965108.cms
|title=Coaching over Mommy duties: Purnima Mahato's sacrifices for elusive archery medal
|newspaper=The Times of India
}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Padma Shri Purnima mahato.jpg|thumb|Purnima Mahato is receiving Padma Shri Award from President]]
[[File:Purnima Mahato is receiving Donacharya Award from President.jpg|thumb|Purnima Mahato is receiving Donacharya Award from President]]
Purnima Mahato was awarded [[Padma Shri]] from [[President of India]] for 2024 on 22 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024: Rohan Bopanna, Joshna Chinappa among seven sportspersons to get Padma Shri |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/padma-shri-award-2024-india-sportspersons-winners-list-rohan-bopanna}}</ref> Purnima Mahato was awarded [[Dronacharya award]] from [[President of India]] for 2013 on 29 August 2013.<ref name="five nominated for droncharya award"/><ref name="Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya"/><ref name="Purnima Mahato, Narendra Saini recommended for Dronacharya Award"/><ref name="Ms. Purnima Mahato, Tata Steel Employee and Senior Coach at Tata Archery Academy has been bestowed with the prestigious Dronacharya Award"/><ref name="Purnima bags Dronacharya with ace pupils in quiver">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130824/jsp/jharkhand/story_17264662.jsp#.UluR3NJ8n4s |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131014092926/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130824/jsp/jharkhand/story_17264662.jsp%23.UluR3NJ8n4s |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=Telegraph – Purnima bags Dronacharya with ace pupils in quiver |publisher=Telegraph |date=24 August 2013 |accessdate=24 August 2013}}</ref> Purnima Mahato is the first woman of [[Jharkhand]] awarded with Prestigious [[Dronacharya Award]] .<ref name="Ms. Purnima Mahato, Tata Steel Employee and Senior Coach at Tata Archery Academy has been bestowed with the prestigious Dronacharya Award"/><ref name="A great honour for me: Purnima Mahato">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/others/41661815_1_dronacharya-award-medal-honour |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/others/41661815_1_dronacharya-award-medal-honour |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |title=Times Of India – A great honour for me: Purnima Mahato |date=1 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref>

President Draupadi Murmu honoured Jharkhand's Purnima Mahato, Padma Shri award in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=President Draupadi Murmu honoured Jharkhand's Purnima Mahato, Padma Shri in New Delhi. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/padma-awards-2024-president-draupadi-murmu-honored-purnima-mahto-chami-murmu-with-padma-shri-grj |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal bar|India|Sports|Olympics|Biography}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://twitter.com/punuarchery Purnima Mahato on Twitter]
* [http://www.facebook.com/PUNUARCHERY Purnima Mahato on Facebook]

{{National squad
| name = India Olympic archery team
| bg = Blue
| fg = Yellow
| country = India
| team link = India Olympic archery team
| title = India archery squad
| comp = Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics
| comp link = India Olympic archery team
| p1 = [[Deepika Kumari]]
| p2 = [[Bombayala Devi]]
| p3 = [[Chekrovolu Swuro]]
| p4 = [[Jayanta Talukdar]]
| p5 = [[Rahul Banerjee (archer)|Rahul Banerjee]]
| p6 = [[Tarundeep Rai]]
| p7 = Ravi Shankar (coach)
| p8 = Limba Ram(coach)
| p9 = Purnima Mahato(coach)
| p10 = Paresh Nath Mukherjee(manager)
}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Purnima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female archers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sport in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Archers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Archers at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]

Indian People's Tribunal

2026-02-03T03:56:28Z

JacobJamison9: Put Up A Pg

{{Short description|Organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Indian People's Tribunal
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = Indian Peoples Tribunal logo.png
| image_border =
| size = 120px
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|06|05}}
| extinction = 
| type = NGO
| status = 
| purpose = 
| headquarters =
| location = [[Mumbai]], New Delhi
| coords = 
| region_served = India
| membership =
| language = 
| general = 
| leader_title = 
| leader_name = 
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| main_organ = 
| parent_organisation = [[Human Rights Law Network]]
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iptindia.org/}}
| remarks =
| former name =
}}
The '''Indian People's Tribunal''' ('''IPT'''), also called the '''Indian People's Tribunal on Environmental and Human Rights''' or '''Independent People's Tribunal''', was a People's Tribunal set up by the NGO the [[Human Rights Law Network]] (HRLN) on 5 June 1993.{{sfn|IPT – About}}
The IPT is an unofficial body led by retired judges who form a panel that conducts public enquiries into [[human rights]] and environmental abuses.
It provides an alternative outlet for the victims faced with official obstruction and delays.{{sfn|Kumar|2003}}
Since being founded the IPT has conducted numerous investigations into cases of relocation of rural people to make way for dams or parks, eviction of slum dwellers, [[industrial pollution]] and communal or [[state-sponsored violence]].

==Foundation==

The parent body of the Indian People's Tribunal is the Human Rights Law Network, a collective of lawyers and social activists who promote human rights in India and neighbouring countries.{{sfn|Human Rights Law Network}}
The objectives of the IPT when it was founded in 1993 were to "encourage victim communities to fight for their rights ... highlight the imperatives of equity and human dignity in the search for true development ... and highlight the environmental and human rights abuses being perpetuated on communities and individuals by the ruling elite in pursuit of unsustainable 'development' objectives".{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=10}}
The IPT was to be a permanent body that would fight the inertia and bureaucracy of the government and the legal system through [[public-interest litigation]] and public awareness campaigns.{{sfn|Kumar|2003}}

==Activities==

The IPT acts as a "people's court", an alternative to the formal justice system, conducting investigations on many types of issue and recommending remedial actions.
It gives a voice to the people affected.{{sfn|Equal in Rights}}
Retired judges head the IPT. They are given direction by a council of experts.
Grassroots organisations throughout India provide support.
In a typical enquiry a team will visit the site and meet with affected people,
then conduct a public hearing where all involved parties are asked to give information.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
Later, the IPT issues a formal report with findings and recommendations.

==Sample investigations and reports==

===Rural evictions and relocations===
[[File:Chilla.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Haridwar]] seen from Chilla Range, [[Rajaji National Park]]. The city has growing firewood demand.{{sfn|Saberwal|2003|pp=220}}]]
In 1994 the IPT investigated the [[Rajaji National Park]], where the authorities wanted to remove the [[Gujjar]]s who had traditionally lived in the forest. The tribunal met forest officials, scientists, NGO staff and the Gujjars. A former supreme court justice, [[P.S. Poti]], prepared the IPT report, which recommended that the Gujjars be allowed to stay but assisted if they decided to leave. This would require a change to the laws, which specified that no humans could live in a national park.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|p=10}}
Justice Poti interviewed the many stakeholders, showed the complexity of the issues, and showed that moving the residents out of the forest would not guarantee its survival.{{sfn|Saberwal|2003|pp=219–220}}
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] undergoing height increase in 2006]]
The [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] project on the [[Narmada River]] in Gujarat was highly controversial, involving displacement of many people.
In 1994 [[S.M. Daud]], a retired justice of the high court of Mumbai, visited the area and wrote a report for the IPT. He described the "indiscriminate arrests, beatings, confinements and prohibitory orders" to which local opponents of the project were being subjected.
He said that unless these abuses ceased "the victims may be tempted to take to arms and add to the troubles faced by an already beleaguered nation."{{sfn|Byrne|Glover|Martinez|2002|p=88}}{{sfn|Daud|1994|p=28}}

In March 1999 the IPT investigated the condition of tribal people who had accepted an offer by the government to relocate eight years ago when a dam had submerged their land in the Narmada River Valley. The people had been promised equal amounts of land at the new site, payment to cover the cost of the move, building materials and infrastructure such as water supplies, schools and so on. The hearing found that none of these promises had been fulfilled.{{sfn|Cullet|2007|pp=372ff}}
In April 2004 the IPT issued a report in which it recommended to the national and state governments that they cancel the [[Kudremukh national park]] project due to the impact on tribal people resident in the region.{{sfn|Equitable Tourism Options 2006|p=90}}

In June 2010 the IPT released a report documenting results of an investigation of large-scale dam projects like Sardar Sarovar, [[Indira Sagar]], [[Omkareshwar]] and [[Jobat]]. The public hearings were headed by [[Ajit Prakash Shah]], former Chief Justice of Delhi.
The report described forced displacement of the local people without land-based rehabilitation.
It documented "serious non-compliance on the pari-passu implementation of rehabilitation and environmental measures" and other violations of the law.{{sfn|Singh|2010}}

===Slum evictions===
[[File:Dharavi Slum in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Dharavi]] Slum in [[Mumbai]]]]
The IPT has asserted that all citizens have the right to have a place to live, and on this basis has campaigned against [[Slum clearance in India|slum clearance]]s.{{sfn|Baruah|2010|p=108}}
In August 1995 Justice [[Hosbet Suresh]], a retired judge of the Bombay high court, issued a report titled ''Forced Evictions – An Indian People's Tribunal Enquiry into the Brutal Demolitions of Pavement and Slum Dwellers' Homes''.{{sfn|Narula|1999|p=127}}
Early in 1999 the [[Indore]] authorities began a vigorous slum clearance drive, removing slum dwellers from legal {{lang|sa|pattas}} they had been given by the state government.
[[K. Sukumaran (judge)|Judge K. Sukumaran]] of the IPT visited the rehabilitation sites and prepared a report on his findings.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=71}}

A 2005 report titled ''Bulldozing Right'' documented the fact that many of the Mumbai abuses documented in 1995 continued ten years later.{{sfn|Mahadevia|2008|p=553}}
Between November 2004 and February 2005 over 300,000 people were evicted from "illegal land" and their dwellings destroyed.
In the past these people had received electricity and other services from government agencies, and had repeatedly paid off the police.
The 2005 IPT report said of the impact on children that many suffered "post-demolition trauma" and could drop out of the school system altogether.{{sfn|Rampal|2007|p=295}}

===Industry and pollution===
[[File:RGPPL near Dabhol in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra of India.jpg|thumb|300px|Cooling towers of [[RGPPL]] power plant near [[Dabhol]]]]
In April 1998 the IPT issued a report on [[Enron]] in India, documenting police action and criminal proceedings against opponents of the [[Dabhol Power Station]].{{sfn|Human Rights Watch 1999|p=59}}
In 1999 the IPT issued a report titled ''Who Bears the Cost? Industrial and Toxic Pollution in the Golden Corridor of Gujarat''. The "golden corridor" is the {{convert|400|km}} industrial corridor along the western coast of Gujarat.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|p=57}}
Among other findings, a 2001 enquiry into the Bandra Worli Sea Link Project noted that motorways and flyovers benefit the 9% of families who owned cars.
Others suffer from increasing pollution.{{sfn|Alier|2002|p=155}}

The [[SIPCOT]] chemical industry estate in [[Cuddalore]], Tamil Nadu, was investigated in November 2002 by an IPT team headed by [[J. Kanakaraj]], a retired Madras high court justice.
The team reported "a noticeable stench of chemicals in the air".
Their report was published in July 2003.
It found that "Villages like Kudikadu, Thaikal, Eachangadu and Sonnanchavadi lie in a virtual 'gas chamber' surrounded on three sides by chemical factories and bounded on the fourth by the river".{{sfn|Shrivastava|2007|pp=181–182}}
In a 2008 report the retired secretary for water resources in the national government claimed "reason to believe that in 2000–01 the World Bank worked actively to sabotage the Report of the World Commission on Dams".{{sfn|Scudder|2010|p=230}}

The IPT held a three-day session in September 2011 on a proposed nuclear power plant and mines in [[Jaitapur]]. The local administration resisted the hearings, refusing to allow the IPT to enter the affected villages and arresting local leaders. However, the high court gave permission for the hearings to proceed. At the hearing local people talked about the issues they were facing, and people came from other states to talk about how they had been affected by similar projects.{{sfn|DiaNuke Jaitapur}}
The tribunal found that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report was inadequate and recommended preparation of a fresh and complete EIA. Work should be stopped while this was being done.{{sfn|DNA – Jaitapur}}

===Violence===
[[File:Angana Chatterji.JPG|thumb|[[Angana Chatterji]] received threats for her work on the tribunal]]
In June 2005 the IPT set up a tribunal in Orissa on the communal situation led by [[K.K. Usha]], a former Chief Justice of the high court of Kerala and the first woman to serve in this role.{{sfn|Chatterji|Desai|2006}}{{sfn|Kerala Women}}
It was convened by [[Angana P. Chatterji]], an academic based in San Francisco, and [[Mihir Desai]], an advocate of the high court of Mumbai.{{sfn|Chatterji|Desai|2006}}
Activists from the [[Sangh Parivar]] disrupted the hearing in [[Bhubaneswar]].{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
In a letter to the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]], Chatterji said threats were faxed from the state office of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].
The fax said the tribunal was a group of "leftists, fellow travellers and Hindu baiters". It went on "The inclusion of an NRI{{#tag:ref|NRI: Non-Resident Indian, referring to the fact that Chatterji is based in the United States|group=fn}} well-known for anti-Hindu activities in the US suggests foreign funds from sources bent on destabilising the country".{{sfn|Sundaraam|2005}}
Chatterji alleged that Hindu nationalist activists threatened to rape tribunal members and to parade them naked in the streets.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=112}}{{sfn|Williams|Pocha|2005}}
K.K. Usha and fellow tribunal member [[R.A. Mehta]], a former Acting Chief Justice of the High Court of [[Gujarat]], called the incident "shocking, outrageous and highly deplorable".{{sfn|Das|2005}}

The tribunal conducted its investigation for almost twenty months and released its report in October 2006.
It describes massive mobilisation of the [[Sangh Parivar]], a [[Hindutva]] group, against Muslims and Christians, often justifying their actions on the basis of fabricated threats from the minorities. The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] had been promoting Hindu supremacy using force and coercion.{{sfn|Chatterji|Desai|2006}}
According to Dr. Chatterji, "Forcible conversions to dominant Hinduism, social and economic boycotts, tonsuring, physical intimidation and violence, arson, and even murder are the weapons that Sangh Parivar cadre wields to intimidate and target disenfranchised groups and religious minorities such as [[Adivasi]]s, [[Dalit]]s, Christians, and Muslims". The report recommended that the national and state governments treat communalism in Orissa as an emergency requiring immediate attention.{{sfn|Chatterji|Desai|2006}}
Later [[Subash Chouhan]], a [[Bajrang Dal]] leader, said his group and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] would stop Chatterji from conducting further research.{{sfn|Ganguly|2005}}

The HRLN and ANHAD conducted a Tribunal in Srinagar on 20–21 February 2010 that investigated human rights violations in the [[Kashmir Valley]].
Justice [[H. Suresh]], a former Judge of the Bombay High Court, headed the jury.
A comprehensive report of the findings was released in New Delhi on 8 September 2010.
The report documented excessive militarisation, with one soldier for every twenty people.
It found that the soldiers receive no punishment for acts of violence they commit against innocent people.{{CN|date=July 2023}}
The report said "in Kashmir, arbitrary arrests, detention, torture and custodial deaths, rape and midnight raids into homes and disappearances have become routine".
The report recommended withdrawal of the draconian laws, a drastic reduction in the number of troops and institution of legal processes by which justice could be done.{{CN|date=July 2023}}

==Members==

Some notable people who have served on the tribunals:
* [[Angana P. Chatterji]] (born November 1966), anthropologist and left-wing activist
* [[Siraj Mehfuz Daud]] (1 January 1931 – 10 May 2010), former judge in the high court of Bombay
* [[Mihir Desai]], advocate in the high court of Bombay and the Supreme Court of India
* [[Colin Gonsalves]], senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India
* [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]] (born 1 November 1915), former judge in the Supreme Court of India
* [[J. Kanakaraj]] (born 1936), former judge of the high court of Madras
* [[R. A. Mehta]] (born 1936), former judge of the high court of Gujarat
* [[Sudhir Pattnaik]], editor of the Oriya magazine Samadrushi, a political fortnightly
* [[Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti]] (2 February 1923 – February 1998), former Chief Justice of the high courts of Kerala and Gujarat
* [[Ram Puniyani]] (born 25 August 1945), professor in biomedical engineering
* [[Rajinder Sachar]] (born 22 December 1923), former chief justice of high court of Delhi
* [[P. B. Sawant]] (born 30 June 1930), former judge of the Supreme Court of India
* [[K. Sukumaran (judge)|K. Sukumaran]], former judge in the high courts of Kerala and Bombay
* [[Hosbet Suresh]] (born 20 July 1929), former judge of the high court of Bombay
* [[K. K. Usha]] (born 3 July 1939), former chief justice of the high court of Kerala

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist |group="fn"}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxD_v7MMvIUC&pg=PA57
|title=Flowing Upstream: Empowering Women Through Water Management Initiatives in India
|first=Sara |last=Ahmed
|publisher=Foundation Books |year=2005 |isbn=8175962623}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JIzg4PUotcC&pg=PA155
|title=The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation
|first=Juan Martínez |last=Alier
|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1840649097}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIQKmBf9NrcC&pg=PA108
|title=Women and Property in Urban India
|first=Bipasha |last=Baruah
|publisher=UBC Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0774819275}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6EJpqeeteAC&pg=PA88
|title=Environmental Justice: Discourses in International Political Economy
|first1=John |last1=Byrne |first2=Leigh |last2=Glover |first3=Cecilia |last3=Martinez
|publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2002 |isbn=0765807513}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.radianceweekly.com/38/80/fascism-and-muslim-today/2006-10-22/peoples-tribunal/story-detail/iptco-in-depth-report-on-communalism-in-orissa.html |journal=Radiance Viewsweekly |first1=Angana |last1=Chatterji |first2=Mihir |last2=Desai |title=IPTCO In-depth Report on Communalism in Orissa |year=2006 |access-date=2012-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730081329/http://www.radianceweekly.com/38/80/fascism-and-muslim-today/2006-10-22/peoples-tribunal/story-detail/iptco-in-depth-report-on-communalism-in-orissa.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf2L5LOcYGAC&pg=PA372
|title=The Sardar Sarovar Dam Project: Selected Documents
|first=Philippe |last=Cullet
|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2007
|isbn=978-0754649106}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/15/stories/2005061506381200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918071527/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/15/stories/2005061506381200.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=18 September 2006
|title=Sangh Parivar activists disrupt tribunal hearing
|journal=[[The Hindu]]
|first=Prafulla |last=Das
|date=15 June 2005
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.iptindia.org/wp-content/pdf/report/THE-FATE-OF-THE-GUJARAT-OUSTEES-NARMADA-VALLEY-DISPOSSESSED-HUNTED-HUMILIATED-AND-CAST-INTO-OBLIVION.pdf
|title=The fate of the Gujarat Oustees
|first=S.M.
|last=Daud
|year=1994
|publisher=Indian People's Tribunal
|access-date=2012-05-19
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|DiaNuke Jaitapur}}
|url=http://www.dianuke.org/indian-peoples-tribunals-report-on-jaitapur/
|title=Indian People's Tribunal's Report on Jaitapur
|date=25 September 2011
|work=DiaNuke.org
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|DNA – Jaitapur}}
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_indian-people-s-tribunal-flays-jaitapur-nod_1591547
|work=DNA
|title=Indian People's Tribunal flays Jaitapur nod
|date=26 September 2011
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Equal in Rights}}
|url=http://www.equalinrights.org/human-rights-based-development-hrbd/good-practices/
|title=Good practices in upstream human rights-based strategies
|work=Equal in Rights
|access-date=2012-04-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221072659/http://www.equalinrights.org/human-rights-based-development-hrbd/good-practices/
|archive-date=21 February 2012
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Equitable Tourism Options 2006}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-hav3ybwDsC&pg=PT90
|title=Documentation Update: April 2005 to March 2006
|publisher=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)}}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2005/07/12/does-rss-have-any-moral-standards
|title=Does RSS have any moral standards?
|first=Meenakshi |last=Ganguly
|work=The Asian Age
|date=13 July 2005
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Human Rights Law Network}}
|url=http://www.hrln.org/hrln/
|title=Human Rights Law Network
|publisher=Human Rights Law Network
|access-date=2012-04-17}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Human Rights Watch 1999}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOdcBh3ReIAC&pg=PA59
|title=The Enron Corporation: Corporate Complicity in Human Rights Violations
|publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1999 |isbn=1564321975}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|IPT – About}}
|url=http://www.iptindia.org/
|title=Indian / Independent People's Tribunal
|publisher=IPT
|access-date=2012-04-17
|archive-date=24 January 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124114527/http://www.iptindia.org/
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite web
|ref = {{harvid|Kerala Women}}
|url = http://www.keralawomen.gov.in/view_page.php?type=11&id=264
|title = Chief Justice KK Usha
|work = Kerala Women
|access-date = 2012-04-20
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305003038/http://keralawomen.gov.in/view_page.php?type=11&id=264
|archive-date = 5 March 2012
}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsL-7mlzEY8C&pg=PA112
|title=Communal Crimes and National Integration: A Socio-Legal Study
|first=Praveen |last=Kumar
|publisher=Readworthy Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-9350180402}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVTMqlezIrwC&pg=PA112
|title=Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab : Final Report, Volume 1
|first=Ram Narayan |last=Kumar
|publisher=Sikh Students Federation |year=2003 |isbn=9993353574}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bl8s5JCM4UC&pg=PA10
|title=Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1947–1997
|first=Michael L. |last=Lewis
|publisher=Ohio University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0821415417}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKvxlYzTFkC&pg=PA553
|title=Inside the Transforming Urban Asia: Processes, Policies, and Public Actions
|first=Darshini |last=Mahadevia
|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2008 |isbn=978-8180695742}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd28Ay09adgC&pg=PA127
|title=Broken People: Caste Violence Against India's "untouchables".
|first=Smita |last=Narula
|publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1999 |isbn=1564322289}}
*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KrqX2WEokcC&pg=PA295
|title=International Handbook of Urban Education
|first=Anita |last=Rampal
|chapter=Ducked or Bulldozed? Education of Deprived Urban Children in India
|publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1402051982}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RZoRIA3XA0C&pg=PA219
|title=Battles Over Nature: Science and the Politics of Conservation
|first=Vasant K. |last=Saberwal
|publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2003 |isbn=8178240483}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrXTjVOS3BMC&pg=PA230
|title=Global Threats, Global Futures: Living With Declining Living Standards
|first=Thayer |last=Scudder
|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1848448476}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ma-yT08XUlQC&pg=PA182
|title=Environment Trafficking
|first=A.k. |last=Shrivastava
|publisher=APH Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131300305}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5IFE59bRsC&pg=PA71
|title=A Rights Based Approach to Slum Rehabilitation and Housing: A Study in Mumbai
|first=Binti |last=Singh
|publisher=GRIN Verlag |year=2012 |isbn=978-3656114079}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article484041.ece
|date=25 June 2010
|title=Indian People's Tribunal releases report on Narmada Projects
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|first=Mahim Pratap |last=Singh
|access-date=2012-04-17}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-30/india/27841642_1_human-rights-orissa-sangh-parivar
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103090021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-30/india/27841642_1_human-rights-orissa-sangh-parivar
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|journal=[[The Times of India]]
|title='We will rape you, then parade you naked'
|first=Viji |last=Sundaraam
|date=30 June 2005
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
*{{cite journal |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/s-f-professor-fears-hindu-retaliation-2660792.php
|journal=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|title=S.F. professor fears Hindu retaliation
|first1=Mark |last1=Williams |first2=Jehangir |last2=Pocha
|date=23 June 2005
|access-date=2012-04-19}}
{{Refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:People's Tribunal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Bihari literature

2026-01-27T22:56:39Z

JacobJamison9: small expanded details for consistency and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Overview}}
'''Bihar''' has produced a number of poets and writers in its languages like [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] [[Maithili language]], [[Magahi language]], [[Angika]] and [[Bajjika]] including [[Bhikhari Thakur]], [[Heera Dom]], [[Viveki Rai]], Satishwar Sahay Verma, Pandey Kapil etc. are writers of Bhojpuri, [[Vidyapati]] in Maithili. Besides its regional languages, Bihar has also produced writers in English such as Anilchandra Thakur [[Raj Kamal Jha]], [[Amitava Kumar]], [[Tabish Khair]], [[Abdullah Khan (author)|Abdullah Khan]], [[Abhay K]], [[Siddhartha Chowdhury]];<ref>[https://globalbihari.com/the-eminent-bihari-english-writers-of-the-21st-century-part-4/ The Eminent Bihari English Writers of the 21st Century] Global Bihari, 8 Nov 2020</ref> and Hindi including [[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha|Raja Radhika Raman Prasad Sinha]], [[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]], [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay]], Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']], [[Ram Briksh Benipuri]], [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], [[Gopal Singh "Nepali"]], [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] and Baba [[Nagarjun]]. Writer and [[Buddhist]] scholar [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]] was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] but spent his life in the land of [[Buddha]], i.e., Bihar.

==Languages==
===Bhojpuri===

[[Bhikhari Thakur]] was a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] writer who has written several plays, poems and essays on social issues like women empowerment, poverty, migration, caste system etc. [[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesiya]] and [[Gabarghichor]] are one of the most famous plays written by him. [[Heera Dom]], a Bhojpuri poet is credited for creating first poem on dalits. [[Rameshwar Singh Kashyap]] wrote the famous play [[Loha Singh (Play)|Loha Singh]]. [[Raghuveer Narayan]] wrote the famous poem ''[[Batohiya]]''.

===Maithiili===
*[[Vidyapati|Vidyapati Thakur]] is the most renowned poet of Maithili. (c. 14–15th century).
*[[Usha Kiran Khan]] is a renowned Maithili writer.
*[[:mai:अनिलचन्द्र_ठाकुर|AnilChandra Thakur]] is popular for his [[Maithili language|Maithili]] Novel [https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/nOKKJcoqLkoC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsyYmP1buKAxUbKlkFHR1MMsUQ7_IDegQICxAC Aab Maan Jau.]

===Hindi===

*[[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']]
*[[Ram Briksh Benipuri]]
*[[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']]
*[[Gopal Singh "Nepali"]]
*[[Ramesh Chandra Jha]]
* Baba [[Nagarjun]]
*[[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha|Raja Radhika Raman Prasad Sinha]]
*[[Acharya Ramlochan Saran]]
*[[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay]]
*[[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] is a short story writer, playwright and theatre critic.
* [[Anamika (poet)]]
* [[Neelakshi Singh]]
* [[Nagarjun]]

===Urdu===
Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. Sheen Muzaffarpuri is a famous Urdu writer and journalist Of Bihar. [[Raza Naqvi Wahi]] was the preeminent [[India]]n [[Urdu]] language [[poet]] during his time, was born in [[Siwan, Bihar|Khujwan, Siwan, Bihar]], and wrote many [[Urdu poetry|Urdu Poetry]] and also awarded as [[Ghalib]] [[Award]].
*[[Syed Hasan Askari]]
*[[Ahmad Nesar]]
*[[Kalim Ajiz]]
*[[Aslam Azad]]
*[[Bismil Azimabadi]]
*[[Shad Azimabadi]]
*[[Sohail Azimabadi]]
*[[Shamim Hashimi]]
*[[Mazhar Imam]]
*[[Abdul-Qādir Bedil]]
*[[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]]
*[[Hussain Ul Haque]]
*[[Abul Kalam Qasmi]]
*[[Abul Kalam Qasmi Shamsi]]
*[[Imdad Imam Asar]]
*[[Mazhar Imam]]
*[[Abdul Ghafoor Shahbaz]]
*[[Wahab Ashrafi]]
*[[Mukhtaruddin Ahmad]]

===English===
*[[Abdullah Khan (author)|Abdullah Khan]] - author, screenwriter and banker from [[Motihari]]. His debut novel 'Patna Blues' has been translated into 10 languages. His second novel 'A Man from Motihari' was published in 2023 by penguin random House India.
*[[Abhay K]]- poet, editor, translator and Ambassador, born in Nalanda district of Bihar. He has penned a memoir and nine collections of poetry. He is the first Indian poet to be invited at the Library of Congress to record his poems.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/abhay-k-first-indian-poet-to-record-poems-at-library-of-congress-118083000505_1.html Abhay K first Indian poet to record poems at Library of Congress] Business Standard, 30 August 2018</ref>
*[[Amitava Kumar]] - author, journalist, and professor of English at [[Vassar College]]. He was born in Arrah district in Bihar. Author of ''Husband of a Fanatic'', ''Bombay-London-New York'', and ''Passport Photos''
*[[Raj Kamal Jha]]- novelist and news editor. His five novels have been translated into several languages.
*[[Siddhartha Chowdhury]] " Patna Roughcut", Diksha at St. Martin's, Day Scholar, Patna Manual of Style, Ritwik & Hriday
*[[Tabish Khair]] - poet and novelist, born in Gaya district of Bihar
*[[R. K. Sinha]] - died in 2003. He was born in Munger district of Bihar. He was a gold medalist for his master of arts degree. He was awarded a [[D Phil]] from Oxford University in 1950
*[[Satyapal Chandra]] has broken traditional stereotype in English literature by writing a number of English bestsellers of various genres

==Women Writers==
*[[Rashid-un-Nisa|Rasheed-Un-Nisa]] - First Women Novelist of Bihar who does not have named as an Author in the book. She was the writer of book, Islaah-Un-Nisa in Urdu language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sam |first1=Gul |last2=Hashmi |first2=Dr Munawwar |date=2022-07-24 |title=Islamic Values in the Urdu naval Rasheed un Nisa |url=https://ojs.tahdhibalafkar.com/index.php/taa/article/view/152 |journal=Tahdhib-al-Afkar |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=123–134 |issn=2411-6211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First woman Urdu novelist didn't have name as author |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/women-news/first-woman-urdu-novelist-didn-t-have-name-as-author-5963.html |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anamika (poet)]]- Poet, author of several poetry collections
*[[Nikita Singh]]

==Writers Born in Bihar==
[[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], resided for some time in Bihar. Indian writer in English [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]] also hails from Patna in Bihar. [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], who at the beginning of the 20th century wrote novels including ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''Chandrakanta Santati'', was born in [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar. Writer and [[Buddhist]] scholar [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]] was born in [[Uttar Pradesh]] but spent his life in the land of [[Buddha]], i.e., Bihar. well known writer [[George Orwell]] was also born in Bihar.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bihar}}

[[Category:Culture of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian literature by ethnic background]]

Srivalli (song)

2026-01-20T05:00:26Z

JacobJamison9: details!

{{Short description|2021 song by Devi Sri Prasad, Chandrabose and Sid Sriram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Srivalli
| type = single
| cover = File:Srivalli song.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] featuring [[Sid Sriram]]
| album = [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|Pushpa: The Rise]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| released = 13 October 2021
| recorded = 2020{{ndash}}2021
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Chill-out music|chill-out]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=41}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| producer = Devi Sri Prasad
| tracks = # "Daako Daako Meka"
# "'''Srivalli'''"
# "[[Saami Saami]]"
# "Eyy Bidda Idhi Naa Adda"
# "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=txHO7PLGE3o|title="Srivalli"}}
}}
}}

"'''Srivalli'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and recorded by [[Sid Sriram]] for the [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2021 film ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=Pushpa The Rise song Srivalli is easy on the ears |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/srivalli-song-from-allu-arjun-pushpa-the-rise-is-out-7569529/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 13 October 2021 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the second single from the album, through [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-10-13 |title=Watch: 'Srivalli', song from Allu Arjun, Rashmika and Fahadh's Pushpa out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/watch-srivalli-song-allu-arjun-rashmika-and-fahadhs-pushpa-out-156445 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 4 January 2022 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=To Draw More Crowd to Theatres, Makers of Pushpa Release Full Video of Srivalli Song |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/to-draw-more-crowd-to-theatres-makers-of-pushpa-release-full-video-of-srivalli-song-4624505.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The song was also released in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages with the same title and was included in the respective dubbed versions of the film. The song was produced by Aditya Music in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with the same title and was released in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-12 |title='Pushpa' song 'Srivalli's Bengali version crosses a huge milestone, have you seen it yet? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/pushpa-song-srivallis-bengali-version-crosses-a-huge-milestone-have-you-seen-it-yet/articleshow/92820929.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The hook leg-dance step in the film, performed by the lead actor [[Allu Arjun]] became widely popular and a pop-cultural phenomenon.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-12-05 |title='Srivalli' is top music video, 'Shorts Break' top creator in India on YouTube |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/Dec/05/srivalli-is-top-music-video-shorts-break-top-creator-in-india-on-youtube-2525304.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

"Srivalli" experienced large amounts of commercial success. Although the song and the film were released in 2021, it had a consecutive commercial success throughout 2022, in which it debuted at number one on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] and retained the position for nine consecutive weeks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=''Billboard'' India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Production, lyrics and recording ==
[[Sid Sriram]] has also recorded the song in Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam languages. [[Javed Ali]] and [[Usha Uthup]] have recorded the song in Hindi and Bengali languages respectively.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Javed Ali on viral sensation Srivalli: Have been receiving more song offers now |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/javed-ali-on-viral-sensation-srivalli-have-been-receiving-more-song-offers-now-101644861432177.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Usha Uthup gives a Bangla touch to Allu Arjun's Pushpa song Srivalli. Viral video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/usha-uthup-gives-a-bangla-touch-to-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-song-srivalli-viral-video-1919748-2022-03-02 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In an interview with [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']], Devi Sri Prasad said that the song's primary recording was completed in four-and-a-half minutes. He further said that "After I heard the situation, I wanted to put the heroine’s name in the song. From the name Srivalli, I just tapped ‘record’ and started singing the tune".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salunkhe |first=Sameer |date=2 November 2023 |title=Pushpa composer Devi Sri Prasad: 'The Srivalli song was done in 4 minutes 30 seconds' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pushpa-composer-devi-sri-prasad-the-srivalli-song-was-done-in-4-minutes-30-seconds/cid/1977161 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

Devi Sri Prasad had initially planned to replace the Hindi version title with "Sridevi" as he felt that Srivalli is the name of a South Indian girl. The team had tried three to four variations and [[Javed Ali]] (singer of Hindi version) has even recorded the song as Sridevi instead of Srivalli but weren't satisfied. Later, Ali suggested that the word Srivalli was gelling well with the composition and so decided to retain it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=Never Imagined Pushpa's Song Srivalli Would Become a National Rage, Says Singer Javed Ali {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/never-imagined-pushpas-song-srivalli-would-become-a-national-rage-says-singer-javed-ali-exclusive-4720805.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music video ==
=== Background and production ===
As part of the film's production, the scenes involved in the music video of the song were shot exclusively at the [[Thirumalai Kovil]], [[Panpoli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-24 |title=Where Was The Srivalli Song From Pushpa: The Rise Shot? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/where-was-the-srivalli-song-from-pushpa-the-rise-shot-8165431.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Jani Master]] choreographed the dance sequences. The popular Srivalli hook-step was idealised by the film's director [[Sukumar]]. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that "....Allu Arjun had injured his foot and while attempting the choreography would often lose grip of his sandal and drag his foot around. That’s when Sukumar decided to incorporate the foot-dragging movement as an actual step in the track and even added that extra zing with the slipper sliding off".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-17 |title='Pushpa' turns one; Here's the real story behind 'Srivalli's hook-up step! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/on-pushpa-day-we-throwback-to-the-sukumar-allu-arjun-srivalli-story/articleshow/96300641.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''. The scenes feature [[Allu Arjun]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] primarily.

== Commercial performance ==
The song received widespread acclaim from the audience. In February 2022, it debuted at number one in the inaugural [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] chart and retained number one nine consecutive weeks.<ref name=":0" /> The music video of the song became [[YouTube|YouTube India's]] 2022 top music video, as declared by the YouTube's official charts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Srivalli from movie Pushpa is top music video of 2022 in India: YouTube - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/srivalli-from-movie-pushpa-is-top-music-video-of-2022-in-india-youtube-15335181.htm |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi version of the song is the most viewed Indian music video of 2022 on [[YouTube]], with over 55.2 crore (552 million) by the end of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2022-12-28 |title=Pushpa's Srivalli to Ali Sethi's Pasoori: These are 10 of the highest-viewed desi songs of 2022 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/pushpas-srivalli-to-ali-sethis-pasoori-these-are-10-of-the-highest-viewed-desi-songs-of-2022 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref> The Hindi version music video currently has more than 63 crore (630 million) views. It has become one of the top-10 most searched regional songs in 2023 on [[Amazon Alexa]] in India, alongside "[[Saami Saami]]", "[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]", "[[Naatu Naatu]]", "[[Butta Bomma]]" and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Deepali |date=16 February 2024 |title=Naatu Naatu, Kaavaalaa, Khalasi among top 10 most-searched regional songs on Alexa |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/naatu-naatu-kaavaalaa-khalasi-among-top-10-regional-songs-searched-on-alexa-12287511.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
[[Sid Sriram]] has performed the song during the pre-release event of the film in [[Hyderabad]], India prior to film's release in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title='He is Music', says Allu Arjun, showering praise on 'Srivalli' singer Sid Sriram |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/he-is-music-says-allu-arjun-showering-praise-on-srivalli-singer-sid-sriram-1.6403031 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> During the event Sriram performed the song in the absence of music caused by a technical glitch, acknowledging the same Allu Arjun has praised his performance in the [[Instagram|Instagram post]] he shared.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-30 |title=Allu Arjun: Sid Sriram doesn't need music; he is music |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Jan/30/allu-arjun-on-sid-sriram-he-doesnt-need-music-he-is-music-29393.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> He has performed the song at the [[Coachella 2024]] in [[California]], U. S. in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=2024-04-22 |title=Sid Sriram Becomes the First South Indian Artist to Perform at Coachella |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/music/sid-sriram-becomes-the-first-south-indian-artist-to-perform-at-coachella |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Pushpa: Srivalli - Lyrical (Telugu)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IEbR79kBPY |work=[[YouTube]] | date=12 October 2021 |access-date=2024-07-10 |language=en }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] {{spaced ndash}} composer, banjo and melodica
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] {{spaced ndash}} lyrics
* [[Sid Sriram]] {{spaced ndash}} vocals
* Vikas Badisa {{spaced ndash}} keyboards
* Kalyan {{spaced ndash}} rhythm
* Manomani {{spaced ndash}} saranagi
* S P Abhishek {{spaced ndash}} live musicians supervision
* Deepak {{spaced ndash}} chorus
* Vignesh {{spaced ndash}} chorus
* Shenbagaraj {{spaced ndash}} chorus
* Narayanan {{spaced ndash}} chorus
* Thipparthy Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} chorus
* A. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer, record engineer
* T. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Suresh Kumar Taddi {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Murugan {{spaced ndash}} orchestra in-charge
* Pugalendhi {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* R Raja {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* V Dhinakaran {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chat performance for "Srivalli"
! scope="col"| Chart (2021{{Ndash}}2022)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard India Songs|India]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref name=":0" />
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=SRIVALLI |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/javed-ali-srivalli/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>
| 13
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|9 October 2022]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 – Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[14th Mirchi Music Awards|8 March 2022]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Javed Ali]]{{Efn|For the Hindi version}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debarati S. |title=Music, glamour, power-packed performances and more at the Mirchi Music Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/music-glamour-power-packed-performances-and-more-at-the-mirchi-music-awards-2021/articleshow/90094305.cms |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Sakshi Excellence Awards|21 October 2022]]
|Most Popular Lyricist
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=Sakshi Excellence Awards 2021 Winners |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/editors-picks/sakshi-excellence-awards-2021recognising-talent-and-service-163796 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Most Popular Singer – Male
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10 September 2022]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-09-11 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022: Check Out The Complete List Of Tollywood Winners… |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/siima-awards-2022-check-out-the-complete-list-of-tollywood-winners-761317 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Impact and legacy ==
[[Daisy Shah]] and [[Adil Khan (actor)|Adil Khan]] have recreated the music video which involves the scenes from the film and the music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Daisy Shah and Aadil Khan Turn Into Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna, Dance to Pushpa Song Srivalli |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/daisy-shah-and-aadil-khan-turn-into-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-dance-to-pushpa-song-srivalli-4728836.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Dutch singer [[Emma Heesters]] performed a cover of the song which was released on 4 February 2022, with lyrics translated to [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-07 |title=Have you watched Emma Heesters' English Version of 'Srivalli' yet? see here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/have-you-watched-emma-heesters-english-version-of-srivalli-yet-see-here/articleshow/89400634.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2022-02-08 |title=Pushpa Movie Song 'Srivalli' English Version By Famous Dutch Singer Is Going Viral- Watch Video |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/pushpa-movie-song-srivalli-english-version-by-famous-dutch-singer-is-going-viral-watch-video-1511627 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Dutch singer's multilingual magic strikes again with 'Srivalli' rendition. Listen here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/dutch-singer-multilingual-srivalli-rendition-9281408/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Likewise, there were many cover versions created and released by various artistes including the languages the song is not originally produced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=Pune cop's Marathi version of Allu Arjun's Pushpa song Srivalli is a hit online. Seen it yet? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/pune-cop-s-marathi-version-of-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-song-srivalli-is-a-hit-online-seen-it-yet-1899907-2022-01-14 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It became a pop cultural phenomenon in India to perform or recreate the song and the music from the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=RRR's Naatu Naatu, Pushpa's Srivalli Sanskrit Versions Go Viral As Pune Band Recreates Superhit Songs |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rrr-naatu-naatu-pushpa-srivalli-sanskrit-versions-go-viral-as-pune-band-recreates-superhit-songs-8644772.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The official band of the [[Mumbai Police]] performed the song in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=Prerna |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2022-03-15 |title=Viral video: Mumbai Police band joins Allu Arjun's Pushpa frenzy, dedicates song Srivalli to Mumbaikars |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/mumbai-police-khaki-band-perform-allu-arjun-pushpa-song-srivalli-for-mumbaikars-twitter-reactions-viral-video-2022-03-15-764489 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that the song has catchy lyrics and music which made it find to wider audience quickly other than the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |title=How Telugu songs are catching everyone's fancy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/how-telugu-songs-are-catching-everyones-fancy-1078232.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In their list titled "Allu Arjun Songs That Have Become Signature Hook Steps", [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] has included the song "Srivalli" alongside five other songs of [[Allu Arjun]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title='Butta Bomma' To 'Srivalli' To 'Seeti Maar' – Allu Arjun Songs That Have Become Signature Hook Steps |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-butta-bomma-to-srivalli-to-seeti-maar-allu-arjun-songs-that-have-become-signature-hook-steps-news-275899 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

The dance moves popularly known as Srivalli hook-step, performed by Allu Arjun became a pop cultural phenomenon worldwide.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Kili Paul breaks the Internet with his epic dance performance on Allu Arjun's Pushpa song Oo Antava. Viral video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/kili-paul-breaks-the-internet-with-his-epic-dance-performance-on-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-song-oo-antava-viral-video-1901267-2022-01-18 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2022-12-24 |title=Year Ender 2022: From Kacha Badam To Srivalli Song, A Look At The Top Viral Videos Of The Year |url=https://news.abplive.com/trending/year-ender-2022-from-kacha-badam-to-pushpa-srivalli-song-take-a-look-at-the-top-viral-videos-of-the-year-1571606 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Pushpa: Allu Arjun's Srivalli Hook Step Comes in Handy for Man Boarding Mumbai Local, See Hilarious Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pushpa-allu-arjuns-srivalli-hook-step-comes-in-handy-for-man-boarding-mumbai-local-see-hilarous-video-4667918.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-30 |title='Srivalli' hook step keeps children hooked at govt school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/srivalli-hook-step-keeps-children-hooked-at-govt-school/articleshow/90529072.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the article, "Reels in Reviews", [[Meta Platforms]] declared that "Srivalli" is one of the top used songs on the [[Instagram Reels]] and other products of Meta Platforms'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title='Reels in Review' - Some of 2022's Top Trends on Reels In India |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2022/12/reels-in-review-some-of-2022s-top-trends-on-reels-in-india/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Meta |language=en-US}}</ref> The dance-step was recreated optionally with music, on social media including various [[movie star]]s and [[Celebrity|celebrities]]. In an Instagram video posted by Australian cricketer [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], he have performed the song including the dance steps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriques |first=Princia |date=2024-05-15 |title=Pushpa 2: Internet Goes Wild After Student Recreates Allu Arjun's Shoe Drop Hook Step On Stage In The US- Watch |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/75133/pushpa-2-internet-goes-wild-after-student-recreates-allu-arjuns-shoe-drop-hook-step-on-stage-in-the |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref> Later, during an ongoing match in [[2023 Cricket World Cup#Warm-up matches|2023 Cricket World Cup]], he have again performed the dance step in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=Watch: David Warner's dance moves to 'Srivalli' song from 'Pushpa' steal the spotlight during Australia-Pakistan match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/watch-david-warners-dance-moves-to-srivalli-song-from-pushpa-steal-the-spotlight-during-australia-pakistan-match/articleshow/104160833.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Dwayne Bravo]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch video: 'Once again' Dwayne Bravo grooves to Allu Arjun's 'Srivalli' song from 'Pushpa' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-video-once-again-dwayne-bravo-grooves-to-allu-arjuns-srivalli-song-from-pushpa |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> [[Hardik Pandya]],<ref name="The Times of India"/> [[Suresh Raina]],<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=Suresh Raina couldn't help but try the Srivalli hook step in viral video. Then, Allu Arjun said this |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/suresh-raina-couldn-t-help-but-try-the-srivalli-hook-step-in-viral-video-then-pushpa-star-allu-arjun-said-this-1903836-2022-01-24 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Varun Dhawan]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Suryakumar Yadav]], [[Ishan Kishan]], [[Yashika Aannand]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2022-01-23 |title=Going with the trend: Celebrities, cricketers shake legs for Srivalli song from Pushpa |url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2022/01/23/going-with-the-trend-celebrities-cricketers-shake-legs-for-srivalli-song-from-pushpa |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Anita Hassanandani]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-28 |title=Anita Hassanandani's hilarious response to people saying her son Aaravv looks like his father Rohit Reddy; recreates Allu Arjun's 'Srivalli' hook step |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anita-hassanandanis-hilarious-response-to-people-saying-her-son-aaravv-looks-like-his-father-rohit-reddy-recreates-allu-arjuns-srivalli-hook-step/articleshow/89170530.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Rohit Suchanti]],<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> [[Virat Kohli]] and several others have recreated the hook-step.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-10 |title=Watch: Kohli Breaks Into Unique 'Srivalli Dance' Celebration After Taking Splendid Catch |url=https://www.mensxp.com/sports/cricket/101668-watch-kohli-does-famous-dance-step-from-pushpa-after-taking-catch-in-2nd-odi.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral Video: South Korean Woman Recreates Hook Step of Allu Arjun |url=https://www.india.com/viral/viral-video-south-korean-woman-recreates-hook-step-of-allu-arjuns-srivalli-song-watch-5233949/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=French man's swag level while doing Allu Arjun's Srivalli hook step is super high. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/french-man-s-swag-level-while-doing-pushpa-star-allu-arjun-s-srivalli-hook-step-is-super-high-watch-viral-video-1904674-2022-01-26 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in"/>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=5IEbR79kBPY|title="Srivalli" (Lyrical)}}
* {{YouTube|id=txHO7PLGE3o|title="Srivalli" (Video)}}
* {{IMDb title|id=21107932|title=Srivalli}}
{{Pushpa (film series)}}{{Devi Sri Prasad}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 songs]]
[[Category:2021 singles]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Songs from Pushpa (film series)]]

Mahāprajña

2026-01-18T00:37:47Z

JacobJamison9: entry

{{short description|Teacher of Jainism}}
{{Cleanup|reason=overuse of bold|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]]
| image = Acharya_Mahapragya_globe.jpg
| caption = Mahapragya
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Tamkor]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|05|09|1920|6|14}}
| death_place = [[Sardarshahar]], India
| parents = Tola Ram Choraria (father), Baluji (mother)
| predecessor = [[Acharya Tulsi]]
| successor = [[Mahashraman]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''[[Acharya]] Shri Mahapragya''' ({{langx|hi|आचार्य महाप्रज्ञ}} ''Ācārya mahapragya'') (14 June 1920 – 9 May 2010) was the tenth head of the [[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]] order of [[Jainism]].<ref name="Blackwell">{{cite book|last=Chapple|first=Christopher Key|title=A Companion to Environmental Philosophy|editor=Dale Jamieson|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2007|series=Blackwell Companions to Philosophy|page= 54|chapter=4 Jainism and Buddhism|isbn=978-1-4051-0659-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28wue77mFA4C|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref> Mahapragya was a saint, [[yogi]], [[Spirituality|spiritual]] leader, philosopher, author, [[orator]], and poet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=A great saint|publisher=Terapanth Secretariat|access-date=2010-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824182839/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref>

He began his life of religious reflection and development as a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] at the age of ten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=TRANSFORMATION FROM NATHMAL TO ACHARYA MAHAPRAGYA|publisher=Terapanth Secretariat|access-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824182839/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> Mahapragya played a major role in [[Anuvrata|Anuvrat movement]] launched by his [[Guru]] [[Acharya Tulsi]] in 1949, and became the acknowledged leader of the movement in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Anuvrat Global Prospective|publisher=Terapanth Secretariat|access-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824182839/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> Acharya Mahapragya formulated the well organized [[Preksha meditation]] system in the 1970s,<ref name="Jain Vishva Bharati">{{cite book|first=Acharya |last=Mahapragya|title=Praksha Dhyaan: Theory and Practice|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|chapter=Publisher note by Shankar Mehta}}</ref> and developed the "Science of Living" education system which is a practical approach for the balanced development of a student and his character building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Jeevan Vigyan|publisher=Terapanth Secretariat|access-date=2010-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824182839/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/AGreatSaint/tabid/215/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref>

He traversed more than 100,000 km on foot covering more than 10,000 villages reaching out to the masses spreading the message of harmony and peace. He walked across the length and breadth of [[India]], from [[Kutch district]] in Gujarat to [[Kolkata]] and from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Kanyakumari]]. Mahapragya undertook this travel under the leadership of Acharya Tulsi and later with himself being the leader.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mahashraman|first1=Acharya|title=Mahatma Mahapragya|date=2009|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati}}</ref> During these travels, he addressed thousands of public meetings. Mahapragya, an apostle of [[nonviolence]], launched the [[Ahimsa]] [[Yatra]] movement in 2001 which continued until 2009 to promote non-violence and harmony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Safeguard-countrys-cultural-heritage-Shekhawat/articleshow/245500.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628041308/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-10-21/ahmedabad/27176954_1_bhairon-singh-shekhawat-cultural-heritage-economic-development|url-status=live|archive-date=28 June 2013|title=Safeguard country's cultural heritage: Shekhawat|date=21 October 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-01-25}}</ref><ref name="Fisher">{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Mary Pat|title=Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year= 1997|edition=revised, illustrated|pages=124–125|isbn=978-1-86064-148-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytOHbLdtSY4C|access-date= 2009-01-25}}</ref>

==Biography==

=== Early life ===
Mahapragya was born to Tola Ram Choraria and Baluji in the small village of [[Tamkor]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.de/Pages/eng/Glossary/AcharyaMahaprajna.htm|title=Acharya Mahapragya|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref> It was a Jain Shwetambar Terapanthi Oswal family.<ref>जैन संत आचार्य महाप्रज्ञ का निधन http://hindi.webdunia.com/news/news/national/1005/09/1100509097_1.htm</ref> He was called Nathmal by his family. He lost his father when he was just two and half months old.<ref name="early childhood">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz |date=17 December 1994}}</ref> It was an extended family and he gained support from all the family members. Nathmal's mother was very affectionate for the child and took care with his upbringing.<ref name="mother">{{cite book|first= Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title= Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: maa ka matrutva|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> There was no formal school in [[Tamkor]] village in those days and he did not receive a formal education. He nonetheless had lessons on letters and mathematics tables from local teacher(s).<ref name="studies">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: studies|date= 17 December 1994}}</ref> Mahapragya's mother was a religious lady who devoted her spare time to spiritual matters. She also used to recite religious songs which made an imprint on the young child. Her spirituality inspired him.<ref name="sanskar">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: sanskar|date=17 December 1994}}</ref>
Mahapragya received lessons on philosophy from [[Jain]] monks who visited the village. Eventually he conveyed to his mother his wish to be initiated into monkhood.<ref name="vairagya">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: vairagya|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> On 29 January 1931, he became a monk at the age of ten. [[Acharya Kalugani]], eighth Acharya of [[Jain]] Swetambar Terapanth initiated him to monkhood in the town of [[Sardarshahar|Sardarsahar]] (Rajasthan). With this, Nathmal became Muni Nathmal.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.terapanth.com/mahapragya/index.htm|title=Acharya Mahapragya|access-date=2009-10-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091108234900/http://www.terapanth.com/mahapragya/index.htm| archive-date= 8 November 2009  |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Acharya Kalugani]] arranged for Muni Nathmal's studies under Muni Tulsi's classes, who later became the Ninth [[Acharya]]. Nathmal started getting lessons in the monastery on various subjects of [[Jain]] philosophy.<ref name="gurukulvaas">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title= Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: guru ki shiksha|date=17 December 1994}}</ref>

With Muni Tulsi, the child's intellectual development accelerated and he memorised thousands of sermons and verses in [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. His education at the monastery included history, philosophy, logic, and grammar.<ref name="vidyaarthi">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: pratham sthayi vidyaarthi|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> In Sanskrit, he was also an expert impromptu or extempore poet and demonstrated this skill in many gatherings of intellectuals.<ref name="Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Muni Udit|title=Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of Peace|publisher=Motilal Ranka Foundation|page=6}}</ref> He also studied physics, biology, [[ayurved]], politics, economics, and sociology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritualitysphere.com/view_article.asp?id=143|title=Acharya Mahapragya|access-date=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120147/http://www.spiritualitysphere.com/view_article.asp?id=143|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

==Spiritual endeavors (1945–1978)==

=== Anuvrat movement ===
Mahapragya played an instrumental role in the [[Anuvrat movement]] launched on 2 March 1949 by his [[guru]] and the head of Jain Shwetambra Terapanth, [[Acharya Tulsi]]. The ultimate aim of the movement was and remains to create a nonviolent socio-political world order with the help of a worldwide network of self-transformed people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumat|first1=Muni Udit|title=Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of Peace|publisher=Motilal Ranka Foundation|page=9}}</ref> Since its inception it has inspired millions of people to practice purity and self-discipline in their personal lpreparation of the contents of Anuvrat and worked as a core member in the movement, many times representing Acharya Tulsi by explaining the principles of Anuvrat.<ref name="Mahapragya on Tulsi">{{cite book|last = Mahapragya|first=Acharya|title= Steering the wheel of Dhamma|publisher=JVB}}</ref>

Acharya Shri Tulsi nominated Muni Nathmal as the Secretary (''Nikaya Sachiv'') of Terapanth in 1965 at [[Hisar, India|Hissar]], [[Haryana]], after being Group leader (''Agraganya'') for almost 21 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthonline.com/terapanth/mahapragyaji/index.php?i=2&&n=4|title=Acharya Mahapragya|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref>

=== Agam research and editing ===
After consulting Mahapragya, Acharya Tulsi decided to start the research, translation and annotation of the [[Jain Agamas]].<ref name="agam sampadan">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: dayitva-kasauti|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> The work started in 1955 in [[Ujjain]] under the leadership of [[Acharya Tulsi]] with Mahapragya being the editorial director.<ref name="agam">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: agam sampadan|date= 17 December 1994}}</ref> Joint activity of [[Acharya Tulsi]], Mahapragya and other intellectual monks and nuns began to facilitate the permanent preservation of many thousands of years old canonical scriptures. This old literature is in [[Prakrit]] language and its commentaries are either available in Prakrit or Prakrit mixed with [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="pariyojana">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: mahatvakanshi pariyojana|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> The original text of the thirty-two Agam scriptures was determined and their [[Hindi]] translation also completed.<ref name="agam vachana">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: agam vachana|date=17 December 1994}}</ref> Detailed commentaries thereon made them more interesting and comprehensible. ''Acharang Bhasyam'' is Mahapragya's commentary for [[Acharang]] in [[sanskrit]]. He uncovered many [[Jain Agamas|Agam]] mysteries and presented root philosophies and [[Mahavira]]'s philosophy and vision in this commentary.<ref name="acharang bhasya">{{cite book|first= Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz: acharang bhasya|date=17 December 1994}}</ref>

=== Formulation of Preksha Meditation System ===
While in his late twenties, Mahapragya started to realize the wonders of meditation.<ref name="Mahashraman">{{cite book|first= Yuvacharya |last=Mahashraman|title=Mahatma Mahapragya|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|chapter=3|year=2009}}</ref> He was open to experiment with spiritual techniques. He discussed his discoveries with [[Acharya Tulsi]] and thereafter Mahapragya started dedicating more time to meditation practices. He exercised deep practice of meditation and experimented with various techniques. He made a deep research of [[Jain Agamas]], ancient scriptures, ''Yoga'' science, [[Biology]], Modern Physics, [[Naturopathy]], and [[Ayurveda]], etc. After a deep practice for over 20 years, he formulated the [[Preksha meditation]] system in 1975.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-98696.html|title=Yog factor: Preksha Meditation|date= 4 July 2000|publisher=[[IBNS]]|access-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614100346/http://www.newkerala.com/nkfullnews-1-98696.html|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref> He formulated the meditation system in a very well organized and scientific way. The basic four wings of the meditation system can be summarized as – Meditation, ''Yogasana'' and ''Pranaayam'', [[Mantra]], and therapy.<ref name="Mahapragya:Preksha">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Sohan |author2=Dr. Indu|title=Kabir Mahapragya ka samaj kalyan darshan|publisher=HN4U|chapter=Mahapragya kriti: Preksha dhyaan|year=2009}}</ref>

Before presenting [[Preksha meditation]] in formal training camps, Mahapragya made a special practice of meditation and spiritual exertion for a period of nine months which started on 3 March 1977.<ref name="Mahapragya:Preksha Practice">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Sohan |author2=Dr. Indu|title=Kabir Mahapragya ka samaj kalyan darshan|publisher=HN4U|chapter=Mahapragya kriti: Preksha dhyaan|year= 2010}}</ref> The First formal Preksha meditation camp was organized later in 1977.<ref name="Mahapragya: Jeevan darshan">{{cite book|first=Muni Dhananjay |last=Kumar|title=Mahapragya Jeevan drshan|publisher= JVB|year= 2010}}</ref>

Since that time Acharya Mahapragya had conducted hundreds of camps for training in Preksha meditation.<ref>{{cite book|first=Acharya |last=Mahapragya|title=Praksha Dhyaan: Basic Principle|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|chapter= Introduction by Jethalal Zaveri}}</ref> Research, detail training, and studies on Preksha Meditation is an important activity at [[Jain Vishva Bharati University]].<ref name="JVBU">{{cite news|title=Jain Vishva Bharati, Information Boucher|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|year= 2009}}</ref>

=== Science of Living Education System ===
[[Science of Living Program|Science of Living education system]] is an effort to implement value-based education and moral education. Its goal and approach is overall development of student and not simply just the intellectual development. Mere intellectual development can't help in building real experience and character of the student.<ref name="Jeevan Vigyan teachers training">{{cite book|first=Muni |last=Dhananjaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Sahitya Sangh|chapter=4|year=1994}}</ref> It aims for a balanced emotional, intellectual and physical development. It gives more emphasis on practical training as compared to mere philosophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthonline.com/jeevan_vigyan/index.php|title=Science of Living|access-date= 2010-07-06| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100713112438/http://www.terapanthonline.com/jeevan_vigyan/index.php| archive-date= 13 July 2010  |url-status=live}}</ref> The model includes [[Yoga]], Pranayam, Postures, Meditation, contemplation techniques, etc. Scientific techniques of Science of Living helps in balancing the emotions of the student. It helps in balanced functioning of the neuro-endocrine system in [[Human body|body]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/JeevanVigyan/tabid/222/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Jeevan Vigyan|access-date=2010-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524195208/http://www.terapanthinfo.com/AcharyaMahapragya/JeevanVigyan/tabid/222/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archive-date=24 May 2010}}</ref> It works for the transformation of emotions, inculcate positive attitude and integrated development of personality.<ref name="Jeevan Vigyan teachers training"/>

Acharya Mahapragya conceived the idea of 'Science of Living' on 28 December 1979 at [[Jain Vishva Bharati Institute|Jain Vishva Bharati]], [[Ladnun]], Rajasthan. Mahapragya developed the Science of Living education system model.<ref name="Jeevan Vigyan teachers training"/> Many camps were conducted for the teachers of [[Nagore]] district, [[Rajasthan]]. Science of Living started getting positive reception from ministry of education and various educational society. Rajasthan ministry of education facilitated the training of teachers and camps were started.<ref name="Jeevan Vigyan teachers training"/> Some people started research in this field. Few schools were selected to start implementation of Science of Living. After one year of its implementation in schools, the results were surprising and very positive for students. It started getting wider acceptance with education ministry of Indian Government and state governments. Many schools started including it in their curriculum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.in/terapanth/History/Dimension/tabid/208/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=dimension|access-date=2010-07-06}}</ref>

Science of Living got very positive feedback from teachers, student and parents on the student's emotional and overall development as such. Some of the feedback can be summarized as reduce in stress, improved efficiency in studies, better concentration and memory, better anger management, etc.<ref name="Jeevan Vigyan teachers training"/>

==Successor to [[Acharya Tulsi]]==

Impressed by Muni Nathmal (later Mahapragya), [[Acharya Tulsi]] honored him with the qualitative epithet of ''Mahapragya'' (highly knowledged) on 12 November 1978.<ref name="Hindi">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Sohan |author2=Dr. Indu|title= Kabir Mahapragya ka samaj kalyan darshan|publisher=HN4U|chapter=Mahapragya vyaktitva|year=2009}}</ref>

On 4 February 1979, his appellation 'Mahapragya' was converted into his new name by Acharya Tulsi and he was also made 'Yuvacharya', successor designate to the present Acharya,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050807/edit.htm|title=Apostle of peace and non-violence|date=4 August 2006|newspaper=The Tribune|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref> the second highest position after the Acharya himself. With this elevation, he was now referred as ''Yuvacharya Mahapragya''. As a ''Yuvacharya '', Mahapragya became a close associate of [[Acharya Tulsi]] in major decisions and activities related to the sect.

In a public meeting on 18 February 1994, [[Acharya Tulsi]] declared that Mahapragya would now have the title of 'Acharya' also and that the former was renouncing this position forthwith. Subsequently, on 5 February 1995, Mahapragya was formally consecrated as the 10th Acharya – the supreme head – of the Terapanth religious order in a public meeting in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jainsamaj.org/magazines/april1-2005.htm|title= Introduction of Acharya Mahapragya |access-date=2009-10-27}}</ref> Having been elevated within Terapanth, Mahapragya received many responsibilities. Further intensification of the movements of [[Anuvrata|Anuvrat]], [[Preksha meditation|Preksha dhyan]], and [[Jeevan Vigyan]] now became his primary concern. A ''Vikash Parishad'' – development council – has been constituted by Mahapragya to give further fillip to all these movements and underline their importance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.here-now4u.de/ENG/acharya_mahapragya_-_a_living_.htm|title=Acharya Mahapragya|access-date= 2009-10-26}}</ref>

===Jain Vishva Bharati University===
Acharya Mahapragya played a key role in the conception and establishment of [[Jain Vishva Bharati University]], [[Ladnun]], Rajasthan .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jvbi.ac.in/|title=Jain Vishwabharati University|access-date= 2009-10-23}}</ref> It was established under the spiritual patronage of [[Acharya Tulsi]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jvbi.ac.in/|title=About the University|access-date=2009-10-26}}</ref> Acharya Mahapragya served as head of this university since 1995. The university's objective is to revive truths and values hidden in the ancient Indian traditions in general and in the Jain tradition in particular. It provides platforms and infrastructures for doing research in various subjects and for the pursuance of doctorate degrees. One of the prime objectives of this university is to spread literacy in subjects like nonviolence and peace, Jainology, [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[yoga]], meditation, and literature.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vibha|first1=Sadhvi Vishrut|title=An Introduction To Terapanth|date=2007|publisher=JVB Ladnun|page=30}}</ref> Regular degree courses leading to bachelor's and master's degrees are presently being conducted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jvbi.ac.in/admissions.html |title=ADMISSIONS |access-date=2009-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328121424/http://jvbi.ac.in/admissions.html |archive-date=28 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Ahimsa Yatra (2001–2009) ===
[[File:AhimsaYatra 1.jpg|thumb|Acharya Mahapragya during Ahimsa Yatra.]]
The world's problems touched Acharya Mahapragya deeply.<ref name="Anuvibha">{{cite news|title=Anuvibha Vol 3|publisher=Anuvrat Vishva Bharati}}</ref> In response, he came up with the solution of [[Ahimsa|Ahimsa Yatra]], a journey on foot to advance the cause of non-violence, was launched by Mahapragya 5 December 2001 at [[Sujangarh]] in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Herenow4u edition 2|publisher=HereNow4You}}</ref> With Ahimsa Yatra, Acharyaji's mission is to train and spread nonviolence and its broad perspective to people. It is an endeavor to awaken a new faith in the infinite power of nonviolence. It aims at bringing the problems of all forms of violence into sharp focus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/04/stories/2005070407370400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006155737/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/04/stories/2005070407370400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2008|title=Advani felicitates Jain saint on his birthday|date=4 July 2000|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref> Its mission is to provide training for transforming the negative thoughts/emotions into positive direction. The spiritual aspect of non-violence training is to ignite the consciousness of non-violence and to cultivate the values of non-violence. And its practical aspect is the employment training for livelihood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.un.org/ga/president/62/issues/interreligiousintercultural/remarks.pdf |title=UN PRESENTATION |date=4 October 2007 |publisher=UN remarks |access-date=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420105055/http://www.un.org/ga/president/62/issues/interreligiousintercultural/remarks.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2017}}</ref>

Having eschewed violence and pledged to refrain from killing innocent creatures; political leaders, social workers, and spiritual leaders came to him for advice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=8281|title=Jain muni directs Modi to halt yatra|date=26 August 2002|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref> He took his Yatra from Rajasthan to Gujarat, [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], some parts of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050528/region.htm|title=Punjab|date=28 May 2005|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref> He passed through 87 districts of [[India]], and covered more than 2400 villages, towns and cities, where he held meetings with many spiritual and political leaders and appealed for communal harmony.

This Yatra allowed him to come into direct contact with farmers and common and poor people of the villages which he visited. He stopped at all the small villages on his route and held open mass meetings. Through this public speaking, Acharyaji created awareness on the broad perspectives of nonviolence, unemployment eradication, leading a life free from [[drug addiction]], bad habits, communal harmony, healthy living, and harmonious social and personal lives.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yatra|first1=Ahimsa|title=Acharya Mahapragya's Ahimsa Yatra and its Impact on Society|url=http://www.anuvibha.in/Ahimsa-Yatra.htm|website=Anuvibha|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> Side by side volunteers spread out in different directions in order to establish personal contact with families afflicted by drug addictions, unemployment, and stress. These volunteers were then to stay behind in order to help solve the afflicted's problems. Verily the villages and towns trekked by the Acharya become centres of training in [[ahimsa]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mahapragya|first1=Acharya|title=ICENS|journal=ICENS, JVB Ladnun|issue=A Journey to non violence|page=7}}</ref>

The Yatra concluded 4 January 2009 at [[Sujangarh]], the same place where it had been begun.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=67177|title=Ahimsa Yatra|publisher=HN4U|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref>

===FUREC===
[[President of India]], [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[A P J Abdul Kalam]]'s vision for a fully developed beautiful India with prosperous and harmonious life for its citizens, especially the youth, motivated enlightened spiritual and religious leaders who organized a Conclave under the aegis of Acharya Mahapragya at Surat on 15 October 2003, also the birthday of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainavoice/jainavoice19.htm|title=KALAM ISSUES "SPIRITUAL DECLARATION" AT SURAT|date=1 November 2003|work=Ahimsa Times|access-date=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905132001/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainavoice/jainavoice19.htm|archive-date=5 September 2010}}</ref> The Action Plan discussed during the Conclave was documented and is known as 'Surat Spiritual Declaration' (SSD).<ref>{{cite web|title=Furec|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=570:furec&catid=88:pages&Itemid=803&lang=en|website=terapanthinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

The SSD Action Plan envisages "Five Garland Projects". The emphasis of four projects was on celebration of inter religious festivals, multi religious projects, healthcare, and employment, imbibing value based education in schools and encouraging interfaith dialogue among religious/spiritual heads.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jssonline.org/pubs/furec.html|title=FUREC|date=22 January 2006|publisher=[[JSS Mahavidyapeetha|JSS]]|access-date=2009-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726211344/http://www.jssonline.org/pubs/furec.html|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> In order to pursue these in a sustained manner and to coordinate all activities, a national level independent and autonomous organization managed by religious/ spiritual leaders as well as scholars and enlightened Citizens was set up. This organization was named "Foundation for Unity of Religious and Enlightened Citizenship' (FUREC). FUREC was launched by the president Dr. [[A P J Abdul Kalam]] on the birthday of Acharya Mahapragya, 15 June 2004 at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.herenow4u.de/Pages/eng/Glossary/FUREC.htm|title=FUREC|publisher=HN4U|access-date=2009-10-23}}</ref>

FUREC combines the objectives of the Surat Spiritual Declaration and president Dr. [[A P J Abdul Kalam]]'s Vision 2020 and is a non-profit organization which was founded by 15 spiritual leaders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Furec|url=http://www.terapanthinfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=570:furec&catid=88:pages&Itemid=803&lang=en|website=terapanthinfo|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

== Spiritual practices ==

===Meditation===
Mahapragya himself is a great practitioner of [[meditation]]. He has also written extensively on these topics. He started practicing [[mantra]] and meditation with his initiation to monkhood.<ref name="childhood mantra practices">{{cite book|first= Yuvacharya |last=Mahashraman|title=Mahatma Mahapragya|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|chapter=Doosara dasak}}</ref> In his twenties he started delving deeper into meditation and realized his profound interest for it. He used to practice it for hours and hours.<ref name="meditation practices">{{cite book|first=Yuvacharya |last=Mahashraman|title=Mahatma Mahapragya|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati|chapter=Teesara dasak}}</ref> His experience of meditation resulted in formulation of [[Preksha meditation]] system.

He also practiced Mantra chanting daily and became a Mantra expert with rich experience in it. He said from his experiences, the practice of Mantra can help people in awaking their hidden powers. Mahapragya used to practice [[Asana|Yogasana]], [[Pranayama]] to keep himself fit.<ref name="meditation practices"/> Mahapragya observed silence ([[Mauna (silence)|Mauna]]) for more than three hours during the evening hours. Mahapragya used to be very conscious of his daily activity and meditative during all his activities like walking, eating, etc.<ref name="Jeevan kshitiz: din charya">{{cite book|first= Muni |last=Dhannajaya|title=Mahapragya: Jeevan Darshan|publisher=Aadarsh Saahitya Sangh|chapter=Jeevan ka kshitiz|date=17 December 1994}}</ref>

===Disciplines of monkhood===
Mahapragya took five major vows as a part of initiation to monkhood at the age of ten.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Muni Udit|title=Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of Peace|publisher=Motilal Ranka Foundation|page=2}}</ref> These [[Mahavrata]] are non-violence ([[Ahimsa]]), truth ([[Satya]]), non-stealing ([[Asteya]]), Chastity/Celibacy ([[Brahmacharya]]), and non-possession/non-attachment ([[Aparigraha]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vibha|first1=Sadhvi Vishrut Vibha|title=An Introduction To Jainism|date=2007|publisher=JVB Ladnun © 2007|page=24}}</ref> As a [[Jain Muni]] (monk), he traveled only on foot and could not make use of a vehicle unless and until he was incapable of walking. He did not eat or drink after sunset and before sunrise. He did not cook food but had to go out for [[alms]]. He accepted only vegetarian food. He did not own a house. He could not stay in a single place for long periods. He constantly had to change places and could only move into a house with the owner's permission. He did not possess any thing except for few basic items like clothes and a bowl for alms.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marett|first1=Dr. Paul|title=Jainism Explained|date=1985|publisher=Jain Samaj Europe ( Leicester)|edition=1985}}</ref>

== Writing ==
[[File:Acharya Mahapragya folded hand.jpg|thumb|Acharya Mahapragya]]
Mahapragya started writing when he was 22 and did not cease until his death. He authored more than 300 books.<ref name="writing startup">{{cite book|author1= Sohan Tater |author2=Indu Tivari|title=Kabir Mahapragya samaj kalyan|publisher=JVB|chapter=sahityik swaroop|date=11 October 2009}}</ref>

In his book ''Art of Positive Thinking'', he explored the root causes of negative thoughts and provided a methodology for its transformation.<ref name="kabir Mahapragya">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Sohan |author2=Dr. Indu|title=Kabir Mahapragya ka samaj kalyan darshan|publisher=HN4U|chapter=Mahapragya Sahitya|year=2009}}</ref> Some other book titles include ''Towards Inner Harmony'', ''I and Mine'', ''Mind beyond Mind'', ''Mysteries of Mind'', ''New Man New World'', ''Mirror of Self''.

Mahapragya formulated Preksha meditation and wrote extensively on this topic. In these books he described various techniques of meditations and their effects on the psyche, physiology, hormonal influences, the endocrine system, and the nervous system.<ref name="preksha">{{cite book|author1=Dr. Sohan |author2=Dr. Indu|title=Kabir Mahapragya ka samaj kalyan darshan|publisher=HN4U|chapter=Mahapragya vyaktitva, preksha sahitya|year=2009}}</ref>

He has done extensive work on [[Anekantavada]], the philosophy of [[non-absolutism]] and relativity. He was a practitioner of this philosophy propounded by Lord [[Mahaveer]] which affirms that there is no problem that cannot be resolved with the application of [[Anekantavada]]. He showed ways how one can improve his thought process with Anekaant and use it for a peaceful life and co-existence.<ref name="Anekanta">{{cite book|author=Mahapragya |title=Anekanta The Third Eye|publisher=JVB|chapter=preface|year=2002}}</ref> His book ''Anekanta The Third Eye'' discusses the details of the philosophy.{{citation needed|date= June 2013}}

He has written many books on Jain Philosophy providing a serious material on Jain beliefs and vision. ''Jain darshan: manan and mimaansha'' is one of these creations and a research work in which Acharya Mahapragya elaborated numerous deep facets of the Jain belief system via a detailed interpretation. Another precise work is Philosophical Foundations of Jainism. ''Shraman Mahaveer'' is biographical work on [[Mahaveer]]. Mahapragya tried to depict Mahaveer through his experience and achievements in meditation. ''Sambodhi'' is a rhymic conservation between Lord [[Mahaveer]] and the prince-monk [[Bimbisara|Megha Kumar]], in which Mahaveer enlightens the later. Mahapragya wrote extensively on the lives and philosophies of [[Acharya Bhiksu]] and [[Acharya Tulsi]].<ref name="Motilal Ranka Foundation">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Muni Udit|title=Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of Peace|publisher=Motilal Ranka Foundation|page=7}}</ref>

Mahapragya made great contributions to Sanskrit through his poetry. He also wrote poems and [[bhajan]]s in Hindi. ''Ashruvina, Mukulam'' in Sanskrit and ''Rishabhayana'' in Hindi are some of his poetic creations.<ref name="Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of"/>

Acharya Mahapragya wrote with great clarity. His sentences are short and his style was direct. He only suggested, he never forced his view. He may have asserted his belief, but his language is conscious of relativity even in expression. He often resorted to the passive voice. As one of his translator's once said "Between one full stop and the next sentence, a kingdom can be built".<ref name="JVB">{{cite book|last=Regunathan|first=Sudhamahi Key|title=Anekanta : The Third Eye|publisher=Jain Vishva Bharati Institute (Deemed University), Ladnun, Rajasthan, India|year=2002|chapter=00.01 Translators Note & Preface|chapter-url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=cd8426|access-date=2009-09-11}}</ref>

== Views ==

===Stand on religion===
'''Acharya Mahapragya''' says,
<blockquote>
"The religion which does not bring about a change in a man's life, which does not impart peace to him, deserves to be thrown into the river Ganges rather than carried on as burden on one's shoulders. Rituals or idol worship alone are not enough unless one's conduct also gets transformed. Religion is not confined only to temples, mosques, or churches, but extends to the man's day-to-day living as well."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.here-now4u.de/ENG/acharya_mahapragya_-_a_living_.htm |title=HERE-NOW4U Online Magazine: Acharya Mahapragya – A Living Legend |publisher=Here-now4u.de |access-date=2012-02-29}}</ref>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
"I believe in that religion which has moral values at its foundation and spirituality at its peak. I don't believe in that religion that doesn't have moral values and spirituality. I accepted that religion which made me physically, mentally, emotionally healthy. Religion is beyond rituals. Religion has the ability to solve our problems if you believe in pure religion."<ref>http://www.terapanthinfo.com, vigyapti archive</ref>
</blockquote>

==Influence==
'''[[Narendra Modi]]''' said:
<blockquote>
"Acharya Mahapragya Ji gave the mantra of healthy individual, healthy society, healthy economy: PM Modi"
"Acharya Mahapragya Ji used to say that if you leave 'me' and 'mine' then everything will be yours. His mantra, his philosophy was also clearly visible in his life: PM"
"As much as Acharya Mahapragya Ji has written about spirituality, with an equally broad vision he wrote on subjects like philosophy, politics, psychology and economic: PM Modi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-pays-tribute-to-acharya-shri-mahapragya-ji-550238|title=Narendra Modi|access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref></blockquote>
'''[[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar|Ram Dhari Singh Dinkar]]''' said
<blockquote>
"Mahapragya is a Modern Vivekananda. We have not seen Vivekananda, only heard and read about him. But now we can see Vivekananda through his Vision".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Anuvibha|magazine=Anuvrat Vishva Bharati}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Indian [[Prime Minister]] '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' has often stated:
<blockquote>
"I am a lover of Mahapragya’s literature". The Eminent Scholar of Philosophy, Dr. Daya Krishna has recognized Acharya Shri Mahapragya as the most knowledgeable person on the subject of Jain Logic.<ref name="Motilal Ranka Foundation"/>
</blockquote>

The famous [[Bengal|Bangla]] writer '''[[Bimal Mitra]]''' said:
<blockquote>
"I find new truth in Mahapragya’s work. When I read his books, I feel as if I write for the masses and he writes for me. If only I could have met him in the initial stages of my career, my literature would have had a new path to follow".<ref name="Motilal Ranka Foundation"/>
</blockquote>

'''[[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|Dr. A.L. Basham]]''' said:
<blockquote>
"While meeting Acharya Mahapragya, one gets the thrill of meeting the 'Spiritual Ideal' or the 'Wonder that India was'".<ref name="Motilal Ranka Foundation"/></blockquote>

== Awards and honours ==
Source:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Muni Udit|title=Acharya Mahapragya – Ambassador of Peace|publisher=Motilal Ranka Foundation|page=3}}</ref>
* Mother Teresa National award of peace by Inter faith Harmony foundation of India in 2005
* Communal harmony award i.e. Sampradayika Sadbhavana Puraskar by Govt. of India in 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050418/delhi.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Delhi and neighbourhood |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=2012-02-29}}</ref>
* Ambassador of Peace (London) by Inter Religions and international federation in 2003
* Lokmaharshi by New Mumbai Municipal corporation in 2003
* [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]] in 2003
* D.Litt. by Netherland Inter Cultural Open University in 1999
* On the eve of Acharya Mahapragya's 88th birth anniversary all religious dharm guru's of KARNATAKA state honored as "DHARM CHAKRAVARTHI" IN 2007
* In 2008 "SARVA DHARM SAMMELANA" held at TOWN HALL, BANGALORE participated by all religious guru's felicitated Acharya Mahapragya as "VISHVA SHANTHI DOOT"

== Death ==

Acharya Mahapragya died on 9 May 2010 at 2:52 pm (aged 89) in [[Sardarshahar]], in [[Churu district]], the place where he gained monkhood. Subsequently, Acharya Mahashraman was chosen the 11th acharya of Jain Terapanth, previously Acharya Mahapragya had made Acharya Shri Mahashraman the [[Yuvacharya]] of the Terapanth sect at [[Gangashahar]] ([[Bikaner]]) in 1997.<ref name="to">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Tenth-Acharya-of-Jain-Swetembar-Terapanth-passes-away-/articleshow/5910971.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-10/jaipur/28305368_1_jodhpur-guru-followers|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Tenth Acharya of Jain Swetembar Terapanth passes away|date=10 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of religious leaders in 2007]]
*[[List of Jains]]
*[[Sadhvi Kanakprabha]]
*[[Acharya Mahashraman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Acharya Mahapragya}}
*[http://www.terapanthinfo.com Official site of Jain Shwetambar Terapanth]

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahapragya, Acharya}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

Ilias Ali (surgeon)

2026-01-14T01:56:55Z

JacobJamison9: done

{{short description|Surgeon (b. 1956)}}
[[File:Dr_Ilias_Ali.jpg | thumb | right]]
'''Ilias Ali''' (born 1955) is a surgeon from [[Assam]], India. In 2019, Ali was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] civilian honour by the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], for his contribution towards raising awareness about family planning and birth control measures in the remote areas of Assam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/meet-assams-padma-shri-winners-population-expert-illias-ali-and-innovator-uddhab-bharal-5556032/|title=Meet Assam's Padma Shri winners: surgeon Illias Ali and innovator Uddhab Bharali|date=2019-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref>

== Career ==
He is a retired medical surgeon from the Guwahati Medical College and Hospital.<ref name=":0" /> He founded the Emergency Medicine department at the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]].<ref name=":1" />

== Social work ==
Since 1993, Ali has been championing the cause of family planning and the necessity to adopt birth control measures in the remote areas of Assam, especially within the Bengali Muslim settlements where the use of contraceptives is prominently considered to be non-Islamic in nature. He encourages the people to undergo the ''[[No scalpel vasectomy|No Scalpel Vasectomy]]'' (NSV) and despite strong resistance, he has motivated around 55,000 people to undergo the NSV procedure between 2008 and 2018. Ali has also spoken out against child marriage and polygamy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/26/assams-family-planning-jihadi-dr-ilias-ali-finally-gets-his-dues-in-form-of-padma-shri-1930401.html|title=Assam's 'family planning jihadi' Dr. Ilias Ali finally gets his dues in form of Padma Shri|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-02-09|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180456/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/26/assams-family-planning-jihadi-dr-ilias-ali-finally-gets-his-dues-in-form-of-padma-shri-1930401.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Books ==

* Kuri Satikar Mahabyadhi - AIDS<ref name=":2" />
* Jana Bisfuranar Pom Khedi<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.time8.in/population-theory-backed-surgeons-knife-nipped-padma-shri-for-assam/|title=Population Theory Backed Surgeon's Knife Nipped 'Padma Shri' For Assam|last=T8N|date=2019-01-27|website=Time8|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Ilias}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions

2026-01-02T21:28:20Z

JacobJamison9: minor changes

{{Short description|Engineering college in West Bengal, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = '''Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions'''
|image = J-c-bose-school-of-engineering.jpg
|established = {{start date and age|2009}}
|type = Private
|address = 1, Khan Road
|city = [[Mankundu]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|postcode = 712139
|coordinates = {{coord|22.84989|N|88.3442337|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|free_label = Approvals
|free = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|affiliations = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology|MAKAUT]]
|website = http://www.skf.edu.in/
}}

'''Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions''', formerly '''Sir J. C. Bose School of Engineering''', is an engineering college situated at [[Mankundu]] in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref name=kolkatamirror>{{cite news| title = Knowledge supreme| newspaper = Kolkata Mirror| date = 1 August 2009| url = http://kolkatamirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=77&contentid=2009080120090801185319515fffca5f&sectxslt=&pageno=1| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309000914/http://kolkatamirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=77&contentid=2009080120090801185319515fffca5f&sectxslt=&pageno=1| archive-date=2012-03-09 | access-date = 15 April 2011}}
</ref> The college is affiliated to the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (MAKAUT). It was established in 2009 by the Supreme Knowledge Foundation (SKF). The college is 34 kilometers from [[Kolkata]] city and 30 minutes journey from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] (Kolkata International Airport).

== Campus ==
The college campus is adjacent to Mankundu railway station (Howrah-Bandel line). The campus has access to National Highway-2. The 10.4 acres campus is embraced with greenery.

== Events ==
''' Ecstasy '''
Every year students organize ‘Ecstasy’, a creative event that helps students to polish their personality and skills.

== Infrastructure ==
Most of the faculty members have notable research background along with Masters and Ph D. The institute offers separate hostels for boys and girls within the campus. Though on campusing placement rate is low and in the past some of the students were placed in some non existing companies.

== Research ==
The college has established the Sir J. C. Bose Creativity Center, where faculty members and researchers work under leadership of Professor (Dr) B. N. Biswas.

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.skf.edu.in/ Official website]

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions, Mankundu}}

[[Category:Information technology institutes]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Sion railway station (India)

2025-12-29T10:08:41Z

JacobJamison9: formatting fix

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox Station
| name = Sion
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Sion Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.04|N|72.86|E|type:railwaystation|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4
| depth =
| levels = 4
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1853
| closed =
| rebuilt = 3 November 1873<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/mumbai-cr-suburban-timeline.html|title=Timeline of Mumbai Suburban Stations Opening- IRFCA|website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Central|left=Matunga|right=Kurla}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Sion
| route_map = {{MSR Central line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Sion''' is a [[railway station]] on the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network, located in the [[Mumbai]] neighborhood of [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]].

Its location near the [[Mithi River]] means that the railway between [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] and [[Kurla railway station|Kurla]], directly to the north,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sion/@19.0553509,72.8588589,14.6z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be7c8cfdc93e2e9:0xa98c6d71c82a3049!8m2!3d19.0465102!4d72.8632615|title=Sion|website=Sion|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> has flooded frequently during the [[Monsoon of South Asia|Indian monsoon]]. However, in 2019, the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] conducted work to raise the [[Track bed|trackbed]] by four to six inches to prevent future flooding. Previously, 30 mm of rain in 24 hours flooded the track, but now there will be no disruption of services with 100 mm of rain per day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/no-flooding-between-sion-and-kurla-this-rainy-season/articleshow/69169534.cms|title=No flooding between Sion and Kurla this rainy season|last=Mishra|first=Kamal|date=4 May 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

Despite this work, the tracks near this station still experienced water-logging and flooding during the 2019 floods in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/tracks-near-sion-stn-waterlogged-after-garbage-clogs-pump/articleshow/70032096.cms|title=Tracks near Sion station waterlogged after garbage clogs pump|date=2 July 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>

== History ==
Sion can be considered the actual place of inauguration of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIP Railway]], since it was here that the "first sod for the railway was turned" by the Chief Secretary of the then Bombay Government, John P. Willoughby. Sion was one of the stations for the First Passenger Train of India (the second stop), that ran on 16 April 1853, where its engines were 'watered' and its wheels greased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4794959?searchTerm=Indian+railway | title=Inauguration of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway | newspaper=Argus | date=26 July 1853 }}</ref>

[[File:Kurla station and cutting, 1853.jpg|thumb|The site of the former Sion station, later renamed Kurla]]

The original Sion station was not situated at its present site, but was somewhere close to Kurla. While the name of the station was initially Sion, in 1855, it was therefore renamed to Kurla. (in 1895, this station was shifted to its present site, and is still called the [[Kurla railway station|Kurla Station]])<ref name="auto"/> There was no railway station between this old station and Dadar, which proved to be of great inconvenience to the passengers. Therefore, in 1872, 107 local inhabitants from Sion and nearby villages sent a petition to the Railway Company (GIPR) to request a station be built. Considering the petitions and the benefits it offered, the GIPR eventually built an official station, the Sion Station.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra |title=Halt Station India : The Dramatic Tale of the Nation's First Rail Lines |year=2014 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3497-4 |language=en}}</ref> This new station was opened on 3 November 1873.<ref name="auto"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sion Stationː Northward view from FoB 1.jpg|Sion station, view from FoB: Platforms 1,2
File:Sion Stationː Northward view from FoB 2.jpg|Anothet, view from FoB: Platforms 3,4
File:Sion stationː Platforms 3 and 4.jpg|Sion station, view from FoB: Platforms 3,4
File:Platform view of Sion Station 1.jpg|View of Sion station platform 4
File:Sion Station building.jpg|Sion station, Platform building
File:GIPR Emblem on Sion Station building.jpg|[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|GIPR]] emblem on station building
File:Old Window at Sion Station building.jpg|Old window on the building
File:Outside Sion railway station.jpg|Outside Sion Station
File:Medical officers watching the arrival of a train at Sion rai Wellcome V0029944.jpg|Medical officers watching the arrival of a train at Sion railway station, during the [[Bombay plague epidemic|Plague epidemic]],1897
File:Sion Station.jpg|Sion Station Board
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Sion railway station (India)}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1853]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Malavpati Munj

2025-12-29T01:24:43Z

JacobJamison9: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malavpati Munj
| image =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ravindra Dave]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| writer =
| based_on = [[Prithivivallabh (novel)|Prithivivallabh]]
| producer = Madhubhai Patel<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tanuja]]
* [[Upendra Trivedi]]
* Shrikant Soni
* Arvind Kirad
* Nalin Dave
* [[Firoz Irani]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* Manjari Desai
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" />
| studio = Sudha Enterprise, [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1976}}
| runtime = 160 Minute<ref name=":RH1995"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Malavpati Munj''''' ({{Langx|gu|માલવપતિ મુંજ}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film directed by [[Ravindra Dave]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/><ref name=":ndtv"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/920201/tribute-director-ravindra-dave-who-was-ravinbhai-in-hindi-films-and-bapa-for-gujarati-cinema|title=Tribute: Director Ravindra Dave, who was 'Ravinbhai' in Hindi films and 'Bapa' for Gujarati cinema|last=Dave|first=Hiren B.|date=2019-04-16|website=Scroll.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416164021/https://scroll.in/reel/920201/tribute-director-ravindra-dave-who-was-ravinbhai-in-hindi-films-and-bapa-for-gujarati-cinema|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status = live|access-date=2024-03-11}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of the film is based on [[Kanaiyalal Munshi]]'s novel "[[Prithivivallabh (novel)|Prithivivallabh]]" and the historical drama "Malavapati Munj" written by Prabhulal Dayaram Dwivedi. The main plot of the film is the struggle for power between King Munj of Malwa and King Tailap of southern Telangana and the love affair between Munj and Tailap's widowed sister Mrinal.<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==
The principal cast is as follows:<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Harish |title=માલવપતિ મુંજ (1976) |url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/માલવપતિ-મુંજ-1976/ |website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]}}</ref><ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=109 |edition=First}}</ref>
* [[Tanuja]] as Mrinal<ref name=":ndtv">{{cite news |last1=Raghuvanshi |first1=Aakanksha |title=Rare Pics Of Tanuja From Her 1976 Film Malavpati Munj. All Thanks To Daughter Tanishaa |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rare-pics-of-tanuja-from-her-1976-film-malavpati-munj-all-thanks-to-daughter-tanishaa-2299391 |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=www.ndtv.com |date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[Upendra Trivedi]] as Munj<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaidya |first1=Tejas |title=ઉપેન્દ્ર ત્રિવેદી: ફેકટરીમાં કામ કરવાથી લઈને 'અભિનયસમ્રાટ' બનવા સુધીની સફર |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/cx0jwv54j42o |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=www.bbc.com |date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
* Shrikant Soni
* Arvind Kirad
* Nalin Dave
* [[Firoz Irani]]
* [[Ramesh Mehta (comedian)|Ramesh Mehta]]
* Manjari Desai

Supporting cast include:

* Mamata
* Minal Mehta
* Mahesh Joshi
* Ramesh Sedani
* Mina Irani
* Bina Patel
* Jayendra Mishra
* Raju Shrimali
* Tryambak Joshi
* Vibhakar Mehta
* Keshav Thanki
* Anjali Kale

==Soundtrack==
Total 11 songs are in the film out of which two songs have been taken from Prabhulal Dwivedi's play "Malavapati Munj", while the rest of the songs have been composed by [[Avinash Vyas]].<ref name=":0" />

The soundtrack is as follows:<ref name=":RH1995"/>
{{Infobox album
| name = Malavapati Munj
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]], Prabhudas Dviwedi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1976
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics =
| total_length =
| all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":RH1995"/>
| all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]], Prabhudas Dviwedi<ref name=":RH1995"/>

| title1 = ''Lakh Lakh Divda ni Jyot Jhalkavu Ma''
| extra1 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length1 =

| title2 = ''Rangtali (3) Re Rangma Rangtali''
| extra2 = [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics2 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length2 =

| title3 = ''Harsiddh Ma, Pavavadi Ma''
| extra3 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics3 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length3 =

| title4 = ''Vage Chhe Re Vage Chhe, Vanaravan Morali Vage Chhe''
| extra4 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| lyrics4 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length4 =

| title5 = ''Gavo... Gavo... Gavo Man Muki... Vanma Bole Mor''
| extra5 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| lyrics5 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length5 =

| title6 = ''Rangilo Fagan No Mahino... Nachi Rahya Chhe Aankhane..''
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]], Manhar
| lyrics6 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length6 =

| title7 = ''Hrday Na Shuddh Premine Nigam na Gyan Ochha Chhe...''
| extra7 = [[Manna Dey]]
| lyrics7 = Prabhulal Dwivedi
| length7 =

| title8 = ''Tari Savari Surat Par Vari Vari Jau.. Ho Sundar''
| extra8 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
| lyrics8 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length8 =

| title9 = ''Kone Kahu Mara Urno Ajampo''
| extra9 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
| lyrics9 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length9 =

| title10 = ''Jabaro Ke Chhe Juvani Salagi...''
| extra10 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]], Preeti, Sulochana
| lyrics10 = [[Avinash Vyas]]
| length10 =

| title11 = ''Jene Maran ni Parava Nathi... Ek Sarkha Divas Sukhna''
| extra11 = [[Manna Dey]]
| lyrics11 = Prabhulal Dwivedi
| length11 =

}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1970s Gujarati-language films]]

Syed Shamsul Bari

2025-12-26T08:35:58Z

JacobJamison9: done

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Distinguish|Shamsul Bari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Shamsul Bari
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[Anjali Khan]]
| successor = [[Kamakhya Charan Ghosh]]
| constituency = [[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Syed Shamsul Bari''' is an Indian lawyer and politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was the second MLA of [[Medinipur Assembly constituency]] in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Bari was born into a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Syeds]] in [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Career==
Bari contested in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Medinipur Assembly constituency]], defeating Marxist politician [[Kamakshya Charan Ghose]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1962/midnapore/|title=Midnapore, 1962|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He lost to Ghose at the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1967/midnapore/|title=Midnapore, 1967|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bari, Syed Shamsul}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Monroe County Public Library

2025-12-24T15:08:10Z

JacobJamison9: formatting fix

{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox library
| library_name = Monroe County Public Library
| library_logo = [[File:Logo_for_Monroe_County_Public_Library_in_Bloomington,_IN.png|x160px]]
| location = 303 E Kirkwood Ave [[Bloomington, Indiana]] 47408
| established = 1820
| annual_circulation = 2.7 million
| pop_served = 138,000
| budget = $7,345,690
| director = Grier Carson
| num_employees = 153
| website = http://www.mcpl.info
| image =
}}

'''Monroe County Public Library (MCPL)''' serves the 138,000 citizens of [[Monroe County, Indiana]], through the Downtown Library in downtown [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], the Ellettsville Branch, the Southwest Branch, and the [[Bookmobile]]. The library's special services include the Learn and Play Space, a preschool discovery center; VITAL, an adult literacy program; CATS, a five-channel [[Public-access television|community access television network]]; the Indiana Room, a local history and genealogy collection and grants center (part of the Foundation Center's Cooperating Collections National Network); and service to inmates at the Monroe County Correctional Center.

==History==
[[File:Monroe_County_Public_Library_building.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Monroe County Public Library Bloomington Entrance|Monroe County Public Library.]]
The first library in Monroe County was established in 1820 in the courthouse. The [[Monroe Carnegie Library]] was dedicated in 1918. In 1965, the [[Bloomington Public Library]] merged with the Monroe County Public Library system. Library service continued in the Carnegie building until 1970 when the current building was completed. Expanded to a full city block in 1997 and renovated in 2010, the Downtown Library is a 135,000-square-foot limestone building located in downtown Bloomington near [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]].

The Bloomington library was one of four in the United States to install a Randtriever, a first generation [[automated storage and retrieval system]]. The system, built by [[Sperry Rand]], was removed by the mid-1980s, due to maintenance costs and problems with the supplier.<ref>[http://www.slais.ubc.ca/COURSES/libr500/01-02-wt1/www/J_Loo/history.htm ASRS(Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems) in Academic Libraries ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614224157/http://www.slais.ubc.ca/COURSES/libr500/01-02-wt1/www/J_Loo/history.htm |date=2009-06-14 }}</ref>

Library services started in Ellettsville in 1968 when a storefront branch opened. The current building was dedicated in 1990 and expanded and renovated in 2009.

In 2011 the library experienced its fifteenth year of increases in circulation and library visits. That same year, circulation topped 2.7 million.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} The library uses the Polaris [[Integrated library system|Integrated Library System]] and has implemented an [[Rfid#Libraries|RFID-based]] circulation, materials handling and inventory control system.

On March 1, 2020, the library stopped charging fines for overdue books.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lane |first1=Laura |title=Past, future fines forgiven at Monroe, Owen libraries |url=https://www.hoosiertimes.com/herald_times_online/news/local/past-future-fines-forgiven-at-monroe-owen-libraries/article_8cc1d332-37f6-11ea-b7c0-1301d47ab67a.html |accessdate=16 August 2020 |date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

==Community Outreach Services==
Bookmobile service to rural Monroe County began in 1929 with the purchase of a Model A Ford “booktruck.” This service continues six days a week with a modern bookmobile purchased in 2011. The bookmobile travels to elementary schools, many apartment complexes, and towns in Monroe County without their own library branch.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bookmobile Service|url=https://mcpl.info/outreach/bookmobile-service}}</ref>

The Library Van visits assisted living and senior living centers on a bi-weekly schedule. The library works with each facility to set up a temporary mini-library, or provides materials for each facility to distribute. As of 2018, the library offers this service to 8 different facilities around Bloomington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcpl.info/outreach/outreach-van|title=Library Van {{!}} Monroe County Public Library, Indiana - mcpl.info|website=mcpl.info|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

House Calls Service is a free service offered to residents of Monroe County. The service delivers library materials once a month to a patron's home. It is designed for people with disabilities and those with extended illnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcpl.info/outreach/house-calls-service|title=House Calls Service {{!}} Monroe County Public Library, Indiana - mcpl.info|website=mcpl.info|language=en|access-date=2018-04-23}}</ref>

In a cooperative agreement between the Monroe County Correctional Center and the Monroe County Public Library, Jail Library Services have been offered since 1986. Each month, the Jail Library is visited by about 200 inmates and circulates over 1,000 books. Each inmate has access to library service about once every three weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jail Library Service|url=https://mcpl.info/jail|website=Monroe County Public Library}}</ref>

Volunteers in Tutoring Adult Learners (VITAL) is a program where volunteers are trained to provide adults one on one tutoring. VITAL has two main areas of focus: adult literacy, and English as a new language. The program is free for volunteers and learners. The main branch of the library has a collection specifically geared toward the VITAL program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcpl.info/blogs/vital-volunteers-tutoring-adult-learners|title=VITAL - Volunteers in Tutoring Adult Learners {{!}} Monroe County Public Library, Indiana - mcpl.info|website=mcpl.info|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>

==Awards==
*In the 2010 HAPLR Rankings, MCPL was ranked 3rd in its class. MCPL has been ranked in the top ten of libraries serving 100k populations, every year since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=HAPLR 100 for 1999 to 2010|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR100.htm|work=HAPLR}}</ref>
*CATS won several awards in The 2011 National Hometown Video Awards of the Alliance for Community Media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hometown Media Awards|url=http://www.allcommunitymedia.org/events/hometown-media-award|work=Alliance for Community Media}}</ref>
*The Indiana Library Federation recognized MCPL with its Danny Gunnells Intellectual Freedom Award in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=IF Awards|url=http://www.ilfonline.org/units/if-awards/|work=Indiana Library Federation}}</ref>
*The Greater Bloomington Chamber of Commerce has honored MCPL with its Workforce Development Award in 2007 and Trailblazer through Technology Award in 2011.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}
*MCPL has received a “Best of Show” award for best promotional video from the [[American Library Association]]'s "PR Xchange" for its 2009 Children's Summer Reading video, “Be Creative @ your library.”<ref>{{cite web|title= PR Xchange Winners|url=http://www.ala.org/llama/awards/prxchange_winners#2009|work=American Library Association}}</ref>
*The library's adult literacy program (VITAL) has received a Volunteer Program Award from [[Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana|Ivy Tech's]] Center for Civic Engagement in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ivytech.edu/bloomington/obannon/5911.html|title=Civic Engagement Awards - Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana|last=Indiana|first=Ivy Tech Community College of|website=www.ivytech.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> the Indiana Library Federation's Tom Zupancic Award for the support of literacy and libraries in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ilfonline.org/resource/resmgr/awards/past_awards_through_2017.pdf|title=Past Awards from Indiana Library Federation|website=Indiana Library Federation}}</ref> and a Be More Knowledgeable Award from the City of Bloomington in 2011.
*In 2017, MCPL won the ALA Excellence in Library Programming Award for their series "Discuss, Meet, and Act: The Power of Words" which focused on how an individual can make positive change in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=2017 ALA Award Winners|url=https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2017/09/01/2017-ala-award-winners/|website=American Libraries|accessdate=7 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mcpl.info Monroe County Public Library website]
*[https://mcpl.info/friends Friends of Monroe County Public Library]
*[https://www.facebook.com/mcplindiana Monroe County Public Library Facebook page]

{{coord|39|10|0|N|86|31|50|W|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:County library systems in Indiana|Monroe]]
[[Category:Education in Monroe County, Indiana|Library]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bloomington, Indiana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bloomington, Indiana]]
[[Category:1820 establishments in Indiana]]

Nellai R. Jebamani

2025-12-02T06:02:27Z

JacobJamison9: Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|2|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|7|14|1919|2|19|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| constituency = [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] (1969-1977) [[Janata Party]] (1977-2000)
| predecessor = [[K. P. Kandasamy]]
| successor = [[S. N. Ramasamy]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| image =
| children = [[Jebamani Mohanraj]] (son)
}}
'''Nellai R. Jebamani''' (19 February 1919- 14 July 2000) was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] who was the staunch supporter of [[K. Kamaraj]], former CM. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Janata Party]] candidate from [[Sathankulam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathankulam constituency]] in [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

Jebamani has a son named [[Jebamani Mohanraj|Mohanraj]], who became a politician and founded the Jebamani Janata Party, naming it after Jebamani.<ref name="2019-04-04--IANS">{{Cite news |date=4 April 2019 |title=TN candidate declares Rs 1.76 lakh cr cash, Rs 4 lakh cr loan |work=Indo-Asian News Service |department=India |id=vj/bc. Academic databases: {{Factiva|HNIANS0020190404ef44003ju}}; {{Gale|A581195420}}; {{ProQuest|2202720901}}. News publishers: [[The Tribune (India)]] [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/tamil-nadu-candidate-declares-rs-1-76-lakh-cr-cash-rs-4-lakh-cr-loan-753246/ 753246]; [[Business Standard]] [https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tn-candidate-declares-rs-1-76-lakh-cr-cash-rs-4-lakh-cr-loan-119040400624_1.html 119040400624_1]. |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref name="Lakshmi-Subramanian--2019-04-04--The-Week">{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=4 April 2019 |title=Tamil Nadu's "richest" candidate dares EC to prove him wrong |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/04/04/Tamil-Nadu-richest-candidate-dares-EC-to-prove-him-wrong.html |work=The Week |department=Breadcrumbs: News > India. Tags: Tamil Nadu; General Elections 2019.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jebamani, R.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Karishma Rai

2025-11-22T22:27:33Z

JacobJamison9: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
'''Karishma Rai''' is an Indian politician from Bihar. She is a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Parsa Assembly constituency [[Saran district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Parsa Election Result 2025: परसा सीट आरजेडी की करिश्मा राय को मिली बढ़त, इतनी वोटों से हैं आगे |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/parsa-election-result-2025-jdu-chhote-lal-ray-vs-rjd-karishma-rai-vote-counting-win-loss-vidhan-sabha-chunav-parinam/4199605/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> She won the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]. She contested on RJD and defeated sitting MLA [[Chhote Lal Ray]] who defected from RJD to the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Shrikant |date=2025-11-14 |title=Parsa Election Results 2025: Chhote Lal Ray Vs Karishma Rai — Who's Winning? |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/elections/parsa-election-results-2025-chhote-lal-ray-vs-karishma-rai-whos-winning |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> She won by a margin of 25,772 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-15 |title=Bihar Election Results 2025 Constituency-wise, Seat-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-election-2025-result-constituency-wise-seats-check-full-list-of-winners-in-2020-elections-10363163/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Parsa Election Result 2025 Highlights: RJD's Karishma wins Parsa with 89093 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/parsa-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2819079-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parsa Constituency Election Results 2025: Parsa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/parsa |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Karishma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Saran district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Highway 168 (India)

2025-10-24T16:12:39Z

JacobJamison9: updated page

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 168
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=8|frame-lat=24.66|frame-long=72.25|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q55497231|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 168}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 144
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 68
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Tharad]]
| terminus_b = [[Sirohi]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 167
| next_route = 169
| states = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 168''', commonly called '''NH 168''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/160886.pdf|title=New highways notification dated 5th September, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 Jun 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 68 (India)|National Highway 68]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> NH-168 traverses the states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==

=== Gujarat ===
[[Tharad]], [[Dhanera]].

=== Rajasthan ===
[[Reoder]], [[Anadra]], [[Sirohi]] .<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|68|country=IND}} Terminal near Tharad.<ref name=":1" />
: {{jct|NH|168A|country=IND}} near Dhanera.
: {{jct|NH|62|country=IND}} Terminal near Sirohi.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/5724046 NH 168 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH68 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Church of the New Dispensation

2025-10-15T21:38:36Z

JacobJamison9: stub...

{{Short description|19th century religious movement in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

The '''Church of the New Dispensation''' was a religious movement founded in the 19th century by [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Keshab Chunder Sen]], characterized by its syncretic blend of [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Christians|Christian]], and other religious traditions, and its focus on direct, personal spiritual experience and social reform within the framework of Indian [[Brahmoism]].

== History ==
[[File:Keshub Chunder Sen (1838-1884).jpg|thumb|[[Keshub Chandra Sen|Keshub Chunder Sen]], founder of the Church of the New Dispensation]]
The Church of the New Dispensation, emerging in the early 19th century, represented a significant reform movement within Indian Brahmoism. Initially, it focused on the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy, emphasizing the profound relationship between man and the divine.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Höke |first=Vera |title=Individualisation in conformity: Keshab Chandra Sen and canons of the self |date=2019-12-16 |work=Religious Individualisation |pages=1381–1400 |editor-last=Fuchs |editor-first=Martin |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783110580853-067 |isbn=978-3-11-058085-3 |editor2-last=Linkenbach |editor2-first=Antje |editor3-last=Mulsow |editor3-first=Martin |editor4-last=Otto |editor4-first=Bernd-Christian|doi-access=free }}</ref> Influenced by both [[Puritans|Puritan]] self-examination practices and [[faculty psychology]], the movement reflected a deep emphasis on self-awareness and spiritual introspection.<ref name=":0" />

Keshab Chandra Sen, a central figure in the [[Bengal Renaissance|19th-century Bengali reform movement]], played a critical role in the sect's formation, advocating for what he termed a 'living religion'. His call for religious and social reform emphasized the importance of God-realization through inward focus, resonating with the educated middle class, particularly the [[Bhadralok]], who were closely aligned with British colonizers.<ref name=":0" /> The sect's appeal lay in its progressive ideology that resonated with the educated elite's aspirations for social and religious reform.

A distinctive feature of the sect was its synthesis of various religious elements. Keshab Chandra Sen, driven by his ideology of salvation, sought a universal religion, combining culturally diverse religious practices from [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism|Saktism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Unitarianism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1979 |pages=250–286}}</ref> This eclectic approach, including the adoption of Vaishnava [[kirtan]] into Brahmo services, marked a profound shift from traditional Brahmoism towards a more inclusive and universalist stance. Under Keshab Chandra Sen's leadership, the sect established a distinct identity, focusing on individual realization of religious knowledge. Leadership roles within the sect were centered around delivering lectures and designing religious rites that catered to the spiritual needs of its predominantly middle-class followers.<ref name=":0" />

The sect underwent significant shifts in focus and leadership under Sen's guidance. In 1878, a critical division occurred following the controversial marriage of Keshab's under-aged daughter to the prince of [[Cooch Behar|Cooch-Behar]], a decision seen as violating both the Native Marriage Act and the [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo Samaj's]] principles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=T. Jacob |date=1995 |title=Interaction of the Gospel and Culture in Bengal |journal=Indian Journal of Theology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=47–63}}</ref> This event led to the formation of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] and subsequently, Keshab reorganized his smaller group of supporters into the Church of the New Dispensation, which adopted a syncretistic and eclectic approach, incorporating Hindu and Christian features.<ref name=":2" />

The Church of the New Dispensation was characterized by its synthesis of Western and Indian traditions. It emphasized individual self-cultivation and balanced development of faculties, advocating for a direct, personal encounter with the divine while rejecting the reliance on external religious authorities.<ref name=":0" />

Later, the sect incorporated concepts from other religious movements, such as avataric evolutionism based on the writings of [[Helena Blavatsky|H.P. Blavatsky]] in 1882. Keshab Chandra Sen's progressive integration of [[Christian theology]], particularly his views on [[Jesus|Christ]] and the [[Trinity]], marked a controversial yet forward-thinking approach within the sect.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Pape |first=W. Roy |date=1976 |title=Keshub Chunder Sen's Doctrine of Christ and the Trinity: a Rehabilitation |journal=Indian Journal of Theology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=55–71}}</ref>

Sen's charismatic leadership was pivotal in the early expansion of the sect, but his controversial decisions led to internal strife and divisions. [[Sivanath Shastri|Sivanath Sastri]], a prominent figure in the Sadharan Samaj, emerged as a significant critic, challenging the theological and ideological directions taken by Sen.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kopf |first=David |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1979 |pages=313–334}}</ref> Sastri's efforts were central to the Brahmo Samaj's impact, promoting ideals such as rational theism, social reform, humanism, and political liberalism.<ref name=":4" />

== Beliefs and practices ==

=== Doctrine ===
Sen introduced the concept of a 'living religion'. This doctrine stressed the importance of God-realization through inward focus and called for religious and social reform, resonating with the values of the educated middle class.<ref name=":0" /> Sen's teachings encouraged followers to actively engage in self-improvement and societal betterment, aligning spiritual growth with social responsibility.

Central to the sect's belief was the advocacy for a direct, personal encounter with the divine. This approach rejected the dependence on external religious authorities, emphasizing a more intimate and personal relationship with God.<ref name=":0" /> The sect promoted a duality of worshipper and worshipped, fostering a deeper understanding and connection with the divine.

The sect's doctrines reflected a unique synthesis of Eastern and Western religious elements, notably under Keshab Chandra Sen's leadership. He envisioned a universal religion combining diverse practices from different cultural and religious backgrounds, aiming to transcend sectarian and national boundaries in the pursuit of a more holistic spirituality.<ref name=":1" />

=== Practices ===
In its rituals and ceremonies, the Brahmoist sect skillfully integrated elements from both Indian and Western religious traditions. Practices such as 'sadhu samagama' (pilgrimages to the saints) exemplified this blending, promoting a holistic approach to spiritual development that respected various cultural and religious backgrounds.<ref name=":0" />

Adopting practices akin to Puritan and Unitarian traditions, the sect emphasized critical self-examination and personal development through the use of spiritual diaries and public accounts of personal behavior. These practices encouraged followers to reflect deeply on their spiritual journey and ethical conduct<ref name=":0" />

The sect reinterpreted traditional Indian ceremonies in a universal context. For example, the Christian [[Eucharist]] was adapted to include Hindu symbols like rice and water, [[baptism]] was performed by invoking [[Varuna]], and Vedic rituals like the [[Homa (ritual)|fire ceremony]] were given new, universal meanings. This approach highlighted the sect's commitment to a more inclusive and broad understanding of spirituality.<ref name=":1" />

Emphasizing the importance of symbols in spiritual practice, the sect incorporated dance as a form of worship, recognizing its cultural significance across various traditions. This practice demonstrated the sect's appreciation of diverse cultural expressions in religious practice.<ref name=":4" />

The Church of the New Dispensation's rituals were eclectic, drawing from various religious traditions to create a unique spiritual experience for its followers. This eclecticism was a hallmark of the sect's approach to worship, reflecting its broader doctrine of universalism and synthesis of religious practices.<ref name=":4" />

The Church of the New Dispensation also adopted many Hindu practices, such as referring to God as "Mother" and reinstituting [[idolatry]], a practice that had been abolished in Brahmoism.<ref name=":4" />

=== Sacred Texts ===
The Brahmoist sect curated an eclectic collection of sacred writings, drawing from diverse religious traditions. This included texts from Hinduism, Christianity, and other global religious scriptures, reflecting the sect's commitment to a universal religious perspective.<ref name=":1" /> These texts were revered not just for their religious significance but also for their philosophical depth and ethical teachings. A key feature of the sect's approach to sacred texts was the emphasis on comparative religious study. This involved deep scholarly analysis and intuitive engagement with texts from various religions, fostering a broad understanding of spiritual and moral principles.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Mullick |first=Sunnit |title=The First Hindu Mission to America: The Pioneering Visits of Protap Chunder Mozoomdar |publisher=Northern Book Centre |year=2010}}</ref>

=== Comparison with Mainstream Brahmoism ===
While mainstream Brahmoism focused on a form of [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] worship and rationalism, the Brahmoist sect under Keshab Chandra Sen diverged by integrating a broader range of religious and philosophical ideas.<ref name=":0" /> This included elements from Eastern and Western religious traditions, creating a more eclectic and inclusive approach to spirituality.

In terms of rituals and ceremonies, the sect deviated from mainstream Brahmoism's simpler, [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] practices. It incorporated more elaborate rituals, drawing from various religious customs, and even reintroduced the use of images and symbols, which mainstream Brahmoism had moved away from.<ref name=":1" />

Theologically, the sect was more experimental, particularly under Keshab Chandra Sen's leadership. It explored concepts like the Trinity and Christ's divinity, which were not typical of mainstream Brahmoism. These explorations sometimes led to accusations of [[heresy]] from more traditional Brahmo circles.<ref name=":3" />

Both mainstream Brahmoism and the sect shared a commitment to social reform, but the sect tended to combine these efforts with more radical religious innovations. This sometimes led to internal conflicts and divisions within the broader Brahmo community.<ref name=":2" />

== Influence on Indian society ==
The Church of the New Dispensation, under Sen's leadership, significantly impacted Indian society through its progressive social reforms. Advocating for issues such as [[women's rights]] and [[education reform]], the church aligned with the broader aspirations of the educated middle class in [[Bengal]].<ref name=":2" /> This advocacy reflected the church's commitment to societal change, transcending traditional religious boundaries.

The church's reformist and progressive stance contributed significantly to the Bengal Renaissance, a period marked by social, cultural, and intellectual awakening. Through its teachings and practices, the church played a crucial role in shaping contemporary social values and contributing to this broader movement of rejuvenation during the 19th century.<ref name=":2" />

== Ecumenical relations ==
[[File:Protap Chunder Mozoomdar.jpg|thumb|Protap Chunder Mozoomdar, professor of Christianity]]
The Church of the New Dispensation was known for its ecumenical approach, actively engaging with various religious traditions to foster interfaith understanding and dialogue. This inclusive attitude was a hallmark of Keshab Chandra Sen's leadership, reflecting the church's commitment to a universal religious perspective.<ref name=":1" />

The church emphasized comparative religious studies, encouraging a deeper appreciation of different religious philosophies. This approach facilitated mutual respect and learning among different faith communities, contributing to a climate of interfaith dialogue.<ref name=":5" /> Sen appointed four people as "professors" to conduct an academic study of various religions: Gour Govind Roy for Hinduism, [[Protap Chunder Mozoomdar]] for Christianity, [[Girish Chandra Sen|Girish Chunder Sen]] for Islam, and [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay|Aghorenath Gupta]] for Buddhism.<ref name=":5" /> In the pursuit of the academic study of religions other than their own, all the professors utilized a two-approach, a scholarly criticism with intuitive sympathy, which can be seen as a precursor to the [[Phenomenology of religion|phenomenological approach]].<ref name=":5" />

The church's unorthodox practices and beliefs sometimes led to tensions and criticisms from more traditional religious factions. Its syncretic and eclectic approach, while progressive, occasionally faced resistance from orthodox Hinduism and other religions.<ref name=":3" />

== Opposition ==
The Church of the New Dispensation faced resistance from orthodox religious groups, particularly within Hinduism, due to its syncretic practices and departure from traditional religious norms.<ref name=":4" /> This opposition was a significant external challenge, impacting the church's ability to expand its influence.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The church's progressive stance on social issues, including women's rights and education, often drew criticism from more conservative elements in mainstream society. This external pressure sometimes hindered the church's efforts in social reform.<ref name=":2" />

== Decline ==
The Church of the New Dispensation faced significant internal challenges, particularly in terms of leadership disputes and doctrinal differences following Keshab Chandra Sen's death. Disagreements over religious practices and the direction of the church led to internal strife and weakened its cohesive structure.<ref name=":3" /> The struggle for succession after Sen's death further exacerbated internal conflicts. Different factions within the church vied for leadership, leading to fragmentation and weakening the church's influence.<ref name=":4" />

The decline of the Church of the New Dispensation was marked by internal conflicts and leadership challenges. After Keshab Chandra Sen's death in 1884, the church faced difficulties in maintaining unity and coherent leadership. Keshab's charismatic leadership had been a unifying force, but his absence led to divisions within the church and skepticism from various quarters, including traditional Brahmos and others within the religious and intellectual community.<ref name=":3" />

The actual number of Brahmos remained relatively small, primarily comprising middle-class professionals and their families. Despite the establishment of new branches post-1880, these were mostly aligned with the Sadharan faction, indicating a decline in support for Keshab's approach.<ref name=":4" /> The 1891 census reported only 3,051 Brahmos in [[South Asia]], reflecting the limited numerical growth and influence of the church.<ref name=":4" />

Despite the decline, the church's philosophy of eclecticism continued to influence the personalities, lives, and consciousnesses of representative 20th-century Indians, contributing to the shaping of the modern Indian mind.<ref name=":4" /> However, the church struggled to maintain its initial momentum and unity in the years following Keshab's death, eventually leading to its dissolution as a significant religious movement.
[[File:Maharani Suniti Devi of Koch Bihar (cropped).jpg|thumb|Suniti Devi, daughter of Keshub Chunder Sen]]

== Remnants and Revivals ==
[[Nripendra Narayan|King Nripendra]] and his wife, [[Suniti Devi]], constructed the largest Brahmo temple in South Asia, primarily funded with government money, and provided an annual grant of 5,000 rupees for maintenance.<ref name=":4" /> In 1888, the king declared that the Church of the New Dispensation was the official [[state religion]], though it had no practical effect in spreading the faith outside the small community of Bengali elite.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Brahmoism]]

Punjab Public Service Commission (India)

2025-08-05T14:18:15Z

JacobJamison9:

{{short description|State government agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Punjab Public Service Commission
| native_name =
| native_name_a = PPSC
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Government body]]
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Punjab Public Service Commission.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1956|11|01}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Punjab, India]]
| headquarters = Baradari Garden, Maharani Club, [[Punjab, India]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = Jatinder Aulakh
| chief1_position = ({{small|Chairman}}) 
Gurpartap Singh Mann
({{small|Member}}) 
Kaur Sandhu (Bubbu Tir)
({{small|Member}}) ({{small|Member}})
Shivinder Singh Mann
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|ppsc.gov.in}}
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

The '''Punjab Public Service Commission''' ('''PPSC'''),<ref name="UPSC 2017">{{cite web | title=State Public Service Commissions | website=UPSC | date=2017-06-29 | url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/external-links/state-public-service-commissions | access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> formerly the '''Joint Public Service Commission''', is a [[government agency]] of the state of [[Punjab]], India, established under [[Article 315 of the Constitution of India|Article 315]] of the [[Constitution of India]], to select candidates for various state government jobs through [[Competitive examination|competitive examinations]].<ref name="News18 2012">{{cite web | title=Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) | website=News18 | date=2012-07-16 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/punjab-public-service-commission-ppsc-488088.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="District Patiala, Government of Punjab 2018">{{cite web | title=Punjab Public Service Commission H.O., Patiala - India | website=District Patiala, Government of Punjab | date=2018-03-20 | url=https://patiala.nic.in/punjab-public-service-commission-h-o-patiala/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==History ==
Punjab Public Service Commission was originally formed as '''Joint Public Service Commission''' at [[Lahore]] on 1 May 1937 before [[Partition of India]]. It was functioning under [[Khyber Pass]] and [[Yamuna River]] near [[Delhi]]. After British ended its [[British raj|governance]] in the country, the two newly independent countries India and Pakistan were born. In February, 1948, the two countries revised their provisions at [[Shimla]] that led the Punjab Public Service Commission to came into existence extending over the province of [[East Punjab]]. India, later merged Punjab and [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] that made the government to shift the commission to
[[Patiala]] on 1 November 1956.<ref name="News18 2012"/> The commission was working under PEPSU's jurisdiction. But on 1 November 1966, its territorial jurisdiction was decreased due to the formation of the States of [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and Indian-based commission came into existence by splitting the earlier formed commission in two constitutional bodies; one in India and another in Pakistan.<ref name="Welcome to Punjab Public Service Commission">{{cite web | website=Welcome to Punjab Public Service Commission | url=https://ppsc.gov.in/index.aspx?page=7&tabid=3&tablinkid=7 |title=History| access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==Functions and responsibilities==
The commission is performing various roles as amended in Article 320 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=Article 320(1) in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1168774/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
*To conduct competitive and civil examinations under its present jurisdiction.
* To conducting screening test of the selected candidates.
*To frame and operate schemes as amended in the state public service commission Article, 320 under the supervision of [[Union Public Service Commission]], if state requests.
*To make appointments to state civil services.
*To check the suitability of the candidates when promoting and transferring them from one service to another.<ref name="Indian Kanoon1">{{cite web | title=Article 320 in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1723820/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Punjab Public Service Commission">{{cite web | website=Welcome to Punjab Public Service Commission | url=https://ppsc.gov.in/index.aspx?page=10&tabid=3&tablinkid=10 |title=Regulations| access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==Administration Profile==
The state chief Secretary prepares the list of members and send it to state governor for their final appointments. State public service commission consists various members with different designations to perform their duties.<ref name="Pioneer 2020">{{cite web | last=Pioneer | first=The | title=Punjab Guv administers oath to 6 PPSC members | website=The Pioneer | date=2020-02-14 | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/punjab-guv-administers-oath-to-6-ppsc-members.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation
|-
| Jatinder Aulakh || Chairman
|-
| Amar Partap Singh Virk || n/a
|-
| Gurpartap Singh Mann|| Member
|-
| Kaur Sandhu (Bubbu Tir) || Member
|-
| Mohali SAS nagar || Member
|-
| lok Nath Angra || n/a
|-
| Dr. Neelam Grewal || Member
|-
| Supreet Ghuman || n/a
|}

==Commission censorship==
In 2018, the selection process of the commission-members triggered controversies when [[News media]] reported questions raised by the leaders. The selection panel was cited arbitrary and possible political links behind the criteria for choosing members of the Punjab Public Service Commission.<ref name="Kaur 2018">{{cite web | last=Kaur | first=Sukhdeep | title=Who is on PPSC member list? Sons of farmer union leader, Preneet’s friend | website=Hindustan Times | date=2018-01-25 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/who-is-on-ppsc-member-list-sons-of-farmer-union-leader-preneet-s-friend/story-DHkZDi7IbKGO7ALaxx5YXL.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Tribuneindia News Service 2018">{{cite web | title=Govt names PPSC members, Khaira calls it arbitrary | website=Tribuneindia News Service | date=2018-02-23 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/govt-names-ppsc-members-khaira-calls-it-arbitrary-548233 | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Chhina 2018">{{cite web | last=Chhina | first=Man Aman Singh | title=Panel picks names for PPSC members, info commissioners; LoP records dissent | website=The Indian Express | date=2018-02-23 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/punjab-panel-ppsc-sukhpal-khaira-information-commissioners-lop-records-5074656/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Punjab Public Service Commission (Pakistan)]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]
* [[Punjab Educational Services]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1956 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Government of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:State civil services of India]]

GSAT-18

2025-07-19T03:47:09Z

JacobJamison9: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian communications satellite}}
{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
| name = GSAT-18
| image = File:GSAT-18.png
| mission_type = [[Communications satellite|Communications]]
| operator = [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]]
| COSPAR_ID = 2016-060A
| SATCAT = 41793
| website = [http://isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/gsat-18 GSAT-18]
| mission_duration = Planned: 15 years Elapsed: {{time interval|5 October 2016 20:30|show=ymd|sep=,}}

| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]<ref name="AR2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf |title=Annual Report 2015-2016 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |format=PDF |page=28 |date=December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705060034/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/right-to-information/annual_report-15-16.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-05 }}</ref>
| manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]] [[Space Applications Centre]]
| launch_mass = {{convert|3404|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="brochure">{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/GSAT-18/files/assets/common/downloads/GSAT%2018%20-%20Brochure.pdf |title=GSAT-18 |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=2017-06-12 |archive-date=2016-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213050343/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/GSAT-18/files/assets/common/downloads/GSAT%2018%20-%20Brochure.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{convert|1480|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="brochure" />
| dimensions =
| power = 6,474 watts<ref name="brochure" />

| launch_date = {{start-date|5 October 2016}}, ≈20:30 [[UTC]]<ref name="nasasf20161005">{{cite news |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/10/ariane-5-sky-muster-ii-gsat-18-launch/ |title=Ariane 5 launches Sky Muster II and GSAT-18 |work=NASA Spaceflight |first=Chris |last=Bergin |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[Ariane 5 ECA]], VA-231<ref name="AR2016"/>
| launch_site = [[Guiana Space Centre]] [[ELA-3]]<ref name="AR2016"/>
| launch_contractor = [[Arianespace]]<ref name="AR2016"/>
| entered_service = 

| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_longitude = 74° E
| orbit_periapsis = {{convert|35750|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|35822|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| orbit_inclination = 0.0616°
| orbit_epoch = 11 June 2017 01:46:00 UTC<ref name="heavens-above">{{cite web |url=http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=41793 |title=GSAT-18 - Orbit |work=Heavens-Above |date=11 June 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref>
| apsis = gee

| trans_band = 24 × [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] 12 × extended C band 12 × [[Ku band|Ku band]] 2 × Ku beacon

| programme = [[GSAT]]
| previous_mission = [[GSAT-15]]
| next_mission = [[GSAT-9]]
}}

'''GSAT-18''' is an Indian communications satellite. Built by [[ISRO]] and operated by [[INSAT]], it carries 24 [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]], 12 extended C-band, and 12 [[Ku band|Ku-band]] transponders.As of 2025, 6 transponders in the spacecraft are kept in idle, as [[GSAT-14]] covers their spectrum.they are expected to be online in early 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-27 |title=GSAT-18 cost: PAC tells space dept to be economically prudent |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gsat-18-cost-pac-tells-space-dept-to-be-economically-prudent-9908053/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The satellite was launched on 5 October 2016 at approximately 20:30 [[UTC]] aboard an [[Ariane 5 ECA]] rocket from the [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[Kourou]], French Guiana.<ref name="nasasf20161005" /><ref name="busistan20161006">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-s-communication-satellite-gsat-18-launched-successfully-116100600381_1.html |title=India's communication satellite GSAT-18 launched successfully |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> The launch vehicle inserted the satellite into a [[geosynchronous transfer orbit]], and once in service it will occupy the orbital slot at 74° East longitude.<ref name="AR2016"/><ref name="sfn_ls">{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |title=Launch Schedule |work=Spaceflight Now |date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005082318/http://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The total cost of the satellite and launch services was about {{US$|153 million}}.<ref name="sfnow20161005">{{cite news |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/05/ariane-5-goes-on-test-run-after-launching-two-satellites/ |title=Ariane 5 goes on test run after launching two satellites |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

GSAT-18 was originally scheduled to launch on 12 July 2016 alongside Japan's [[Superbird-B3|Superbird-8]] satellite, but a shipping mishap which damaged Superbird-8 forced a delay in the launch schedule.<ref name="sn20160620">{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/japans-dsn-1-military-communications-satellite-damaged-during-transport-to-launch-base/ |title=Japan's DSN-1 military communications satellite damaged during transport to launch base |work=Space News |first=Peter B. |last=de Selding |date=20 June 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="hindu20160710">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/deferred-gsat18-awaits-october-launch-at-kourou/article8829906.ece |title=Deferred GSAT-18 awaits October launch at Kourou |work=The Hindu |first=Madhumathi |last=D. S. |date=10 July 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> [[Arianespace]] later paired GSAT-18 with Australia's [[Sky Muster II]] for a 4 October 2016 launch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/mission-update/sky-muster-satellite-delivered-for-flight-va231/ |title=Sky Muster II comes to French Guiana for launch on Ariane 5 |publisher=Arianespace |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> The launch was delayed 24 hours to 5 October due to excessively high [[crosswind]]s at the launch site.<ref name="hindustan20161005">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bad-winds-delay-isro-s-launch-of-communications-satellite-gsat-18-by-a-day/story-edkq5GVmwYVTBl1t2xxp3M.html |title=Bad weather delays Isro's launch of communications satellite GSAT-18 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=5 October 2016 |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Orbit raising and station keeping ==
Orbit raising operations were made using an on-board [[Liquid Apogee Motor|LAM]] and chemical thrusters<ref name="brochure" /> to place the satellite in the intended geostationary orbital slot.

{| cellpadding="2" style="margin:0 auto; text-align:center;" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Op #
! rowspan="2"| Date/ Time (UTC)
! rowspan="2"| LAM burn time
! colspan="2"| Height achieved
! rowspan="2"| Inclination achieved
! rowspan="2"| Orbital period
! rowspan="2"| References
|-
! Apogee || Perigee
|-
| 1 || 6 October 2016 10:16 || 6040.6 sec || {{convert|35802|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|14843|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 1.325° || 15 hrs, 36 mins || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-oct-2016/first-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-of-gsat-18-has-been-successffully-carried-out-lam |title=The first orbit raising manoeuvre... |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523164711/http://isro.gov.in/update/07-oct-2016/first-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-of-gsat-18-has-been-successffully-carried-out-lam |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 8 October 2016 05:59 || - || {{convert|35840|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|32518|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 0.129° || 22 hrs, 34 mins || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/08-oct-2016/second-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-of-gsat-18-has-been-successfully-carried-out-lam |title=The second orbit raising manoeuvre... |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=8 October 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523161611/http://isro.gov.in/update/08-oct-2016/second-orbit-raising-manoeuvre-of-gsat-18-has-been-successfully-carried-out-lam |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 3 || 9 October 2016 04:51 || 256.17 sec || {{convert|35802|km|mi|abbr=on}} || {{convert|35294|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 0.136° || 23 hrs, 44 mins || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/09-oct-2016/third-lam-firing-of-gsat-18-25617-sec-has-been-successfully-completed-october-9 |title=Third LAM firing of GSAT-18... |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523155756/http://isro.gov.in/update/09-oct-2016/third-lam-firing-of-gsat-18-25617-sec-has-been-successfully-completed-october-9 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/09-oct-2016/orbit-determination-results-third-lam-firing-are-apogee-x-perigee-height-was |title=Orbit Determination results... |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=9 October 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-date=24 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524210142/http://isro.gov.in/update/09-oct-2016/orbit-determination-results-third-lam-firing-are-apogee-x-perigee-height-was |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{reflist}}

{{GSAT Satellites}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2016}}

[[Category:GSAT satellites]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2016]]
[[Category:Ariane commercial payloads]]