https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JacksonYoo9591 2026-08-04T18:34:48Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upputuru&diff=542768 2026-05-07T00:50:41Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added new article first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Upputuru<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Andhra Pradesh--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 27.21<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 7,448<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_2800.xlsx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113154854/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_2800.xlsx | archive-date=2015-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 523169<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = AP-26<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Upputuru''', also known as Upputur, is a small village located in [[Parchur mandal]], [[Bapatla district]], Andhra Pradesh, India.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|15|57|3.6|N|80|17|20.4|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Bapatla district]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanur_Assembly_constituency&diff=539602 2026-05-06T20:24:16Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added basic article first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | state = Kerala<br /> | name = Tanur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 44<br /> | map_image = Ottumpuram Beach.JPG<br /> | map_caption = Ottumpuram Beach, [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 1,72,324 (2026)<br /> | mla = [[PK Navas]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br /> | alliance = {{legend2|#0000FF |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tanur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies<br /> | website = malappuram.nic.in<br /> | title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[PK Navas]].<br /> <br /> == Local self-governed segments ==<br /> [[File:Thanur Niyamasabha constituency.png|thumb|Map of Tanur Assembly constituency]]<br /> Tanur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html<br /> | website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br /> | title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District<br /> | access-date = 21 August 2019<br /> | archive-date = 20 August 2019<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%;&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;30px&quot; |Sl no.<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;130px&quot; |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]<br /> | Municipality<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[Ozhur]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | [[Ponmundam]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | [[Tanalur|Thanalur]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | [[Niramarutur|Niramaruthur]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | [[Cheriyamundam]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]]<br /> |}<br /> &lt;mapframe text=&quot;Tanur Assembly constituency&quot; width=300 height=300 align=center &gt;{ &quot;type&quot;: &quot;ExternalData&quot;, &quot;service&quot;: &quot;geoshape&quot;, &quot;ids&quot;: &quot;Q13112429,Q13110838,Q13113494,Q13112439,Q13112911,Q13112039&quot;}&lt;/mapframe&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Tanur Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/tanur-assembly-constituency-map.html<br /> | website = www.mapsofindia.com<br /> | title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Tanur<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Key'''<br /> <br /> {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}} {{Party index link|National Secular Conference}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Election<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Niyama Sabha<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Member<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | 1st<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}&quot;|<br /> | 1957–1960<br /> |-<br /> | [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br /> | 2nd<br /> | 1960–1965<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | 3rd<br /> | M. M. K. Haji<br /> | 1967–1970<br /> |-<br /> | [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br /> | 4th<br /> | [[Ummer Bafaki Tangal]]<br /> | 1970–1977<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | 5th<br /> | [[U. A. Beeran]]<br /> | 1977–1980<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | 6th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[E. Ahamed]]<br /> | 1980–1982<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | 7th<br /> | 1982–1987<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | 8th<br /> | 1987–1991<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 9th<br /> | P. Seethi Haji<br /> | 1991–1992<br /> |-<br /> | 1992*<br /> | Kutty Ahammed Kutty<br /> | 1992–1996<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | 10th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]<br /> | 1996–2001<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | 11th<br /> | 2001–2006<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | 12th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Abdurahiman Randathani]]<br /> | 2006–2011<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | 13th<br /> | 2011–2016<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | 14th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[V. Abdurahiman]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[National Secular Conference|NSC]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;4px&quot; style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|National Secular Conference}} |<br /> | 2016–2021<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | 15th<br /> | [[Incumbent]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{notelist}}*by-election<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tanur}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = National Secular Conference<br /> |candidate = Muhammed Sameer<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League <br /> |candidate = P. K. Navas<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = BJP<br /> |candidate = Deepa Puzhakkal<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tanur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = National Secular Conference<br /> |candidate = [[V. Abdurahiman]]<br /> |votes = 70,704<br /> |percentage = 46.34%<br /> |change ={{increase}}1.3<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |candidate = [[Firos (politician)|P. K. Firos]]<br /> |votes = 69,719<br /> |percentage = 45.71%<br /> |change ={{increase}}2.00<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = K. Narayanan Master<br /> |votes = 10,590<br /> |percentage = 6.94%<br /> |change ={{decrease}}0.41<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 336<br /> |percentage = 0.22%<br /> |change ={{increase}}0.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Mueenudheen<br /> |votes = 183<br /> |percentage = 0.12%<br /> |change =''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 985<br /> |percentage = 4.93%<br /> |change ={{increase}}14.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 152,570<br /> |percentage = 78.36%<br /> |change ={{increase}}2.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = National Secular Conference<br /> |loser = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing ={{increase}}2.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> There were 1,76,07 registered voters in Tanur Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016<br /> | website = eci.gov.in<br /> | title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tanur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=National Secular Conference|candidate=[[V. Abdurahiman]] | votes=64,472|percentage=45.78%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[Abdurahiman Randathani]] | votes=59,554|percentage=42.29%|change={{decrease}}7.23}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. R. Rasmilnath|votes=11,051|percentage=7.85%|change={{increase}}0.83}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Asharaf Vailathur|votes=1,291|percentage=0.92%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. K. Majeed Khasimi|votes=1,151|percentage=0.82%|change={{decrease}}2.19}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Anvar Pannikkandathil|votes=858|percentage=0.61%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. T. Unni|votes=708|percentage=0.50%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=V. Abdurahiman Vayangatil|votes=672|percentage=0.48%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=569|percentage=0.40%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 4,918<br /> |percentage = 3.49%<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,40,838|percentage=79.99%|change={{increase}}1.88}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = National Secular Conference<br /> |loser = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> There were 1,33,276 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India<br /> | url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011<br /> | access-date = 11 March 2020<br /> | website = eci.gov.in<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Tanur}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[Abdurahiman Randathani]] | votes=51,549|percentage=49.52%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=E. Jayan|votes=42,116|percentage=40.45%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Ravi Thelath|votes=7,304|percentage=7.02%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. K. Majeed Khasimi|votes=3,137|percentage=3.01%|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 9,433<br /> |percentage = 9.07%<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,04,106|percentage=78.11%|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]]<br /> * [[Malappuram district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shimreingam_Shaiza&diff=535007 2026-05-06T11:24:40Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added new data v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Army officer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Shimreingam Shaiza<br /> | birth_name = Shimreingam Shaiza<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place =<br /> | death_date = 29 August 1998<br /> | death_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Indian Army]] officer<br /> | father = Shangyang Shaiza<br /> | mother = <br /> | relatives = {{ubl|[[Yangmaso Shaiza]] (brother)|[[Hangmila Shaiza]] (sister in law)}}<br /> | family = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shimreingam Shaiza''' (died 29 August 1998) was an officer of the [[Indian Army]] from the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. He served as the first [[Indian Army]] officer among the [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul Naga]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/two-students-get-maj-shimreingam-shaiza-award|title=Two students get Maj. Shimreingam Shaiza Award|date=13 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaiza was also known for his death in the [[1998 Kwakeithel shooting]] incident in [[Imphal]], which was later investigated as an [[extrajudicial killing]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/8/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-7-At-least-four-State-police-personnel-including-then-Sub-Inspe.html|title=Killing of Major Shaiza, four others in 1998 Four cops surrender before Court|date=8 February 2022|newspaper=The Sangai Express|access-date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and career ==<br /> Shimreingam Shaiza was born to a [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul Naga]] family. His father was Shangyang Shaiza served as the first President of Tangkhul Union Education, now known as the Tangkhul Naga Long, the apex tribal body of the Tangkhul Nagas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hungyo|first=Simrayangam|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Yangmaso_Shaiza_as_a_Man_of_the_Mass_By_Simrayangam_Hungyo|title=Yangmaso Shaiza as a Man of the Mass|date=13 March 2018|website=E-Pao|access-date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His brother, [[Yangmaso Shaiza]], served as the [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] twice, first from July to December 1974 and second from June 1977 until November 1979.<br /> <br /> Shaiza was the first among the Tangkhul Nagas to serve as an officer in the Indian Army.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> {{Main|1998 Kwakeithel shooting}}<br /> On 29 August 1998, Shaiza was killed in a shooting incident at Kwakeithel in Imphal when the car, a [[Suzuki Cultus#Maruti 1000|Maruti 1000]], he was travelling in was fired indiscriminately by [[Manipur Police]] commandos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ghost of 1998 Kwakeithel bloodbath returns to haunt cops|url=https://e-pao.net/ge.asp?heading=26&amp;mx=&amp;src=050625|date=5 June 2025|publisher=The Sangai Express (via E-Pao)|access-date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initial reports described the incident as an encounter between security forces and suspected insurgents. However, subsequent accounts and investigations raised questions about the circumstances of the killing.<br /> <br /> In later years, the case came under judicial scrutiny. In 2017, the [[Supreme Court of India]] directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to examine a number of alleged extrajudicial killing cases in Manipur, including the death of Shaiza. Investigations later indicated that the incident may have been a staged encounter.<br /> <br /> In 2025, a [[sessions court]] framed charges against four police personnel in connection with the case.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Shirin|first=Babie|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manipur-police-ex-commandos-1998-fake-encounter-chargesheet-filed-2736491-2025-06-06|title=4 Manipur police ex-commandos charged after 26 years in 1998 'fake' encounter|date=6 June 2025|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> An award named after him, the ''Maj. Shimreingam Shaiza Award'', has been given in recognition of academic achievement among students.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> His death has also widely been referenced in discussions concerning extrajudicial killings in Manipur.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Human rights abuses in Manipur]]<br /> * [[Extrajudicial killings in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shaiza, Shimreingam}}<br /> [[Category:Naga people]]<br /> [[Category:1998 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:1998 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:People murdered in India]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Palin&diff=521783 2026-04-29T03:45:17Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: created a biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = New Palin<br /> | native_name = Hinda<br /> | native_name_lang = Nyshi<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = View of Palin Town.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = A view of Palin<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.70389|N|93.69101|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kra Daadi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1080<br /> | population_total = 11251<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 791118<br /> | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AR]] 19<br /> | website =<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AR]]<br /> | footnotes =<br /> <br /> }}<br /> '''New Palin''' is a town in the [[Kra Daadi district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and camp office of the district Administration of Kra Daadi district. Inhabited by Nyishi tribe, it is the largest town of the [[Kra Daadi District]].<br /> <br /> == Location and 2011 population ==<br /> It is located at Latitude 28.15285, Longitude 94.12288. It has a population of 9896 as per 2011 census.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> New Palin is located at {{Coord|27.0738|N|93.6145|E|type:city_region:IN}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Itanagar.html|title=Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Itanagar, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 1080&amp;nbsp;metres (3540&amp;nbsp;feet).<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> Palin falls within 15' to 20' temperature zone; often the temperature falls to 5–7&amp;nbsp;°C in winter. The region is very cold during winter and very hot during summer. Rainfall is very high due to very hilly and high geographical terrain. Most of time it is covered by clouds. The area is windy in nature.<br /> <br /> {{Weather box<br /> |location= Palin<br /> |metric first= yes<br /> |single line= yes<br /> |temperature colour = pastel<br /> |Jan high C= 15<br /> |Feb high C= 15<br /> |Mar high C= 17<br /> |Apr high C= 20<br /> |May high C= 20<br /> |Jun high C= 23<br /> |Jul high C= 22<br /> |Aug high C= 24<br /> |Sep high C= 23<br /> |Oct high C= 22<br /> |Nov high C= 19<br /> |Dec high C= 16<br /> |Jan low C= 8<br /> |Feb low C= 9<br /> |Mar low C= 13<br /> |Apr low C= 15<br /> |May low C= 16<br /> |Jun low C= 20<br /> |Jul low C= 18<br /> |Aug low C= 19<br /> |Sep low C= 18<br /> |Oct low C= 17<br /> |Nov low C= 12<br /> |Dec low C= 8<br /> |precipitation colour = green<br /> |Jan precipitation mm= 30<br /> |Feb precipitation mm= 54<br /> |Mar precipitation mm= 57<br /> |Apr precipitation mm= 96<br /> |May precipitation mm= 210<br /> |Jun precipitation mm= 405<br /> |Jul precipitation mm= 510<br /> |Aug precipitation mm= 360<br /> |Sep precipitation mm= 411<br /> |Oct precipitation mm= 114<br /> |Nov precipitation mm= 15<br /> |Dec precipitation mm= 27<br /> <br /> |source= [http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Itanagar-weather-averages/Goa/IN.aspx World Weather Online]<br /> |date= May 2012<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Palin and its adjoining areas are mainly populated by people of the [[Nishi people|Nyishi]] tribe.<br /> <br /> '''Holy Rosary church''': Consecrated by the Bishop of Itanagar, this Christian catholic church reflects the extensive Christian influence and provides good views of Palin and the surrounding countryside.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |title=Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh |accessdate=2012-03-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320144930/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/tourism.htm |archivedate=2012-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> <br /> '''Holy Rosary Catholic Church'''&lt;ref&gt;http://www.itanagardiocese.org/palin.html {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the largest Catholic Churches in the state.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.arunachaltourism.com/destination.php |title=Arunachal Tourism |website=www.arunachaltourism.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918095017/http://www.arunachaltourism.com/destination.php |archive-date=2010-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located at a hilltop in the town.<br /> <br /> '''Palin river''' one of the tributaries of [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] flows through this town. The river is ideal for rafting, fishing and picnic and outings alike.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> '''Government Model College, Nangbia''' District’s first college.<br /> <br /> '''Govt Hr. Sec. School Palin''', Established in 1957 is a public institution supported by government of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], New Delhi.<br /> <br /> Don Bosco School, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya(''Lumba''), Jawahar Navodaya ''Vidyalaya,(Lumba).''<br /> <br /> There are various other private schools offering education up to upper primary level.<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> Nyokum is the main festival celebrated in the town. Besides [[Nyokum]], residents also celebrate [[Christmas]] with overwhelming enthusiasm.<br /> <br /> ==Demography==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palin has a population of 11251.<br /> The Nyishis are the aborigines of the area.<br /> Vast majority of denizens of the town are christian.<br /> <br /> ==Telecommunication and road Connectivity==<br /> The District Highway connects Palin to the other parts of the state. Uninterrupted Bus and Tata sumo services are available from [[Naharlagun]], [[Itanagar]] and [[Ziro]] regularly.<br /> BSNL is the first network that was set up in 2008 but as of June 2017 telecom networks that provides services are [[Airtel]], [[Vodafone]] and [[BSNL]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Palin, Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Yazali, Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.indiantravelportal.com/arunachal-pradesh/itanagar/ ITANAGAR by India travel portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122010022/http://www.indiantravelportal.com/arunachal-pradesh/itanagar/ |date=22 January 2013 }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080822215146/http://www.centurychina.com/plaboard/uploads/1962war.htm 1962 Border War between India and China(Henderson brook report)]<br /> * [http://supplementboss.com/itanagar-government-office.htm Contact List for all Important Government Officials in Itanagar Includes Police, Telephone, Electricity and more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217113109/http://supplementboss.com/itanagar-government-office.htm |date=17 February 2012 }}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic location<br /> |Centre = Palin<br /> |North = [[Tali, Arunachal Pradesh|Tali]]<br /> |Northeast = [[Daporijo]]<br /> |East = Raga<br /> |Southeast = [[Ziro]]<br /> |South = [[Yazali]], [[Itanagar]]<br /> |Southwest = [[Seppa]], [[Sagalee]]<br /> |West = <br /> |Northwest = [[Nyapin]]<br /> }}<br /> {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Kurung Kumey district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vengal_Rao&diff=544085 2026-04-29T00:00:41Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added initial bio added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Vengalrao Gottimukula|Jalagam Vengala Rao}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox actor<br /> | name = Vengal Rao<br /> | image = <br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 30 january 1948<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | children = <br /> | years_active = 1989-present<br /> | occupation = Actor <br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vengal Rao''' is an Indian Tamil actor and comedian who predominantly featured in comedy roles. For the major part of his acting career, he shared screenspace with fellow veteran comedian actor [[Vadivelu]] in many film comedy sequences.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He initially eventually began his career as a stuntman and he also went onto perform stunt double and dupe sequences for prominent actors [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayakanth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Struggling With Health Issues, Actor Vengal Rao Seeks Financial Support From Public |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/struggling-with-health-issues-actor-vengal-rao-seeks-financial-support-from-public-8945622.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of his notable works as a stunt master came in [[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|''Rajadhi Raja'']] (1989), [[Mappillai (1989 film)|''Mappillai'']] (1989), ''[[Panakkaran]]'' (1990) and ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]'' (1991). However, injuries at shooting sets and location shooting spots frequently derailed his career as a stuntman and hence he decided to focus on acting. He sustained critical injuries on his knees and shoulders as a stuntman during fight sequences in film shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-06-29 |title=பிரபல காமெடி நடிகர் வெங்கல் ராவ் மருத்துவமனையில் அனுமதி |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-actor-vengal-rao-admitted-in-hospital-479306 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Maalaimalar |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had worked as a stunt master for nearly 25 years in his career and also worked alongside veteran action stunt choreographer [[Vikram Dharma]] during his preliminary years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=கை,கால் செயலிழப்பு: காமெடி நடிகர் வெங்கல் ராவ் உருக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1270169-comedian-venkal-rao-health-condition.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He received minor roles such as henchman, sidekick in his early stages of acting career where he only appears in a single shot sequences which are often less than a minute. He and other side comedians such as [[Bonda Mani]], [[Muthukaalai]], [[Siva Narayana Murthy]], [[Singamuthu]], [[Crane Manohar]] and [[Mayilsamy]] received more attention and popularity from general audience when they regularly combined with Vadivelu in comedy tracks. During his film acting career, he has frequently collaborated with senior actor Vadivelu in comedy track sequences and gained fanfare for his screen presence with Vadivelu, although his roles in majority of the film have been limited to a bare minimum as he predominantly appears in film sequences whenever Vadivelu makes his appearance in the film sequences.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He received an opportunity to act in ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' soon after his initial recovery from liver and stomach issues which he confronted during June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=மு.பூபாலன் |date=2024-06-25 |title=Vengal Rao: &quot;நடிகர்கள், சங்கங்கள் என் சிகிச்சைக்கு உதவி செய்யுங்கள்&quot; - நடிகர் வெங்கல் ராவ் கோரிக்கை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vadivels-co-comedian-vengal-rao-asks-for-help-to-his-medical-expenses |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; He alongside other side character artists and comedian actors only made sporadic appearances in films ever since Vadivelu lost film acting opportunities as the latter was banned due to lack of work ethic and other controversies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-06-29 |title=விமர்சனங்களுக்கு முற்றுப்புள்ளி... வெங்கல் ராவுக்கு உதவிய வடிவேலு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vadivelu-gave-rs-1-lakhs-helped-vengal-rao-726190 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> ;Uncredited roles<br /> *''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' (1989) <br /> *''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]'' (2001) <br /> *''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' (2002) <br /> *''[[Thalainagaram]]'' (2006)<br /> ;Credited roles<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> *''[[Uzhiyan]]'' (1994)<br /> *''[[Honest Raj]]'' (1994)<br /> *''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' (1995)<br /> *''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' (2000)<br /> *''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' (2001)<br /> *''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002)<br /> *''[[Gambeeram]]'' (2004)<br /> *''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' (2004)<br /> *''[[Kadhale Jayam]]'' (2004)<br /> *''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' (2005)<br /> *''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (2006)<br /> *''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]'' (2007)<br /> *''[[Piragu]]'' (2007)<br /> *''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' (2007)<br /> *''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]'' (2007)<br /> *''[[Seval]]'' (2008)<br /> *''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' (2008)<br /> *''[[Kee Mu]]'' (2008)<br /> *''[[Nadigai]]'' (2008) (uncredited)<br /> *''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009)<br /> *''[[Madhavi (2009 film)|Madhavi]]'' (2009)<br /> *''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009)<br /> *''[[Adada Enna Azhagu]]'' (2009)<br /> *''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' (2010)<br /> *''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' (2010)<br /> *''[[Mambattiyan]]'' (2011)<br /> *''[[Sagakkal]]'' (2011)<br /> *''[[Ilaignan]]'' (2011)<br /> *''[[Medhai]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Kai (film)|Kai]]'' (2012)<br /> *''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' (2012)<br /> *''Akilan'' (2012)<br /> *''Mayil Paarai'' (2013)<br /> *''[[Keeripulla]]'' (2013)<br /> *''[[Velmurugan Borewells]]'' (2014)<br /> *''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' (2014)<br /> *''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' (2015)<br /> *''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Pandiyoda Galatta Thaangala]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Pagiri]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Sowkarpettai]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Jithan 2]]'' (2016)<br /> *''[[Julieum 4 Perum]]'' (2017)<br /> *''[[Avalukkenna Azhagiya Mugam]]'' (2018)<br /> *''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Thavam (2019 film)|Thavam]]'' (2019)<br /> *''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022)<br /> *''[[Indha Crime Thappilla]]'' (2023)<br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Vengal Rao had been complaining about age-related ailments and deteriorating of his physical health in his latter part of his life as of 2024. Rao insisted that his one hand and one leg have been paralyzed. In June 2022, he was detected and diagnosed with liver transplant related issues and stomach pain and was admitted to a government hospital in Vijayawada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-26 |title=Popular comic actor Vengal Rao seeks financial help; Silambarasan extends support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-comic-actor-vengal-rao-seeks-financial-help-silambarasan-extends-support/articleshow/111283375.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy actor Vengal Rao is back home after recovering from a liver ailment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/comedy-actor-vengal-rao-is-back-home-after-recovering-from-a-liver-ailment/videoshow/92579337.cms |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He had sought financial assistance from other film actors in the film industry to obtain sufficient funds in order to undergo surgeries and medical treatment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=KPY Bala Donates Money For Actor Vengal Rao's Treatment |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kpy-bala-donates-money-for-actor-vengal-raos-treatment-8947784.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|nm10089207}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Vengal}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goh_Assembly_constituency&diff=500723 2026-04-23T05:07:29Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Creating New Article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Goh Assembly constituency&lt;!-- The name of the constituency --&gt;<br /> |type= SLA<br /> | map_image = 219-Goh constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |mla = [[Amrendra Kushwaha]] &lt;!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |region = <br /> |state = [[Bihar]]<br /> |district = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]<br /> |division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> |constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|219]]<br /> |established = 1951<br /> | electors = 313,574<br /> |abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br /> <br /> '''Goh Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]]. It comes under [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2025&quot;&gt; {{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=Goh Vidhan Sabha Election results 2025 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04219.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/election/|title=ELECTION {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/goh-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections |title=Goh Vidhan Sabha Election - Goh Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates |website=www.electionsinindia.com|access-date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goh Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/goh.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> |Mundrika Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Munishwar Nath Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Awadh Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Munishwar Nath Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ram Saran Yadav<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Deo Kumar Sharma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ram Saran Yadav<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Deo Kumar Sharma<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ranvijay Kumar<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |[[Manoj Kumar (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar Sharma]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |[[Bhim Kumar Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |[[Amrendra Kushwaha|Amrendra Kumar]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Goh&lt;ref name=&quot;election2025&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Amrendra Kushwaha|Amrendra Kumar]]<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:93624}}<br /> |percentage = 44.23<br /> |change = +0.16<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. Ranvijay Kumar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:89583}}|percentage=42.32|change=+17.53}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sitaram Dukhari|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:7996}}|percentage=3.78|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Md Eklakha|votes={{formatnum:6631}}|percentage=3.13|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shiv Shanker Singh|votes={{formatnum:3115}}|percentage=1.47|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sanjay Prasad Alias Er. Sanjay Prasad Kushwaha|votes={{formatnum:1946}}|percentage=0.92|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:4649}}|percentage=2.2|change=+1.3}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:4041}}|percentage=1.91|change=-17.37}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:211669}}|percentage=67.5|change=+7.66}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Goh&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Bhim Kumar Singh]]<br /> |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:81410}}<br /> |percentage = 44.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Manoj Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:45792}}<br /> |percentage = 24.79<br /> |change = -10.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br /> |candidate = Dr. Ranvijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:44050}}<br /> |percentage = 23.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Kumar, Son Of Madan Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3067}}<br /> |percentage = 1.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sreekant Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1678}}<br /> |percentage = 0.91<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1663}}<br /> |percentage = 0.9<br /> |change = +0.25<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:35618}}<br /> |percentage = 19.28<br /> |change = +14.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:184728}}<br /> |percentage = 59.84<br /> |change = +5.8<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Goh&lt;ref name=&quot;Goh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Goh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/goh |accessdate=29 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129085805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/goh |archivedate=29 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Manoj Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:53615}}<br /> |percentage = 35.05<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = Doctor Ranvijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:45943}}<br /> |percentage = 30.03<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Suresh Prasad Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:18951}}<br /> |percentage = 12.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Akshay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6743}}<br /> |percentage = 4.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Shiv Sena<br /> |candidate = Ranvijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5240}}<br /> |percentage = 3.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Ayodhya Prasad Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4235}}<br /> |percentage = 2.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Dudhamohan Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1635}}<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sanjeet Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1621}}<br /> |percentage = 1.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Md. Ekalakh Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1563}}<br /> |percentage = 1.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Awadhesh Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1561}}<br /> |percentage = 1.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Kumar (Jalpura)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1484}}<br /> |percentage = 0.97<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Chitranjan Sharma<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1407}}<br /> |percentage = 0.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:989}}<br /> |percentage = 0.65<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7672}}<br /> |percentage = 5.02<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:152977}}<br /> |percentage = 54.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|24.98|84.65|display=title}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Toiho_Yeptho&diff=531360 2026-04-18T16:39:20Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: created new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = S. Toiho Yeptho<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = <br /> | term_start = 27 February 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = Neiphiu Rio<br /> | 2blankname1 = Speaker<br /> | 2namedata1 = Sharingain Longkumer.<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = Member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency1 = [[Suruhoto Assembly constituency|Suruhoto]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2023<br /> | predecessor1 = H. Khehovi<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | deputy = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] 2023- May 31, 2025<br /> [[Naga People's Front]]<br /> | party = Naga People's Front<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | website = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Nagaland University]] (BA, 1997)<br /> | occupation = Businessman<br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''S. Toiho Yeptho''' (born 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He has been the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] since February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=NCP MLA S Toiho Yeptho elected new Dy Speaker of Nagaland Assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ncp-mla-s-toiho-yeptho-elected-new-dy-speaker-of-nagaland-assembly-101708938262376.html |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was elected to the Nagaland assembly from [[Suruhoto Assembly constituency|Suruhoto]] in the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023 Nagaland legislative election]] as a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MyNeta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=S. TOIHO YEPTHO (Winner) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6929 |website=MyNeta |access-date=15 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 31, 2025 he along with 6 other [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]] joined the ruling [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-31 |title=Nagaland: All 7 NCP MLAs merge with ruling NDPP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-all-7-ncp-mlas-merge-with-ruling-ndpp-101748708494328.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later he joined the [[Naga People's Front]] after it merged with NDPP.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Yeptho graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Nagaland University]] in 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;MyNeta&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yeptho, S. Toiho}}<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Nagaland]]<br /> [[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:Deputy speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> {{Nagaland-politician-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballia_Assembly_constituency&diff=489370 2026-04-18T14:07:45Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Starting Data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Balia (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Ballia &lt;!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --&gt;<br /> | type = SLA<br /> |state = [[Bihar]]<br /> |district = [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]] <br /> |established = 1951<br /> |loksabha_cons = [[Balia (Bihar)|Balia]]<br /> |abolished = 2010<br /> }}<br /> '''Ballia Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Begusarai district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<br /> <br /> As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Ballia Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was a part of [[Balia (Bihar)|Balia Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 19. Balia | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-11-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This assembly region is now a part of new [[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]] Assembly.<br /> <br /> Ballia Assembly constituency comprised [[Ballia (Begusarai)]] and Sahebpur Kamal Blocks.<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> <br /> ===1977-2010===<br /> In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2010 Bihar Assembly elections]], Shreenarayan Yadav of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] won the Ballia seat defeating his nearest rival Jamshed Ashraf of [[Janata Dal United]]. Shri. Shreenarayan Yadav has won this constituency 9 times. Only winners and runners are being mentioned. Shreenarayan Yadav of RJD defeated Jamshed Ashraf of [[Lok Jan Shakti Party|LJP]] in October 2005 and in February 2005, Md. Tanweer Hasan of JD(U) in 2000, Krishna Mohan Yadav of Independent in 1995, Samsu Joha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1990, Samsu Joha of Congress in 1985, Chandrabhanu Devi of Congress (I) in 1980 and Ram Lakhan Yadav of Congress in 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp103.htm |title = 103 - Balia Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-03-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425122446/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp103.htm |archive-date = 2012-04-25 |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA)==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Brahma Deo Narayan Sinha<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Prema Devi<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |A. Mishra <br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Jamaluddin<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Chandra Chur Deo<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}&quot;|<br /> |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Party]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[Shreenarayan Yadav]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Party (Secular)]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | Samsu Zeha<br /> |style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Shreenarayan Yadav]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}&quot;|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}&quot;|<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[2005 February Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> || [[2005 October Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | Jamshed Asraf<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}&quot;|<br /> | [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Sahebpur Kamal Assembly constituency|Sahebpur Kamal]]''}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Munger Division topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Begusarai district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]<br /> {{coord|25|25|09.000|N|86|18|44|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudhauli_Assembly_constituency&diff=531016 2026-04-15T23:49:46Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: created a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Rudhauli<br /> | map_image = 309-Rudhauli.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | mla = [[Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary]]<br /> | party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2022<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Basti district|Basti]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | reservation = None<br /> |constituency_no=309| type= SLA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rudhauli''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Rudhauli]] in the [[Basti district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.punjabkesari.in/article/rudhauli-assembly-constituency-up-election-2017/571198|title=रुधौली विधानसभा चुनाव के पिछले परिणामों पर एक नजर|newspaper=Punjab Kesari|access-date=9 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;election2012&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh-election/constituency-rudhauli-constituency-2012|title=Rudhauli 2017 election result|work=Live Hindustan|access-date=9 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rudhauli is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 309 amongst 403 constituencies.<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises parts of below areas:<br /> 2-Rudhauli Tehsil; KCs 1-Ramnagar, 2-Sagara, 4-Dasia, PCs 51- Amma, 52-Mahnowa, 53-Banarjijangal, 54-Padaree, 55- Hasanpur, 56-Dumaree, 57-Ourjangal, 58-Amrouli Sumali, 59-<br /> Pitout, 60-Pachanoo, 61-Delpar Khurd, 62-Basthanwa, 63-Majhouwa Khurd, 66-Jagatpur, 69-Pakaree Bhikhi, 70-Chamraha and 71-Sakroula of KC 3-Sonaha of 4-Bhanpur Tehsil.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=2 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !!Days !! Comment<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1|| [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|4th Vidhan Sabha]] || Abdul Moiz Khan || [[Indian National Congress]] || March 1967|| April 1968 ||402 || &lt;ref name=&quot;1967 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 Dec 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || [[5th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|5th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mahammad Nabi || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || February 1969|| March 1974 ||1,832||&lt;ref name=&quot;2017 result&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rudhauli.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | colspan=8 align=center|{{small|'' After Delimitation order (1972) constituency renamed as Ramnagar Assembly constituency''}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || [[6th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|6th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Samujh || [[Indian National Congress]] || March 1974 || April 1977 || 1,153 ||<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th Vidhan Sabha]] || Babu Ram Verma || [[Janata Party]] || June 1977 ||February 1980 || 969||<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || [[8th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|8th Vidhan Sabha]] || Parmatma Prasad Singh || [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] || June 1980 ||March 1985 ||1,735||&lt;ref name=&quot;1980 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 Dec 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|9th Vidhan Sabha]] || Karnal Keshari Singh|| [[Indian National Congress]] || March 1985 ||November 1989 || 1,725||&lt;ref name=&quot;1985 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 Dec 2018|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Ram Lalit Chaudhary ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Janata Dal]] || December 1989 ||April 1991 ||488||<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || June 1991 ||December 1992 ||533||<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Babu Ram Verma ||[[Samajwadi Party]] || December 1993 ||October 1995 ||693||<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Ram Lalit Chaudhary ||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || October 1996 ||March 2002 || 1,967||<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Anoop Kumar Pandey ||[[Samajwadi Party]] || February 2002 ||May 2007 || 1,902||<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] ||Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary ||[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || May 2007 ||March 2012 || 1,762||<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=8 align=center|{{small|'' After Delimitation order (2008) constituency renamed as Rudhauli Assembly constituency''}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || March 2012|| March 2017 ||1,829|| &lt;ref name=&quot;2017 result&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 14 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] || March 2017|| March 2022 ||1835|| &lt;ref name=&quot;2017 result&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] ||[[Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary]]|| [[Samajwadi Party]] || March 2022|| Incumbent ||{{age in days|2022|03|12}}||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2022 ===<br /> [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary''' won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] candidate '''Sangeeta Pratap Jaiswal''' by a margin of 15,226 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24309.htm?ac=309 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rudhauli&lt;ref name=&quot;election2022&quot;/&gt; }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = [[Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:86360}}<br /> |percentage = 36.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sangeeta Devi Urf Sangeeta Pratap Jaiswal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:71134}}<br /> |percentage = 30.33<br /> |change = -10.2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ashok Kumar Mishra<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:37618}}<br /> |percentage = 16.04<br /> |change = -14.7<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Pushkaraditya Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:24463}}<br /> |percentage = 10.43<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Basant Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4451}}<br /> |percentage = 1.9<br /> |change = -21.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Dr Nihaluddin<br /> |party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3238}}<br /> |percentage = 1.38<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1140}}<br /> |percentage = 0.49<br /> |change = -0.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:15226}}<br /> |percentage = 6.49<br /> |change = -3.3<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:234531}}<br /> |percentage = 54.47<br /> |change = +0.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |loser = Bhartiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Rudhauli&lt;ref name=&quot;election2017&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:90228}}<br /> |percentage = 40.53<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:68423}}<br /> |percentage = 30.74<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sayeed Ahmad Khan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:51743}}<br /> |percentage = 23.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2221}}<br /> |percentage = 1.01<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:21805}}<br /> |percentage = 9.79<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:222611}}<br /> |percentage = 54.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = {{increase}}5.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2012===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Rudhauli&lt;ref name=&quot;election2012&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]<br /> |votes = 55,950<br /> |percentage = 27.55<br /> |change = {{increase}}2<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 50,107<br /> |percentage = 24.67<br /> |change = {{decrease}}8.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 38,476<br /> |percentage = 18.94<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Aditya Vikram Singh<br /> |votes = 26,387<br /> |percentage = 12.99<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.66<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Peace Party of India<br /> |candidate = Ajay Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 18,518<br /> |percentage = 9.12<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remainder 10 Candidates<br /> |votes = 13,667<br /> |percentage = 6.73<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 5,843<br /> |percentage = 2.88<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 203105<br /> |percentage = 56.97<br /> |change = {{increase}}11.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}6.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2007===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2007 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 41,580<br /> |percentage = 33.62<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]<br /> |votes = 35,979<br /> |percentage = 29.09<br /> |change = {{increase}}25.04<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 22,639<br /> |percentage = 18.30<br /> |change = {{decrease}}19.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sanjay Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 6,596<br /> |percentage = 5.33<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Raghvendra Mishra<br /> |votes = 3,026<br /> |percentage = 2.44<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Dhruv Chandar<br /> |votes = 1,965<br /> |percentage = 1.58<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br /> |candidate = Ram Narayan<br /> |votes = 1,827<br /> |percentage = 1.47<br /> |change = {{decrease}}21.13<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 14 Candidates<br /> |votes = 10,042<br /> |percentage = 8.17<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 5,601<br /> |percentage = 4.53<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,23,654<br /> |percentage = 45.62<br /> |change = {{decrease}}12.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 2,71,025<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}4.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===2002===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=2002 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 49,001<br /> |percentage = 37.97<br /> |change = {{increase}}14.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 34,727<br /> |percentage = 26.91<br /> |change = {{decrease}}11.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = [[Sanjay Pratap Jaiswal]]<br /> |votes = 17,981<br /> |percentage = 13.93<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Saroj Singh<br /> |votes = 9,248<br /> |percentage = 7.17<br /> |change = {{decrease}}22.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Chandra Prakash<br /> |votes = 5,222<br /> |percentage = 4.05<br /> |change = {{decrease}}7.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = National Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Haidar Ali<br /> |votes = 4529<br /> |percentage = 3.51<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.51<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 10 Candidates<br /> |votes = 8,338<br /> |percentage = 6.46<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 14,274<br /> |percentage = 11.06<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,29,046<br /> |percentage = 58.27<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.82<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 2,21,467<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}0.40<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1996 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 46,299<br /> |percentage = 38.37<br /> |change = {{increase}}29.50<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 28,784<br /> |percentage = 23.86<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 22,289<br /> |percentage = 18.47<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian Congress (Socialist)<br /> |candidate = Haidar Lal<br /> |votes = 9,393<br /> |percentage = 7.78<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samta Party<br /> |candidate = Kaushal Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 7,453<br /> |percentage = 6.18<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 5 Candidates<br /> |votes = 6,440<br /> |percentage = 5.34<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 17,515<br /> |percentage = 14.51<br /> |change = {{increase}}5.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,20,658<br /> |percentage = 57.45<br /> |change = {{decrease}}4.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 2,13,629<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Samajwadi Party<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}0.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1993===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1993 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 46,929<br /> |percentage = 38.65<br /> |change = {{increase}}38.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 36,158<br /> |percentage = 29.78<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 18,190<br /> |percentage = 14.98<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Parmatma Prasad Singh<br /> |votes = 14,536<br /> |percentage = 11.97<br /> |change = {{decrease}}10.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 9 Candidates<br /> |votes = 5,612<br /> |percentage = 4.62<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 10,771<br /> |percentage = 8.87<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.98<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 1,21,425<br /> |percentage = 61.64<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 2,00,911<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Janata Dal<br /> |winner = Samajwadi Party<br /> |swing = {{increase}}9.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1991 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 27,987<br /> |percentage = 29.59<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Parmatma Prasad Singh<br /> |votes = 21,474<br /> |percentage = 22.70<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.78<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 20,353<br /> |percentage = 21.52<br /> |change = {{increase}}16.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 8,825<br /> |percentage = 9.33<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Tara Prasad<br /> |votes = 8,392<br /> |percentage = 8.87<br /> |change = {{decrease}}4.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 10 Candidates<br /> |votes = 7,562<br /> |percentage = 7.99<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 6,513<br /> |percentage = 6.89<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 94,593<br /> |percentage = 52.81<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.75<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,87,287<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Janata Dal<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}14.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1989 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 30,176<br /> |percentage = 44.32<br /> |change = {{increase}}44.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Karnal Keshari Singh<br /> |votes = 21,978<br /> |percentage = 23.48<br /> |change = {{decrease}}20.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 12,725<br /> |percentage = 13.60<br /> |change = {{increase}}13.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 7,476<br /> |percentage = 7.99<br /> |change = {{decrease}}21.53<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Anoop Kumar Pandey<br /> |votes = 4,943<br /> |percentage = 5.28<br /> |change = {{decrease}}3.14<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 10 Candidates<br /> |votes = 12,431<br /> |percentage = 13.28<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 12,067<br /> |percentage = 12.89<br /> |change = {{decrease}}15.26<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 93,598<br /> |percentage = 53.56<br /> |change = {{increase}}10.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,84,761<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Janata Dal<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}7.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1985===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1985 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)&lt;ref name=&quot;1985 Election Results&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Karnal Keshari Singh<br /> |votes = 30,176<br /> |percentage = 44.32<br /> |change = {{increase}}15.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 11,010<br /> |percentage = 16.17<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Dal<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 10,051<br /> |percentage = 14.76<br /> |change = {{increase}}14.76<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Sen<br /> |votes = 5,730<br /> |percentage = 8.42<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 17 Candidates<br /> |votes = 11,120<br /> |percentage = 16.33<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 19,166<br /> |percentage = 28.15<br /> |change = {{increase}}24.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 68,087<br /> |percentage = 42.92<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.16<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,61,736<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = {{increase}}10.94<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1980 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)&lt;ref name=&quot;1980 Election Results&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br /> |candidate = Parmatma Prasad Singh<br /> |votes = 20,267<br /> |percentage = 33.38<br /> |change = {{increase}}33.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Lalit Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 17,922<br /> |percentage = 29.52<br /> |change = {{decrease}}14.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ramshabd Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 4,207<br /> |percentage = 6.93<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sami Ullah<br /> |votes = 2,905<br /> |percentage = 4.78<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 13 Candidates<br /> |votes = 15,419<br /> |percentage = 25.39<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 2,345<br /> |percentage = 3.86<br /> |change = {{decrease}}11.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 60,720<br /> |percentage = 43.08<br /> |change = {{decrease}}13.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,43,566<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Janata Party<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}10.7<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1977 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 30,828<br /> |percentage = 44.08<br /> |change = {{increase}}44.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Jagdambika Pal]]<br /> |votes = 20,266<br /> |percentage = 28.98<br /> |change = {{decrease}}6.08<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Jai Datt Singh<br /> |votes = 15,117<br /> |percentage = 21.61<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Virendra Pratap<br /> |votes = 2,065<br /> |percentage = 2.95<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Surya Prasad<br /> |votes = 1,123<br /> |percentage = 1.61<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Akhil Bharatiya Shoshit Samaj Dal<br /> |candidate = Khaddar Chaudhary<br /> |votes = 539<br /> |percentage = 0.77<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 10,562<br /> |percentage = 15.10<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 69,938<br /> |percentage = 56.65<br /> |change = {{decrease}}4.96<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,25,693<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Janata Party<br /> |swing = {{increase}}9.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1974===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1974 Assembly Elections: Ramnagar (Rudhauli)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Ram Samujh<br /> |votes = 24,618<br /> |percentage = 35.06<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br /> |candidate = Jai Dat Singh<br /> |votes = 19,926<br /> |percentage = 28.38<br /> |change = {{increase}}8.86<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br /> |candidate = Babu Ram Verma<br /> |votes = 15,870<br /> |percentage = 22.60<br /> |change = {{decrease}}19.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress (Organization)<br /> |candidate = Chandra Prakash<br /> |votes = 4,342<br /> |percentage = 6.18<br /> |change = {{increase}}6.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Swatantra Party<br /> |candidate = Shyam Sundar<br /> |votes = 1,428<br /> |percentage = 2.03<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = <br /> |candidate = Remaining 4 Candidates<br /> |votes = 4,033<br /> |percentage = 5.75<br /> |change = {{unchanged}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 4,692<br /> |percentage = 6.68<br /> |change = {{decrease}}1.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 70,217<br /> |percentage = 61.61<br /> |change = {{increase}}12.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,18,262<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = {{decrease}}7.33<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1969===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1969 Assembly Elections: Rudhauli}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br /> |candidate = Mohammad Nabi<br /> |votes = 22,010<br /> |percentage = 42.39<br /> |change = {{increase}}42.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Abdul Moiz Khan<br /> |votes = 17,570<br /> |percentage = 33.84<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br /> |candidate = Indradev Mishra<br /> |votes = 10,134<br /> |percentage = 19.52<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.95<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Maulavi Murtaza Husain<br /> |votes = 1,779<br /> |percentage = 3.43<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = PBI^<br /> |candidate = Lal Jee<br /> |votes = 429<br /> |percentage = 0.83<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 4,440<br /> |percentage = 8.55<br /> |change = {{increase}}7.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 51,922<br /> |percentage = 49.55<br /> |change = {{decrease}}4.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,08,611<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Kranti Dal<br /> |swing = {{increase}}10.56<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ^ Proutist Bloc India (Political party)<br /> <br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=1967 Assembly Elections: Rudhauli&lt;ref name=&quot;1967 Election Results&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Abdul Moiz Khan<br /> |votes = 16,334<br /> |percentage = 31.83<br /> |change = {{increase}}31.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mohammad Nabi<br /> |votes = 15,824<br /> |percentage = 30.84<br /> |change = {{increase}}30.84<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh<br /> |candidate = B. Dev<br /> |votes = 9,529<br /> |percentage = 18.57<br /> |change = {{increase}}18.57<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Swatantra Party<br /> |candidate = S. Nath<br /> |votes = 6,480<br /> |percentage = 12.63<br /> |change = {{increase}}12.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mohd Ali<br /> |votes = 1,806<br /> |percentage = 3.52<br /> |change = {{increase}}3.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samyukta Socialist Party<br /> |candidate = Dhondhey<br /> |votes = 1,337<br /> |percentage = 2.61<br /> |change = {{increase}}2.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 510<br /> |percentage = 0.99<br /> |change = {{increase}}0.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 51,310<br /> |percentage = 54.39<br /> |change = {{increase}}54.39<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,03,107<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Rudhauli]]<br /> * [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> * [[Basti district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Mungraha|Mugraha Village]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|27.03|82.80|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Basti district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Kumar_Yadav_(judoka)&diff=544397 2026-04-13T16:09:00Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added some bio w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judoka (born 1996)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox judoka<br /> | name = Vijay Kumar Yadav<br /> | image = Vijay Kumar Yadav.jpg<br /> | image_size = &lt;!-- only when absolutely necessary --&gt;<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Yadav in August 2022<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|4|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | height = 1.65 m&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Vijay Kumar YADAV |url=https://results.birmingham2022.com/#/athlete-details/33828 |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=Commonwealth Games - Birmingham 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Sport --&gt;<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | weight_class = {{nbnd}}60&amp;nbsp;kg<br /> | rank = &lt;!-- Belt color ONLY. Automated when &quot;dan&quot; is used. --&gt;<br /> | rank_ref = <br /> | dan = &lt;!-- Dan rank (number, 1-11), for Black belts only --&gt;<br /> | club = <br /> &lt;!-- Achievements and titles --&gt;<br /> | worlds_rank = R64<br /> | worlds_year = 2017<br /> | worlds_weight = Men's 60 kg<br /> | worlds_year2 = 2019<br /> | worlds_weight2 = Men's 60 kg<br /> | regionals_type = AS<br /> | regionals_rank = 5<br /> | regionals_year = 2017<br /> | regionals_weight = &lt;!-- Optional – To link to specific weightclass competition article (when one exists) --&gt;<br /> | nationals = <br /> | olympics_rank = &lt;!-- 1\2\3\5\7\R16\etc... --&gt;<br /> | olympics_year = <br /> | olympics_weight = &lt;!-- Optional – To link to specific weightclass competition article (when one exists) --&gt;<br /> | commonwealth_rank = 3<br /> | commonwealth_year = 2022<br /> | commonwealth_weight = Men's 60 kg<br /> &lt;!-- Medal record --&gt;<br /> | show-medals = <br /> | medaltemplates =<br /> {{Medal|Sport| Men's [[judo]] }}<br /> {{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[Judo at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}<br /> {{Medal|B| [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022&amp;nbsp;Birmingham]] | [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 60 kg|{{nbnd}}60&amp;nbsp;kg]] }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[South Asian Games]] }}<br /> {{Medal|G| [[Judo at the 2019 South Asian Games|2019&amp;nbsp;Nepal]] | {{nbnd}}60&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> {{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Cadet Judo Championships|Asian Cadet Championships]] }}<br /> {{Medal|S| [[2012 Asian Cadet Judo Championships|2012&amp;nbsp;Taipei]] | {{nbnd}}60&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> {{Medal|B| [[2013 Asian Cadet Judo Championships|2013&amp;nbsp;Hainan]] | {{nbnd}}60&amp;nbsp;kg }}<br /> | updated = 6 February 2023<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vijay Kumar Yadav''' (born 15 April 1996) is an Indian [[judoka]] who competes in the 60 kg weight class. He won the bronze medal at the [[Judo at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 60 kg|2022 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CWG 2022: Judoka Vijay Kumar Yadav Wins Bronze in Men's 60kg |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/cwg-2022-judoka-vijay-kumar-yadav-wins-bronze-in-mens-60kg-5668759.html |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=News18 |date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Sports links}}<br /> * {{The-Sports}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Vijay Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male judoka]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male martial artists]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]<br /> [[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in judo]]<br /> [[Category:Judoka at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> [[Category:Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-judo-bio-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Manuel&diff=522072 2026-04-07T20:37:52Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian model, television host, and VJ}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nina Manuel<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = 24 April 1974<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | nationality = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = Model, Host, VJ<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | style = <br /> | height = &lt;!-- {{height|m=}} --&gt;<br /> | television = ''Nina at 9'', ''Midnite Manuel'', ''After Hours'', ''Late Night V''<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Luv Shah|2010}}<br /> | children = 1 son<br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.ninamanuel.in/ | ninamanuel.in}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Nina Manuel''' is an Indian model, television host, and [[Video jockey|VJ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/How-fair-is-that/articleshow/18924966.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024033855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-12/beauty/37649778_1_dusky-beauties-fairness-creams-dusky-actresses |url-status=live |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=How 'fair' is that |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Manuel was born on 24 April in [[Mumbai]], India to a father from [[Kerala]] and a mother from [[Goa]]. She did her schooling in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Dubai]].&lt;ref name = &quot;editorial&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ninamanuel.in/gallery/editorial/ |title=Editorial - Gallery |publisher=Ninamanuel.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; She returned to Mumbai to complete her graduation in commerce from [[Mithibai College]]. She intended to become a lawyer, as she had finished 2 years in [[Legal education|law college]]. Her mother saw an advertisement in the newspaper for the [[Femina Look of the Year]] contest in 1995. Manuel's mother encouraged her to participate and she did. Although, she did not win eventually, she did get spotted by [[Mehr Jesia Rampal|Mehr Jessia]]. This started her [[Model (profession)|modeling]] career.&lt;ref name = &quot;editorial&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;indiafashionmodels&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://models.indiafashionmodels.com/?p=print&amp;recipe=192 |title=She's Nina Manuel, the girl who was first noticed in the San Miguel ad as the irresistible waitress |publisher=Models.indiafashionmodels.com |date=2010-10-18 |accessdate=2013-03-15 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108013532/http://models.indiafashionmodels.com/?p=print&amp;recipe=192 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She left GJ Advani Law College after six months in favour of pursuing a modelling career.&lt;ref name=&quot;scribd1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/99622118/The-Indian-Lass-for-%E2%80%98Antiquity-Whisky-Nina-Manuel |title=The Indian Lass for &quot;Antiquity Whisky&quot; - Nina Manuel |publisher=Scribd.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Manuel began her modeling career with a show for Ensemble, an [[haute couture]] store, and got picked up by India's top designers. She started out doing a lot of [[Runway (fashion)|ramp shows]] and consequently got modelling contracts with San Miguel, Lawman Jeans, [[Bausch &amp; Lomb]], [[Levi Strauss &amp; Co.|Levi's]], [[Coca-Cola]], ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]]. She has also done shoots for designers and music videos with [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Remo Fernandes|Remo]] and [[Anaida]]. She has done ramp shows for designers like [[Suneet Varma]], [[JJ Valaya]], Raghvendra Rathod and Ravi Bajaj.&lt;ref name = &quot;editorial&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;indiafashionmodels&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Manuel's television career spans six years and includes three shows that she has hosted - ''Nina at 9'' on Zee Muzic, ''Midnite Manuel'' on Zee Muzic and ''After Hours'' on Zee Cafe. She was also a VJ on [[Channel V]], where she hosted the show ''Late Night V''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ninamanuel.in/about-nina/about-nina/ |title=About Nina &amp;#124; Nina Manuel |publisher=Ninamanuel.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Nina Manuel married [[New York City]]-based businessman Luv Shah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://weddingsutra.com/blog/index.php/tag/nina-manuel/ |title=WeddingSutra Editors' Blog » Nina Manuel |publisher=Weddingsutra.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; in a [[Hindu wedding]] at the [[JW Marriott Mumbai|JW Marriott]] in [[Juhu]], Mumbai and a Church wedding at St. Peter's Church, [[Bandra]] in early 2010.&lt;ref name = &quot;indiafashionmodels&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/Bolly_dhoom/message/3506 |title=Celebrity Brides |publisher=Movies.groups.yahoo.com |date=15 May 2010 |accessdate=2014-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807061034/http://movies.groups.yahoo.com/group/Bolly_dhoom/message/3506 |archivedate=7 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She moved to New York City after her marriage and currently lives between New York and [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;scribd1&quot;/&gt; They have one son, Zane Manuel Shah (born 2015).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Spoken like a mentor|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/code-560/Spoken-like-a-mentor/articleshow/48548158.cms|website=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=London calling - Mumbai Mirror -|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/columns/the-informer/London-calling/articleshow/48532555.cms?|website=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Manuel, Nina}}<br /> [[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian video jockeys]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br /> [[Category:People of Goan descent]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telangana_Gaddar_Film_Awards_2025&diff=539957 2026-04-07T16:15:00Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox film awards<br /> | number = 2<br /> | award =Telangana Gaddar Film Awards<br /> | image = TGFA2024.jpg<br /> | image_size = 100<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | awarded_for = Best of Telugu cinema in 2025<br /> | award_org = Telangana Film Development Corporation<br /> | presenting_org = [[Government of Telangana]]<br /> | announced_date = 6 March 2026<br /> | presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2026|03|19}}<br /> | site = HITEX Convention Center [[Hyderabad]]<br /> | host = <br /> | website = <br /> | lifetime_achievement = <br /> | best_feature = ''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''<br /> | best_non_feature =<br /> | most_wins = ''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]'' (4)<br /> | last = <br /> | next = 3rd<br /> }}<br /> The '''2nd [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]]''' were announced by the Telangana Film Development Corporation on 6 March 2026 to honour the best films of 2025 in [[Telugu cinema]] for films certified during the period from January 1 to December 31, 2025. These annual awards are presented by the [[Government of Telangana]] to recognise excellence in [[Telugu cinema]], as well as lifetime achievements in [[Indian cinema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Complete list of Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=The Complete list of Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/07/the-complete-list-of-telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025 |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=7 March 2026 |archive-date= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 announced; Chiranjeevi wins NTR National Film Award&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 announced; Chiranjeevi wins NTR National Film Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-announced-chiranjeevi-wins-ntr-national-film-award/article70715392.ece |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=7 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407151806/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-announced-chiranjeevi-wins-ntr-national-film-award/article70715392.ece |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana unveils Gaddar Film Awards 2025 winners: Naga Chaitanya, Rashmika shine&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana unveils Gaddar Film Awards 2025 winners: Naga Chaitanya, Rashmika shine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-winners-list-naga-chaitanya-rashmika-mandanna-2878664-2026-03-07 |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=India Today |date=7 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407151907/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-winners-list-naga-chaitanya-rashmika-mandanna-2878664-2026-03-07 |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 full list: Naga Chaitanya, Rashmika Mandanna win big; Chiranjeevi, Kamal Haasan lauded&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 full list: Naga Chaitanya, Rashmika Mandanna win big; Chiranjeevi, Kamal Haasan lauded |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-full-list-naga-chaitanya-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-chiranjeevi-kamal-haasan-lauded-101772872626852.html |access-date=7 April 2026 |work= |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=7 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407152340/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025-full-list-naga-chaitanya-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-chiranjeevi-kamal-haasan-lauded-101772872626852.html |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ceremony of the Awards was held at [[HITEX Exhibition Centre]], [[Hyderabad]] on 19 March 2026 on the occasion of Ugadi festival. The event was attended by Telangana Chief Minister [[Revanth Reddy]], Deputy Chief Minister [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]], Minister for Tourism [[Jupally Krishna Rao]], and [[Dil Raju]], chairman of the Telangana Film Development Corporation (TGFDC).&lt;ref name=&quot;Tollywood stars light up Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Tollywood stars light up Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tollywood-stars-light-up-telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025/article70762999.ece |access-date=7 April 2026 |work= |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407152019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tollywood-stars-light-up-telangana-gaddar-film-awards-2025/article70762999.ece |archive-date=7 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Telangana Gaddar Film Awards celebrated in grand style&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards celebrated in grand style |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/20/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-celebrated-in-grand-style |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=20 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407152709/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/20/telangana-gaddar-film-awards-celebrated-in-grand-style |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Jury==<br /> Music director [[Mani Sharma]] chaired the Feature Film jury, Kanakamedala Vijay Krishna headed the Short Film &amp; Documentaries jury, and Thammareddy Bharadwaj led the Special Jury committee. Writer and director [[Tanikella Bharani]] chaired the jury for Books and Critics on [[Telugu cinema|Telugu Cinema]].<br /> <br /> ==Special awards==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:70%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot;|Award<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot;|Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2026/Mar/08/gaddar-film-awards-debutants-from-telugu-cinema-steal-the-spotlight |access-date=7 April 2026 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407155738/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2026/Mar/08/gaddar-film-awards-debutants-from-telugu-cinema-steal-the-spotlight |archive-date=7 April 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |NTR National Film Award - Artist only<br /> |[[Konidela Chiranjeevi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Paidi Jairaj Film Award - Indian film personality<br /> | [[Kamal Haasan]] <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Raghupathi Venkaiah Film Award - Other than film artist Telugu<br /> |Ramesh Prasad<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |B N Reddy Film Award - Telugu film director<br /> |[[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao|Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nagireddy &amp; Chakrapani Film Award - Telugu producer<br /> | [[C. Aswini Dutt]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kantha Rao Award - Telugu artist<br /> |[[R. Narayana Murthy]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[C. Narayana Reddy]] Film Award - Poet, writer of Telugu cinema<br /> | [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Akkineni Nageshwara Rao Film Award - Indian Film Artist (female)<br /> | [[Jayasudha]]<br /> |}<br /> ==Main awards==<br /> ===Feature Film===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:73%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot;|Award<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;&quot;|Film<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot;|Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | First Best Feature Film<br /> | [[Raju Weds Rambai]]<br /> | Producer: [[Venu Udugula]], Rahul Mopidevi&lt;br&gt;Director: Saailu Kampati<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Second Best Feature Film<br /> | [[Dhandoraa]]<br /> | Producer: Ravindra Benerjee Muppaneni &lt;br&gt;Director: Muralikanth Devasoth <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Third Best Feature Film<br /> | [[The Great Pre-Wedding Show|The Great Pre Wedding Show]]<br /> | Producer: Sanddeep Agaram, Ashmita Reddy Basani &lt;br&gt;Director: Rahul Srinivas Lukalapu <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Feature Film on National Integration, Communal Harmony and Social Uplift<br /> | [[Thandel]]<br /> | Producer: [[Chandoo Mondeti]]&lt;br&gt;Director: [[Bunny Vas|Bunny Vasu]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Feature Film on Environment, Heritage and History<br /> | EGWA<br /> | Producer: V.K. Raju&lt;br&gt;Director: <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Dr. M Prabhakar Reddy Best Wholesome Entertainment Film<br /> | [[Sankranthiki Vasthunam|Sankranthiki Vasthunnam]] <br /> | Producer: [[Dil Raju]], Sirish&lt;br&gt;Director: [[Anil Ravipudi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Feature Film on Social Message<br /> | [[Court: State vs a Nobody|Court]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Children's Film<br /> | [[Anaganaga (film)|Anaganaga]]<br /> | Producer: Rakesh Reddy Gadam, Rudradev Madireddy&lt;br&gt;Director: Sunny Sanjay<br /> |}<br /> ===Individual and Technical Awards===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot; |Award<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot; |Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot; /&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;&quot; |Film<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Director<br /> | Saailu Kampati<br /> |[[Raju Weds Rambai]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Actor<br /> | [[Naga Chaitanya]] <br /> | [[Thandel]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Actress<br /> | [[Rashmika Mandanna]] <br /> | [[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]] <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Supporting Actor<br /> | [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] <br /> | [[Dhandoraa]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Supporting Actress<br /> | [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] <br /> | [[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Child Actor<br /> | Rohan Roy<br /> |[[The Great Pre-Wedding Show|The Great Pre Wedding Show]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Child Actress<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Comedian<br /> | Krishna Teja Reddy <br /> |[[Jigris]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Music Director<br /> | Mark K Robin<br /> |[[Dhandoraa]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Lyricist<br /> | Nandakishore <br /> | [[Kuberaa]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Male Playback Singer<br /> | [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br /> | [[Raju Weds Rambai]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Female Playback Singer<br /> |Sahithi Chaganti<br /> |[[Kannappa (film)|Kannappa]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Story Writer<br /> | [[Gunasekhar]] <br /> |[[Euphoria (2026 film)|Euphoria]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Screenplay Writer<br /> | [[Anil Ravipudi]]<br /> | [[Sankranthiki Vasthunam|Sankranthiki Vasthunnam]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Cinematographer<br /> |[[Karthik Gattamneni|Karthik Ghattamaneni]] <br /> |[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Editor<br /> |[[A. Sreekar Prasad|Sreekar Prasad]]<br /> |[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Audiographer<br /> |M. R. Rajakrishnan <br /> |[[Kishkindhapuri]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Choreographer<br /> |Gira Gira Gira (Aata Sandeep)<br /> |[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Art Director<br /> |Thota Tharani<br /> |[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Action Choreographer<br /> |Peter Heins<br /> |[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Make-up Artist<br /> |Y. Govindaraju<br /> |[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam|Akhanda 2]]<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Costume Designer<br /> |Chandrakant Sonavani, Ajay Kumar Nambala<br /> |[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Special Jury Award<br /> |Raj Rachakonda<br /> |[[23 Iravai Moodu]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chaitu Jonnalagadda<br /> |[[Raju Weds Rambai]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ananthika <br /> |[[8 Vasantalu|8 Vasanthalu]]<br /> |-<br /> |Roshan <br /> |[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Best Documentary Films===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:73%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot;|Award<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;&quot;|Film<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot;|Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | First Best Documentary Film<br /> | UNITY - The Man of Social Justice<br /> | Producer: Chiramdasu Sreekanth&lt;br&gt;Director: Badugu Vijay Kumar<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Second Best Documentary Film<br /> | The First Action Hero [[Paidi Jairaj]] Prasthanam<br /> | Producer: Ponnam Ravi Chandra &lt;br&gt;Director: Kathi Chetan<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Third Best Documentary Film<br /> |Mahamaneeshi Dr. [[A. S. Rao]]<br /> | Producer:Bala Brahmachari Pusapati<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Best Short Films===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:73%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot;|Award<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;&quot;|Film<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot;|Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | First Best Short Film<br /> |[[Daripalli Ramaiah|Vanajeevi Ramaiah]]<br /> |Busam Ravindranath<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Second Best Short Film<br /> |Mouname Nee Bhasha<br /> |Raghavendra Varma Indukuri, Vishwas Hannurkar<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Third Best Short Film<br /> |Cyber Slavery<br /> | K. Neelima<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Diploma of Merit<br /> |Talli Dandrula Atma Gouravam<br /> |Kanaparthi Hanumandlu<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Best Books/ Articles on Telugu cinema for Telangana===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width:73%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;&quot;|Award<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;&quot;|Category<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;&quot;|Awardee(s)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddar Film Awards: Debutants from Telugu cinema steal the spotlight&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Best Book<br /> |Shunyam Nundi Shikharagralaku <br /> |Journalist Prabhu<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Best Critic<br /> | <br /> | H. Ramesh Babu<br /> |}<br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://filmin.telangana.gov.in/fdc/TGFA.html}}<br /> * {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxsEDGjFHac|title=Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2025}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian film awards]]<br /> [[Category:2025 awards in India]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian film awards]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himachal_Pradesh_State_Human_Rights_Commission&diff=502732 2026-03-25T16:02:57Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: made a page more to come!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox law enforcement agency<br /> | agencyname = '''Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission'''<br /> | nativename = <br /> | nativenamea = <br /> | nativenamer = <br /> | commonname = <br /> | patch = <br /> | patchcaption = <br /> | logo =<br /> | logocaption =<br /> | badge = <br /> | badgecaption = <br /> | flag = <br /> | flagcaption = <br /> | imagesize =<br /> | motto = <br /> | mottotranslated = <br /> | mission = <br /> | formed =<br /> | preceding1 = <br /> | employees = <br /> | volunteers = <br /> | budget = <br /> | country = India<br /> | federal = Yes<br /> | map = <br /> | mapcaption = <br /> | sizearea = <br /> | sizepopulation = <br /> | legaljuris = <br /> | governingbody =<br /> | governingbodyscnd = <br /> | constitution1 = <br /> | restriction = <br /> | overviewtype = <br /> | overviewbody = <br /> | headquarters = PINES GROVE BUILDING, SHIMLA-171002.Tel.No.: 0177-2624909, 2623339, 2626182.Fax: 2622377.Email: hphrc-shi@hp.gov.in.Website: https://hphrc.hp.gov.in/.&lt;ref name=&quot;hphr ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/himachal-pradesh-state-human-rights-commission |website=Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission |access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{Official website| https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/himachal-pradesh-state-human-rights-commission}}{{Official website| https://hphrc.hp.gov.in/ }}<br /> | hqlocmap = <br /> | hqlocleft = <br /> | hqloctop = <br /> | hqlocmappoptitle = <br /> | sworntype = <br /> | sworn = <br /> | unsworntype = <br /> | unsworn = <br /> | electeetype = <br /> | minister1name = <br /> | minister1pfo = <br /> | chief1name = Shri Justice P. S. Rana<br /> | chief1position = Chairman<br /> | chief2name = Dr. Ajai Bhandari, IAS (Retd.)<br /> | chief2position = Member<br /> | parentagency = <br /> | child1agency = <br /> | unittype = <br /> | unitname = <br /> | officetype =<br /> | officename = <br /> | stationtype = <br /> | stations = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] organisation created as per &quot;The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 for India&quot; for the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] to inquire into [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] of the [[constitution of India]]. The chairman and other members of the Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.<br /> <br /> == History and Objective ==<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Staff Shortage Besets Human Rights Commissions, 10 States Don't Have Chairpersons: RTI |url=https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=13 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Giving Human Rights Commissions more teeth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and subjects covered under Himachal state list.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=18 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commissions set up in 19 States: Govt.|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=28 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission office is situated in PINES GROVE BUILDING, SHIMLA-171002.<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson, who should be a retired Chief Justice of any Indian High Court.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |url=http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |website=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803064748/http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dheeraj |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-rights/state-human-rights-commission/49347 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Role Of National Human Rights Commission In Protection Of Human Rights In India |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thelawbrigade.com |date=26 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The other members should be:&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=After seven-year-long wait, Andhra Pradesh to get its SHRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-seven-year-long-wait-ap-to-get-its-shrc-on-march-22/articleshow/81004771.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=MP rights body headless for past 4 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mp-rights-body-headless-for-past-4-years/story-CmqzaPafvm47tsgGDOTq7O.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=14 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> (i) A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge.<br /> <br /> (ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh State Human Rights Commission chairperson and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;hphr ref2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Himachal's leader of opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachals-leader-of-opposition-questions-selection-of-chairperson-member-of-shrc-in-his-absence/articleshow/76356134.cms |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=13 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.<br /> <br /> The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for five years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.&lt;ref name=&quot;hphr ref3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=dr ajai bhandari appointed as hp human rights commission member |url=http://www.uniindia.com/dr-ajai-bhandari-appointed-as-hp-human-rights-commission-member/north/news/2056085.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=uniindia |date=27 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit.<br /> <br /> Justice Shri Justice P. S. Rana Jain is the current Chairman of Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission.<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:&lt;ref name=&quot;HR ref1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences.&lt;ref name=&quot;hphr ref4&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=death of worker shrc summons report from union defense |url=http://www.uniindia.com/death-of-worker-shrc-summons-report-from-union-defense-secy/north/news/2609476.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=uniindia |date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any.<br /> * Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism.&lt;ref name=&quot;hphr ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=hp-human-rights-commission-take-cognizance-of-leopard-attack-on-kid |url=http://www.uniindia.com/hp-human-rights-commission-take-cognizance-of-leopard-attack-on-kid/north/news/2560155.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=uniindia |date=11 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development.<br /> * In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court.<br /> * Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights.<br /> * Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public .<br /> * Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under the constitution of any law which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation.<br /> * For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary.<br /> <br /> Goa State Human Rights Commission has below powers:<br /> <br /> • Powers to regulate its own procedure.<br /> <br /> • All the powers of a civil court and with its proceedings being judicial.<br /> <br /> • Call for details of information or report from the state government or any other authority subordinate to them.<br /> <br /> • Powers to require any person who is subject to any privilege which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry.<br /> <br /> • The commission can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence.<br /> <br /> == Limitations ==<br /> <br /> Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission has limited powers and functions as they are subject to only advising, and does not have power to punish the violators of human rights or award any relief including monetary, to the victim.<br /> <br /> The recommendations of Goa State Human Rights Commission are not binding on the state government or authority, except that the commission should be informed about the action taken by the state government on its recommendation within one month from the date of complaint.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Commission of India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners on how to create references. --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.mphrc.nic.in Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411210617/http://mphrc.nic.in/ |date=11 April 2021 }}<br /> * [https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/himachal-pradesh-state-human-rights-commission Official Website]<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_South_Korea&diff=512829 2026-03-24T21:45:55Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added new page v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Only primary sources|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{short description|Head of mission of India to South Korea}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox official post<br /> | post = Ambassador<br /> | body = India to South Korea<br /> | native_name = <br /> | insignia = Emblem of India.svg<br /> | insigniasize = 75px<br /> | insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]<br /> | flag = Flag of India.svg<br /> | flagsize = <br /> | flagborder = <br /> | flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | incumbent = Gourangalal Das<br /> | acting = <br /> | incumbentsince = September 2025<br /> | department = <br /> | style = [[His Excellency]]<br /> | type = [[Ambassador]]<br /> | status = <br /> | abbreviation = <br /> | member_of = [[Indian Foreign Service]]<br /> | reports_to = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]<br /> | residence = <br /> | seat = Embassy of India, Seoul<br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = [[President of India]]<br /> | appointer_qualified = <br /> | termlength = No fixed tenure<br /> | termlength_qualified = <br /> | precursor = <br /> | formation = <br /> | first = <br /> | abolished = <br /> | succession = <br /> | deputy = <br /> | salary = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.indembassyseoul.gov.in/ambassador|Indian Ambassador to South Korea}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''ambassador of India to South Korea''' is the chief diplomatic representative of [[India]] to [[South Korea]], housed in the Indian Embassy located at 101, [[Hannam-dong|Hannam Dong]], Dokseodang-ro, [[Yongsan District|Yongsan-gu]], [[Seoul]] 04419, [[Republic of Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.indembassyseoul.gov.in/contact-us |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=www.indembassyseoul.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The embassy is headed by the [[Ambassador]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ambassador |url=https://www.indembassyseoul.gov.in/ambassador |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=www.indembassyseoul.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of Indian Ambassadors ==<br /> <br /> The following people have served as Ambassadors to South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous Heads of Mission<br /> |url=https://www.indembassyseoul.gov.in/node/103 |access-date=24 March 2026 |website=www.indembassyseoul.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! S. No.<br /> ! Name<br /> ! Entered office<br /> ! Left office<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | S. M. Aga<br /> | December 1974<br /> | October 1977<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[V. V. Paranjpe]]<br /> |January 1978<br /> |June 1982<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Arundhati Ghose]]<br /> |November 1982<br /> |September 1985<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |S. T. Devare<br /> |September 1985<br /> |Jun 1989<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |L. T. Pudaite<br /> |August 1989<br /> |July 1992<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |B. M. Oza<br /> |July 1992<br /> |August 1994<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Shashank (diplomat)|Shashank]]<br /> |November 1994<br /> |January 1999<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Santosh Kumar<br /> |January 1999<br /> |August 2002<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |P. S. Ray<br /> |December 2002<br /> |September 2005<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |N. Parthasarathi<br /> |September 2005<br /> |September 2008<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Skand R. Tayal<br /> |September 2008<br /> |November 2011<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Vishnu Prakash<br /> |January 2012<br /> |March 2015<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |[[Vikram Doraiswami|Vikram K. Doraiswami]]<br /> |April 2015<br /> |July 2018<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |Sripriya Ranganathan<br /> |August 2018<br /> |August 2022<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |Amit Kumar<br /> |September 2022<br /> |September 2025<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Gourangalal Das<br /> |September 2025<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{URL|www.indembassyseoul.gov.in|Official website of Indian embassy in Seoul}}<br /> <br /> {{Ambassadors of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|South Korea]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of ambassadors to South Korea|India]]<br /> [[Category:Ambassadors of India to South Korea| ]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IDfy&diff=503414 2026-03-20T21:53:09Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: made basic page w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian identity verification company}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = IDfy<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | industry = [[Identity verification]], [[Anti–money laundering]], Risk and fraud, Personal data protection<br /> | founded = 2011<br /> | founders = Ashok Hariharan&lt;br&gt;Vineet Jawa<br /> | hq_location = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | area_served = India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Middle East.<br /> | key_people = Paritosh Desai, [[chief product officer]]; Wriju Ray, [[chief business officer]]; Ashish Sahni, [[chief technology officer]]; ; Malcolm Gomes, [[Chief operating officer]]; Kaushik Shah, [[Chief strategy officer]]<br /> | owner = Baldor Technologies<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.idfy.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''IDfy''' is an Indian identity verification company headquartered in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Gandharv |title=IDfy deploys AI to detect fraud and clear the fog of deceptiveness |url=https://indiaai.gov.in/article/idfy-deploys-ai-to-detect-fraud-and-clear-the-fog-of-deceptiveness |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=INDIAai |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was founded in 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2023-07-12 |title=Indian fintech regulatory companies make a mark on global stage |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/indian-fintech-regulatory-companies-make-a-mark-on-global-stage/articleshow/101677034.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is operated by Baldor Technologies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background verification firm IDfy bags $3 mn from NEA, others |url=https://www.vccircle.com/exclusive-background-verification-firm-idfy-bags-3-mn-from-nea-others |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's operations are spread across [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], and [[Bangalore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Majumdar |first=Debleena |date=2024-04-25 |title=₹10,000 is all it takes for a pay hike letter &amp; to cheat a company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/c-suite/employee-fraud-risks-are-on-the-rise-leaders-should-be-aware-of-trends-and-corrective-actions/articleshow/109182398.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> IDfy was founded in 2011 in [[Mumbai]] by Ashok Hariharan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gopani |first=Avi |date=2022-02-15 |title=IDfy CEO Ashok Hariharan reveals how their deep fake recognition tool works |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/idfy-ceo-ashok-hariharan-reveals-how-their-deep-fake-recognition-tool-works/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Analytics India Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Banks not collecting data protection Act-compliant consent, says IDfy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-banks-not-collecting-data-protection-act-compliant-consent-says-idfy-3424540/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paytm crackdown signals more RBI scrutiny on India's banks |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/paytm-crackdown-signals-more-rbi-scrutiny-on-indias-banks-2904933 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Vineet Jawa with an initial focus on background verification services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchanda |first=Harsh Upadhyay &amp; Kunal |date=2022-10-03 |title=IDfy's operating revenue crosses Rs 50 Cr in FY22, losses soar 2.5X |url=https://entrackr.com/2022/10/idfys-operating-revenue-crosses-rs-50-cr-in-fy22-losses-soar-2-5x/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Entrackr |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before this venture, Ashok Hariharan worked at [[BT Group|British Telecom]], while Vineet Jawa was a co-founder of the fintech firm CredRight.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2012, IDfy raised seed funding from Blume Ventures. By August 2015, IDfy had raised up to $3 million from existing investors, including Blume Ventures, Faktory Ventures, NEA, and [[Japan|Japanese]] [[e-commerce]] and investment firm Beenos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Kritti |date=2020-08-27 |title=Exclusive: Online Fraud Detection Platform IDfy Bags $2 Mn From Existing Investors |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/exclusive-online-fraud-detection-platform-idfy-bags-2-mn-from-existing-investors/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2020, the company formed a partnership with [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] for video KYC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IDfy partners Visa for video KYC of credit-card holders |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/idfy-partners-visa-for-video-kyc-of-credit-card-holders-5484641.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504111256/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/idfy-partners-visa-for-video-kyc-of-credit-card-holders-5484641.html |archive-date=2024-05-04 |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the company raised $3 million and later secured $10 million in series D funding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur |date=2024-03-06 |title=ID Verification Startup IDfy Secures USD 27 Mn from Elev8 Venture and Others |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/id-verification-startup-idfy-secures-usd-27-mn-from-elev8/470707 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-10-21 |title=Verification co IDfy raises ₹86 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/verification-co-idfy-raises-86-crore/articleshow/87192225.cms |access-date=2024-04-28|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023, IDfy partnered with [[Haptik|Jio Haptik]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=Jio Haptik, B2B platform IDfy tie up for WhatsApp KYC solution |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/jio-haptik-b2b-platform-idfy-tie-up-for-whatsapp-kyc-solution/articleshow/100439673.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-28|work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; and acquired the [[Software as a service|SaaS]] platform Salesroom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Startup Digest: CredFlow acquires TechBiz, HealthifyMe raises $30M, Byju's launches 3 new AI models and more |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/startup-digest-credflow-techbiz-healthifyme-revsureai-byjus-reddit-layoffs-16876031.htm/ |access-date=2024-04-28|website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, IDfy launched Privy, a governance platform that supports companies fully complying with the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023|DPDP Act]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IDfy launches India's first privacy and compliance suite - Privy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/idfy-launches-india-s-first-privacy-and-compliance-suite-privy-124072400469_1.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year, IDfy launched a comic book titled DPDP Dilemma with Consent Chaudhary, which explores scenarios where user consent and data security are compromised due to a lack of awareness about the [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023|DPDP Act]] and negligence towards the content in terms and conditions agreements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=IDfy introduces comic book on data security |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/digital-transformation-idfy-introduces-comic-book-on-data-security-3366850/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 6, 2024, the company secured $27 million in funding through a combination of primary and secondary fundraising rounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Sudeshna |date=2024-03-06 |title=Fraud Detection Startup IDfy Nets $27 Mn For Expansion |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/fraud-detection-startup-idfy-nets-27-mn-for-expansion/ |access-date=2024-04-28|website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025, IDfy operates in seven countries, including India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=L |first=Krithika K. |date=2024-07-16 |title=Fraud Detection Startup IDfy Unveils Suite To Help Enterprises Comply With DPDP Act |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/fraud-detection-startup-idfy-unveils-suite-to-help-enterprises-comply-with-dpdp-act/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company has reported that it runs over 60 million verifications per month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Harsh |title=ID verification platform IDfy raises $27 Mn in primary and secondary |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/03/id-verification-platform-idfy-raises-27-mn-in-primary-and-secondary/ |access-date= |website=entrackr.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Financial performance ==<br /> According to Entrackr, in the fiscal year 2023–24 (FY24), IDfy reported revenues of ₹145 crore with a net loss of ₹8.8 crore, while in 2024–25 (FY25), its revenues increased to ₹188.5 crore and it recorded a net profit of ₹7.8 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afsha Ali |first=Syed |date=2025-07-19 |title=IDfy Revenue FY25 Rises to ₹188 Cr, Turns Profitable |url=https://www.businessoutreach.in/idfy-revenue-fy25-growth-profit/ |access-date= |website=Business Outreach}}&lt;/ref&gt; IDfy has raised more than US$50 million in funding from investors including Elev8, TransUnion, Blume Ventures, New Enterprise Associates (NEA), and [[IndiaMART]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchanada |first=Kunal |title=Exclusive: IDfy posts Rs 188 Cr revenue in FY25 while maintaining profitability |url=https://entrackr.com/exclusive/exclusive-idfy-posts-rs-188-cr-revenue-in-fy25-while-maintaining-profitability-9512349 |access-date= |website=entrackr.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> In 2016, IDfy was awarded by the World HRD Congress. The company was featured in the National Skills Registry, an initiative of [[NASSCOM]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-08 |title=Introduction to IDfy a Start-up in Technology space |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Technology/2016-06-07/Introduction-to-IDfy-a-Start-up-in-Technology-space/233487 |access-date=2024-04-28|website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, IDfy's name was included in the [[Deloitte]] Technology Fast 50 India 2022 list. For two consecutive years in 2022 and 2023, the company was ranked among [[Asia]]'s top five regulatory technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=RegTech – Gaining momentum Driving efficiency in risk and compliance |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/in/Documents/risk/in-risk-RegTech-Gaining-momentum-noexp.pdf |work=[[Deloitte]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, IDfy was featured in [[Forbes|Forbes Asia]]'s '100 To Watch' list.<br /> <br /> It also received the Fintech Scaleup of the Year’ at IFTA 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IFTA 2024 by India FinTech Forum - check out fintech news, jobs, networking, demos and more |url=https://www.indiafintech.com/ |access-date=2024-04-28|website=India FinTech Forum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://www.idfy.com Official website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:2011 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganges&diff=451980 2026-03-17T01:32:47Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Minor edits and structural improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Major river in Asia}}<br /> {{about|the river|other uses}}<br /> {{redirect|Ganga|the goddess|Ganga (goddess)|other uses|Ganga (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox river<br /> | name = Ganges (Ganga)<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | name_other = <br /> | name_etymology = [[Ganga (goddess)]]<br /> &lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;| image = Varanasiganga.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | image_caption = The Ganges in [[Varanasi]]<br /> | map = Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.jpg<br /> | map_size = 300px<br /> | map_caption = Map of the combined drainage basins of the Ganges (yellow), Brahmaputra (violet) and Meghna (green)<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_size = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = &lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Country<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[India]] (as Ganga), [[Bangladesh]] (as Padma)<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Bhagirathi<br /> | subdivision_name2 = <br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | subdivision_type4 = <br /> | subdivision_name4 = <br /> | subdivision_type5 = Cities<br /> | subdivision_name5 = '''[[Uttarakhand]]''': [[Rishikesh]] &amp; [[Haridwar]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''': [[Bijnor]], [[Garhmukteshwar]], [[Anupshahr]], [[Farrukhabad]], [[Fatehgarh]], [[Kannauj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], [[Kunda, India|Kunda]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Mughalsarai]], [[Ghazipur]] &amp; [[Ballia]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Bihar]]''': [[Chausa]], [[Buxar]], [[Chhapra]], [[Danapur]], [[Patna]], [[Hajipur]], [[Barh]], [[Mokama]], [[Begusarai]], [[Munger]], [[Sultanganj, Bihar|Sultanganj]], [[Bhagalpur]] &amp; [[Manihari]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Jharkhand]]''': [[Sahibganj]]<br /> <br /> '''[[West Bengal]]''': [[Murshidabad]], [[Palashi]], [[Nabadwip]], [[Shantipur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Serampore]], [[Chinsurah]], [[Baranagar]], [[Diamond Harbour]], [[Haldia]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Howrah]], [[Uluberia]] &amp; [[Barrackpore]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Rajshahi Division]]''': [[Rajshahi]], [[Pabna]], [[Ishwardi Upazila|Ishwardi]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Khulna Division]]''': [[Kushtia]], [[Shilaidaha]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Dhaka Division]]''': [[Dhaka]], [[Narayanganj]], [[Gazipur]], [[Munshiganj Sadar Upazila|Munshiganj]], [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Chittagong Division]]''': [[Chandpur Sadar Upazila|Chandpur]], [[Noakhali Sadar Upazila|Noakhali]]<br /> <br /> '''[[Barisal Division]]''': [[Bhola Sadar Upazila|Bhola]] <br /> &lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;| length = {{convert|2525|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007}}<br /> | width_min = <br /> | width_avg = <br /> | width_max = <br /> | depth_min = <br /> | depth_avg = <br /> | depth_max = <br /> | discharge3_location = [[Farakka Barrage]]{{sfn|Kumar|Singh|Sharma|2005}}<br /> | discharge3_min = {{convert|180|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge3_avg = {{convert|16,648|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge3_max = {{convert|70,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br /> | discharge2_location = [[Ganges Delta]], [[Bay of Bengal]]<br /> | discharge2_min = <br /> | discharge2_avg =(Ganges without Brahmaputra and Meghna) {{convert|18,691|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsharma&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&amp;dq=Ganga+river+18,691+m3/s&amp;pg=PA45 |title=Applied Environmental Sciences &amp; Engineering |author=C B Sharma |publisher=BFC Publications |date=11 January 2021 |isbn=978-0-313-38007-5 |access-date=17 November 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220111532/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&amp;dq=Ganga+river+18,691+m3/s&amp;pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | discharge2_max = &lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;<br /> | source1 = Confluence at [[Devprayag]], [[Uttarakhand]] of the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda river]] (the [[River source|source stream]] in [[hydrology]] because of its greater length) and the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi river]] (the source stream in [[Hinduism|Hindu tradition]]). The headwaters of the river include: [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]], [[Nandakini]], [[Pindar River|Pindar]] and the [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]], all tributaries of the Alaknanda.&lt;ref name=ganges-britannica&gt;{{citation|last1=Lodrick|first1=Deryck O.|last2=Ahmad|first2=Nafis|title=Ganges River|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=28 January 2021|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | source1_location = Devprayag, the beginning of the [[main stem]] of the Ganges<br /> | source1_coordinates = <br /> | source1_elevation = <br /> | mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br /> | mouth_location = [[Ganges Delta]]<br /> | mouth_coordinates = <br /> | mouth_elevation = <br /> | progression = <br /> | waterfalls = <br /> | river_system = <br /> | basin_size = {{convert|1,999,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsharma&quot;/&gt;<br /> | tributaries_left = [[Ramganga]], [[Garra River|Garra]], [[Gomti River|Gomti]], [[Tamsa River (East)|Tamsa]] [[Ghaghara River|Ghaghara]], [[Gandak River|Gandak]], [[Burhi Gandak River|Burhi Gandak]], [[Koshi River|Koshi]], [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]]<br /> | tributaries_right = [[Yamuna]], [[Tamsa River|Tamsa]] (also known as Tons River), [[Karmanasa River|Karamnasa]], [[Sone River|Sone]], [[Punpun River|Punpun]], [[Falgu River|Falgu]], [[Kiul River|Kiul]], [[Chandan River|Chandan]], [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Damodar River|Damodar]], [[Rupnarayan River|Rupnarayan]]<br /> | custom_label = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | extra = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | discharge1_location = [[Ganges Delta|Mouth of the Ganges]]<br /> | discharge1_avg =Total runoff into the Bay of Bengal<br /> (Period: 1921–1985){{cvt|43,704|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers<br /> of the world during the 19th–20th centuries&quot;&gt;[http://www.adbarno.it/rep/biblio/Pekarova.pdf](PDF; 773&amp;nbsp; KB)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> (Period: 1990–2020){{cvt|1,350|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Variation of Satellite-Based Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Estuary from 1990 to 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=Remote Sensing|title=Variation of Satellite-Based Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Estuary from 1990 to 2020|last1=Hanquan|first1=Yang|last2=Tianshen|first2=Mei|last3=Xiaoyan|first3=Chen|volume=16|doi=10.3390/rs16020396|date=2024|issue=2 |page=396 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024RemS...16..396Y }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> (dry period 38,129 m³/s,{{sfn|Kumar|Singh|Sharma|2005}} wet period 53,170 m³/s;&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsharma&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spatial and temporal runoff oscillation analysis of the main rivers<br /> of the world during the 19th–20th centuries&quot;&gt;[http://www.adbarno.it/rep/biblio/Pekarova.pdf](PDF; 773&amp;nbsp; KB)&lt;/ref&gt;) <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Ganges''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|dʒ|iː|z}} {{respell|GAN|jeez}}; in India: '''Ganga''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|ŋ|ɡ|ɑː}} {{respell|GUNG|ah}}; in Bangladesh: '''Padma''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|d|m|ə}} {{respell|PUD|mə}})&lt;ref name=salman-uprety&gt;{{harvnb|Salman|Uprety|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA129 129]}}. &quot;The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international {{wikidata|property|P31}} which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=swain-ganges&gt;{{citation|last=Swain|first=Ashok|title=Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|page=54|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-76883-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IHpYZtKzXMC&amp;pg=PA54|quote=The Ganges is an international river that flows through the territories of India and Bangladesh. In the Indian side, the Ganges is called the Ganga.&amp;nbsp;... India's Ganga then becomes Padma for a Bangladeshi.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=PCGN-Ganges&gt;{{citation|title=India: Factfile|url= https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936421/India_Factfile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024202519/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/936421/India_Factfile.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-24 |url-status=live|publisher=[[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use|Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN)]]|page=11|quote=PCGN recommended name=Ganges; Local Names: Padma (Bangladesh), Ganga (India); Feature type: River}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=uslcsh34-ganges&gt;{{citation|title=US Library of Congress Subject Headings, thirty-fourth edition (LCSH 34)|url=https://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/lcshintro.pdf|chapter=Subject headings: G|chapter-url=https://www.loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/G.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020339/http://loc.gov/aba/publications/Archived-LCSH34/G.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-21 |url-status=live|year=2012|page=23|quote=Ganges River (India and Bangladesh); UF (use for) Gangā River (India and Bangladesh); BT (broader term) Rivers—Bangladesh, Rivers—India; NT (narrower term) Padma River (Bangladesh)}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[trans-boundary river]] of Asia which flows through [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. The {{Convert|2525|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} river rises in the western [[Himalayas]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. It flows south and east through the [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] of [[North India]], receiving the right-bank tributary, the [[Yamuna]], which also rises in the western Indian Himalayas, and several left-bank tributaries from [[Nepal]] that account for the bulk of its flow.&lt;ref name=swain-ganges-2&gt;{{cite book|last=Swain|first=Ashok|title=Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East|publisher=Routledge|page=54|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-76883-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IHpYZtKzXMC&amp;pg=PA54|quote=This river originates on the southern slope of the Himalayan range, and on its way receives supplies from seven major tributaries. Three of them - the Gandak, Karnali (Ghagara) and Kosi — pass through the Himalayan 'Hindu' Kingdom of Nepal, and they supply the major portion of the Ganges flow.|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172558/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IHpYZtKzXMC&amp;pg=PA54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Salman|Uprety|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA129 129]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA130 130]}} &quot;The tributaries that originate in Nepal and China, including the Kosi, Gandaki, Kamala, Bagmati, Kamali and Mahakali, account for about 45 percent of the Ganges flow.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; In [[West Bengal]], India, a feeder canal taking off from its right bank diverts 50% of its flow southwards, artificially connecting it to the [[Hooghly River]]. The Ganges continues into [[Bangladesh]], its name changing to the [[Padma River|Padma]]. It is then joined by the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], the lower stream of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and eventually the [[Meghna River|Meghna]], forming the major estuary of the [[Ganges Delta]], and emptying into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna system is the [[List of rivers by discharge|second-largest river on earth by discharge]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World of Change: Padma River – NASA Earth Observatory|date=31 July 2018|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/PadmaRiver|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530220940/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/PadmaRiver|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ganges River Basin|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ganges-river-basin/|date=1 October 2019|publisher=National Geographic Society|language=en|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528230116/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ganges-river-basin/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[main stem]] of the Ganges begins at the town of [[Devprayag]],&lt;ref name=ganges-britannica/&gt; at the confluence of the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]], which is the [[River source|source stream]] in [[hydrology]] on account of its greater length, and the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], which is considered the source stream in [[Hindu mythology]].<br /> <br /> The Ganges is a lifeline to hundreds of millions of people who live in its basin and depend on it for their daily needs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0gYQrebGwY |title=The Mighty River {{vbar}} Ganga: River From The Skies {{vbar}} National Geographic |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=29 April 2020 |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109062104/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0gYQrebGwY |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals such as [[Pataliputra]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA334|access-date=27 April 2011|publisher=BRILL|oclc=313728835|isbn=978-90-04-09264-8|page=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kannauj]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghosh&quot;/&gt; [[Sonargaon]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bikrampur]], [[Kara (Kaushambi)|Kara]], [[Munger]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Patna]], [[Hajipur]], [[Kanpur]], [[Delhi]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Murshidabad]], [[Baharampur]], [[Kampilya]], and [[Kolkata]] located on its banks or those of its tributaries and connected waterways. The river is home to approximately 140 species of fish, 90 species of [[amphibian]]s, and also [[reptile]]s and [[mammal]]s, including [[critically endangered]] species such as the [[gharial]] and [[South Asian river dolphin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rice2012&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Rice|first=Earle|title=The Ganges River|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdeXBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated|isbn=978-1-61228-368-5|page=25|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172550/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdeXBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ganges is the most sacred river to [[Hindus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Alter2001&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Alter|first=Stephen|title=Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ|access-date=30 July 2013|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade &amp; Reference Publishers|isbn=978-0-15-100585-7|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is worshipped as the goddess ''[[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]]'' in [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BhattacharjiBandyopadhyay1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharji|first1=Sukumari|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=Ramananda|title=Legends of Devi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0j0hRgWsg8C&amp;pg=PA54|access-date=27 April 2011|year=1995|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0781-4|page=54|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172609/https://books.google.com/books?id=B0j0hRgWsg8C&amp;pg=PA54#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Pollution of the Ganges|Ganges is threatened by severe pollution]]. This not only poses a danger to humans but also to many species of animals. The levels of [[fecal coliform]] bacteria from [[human waste]] ([[human feces|feces]] and [[urination|urine]]) in the river near [[Varanasi]] are more than 100 times the Indian government's official limit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rice2012&quot;/&gt; The [[Ganga Action Plan]], an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been considered a failure{{efn|name=haberman}}{{efn|name=gardner}}&lt;ref name=cleanperish&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111103162858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/edit-page/28148254_1_national-river-conservation-plan-ganga-action-plan-ganga-and-yamuna &quot;Clean Up Or Perish&quot;], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 19 March 2010&lt;/ref&gt; which is variously attributed to [[corruption]], a lack of care from the government, poor technical expertise,{{efn|name=sheth}} poor [[environmental planning]],{{efn|name=singh}} and a lack of support from religious authorities.{{efn|name=puttick}}<br /> <br /> == Course ==<br /> [[File:HeadwatersGanges1.jpg|thumb|305px|The Himalayan headwaters of the Ganges River in the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] region of Uttarakhand, India.]]<br /> [[File:Bhagirathi River at Gangotri.JPG|thumb|Bhagirathi River at [[Gangotri]].]]<br /> [[File:Devprayag - Confluence of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.JPG|thumb|Devprayag, confluence of Alaknanda (right) and Bhagirathi (left), and beginning of the Ganges.]]<br /> [[File:Boat Sailing up Padma River Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|right|A sailboat on the main distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh, the [[Padma River]].]]<br /> [[File:Ganges Delta ESA22274217.jpeg|thumb|right|The [[Ganges Delta]] in a 2020 satellite image.]]<br /> [[File:Ganga at Sultanganj.jpg|thumb|right|The Ganges at [[Sultanganj]].]]<br /> <br /> The upper phase of the river Ganges begins at the [[confluence]] of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of Devprayag in the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Bhagirathi is considered to be the [[Source (river or stream)|source]] in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and therefore, hydrologically the source stream.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Ganges |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |edition=Online Library |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Penn2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Penn |first=James R. |title=Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook |url=https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn |url-access=registration |access-date=23 April 2011 |year=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-042-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn/page/n117 88]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snow melt from peaks such as [[Nanda Devi]], [[Trisul]], and [[Kamet]]. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of [[Gangotri Glacier]] at [[Gomukh]], at an elevation of {{convert|4356|m|ft|abbr=on}} and was mythologically referred to as residing in the matted locks of [[Shiva]]; symbolically Tapovan, which is a meadow of ethereal beauty at the feet of Mount Shivling, just {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} away.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gangotri-tapovan-trek.com/|title=Gangotri Tapovan Trek, Gangotri Gaumukh Trek, Gangotri Tapovan Trekking|website=www.gangotri-tapovan-trek.com|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113002243/https://www.gangotri-tapovan-trek.com/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Krishna Murti|1991|p=19}}<br /> <br /> Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, [[Dhauliganga River|Dhauliganga]], [[Nandakini]], [[Pindar River|Pindar]], [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]] and Bhagirathi. Their confluences, known as the [[Panch Prayag]], are all along the Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order, [[Vishnuprayag]], where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda; [[Nandprayag]], where the Nandakini joins; [[Karnaprayag]], where the Pindar joins; [[Rudraprayag]], where the Mandakini joins; and finally, Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the Ganges.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After flowing for {{convert|256.90|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Krishna Murti|1991|p=19}} through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at [[Rishikesh]], then [[debouch]]es onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of [[Haridwar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt; At Haridwar, a&lt;!---Please do not remove the &quot;a.&quot; It can be used with &quot;headworks,&quot; which is not really plural usage--&gt; [[headworks]] diverts&lt;!---please do not change to &quot;divert.&quot; &quot;headworks&quot; is not plural in usage.--&gt; some of its water into the [[Ganges Canal]], which irrigates the ''[[Doab]]'' region of [[Uttar Pradesh]],&lt;ref name=stone-head-works&gt;{{harvnb|Stone|2002|pp=35–36}}: &quot;Nowhere is this more in evidence than in the construction of the canal headwork's and particularly the Ganges canal head at Hardwar. The advantage of choosing this site for the headworks was that it took off at a high point (where the river emerges from the hills) and thus avoided the problem of constructing a dam on the sandy bed of the river (the bed was still rocky at Hardwar) and of 'lifting', via embankments, the canal out of the '' khadir'' several miles wide through which the Ganges river flowed at a lower level than the [[Doab]] plains.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the river, whose course has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.<br /> <br /> The Ganges river follows a {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} arching course passing through the cities of [[Bijnor]], Kannauj, [[Farukhabad]], and [[Kanpur]]. Along the way it is joined by the [[Ramganga]], which contributes an average annual flow of about {{convert|495|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} to the river.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=341}} The Ganges joins the {{convert|1444|km|mi|abbr=on}} long River [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] at the [[Triveni Sangam]] at [[Prayagraj]] (previously Allahabad), a confluence considered holy in Hinduism. At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges contributing about 58.5% of the combined flow,{{sfn|Gupta|2007|page=347}} with an average flow of {{convert|2948|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=341}}<br /> <br /> Now flowing east, the river meets the {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Tamsa River]] (also called ''Tons''), which flows north from the [[Kaimur Range]] and contributes an average flow of about {{convert|187|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}. After the Tamsa, the {{convert|625|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Gomti River]] joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an average annual flow of about {{convert|234|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}. Then the {{convert|1156|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Ghaghara River]] (Karnali River), also flowing south from the Himalayas of Tibet through Nepal joins. The Ghaghara (Karnali), with its average annual flow of about {{convert|2991|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, is the largest tributary of the Ganges by discharge. After the Ghaghara confluence, the Ganges is joined from the south by the {{convert|784|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Son River]], which contributes about {{convert|1008|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|814|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Gandaki River]], then the {{convert|729|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Kosi River]], join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about {{convert|1654|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} and {{convert|2166|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges by discharge, after Ghaghara (Karnali) and Yamuna.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=341}} The Kosi merges into the Ganges near Kursela in [[Bihar]].<br /> <br /> Along the way between Prayagraj and [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], the Ganges river passes the towns of [[Chunar]], [[Mirzapur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ghazipur]], [[Arrah|Ara]], [[Patna]], [[Chhapra|Chapra]], [[Hajipur]], [[Mokama]], [[Begusarai]], [[Munger]], [[Sahibganj]], [[Rajmahal]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Ballia]], [[Buxar]], [[Simaria]], [[Sultanganj]], and [[Farakka]]. At Bhagalpur, the river begins to flow south-southeast and at Farakka, it begins its attrition with the branching away of its first [[distributary]], the {{convert|408|km|mi|abbr=on}} long [[Hooghly River|Bhāgirathi-Hooghly]], which goes on to become the [[Hooghly River]]. Just before the border with Bangladesh the [[Farakka Barrage]] controls the flow of Ganges, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linked to the Hooghly for the purpose of keeping it relatively silt-free. The Hooghly River is formed by the confluence of the Bhagirathi River and [[Ajay River]] at [[Katwa]], and Hooghly has a number of tributaries of its own. The largest is the [[Damodar River]], which is {{convert|625|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, with a drainage basin of {{convert|25820|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Dhungel|Pun|2009|p=215}} The Hooghly River empties into the Bay of Bengal near [[Sagar Island]].{{sfn|Chakrabarti|2001| pp=126–27}} Between Malda and the Bay of Bengal, the Hooghly river passes the towns and cities of [[Murshidabad]], [[Nabadwip]], Kolkata and [[Howrah]].<br /> <br /> After entering Bangladesh, the main branch of the Ganges river is known as the [[Padma River|Padma]]. The Padma is joined by the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna River]], the largest distributary of the [[Brahmaputra]]. Further downstream, the Padma joins the [[Meghna River]], the converged flow of [[Surma-Meghna River System]] taking on the Meghna's name as it enters the Meghna Estuary, which empties into the Bay of Bengal. Here it forms the {{convert|1430|by|3000|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Bengal Fan]], the world's largest [[submarine fan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Shanmugam, G. | title=Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015) | year=2016 | journal= Journal of Palaeogeography | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=110–184 | doi=10.1016/j.jop.2015.08.011 | bibcode=2016JPalG...5..110S | doi-access=free | issn = 2095-3836 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which alone accounts for 10–20% of the global burial of [[organic carbon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Galy, V. |author2=O. Beyssac |author3=C. France-Lanord |author4=T. Eglinton | title=Recycling of graphite during erosion: A geological stabilization of carbon in the crust | year=2008 | journal=Science | volume=322 | issue=5903 | pages=943–945 | doi=10.1126/science.1161408 | pmid=18988852 | bibcode=2008Sci...322..943G |s2cid=5426352 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Ganges Delta]], formed mainly by the large, sediment-laden flows of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, is the world's largest delta, at about {{convert|64000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Parua|2009}} It stretches {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} along the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|Arnold|2000}}<br /> <br /> Only the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and [[Congo River|Congo]] rivers have a greater average discharge than the combined flow of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Surma-Meghna river system.{{sfn|Arnold|2000}} In full flood only the Amazon is larger.{{sfn|Elhance|1999| pp=156–58}}<br /> <br /> ==Geology==<br /> The [[Indian subcontinent]] lies atop the [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]], a minor plate within the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} Its defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when, as a part of the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], it began a northeastwards [[Plate tectonics|drift]]—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the [[Eurasian Plate]] and [[subduction]] under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountain ranges.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast [[trough (geology)|trough]], which, having gradually been filled with sediment borne by the [[Indus River|Indus]] and its tributaries and the Ganges and its tributaries,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=7|Ref=dikshit}}&lt;/ref&gt; now forms the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal<br /> |last = Prakash<br /> |first = B.<br /> |author2 = Sudhir Kumar<br /> |author3 = M. Someshwar Rao<br /> |author4 = S. C. Giri<br /> |title = Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains<br /> |journal = Current Science<br /> |volume = <br /> |issue = <br /> |year = <br /> |pages = 438–49<br /> |url = http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110504075319/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 4 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Indo-Gangetic Plain is geologically known as a foredeep or [[foreland basin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dmowska2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Dmowska|first=Renata|title=Advances in Geophysics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikFcqh1u1Q0C&amp;pg=PA14|year=2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-018846-8|page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hydrology==<br /> [[File:GangesValley&amp;Plain.jpg|thumb|A 1908 map showing the course of the Ganges and its tributaries.]]<br /> Major left-bank tributaries include the Gomti River, Ghaghara River, Gandaki River and Kosi River; major right-bank tributaries include the Yamuna River, Son River, [[Punpun]] and Damodar. The hydrology of the Ganges River is very complicated, especially in the Ganges Delta region. One result is different ways to determine the river's length, its [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]], and the size of its [[drainage basin]].<br /> [[File:River Ganga with Howrah bridge in the backdrop.jpg|thumb|The River Ganges at Kolkata, with [[Howrah Bridge]] in the background]]<br /> [[File:Lower Ganges in Lakshmipur, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Lower Ganges in Lakshmipur, Bangladesh]]<br /> <br /> The name ''Ganges'' is used for the river between the confluence of the [[Bhagirathi]] and Alaknanda rivers, in the Himalayas, and the first [[River bifurcation|bifurcation]] of the river, near the Farakka Barrage and the India-Bangladesh Border. The length of the Ganges is frequently said to be slightly over {{convert|2600|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|2601|km|mi|abbr=on}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Merriam-WebsterInc1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Merriam-Webster|title=Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&amp;pg=PA412|year=1997|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=412|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172554/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&amp;pg=PA412#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{convert|2525|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=347}}{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|pp=334–342}} or {{convert|2650|km|mi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Berga|2006| p=1304}} In these cases the river's source is usually assumed to be the source of the Bhagirathi River, Gangotri Glacier at Gomukh and its mouth being the mouth of the Meghna River on the Bay of Bengal.{{sfn|Gupta|2007|p=347}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Merriam-WebsterInc1997&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|pp=334–342}}{{sfn|Berga|2006| p=1304}} Sometimes the source of the Ganges is considered to be at Haridwar, where its Himalayan headwater streams debouch onto the Gangetic Plain.{{sfn|Dhungel|Pun|2009|p=210}}<br /> <br /> In some cases, the length of the Ganges is given by its Hooghly River distributary, which is longer than its main outlet via the Meghna River, resulting in a total length of about {{convert|2704|km|mi|abbr=on}}, if taken from the source of the Bhagirathi,{{sfn|Parua|2009}} or {{convert|2321.50|km|mi|abbr=on}}, if from Haridwar to the Hooghly's mouth.{{sfn|Dhungel|Pun|2009}} In other cases the length is said to be about {{convert|2304|km|mi|abbr=on}}, from the source of the Bhagirathi to the Bangladesh border, where its name changes to ''Padma''.{{sfn|Mirza|2004}}<br /> <br /> For similar reasons, sources differ over the size of the river's drainage basin. The basin covers parts of four countries, India, [[Nepal]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], and Bangladesh; eleven Indian states, [[Himachal Pradesh]], Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, [[Chhattisgarh]], Bihar, [[Jharkhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, [[Rajasthan]], West Bengal, and the Union Territory of [[Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=The Ganges Water Machine|author1=Roger Revelle |author2=V. Lakshminarayan | journal=Science| date=9 May 1975| volume=188 |issue=4188| pages=611–16| doi=10.1126/science.188.4188.611 | pmid=17740017|bibcode=1975Sci...188..611R }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ganges basin, including the delta but not the Brahmaputra or Meghna basins, is about {{convert|1080000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|861000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} is in India (about 80%), {{convert|140000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in Nepal (13%), {{convert|46000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in Bangladesh (4%), and {{convert|33000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in China (3%).{{sfn|Suvedī|2005|p=61}} Sometimes the Ganges and Brahmaputra–Meghna drainage basins are combined for a total of about {{convert|1600000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Elhance|1999| pp=156–58}} or {{convert|1621000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Arnold|2000}} The combined Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin (abbreviated GBM or GMB) drainage basin is spread across Bangladesh, [[Bhutan]], India, Nepal, and China.&lt;ref name=&quot;ServatSystems2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Eric Servat|author2=IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems|title=FRIEND 2002: Regional Hydrology: Bridging the gap between research and practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NxqSD-V-acC&amp;pg=PA308|year=2002|publisher=IAHS|isbn=978-1-901502-81-7|page=308}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges basin ranges from the Himalaya and the [[Transhimalaya]] in the north, to the northern slopes of the [[Vindhya]] range in the south, from the eastern slopes of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] in the west to the [[Chota Nagpur plateau]] and the [[Sunderbans]] delta in the east. A significant portion of the discharge from the Ganges comes from the Himalayan mountain system. Within the Himalaya, the Ganges basin spreads almost 1,200&amp;nbsp;km from the Yamuna-Satluj divide along the Simla ridge forming the boundary with the [[Indus]] basin in the west to the Singalila Ridge along the Nepal-Sikkim border forming the boundary with the Brahmaputra basin in the east. This section of the Himalaya contains 9 of the 14 highest peaks in the world over 8,000m in height, including [[Mount Everest]] which is the high point of the Ganges basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;evepkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640|title=Mount Everest, China/Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222035808/http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The other peaks over 8,000m in the basin are [[Kangchenjunga]],&lt;ref name=&quot;kangchpkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10653|title=Kāngchenjunga, India/Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908215406/https://www.peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10653|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lhotse]],&lt;ref name=&quot;lhotpkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10642|title=Lhotse, China/Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615145939/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10642|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Makalu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;makalpkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10649|title=Makalu, China/Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615144432/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10649|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cho Oyu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;choopkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10634|title=Cho Oyu, China/Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908164635/https://www.peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10634|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dhaulagiri]],&lt;ref name=&quot;dhaulapkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10620|title=Dhaulāgiri, Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200702/http://peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10620|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Manaslu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;manaslpkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10627|title=Manaslu, Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920061902/http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10627|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Annapurna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;annappkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10621|title=Annapūrna, Nepal|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151440/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10621|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Shishapangma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;shishpkbgr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10631|title=Shishapangma, China|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=16 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200702/http://peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10631|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Himalayan portion of the basin includes the south-eastern portion of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the entire state of Uttarakhand, the entire country of Nepal and the extreme north-western portion of the state of West Bengal.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}<br /> <br /> The discharge of the Ganges also differs by source. Frequently, discharge is described for the mouth of the Meghna River, thus combining the Ganges with the Brahmaputra and Meghna. This results in a total average annual discharge of about {{convert|38000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}},{{sfn|Arnold|2000}} or {{convert|42470|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Parua|2009}} In other cases the average annual discharges of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna are given separately, at about {{convert|16650|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} for the Ganges, about {{convert|19820|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} for the Brahmaputra, and about {{convert|5100|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} for the Meghna.{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|pp=334–342}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Hardinge Bridge Bangladesh (4).JPG|thumb|[[Hardinge Bridge]], Bangladesh, crosses the Ganges-Padma River. It is one of the key sites for measuring streamflow and discharge on the lower Ganges.]]<br /> The maximum peak discharge of the Ganges, as recorded at [[Hardinge Bridge]] in Bangladesh, exceeded {{convert|70000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Krishna Murti|1991|p=10}} The minimum recorded at the same place was about {{convert|180|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, in 1997.{{sfn|Salman|Uprety|2002|p=133}}<br /> <br /> The hydrologic cycle in the Ganges basin is governed by the [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|Southwest Monsoon]]. About 84% of the total rainfall occurs in the monsoon from June to September. Consequently, [[streamflow]] in the Ganges is highly seasonal. The average dry season to monsoon discharge ratio is about 1:6, as measured at [[Hardinge Bridge]]. This strong seasonal variation underlies many problems of land and water resource development in the region.{{sfn|Mirza|2004}} The seasonality of flow is so acute it can cause both drought and [[flood]]s. Bangladesh, in particular, frequently experiences drought during the dry season and regularly suffers extreme floods during the monsoon.{{sfn|Salman|Uprety|2002|p=133}}<br /> <br /> In the Ganges Delta, many large rivers come together, both merging and [[River bifurcation|bifurcating]] in a complicated network of [[Channel (geography)|channels]]. The two largest rivers, the Ganges and Brahmaputra, both split into distributary channels, the largest of which merge with other large rivers before themselves joining the Bay of Bengal. But this current channel pattern was not always the case. Over time the rivers in Ganges Delta have often [[Avulsion (river)|changed course]], sometimes altering the network of channels in significant ways.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title= Island area changes in the Sundarban region of the abandoned western Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta, India and Bangladesh |date= 2023 |doi= 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108482 |last1= Bandyopadhyay |first1= Sunando |last2= Kar |first2= Nabendu Sekhar |last3= Dasgupta |first3= Susmita |last4= Mukherjee |first4= Dipanwita |last5= Das |first5= Abhijit |journal= Geomorphology |volume= 422 |article-number= 108482 |bibcode= 2023Geomo.42208482B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the late 12th century the Bhagirathi-Hooghly distributary was the main channel of the Ganges and the Padma was only a minor spill-channel. The main flow of the river reached the sea not via the modern Hooghly River but rather by the [[Adi Ganga]]. Between the 12th and 16th centuries, the Bhagirathi-Hooghly and Padma channels were more or less equally significant. After the 16th century, the Padma grew to become the main channel of the Ganges.{{sfn|Chakrabarti|2001| pp=126–27}} It is thought that the Bhagirathi-Hooghly became increasingly choked with silt, causing the main flow of the Ganges to shift to the southeast and the Padma River. By the end of the 18th century, the Padma had become the main distributary of the Ganges.{{sfn|Parua|2009}} One result of this shift to the Padma was that the Ganges now joined the Meghna and Brahmaputra rivers before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The present confluence of the Ganges and Meghna was formed very recently, about 150 years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Catling1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Catling|first=David|title=Rice in deep water|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&amp;pg=PA175|year=1992|publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]]|isbn=978-971-22-0005-2|page=175}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also near the end of the 18th century, the course of the lower Brahmaputra changed dramatically, significantly altering its relationship with the Ganges. In 1787 there was a great flood on the [[Teesta River]], which at the time was a tributary of the Ganges-Padma River. The flood of 1787 caused the Teesta to undergo a sudden change course, an [[Avulsion (river)|avulsion]], shifting east to join the Brahmaputra and causing the Brahmaputra to shift its course south, cutting a new channel. This new main channel of the Brahmaputra is called the Jamuna River. It flows south to join the Ganges-Padma. During ancient times, the main flow of the Brahmaputra was more easterly, passing by the city of [[Mymensingh]] and joining the Meghna River. Today this channel is a small distributary but retains the name Brahmaputra, sometimes Old Brahmaputra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica-Brahmaputra&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Brahmaputra River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |edition=Online Library |url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-48056 |access-date=25 April 2011 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172525/https://library.eb.com/?target=%2Feb%2Farticle-48056 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The site of the old Brahmaputra-Meghna confluence, in the locality of [[Langalbandh]], is still considered sacred by Hindus. Near the confluence is a major early historic site called [[Wari-Bateshwar ruins|Wari-Bateshwar]].{{sfn|Chakrabarti|2001|pp=126–127}}<br /> <br /> In the rainy season of 1809, the lower channel of the Bhagirathi, leading to Kolkata, had been entirely shut; but in the following year it opened again and was nearly of the same size as the upper channel but both however suffered a considerable diminution, owing probably to the new communication opened below the Jalanggi on the upper channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Martin|first=Robert|title=The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India. Vol-II: Bhagulpoor, Goruckpoor, and Dinajepoor |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283662|year=1838|pages=Book 1, Chapter 1, Page 9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discharge==<br /> <br /> Discharge of the Ganges River at [[Farakka Barrage]] (period from 1998/01/01 to 2023/12/31):&lt;ref name=&quot;The Flood Observatory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/51.htm|title=The Flood Observatory|access-date=15 February 2024|archive-date=15 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215134146/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/51.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)<br /> |-<br /> !''Annual average''<br /> !Average minimum<br /> !Average maximum<br /> !''Annual average''<br /> !Average minimum<br /> !Average maximum<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |''21,200''<br /> |11,260<br /> |32,139<br /> |2011<br /> |''8,315''<br /> |4,942<br /> |15,648<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |''20,227''<br /> |12,308<br /> |27,275<br /> |2012<br /> |''10,531''<br /> |5,529<br /> |16,404<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''18,953''<br /> |11,558<br /> |26,789<br /> |2013<br /> |''14,350''<br /> |8,559<br /> |19,534<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''14,825''<br /> |9,371<br /> |19,872<br /> |2014<br /> |''12,409''<br /> |7,118<br /> |17,682<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |''10,495''<br /> |5,636<br /> |16,783<br /> |2015<br /> |''12,104''<br /> |7,256<br /> |17,030<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''12,580''<br /> |6,881<br /> |19,516<br /> |2016<br /> |''15,220''<br /> |9,035<br /> |23,490<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''9,735''<br /> |5,468<br /> |14,631<br /> |2017<br /> |''11,919''<br /> |6,856<br /> |17,604<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> |''12,200''<br /> |7,019<br /> |18,397<br /> |2018<br /> |''11,967''<br /> |6,176<br /> |18,805<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''11,522''<br /> |7,741<br /> |16,718<br /> |2019<br /> |''14,923''<br /> |7,079<br /> |24,757<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |''14,816''<br /> |9,574<br /> |20,325<br /> |2020<br /> |''15,882''<br /> |9,837<br /> |23,491<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''16,183''<br /> |9,968<br /> |22,870<br /> |2021<br /> |''17,818''<br /> |9,543<br /> |27,003<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |''9,241''<br /> |4,524<br /> |13,282<br /> |2022<br /> |''14,142''<br /> |7,148<br /> |22,569<br /> |-<br /> |2010<br /> |''7,148''<br /> |3,343<br /> |12,375<br /> |2023<br /> |''9,417''<br /> |1,645<br /> |18,744<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;8&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''''Average''' (1998/01/01 to 2023/12/31):''<br /> |'''''13,389.3'''''<br /> |''7,514.4''<br /> |''20,143.6''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Bronze and Iron Age (c. 3300 – 200 BCE)===<br /> During the mature phase of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], the Ganges was not the primary center of urban life, as the larger settlements were concentrated in the [[Indus River]] basin. However, due to climate shifts and the drying of the [[Saraswati River]] around 1900 BCE, populations began a gradual eastward migration toward the more humid [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. This period marked the transition from Bronze Age urbanism to the &quot;Ganga Culture,&quot; characterized by the [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware (PGW)]] settlements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=The Indus Civilization |publisher=Tulika Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-82381-53-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rajesh |first1=S. V. |last2=Abhayan |first2=G. S. |last3=Kumar |first3=Ajit |last4=Nayar |first4=Preeta |title=Archaeological Investigations in the Gomti Basin, Middle Ganga Plain |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=7 |year=2019 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, University of Kerala |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume7/7.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the late [[Vedic period]], the Ganges became the central sacred geography of South Asia. The river facilitated the rise of the [[Mahajanapadas]], particularly [[Magadha]]. The river served as a vital trade artery for the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The city of [[Pataliputra]] (modern-day Patna) was established at the confluence of the Ganges and Son rivers to control riverine commerce.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first European traveller to mention the Ganges was the Greek envoy [[Megasthenes]] (ca. 350–290 BCE). He did so several times in his work [[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]: &quot;India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges. Now this river, which at its source is 30&amp;nbsp;[[Stadion (unit)|stadia]] broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the [[Gangaridai]], a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants.&quot; (Diodorus II.37).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Alexander and the Ganges| author=W. W. Tarn| journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies| year=1923| volume=43 | issue = 2 | pages=93–101| jstor=625798| doi=10.2307/625798| s2cid=164111602}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Classical and Medieval Age (200 BCE – 1500 CE)===<br /> <br /> During this era, the Ganges was personified as the goddess [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]], becoming a focal point for pilgrimage and the development of cities like [[Varanasi]] and [[Haridwar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India: A Sacred Geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-385-53190-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the eastern delta, the [[Pala Empire]] (8th–12th century) utilized the Ganges for maritime trade with [[Southeast Asia]]. The subsequent [[Sena dynasty]] further solidified the river's sanctity in Bengal, establishing the &quot;Kulinism&quot; social structure centered around the riverine heartlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |title=History of Ancient Bengal |publisher=Tulika Books |year=1971 |isbn=978-81-89150-10-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With the establishment of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the Ganges served as both a strategic barrier and a logistics corridor. The river acted as a natural defense for the Sultanate against Mongol incursions from the northwest. Control over the &quot;Doab&quot; (the fertile land between the Ganges and Yamuna) became the primary source of tax revenue (''[[Iqta']]'') for the Sultans of Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges provided a path for Sufi saints and traders to penetrate deep into rural Bengal. The city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]], located on the banks of the Ganges, rose to prominence as a major medieval metropolis and the capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Modern Age (1500 – Present)===<br /> <br /> Historically, the Ganges flowed through the western part of the delta via the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly-Bhagirathi]] channel. However, starting around the 16th century, a major tectonic tilt of the Bengal basin caused the main volume of the river to shift eastward into the [[Padma River]] channel. This shift rejuvenated the eastern delta, facilitating massive agricultural expansion and the rise of new urban centers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |page=194-197 |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The expansion of agriculture led to the systematic clearing of subtropical forests. [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] records, including those of [[Babur]], indicate that rhinoceroses and wild elephants were common in the Gangetic prairies as late as the 16th century, before habitat loss drove them to extinction in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rangarajan |first=Mahesh |title=India's Wildlife History |publisher=Permanent Black |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-7824-140-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the 1840s, the [[British East India Company]] began the first large-scale &quot;taming&quot; of the river. The [[Ganges Canal]] (1854) was an unprecedented intervention, spanning over 500 miles to divert water for irrigation. While it mitigated regional famines, it fundamentally altered the river's natural flooding cycles and water table.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Ian |title=Canal Irrigation in British India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-521-52332-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Radcliffe Line]] divided the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, leaving West Bengal in India and East Bengal in [[East Pakistan]]. This created immediate complexities regarding riparian rights. Following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, the Ganges became a transnational river shared by India and [[Bangladesh]].<br /> <br /> The construction of the [[Farakka Barrage]] (1975) by India to desilt the [[Kolkata]] port led to significant downstream concerns in Bangladesh regarding water scarcity and salinity. This resulted in the [[Ganga Water Sharing Treaty]] of 1996, a 30-year agreement aimed at regulating flow during the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The terms of the agreement are complicated, but in essence, they state that if the Ganges flow at Farakka was less than {{convert|2000|m3/s|abbr=on}} then India and Bangladesh would each receive 50% of the water, with each receiving at least {{convert|1000|m3/s|abbr=on}} for alternating ten-day periods. However, within a year the flow at Farakka fell to levels far below the historic average, making it impossible to implement the guaranteed sharing of water. In March 1997, flow of the Ganges in Bangladesh dropped to its lowest ever, {{convert|180|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Dry season flows returned to normal levels in the years following, but efforts are ongoing to address the problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;BanglaOutlook2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India set to renegotiate Ganga Water Treaty with Bangladesh amid rising domestic demands |url=https://en.banglaoutlook.org/news/235654 |work=Bangla Outlook |date=2024-11-13 |access-date=2026-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EcoBusiness2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Hasan |first=Mahmudul |title=Water for peace: What Bangladesh wants from the Ganga Water Treaty |url=https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/water-for-peace-what-bangladesh-wants-from-the-ganga-water-treaty/ |work=Eco-Business |date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2026-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Mallapaty |first=Smriti |title=Ganga's worst dry spell in 1300 years |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-025-00180-5 |work=Nature |date=2025-01-29 |doi=10.1038/d44151-025-00180-5 |access-date=2026-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PNAS2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=F. |last2=Islam |first2=A. |title=Recent drying of the Ganga River is unprecedented in the last 1,300 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=122 |issue=6 |article-number=e2424613122 |date=2025-02-04 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2424613122 |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2424613122 |access-date=2026-02-04|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious and cultural significance==<br /> {{See also|Ganga in Hinduism}}<br /> <br /> ===Embodiment of sacredness===<br /> [[File:IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg|thumb|right|Chromolithograph, ''Indian woman floating lamps on the Ganges'', by William Simpson, 1867]]<br /> The Ganges is a sacred river to Hindus along every fragment of its length. All along its course, Hindus bathe in its waters,&lt;ref name=eck1982-p212&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=212}}&lt;/ref&gt; paying homage to their ancestors and their gods by cupping the water in their hands, lifting it, and letting it fall back into the river; they offer flowers and rose petals and float shallow clay dishes filled with oil and lit with wicks (diyas).&lt;ref name=eck1982-p212/&gt; On the journey back home from the Ganges, they carry small quantities of river water with them for use in rituals; Ganga Jal, literally &quot;the water of the Ganges&quot;.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p212-213&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=212–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges is the embodiment of all [[sacred waters]] in [[Hindu mythology]].&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=214}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local rivers are said to be ''like'' the Ganges and are sometimes called the local Ganges.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214/&gt; The [[Godavari River]] of [[Maharashtra]] in Western India is called the Ganges of the South or the 'Dakshin Ganga'; the Godavari is the Ganges that was led by the sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]] to flow through Central India.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214/&gt; The Ganges is invoked whenever water is used in Hindu ritual and is therefore present in all sacred waters.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214/&gt; Despite this, nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river, which is thought to remit sins, especially at one of the famous [[Tirtha and Kshetra|tirthas]] such as [[Varanasi]], [[Gangothri|Gangotri]], [[Haridwar]], or the [[Triveni Sangam]] at [[Prayagraj]].&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214/&gt; The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganges is one of the few things that Hindus, even their skeptics, have agreed upon.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214-215&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=214–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jawaharlal Nehru, a religious iconoclast himself, asked for a handful of his ashes to be thrown into the Ganges.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214-215/&gt; &quot;The Ganga&quot;, he wrote in his will, &quot;is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her racial memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age-long culture and civilization, ever-changing, ever-flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga.&quot;&lt;ref name=eck1982-p214-215/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''Avatarana'' – Descent of Ganges===<br /> [[File:Ravi Varma-Descent of Ganga.jpg|thumb|upright|''Descent of Ganga'', painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] c. 1910]]<br /> <br /> In late May or early June every year, Hindus celebrate the ''karunasiri'' and the rise of the Ganges from earth to heaven.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; The day of the celebration, ''Ganga Dashahara'', the ''Dashami'' (tenth day) of the [[waxing moon]] of the [[Hindu calendar]] month [[Jyestha|Jyeshtha]], brings throngs of bathers to the banks of the river.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt; A dip in the Ganges on this day is said to rid the bather of ten sins (dasha = Sanskrit &quot;ten&quot;; hara = to destroy) or ten lifetimes of sins.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt; Those who cannot journey to the river, however, can achieve the same results by bathing in any nearby body of water, which, for the true believer, takes on all the attributes of the Ganges.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''karunasiri'' is an old theme in Hinduism with a number of different versions of the story.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt; In the [[Vedas|Vedic]] version, [[Indra]], the Lord of [[Svarga]] ([[Heaven]]) slays the celestial serpent, [[Vritra]], releasing the celestial liquid, ''[[soma (drink)|soma]]'', or the nectar of the gods which then plunges to the earth and waters it with sustenance.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[Vaishnava]] version of the myth, the heavenly waters were then a river called ''Vishnupadi'' ([[Sanskrit]]: &quot;from the foot of Vishnu&quot;).&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144/&gt; As Vishnu as the avatar [[Vamana]] completes his celebrated three strides —of earth, sky, and heaven— he stubs his toe on the vault of heaven, punches open a hole and releases the ''Vishnupadi'', which until now had been circling the cosmic egg.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144-145&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|pp=144–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flowing out of the vault, she plummets down to Indra's heaven, where she is received by [[Dhruva]], once a steadfast worshipper of Vishnu, now fixed in the sky as the [[Pole star]].&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144-145/&gt; Next, she streams across the sky forming the [[Milky Way]] and arrives on the moon.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144-145/&gt; She then flows down earthwards to [[Brahma]]'s realm, a divine lotus atop [[Mount Meru]], whose petals form the earthly continents.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144-145/&gt; There, the divine waters break up, with one stream, the Bhagirathi, flowing down one petal into [[Names for India|Bharatavarsha]] (India) as the Ganges.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p144-145/&gt;<br /> <br /> It is [[Shiva]], however, among the major deities of the Hindu pantheon, who appears in the most widely known version of the ''avatarana'' story.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Told and retold in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and several [[Puranas]], the story begins with a sage, [[Kapila]], whose intense meditation has been disturbed by the sixty thousand sons of King [[Sagara (Vedic king)|Sagara]]. Livid at being disturbed, Kapila sears them with his angry gaze, reduces them to ashes, and dispatches them to the netherworld. Only the waters of the Ganges, then in heaven, can bring the dead sons their salvation. A descendant of these sons, King [[Bhagiratha]], anxious to restore his ancestors, undertakes rigorous penance and is eventually granted the prize of Ganges's descent from heaven. However, since her turbulent force would also shatter the earth, Bhagiratha persuades Shiva in his abode on [[Mount Kailash]] to receive the Ganges in the coils of his tangled hair and break her fall. The Ganges descends, is tamed in Shiva's locks, and arrives in the Himalayas. She is then led by the waiting Bhagiratha down into the plains at Haridwar, across the plains first to the confluence with the Yamuna at Prayag and then to Varanasi, and eventually to Ganges Sagar (Ganges delta), where she meets the ocean, sinks to the netherworld, and saves the sons of Sagara.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145/&gt; In honour of Bhagirath's pivotal role in the ''avatarana'', the source stream of the Ganges in the Himalayas is named Bhagirathi, (Sanskrit, &quot;of Bhagiratha&quot;).&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Redemption of the Dead===<br /> [[Image:HinduCremationVaranasi1903.jpg|thumb|upright|Preparations for cremations on the banks of the Ganges in Varanasi, 1903. The dead are being bathed, wrapped in cloth, and covered with wood. The photograph has a caption, &quot;Who dies in the waters of the Ganges obtains heaven.&quot;]]<br /> As the Ganges had descended from heaven to earth in the Hindu tradition, she is also considered the vehicle of ''ascent'', from earth to heaven.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|pp=145–46}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the ''Triloka-patha-gamini'', (Sanskrit: ''triloka'' = &quot;three worlds&quot;, ''patha'' = &quot;road&quot;, ''gamini'' = &quot;one who travels&quot;) of the tradition, she flows in [[Svarga|heaven]], [[Prithvi|earth]], and the [[Patala|netherworld]], and, consequently, is a &quot;tirtha&quot; or crossing point of all beings, the living as well as the dead.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146/&gt; It is for this reason that the story of the ''avatarana'' is told at ''[[Śrāddha|Shraddha]]'' ceremonies for the deceased in Hinduism, and Ganges water is used in [[Vedic rituals after death]].&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146/&gt; Among all hymns devoted to the Ganges, there are none more popular than the ones expressing the worshipper's wish to breathe his last surrounded by her waters.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146/&gt; The ''Gangashtakam'' expresses this longing fervently:&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146/&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;O Mother!&amp;nbsp;... Necklace adorning the worlds!&lt;br /&gt;Banner rising to heaven!&lt;br /&gt;I ask that I may leave of this body on your banks,&lt;br /&gt;Drinking your water, rolling in your waves,&lt;br /&gt;Remembering your name, bestowing my gaze upon you.&lt;ref&gt;Quoted in: {{Harvnb|Eck|1998|pp=145–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> No place along her banks is more longed for at the moment of death by Hindus than Varanasi, the Great Cremation Ground, or ''[[Shmashana|Mahashmshana]]''.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p145-146/&gt; Those who are lucky enough to die in Varanasi, are cremated on the banks of the Ganges, and are granted instant salvation.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p215&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=215}}&lt;/ref&gt; If the death has occurred elsewhere, salvation can be achieved by immersing the ashes in the Ganges.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p215/&gt; If the ashes have been immersed in another body of water, a relative can still gain salvation for the deceased by journeying to the Ganges, if possible during the lunar &quot;fortnight of the ancestors&quot; in the Hindu calendar month of [[Ashwin]] (September or October), and performing the ''Shraddha'' rites.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p215/&gt;<br /> <br /> Hindus also perform ''[[Pinda (riceball)|pinda]] pradana'', a rite for the dead, in which balls of rice and sesame seed are offered to the Ganges while the names of the deceased relatives are recited.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p215-216&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=215–16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Every sesame seed in every ball thus offered, according to one story, assures a thousand years of heavenly salvation for each relative.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p215-216/&gt; Indeed, the Ganges is so important in the rituals after death that the ''Mahabharata'', in one of its popular ''ślokas'', says, &quot;If only (one) bone of a (deceased) person should touch the water of the Ganges, that person shall dwell honoured in heaven.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Quoted in: {{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=216}}&lt;/ref&gt; As if to illustrate this truism, the ''Kashi Khanda'' (Varanasi Chapter) of the [[Skanda Purana]] recounts the remarkable story of ''Vahika'', a profligate and unrepentant sinner, who is killed by a tiger in the forest. His soul arrives before [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]], the Lord of Death, to be judged for the afterworld. Having no compensating virtue, Vahika's soul is at once dispatched to [[Naraka (Hinduism)|hell]]. While this is happening, his body on earth, however, is being picked at by vultures, one of whom flies away with a foot bone. Another bird comes after the vulture, and in fighting him off, the vulture accidentally drops the bone into the Ganges below. Blessed by this event, Vahika, on his way to hell, is rescued by a celestial chariot which takes him instead to heaven.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p216&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=216}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Purifying Ganges===<br /> [[Image:BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg|right|thumb|Women and children at a bathing [[ghat]] on the Ganges in Banares (Varanasi), 1885.]]<br /> Hindus consider the waters of the Ganges to be both pure and purifying.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p216-217&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=216–217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Regardless of all scientific understanding of its waters, the Ganges is always ritually and symbolically pure in Hindu culture.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p216-217/&gt; Nothing reclaims order from disorder more than the waters of the Ganga.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p217&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|pp=217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moving water, as in a river, is considered purifying in Hindu culture because it is thought to both absorb impurities and take them away.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p217/&gt; The swiftly moving Ganga, especially in its upper reaches, where a bather has to grasp an anchored chain to not be carried away, is especially purifying.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p217/&gt; What the Ganges removes, however, is not necessarily physical dirt, but symbolic dirt; it wipes away the sins of the bather, not just of the present, but of a lifetime.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p217/&gt;<br /> <br /> A popular paean to the Ganga is the ''Ganga Lahiri'' composed by a 17th-century poet Jagannatha who, legend has it, was turned out of his Hindu [[Brahmin]] caste for carrying on an affair with a Muslim woman. Having attempted futilely to be rehabilitated within the Hindu fold, the poet finally appeals to Ganga, the hope of the hopeless, and the comforter of last resort. Along with his beloved, Jagannatha sits at the top of the flight of steps leading to the water at the famous ''Panchganga'' [[Ghat]] in Varanasi. As he recites each verse of the poem, the water of the Ganges rises one step until in the end it envelops the lovers and carries them away.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p217/&gt; &quot;I come to you as a child to his mother&quot;, begins the ''Ganga Lahiri''.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p218&gt;Quoted in {{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; I come as an orphan to you, moist with love.&lt;br /&gt;I come without refuge to you, giver of sacred rest.&lt;br /&gt;I come a fallen man to you, uplifter of all.&lt;br /&gt;I come undone by disease to you, the perfect physician.&lt;br /&gt;I come, my heart dry with thirst, to you, ocean of sweet wine.&lt;br /&gt;Do with me whatever you will.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p218/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Consort, Shakti, and Mother===<br /> Ganga is a consort to all three major male deities of Hinduism.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1982|p=219}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Brahma's partner she always travels with him in the form of water in his [[kamandalu]] (water-pot).&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; She is also [[Vishnu]]'s consort.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; Not only does she emanate from his foot as ''Vishnupadi'' in the ''avatarana'' story, but is also, with [[Sarasvati]] and [[Lakshmi]], one of his co-wives.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; In one popular story, envious of being outdone by each other, the co-wives begin to quarrel. While Lakshmi attempts to mediate the quarrel, Ganga and Sarasvati, heap misfortune on each other. They curse each other to become rivers, and to carry within them, by washing, the sins of their human worshippers. Soon their husband, Vishnu, arrives and decides to calm the situation by separating the goddesses. He orders Sarasvati to marry Brahma, Ganga to marry Shiva, and Lakshmi, as the blameless conciliator, to remain as his own wife. Ganga and Sarasvati, however, are so distraught at this dispensation, and wail so loudly, that Vishnu is forced to take back his words. Consequently, in their lives as rivers they are still thought to be with him.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p146&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=146}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:Gangadhara.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Shiva]], as ''Gangadhara'', bearing the Descent of the [[Ganges river|Ganges]], as the goddess [[Parvati]], the sage [[Bhagiratha]], and the bull [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] look on (circa 1740).]]<br /> It is [[Shiva]]'s relationship with Ganga, that is the best-known in Ganges mythology.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p147&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=147}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her descent, the ''avatarana'' is not a one-time event, but a continuously occurring one in which she is forever falling from heaven into his locks and being forever tamed.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p147/&gt; Shiva, is depicted in Hindu iconography as ''Gangadhara'', the &quot;Bearer of the Ganga&quot;, with Ganga, shown as spout of water, rising from his hair.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p147/&gt; The Shiva-Ganga relationship is both perpetual and intimate.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p147/&gt; Shiva is sometimes called ''Uma-Ganga-Patiswara'' (&quot;Husband and Lord of Uma (Parvati) and Ganga&quot;), and Ganga often arouses the jealousy of Shiva's better-known consort.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p147/&gt;<br /> <br /> Ganga is the ''[[shakti]]'' or the moving, restless, rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise reclusive and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;eck1982-p219&quot;/&gt; As water, this moving energy can be felt, tasted, and absorbed.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; The war-god [[Murugan|Skanda]] addresses the sage [[Agastya]] in the ''Kashi Khand'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' in these words:&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;One should not be amazed&amp;nbsp;... that this Ganges is really Power, for is she not the Supreme Shakti of the Eternal Shiva, taken in the form of water?&lt;br /&gt;This Ganges, filled with the sweet wine of compassion, was sent out for the salvation of the world by Shiva, the Lord of the Lords.&lt;br /&gt;Good people should not think this Triple-Pathed River to be like the thousand other earthly rivers, filled with water.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganga is also the mother, the ''Ganga Mata'' (''mata''=&quot;mother&quot;) of Hindu worship and culture, accepting all and forgiving all.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p218/&gt; Unlike other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p218/&gt; She is also a mother to other gods.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p149&gt;{{Harvnb|Eck|1998|p=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; She accepts Shiva's incandescent seed from the fire-god [[Agni]], which is too hot for this world and cools it in her waters.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p149/&gt; This union produces Skanda, or Kartikeya, the god of war.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p149/&gt; In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', she is married to [[Shantanu]], and the mother of heroic warrior-patriarch, [[Bhishma]].&lt;ref name=eck1998-p149/&gt; When Bhishma is mortally wounded in battle, Ganga comes out of the water in human form and weeps uncontrollably over his body.&lt;ref name=eck1998-p149/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges is the distilled lifeblood of the Hindu tradition, of its divinities, holy books, and enlightenment.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; As such, her worship does not require the usual rites of invocation (''avahana'') at the beginning and dismissal (''visarjana'') at the end, required in the worship of other gods.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt; Her divinity is immediate and everlasting.&lt;ref name=eck1982-p219/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ganges in classical Indian iconography===<br /> {{Gallery<br /> |width = 130<br /> |align = center<br /> |File:GangaBeshnagarBhopalStateCloseUp.jpg|alt1=|Photograph (1875) of goddess Ganga (Gupta period, 5th or 6th century CE) from [[Vidisha#Historic Places and Monuments|Besnagar]], Madhya Pradesh, now in [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]].<br /> |File:GangaElloraRameshwarCaveCloseUp.jpg|alt2=|Goddess Ganga with left hand resting on a dwarf attendant's head from the [[Ellora Caves#Other Hindu caves|Rameshwar Temple]], [[Ellora Caves]], Maharashtra (6th century)<br /> |File:GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG|alt3=|The goddess Ganga stands on her mount, the ''[[makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'', with a ''[[kumbha]]'', a full pot of water, in her hand, while an attendant holds a parasol over her. Terracotta, [[Ahichatra]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]], 5th century, now in [[National Museum, New Delhi]]<br /> |File:GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG|alt4=|The goddess Ganga (right) in [[tribhanga]] pose with retinue. [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]], 10th century, now in [[National Museum, New Delhi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Early in ancient Indian culture, the river Ganges was associated with fecundity, its redeeming waters, and its rich silt providing sustenance to all who lived along its banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Blurton|1993|p=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; A counterpoise to the dazzling heat of the Indian summer, the Ganges came to be imbued with magical qualities and to be revered in anthropomorphic form.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Wangu|2003|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the 5th century CE, an elaborate mythology surrounded the Ganges, now a goddess in her own right, and a symbol for all rivers of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Wangu|2003|p=90}}, {{Harvnb|Pal|1997|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindu temples all over India had statues and reliefs of the goddess carved at their entrances, symbolically washing the sins of arriving worshippers and guarding the gods within.&lt;ref name=pal-1997-p43&gt;{{Harvnb|Pal|1997|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; As protector of the [[sanctum sanctorum]], the goddess soon came to be depicted with several characteristic accessories: the ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (a crocodile-like undersea monster, often shown with an elephant-like trunk), the ''[[kumbha]]'' (an overfull vase), various overhead parasol-like coverings, and a gradually increasing retinue of humans.&lt;ref name=darian2001-p114&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|p=114}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Central to the goddess's visual identification is the ''makara'', which is also her ''[[vahana]]'', or mount. An ancient symbol in India, it pre-dates all appearances of the goddess Ganga in art.&lt;ref name=darian2001-p114/&gt; The ''makara'' has a dual symbolism. On the one hand, it represents the life-affirming waters and plants of its environment; on the other, it represents fear, both fear of the unknown which it elicits by lurking in those waters, and real fear which it instils by appearing in sight.&lt;ref name=darian2001-p114/&gt; The earliest extant unambiguous pairing of the ''makara'' with Ganga is at the [[Udayagiri Caves]] in Central India (circa 400 CE). Here, in the [[Udaygiri Caves#Description|Cave V]], flanking the main figure of Vishnu shown in his boar incarnation, two river goddesses, Ganga and Yamuna appear atop their respective mounts, ''makara'' and ''[[kurma]]'' (a turtle or tortoise).&lt;ref name=darian2001-p114/&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''makara'' is often accompanied by a ''[[gana]]'', a small boy or child, near its mouth, as, for example, shown in the Gupta period relief from [[Vidisha#Historic Places and Monuments|Besnagar]], Central India, in the left-most frame above.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p118&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|p=118}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''gana'' represents both posterity and development (''udbhava'').&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p118/&gt; The pairing of the fearsome, life-destroying ''makara'' with the youthful, life-affirming ''gana'' speaks to two aspects of the Ganges herself. Although she has provided sustenance to millions, she has also brought hardship, injury, and death by causing major floods along her banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|pp=119–20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The goddess Ganga is also accompanied by a dwarf attendant, who carries a cosmetic bag, and on whom she sometimes leans, as if for support.&lt;ref name=pal-1997-p43/&gt; (See, for example, frames 1, 2, and 4 above.)<br /> <br /> The ''purna kumbha'' or full pot of water is the second most discernible element of the Ganga iconography.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p125&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|p=125}}&lt;/ref&gt; Appearing first also in the relief in the Udayagiri Caves (5th century), it gradually appeared more frequently as the theme of the goddess matured.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p125/&gt; By the 7th century it had become an established feature, as seen, for example, in the [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh#Dashavatara temple|Dashavatara temple]], Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (7th century), the [[Badoli Temples|Trimurti temple]], [[Badoli]], [[Chittor Fort|Chittorgarh]], Rajasthan, and at the [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh#Tourist attractions|Lakshmaneshwar temple]], [[Kharod]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]],&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p125/&gt; (9th or 10th century), and seen very clearly in frame 3 above and less clearly in the remaining frames. Worshipped even today, the full pot is emblematic of the formless [[Brahman]], as well as of woman, of the womb, and of birth.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p126&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|p=126}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, The river goddesses Ganga and Saraswati were both born from Brahma's pot, containing the celestial waters.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p126/&gt;<br /> <br /> In her earliest depictions at temple entrances, the goddess Ganga appeared standing beneath the overhanging branch of a tree, as seen as well in the Udayagiri caves.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p130&gt;{{Harvnb|Darian|2001|p=130}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, soon the tree cover had evolved into a ''[[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]]'' or parasol held by an attendant, for example, in the 7th-century Dasavatara temple at Deogarh.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p130/&gt; (The parasol can be clearly seen in frame 3 above; its stem can be seen in frame 4, but the rest has broken off.) The cover undergoes another transformation in the temple at Kharod, Bilaspur (9th or 10th century), where the parasol is lotus-shaped,&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p130/&gt; and yet another at the Trimurti temple at Badoli where the parasol has been replaced entirely by a lotus.&lt;ref name=darian-2001-p130/&gt;<br /> <br /> As the iconography evolved, sculptors, especially in central India, were producing animated scenes of the goddess, replete with an entourage and suggestive of a queen en route to a river to bathe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Los Angeles County Museum of Art|Pal|1988|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; A relief similar to the depiction in frame 4 above, is described in {{Harvnb|Pal|1997|p=43}} as follows: &lt;blockquote&gt; A typical relief of about the ninth century that once stood at the entrance of a temple, the river goddess Ganga is shown as a voluptuously endowed lady with a retinue. Following the iconographic prescription, she stands gracefully on her composite ''makara'' mount and holds a water pot. The dwarf attendant carries her cosmetic bag, and a&amp;nbsp;... female holds the stem of a giant lotus leaf that serves as her mistress's parasol. The fourth figure is a male guardian. Often in such reliefs, the ''makara''{{'s}} tail is extended with great flourish into a scrolling design symbolizing both vegetation and water.&lt;ref name=pal-1997-p43/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kumbh Mela===<br /> [[File:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|thumb|A procession of [[Akhara]]s marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges River. Kumbh Mela at [[Prayagraj]], 2001.]]<br /> {{main|Kumbh Mela}}<br /> Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu [[pilgrimage]] in which Hindus gather at the Ganges River. The normal Kumbh [[Mela]] is celebrated every 3 years, the ''Ardh'' (half) Kumbh is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and [[Prayagraj]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828666,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025060100/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828666,00.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |title=The Urn Festival |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 February 1960 |access-date=10 May 2013}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; the ''Purna'' (complete) Kumbh takes place every twelve years&lt;ref name=hydro/&gt; at four places ([[Triveni Sangam]] (Prayagraj), Haridwar, [[Ujjain]], and [[Nashik]]). The ''Maha'' (great) Kumbh Mela which comes after 12 'Purna Kumbh Melas', or 144 years, is held at Prayagraj.&lt;ref name=hydro&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&amp;pg=PA165 |title=The Basis of Civilization: Water Science? |publisher= International Association of Hydrological Science |page=165 |isbn= 978-1-901502-57-2 |year=2004 |editor=J. C. Rodda |editor2=Lucio Ubertini}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major event of the festival is [[Ritual purification|ritual bathing]] at the banks of the river. Other activities include religious discussions, devotional singing, mass feeding of holy men and women and the poor, and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardized. Kumbh Mela is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA25 | magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] | title=A Million Hindus Wash Away Their Sins | date=1 May 1950 | volume=18 | pages=25–29 | access-date=27 October 2020 | archive-date=28 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172555/https://books.google.com/books?id=-UwEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA25#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/columnist/2012-10-25/kumbh-mela-most-sacred-hindu-pilgrimages | title=Kumbh Mela, most sacred of Hindu pilgrimages | work=The Guardian | date=25 October 2012 | access-date=10 May 2013 | author=Maharaj | archive-date=8 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035132/http://www.guardian.co.tt/columnist/2012-10-25/kumbh-mela-most-sacred-hindu-pilgrimages | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of holy men and women attend, and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this. The [[sadhu]]s are seen clad in saffron sheets with ashes and powder dabbed on their skin per the requirements of ancient traditions. Some called ''[[Dashanami Sampradaya#Naga Sadhus|naga sanyasis]]'', may not wear any clothes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/The-17-shringars-of-Naga-sadhus/articleshow/18421671.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222063810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/allahabad/37007389_1_naga-sadhu-shringar-shahi-snan | url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2013 | title=The 17 'shringars' of Naga sadhus | work=[[The Times of India]] |location = Allahabad | date=9 February 2013 | access-date=10 May 2013 | author=Mani, Rajiv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSWDL6AMKrc| title = Kumbha Mela Video: Amazing and Magical Celebration of Life| website = [[YouTube]]| date = 27 March 2021| access-date = 2 June 2021| archive-date = 10 August 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810040847/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSWDL6AMKrc| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Irrigation==<br /> The Ganges and its all tributaries, especially the Yamuna, have been used for irrigation since ancient times.{{sfn|Singh|2005|pp=69–79}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/04/14/d5041401065.htm|title=Water board to carry out inflated project|date=14 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://en.barta24.com/details/national-en/187841/farmers-are-disoriented-due-to-lack-of-water|title=GK projects' irrigation pumps shut; farmers are disoriented due to lack of water|date=21 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dams and canals were common in the Gangetic plain by the 4th century BCE.{{sfn|Hill|2008}} The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin has a huge [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] potential, on the order of 200,000 to 250,000 megawatts, nearly half of which could easily be harnessed. As of 1999, India tapped about 12% of the hydroelectric potential of the Ganges and just 1% of the vast potential of the Brahmaputra.{{sfn|Elhance|1999|p=163}}<br /> <br /> ===Canals===<br /> [[File:Headworks ganges canal haridwar1860.jpg|thumb|Head works of the Ganges canal in Haridwar (1860). Photograph by [[Samuel Bourne]].]]<br /> Megasthenes, a Greek ethnographer who visited India during the 3rd century BCE when Mauryans ruled India described the existence of canals in the Gangetic plain. Kautilya (also known as [[Chanakya]]), an advisor to [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of [[Maurya Empire]], included the destruction of dams and levees as a strategy during the war.{{sfn|Hill|2008}} [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] had many canals built, the longest of which, {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}}, was built in 1356 on the Yamuna River. Now known as the Western Yamuna Canal, it has fallen into disrepair and been restored several times. The [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]] built an irrigation canal on the Yamuna River in the early 17th century. It fell into disuse until 1830, when it was reopened as the Eastern Yamuna Canal, under British control. The reopened canal became a model for the Upper Ganges Canal and all following canal projects.{{sfn|Singh|2005|pp=69–79}}<br /> [[File:GangesCanal2.jpg|thumb|The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the Ganges River in Haridwar and its confluences with the Jumna (Yamuna) River in [[Etawah]] and with the Ganges in [[Cawnpore]] (now Kanpur).]]<br /> The first British canal in India (which did not have Indian antecedents) was the [[Ganges Canal]] built between 1842 and 1854.&lt;ref name=&quot;stone2002-p16&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Stone|2002|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Contemplated first by Col. [[John Russell Colvin]] in 1836, it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir [[Proby Thomas Cautley]], who balked at the idea of cutting a canal through extensive low-lying land to reach the drier upland destination. However, after the [[Agra famine of 1837–38]], during which the [[East India Company]]'s administration spent [[Rs.]] 2,300,000 on famine relief, the idea of a canal became more attractive to the company's budget-conscious Court of Directors. In 1839, the [[Governor General of India]], [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|Lord Auckland]], with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. The Court of Directors, moreover, considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal, which, in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine, they now deemed to be the entire [[Doab]] region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&amp;pg=PA103|title=Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge|first=C. L.|last=Khanna|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7482-408-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The enthusiasm, however, proved to be short-lived. Auckland's successor as Governor-General, [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]], appeared less receptive to large-scale public works, and for the duration of his tenure, withheld major funds for the project. Only in 1844, when a new Governor-General, [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Lord Hardinge]], was appointed, did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project. Although the intervening impasse had seemingly affected Cautley's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation, his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in the United Kingdom and Italy. By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm, both in the [[North-Western Provinces]], with [[James Thomason (British colonial governor)|James Thomason]] as Lt. Governor, and in [[British India]] with [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] as Governor-General. Canal construction, under Cautley's supervision, now went into full swing. A {{convert|350|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} long canal, with another {{convert|300|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of branch lines, eventually stretched between the headworks in Haridwar, splitting into two branches below [[Aligarh]], and its two confluences with the Yamuna (Jumna in map) [[Mainstem (hydrology)|mainstem]] in [[Etawah]] and the Ganges in Kanpur (Cawnpore in map). The Ganges Canal, which required a total capital outlay of £2.15&amp;nbsp;million, was officially opened in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie.{{sfn|Prakash|1999|p=162}} According to historian Ian Stone: &lt;blockquote&gt;It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world, five times greater in its length than all the main irrigation lines of [[Lombardy]] and Egypt put together, and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal, the [[Pennsylvania Canal]].&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dams and barrages===<br /> A major [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] at Farakka was opened on 21 April 1975,{{sfn|Brichieri-Colombi|Bradnock|2003}} It is located close to the point where the main flow of the river enters Bangladesh, and the tributary Hooghly (also known as Bhagirathi) continues in West Bengal past<br /> Kolkata. This barrage, which feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a {{convert|26|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip|abbr=on}} long feeder canal, and its water flow management has been a long-lingering source of dispute with Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=The Ganges Water Dispute: An Appraisal of a Third Party Settlement| author=M. Rafiqul Islam| journal=Asian Survey| year=1987| volume=27 | issue = 8| pages=918–34| doi=10.2307/2644864| jstor=2644864}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sharing the water of the Ganges|Indo-Bangladesh Ganges Water Treaty]] signed in December 1996 addressed some of the water sharing issues between India and Bangladesh.{{sfn|Brichieri-Colombi|Bradnock|2003}} There is [[Lav Khush Barrage]] across the River Ganges in Kanpur.<br /> <br /> [[Tehri Dam]] was constructed on [[Bhagirathi]] River, a tributary of the Ganges. It is located 1.5&amp;nbsp;km downstream of Ganesh Prayag, the place where Bhilangana meets Bhagirathi. Bhagirathi is called the Ganges after Devprayag.{{sfn|Sharma|Bahuguna|Chauhan|2008}} Construction of the dam in an earthquake-prone area{{sfn|Brune|1993}} was controversial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| title=The dam that should not be built| author1=Fred Pearce| author2=Rob Butler| journal=New Scientist| date=26 January 1991| url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917534.600--the-dam-that-should-not-be-built-india-is-building-the-largest-dam-in-asia-in-a-valley-beset-by-earthquakes-and-landslips-seismologists-say-the-site-is-too-dangerous-but-engineers-are-using-discredited-data-to-push-ahead-with-construction--.html| access-date=28 August 2017| archive-date=22 October 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022182636/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917534.600--the-dam-that-should-not-be-built-india-is-building-the-largest-dam-in-asia-in-a-valley-beset-by-earthquakes-and-landslips-seismologists-say-the-site-is-too-dangerous-but-engineers-are-using-discredited-data-to-push-ahead-with-construction--.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Bansagar Dam]] was built on the [[Sone River]], a tributary of the Ganges for both irrigation and [[hydroelectric]] power generation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf |title=Bansagar Dam project |access-date=27 April 2011 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Sources |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111008223133/http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganges floodwaters along with Brahmaputra waters can be supplied to most of its right side basin area along with central and south India by constructing a [[coastal reservoir]] to store water on the Bay of Bengal sea area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=May 2023 |title=Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |access-date=15 August 2023 |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |issn=2582-9289 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–46 |doi=10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123 |s2cid=258753397 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611114313/https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i1/A1842053123.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water, Haridwar.jpg|thumb|upright|A girl selling plastic containers in Haridwar for carrying Ganges water.]]<br /> <br /> The [[Ganges Basin]] with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The Ganges and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area. Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice, [[sugarcane]], [[lentil]]s, [[oil seed]]s, potatoes, and wheat. Along the banks of the river, the presence of [[swamp]]s and lakes provides a rich growing area for crops such as legumes, chillies, mustard, sesame, sugarcane, and jute. There are also many fishing opportunities along the river, though it remains highly polluted. Also, the major industrial towns of [[Unnao]] and Kanpur, situated on the banks of the river with the predominance of tanning industries add to the pollution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/pollution%20caused%20by%20leather%20tannery%20industry%20in%20Unnao%20district.pdf|title=Report of the committee on pollution caused by leather tanning industry to the water bodies / ground water in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh|type=PDF|access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822200701/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/pollution%20caused%20by%20leather%20tannery%20industry%20in%20Unnao%20district.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tourism===<br /> Tourism is another related activity. Three towns holy to Hinduism—Haridwar, Prayagraj, and Varanasi—attract millions of pilgrims to its waters to take a dip in the Ganges, which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. The rapids of the Ganges are also popular for [[rafting|river rafting]] in the town of Rishikesh, attracting adventure seekers in the summer months. Several cities such as Kanpur, Kolkata and Patna have also developed riverfront walkways along the banks to attract tourists.&lt;ref name=Behteri1&gt;{{cite news|author=Sushovan Sircar|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424060712/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp|archive-date=24 April 2014|title=Take a walk along the Hooghly|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=11 March 2014|access-date=24 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Behteri3&gt;{{cite news|author=Piyush Kumar Tripathi|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130803/jsp/bihar/story_17188971.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210840/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130803/jsp/bihar/story_17188971.jsp|archive-date=24 April 2014|title=Funds flow for riverfront project|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=3 August 2013|access-date=24 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Behteri2&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-pathway-to-be-complete-in-three-years/articleshow/34068161.cms|title=Ganga pathway to be complete in three years|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914064419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-pathway-to-be-complete-in-three-years/articleshow/34068161.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Central-govt-approval-to-KDAs-riverfront-development-project/articleshow/45304859.cms |title=Central govt approval to KDA's riverfront development project |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 November 2014 |publisher=The Times of India Mobile Site |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622080137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/central-govt-approval-to-kdas-riverfront-development-project/articleshow/45304859.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology and environment==<br /> <br /> [[File:Bangladesh tmo 2011313.jpg|thumb|''Ganges from Space'']]<br /> Human development, mostly agriculture, has replaced nearly all of the original natural vegetation of the Ganges basin. More than 95% of the upper Gangetic Plain has been degraded or converted to agriculture or urban areas. Only one large block of relatively intact habitat remains, running along the Himalayan foothills and including [[Rajaji National Park]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], and [[Dudhwa National Park]].&lt;ref name=wwf0166&gt;{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0166 |name= Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|access-date=6 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; As recently as the 16th and 17th centuries the upper Gangetic Plain harboured impressive populations of wild [[Asian elephant]]s (''Elephas maximus''), [[Bengal tiger]]s (''Panthera t. tigris''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis''), [[gaur]]s (''Bos gaurus''), [[barasingha]]s (''Rucervus duvaucelii''), [[sloth bear]]s (''Melursus ursinus'') and [[Indian lion]]s (''Panthera leo leo'').&lt;ref name=wwf0166/&gt; In the 21st century there are few large wild animals, mostly deer, [[wild boar]]s, [[wildcat]]s, and small numbers of [[Indian wolf|Indian wolves]], [[golden jackal]]s, and [[Red fox|red]] and [[Bengal fox]]es. Bengal tigers survive only in the [[Sundarbans]] area of the Ganges Delta.&lt;ref name=Britannica/&gt; The Sundarbands freshwater swamp ecoregion, however, is nearly extinct.&lt;ref name=wwf0162&gt;{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0162 |name= Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests|access-date=6 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Heritiera fomes|Sundarbans mangroves]] (''Heritiera fomes'') also grow in the Sundarbans area of the Ganges Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=The Sundarbans |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208015435/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Threatened species|Threatened]] mammals in the upper Gangetic Plain include the tiger, elephant, sloth bear, and [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis'').&lt;ref name=wwf0166/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Florican, 1781.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'')]]<br /> <br /> Many types of birds are found throughout the basin, such as [[myna]], ''[[Psittacula]]'' parakeets, [[crow]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kites]], [[partridge]]s, and [[fowl]]s. [[Duck]]s and [[snipe]]s migrate across the Himalayas during the winter, attracted in large numbers to wetland areas.&lt;ref name=Britannica/&gt; There are no [[Endemism|endemic]] birds in the upper Gangetic Plain. The [[great Indian bustard]] (''Ardeotis nigriceps'') and [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus'') are considered globally threatened.&lt;ref name=wwf0166/&gt;<br /> <br /> The natural forest of the upper Gangetic Plain has been so thoroughly eliminated it is difficult to assign a natural vegetation type with certainty. There are a few small patches of forest left, and they suggest that much of the upper plains may have supported a [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist deciduous forest]] with sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') as a [[climax species]].&lt;ref name=wwf0166/&gt;<br /> <br /> A similar situation is found in the lower Gangetic Plain, which includes the lower Brahmaputra River. The lower plains contain more open forests, which tend to be dominated by ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'' in association with ''[[Albizzia procera]]'', ''[[Duabanga grandiflora]]'', and ''[[Sterculia vilosa]]''. There are early [[seral]] forest communities that would eventually become dominated by the climax species sal (''Shorea robusta'') if forest succession was allowed to proceed. In most places forests fail to reach climax conditions due to human causes.&lt;ref name=wwf0120&gt;{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0120 |name= Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|access-date=6 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The forests of the lower Gangetic Plain, despite thousands of years of human settlement, remained largely intact until the early 20th century. Today only about 3% of the ecoregion is under natural forest and only one large block, south of Varanasi, remains. There are over forty protected areas in the ecoregion, but over half of these are less than {{convert|100|km2|sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=wwf0120/&gt; The fauna of the lower Gangetic Plain is similar to the upper plains, with the addition of a number of other species such as the [[smooth-coated otter]] (''Lutrogale perspicillata'') and the [[large Indian civet]] (''Viverra zibetha'').&lt;ref name=wwf0120/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fish===<br /> [[File:Catla catla India.jpg|thumb|The [[catla]] (''Catla catla'') is one of the Indian carp species that support major fisheries in the Ganges.]]<br /> <br /> It has been estimated that about 350 fish species live in the entire Ganges drainage, including several [[Endemism|endemics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Allen, D.J. |editor2=S. Molur |editor3=B.A. Daniel | title=The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya | year=2010 | publisher=IUCN | page=23 | isbn=978-2-8317-1324-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a major 2007–2009 study of fish in the Ganges basin (including the river itself and its tributaries, but excluding the Brahmaputra and Meghna basins), a total of 143 fish species were recorded, including 10 non-native [[introduced species]].&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Sarkar |author2=Pathak |author3=Sinha |author4=Sivakumar |author5=Pandian |author6=Pandey |author7=Dubey |author8=Lakra | title=Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives | year=2012 | journal=Rev Fish Biol Fisheries | volume=22 |issue=1 | pages=251–272 | doi=10.1007/s11160-011-9218-6 |bibcode=2012RFBF...22..251S |s2cid=16719029 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The most diverse orders are [[Cypriniformes]] (barbs and allies), [[Siluriformes]] (catfish) and [[Perciformes]] (perciform fish), each comprising about 50%, 23% and 14% of the total fish species in the drainage.&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt;<br /> <br /> There are distinct differences between the different sections of the river basin, but [[Cyprinidae]] is the most diverse throughout. In the upper section (roughly equalling the basin parts in Uttarakhand) more than 50 species have been recorded and Cyprinidae alone accounts for almost 80% those, followed by [[Balitoridae]] (about 15.6%) and [[Sisoridae]] (about 12.2%).&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; Sections of the Ganges basin at altitudes above {{convert|2400-3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level are generally without fish. Typical genera approaching this altitude are ''[[Schizothorax]]'', ''[[Tor (fish)|Tor]]'', ''[[Barilius]]'', ''[[Nemacheilus]]'' and ''[[Glyptothorax]]''.&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; About 100 species have been recorded from the middle section of the basin (roughly equalling the sections in Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar) and more than 55% of these are in family Cyprinidae, followed by [[Schilbeidae]] (about 10.6%) and [[Clupeidae]] (about 8.6%).&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; The lower section (roughly equalling the basin in parts of Bihar and West Bengal) includes major floodplains and is home to almost 100 species. About 46% of these are in the family Cyprinidae, followed by Schilbeidae (about 11.4%) and [[Bagridae]] (about 9%).&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges basin supports major fisheries, but these have declined in recent decades. In the [[Prayagraj]] region in the middle section of the basin, catches of carp fell from 424.91 metric tons in 1961–1968 to 38.58 metric tons in 2001–2006, and catches of catfish fell from 201.35 metric tons in 1961–1968 to 40.56 metric tons in 2001–2006.&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; In the [[Patna]] region in the lower section of the basin, catches of carp fell from 383.2 metric tons to 118, and catfish from 373.8 metric tons to 194.48.&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; Some of the fish commonly caught in fisheries include [[catla]] (''Catla catla''), [[golden mahseer]] (''Tor putitora''), [[tor mahseer]] (''Tor tor''), [[rohu]] (''Labeo rohita''), [[walking catfish]] (''Clarias batrachus''), [[pangas catfish]] (''Pangasius pangasius''), [[Bagarius|goonch catfish]] (''Bagarius''), [[Snakehead (fish)|snakeheads]] (''Channa''), [[bronze featherback]] (''Notopterus notopterus'') and [[milkfish]] (''Chanos chanos'').&lt;ref name=Britannica/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges basin is home to about 30 fish species that are listed as threatened with the primary issues being [[overfishing]] (sometimes illegal), pollution, water abstraction, [[siltation]] and [[invasive species]].&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt; Among the threatened species is the [[critically endangered]] [[Ganges shark]] (''Glyphis gangeticus'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Glyphis&amp;speciesname=gangeticus |title= Glyphis gangeticus, Ganges shark |publisher= [[FishBase]] |access-date= 7 May 2011 |archive-date= 28 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172528/https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/summary/Glyphis-gangeticus.html |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several fish species [[Fish migration|migrate]] between different sections of the river, but these movements may be prevented by the building of dams.&lt;ref name=Sarkar2012/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Crocodilians and turtles===<br /> [[File:Gavialis gangeticus, ZOO Praha 045.jpg|thumb|The threatened [[gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'') is a large fish-eating [[crocodilian]] that is harmless to humans&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Gharial biology | publisher=Gharial Conservation Alliance | url=http://www.gharialconservationalliance.org/?page_id=216 | access-date=12 September 2017 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414200745/http://www.gharialconservationalliance.org/?page_id=216 | archive-date=14 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> The main sections of the Ganges River are home to the [[gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'') and [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), and the Ganges delta is home to the [[saltwater crocodile]] (''C. porosus''). Among the numerous aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles in the Ganges basin are the [[northern river terrapin]] (''Batagur baska''; only in the lowermost section of the basin), [[three-striped roofed turtle]] (''B. dhongoka''), [[red-crowned roofed turtle]] (''B. kachuga''), [[black pond turtle]] (''Geoclemys hamiltonii''), [[Brahminy river turtle]] (''Hardella thurjii''), [[Indian black turtle]] (''Melanochelys trijuga''), [[Indian eyed turtle]] (''Morenia petersi''), [[brown roofed turtle]] (''Pangshura smithii''), [[Indian roofed turtle]] (''Pangshura tecta''), [[Indian tent turtle]] (''Pangshura tentoria''), [[Indian flapshell turtle]] (''Lissemys punctata''), [[Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle]] (''Chitra indica''), [[Indian softshell turtle]] (''Nilssonia gangetica''), [[Indian peacock softshell turtle]] (''N. hurum'') and [[Cantor's giant softshell turtle]] (''Pelochelys cantorii''; only in the lowermost section of Ganges basin).&lt;ref name=turtles&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Rhodin |editor2=Pritchard |editor3=Dijk |editor4=Saumure |editor5=Buhlmann |editor6=Iverson |editor7=Mittermeier | title=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group |author1=van Dijk |author2=Iverson |author3=Rhodin |author4=Shaffer |author5=Bour |s2cid=88824499 | chapter=Turtles of the World, 7th Edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status | year=2014 | publisher=IUCN | volume=5 | doi=10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014 | series=Chelonian Research Monographs | isbn=978-0-9653540-9-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these are seriously threatened.&lt;ref name=turtles/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Ganges river dolphin===<br /> [[File:GangeticDolphin.jpg|thumb|The Gangetic dolphin in a sketch by Whymper and P. Smit, 1894.]]<br /> The river's most famed faunal member is the freshwater [[Ganges river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica gangetica''),&lt;ref name=wwf0166/&gt; which has been declared India's [[List of national animals|national aquatic animal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://wildpolitics.net/2010/01/19/ganges-river-dolphin-declared-indias-national-aquatic-animal/ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110902103154/http://wildpolitics.net/2010/01/19/ganges-river-dolphin-declared-indias-national-aquatic-animal/ | archive-date= 2 September 2011 | title= Ganges River Dolphin Declared India's National Aquatic Animal | publisher= WildPolitics.net | access-date= 6 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This dolphin used to exist in large schools near urban centres in both the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers but is now seriously threatened by pollution, dam construction and improper fishing methods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url= https://news.mongabay.com/2023/01/banned-but-abundant-gillnets-pose-main-threat-to-bangladeshs-river-dolphins/ | title= Banned but abundant, gillnets pose main threat to Bangladesh's river dolphins | access-date= 14 April 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their numbers have now dwindled to a quarter of their numbers of fifteen years before, and they have become extinct in the Ganges' main tributaries.{{efn|name=puttick|1= {{harvtxt|Puttick|2008}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Sacred ritual is only one source of pollution. The main source of contamination is organic waste—sewage, trash, food, and human and animal remains. Around a billion liters of untreated raw sewage are dumped into the Ganges each day, along with massive amounts of agricultural chemicals (including DDT), industrial pollutants, and toxic chemical waste from the booming industries along the river. The level of pollution is now 10,000 percent higher than the government standard for safe river bathing (let alone drinking). One result of this situation is an increase in waterborne diseases, including cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, and amoebic dysentery. An estimated 80 percent of all health problems and one-third of deaths in India are attributable to waterborne illnesses.&quot; (p. 247)&lt;br /&gt;&quot;There have been various projects to clean up the Ganges and other rivers, led by the Indian government's Ganga Action Plan launched in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi, grandson of Jawaharlal Nehru. Its relative failure has been blamed on mismanagement, corruption, and technological mistakes, but also lack of support from religious authorities. This may well be partly because the Brahmin priests are so invested in the idea of the Ganges' purity and afraid that any admission of its pollution will undermine the central role of the water in ritual, as well as their own authority. There are many temples along the river, conducting a brisk trade in ceremonies, including funerals, and sometimes also the sale of bottled Ganga Jal. The more traditional Hindu priests still believe that blessing Ganga Jal purifies it, although they are now a very small minority given the scale of the problem.&quot; (p. 248)&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Wildlife is also under threat, particularly the river dolphins. They were one of the world's first protected species, given special status under the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. They're now a critically endangered species, although protected once again by the Indian government (and internationally under the CITES convention). Their numbers have shrunk by 75 per cent over the last 15 years, and they have become extinct in the main tributaries, mainly because of pollution and habitat degradation.&quot; (p. 275)<br /> ----}} A 2012 survey by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] found only 3,000 left in the water catchment of both river systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/cetaceans/about/river_dolphins/ganges_river_dolphin/ |title=Ganges River dolphin |publisher=WWF |website=wwf.panda.org |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415221525/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/cetaceans/about/river_dolphins/ganges_river_dolphin/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Ganges river dolphin is one of only five true [[freshwater dolphin]]s in the world. The other four are the [[baiji]] (''Lipotes vexillifer'') of the [[Yangtze River]] in China, now likely extinct; the [[Indus River dolphin]] of the Indus River in Pakistan; the [[Amazon river dolphin]] of the Amazon River in South America; and the [[Araguaian river dolphin]] (not considered a separate species until 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Hrbek | first1 = Tomas| last2 = Da Silva | first2 = Vera Maria Ferreira| last3 = Dutra | first3 = Nicole| last4 = Gravena | first4 = Waleska| last5 = Martin | first5 = Anthony R.| last6 = Farias | first6 = Izeni Pires| editor1-last = Turvey | editor1-first = Samuel T.| title = A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0083623 | journal = [[PLOS One]] | volume = 9 | issue = 1| article-number = e83623 | date = 22 January 2014| pmid = 24465386| pmc = 3898917| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...983623H| doi-access = free}}&lt;/ref&gt;) of the [[Tocantins River|Araguaia–Tocantins]] basin in Brazil. There are several marine dolphins whose ranges include some freshwater habitats, but these five are the only dolphins who live only in freshwater rivers and lakes.&lt;ref name=wwf0120/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Effects of climate change ===<br /> The [[Tibetan Plateau]] contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, said that the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term; but issued a strong warning:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world.&amp;nbsp;... In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows&amp;nbsp;... In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines for Asian rivers, including the Indus and the Ganges. Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=AFP |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g1eE4Xw3njaW1MKpJRYOch4hOdLQ |title=Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official|work=Google News |date=17 August 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123192540/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g1eE4Xw3njaW1MKpJRYOch4hOdLQ |archive-date=23 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In 2007, the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river were at risk of melting by 2035.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR4/website/10.pdf |title=See s. 10.6 of the WGII part of the report at |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124044114/http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR4/website/10.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The IPCC has now withdrawn that prediction, as the original source admitted that it was speculative and the cited source was not a peer-reviewed finding.{{efn|1= The IPCC report is based on a non-peer-reviewed work by the World Wildlife Federation. They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by ''New Scientist'' with Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative. See: {{cite journal<br /> | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527432.800-sifting-climate-facts-from-speculation.html<br /> | title = Sifting climate facts from speculation<br /> | date = 13 January 2010<br /> | journal=New Scientist<br /> }} and {{cite news<br /> | url = http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/pachauri-calls-indian-govt-report-on-melting-himalayan-glaciers-as-voodoo-science_100301232.html<br /> | title = Pachauri calls Indian govt. report on melting Himalayan glaciers as 'voodoo science'<br /> | date = 9 January 2010<br /> | publisher = Thaindian News<br /> | access-date = 20 January 2010<br /> | archive-date = 28 January 2010<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100128104205/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/pachauri-calls-indian-govt-report-on-melting-himalayan-glaciers-as-voodoo-science_100301232.html<br /> }} On the IPCC statement withdrawing the finding, see: {{cite news<br /> | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/himalaya-statement-20january2010.pdf<br /> | title = IPCC statement on the melting of Himalayan glaciers<br /> | date = 20 January 2010<br /> | publisher = IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change<br /> | access-date = 20 January 2010<br /> | archive-date = 15 February 2010<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215024454/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/himalaya-statement-20january2010.pdf<br /> }}<br /> ----}} In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin). Many studies have suggested that [[climate change]] will affect the water resources in the Ganges river basin including increased summer (monsoon) flow, and peak runoff could result in an increased risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Impact of climate change on the hydrological regime of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins: a review of the literature|first1=Santosh|last1=Nepal|first2=Arun Bhakta|last2=Shrestha|date=3 April 2015|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=2|pages=201–218|doi=10.1080/07900627.2015.1030494|bibcode=2015IJWRD..31..201N |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pollution and environmental concerns==<br /> {{main|Pollution of the Ganges}}<br /> [[File:Cremation in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|Burning ''[[Ghats in Varanasi|ghats]]'' in [[Varanasi]]; the ashes of the dead are released along the banks of the Ganges.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natgeo 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=McBride |first=Pete |date=7 August 2014 |title=The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425202234/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> [[File:Clothing by the river.jpg|thumb|People bathing and washing clothes along the banks of the Ganges in Varanasi]]<br /> <br /> The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution levels,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=River Ganga pollution: Causes and failed management plans|journal=Environment International|volume=126|pages=202–206|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.033|pmid=30802637|date=May 2019|last1=Chaudhary|first1=M.|last2=Walker|first2=T. R.|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; caused by the 400&amp;nbsp;million people who live close to the river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cleanganga.com/newsletter/index.php |title=June 2003 Newsletter |publisher=Clean Ganga |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518135014/http://www.cleanganga.com/newsletter/index.php |archive-date=18 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1581251,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126170535/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1581251,00.html | archive-date=26 January 2007 | magazine=Time | title=The World's Dirty Rivers | date=22 January 2007 | access-date=3 May 2010 | first=Elisabeth | last=Salemme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sewage from many cities along the river's course, industrial waste and religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable plastics add large amounts of pollutants to the river as it flows through densely populated areas.&lt;ref name=cleanperish/&gt;{{sfn|Abraham|2011}}&lt;ref name=Behteri4&gt;{{cite news|author=Akanksha Jain|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/draw-plan-to-check-ganga-pollution-by-sugar-mills/article5939897.ece|title=Draw plan to check Ganga pollution by sugar mills|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 April 2014|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819064050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/draw-plan-to-check-ganga-pollution-by-sugar-mills/article5939897.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/447339-delivering-clean-water-to-vulnerable-communities-on-the-ganga |title=Delivering clean water to vulnerable communities on the Ganga |access-date=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title= A comprehensive assessment of macro and microplastics from Rivers Ganga and Yamuna: Unveiling the seasonal, spatial and risk factors |date= 2024 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133926 |last1= Gupta |first1= Priyansha |last2= Saha |first2= Mahua |last3= Naik |first3= Akshata |last4= Kumar |first4= M. Manish |last5= Rathore |first5= Chayanika |last6= Vashishth |first6= Shrish |last7= Maitra |first7= Shukla Pal |last8= Bhardwaj |first8= K.D. |last9= Thukral |first9= Harsh |journal= Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume= 469 |article-number= 133926 |pmid= 38484661 |bibcode= 2024JHzM..46933926G }}&lt;/ref&gt; The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many poorer people rely on the river on a daily basis for bathing, washing, and cooking.{{sfn|Abraham|2011}} The [[World Bank]] estimates that the health costs of [[water pollution in India]] equal three percent of India's GDP.{{efn|name=bharati}} It has also been suggested that eighty percent of all illnesses in India and one-third of deaths can be attributed to water-borne diseases.{{efn|name=puttick}}<br /> <br /> Varanasi, a city of one million people that many pilgrims visit to take a &quot;holy dip&quot; in the Ganges, releases around 200&amp;nbsp;million liters of untreated human sewage into the river each day, leading to large concentrations of [[fecal coliform]] bacteria.{{sfn|Abraham|2011}} According to official standards, water safe for bathing should not contain more than 500 fecal coliforms per 100 ml, yet upstream of [[Ghats in Varanasi|Varanasi's ghats]] the river water already contains 120 times as much, 60,000 fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist2008-ganges-pollution&quot;&gt;[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751397 &quot;India and pollution: Up to their necks in it&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612093603/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751397 |date=12 June 2009 }}, ''[[The Economist]]'', 27 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nomoreabuse&gt;{{cite news | title = Ganga can bear no more abuse | date = 18 July 2009 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Ganga-can-bear-no-more-abuse/articleshow/4792921.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111103163826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-18/varanasi/28183373_1_ganga-action-plan-river-water-sewage-treatment-plants | url-status = live | work = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date = 3 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[cremation]] of the deceased at Varanasi's ghats, the bones and ashes are immersed into the Ganges. However, in the past thousands of uncremated bodies were thrown into the Ganges during [[cholera]] epidemics, spreading the disease. Even today, holy men, pregnant women, people with [[leprosy]] or [[chicken pox]], people who have been bitten by snakes, people who have committed suicide, the poor, and children under 5 are not cremated at the ghats but are left to float free, to decompose in the waters. In addition, those who cannot afford the large amount of wood needed to incinerate the entire body, leave behind many half-burned body parts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.travelpod.co.uk/travel-blog-entries/miller-stone/1/1293729235/tpod.html#ixzz1W7q8JJhI|title=Miller-stone's Travel Blog: Varanasi: The Rich, The Poor, and The Afterlife|date=14 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After passing through Varanasi, and receiving 32 streams of raw sewage from the city, the concentration of fecal coliforms in the river's waters rises from 60,000 to 1.5&amp;nbsp;million,&lt;ref name=&quot;economist2008-ganges-pollution&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=nomoreabuse/&gt; with observed peak values of 100&amp;nbsp;million per 100 ml.{{sfn|Abraham|2011}} Drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection.{{sfn|Abraham|2011}}<br /> <br /> Between 1985 and 2000, [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 10&amp;nbsp;billion, around US$226&amp;nbsp;million, or less than 4 cents per person per year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Journey of River Ganga, from Purest to the Dirtiest river of the World –|publisher=Mobile Site India TV News|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/river-ganga-purest-river-dirtiest-river-37927.html/page/7|work=m.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808033348/http://m.indiatvnews.com/news/india/river-ganga-purest-river-dirtiest-river-37927.html/page/7}}&lt;/ref&gt; were spent on the [[Ganga Action Plan]],&lt;ref name=cleanperish/&gt; an environmental initiative that was &quot;the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world&quot;.{{efn|name=singh}} The Ganga Action Plan has been described variously as a &quot;failure&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/indias-long-term-effort-to-clean-up-pollution-in-sacred-ganga-river |title=India's effort to clean up sacred but polluted Ganga River |publisher=pbs.org |date=16 December 2009 |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212170449/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/indias-long-term-effort-to-clean-up-pollution-in-sacred-ganga-river |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mandal/&gt;{{efn|1= {{harvtxt|Caso|Wolf|2010}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Chronology: 1985 *India launches Phase I of the Ganga Action Plan to restore the Ganges River; most deem it a failure by the early 1990s.&quot; (p. 320)<br /> ----}}{{efn|1= {{harvtxt|Dudgeon|2005}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;To reduce the water pollution in one of Asia's major rivers, the Indian Government initiated the Ganga Action Plan in 1985. The objective of this centrally funded scheme was to treat the effluent from all the major towns along the Ganges and reduce pollution in the river by at least 75%. The Ganga Action Plan built upon the existing but weakly enforced, 1974 Water Prevention and Control Act. A government audit of the Ganga Action Plan in 2000 reported limited success in meeting effluent targets. Development plans for sewage treatment facilities were submitted by only 73% of the cities along the Ganges, and only 54% of these were judged acceptable by the authorities. Not all the cities reported how much effluent was being treated, and many continued to discharge raw sewage into the river. Test audits of installed capacity indicated poor performance, and there were long delays in constructing planned treatment facilities. After 15 yr. of implementation, the audit estimated that the Ganga Action Plan had achieved only 14% of the anticipated sewage treatment capacity. The environmental impact of this failure has been exacerbated by the removal of large quantities of irrigation water from the Ganges which offset any gains from effluent reductions.&quot;<br /> ----}} and a &quot;major failure&quot;.{{efn|name=haberman|1= {{harvtxt|Haberman|2006}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;The Ganga Action Plan, commonly known as GAP, was launched dramatically in the holy city of Banares (Varanasi) on 14 June 1985, by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who promised, {{'}}We shall see that the waters of the Ganga become clean once again.{{'}} The stated task was {{'}}to improve water quality, permit safe bathing all along the 2,525 kilometers from the Ganges's origin in the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, and make the water potable at important pilgrim and urban centres on its banks.{{'}} The project was designed to tackle pollution from twenty-five cities and towns along its banks in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal by intercepting, diverting, and treating their effluents. With the GAP's Phase II, three important tributaries—Damodar, Gomati, and Yamuna—were added to the plan. Although some improvements have been made to the quality of the Ganges's water, many people claim that the GAP has been a major failure. The environmental lawyer M. C. Mehta, for example, filed public interest litigation against the project, claiming {{'}}GAP has collapsed.{{'}}&quot;<br /> ----}}{{efn|name=gardner|1={{harvtxt|Gardner|2003}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;The Ganges, also known as the Ganga, is one of the world's major rivers, running for more than 2,500 kilometres from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most polluted, primarily from sewage, but also from animal carcasses, human corpses, and soap, and other pollutants from bathers. Indeed, scientists measure fecal coliform levels at thousands of times what is permissible and levels of oxygen in the water are similarly unhealthy. Renewal efforts have centred primarily on the government-sponsored Ganga Action Plan (GAP), started in 1985 intending to clean up the river by 1993. Several western-style sewage treatment plants were built along the river, but they were poorly designed, poorly maintained, and prone to shut down during the region's frequent power outages. The GAP has been a colossal failure, and many argue that the river is more polluted now than it was in 1985.&quot; (p. 166)<br /> ----}}{{efn|name=bharati|1= {{harvtxt|Bharati|2006}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;The World Bank estimates the health costs of water pollution in India to be equivalent to three per cent of the country's gross domestic product. With Indian rivers being severely polluted, interlinking them may actually increase these costs. Also, with the widely recognised failure of the Ganga Action Plan, there is a danger that contaminants from the Gangetic basin might enter other basins and destroy their natural cleansing processes. The new areas that will be river-fed after the introduction of the scheme may experience crop failures or routing due to alien compounds carried into their streams from the polluted Gangetic basin streams.&quot; (p. 26)<br /> ----}}<br /> <br /> According to one study,&lt;ref name=mandal&gt;{{Citation|last=Mandal|first=R. B.|title=Water Resource Management|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8069-318-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;<br /> The Ganga Action Plan, which was taken on priority and with much enthusiasm, was delayed for two years. The expenditure was almost doubled. But the result was not very appreciable. Much expenditure was done on political propaganda. The concerning governments and the related agencies were not very prompt to make it a success. The public of the areas was not taken into consideration. The release of urban and industrial wastes in the river was not controlled fully. The flowing of dirty water through drains and sewers were not adequately diverted. The continuing customs of burning dead bodies, throwing carcasses, washing of dirty clothes by washermen, and immersion of idols and cattle wallowing were not checked. Very little provision of public latrines was made and the open defecation of [[lakh]]s of people continued along the riverside. All these made the Action Plan a failure.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> The failure of the Ganga Action Plan has also been variously attributed to &quot;environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions&quot;,{{efn|name=singh|1= {{harvtxt| Singh|Singh|2007}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;In February 1985, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan, an environmental project to improve the river water quality. It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in the water quality of the river. Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions. The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is, therefore, an essential first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future.&quot;<br /> ----}} Indian &quot;traditions and beliefs&quot;,{{efn|1= {{harvtxt|Tiwari|2008}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Many social traditions and customs are not only helping in environmental degradation but are causing obstruction to environmental management and planning. The failure of the Ganga Action Plan to clean the sacred river is partly associated with our traditions and beliefs. The disposal of dead bodies, the immersion of idols, and public bathing are part of Hindu customs and rituals which are based on the notion that the sacred river leads to the path of salvation, and under no circumstances its water can become impure. Burning of dead bodies through wood, bursting of crackers during Diwali, putting thousands of tonnes of fuelwood under fire during Holi, immersion of Durga and Ganesh idols into rivers and seas, etc. are part of Hindu customs and are detrimental to the environment. These and many other rituals need rethinking and modification in the light of contemporary situations.&quot; (p. 92)<br /> ----}} &quot;corruption and a lack of technical knowledge&quot;{{efn|name=sheth|1= {{harvtxt|Sheth|2008}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;But the Indian government, as a whole, appears typically ineffective. Its ability to address itself to a national problem like environmental degradation is typified by the 20-year, $100 million Ganga Action Plan, whose purpose was to clean up the Ganges River. Leading Indian environmentalists call the plan a complete failure, due to the same problems that have always beset the government: poor planning, corruption, and a lack of technical knowledge. The river, they say, is more polluted than ever.&quot; (pp. 67–68)<br /> ----}} and &quot;lack of support from religious authorities&quot;.{{efn|name=puttick}}<br /> <br /> In December 2009 the World Bank agreed to loan India US$1&amp;nbsp;billion over the next five years to help save the river.&lt;ref name=BBC_Ganges_World_Bank&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8392118.stm |title=World Bank loans India $1bn for Ganges river clean up |work=BBC News |date=3 December 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822112135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8392118.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to 2010 Planning Commission estimates, an investment of almost Rs. 70&amp;nbsp;billion (Rs. 70&amp;nbsp;billion, approximately US$1.5&amp;nbsp;billion) is needed to clean up the river.&lt;ref name=cleanperish/&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2008, the Ganges, alone among India's rivers, was declared a &quot;National River&quot;, facilitating the formation of a [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]] that would have greater powers to plan, implement and monitor measures aimed at protecting the river.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081108084537/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/nation/story_10065466.jsp &quot;Ganga gets a tag: national river – Vote whiff in step to give special status&quot;], ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', 5 November 2008&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2014, the Government of India announced an integrated Ganges-development project titled ''Namami Gange Programme'' and allocated {{INR}}2,037&amp;nbsp;[[crore]] for this purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Namami Ganga development Project gets 2037 crores|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/namami-ganga-development-project-gets-2037-crores/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531074720/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/namami-ganga-development-project-gets-2037-crores/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main objectives of the Namami Gange project is to improve the water quality by the abatement of pollution and rejuvenation of river Ganga by creating infrastructures like sewage treatment plants, river surface cleaning, biodiversity conservation, afforestation, and public awareness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Namami Gange Programme |url=https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx |website=nmcg.nic.in |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817190528/https://nmcg.nic.in/NamamiGanga.aspx |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2017 the [[High Court of Uttarakhand]] declared the Ganges River a [[Legal personality|legal &quot;person&quot;]], in a move that according to one newspaper, &quot;could help in efforts to clean the pollution-choked rivers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Trivedi |first1=Anupam |last2=Jagati |first2=Kamal |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-hc-says-ganga-is-india-s-first-living-entity-grants-it-rights-equal-to-humans/story-VoI6DOG71fyMDihg5BuGCL.html |title=Uttarakhand HC declares Ganga, Yamuna living entities, gives them legal rights |location=Dehradun/Nainital |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 March 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-hc-says-ganga-is-india-s-first-living-entity-grants-it-rights-equal-to-humans/story-VoI6DOG71fyMDihg5BuGCL.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2017|04|06}}, the ruling has been commented on in Indian newspapers to be hard to enforce,&lt;ref name=mint&gt;{{citation needed|date= April 2017}}{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/gsttRTScpIuLTXreHqwvkN/Rights-of-rivers-hard-to-enforce.html|last=De Sarkar|first=Dipankar|title=Rights of rivers, hard to enforce|date=24 March 2017|newspaper=Live Mint|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820101010/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/gsttRTScpIuLTXreHqwvkN/Rights-of-rivers-hard-to-enforce.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; that experts do not anticipate immediate benefits,&lt;ref name= mint/&gt; that the ruling is &quot;hardly game changing&quot;,&lt;ref name=hindu&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-river-as-being/article17669377.ece|last=Ghosh|first=Shibani|title=The river as being|date=27 March 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822112135/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-river-as-being/article17669377.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; that experts believe &quot;any follow-up action is unlikely&quot;,&lt;ref name=econtimes&gt;{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-granting-legal-rights-to-rivers-like-the-ganga-change-on-ground-situation/articleshow/57818653.cms|last=Goswami|first=Urmi|title=Will granting legal rights to rivers like the Ganga, change the on-ground situation?|date=25 March 2017|newspaper=Economic Times|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830203814/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-granting-legal-rights-to-rivers-like-the-ganga-change-on-ground-situation/articleshow/57818653.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and that the &quot;judgment is deficient to the extent it acted without hearing others (in states outside Uttarakhand) who have stakes in the matter.&quot;&lt;ref name=outlook&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/by-making-ganga-yamuna-living-entities-did-high-court-unwittingly-open-the-door-/298319|last=Bhaskar|first=B. R. P.|title=By Making Ganga, Yamuna Living Entities, Did High Court Unwittingly Open The Door For River Pollution Victims To Sue For Damages?|date=24 March 2017|magazine=Outlook|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-date=22 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822112116/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/by-making-ganga-yamuna-living-entities-did-high-court-unwittingly-open-the-door-/298319|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The incidence of water-borne and [[enteric]] diseases—such as [[gastrointestinal disease]], cholera, [[dysentery]], [[hepatitis A]] and [[typhoid]]—among people who use the river's waters for bathing, washing dishes and brushing teeth is high, at an estimated 66% per year.{{sfn|Abraham|2011}}<br /> <br /> Recent studies by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) say that the river is so full of killer pollutants that those living along its banks in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Bengal are more prone to cancer than anywhere else in the country. Conducted by the National Cancer Registry Programme under the ICMR, the study throws up shocking findings indicating that the river is thick with heavy metals and lethal chemicals that cause cancer. According to Deputy Director-General of NCRP A. Nandkumar, the incidence of cancer was highest in the country in areas drained by the Ganges and stated that the problem would be studied deeply and with the findings presented in a report to the health ministry.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ganga is now a deadly source of cancer, study says&quot;, ''Anirban Ghosh'' 17 October 2012, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-a-deadly-source-of-cancer-now-Study/articleshow/16858510.cms [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Ganga-a-deadly-source-of-cancer-now-Study/articleshow/16858510.cms]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer2025&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=M. M. |title=Emerging Pollutants in the River Ganga and its Tributaries – Current Status, Future Impacts and Fate of Riverine Ecosystems |journal=Discover Environment |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=12 |date=2025-01-15 |doi=10.1007/s44177-025-00101-2 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44177-025-00101-2 |access-date=2026-02-04|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Apart from that, many NGOs have come forward to rejuvenate the river Ganges. Vikrant Tongad, an Environmental specialist from SAFE Green filed a petition against Simbhaoli Sugar Mill (Hapur UP) to NGT. NGT slapped a fine of Rs.&amp;nbsp;5&amp;nbsp;crores to Sugar Mill and a fine of Rs.&amp;nbsp;25&amp;nbsp;lakhs to Gopaljee Dairy for discharging untreated effluents into the Simbhaoli drain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ngt-slaps-rs-5-cr-fine-on-sugar-mills/article6509417.ece|title=NGT slaps Rs. 5 cr. fine on sugar mills|first=Akanksha|last=Jain|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 October 2014|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826202653/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ngt-slaps-rs-5-cr-fine-on-sugar-mills/article6509417.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Water shortages===<br /> Along with ever-increasing pollution, water shortages are getting noticeably worse. Some sections of the river are already completely dry. Around Varanasi, the river once had an average depth of {{convert|60|m|ft}}, but in some places, it is now only {{convert|10|m|ft}}.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;How India's Success is Killing its Holy River&quot;. Jyoti Thottam. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. 19 July 2010, pp. 12–17.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|To cope with its chronic water shortages, India employs electric groundwater pumps, diesel-powered tankers, and coal-fed power plants. If the country increasingly relies on these energy-intensive short-term fixes, the whole planet's climate will bear the consequences. India is under enormous pressure to develop its economic potential while also protecting its environment—something few, if any, countries have accomplished. What India does with its water will be a test of whether that combination is possible.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;How India's Success is Killing its Holy River&quot;. Jyoti Thottam. ''Time''. 19 July 2010, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ===Mining===<br /> [[Illegal mining in India#Illegal mining and stone crushing in the Ganges river bed|Illegal mining in the Ganges river bed]] for stones and sand for construction work has long been a problem in [[Haridwar district]], Uttarakhand, where it touches the plains for the first time. This is despite the fact that quarrying has been banned in [[Kumbh Mela]] area zone covering 140&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; area in Haridwar.&lt;ref name=tri&gt;{{cite news |title=Looting the Ganga shamelessly |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110616/main5.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727091533/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110616/main5.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In art and literature==<br /> * {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/The Ganges|The Ganges]]}} A painting of the Ganges entering the plains near [[Haridwar]] by William Purser with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA110|section=picture|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220211543/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA108|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA112|section=poetical illustration|pages=33–34|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220211544/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA108|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Colgong on the Ganges|Colgong on the Ganges]]}} A painting of the Ganges near [[Kahalgaon]] by [[J. M. W. Turner]] with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA10-IA28|section=picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231014/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA10-IA28|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA10-IA31|section=poetical illustration|page=17|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son &amp; Co.|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231013/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=GBS.PA10-IA31|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=18em}}<br /> * [[Environmental personhood]]<br /> * [[Fair river sharing]]<br /> * [[Ganga Pushkaram]]<br /> * [[Gangaputra Brahmin]]<br /> * [[Ganga Talao]]<br /> * [[Ganga Lake (Mongolia)]]<br /> * [[List of most-polluted rivers]]<br /> * [[List of rivers by discharge]]<br /> * [[List of rivers by length]]<br /> * [[List of rivers of India]]<br /> * [[Mahaweli Ganga]]<br /> * [[National Waterway 1]]<br /> * [[Pollution of the Ganges]]<br /> * [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]<br /> * [[Sacred waters]]<br /> * [[Sankat Mochan Foundation]]<br /> * [[Ganga (goddess)]]<br /> * [[Peninsular River System]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> |last1 = Abraham<br /> |first1 = Wolf-Rainer<br /> |title = Megacities as Sources for Pathogenic Bacteria in Rivers and Their Fate Downstream<br /> |url = http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2011/798292.pdf<br /> |journal = International Journal of Microbiology<br /> |volume = 2011<br /> |doi = 10.1155/2011/798292<br /> |pmid = 20885968<br /> |pmc = 2946570<br /> |issue = 798292<br /> |pages = 1–13<br /> |year = 2011<br /> |doi-access = free<br /> |access-date = 14 June 2016<br /> |archive-date = 20 January 2022<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220120074714/https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2011/798292.pdf<br /> |url-status = live<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | last1 = Ali<br /> | first1 = Jason R.<br /> | first2 = Jonathan C.<br /> | last2 = Aitchison<br /> | title = Greater India<br /> | journal = Earth-Science Reviews<br /> | volume = 72<br /> | issue = 3–4<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | pages = 169–88<br /> | doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005<br /> | bibcode = 2005ESRv...72..169A<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation|last=Alley|first=Kelly D.|title=On the banks of the Gaṅgā: when wastewater meets a sacred river|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVOryDX8KdUC|year=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06808-1}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Alter|first=Stephen|title=Sacred waters: a pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the source of Hindu culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Harcourt|isbn=978-0-15-100585-7|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book| last1=Arnold| first1=Guy| author1-link=Guy Arnold| title=World Strategic Highways| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FarwCNdYdmoC&amp;pg=PA223| date=2000| edition=1st| publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn| isbn=978-1-57958-098-8| pages=223–27| doi=10.4324/9781315062204}}<br /> * {{cite conference<br /> |first1 = L.<br /> |last1 = Berga<br /> |title = Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century<br /> |conference = Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century, 22nd International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD)<br /> |location = Barcelona, Spain<br /> |date = 2006<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T01W4Jbe1q8C&amp;pg=PA1304<br /> |publisher = Taylor &amp; Francis<br /> |isbn = 978-0-415-40423-5<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation|last=Bharati|first=Radha Kant|title=Interlinking of Indian rivers|publisher=Lotus|year=2006|isbn=978-81-8382-041-7}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Blurton|first=T. 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D.<br /> |title=Water Resources of India<br /> |journal=Current Science<br /> |volume=89<br /> |issue=5<br /> |pages=794–811<br /> |date=10 September 2005<br /> |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_089_05_0794_0811_0.pdf<br /> |access-date=13 October 2013<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175241/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_089_05_0794_0811_0.pdf<br /> |archive-date=14 October 2013<br /> |url-status=live<br /> }}<br /> * {{citation|author1=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|last2=Pal|first2=Pratapaditya|title=Indian Sculpture: 700–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fvKVDxcJoUC|year=1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06477-5}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Maclean|first=Kama|title=Pilgrimage and power: the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|url-status=live}}<br /> * {{citation|last1=Markandya|first1=Anil|last2=Murty|first2=Maddipati Narasimha|title=Cleaning-up the Ganges: a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MefsAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564945-1}}<br /> * {{cite book| first1=M. Monirul Qader| last1= Mirza|title=The Ganges water diversion: environmental effects and implications| volume= 49| date=2004| location=Dordecht| publisher=Springer| isbn=978-90-481-6665-7| pages=1–6| doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-2792-5| series= Water Science and Technology Library| oclc= 853267663}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Newby|first=Eric|title=Slowly down the Ganges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4sBAAAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-0-86442-631-4}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Pal|first=Pratapaditya|title=Divine images, human visions: the Max Tanenbaum collection of South Asian and Himalayan art in the National Gallery of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMUp4nxAqwwC|year=1997|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|isbn=978-1-896209-05-0}}<br /> * {{citation| last1=Parua| first1=Pranab Kumar| title=The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent| chapter='''14''' Necessity of Regional Co-operation| pages=267–72| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUc7Cus2a-MC| date=2009| publisher=Springer| isbn=978-90-481-3102-0}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |first1 = Gyan<br /> |last1 = Prakash<br /> |title = Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India<br /> |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/anotherreasonsci0000prak<br /> |chapter-url-access = registration<br /> |chapter = '''6''' Technologies of Government<br /> |isbn = 978-0-691-00453-2<br /> |date = 1999<br /> |publisher = Princeton University Press<br /> |url-access = registration<br /> |url = https://archive.org/details/anotherreasonsci0000prak<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation|last=Puttick|first=Elizabeth|chapter=Mother Ganges, India's Sacred River|year = 2008|title=The Healing Power of Water|editor1-last=Emoto|editor1-first=Masaru| editor1-link=Masaru Emoto| publisher=Hay House|pages=241–52|isbn=978-1-4019-0877-5}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Rahaman|first=M.M.|year=2009|url=http://www.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/wp011020168.htm|title=Integrated Ganges Basin Management: conflicts and hope for regional development|journal=Water Policy|volume=11|issue=2|pages=168–90|doi=10.2166/wp.2009.012|bibcode=2009WaPol..11..168R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060952/http://www.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/wp011020168.htm|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-access=subscription}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Rahaman|first=M.M.|year=2009|title=Principles of transboundary water resources management and Ganges Treaties: An Analysis|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=25|issue=1|pages=159–73|doi=10.1080/07900620802517574|bibcode=2009IJWRD..25..159R |s2cid=155016224}}<br /> * {{Cite book<br /> |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&amp;q=Kumbh+Mela&amp;pg=PA165<br /> |title = The Basis of Civilization: Water Science?<br /> |series = IAHS publication no. 286<br /> |publisher = International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems<br /> |location = Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK<br /> |page = 165<br /> |isbn = 978-1-901502-57-2<br /> |date = 2004<br /> |first1 = John C.<br /> |last1 = Rodda<br /> |first2 = Lucio<br /> |last2 = Ubertini<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite journal|vauthors=Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK|title=Cholera |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9404 |pages=223–33 |year=2004 |pmid=14738797 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 |s2cid=208793200}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective|publisher=Kluwer Law International|location=London, The Hague, New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC}} {{cite web |title=Alternate copy |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15171/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407170309/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15171/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> |title = Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi:Preimpoundment study of Tehri dam reservoir<br /> |first1 = Ramesh C.<br /> |last1 = Sharma<br /> |first2 = Manju<br /> |last2 = Bahuguna<br /> |first3 = Punam<br /> |last3 = Chauhan<br /> |journal = Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering<br /> |date = 2008<br /> |volume = 50<br /> |issue = 4<br /> |pages = 255–62<br /> |url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26758173<br /> |pmid = 19697759<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sheth|first=Jagdish N.|title=Chindia Rising|publisher = Tata McGraw-Hill|year = 2008|isbn=978-0-07-065708-3}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Munendra|last2=Singh|first2=Amit K.|title=Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River|journal=Environ Monit Assess |year=2007 |volume=129|issue=1–3|pages=421–32|doi=10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7|pmid=17072555|bibcode=2007EMnAs.129..421S |s2cid=39845300}}<br /> * {{cite book| last1=Singh| first1=Nirmal T.| title=Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent: past and present| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4RCXuoMotAC&amp;pg=PA69| date=2005| publisher=Lehigh University| location=Bethlehem, PA| isbn=978-0-934223-78-2}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Stone|first=Ian|title=Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WLUWxIcyogC|year=2002|publisher=CUP|isbn=978-0-521-52663-0}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Suvedī|first=Sūryaprasāda|title=International watercourses law for the 21st century: the case of the river Ganges basin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn4OSPZXo3QC|date=2005|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6}}<br /> * {{cite journal | title=The Image of the Barbarian in Early India| first1=Romila| last1= Thapar| journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|date=October 1971| volume=13|issue=4|pages=408–36|jstor=178208| doi=10.1017/s0010417500006393| s2cid=143480731}}<br /> * {{Citation|last=Tiwari|first=R. C.|chapter=Environmental Scenario in India|title=Explorations in Applied Geography|editor-last=Dutt|editor-first=Ashok K.|publisher=PHI Learning|isbn=978-81-203-3384-0|year=2008}}<br /> * {{citation|last=Wangu|first=Madhu Bazaz|title=Images of Indian goddesses: myths, meanings, and models|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-416-5}}<br /> * {{cite journal<br /> | title = From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval History in Geographic Perspective<br /> | first1 = André<br /> | last1 = Wink<br /> | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History<br /> | date = 2002<br /> | volume = 44<br /> | issue = 3<br /> | pages = 416–45<br /> | jstor = 3879375<br /> | doi=10.1017/s001041750200021x<br /> | s2cid = 144649820<br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{Main|Bibliography of Ganges}}<br /> {{refbegin|30em}} <br /> * [[Christopher de Bellaigue]], &quot;The River&quot; (the Ganges; review of [[Sunil Amrith]], ''Unruly Waters: How Rains, Rivers, Coasts, and Seas Have Shaped Asia's History''; [[Sudipta Sen]], ''Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River''; and Victor Mallet, ''River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future''), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 15 (10 October 2019), pp.&amp;nbsp;34–36. &quot;[I]n 1951 the average Indian [inhabitant of India] had access annually to 5,200 cubic meters of water. The figure today is 1,400&amp;nbsp;... and will probably fall below 1,000 cubic meters – the [[UN]]'s definition of '[[water scarcity]]' – at some point in the next few decades. Compounding the problem of lower summer rainfall&amp;nbsp;... India's [[water table]] is in freefall [due] to an increase in the number of [[tube well]]s&amp;nbsp;... Other contributors to India's seasonal dearth of water are [[canal]] leaks [and] the continued sowing of thirsty crops&quot; (p.&amp;nbsp;35.)<br /> * {{cite book|last=Berwick|first=Dennison|title=A Walk Along the Ganges|publisher=Dennison Berwick|isbn=978-0-7137-1968-0|title-link=A Walk Along the Ganges|year=1987}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Cautley|first= Proby Thomas|author-link=Proby Thomas Cautley|title=Ganges canal. A disquisition on the heads of the Ganges of Jumna canals, North-western Provinces |url=https://archive.org/stream/gangescanaladis01cautgoog#page/n7/mode/1up|year=1864|publisher=London, Printed for Private circulation}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=James Baillie|author-link=James Baillie Fraser|title=Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himala Mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges|url=https://archive.org/stream/journaloftourthr00fras#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1820|publisher=Rodwell and Martin, London}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Francis|title=An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches |url=https://archive.org/stream/accountoffishesf00hami#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1822|publisher=A. Constable and company, Edinburgh}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River |year=2018 |first=Sudipta |last=Sen |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11916-9}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Indra Bir|title=Geological Evolution of the Ganga Plain|journal=Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India|volume=41|year=1996|pages=99–137 |doi=10.1177/0971102319960113 }}<br /> * Tandon, S.K., and R. Sinha. The Ganga River: A Summary View of a Large River System of the Indian Sub-Continent, in Sen Singh, Dhruv (Ed.), The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-Economic Aspects. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2018, pp.&amp;nbsp;61–74. ISBN 978-981-10-2983-7<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br /> <br /> * [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_138.gif Ganga in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909]<br /> * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070607/GAL-07Jun07-77064/index.html Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganga]<br /> * [http://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/331-the-impacts-of-water-infrastructure-and-climate-change-on-the-hydrology-of-the-upper-ganges-river-basin.html The impacts of water infrastructure and climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Ganga River Basin] IWMI research report<br /> * [https://www.npr.org/series/9358334/the-ganges-a-journey-into-india ''The Ganges: A Journey into India''] ([[NPR]])<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iF3PVnfvB8&amp;t=52s ''Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source''] 58 min Documentary<br /> * [https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/earthquake-2500-years-ago-abruptly-changed-ganga-river-course/article68488930.ece?cx_testId=78&amp;cx_testVariant=cx_1&amp;cx_artPos=1&amp;cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&amp;cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendationsTOBNV60LJD3H24#cxrecs_s Earthquake 2,500 years ago abruptly changed Ganga river's course]<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar|India|d=y|auto=1}}<br /> {{Waters of India}}<br /> {{Waters of South Asia}}<br /> {{Symbols of India}}<br /> {{India Rivers}}<br /> {{Bangladesh topics}}<br /> {{Hinduism footer small}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}<br /> {{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Rivers in Bihar}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ganges| ]]&lt;!--eponymous cat. 1st--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Ganges basin|.]]<br /> [[Category:International rivers of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh–India border]]<br /> [[Category:Border rivers]]<br /> [[Category:Sacred rivers]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:National symbols of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]<br /> [[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]<br /> [[Category:Environmental personhood]]<br /> [[Category:Braided rivers in India]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation&diff=451644 2026-03-14T16:19:50Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Improved wording and formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation<br /> | coa_pic = Seal of Thiruvananthapuram.png<br /> | coa_res = 150px<br /> | coa-pic = Thiruvananthapuram Ward Map.png<br /> | coa-res = 200px<br /> | house_type = Municipal Corporation<br /> | body = <br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = [[V. V. Rajesh|Adv. V. V. Rajesh]]<br /> | party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election1 = 26 December 2025<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Asha Nath G. S.<br /> | party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election2 = 26 December 2025<br /> | leader3 = Jahamgeer S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/secretary | title=Secretary &amp;#124; City of Thiruvananthapuram }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Corporation Secretary]]<br /> | structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Partywise 2025.svg|300px]]|By party|[[File:India Kerala Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}<br /> | structure1_res = 300px<br /> | members = 101<br /> | last_election1 = [[2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election|9 December 2025]]<br /> | next_election1 = December 2030<br /> | political_groups1 = '''[[Government]] (51)''' &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{colorbox|#F98C1F}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (51) <br /> *{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (50)<br /> *{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/12/25/independent-councillor-bjp-support-tvm.html|title=Independent councillor Patoor Radhakrishnan backs BJP in TVM Corporation|work=Onmanorama|accessdate=25 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Independent councillor M. Radhakrishnan extended support to BJP.}}<br /> '''Official Opposition (29)''' &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{colorbox|#FF0000}} [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (29)<br /> *{{colorbox|#CC0D0D}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (26)<br /> *{{colorbox|#F9001B}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (3)<br /> '''Other Opposition (21)''' &lt;br /&gt;<br /> {{colorbox|#046FFF}} [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (20)<br /> *{{colorbox|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)<br /> *{{colorbox|#228B22}} [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] (2)<br /> *{{colorbox|#D84C4C}} [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] (1)<br /> *{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (1)<br /> <br /> <br /> | website = {{url|https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}<br /> | native_name_lang = തിരുവനന്തപുരം നഗരസഭ<br /> | foundation = 3 October 1940<br /> }}<br /> '''Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation''' is the [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] that administrates the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]]. The city corporation is spread over 214.86&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with 101 wards and a population of 957,730 inhabitants.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite web | url = https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/general-information | title = General Information | website = Kerala Local Self-Government | publisher = Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation | access-date = 2023-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; It includes the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]], [[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakkoottam]] and 4 wards of the [[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]] constituency.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Conservancy Department was started in Thiruvananthapuram in 1877 during the reign of the king [[Ayilyam Thirunal]] of the [[Travancore|Travancore kingdom]]. Under this arrangement, the town was divided into 5 divisions, namely Kottaykkakam ([[East Fort|areas inside the Fort]]), [[Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram|Chalai]], Sreevaraham, [[Manacaud]] and [[Pettah, Thiruvananthapuram|Pettah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=158&amp;Itemid=11 |title=Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=158&amp;Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first president of the Committee was Dewan Peshkar Iraviperur Pillai. There were 19 members in the committee. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920. After two decades, during the reign of [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma|Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]], Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Municipal Corporation on 30 October 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=158&amp;Itemid=11 |title=Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=2010-10-29 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918085703/http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=158&amp;Itemid=11 |archive-date=2010-09-18 }} Year of becoming a corporation&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Office 2021 January.jpg|thumb|Corporation office]]<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The city corporation is governed by a council of 101 members, headed by the [[Mayor]]. The members of the Council are elected every five years, with the latest election having been in 2025. It constitutes Standing Committees for exercising its powers, discharging such duties or performing such functions as are provided for in the [[Municipal governance in India|Kerala Municipalities Act.]]<br /> <br /> The Mayor is elected by the councilors from among themselves. They chair Council meetings and are responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions of the Municipal Corporation.<br /> <br /> The Deputy Mayor is the Chairman of the Finance Standing Committee and also presides over the Council meetings during the absence of the Mayor. The Secretary of the TMC is a civil servant appointed by the Kerala Government. The law and order of the city is handled by the [[Thiruvananthapuram City Police]] Commissioner. The total police strength in the city including the Armed Reserve camp at Nandavanam and the SAP camp at Peroorkada, is about 4,500.<br /> <br /> The corporation was originally (in 1940) divided into 24 wards, covering an area of 30.66&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Through the years, the city corporation has grown to 101 wards, and now the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Council is the second largest democratically elected body in Kerala after the Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite web | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121916210300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175015/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/19/stories/2006121916210300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-03-10 | title = Corporation hall gets a facelift | author = | date = 2006-12-19 | website = Internet Archive | publisher = The Hindu | access-date = 2023-08-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Office holders ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation — Office Holders ([[2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation election|2025–2030]])<br /> |-<br /> ! Office !! Name !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mayor]] || [[V. V. Rajesh]] <br /> ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br /> | Incumbent office holder.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]] || Asha Nath G.S.<br /> ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])<br /> | Incumbent office holder.<br /> |-<br /> | Chairperson, Finance Standing Committee<br /> | Asha Nath G.S.<br /> (''Deputy Mayor'')<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Chairperson, Development Standing Committee<br /> | Karamana Ajith<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Chairperson, Welfare Standing Committee<br /> | Sathyavathi V. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Chairperson, Health Standing Committee<br /> | M.R. Gopan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Public Works Standing Committee<br /> | Manju G.S.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Town Planning Standing Committee<br /> | M. Radhakrishnan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Tax Appeal Standing Committee<br /> | To be elected<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Education &amp; Sports Standing Committee<br /> | Chempazhanthy Udayan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Secretary]]<br /> | Jahamgeer.S<br /> | Official appointed by the [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Government of Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Secretary of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation |url=https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/secretary}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of mayors==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tenure<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |C. O. Madhavan<br /> |30 October 1940<br /> |28 September 1942<br /> |{{Age in years and days|30 October 1940|28 September 1942}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |M. Govinda Pillai<br /> |28 September 1942<br /> |17 April 1943<br /> |{{Age in years and days|28 September 1942|17 April 1943}}<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |K. George<br /> |17 April 1943<br /> |22 April 1944<br /> |{{Age in years and days|17 April 1943|22 April 1944}}<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[P. S. Nataraja Pillai]]<br /> |22 April 1944<br /> |8 August 1944<br /> |{{Age in years and days|22 April 1944|8 August 1944}}<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |C. Lakshmana Sastri<br /> |8 August 1944<br /> |24 April 1945<br /> |{{Age in years and days|8 August 1944|24 April 1945}}<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |P. Subramanian<br /> |24 April 1945<br /> |22 April 1947<br /> |{{Age in years and days|24 April 1945|22 April 1947}}<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |K. Gopala Pillai<br /> |22 April 1947<br /> |8 December 1947<br /> |{{Age in years and days|22 April 1947|8 December 1947}}<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |S. Varadarajan Nair<br /> |17 December 1947<br /> |21 April 1949<br /> |{{Age in years and days|17 December 1947|21 April 1949}}<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |T. S. Krishnamoorthy Iyer<br /> |21 April 1949<br /> |22 April 1950<br /> |{{Age in years and days|21 April 1949|22 April 1950}}<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |P. Govindan Kutty Nair<br /> |22 April 1950<br /> |15 April 1951<br /> |{{Age in years and days|22 April 1950|15 April 1951}}<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |J. E. Fernandez<br /> |16 April 1951<br /> |20 February 1953<br /> |{{Age in years and days|16 April 1951|20 February 1953}}<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |R. Balakrishnan Nair<br /> |20 February 1953<br /> |12 January 1954<br /> |{{Age in years and days|20 February 1953|12 January 1954}}<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |T. Krishna Pillai<br /> |12 January 1954<br /> |11 January 1955<br /> |{{Age in years and days|12 January 1954|11 January 1955}}<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |N. K. Krishna Pillai<br /> |11 January 1955<br /> |4 June 1955<br /> |{{Age in years and days|11 January 1955|4 June 1955}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |R. Parameswaran Pillai<br /> |10 June 1955<br /> |15 March 1956<br /> |{{Age in years and days|10 June 1955|15 March 1956}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |[[Ponnara Sreedhar]]<br /> |20 March 1956<br /> |21 February 1957<br /> |{{Age in years and days|20 March 1956|21 February 1957}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |P. Govindan Kutty Nair<br /> |21 February 1957<br /> |1 November 1960<br /> |{{Age in years and days|21 February 1957|1 November 1960}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |E. P. Eapen<br /> |5 November 1960<br /> |6 January 1962<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 November 1960|6 January 1962}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |C. R. Das<br /> |6 January 1962<br /> |8 January 1963<br /> |{{Age in years and days|6 January 1962|8 January 1963}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |C. S. Neelakandan Nair<br /> |8 January 1963<br /> |2 July 1964<br /> |{{Age in years and days|8 January 1963|2 July 1964}}<br /> |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |V. Krishna Murari<br /> |13 July 1964<br /> |8 November 1965<br /> |{{Age in years and days|13 July 1964|8 November 1965}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |S. Sathyakaman Nair<br /> |9 November 1965<br /> |6 November 1966<br /> |{{Age in years and days|9 November 1965|6 November 1966}}<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |[[Kosala Ramadas]]<br /> |7 November 1966<br /> |2 November 1967<br /> |{{Age in years and days|7 November 1966|2 November 1967}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> |G. Kuttappan<br /> |3 November 1967<br /> |10 November 1968<br /> |{{Age in years and days|3 November 1967|10 November 1968}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |K. C. Vamadevan<br /> |11 November 1968<br /> |1 November 1970<br /> |{{Age in years and days|11 November 1968|1 November 1970}}<br /> |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |26<br /> |A. Kunjuraman<br /> |3 November 1970<br /> |8 November 1971<br /> |{{Age in years and days|3 November 1970|8 November 1971}}<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |rowspan=3 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> |A. Mohamed Kassim<br /> |9 November 1971<br /> |12 November 1972<br /> |{{Age in years and days|9 November 1971|12 November 1972}}<br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> |K. Karunakaran<br /> |13 November 1972<br /> |11 November 1973<br /> |{{Age in years and days|13 November 1972|11 November 1973}}<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> |M. N. Gopinathan Nair<br /> |12 November 1973<br /> |10 November 1974<br /> |{{Age in years and days|12 November 1973|10 November 1974}}<br /> |rowspan=18 |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> |rowspan=18 style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |M. P. Padmanabhan<br /> |11 November 1974<br /> |11 December 1975<br /> |{{Age in years and days|11 November 1974|11 December 1975}}<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> |M. P. Padmanabhan<br /> |3 October 1979<br /> |5 October 1981<br /> |{{Age in years and days|3 October 1979|5 October 1981}}<br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> |S. Fredy Periera<br /> |6 October 1981<br /> |4 October 1982<br /> |{{Age in years and days|6 October 1981|4 October 1982}}<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |K. Prabhakaran Nair<br /> |5 October 1982<br /> |3 October 1983<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 October 1982|3 October 1983}}<br /> |-<br /> |34<br /> |M. Aboobaker<br /> |4 October 1983<br /> |30 September 1984<br /> |{{Age in years and days|4 October 1983|30 September 1984}}<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |[[C. Jayan Babu]]<br /> |4 February 1988<br /> |3 February 1989<br /> |{{Age in years and days|4 February 1988|3 February 1989}}<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> |P. Maxwel<br /> |7 February 1989<br /> |4 February 1990<br /> |{{Age in years and days|7 February 1989|4 February 1990}}<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> |Stanly Sathyanesan<br /> |5 February 1990<br /> |5 February 1991<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 February 1990|5 February 1991}}<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> |V. Karunakaran Nair<br /> |5 February 1991<br /> |5 February 1992<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 February 1991|5 February 1992}}<br /> |-<br /> |39<br /> |M. P. Padmanabhan<br /> |5 February 1992<br /> |31 January 1994<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 February 1992|31 January 1994}}<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |[[V. Sivankutty]]<br /> |4 October 1995<br /> |4 October 2000<br /> |{{Age in years and days|4 October 1995|4 October 2000}}<br /> |-<br /> |41<br /> |J. Chandra<br /> |5 October 2000<br /> |30 September 2005<br /> |{{Age in years and days|5 October 2000|30 September 2005}}<br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |[[C. Jayan Babu]]<br /> |6 October 2005<br /> |1 October 2010<br /> |{{Age in years and days|6 October 2005|1 October 2010}}<br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |K. Chandrika<br /> |9 November 2010<br /> |31 October 2015<br /> |{{Age in years and days|9 November 2010|31 October 2015}}<br /> |-<br /> |44<br /> |[[V. K. Prasanth]]<br /> |18 November 2015<br /> |26 October 2019<br /> |{{Age in years and days|18 November 2015|26 October 2019}}<br /> |-<br /> |45<br /> |K. Sreekumar<br /> |12 November 2019<br /> |11 November 2020<br /> |{{Age in years and days|12 November 2019|11 November 2020}}<br /> |-<br /> |46<br /> |[[Arya Rajendran|S. Arya Rajendran]]<br /> |28 December 2020<br /> |20 December 2025<br /> |{{Age in years and days|28 December 2020|20 December 2025}}<br /> |-<br /> |47<br /> |[[V. V. Rajesh]]<br /> |26 December 2025<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{Age in years and days|26 December 2025}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Th11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Th12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Th13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes === <br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> ==Current members==<br /> The 101 wards of the Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation and their councillors are listed below in the serial wise order.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trend.kerala.nic.in/|title=2025 Kerala local election results|work=SEC Kerala|accessdate=14 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#F98C1F; color:white&quot; colspan=9|Mayor: V. V. Rajesh<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;background-color:#F98C1F; color:white&quot; colspan=9|Deputy Mayor: Asha Nath G. S.<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=2|Assembly<br /> ! colspan=2|Ward Details<br /> ! rowspan=2|Councillor<br /> ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Party<br /> ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Alliance<br /> ! rowspan=2|Remarks<br /> |-<br /> !No.<br /> !Name<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=13|[[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]] || 1 || Kazhakootam || Prashant S. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Sainik School || V. Sudevan Nair || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Chanthavila || Anu G Prabha<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Kattaikonam || Sindhu Shashi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Njandoorkonam || A. Pradeep Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Powdikonam || Deepu Raj<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || Chenkottukonam || Archana Manikandan <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Chempazhanthy || Shailaja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || Kariavattom || S.S. Sandhyarani || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 10 || Pangappara || Deepa Suresh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || Sreekariyam || Adv.Bindu V.S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 12 || Chellamangalam || Arun Vattavila || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || Mannanthala || Chempazhanthy Udayan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=16|[[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]] || 14 || Pathirapalli || B. Ajayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || Ambalamukku || Kumari Jayanthi R.C. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 16 || Kudappanakunnu || Anitha S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || Thuruthummoola || V. Vijayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || Nettayam || Yamuna R.S.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 19 || Kachani || Aromal K.G. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || Vazhottukonam || Sugathan R. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 21 || Kodunganoor || [[V. V. Rajesh]]<br /> | Mayor<br /> |-<br /> | 22 || Vattiyoorkavu || Adv.Nanda Bhargav<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 23 || Kanjirampara || Sumi Balu <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 24 || Peroorkada || Vineeth V.G. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 25 || Kowdiar || [[K. S. Sabarinadhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 26 || Kuravankonam || Maya R.S. || {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 27 || Muttada || Vaishna Suresh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 28 || Chettivilakam || R. Dinesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 29 || Kinavoor || B. Subhash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|[[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]] || 30 || Nalanchira || Thresiamma Teacher <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 31 || Edavacode || Swathi S. Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 32 || Ulloor || Liju S. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 33 || Medical College || S.S. Sindhu<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5|[[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]] || 34 || Pattom || Reshma C. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 35 || Kesavadasapuram || Anitha Alex<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 36 || Gowreeshapattom || Adv.Parvathi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 37 || Kunnukuzhy || Mary Pushpam A. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=3}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 38 || Nanthancode || K.R. Cletus <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 39 || Palayam || Shirley S.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 40 || Vazhuthacaud || Adv.Rakhi Ravikumar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]] || 41 || [[Sasthamangalam]] || [[R. Sreelekha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 42 || Pangode || Vishnu Mohan M. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]] || 43 || Thirumala || P.S. Devima <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]] || 44 || Valiyavila || Adv.V.G. Girikumar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]] || 45 || Thrikkannapuram || Ajin S.L. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 46 || Punnakkamugal || Shivaji R.P. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 47 || Poojappura || Rajalakshmi T. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 48 || Jagathy || P.T. Madhu <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 49 || Thycaud || G. Venugopal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 50 || Valiyasala || Surya V.S. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 51 || Arannoor || Ranjith T.K. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=12|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]] || 52 || Mudavanmugal || V. Gopakumar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 53 || Estate || R. Abhilash || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=9}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 54 || Nemom || M. R. Gopan <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 55 || Ponnumangalam || Sridevi S. K. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 56 || Melamcode || Pappanamcode Saji<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 57 || Pappanamcode || Niramankara Hari <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 58 || Karamana || Karamana Ajith<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 59 || Nedumcaud || R. C. Beena<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 60 || Kaladi || Manju G. S.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 61 || Karumom || Ashanath G. S.<br /> |Deputy Mayor<br /> |-<br /> | 62 || Punchakkari || Shailajadevi C. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 63 || Poonkulam || Vayalkkara Ratheesh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|[[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]] || 64 || Venganoor || Lathikakumari S. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 65 || Port || Paniyadima J. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 66 || Vizhinjam || K H Sudheerkhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 67 || Harbour || Afsa Sajina || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]] || 68 || Vellar || Sathyavathi V. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 69 || Thiruvallam || Pachalloor Gopakumar <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 70 || Poonthura || Srruthymol Poonthoora. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 71 || Puthenppalli || Shamna Teacher|| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4|[[Nemom Assembly constituency|Nemom]] || 72 || Ambalathara || Simi Jyotish || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=2}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 73 || Attukal || Srruthy S. S. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 74 || Kalippankulam || Razia Begum || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 75 || Kamaleswaram || Giri V. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=11|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 76 || Beemapalli || Sajina Teacher || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 77 || Valiyathura || Sheeba Patrick || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 78 || Vallakkadavu || Shajida Naseer || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 79 || Sreevaraham || Mini R. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=6}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 80 || Manacaud || Saritha P. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 81 || Chalai || S. K. P. Ramesh <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 82 || Fort || Harikumar S. <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 83 || Perunthanni || Deepa S. Nair <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 84 || Sreekanteswaram || Sukanya O. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 85 || Thampanoor || R. Harikumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 86 || Vanchiyoor || Vanchiyoor P Babu || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vattiyoorkavu Assembly constituency|Vattiyoorkavu]] || 87 || Kannammoola || P. Radhakrishnan{{efn|Extended support to BJP led NDA.}} || {{Party name with color|Independent}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3|[[Thiruvananthapuram Assembly constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 88 || Pettah || Adv.Deepak S. P. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|rowspan=4}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 89 || Chackai || K. Sreekumar<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 90 || Vettukadu || Kinsey Ivin<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=11|[[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]] || 91 || Karikkakam || Adv.Aswathy M. S.<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 92 || Kadakampally || Jaya Rajeev || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 93 || Anamugham || Veenakumari R. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 94 || Akkulam || Adv.Mini P. S. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=4}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 95 || Cheruvaikkal || Vinod R. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 96 || Alathara || K. P. Bindu <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 97 || Kuzhivila || B. Rajendran<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 98 || Poundkadavu || Sudheesh Kumar || {{Party name with color|Independent}} || {{party color cell|Others}} ||align=left|None<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 99 || Kulathoor || Shruthi I. M. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 100 || Attipra || Sunil S. S. || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 101 || Pallithura || Suchithra T. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}} || {{Party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> === Corporation Election 2025 ===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! S.No. <br /> ! Party name <br /> ! Party symbol <br /> ! Number of Corporators <br /> ! Change<br /> ! Map<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white&quot;|'''1.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br /> | [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|60px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''50''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{increase}} '''15'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[File:2025 Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Election Alliance Wise Result Map.svg|frameless]]<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''2.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br /> | [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|60px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''29''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''23'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''3.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br /> | [[File:UDF logo.png|60px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''20''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{increase}} '''10'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white&quot;|'''4.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] <br /> | [[File:No flag.svg|60px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''2'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''1'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Corporation Election 2020 ===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! S.No. <br /> ! Party name <br /> ! Party symbol <br /> ! Number of Corporators <br /> ! Change<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''1.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br /> | [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''52''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{increase}} '''9'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white&quot;|'''2.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br /> | [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''35''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{steady}} <br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''3.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br /> | [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''10''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''11'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white&quot;|'''4.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] <br /> | [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''3'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{increase}} '''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group<br /> |-<br /> |96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം<br /> |Vattoyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല<br /> |[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്<br /> |Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര<br /> |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്<br /> |[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |20||PATHIRAPALLI<br /> |പാതിരപ്പളളി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |17||PATTOM||പട്ടം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |93||PETTAH||പേട്ട<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം <br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Corporation Election 2015 ===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! S.No. <br /> ! Party name <br /> ! Party symbol <br /> ! Number of Corporators <br /> ! Change<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''1.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br /> | [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''43''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''8'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white&quot;|'''2.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br /> | [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''35''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{increase}} '''29'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''3.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br /> | [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''21''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''19'''<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white&quot;|'''4.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] <br /> | [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''1'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{decrease}} '''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group<br /> |-<br /> |96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല<br /> |[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്<br /> |Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര<br /> |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്<br /> |[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |20||PATHIRAPALLI<br /> |പാതിരപ്പളളി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |17||PATTOM||പട്ടം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |93||PETTAH||പേട്ട<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം <br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Corporation Election 2010===<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! S.No. <br /> ! Party name <br /> ! Party symbol <br /> ! Number of Corporators <br /> ! Change<br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''1.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''LDF''']] <br /> | [[File:Left Democratic Front (Kerala) Logo.svg|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''51''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{steady}} <br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};color:white&quot;|'''3.''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|'''UDF''']] <br /> | [[File:UDF logo.png|50px]] <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''40''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{steady}} <br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white&quot;|'''3.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] <br /> | [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''06''' <br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{steady}} <br /> |-<br /> |! style=&quot;text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent politician}};color:white&quot;|'''4.'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| [[Independent politician|'''IND''']] <br /> | [[File:No flag.svg|50px]]<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| '''03'''<br /> | align=&quot;center&quot;| {{steady}} <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Ward Number!!Ward Name(En)!!Ward Name(Ml)!!Assembly constituency!!Political Group<br /> |-<br /> |96||AAKKULAM||ആക്കുളം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |98||AATTIPRA||ആറ്റിപ്ര<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |67||AMBALATHARA||അമ്പലത്തറ||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |95||ANAMUGHAM||അണമുഖം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |46||ARANNOOR||ആറന്നൂര്‍||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |70||ATTUKAL||ആറ്റുകാല്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |77||BEEMAPALLI||ബീമാപള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |76||BEEMAPALLI EAST||ബീമാപള്ളി ഈസ്റ്റ്‌||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |86||CHAKKA||ചാക്ക<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |71||CHALAI||ചാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |2||CHANTHAVILA||ചന്തവിള||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |8||CHELLAMANGALAM||ചെല്ലമംഗലം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |9||CHEMPAZHANTHY||ചെമ്പഴന്തി||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |5||CHERUVAKKAL||ചെറുവക്കല്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |21||CHETTIVILAKAM||ചെട്ടിവിളാകം<br /> |Vattoyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |7||EDAVACODE||ഇടവക്കോട്||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |53||ESTATE||എസ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |80||FORT||ഫോര്‍ട്ട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |63||HARBOUR||ഹാര്‍ബര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |44||JAGATHY||ജഗതി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |34||KACHANI||കാച്ചാണി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |92||KADAKAMPALLY||കടകംപള്ളി<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |55||KALADI||കാലടി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |69||KALIPPANKULAM||കളിപ്പാന്‍കുളം||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |68||KAMALESWARAM||കമലേശ്വരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |30||KANJIRAMPARA||കാഞ്ഞിരംപാറ||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |94||KANNAMMOOLA||കണ്ണമ്മൂല<br /> |[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |45||KARAMANA||കരമന||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |91||KARIKKAKAM||കരിക്കകം<br /> |Kazhakootam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |3||KATTAYIKONAM||കാട്ടായിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |1||KAZHAKKUTTOM||കഴക്കൂട്ടം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |15||KESAVADASAPURAM||കേസവദാസപുരം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |12||KINAVOOR||കിണവൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |37||KODUNGANOOR||കൊടുങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |61||KOTTAPURAM||കോട്ടപ്പുറം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |23||KOWDIAR||കവടിയാര്‍||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |19||KUDAPPANAKUNNU||കുടപ്പനകുന്ന്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |97||KULATHOOR||കുളത്തൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |26||KUNNUKUZHY||കുന്നുകുഴി||Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |24||KURAVANKONAM||കുറവന്‍ക്കോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |73||KURYATHI||കുര്യാത്തി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |72||MANACAUD||മണക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |75||MANIKYAVILAKAM||മാണിക്യവിളാകം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |13||MANNANTHALA||മണ്ണന്തല<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |16||MEDICAL COLLEGE||മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളേജ്<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |56||MELAMCODE||മേലാംകോട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |47||MUDAVANMUGHAL||മുടവന്മുഗള്‍||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |60||MULLOOR||മുല്ലൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |18||MUTTADA||മുട്ടട<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |78||MUTTATHARA||മുട്ടത്തറ||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |14||NALANCHIRA||നാലാഞ്ചിറ||Vattiyoorkaav, Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |25||NANTHANCODE||നന്തന്‍കോട്<br /> |Vattiyoorkavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |54||NEDUNKADU||നെടുങ്കാട്||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |49||NEMOM||നേമം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |33||NETTAYAM||നെട്ടയം||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |11||NJANDDORKONAM||ഞാണ്ടൂര്‍ക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |38||P T P NAGAR||പി. റ്റി .പി നഗര്‍||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |27||PALAYAM||പാളയം||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |85||PALKULANGARA||പാല്‍ക്കുളങ്ങര<br /> |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |100||PALLITHURA||പള്ളിത്തുറ<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |39||PANGODU||പാങ്ങോട്||Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |52||PAPPANAMCODE||പാപ്പനംകോട്<br /> |[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |20||PATHIRAPALLI<br /> |പാതിരപ്പളളി<br /> |Vattiyoorkaavu<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |17||PATTOM||പട്ടം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |31||PEROORKADA||പേരൂര്‍ക്കട||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |84||PERUNTHANNI||പെരുന്താന്നി<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |93||PETTAH||പേട്ട<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |50||PONNUMANGALAM||പൊന്നുമംഗലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |42||POOJAPURA||പൂജപ്പുര||Nemom||style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |99||POUNDKADAVU||പൗണ്ട്കടവ്<br /> |Kazhakoottam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |10||POWDIKONAM||പൗഡിക്കോണം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |57||PUNCHAKARI||പുഞ്ചക്കരി||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |58||PUNKULAM||പൂങ്കുളം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |51||PUNNAKKA MUGHAL||പുന്നയ്ക്കാമുഗള്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |66||PUNTHURA||പൂന്തുറ||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |74||PUTHENPALLI||പുത്തന്‍പള്ളി||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |89||SANGHUMUGHAM||ശംഖുമുഖം<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |22||SASTHAMANGALAM||ശാസ്തമംഗലം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |83||SREEKANTESWARAM||ശ്രീകണ്ഠേശ്വരം <br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FF9933&quot;|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |4||SREEKARIYAM||ശ്രീകാര്യം||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:grey;&quot;|IND<br /> |-<br /> |79||SREEVARAHAM||ശ്രീവരാഹം||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |81||THAMPANOOR||തമ്പാനൂര്‍||Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |40||THIRUMALA||തിരുമല||Nemom<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |48||THRIKANNAPURAM||തൃക്കണ്ണാപുരം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |65||THRUVALLAM||തിരുവല്ലം||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |32||THURUTHUMMOOLA||തുരുത്തുംമൂല<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |28||THYCAUD||തൈക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |6||ULLOOR||ഉള്ളൂര്‍||[[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |43||VALIYASALA||വലിയശാല||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]||style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |87||VALIYATHURA||വലിയതുറ<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |41||VALIYAVILA||വലിയവിള||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |88||VALLAKKADAVU||വള്ളക്കടവ്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |82||VANCHIYOOR||വഞ്ചിയൂര്‍<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |36||VATTIYOORKAVU||വട്ടിയൂര്‍ക്കാവ്||[[Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency)|Vattiyoorkavu]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |35||VAZHOTTUKONAM||വഴോട്ടുകോണം<br /> |Vattiyoorkaav<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |29||VAZHUTHACAUD||വഴുതക്കാട്||[[Thiruvananthapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |64||VELLAR||വെള്ളാര്‍||[[Nemom (State Assembly constituency)|Nemom]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |59||VENGANOOR||വെങ്ങാനൂര്‍||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |90||VETTUKADU||വെട്ടുകാട്<br /> |Thiruvananthapuram<br /> |style=&quot;background:red;&quot;|[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |62||VIZHINJAM||വിഴിഞ്ഞം||Kovalam<br /> |style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot;|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://tmc.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/ Corporation Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Thiruvananthapuram}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:1940 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government of Thiruvananthapuram]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banni_Grasslands_Reserve&diff=489645 2026-03-10T15:44:23Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Arid ecosystem in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{coord|23|33|00|N|69|16|00|E|display=title|type:forest}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}<br /> '''Banni Grasslands Reserve''' or '''Banni grasslands''' form a belt of [[arid]] [[grassland]] [[ecosystem]] on the outer southern edge of the [[desert]] of the marshy [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] of [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Kutch District]], [[Gujarat State]], India. They are known for rich [[wildlife]] and [[biodiversity]] and are spread across an area of 3,847&amp;nbsp;square kilometres. They are currently legally protected under the status as a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|protected or reserve forest in India]]. Though declared a [[protected forest]] more than half a century ago Gujarat state's forest department has recently proposed a special plan to restore and manage this ecosystem in the most efficient way.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/centre-approves-working-plan-for-banni-grassland/531693/ Centre approves working plan for Banni grassland]; by Shubhlakshmi Shukla; 22 October 2009; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/state-takes-54-years-to-prepare-working-plan-for-banni-grasslands/519540/0 State takes 54&amp;nbsp;years to prepare working plan for Banni grasslands]; by Shubhlakshmi Shukla; 21 September 2009; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) has identified this grassland reserve as one of the last remaining habitats of the [[cheetah]] in India and a possible [[reintroduction]] site for the [[species]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ; Times of India&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The word 'Banni' comes from [[Hindi]] word 'banai', meaning made. The land here was formed from the [[sediment]]s that were deposited by the [[Indus]] and other rivers over thousands of years. Old villagers from this region say that before the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]], the river Indus flowed right through banni and the local farmers reaped a rich harvest of crops like red rice and sindhi chokha etc., red rice was the staple diet of the people of the region and it was even recommended by medical practitioners as a 'light diet' for ailing people. However, since the earthquake of 1819 the river Indus changed its course and now flows through [[Sindh]] in neighbouring country of [[Pakistan]] effectively turning this entire region arid.&lt;ref name=&quot;70% of cattle-breeders desert Banni&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110913153238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-02-14/ahmedabad/27141912_1_banni-kutch-breeders 70% of cattle-breeders desert Banni]; by Narandas Thacker, TNN, 14 February 2002; The Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lost and forgotten: grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat&quot;&gt;[http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/564/564_c_bharwada_&amp;_v_mahajan.htm Lost and forgotten: grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat]; by CHARUL BHARWADA and VINAY MAHAJAN; THE FORSAKEN DRYLANDS; a symposium on some of India'smost invisible people; SEMINAR; NEW DELHI; 2006; NUMB 564, pages 35–39; {{ISSN|0037-1947}}. Listed at the British Library Online: [http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=193508271&amp;ETOC=RN&amp;from=searchengine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218202305/http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=193508271&amp;ETOC=RN&amp;from=searchengine |date=18 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Banni grassland is peculiar to the [[Rann of Kutch]], it has some forty [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] speaking [[Maldhari]] (cattle breeders) hamlets, home to the [[Halaypotra]], [[Hingora]], [[Hingorja]], Jat and [[Mutwa]] tribes<br /> .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990811/ige11120.html Between sun and superstition; EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE]; 11 August 1999; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; It was first declared a &quot;protected forest&quot; in May 1955, using the [[nomenclature]] of the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]]. Since then, the actual transfer of the land from the Revenue department to the Forest department has not been completed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970710/19150293.html Gujarat govt flouts Forest Act, SC fiat]; by D V Maheshwari; 10 July 1997; Indian Express Newspaper, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-17/ahmedabad/27862345_1_banni-grasslands-forest The death knell sounded for Banni]; Paul John, TNN, 17 July 2005; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Vegetation==<br /> [[File:Gujarat_Geological_map.jpg|thumb|The Banni region was created by the 1819 earthquake]]<br /> Vegetation in Banni is sparse and highly dependent on year-to-year variations in rainfall.<br /> Banni is dominated by low-growing forbs and graminoids, many of which are halophiles (salt-tolerant), as well as scattered tree cover and scrub. The tree cover is primarily composed of ''Salvadora'' spp. and the invasive ''Prosopis juliflora''. Dominant species include ''[[Cressa cretica]]'', ''Cyperus'' spp., grasses in the genera ''[[Sporobolus]]'', ''[[Dichanthium]]'', and ''[[Aristida]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Wildlife==<br /> The grasslands are home to [[mammal]]s such as the [[nilgai]] (''Boselaphus tragocamelus''), [[chinkara]] (''Gazella bennettii''),&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/rajkot/28154402_1_rl-meena-kutch-kala-dungar Kutch to have chinkara conservation centre]; 6 May 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt; [[blackbuck]] (''Antilope cervicapra''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), [[Indian hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis''), [[Indian wolf]] (''Canis lupus pallipes''), [[caracal]] (''Caracal caracal''), [[Asiatic wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris ornata'') and [[red fox|desert fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes pusilla'') etc. among others. The last [[Indian wild ass]] (''Equus hemionus khur'') population, which had become confined to nearby Little [[Rann of Kutch]], has been increasing in numbers since 1976 and has recently started spilling over into adjoining areas including Greater Rann of Kutch, Banni and the adjoining villages of the neighbouring Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bounties of a bleak landscape – The Little Rann of Kutch is hot, dry and salty, but it has rich biodiversity&quot;&gt;{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120724/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2308/stories/20060505000406600.htm Bounties of a bleak landscape – The Little Rann of Kutch is hot, dry and salty, but it has rich biodiversity.]}} by DIONNE BUNSHA; Volume 23 – Issue 08 :: 22 Apr – 5 May 2006; Frontline Magazine; India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild asses population rises by 4% (2009)&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-11/ahmedabad/28050560_1_nal-sarovar-first-census-wild-asses Wild asses population rises by 4% (2009)];TNN; 11 April 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Ass sighted in Rajasthan villages along Gujarat&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025708/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/13/stories/2009091354830700.htm Wild Ass sighted in Rajasthan villages along Gujarat]; by Sunny Sebastian; 13 September 2009; The Hindu, India's National Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Banni grasslands also have a rich diversity of [[Bird|avifauna]], [[Herpetology|herpetofauna]] and [[invertebrate]]s. During good rainfall years the seasonal water bodies of Banni form important staging grounds for thousands of [[flamingo]]s, migratory [[Crane (bird)|cranes]] and also support large numbers of over 150 species of [[Bird migration|migratory]] and resident birds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/uploads/files/CaseStudyAttachments/230_gujarat-grasslands.pdf |title=Ecorestoration of Banni Grassland; First Annual Technical Report; December, 1998; Published by Gujarat Ecology Commission; GERI Campus, Race Course Road, Vadodara – 390 007. INDIA |access-date=23 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006144400/http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/uploads/files/CaseStudyAttachments/230_gujarat-grasslands.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reintroduction of cheetah===<br /> {{ main|Cheetah reintroduction in India}}<br /> ''Banni Grasslands Reserve'' and ''[[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]]'', both in [[Kutch]], have been classified by [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) as the last remaining habitats of the [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus'') in India and are proposed as some of the possible sites for the [[reintroduction]] of the [[species]] in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ; Times of India&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135332/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-03/ahmedabad/28084202_1_cheetahs-sq-km-semi-wild-enclosures Banni Grassland possible home for cheetahs]; Himanshu Kaushik, TNN, 3 October 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-12/ahmedabad/28063993_1_cheetahs-yadvendradev-jhala-gajner Cheetahs on their way to Gujarat?] 12 September 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt; [[Asiatic cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'') that used to occur here are now locally [[extinct]] in India and elsewhere, except a very small [[critically endangered]] and [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] population of last few, estimated to be below 100, thought to be surviving only in the [[Dasht-e Kavir|central desert]] of [[Iran]]. Thus cheetah experts from around the world have advised India to import and introduce the cheetah from Africa as genetically it is identical to the ones found is Asia, as genetic studies had suggested that the Asian population had separated from the African relatively recently only 5000&amp;nbsp;years ago which is not enough for a subspecies level differentiation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ; Times of India&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174328/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-09/flora-fauna/28074792_1_cheetah-m-k-ranjitsinh-tiger-reserves Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ]; PTI, 9 September 2009; The Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-get-cheetahs-from-namibia/487160/ India to get cheetahs from Namibia]; by Neha Sinha; 9 July 2009; 2 Page article online; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120122044658/http://www.sify.com/news/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion-news-national-jjjkkbhjfbj.html Cheetah re-introduction plan under discussion]; IANS; 2009-09-09; Sify News. See also [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion_100244739.html]. See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20181219095044/http://www.aol.in/news-story/cheetah-reintroduction-plan-under-discussion/581013], {{cite web|url=http://newshopper.sulekha.com/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion_news_1104379.htm |title=Cheetah re-introduction plan under discussion – Sulekha News |accessdate=2010-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713185349/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/cheetah-re-introduction-plan-under-discussion_news_1104379.htm |archivedate=13 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_100245817.html Experts eye African cheetahs for reintroduction, to submit plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174940/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_100245817.html |date=15 December 2018 }}; ICT by IANS; 11 September 2009; THAILAND NEWS; A news portal for Indians in Thailand. See also at sulekha news {{cite web |url=http://newshopper.sulekha.com/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_news_1105041.htm |title=Experts eye African cheetahs for reintroduction, to submit plan – Sulekha News |accessdate=2010-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120716204339/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/experts-eye-african-cheetahs-for-reintroduction-to-submit-plan_news_1105041.htm |archivedate=16 July 2012 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024758/http://www.indiaenews.com/africa/20090911/220256.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262019 Spotted: Lean Cat Rerun – Hunted out from Indian grasslands, the cheetah may tear across the landscape again; by Shruti Ravindran; environment: wildlife; 5 Oct 2009; Outlook India magazine]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/c5792cd0-81da-11de-9c5e-00144feabdc0 India tries cheetah diplomacy on Iran]; By James Lamont in New Delhi; 5 August 2009; Financial Times&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-08/flora-fauna/28076680_1_cheetah-fastest-animal-relocation Plan for cheetah relocation in India]; PTI; 8 September 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-11/jaipur/28067178_1_cheetah-sq-km-shahgarh-bulge More places identified for housing cheetah]; by Anindo Dey, TNN; 11 September 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8262862.stm India plans return of the cheetah – India plans to bring back the cheetah, nearly half a century after it became extinct in the country. The BBC's Soutik Biswas considers whether it is a good idea.]; 20 September 2009; BBC NEWS&lt;/ref&gt; However, the plan has been on hold from 2012, after the discovery that Asiatic cheetahs are genetically different and have been diverged from the [[South African cheetah|Southern African population]] (''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus'') between 32,000 and 67,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.binoygupta.com/wildlife/cheetah-275/ |title=&amp;#124; Travel India Guide |publisher=Binoygupta.com |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cheetah-watch.com/portfolio/breaking-indias-plan-to-re-introduce-the-cheetah-on-hold/ |title=Breaking: India's Plan to Re-Introduce the Cheetah on Hold |work=cheetah-watch.com |date=8 May 2012 |accessdate=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211085055/http://cheetah-watch.com/portfolio/breaking-indias-plan-to-re-introduce-the-cheetah-on-hold/ |archive-date=11 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Seasonal wetlands and abundance of waterbirds==<br /> [[File:Caprimulgus mahrattensis.JPG|thumb|Caprimulgus mahrattensis]]<br /> [[Monsoon]] rains each year form several [[marsh]]y [[wetland]]s which dot the Banni grasslands and the areas adjacent to it, all being [[ephemeral]] or seasonal in nature. Some better-known examples are: Vekario-Dhand, Kheerjog, Vinzar varo Thathh, Hodko Thathh, Servo-Dhand, Bhagadio Thathh, Kar near Kirro, Kunjevari Thathh, Hanjtal, and [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve|Chari-Dhand]] – the biggest in size among all of them. In the local [[Kutchi language|Kutchhi]]-[[Sindhi language]] there are four terms used for wetlands in Banni and across the [[International border|border]] in Pakistan, they are Kar (smallest), Chhachh (bigger than Kar), Thathh (bigger than Chhach) and Dhand (the biggest of the wetlands). The area of each of these seasonal freshwater wetlands during any given year depends upon the amount of rainfall received during that year.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wetlandwithketantatu.com/2008/12/article.html Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815053113/http://www.wetlandwithketantatu.com/2008/12/article.html |date=15 August 2016 }}; Jugal Kishore Tiwari; Wetlands Forever website&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These wetlands are located on the [[flyway]] of [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic]] [[bird migration|migratory birds]] and play a very important role as foraging, roosting, resting and staging grounds for millions of [[wader]]s, [[waterfowl]], [[crane (bird)|cranes]] and other feathered migrants that visit the area from August and staying until March every year. Thousands of [[flamingo]]s in their breeding plumage, [[common crane]]s (''Grus grus'') and other wetland birds including hundreds of [[painted stork]]s (''Mycteria leucocephala'') and [[Eurasian spoonbill]]s (''Platalea leucorodia'') among others can be spotted in the larger of these seasonal wetlands of the Banni.<br /> <br /> One of the largest of these seasonal wetlands in the Banni is [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]] which has been accorded special protected status as a protected or reserve forest to conserve its [[wildlife]] and visiting migratory birds.&lt;ref name=&quot;(Gujarat) State thinks green, banks on eco-tourism&quot;&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/state-thinks-green-banks-on-ecotourism/353282/ (Gujarat) State thinks green, banks on eco-tourism; by DEBARATI BASU, Shubhlakshmi Shukla; 26 Aug 2008; Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Migratory birds come flocking as Chari-Dhand gains 'wet'&quot;&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/migratory-birds-come-flocking-as-charidhand-gains-wet/351919/ Migratory birds come flocking as Chari-Dhand gains ‘wet’; by D V MAHESHWARI; 22 Aug 2008; Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhuj wetland to be turned into a tourist hot spot&quot;&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/bhuj-wetland-to-be-turned-into-a-tourist-hot-spot/326671/ Bhuj wetland to be turned into a tourist hot spot; by D V MAHESHWARI; 24 Jun 2008; Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chari-Dhand wetland yet to get conservation reserve tag&quot;&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/charidhand-wetland-yet-to-get-conservation-reserve-tag/322938/ Chari-Dhand wetland yet to get conservation reserve tag; by D V MAHESHWARI; 15 Jun 2008; Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overgrazing, recurring droughts and salinity ingress==<br /> The Banni grasslands are under pressure due to man-made factors which are [[overgrazing]], [[Invasive species|invasion]] by ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'', an exotic thorny tree, and natural factors which are recurring droughts and salinity ingress.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banni Grasslands; Kutch Dist., Gujarat – Water Harvesting: Addressing the problem of drinking water&quot;&gt;[http://www.narmada.org/ALTERNATIVES/banni/alt-banni.html Banni Grasslands; Kutch Dist., Gujarat – A complex rainwater harvesting system developed over centuries by the Maldharis of Banni grasslands is threatened by natural factors and man made interventions.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202090747/http://www.narmada.org/ALTERNATIVES/banni/alt-banni.html |date=2 February 2009 }} Water Harvesting: Addressing the problem of drinking water; The Friends of River Narmada ([http://www.narmada.org/ALTERNATIVES/water.harvesting.html])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/drought-in-a-desert-why-has-drought-hit-the-maldharis-so-hard-this-year/article27090863.ece|title=Why has drought hit the Maldharis of Kutch so hard this year?|last=Vanak|first=Ramya Ravi &amp; Abi T.|date=2019-05-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The main sources of income of [[Maldhari]]s pastoralist communities such as the [[Halaypotra]], [[Hingora]], [[Hingorja]], Jat, [[Ker (tribe)|Ker]], and [[Mutwa]] who live here with their livestock are sale of high quality [[ghee]], milk, [[wool]], animals and handicrafts. Due to several reasons, the traditional occupational pattern is changing from livestock breeding to livestock grazing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banni Grasslands; Kutch Dist., Gujarat – Water Harvesting: Addressing the problem of drinking water&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The climate is [[arid]] with an average rainfall of only 315&amp;nbsp;mm per year between June and September. The number of days during which rain falls in a year usually does not exceed 4 or 5. Banni has almost no rivers or natural streams however, about 100 rivers and rivulets flowing northwards from the Kutch mainland drain into the grasslands of Banni along its southern boundary. This area near the boundary gets flooded during the rainy season mainly by the water brought by these rivers and local rainfall. It is this annual [[flooding]] and the old [[silt]] deposits that formed Banni, which were [[Fluvial|deposited]] here when the [[Indus River]] used to flow through the region until it changed its course due to the 1819 earthquake.&lt;ref name=&quot;70% of cattle-breeders desert Banni&quot;/&gt; This gave rise to what is often called Asia's finest natural grasslands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Banni Grasslands; Kutch Dist., Gujarat – Water Harvesting: Addressing the problem of drinking water&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> This entire region of Kutch, Gujarat is however drought prone due to erratic monsoons with cattle breeding pastoralist tribes ([[Maldharis]]) living here having to move out with their livestock as the region turns into a desert in bad rainfall years.&lt;ref name=&quot;70% of cattle-breeders desert Banni&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bounties of a bleak landscape – The Little Rann of Kutch is hot, dry and salty, but it has rich biodiversity&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230161134/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1710/17101200.htm Gujarat's thirst; Distress migration of people and large-scale death of livestock have peaked. And this time the urban segments are as badly hit as the rural areas.]}} by LYLA BAVADAM recently in Gujarat; Volume 17 – Issue 10, 13 – 26 May. 2000; Frontline Magazine; India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020602064114/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1812/18120500.htm Dealing with drought – Drought stalks Gujarat once again but the government relies on short-term crisis management measures instead of evolving a long-term, region-specific strategy to deal with this recurring phenomenon.]}} by LYLA BAVADAM; Volume 18 – Issue 12, 9–22 Jun 2001; Frontline Magazine; India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041210051626/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600140200.htm A desert weeps – In the Kutch, the locals are in uneasy co-existence with their natural resources, writes PAMELA BHAGAT.]; 6 June 2004; The Hindu, India's National Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Invasive ganda bawal tree==<br /> ''[[Prosopis juliflora]]'', a [[Introduced species|non-native]], thorny, shrubby species of [[mesquite]] locally known as ganda bawal, was planted in the area to help the Gujarat State forest department fight salinity ingress and barrenness in the Banni region of Kutch.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-04/ahmedabad/27168062_1_gando-baval-tree-wild-weed 'Gando baval' overtakes 'neem' as state's (Gujarat's) no. 1 tree]; TNN, 4 December 2004, Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1173387.cms The death knell sounded for Banni]; Paul John, TNN, 17 July 2005; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025150957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-22/ahmedabad/28154842_1_gando-baval-invasive-alien-species-climate-change Gando Baval an invasive alien species' in Gujarat]; TNN, 22 May 2009; Times of India&lt;/ref&gt; A ban was placed on the tree's harvest in the 1980s, at which time it covered less than 10 per cent of the Banni grasslands. However, it quickly became an [[invasive species]], occupying over 40 per cent of the land by the late 1990s. This worried the forest department, as ''P. juliflora'' is known for harming biodiversity and it was clear that it was destroying the grassland ecosystem, so the state government lifted the ban in early 2004, liberalising ''Prosopis'' cutting under Section 32 of the Indian Forest Act. The idea, on paper, had been to make [[charcoal]] from it and thus help improve the economic conditions of the people of Banni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981026/29950904.html Govt wakes up to illegal charcoal manufacture]; by Bashir Pathan; 26 October 1998; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/gsfdc-scripts-a-turnaround-story-rides-pretty-on-greenbacks/292304/ GSFDC scripts a turnaround story, rides pretty on greenbacks]; by BASHIR PATHAN; 4 April 2008; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; This was aimed at containing the brazen spread of the wild weed, the decision however backfired with an equally mindless chopping for profit where often native trees were also cut down under the garb&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/felling-of-gando-bawal-banned-in-kutch/306495/ Felling of Gando Bawal banned in Kutch]; by D V MAHESHWARI; 7 May 2008; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; resulting in the crucial green cover in the region getting reduced to less than 10 per cent in 2004. In 2008, the Gujarat state government reimposed the ban{{Citation needed|date=May 2019|reason=Current citations tell about the consensus but not the final order reimposing the ban of cutting of shrub}} on the cutting of ganda bawal in the Banni region of Kutch after a consensus was reached on this at a joint meeting of the Forest department and Kutch legislators.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/govt-mulls-reimposing-ban-on-ganda-bawal-cutting/298332/ Govt mulls re-imposing ban on Ganda Bawal cutting]; Express news service; 18 April 2008; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/govt-reconsiders-cutting-gando-bawal/301294/ Govt reconsiders cutting Gando Bawal]; by D V MAHESHWARI; 25 April 2008; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/forest-department-no-longer-game-for-felling-gando-bawal/308910/ Forest department no longer game for felling Gando Bawal]; D V MAHESHWARI; 13 May 2008; Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mass cutting of [[Prosopis juliflora|ganda bawal]] trees and the air pollution from charcoal making has unexpectedly also vastly brought down the wild [[honey bee]] populations and has had a disastrous effect on wild bee [[honey]] collection, crop [[pollination]] and [[crop yield]]s in the Kutch region. The number of dwarf bee hives in one square kilometre area has reduced to only 20–25 from the earlier 60–70 colonies in and around the Banni grasslands after the large scale tree felling. Local honey hunters ([[Koli people|Koli]] community) who used to harvest about 300 tonnes of wild honey annually from Kutch after a moratorium for two years could only collect just 50 tonnes in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407112142/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&amp;pageid=18&amp;sectid=edid=&amp;edlabel=ETM&amp;mydateHid=06-06-2008&amp;pubname=Economic+Times+-+Mumbai&amp;edname=&amp;articleid=Ar01802&amp;publabel=ET Vanishing bees bring down crop yields in Kutch – The Culprit: Pollution &amp; Rampant Felling Of Mad Weed Caused Disappearance Of Dwarf Bee Species From Region]; by Avinash Nair &amp; Himanshu Darji AHMEDABAD; 6 June 2008; Mobile Paper; The Times of India.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220331030700/http://beekeepingtimes.com/content/view/175/1/ Bee Populations and Crop Yields Go Down in Kachchh, Gujarat]; compiled by: MCS; Pune; 6 June 2008; Beekeeping Times; Pune; Maharashtra; India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chir Batti==<br /> In dark nights an unexplained strange dancing light phenomena known locally as [[Chir Batti]] (Ghost lights) is known to occur here in the banni grasslands, its seasonal marshy wetlands&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 Ghost lights that dance on Banni grasslands when it’s very dark] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034106/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 |date=14 January 2009 }}; by D V Maheshwari; 28 August 2007; The Indian Express Newspaper&lt;/ref&gt; and in the adjoining [[desert]] of the marshy [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] of [[Rann of Kutch]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;issueid=&amp;id=313&amp;Itemid=&amp;sectionid=8&amp;secid=48&amp;completeview=1 Stark beauty (Rann of Kutch); Bharati Motwani; 23 September 2008; India Today Magazine], Cached: Page 2 of 3 page article with these search terms highlighted: cheer batti ghost lights rann kutch [http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=313&amp;Itemid=1&amp;issueid=&amp;sectionid=8&amp;secid=48&amp;limit=1&amp;limitstart=1]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Cached: Complete View – 3 page article seen as a single page [http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;issueid=&amp;id=313&amp;Itemid=&amp;sectionid=8&amp;secid=48&amp;completeview=1]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tourism development==<br /> The Gujarat State government is developing Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve, along with the surrounding areas in and around the Banni grasslands in the district of Kutch, for [[ecotourism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;(Gujarat) State thinks green, banks on eco-tourism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Migratory birds come flocking as Chari-Dhand gains 'wet'&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhuj wetland to be turned into a tourist hot spot&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chari-Dhand wetland yet to get conservation reserve tag&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> To boost tourism in the area a few of the local villages in Banni are being developed as village resorts, showcasing local arts, crafts, ancient architecture of Kutch and traditional Kutchi cuisine; these mini resorts are being run by the villagers themselves in collaboration with the formal tourism infrastructure.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?236435 Hodka; Salt Is... Yes, Sweet; Human warmth amid a harsh landscape, the contrast lingers...]; by Anjali Puri; Outlook India Magazine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110916151849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-08/rajkot/28112430_1_eco-tourism-rann-utsav-dordo Villagers build resort for eco-tourism in Banni]; 8 December 2009; The Times of india&lt;/ref&gt; A 270&amp;nbsp;km stretch has also been specially created in the grasslands of the Banni for the Adani Desert [[Car Rally]] organised by Kutch Infrastructure Development Society.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025161248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-26/rajkot/28071240_1_banni-grasslands-kutch-district Car rally in Banni grasslands to draw tourists]; 26 December 2009; The Times of india&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wildlife sanctuaries and reserves of Kutch==<br /> From the city of [[Bhuj]] various [[ecology|ecologically]] rich and [[wildlife conservation]] areas of the Kutch / [[Kachchh district]] can be visited such as [[Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], Banni Grasslands Reserve and [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]] etc..<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Ecology]]<br /> *[[Wadhvana Wetland]]<br /> *[[Chhir Batti]] (Ghost lights) from Banni grasslands, its seasonal wetlands and the adjoining Rann of Kutch<br /> *[[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]] adjacent to Banni Grasslands<br /> *[[Rann of Kutch]]<br /> *[[Salt marsh]]<br /> *[[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *[http://www.india-seminar.com/2006/564/564_c_bharwada_&amp;_v_mahajan.htm Lost and forgotten: grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat; by CHARUL BHARWADA and VINAY MAHAJAN; THE FORSAKEN DRYLANDS; a symposium on some of India'smost invisible people; SEMINAR; NEW DELHI; 2006; NUMB 564, pages 35–39; ISSN 0037-1947], Listed at the British Library Online: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120218202305/http://direct.bl.uk/bld/PlaceOrder.do?UIN=193508271&amp;ETOC=RN&amp;from=searchengine]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006144400/http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/uploads/files/CaseStudyAttachments/230_gujarat-grasslands.pdf Ecorestoration of Banni Grassland; First Annual Technical Report; December, 1998; Published by Gujarat Ecology Commission; GERI Campus, Race Course Road, Vadodara – 390 007. INDIA]<br /> *[http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/overview/pdf/191.pdf Biodiversity threat through exotic species monitoring and management using Remotely Sensed data and GIS techniques – A Case Study of Banni (Kachchh) Gujarat, India. By K.L.N. Sastry, P.S. Thakker and Ravi Jadhav; Forestry &amp; Biodiversity; Map India Conference 2003 © GISdevelopment.net], Posted online at: [http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/overview/mi03191pf.htm]<br /> *[http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008a2d_123.pdf QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE ARID ZONE OF KACHCHH: TERRA INCOGNITA]; by D M MAURYA1, M G THAKKAR2&amp;nbsp;AND L S CHAMYAL1; 'Department of Geology, M S University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002 (India); department of Geology, R R Lalan College, Bhuj, Kachchh (India); (Received 19 February 2002; Accepted 21 October 2002) Proc Indian Nam Sci Acad, 69, A, No. 2, March 2003, pp.&amp;nbsp;123–135 Printed in India.<br /> *[http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/pakistan/news/?uNewsID=5741 Desert (Rann of Kutch) wetlands; 6 February 2003; WWF Global website]<br /> *[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/search/apachesolr_search?keys=Banni%20grasslands&amp;op=Search Archived News Articles from India Environmental Portal for a Search made for: Banni grasslands]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br /> *[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/164 Archived News Articles from India Environmental Portal on: Rann of Kutch]<br /> *[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/67671/ Black Hills, Dark Shadow]; by JANYALA SREENIVAS; 3 Apr 2005; Indian Express Newspaper<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://archive.today/20130208065941/http://equilibrium360.com/kef/grasslands.htm Grasslands Action Plan; Kachchh Ecology Fund (KEF), UNDP. Environmental Planning Collaborative]<br /> *[https://archive.today/20130208054108/http://equilibrium360.com/kef/kef.htm Kachchh Ecology Fund (KEF), UNDP. Environmental Planning Collaborative ]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162346/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,693641&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL KACHCHH PENINSULA AND THE GREAT RANN; The Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines, Government of India]<br /> *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJV4tqDDmZk VIDEO on YouTube: &quot;Banni Grasslands&quot; (1993–94)]; By SPOTFILMS TV News Features Agency, 1993–94<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091105085212/http://www.superbikerdg.com/authen/user/runnalbum.aspx Trip Record: Photos of Friends on a motorbike trip through Kutch visiting the Great Rann of Kutch passing through Kala Dungar (Black hill), snow white Rann, then they visit the Dholavira Harappan excavation site. Then biking through Banni grasslands they see Indian Wild Ass there and Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve. They then Bike to Lakhpat fort village and also Mandvi beach.]. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20101229130638/http://www.superbikerdg.com/authen/user/tgrk.aspx].<br /> <br /> [[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]<br /> [[Category:Grasslands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Marshes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Reserved forests of India]]<br /> [[Category:1955 establishments in Bombay State]]<br /> [[Category:Wetlands of India]]<br /> [[Category:Important Bird Areas of India]]<br /> [[Category:Cheetah reintroduction in India]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Kutch district]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas of Kutch district]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagannatha_Gajapati_Narayana_Deo_II&diff=505096 2026-03-06T16:46:37Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: made some info w/ refs!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|King of Paralakhemundi estate}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II<br /> | title = ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଗଜପତି ନାରାୟଣ ଦେବ<br /> &lt;!--|image=Portrait of Sarbajna Jagannātha Gajapati Nārāyan Deba l, Gouache on paper by Bibhu Patnaik.jpg<br /> |caption=Portrait of Jagannātha Gajapati Nārāyan Deba of Paralakhemundi Samasthana--&gt;| image = Portrait of Sarbajna Jagannātha Gajapati Nārāyan Deba l, Gouache on paper by Bibhu Patnaik.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Sarbajna Jagannātha Gajapati Nārāyan Deba l.<br /> | reign = 1736 CE – 1771 CE<br /> | predecessor = Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo I<br /> | successor = Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo I<br /> | house = [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] (Paralakhemundi branch)<br /> | religion = Hinduism<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II''' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଗଜପତି ନାରାୟଣ ଦେବ) was the [[Odia people|Odia]] monarch of the [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] in the southern part of today's [[Odisha]] and northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was from the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] dynasty of the Khemundi Ganga Branch from the year 1736 CE to 1771 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;GAJAPATI&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf |page=51 |date=2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He had ascended to the throne at the age of eighteen and at a time when Odisha was torn apart due conflicts between external powers like the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Maratha]]s, [[France|French]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] for control of the territory. He invaded khurdha [[Bhoi dynasty]] king Birakishore Deva and [[Vizianagaram estate]] King Pusapati Vijayarama Raju II and defeated the both kings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rajguru |first=Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana |title=History of Gangas|publisher=Superintendent of Museum, Orissa, Bhubaneswar|year=1972|volume=Part 2 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=72–293 |chapter=No 2 - 3 Gangas Of Khimundi, History of Paralakhemundi Raj |author-link=Satyanarayana Rajguru}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He made the last great attempts on his own to revive the lost glory of Odisha and its unique [[Hinduism|Hindu]] culture that revolved around the tradition of [[Jagannath]] worship. He had defied the authority of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and maintained his own sovereignty. He was one of the first rulers who indulged in conflicts with the new European colonists in the eastern part of [[India]]. He was also effort bound till the end of his life in framing strategic diplomatic plans to free the ancient land of Odisha from external aggressors and revival of its lost [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]-[[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] glory from the past.<br /> {{TOC limit|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Political conditions of Paralakhemundi==<br /> [[File:India Circar locator map.svg|thumb|293x293px|Northern Circars handed over to the French after the Treaty of Hyderabad that included the Paralakhemundi Estate and Ganjam in its Northern Part.|alt=]]<br /> After the death of the last Suryavanshi emperor of Odisha [[Prataparudra Deva]] in 1540 A.D, most of the Gajapati Empire reduced to a small tiny strip of land in today's coastal Odisha. The Golconda [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] ruler – Quli Qutb Shah had engaged militarily with the last great Gajapati ruler and had managed to acquire southern parts of the Gajapati Empire. By the year 1630 A.D, the whole of Paralakhemundi fell into the hands of the Qutb Shahi rulers and then passed on to [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-Ul- Mulk]]’s control who himself was ruling in southern India as the Subedar or vassal of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the year 1713 A.D. In the year 1753 A.D, the Paralakhemundi estate passed on to the French along with three other adjoining estates in the [[Northern Circars]] when the Nizam gave it to the French under a treaty acknowledging their services rendered to him. The independent ruler of Paralakhemundi, Gajapati Jagannath Narayan Deo II defied the Treaty of Hyderabad and the French authority over his territory as his family had even denied the rule of the Nizam over their estate earlier and functioned as independent rulers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dimensions of Odishan Historiography|publisher=Kitab Bhavan|year=2015|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=165–168}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Administration and the military===<br /> The rulers of Paralakhemundi had an efficient way of delivering administration and collecting taxes from their subjects. The area of the heartland estate was 639 square kilometers. The whole estate and the total territory under the control of the rulers were, divided in eleven divisions that were, ruled by the eleven representative Bisoyis of the king. The administrative territory included seven divisions of hilly and mountainous terrain while the rest four comprised the plain areas. The Bisoyis were also in the command of [[Paika akhada|Paika]] militia units with the help of which they defended their divisions from any external threats. There were further seventeen subdivisions and were controlled by the small militia leaders called the Doras who were selected by the King personally. The Doras collected taxes from the Gumang chiefs of the [[Sora people|Savara]] tribal communities residing in different villages. After Narayana Deo II ascended the throne in the year 1736 CE, he had openly defied any control by the Nizam and joined hands with other local rulers and landlords of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] and [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] taluk opposing the control by Golconda rulers. As his predecessors, he defied paying revenue taxes to the Nizams. The Nizam in return was also militarily incapable of controlling the further rebellious northern divisions of the Northern Circars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Eingrej Rajatuare Odishare Eingrej Shasan Birudhare Bidroh|publisher=Granthamandir|year=2012|location=Cuttack|pages=189–198}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Military engagements==<br /> Jagannatha Narayana Deo II envisioned to pull the ancient land of Odisha and its great Hindu culture out of the greedy clutches of external powers. He sent secret messages to different local rulers for uniting against the enemies, freeing Odisha and reviving the ancient glory of Odisha as a military power in the subcontinent. However, he failed in his effort to persuade his fellow ruling kings to unite for this cause as most of them were either the vassals of Marathas or powerless to challenge the presence of great military powers contesting with each other for complete authority. Enraged by the ineffectiveness of the ruler of [[Khordha district|Khurda]] and head administrator of the [[Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] at [[Puri]], Virakishore Deva he invaded his kingdom in 1760 A.D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=GAJAPATI KRUSHNACHANDRA DEV|publisher=Vidyapuri, Cuttack-753002|year=2011|isbn=978-81-7411-800-4|location=Cuttack|pages=72–82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===First battles of Jelmur with Sitaram Raju, the French regent===<br /> Prior to this invasion of Khurda by the French, who were in control of Ganjam district, had appointed the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] king of [[Vizianagaram]] Sitaram Raju as their regent of their Odia territories. As per the treaty of Hyderabad, Paralakhemundi was submitted to the French by the Nizam in 1753 A.D but Narayan Deo II had defied them like the Nizam. To gain control of the estate, Sitaram Raju continuously invaded Paralakhemundi on behalf of the French. According to the records, the forces of Paralakhemundi and Sitaram Raju had clashed at least twice near Jelmur situated thirty kilometers from Paralakhemundi town, resulting in the defeat of the forces of the French regent but also losing some parts of the estate in the meanwhile.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Invasion of Khurda and Battles of Chatragarh Fort===<br /> In the year 1760 A.D, Narayan Deva II invaded the coastal districts of Odisha to defeat the incompetent Bhoi dynasty vassal ruler of the Marathas Virakishore Deva, take control of the Jagannath temple and push the Marathas out of [[Barabati fort|Barabati Fort]]. He first attacked the fort of Chatragarh in the district of Puri that was controlled by the Khurda forces and laid a seize to it. The king of Khurda was defeated and escaped to [[Cuttack]] that was controlled by the Marathas seeking their intervention.<br /> <br /> The Marathas agreed to support their vassal Bhoi king at the condition of more revenue from the Khurda territory that included Puri and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] districts of today. The combined army of the Marathas and the Khurda king attacked the Paralakhemundi forces at the fort of Chatragarh. Unable to hold a much larger and well supplied Maratha army, Narayana Deo II decided to retreat to his estate. The Khurda king, Virkishore Deva however was unable to pay the promised additional revenues for this support provided by the Marathas and had to surrender his authority over Limbai, Rehang and Puri to them.<br /> <br /> ===Second Battle of Jelmur with Sitaram Raju===<br /> In the year 1761 A.D during the absence of Narayana Deo II from his estate for his expedition on Khurda, the king of Vizianagaram Sitaram Raju had invaded Paralakhemundi with his brother Vijayaram Raju. A battle ensued at the fort of Jelmur where Sitaram Raju again lost to the Paralakhemundi forces who had returned fresh from battle with Khurda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf|title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS, GAJAPATI|website=www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in|pages=53, 54, 55, 56|access-date=23 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Second Treaty of Hyderabad and beginning of Paralakhemundi affairs==<br /> In year 1759 A.D the French retreated from the Northern Circars as the British forces were threatening [[Chennai|Madras]]. The French governor of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Monsieur Lally had summoned the French troops to fight against the British attack at Madras. Taking the advantage of the French retreat, the people of Paralakhemundi revolted against their regents like Sitaram Raju. After the French were pursued out of Hyderabad, on twelfth of November 1766 the Nizam of Hyderabad [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]] concluded another treaty with the British [[East India Company]] in which he surrendered the northern territories to them. The East India Company sent an officer by the name Mr. Cotsford to assess the situation of these territories the next year. On his tour to the regions of [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and Ganjam, Cotsford not only reported the excesses and atrocities carried out by the former French regent Sitaram Raju but also reported about Paralakhemundi as follows:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|When the English entered Ganjam to take possession of Northern Circar, Narayan Deo, the Zamindar of Paralakhemundi (the largest and the most important Zamindar of Ganjam) had possessed himself to the country and refused to submit to the authority of the English (T.J.Maltby, Ganjam Manual Page 89, Para 2, 191 edition)}}<br /> The defiance and series of uprisings by Narayana Deo II is stated as the first phase of Paralakhemundi Affairs and was considered as important matter as the connection between Madras and Calcutta was threatened by the events taking place in Paralakhemundi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/187700/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|title=RESTORATTVE REBELLIONS IN ORISSA (1757-1857)|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=85–86|access-date=23 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Third Battle of Jelmur with the British===<br /> Based on the report presented by Mr. Cotsford, the British dispatched a force under the leadership of Colonel Peach to suppress the defiant king of Paralakhemundi. On the fourth of April 1768 A.D, the forces of Narayana Deo II and the British clashed at Jelmur. Unable to contain the superior British forces, Narayana Deo II lost the battle and hid himself in the Malliah hilly terrains of his estate. After the East India Company came victorious in the region they appointed Ramyogi Patra as the Diwan or the administrator of the estate to collect revenues. The Bisoyis, Doras, Savara tribals and other common people continued to stay loyal and only paid the taxes declaring Narayana Deo II as the legal ruler. The British captured Pratapgiri, Alladigam and Siddheswaram forts on seventeenth of April 1768 A.D. The British later sent Captain Bendinell in 1771 A.D with a contingent to subdue Bhim Deo, the local ruler of Bada Khemundi as he had sided with Narayana Deo II in his activities against the British and had been his trustworthy ally since the times of the Khurda expedition.<br /> <br /> ===Continuation of defiance to the British===<br /> After the British left the area towards Visakhapatnam on twelfth of December 1768, Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II again reappeared from his hiding, ousted the British Diwan Ramyogi Patra with the support of his people and even tried in secrecy to forge an agreement with the Marathas for fighting the colonists. The local rulers of [[Athgarh State|Athagarh]] and [[Khallikote|Khalikote]] sided by him in his effort and actively provided him assistance. When the Marathas conveyed that they would not intervene in the matter of the British East India Company in Paralekhemundi, he attempted repeatedly to establish a connection with the French so that an agreement for assistance against the British could be made. However, Narayan Deo II died on 5 December 1771 without being able to execute his plans.<br /> <br /> ==Personality and historical impact==<br /> Paralakhemundi rulers had been great patrons of Odia culture and literature. The ruling Gajapati Narayana Deo II was a highly self-educated and spiritual person himself, had authored the Odia work called ''Sri Brundabana Bihara'' after he had returned from a spiritual tour of the [[Vrindavan]]. Paralakhemundi royal court found itself as a place where many renounced scholars of the time like [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha]] were encouraged, rewarded and affiliated by the rulers for their contribution to music, art, culture and literature. One of Gajapati Narayana Deo II's ancestors, Sarvagya Gajapati Jagannatha Narayana Deo I wrote a Sanskrit treatise on [[Odissi music|Odissi classical music]] called ''Sangita Narayana'' which was venerated throughout the nation. Narayan Deo II was an adherent to the preachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Chaitanya]] and was a devoted [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]].<br /> <br /> Although the efforts put together by Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II for the revival of Odisha into its past glory despite multiple external aggressors failed, his activities inspired the next series of revolts against the British by his son and step brother in 1799 A.D also known as the second phase of Pralakhemundi Affairs. There were successive revolts by the local people and the indigenous Savara tribals between the years 1813 A.D-1834 A.D and again in 1851 A.D-1856 A.D that was led by Radhakrishna Dandasena.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf|title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS, GAJAPATI|website=www.gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/|pages=56–64|access-date=23 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The seventh in line descendant of Narayana Deo II, [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati|Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev]] played a pivotal role in the formation of the state of Odisha in the year 1936, dedicated his life for the cause of Odia language and became the first prime minister of Odisha during the British rule.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eastern Ganga dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahandar_Shah&diff=447159 2026-03-05T14:13:48Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: small edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Mughal emperor from 1712 to 1713}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Jahandar Shah&lt;br/&gt; جهاندار شاه<br /> | title = [[Padishah]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]<br /> | image = Jahandar-Shah2.png<br /> | caption = Portrait of Jahandar Shah, {{circa|1712}}, currently held at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London, England<br /> | succession = [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]]<br /> | reign = 29 March 1712 – 11 February 1713{{sfn|Richards|1993|p=261}}<br /> | coronation = 29 March 1712<br /> | predecessor = [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]<br /> | successor = [[Farrukhsiyar|Farrukh Siyar]]<br /> | birth_name = Mirza Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1661|05|10}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=240}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1713|02|11|1661|05|10}}<br /> | death_place = [[Delhi]], Mughal Empire<br /> | burial_place = [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Delhi]], India<br /> | spouses = {{ubl|<br /> * {{marriage|Sayyid-un-Nissa Begum|1684}}<br /> * [[Lal Kunwar|Imtiyaz Mahal]]<br /> * Muazzamabadi Mahal<br /> * Anup Bai<br /> }}<br /> | issue = {{ubl<br /> |Izz-ud-Din Mirza<br /> |[[Azz-ud-din Mirza|Azz-ud-Din Mirza]]<br /> |[[Alamgir II]]<br /> |Azz-ud Daulah<br /> |Muiz-ud Daulah<br /> |Rabih Begum<br /> |Iffat Ara Begum}}<br /> | full name = Mīrzā Mu'izz-ud-Dīn Muhammad Jahāndār Shāh Bahādur<br /> | posthumous name = Khuld Aramgah ({{literal|Peaceful in paradise'}}){{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=241}}<br /> | house = [[Mughal dynasty]]<br /> | father = [[Bahadur Shah I|Shah Alam I]]<br /> | mother = [[Nizam Bai]]<br /> | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}<br /> | dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Mughal}}<br /> '''Jahandar Shah'''{{efn|{{lit|The Owner of the World}}, {{IPA|fa|d͡ʒaˈhɑːn.ˈdɑːr ʃɑːh}}}} (Mirza Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan; 10 May 1661 – 11 February 1713) was the ninth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] briefly from 1712 to 1713. He was the son of Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]], and the grandson of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. <br /> <br /> Jahandar Shah was the first [[puppet ruler]] of the Mughal dynasty, having been placed on the throne by powerful noble [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]]. His reign was short and turbulent, lasting more than a year. He was deposed by the [[Sayyid brothers]] and succeeded by his nephew [[Farrukhsiyar]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Prince Mu'izz-ud-din was born on 10 May 1661 in Deccan Subah{{Citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=Which specific subah was he born in?}} to Prince [[Bahadur Shah I|Mu'azzam]]. His mother [[Nizam Bai]], the daughter of Fatehyawar Jang, was a noble from [[Hyderabad]].{{sfn|Lal|1989|p=28}} He was Muazzam's eldest son,{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=287}} and eldest grandson of reigning emperor Aurangzeb. Following Mughal tradition, his birth was grandly celebrated by the Mughal court.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=70}} <br /> <br /> During Aurangzeb's reign, he participated in military campaigning in the [[Deccan]] for three years, after which he was permanently shifted to northern India. In 1706, he brough the rebellious [[Mirani (clan)|Mirani]] chief of [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] into submission.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=299}}{{sfn|Bilimoriya|1908|p=75}}<br /> <br /> After Aurangzeb's death, Prince Mu'azzam won the ensuing [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)|succession struggle]] and in June 1707, ascended the throne as Bahadur Shah.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=311}} Upon his father's accession, Mu'izz-ud-din was awarded the title Jahandar Shah, and made governor of [[Thatta Subah|Thatta]] and [[Subah of Multan|Multan]].{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=36}} Through the course of Bahadur Shah's reign, Jahandar Shah would stay at the imperial court, like the other sons of Bahadur Shah, because the emperor had ascended the throne at an old age, and the princes wanted to be within close reach of the throne in case of his demise.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=312}}<br /> <br /> == War of succession ==<br /> A war of succession began as Bahadur Shah lay on his deathbed in 1712. The most powerful prince at the time of his death was his second son [[Azim-ush-Shan]], who had amassed significant resources as the [[Subahdar|s''ubahdar'']] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]. Jahandar Shah was the weakest, with little-to-no military power or funds.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=310 &amp; 315-317}}{{sfn|Markovits|George|Hendry|2002|pp=174–175}}<br /> <br /> Unlike previous Mughal wars of succession, the outcome of this war was engineered by a noble, [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]], the ''[[mir bakhshi]]'' and one of the most powerful figures in the Mughal empire. He built an alliance between Jahandar Shah, and his younger brothers [[Rafi-ush-Shan|Rafi-ush-Shan]] and [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]], proposing to them that they could divide the empire between them upon victory (with Zulfiqar Khan serving as their common ''mir bakhshi''). Azim-us-Shan was defeated and killed, following which Jahandar Shah broke the alliance and turned on his brothers, defeating them and killing them with the help of Zulfiqar Khan, emerging as the victor of the succession struggle.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=310 &amp; 315-317}}{{sfn|Markovits|George|Hendry|2002|pp=174–175}}<br /> <br /> ==Reign==<br /> [[File:Lal_Kunwar,_by_Indian_School_of_the_18th_century.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Lal Kunwar]]<br /> [[File:Abd_al-Samad_Khan_received_by_Jahandar_Shah.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mughal Army]] commander [[Abd al-Samad Khan|Abdus Samad Khan Bahadur]] being received by Jahandar Shah]]<br /> Jahandar Shah was crowned on 29 March, 1712.{{sfn|Chandra|2002|p=107}} His accession was not well-supported in the empire, and he was viewed as an illegitimate ruler. Hence, upon his coronation, Jahandar Shah moved to consolidate his authority by rewarding and promoting his supporters. He departed from previous Mughal succession practices by severely punishing the nobles who had supported his brothers in the succession, with several of them being executed. He also let the bodies of the defeated princes rot in the open for several days before their entombment, unlike previous emperors who had insisted on a proper burial.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=318}}<br /> <br /> With Jahandar Shah's accession, Zulfiqar Khan assumed the post of ''wazir''. Due to Jahandar Shah's complete dependence on him, and the circumstances of his accession to the throne, effective power was wielded not by the emperor but by Zulfiqar Khan himself. This was the first occurrence in Mughal history that absolute power over the empire was wielded by an outsider to the dynasty. As the effective ruler during Jahandar Shah's reign, Zulfiqar Khan sought to establish amicable relationships with the [[Rajput|Rajputs]], [[Sikhs]], and [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]], and bring back peace in the empire. However, the empire's finances were deteriorating, continuing a trend that had begun with Jahandar Shah's predecessors, which decreased the empire's military effectiveness. The excessive power enjoyed by Zulfiqar Khan caused Jahandar Shah to conspire against him, creating political chaos.{{sfn|Markovits|George|Hendry|2002|pp=174–175}}<br /> <br /> During his reign, Jahandar Shah married his beloved [[Lal Kunwar]], she became his favoured wife, and subsequently her family gained unprecedent power and status. Jahandar Shah also indulged in feasts and entertainments. Contemporary chroniclers and later historians have pointed out such aspects of the emperor's personal life, and the cruelty meted to his opponents, as reasons behind the turbulence of his reign. However, recent scholars highlight other factors; Munis Faruqui emphasizes his political weakness as a prince, which set him up for failure as a ruler. Abhishek Kaicker notes that nobles had themselves became more self-interested around the time of Jahandar Shah's accession, and that the &quot;cruelty&quot; of his reign was their defense for siding with [[Farrukhsiyar]], who deposed Jahandar Shah.{{sfn|Markovits|George|Hendry|2002|pp=174–175}}{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=317}}{{sfn|Kaicker|2020|pp=187–189}}<br /> <br /> === Deposition ===<br /> Jahandar Shah's accession invited the challenge of his nephew Farrukhsiyar, the son of Azim-ush-Shan, who was based in Bengal. With little independent resources, he unsuccessfully attempted to find backing for his bid. He eventually found powerful support in the [[Sayyid brothers]], [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Husain Ali Khan]] and [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Abdullah Khan]], administrators of Azim-ush-Shan who had been removed from their postings by Jahandar Shah.{{Sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=319}}{{sfn|Markovits|George|Hendry|2002|pp=174–175}} With their resources and political connections, Farrukhsiyar assembled a rebel army and advanced on the throne. The underpaid imperial army was defeated in battle near [[Agra]] in early 1713.{{sfn|Eaton|2019|pp=341–343}}<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Upon defeat, Jahandar Shah fled to [[Delhi]] and sought refuge at the house of Zulfiqar Khan and his father [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]. However, the two imprisoned him and turned him over to Farrukhsiyar, in hopes of securing his favour. Farrukhsiyar had both Jahandar Shah and Zulfiqar Khan executed, with Jahandar Shah being beaten to death and then beheaded on 11 February, 1713.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|pp=236–256}}{{sfn|Nigam|1983|p=95}}{{sfn|Montgomery-Massingberd|1977|p=139}} Jahandar Shah's body was paraded around Delhi in parts, hanging upside down from two elephants.{{sfn|Alam|2013|p=liii}} He was buried in [[Humayun's tomb]].{{sfn|Irvine|1922|pp=236–256}}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Jahandar Shah's first wife was the daughter of Mirza Mukarram Khan Safavi. The marriage took place on 13 October 1676.{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=93}} After her death he married her niece, Sayyid-un-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Mirza Rustam. The marriage took place on 30 August 1684.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=242}} Qazi Abu Sa'id united them in the presence of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and Prince Muhammad Muazzam (future [[Bahadur Shah I]]).{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=151}} The marriage was consummated on 18 September. Sayyid-un-Nissa Begum was presented with jewels worth 67,000 rupees. The celebrations were supervised by Princess [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1947|p=152}}<br /> <br /> Another wife was Anup Bai. She died at Delhi on 17 April 1735.{{sfn|Mirza|1960|p=92}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=242}} According to historian [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]], she was the mother of Prince Muhammad Aziz-ud-din Mirza, born in 1687–88, who ascended the throne as [[Alamgir II]].{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=242}} However, according to contemporary sources from Alamgir's reign, his mother was named Muazzamabadi Mahal.{{sfn|Kulkarni|2005|p=154 &amp; 160}} Another wife was [[Lal Kunwar]], the daughter of Khasusiyat Khan.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=180}} Jahandar Shah was very fond of her, and after his accession to the throne, he gave her the title ''Imtiyaz Mahal''.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=242}}<br /> <br /> One of his daughters was Rabih Begum. She was betrothed to Bidar Dil Mirza, son of [[Bidar Bakht]] Mirza, on 20 May 1710, and died on 7 September 1710. Another daughter was Iffat Ara Begum, who was married to Khwaja Musa Sarbuland Khan, son of Khwaja Yaqub Surbuland Khan Naqshbandi Bukhari (died 1684-5), who died on 8 July 1739 at Delhi, aged nearly seventy.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|pp=242–243}}{{sfn|Mirza|1960|p=118}}<br /> <br /> == Full title ==<br /> His full title was ''Shahanshah-i-Ghazi Abu'l Fath Mu'izz-ud-Din Muhammad Jahandar Shah Sahib-i-Qiran Padshah-i-Jahan (Khuld Aramgah)''.{{cn|date=February 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Coins==<br /> Jahandar Shah reintroduced couplets and issued coins in gold, silver, and copper. Two couplets i.e. Abu al-Fateh and Sahab Qiran were used. Copper coins were issued in both weight standard i.e. 20 grams and 14 grams.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}&lt;gallery style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&gt;<br /> Jahandar Shah, Silver Rupee, Khujista Bunyaad, AH1124 Ry.Ahd, Abu al-Fateh couplet.jpg|Silver Rupee of Abu al-Fateh couplet, Khujista Bunyaad, AH1124 Ry.Ahd<br /> Jahandar Shah, Rupee, Itawa, AH1124 Ry.Ahd, Sahab Qiran couplet.jpg|Silver Rupee of Sahab Qiran couplet, Itawa, AH1124 Ry.Ahd<br /> Jahandar Shah, AE Paisa, Surat, 20.2 grams.jpg|Copper paisa of 20.21 grams from Surat mint<br /> Jahandar Shah, AE Paisa, Surat, 13.85 grams.jpg|Copper paisa of 13.85 grams from Surat mint<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *''[[The Garden of Knowledge]]''<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;<br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Muzaffar |title=The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and Punjab, 1707-48 |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-908238-4 |edition=Second |location=New Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=847731660}}<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Bilimoriya |first=Jamshedji Hormasji |title=Ruka'at-i-Alamgiri; or, Letters of Aurungzebe, with historical and explanatory notes |url=http://archive.org/details/rukaatialamgirio00aurarich |date=1908 |publisher=Luzac |location=London}}<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Parties and politics at the Mughal Court, 1707-1740 |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-565444-7 |edition=4th |location=New Delhi |pages=107 |oclc=50004530 |url=https://archive.org/details/partiespoliticsa0000chan |url-access=registration}}<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |title=India in the Persianate Age, 1000-1765 |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7139-9582-4 |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |oclc=1103492435 |url=https://archive.org/details/india-in-the-persianate-age-richard-eaton}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D |title=Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 |year=2012 |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-52619-7 |oclc=808366461}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Irvine |first=William |author-link=William Irvine (historian) |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |title=Later Mughals |volume=1 1707-1720 |publisher=Luzac |publication-place=London |year=1922 |oclc=698290839 |url=https://archive.org/details/latermughals01irviuoft }}<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Kaicker |first=Abhishek |title=The king and the people : sovereignty and popular politics in Mughal Delhi |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-19-007070-0 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=1114271590}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |title=Mini Mughals |publisher=Konark Publishers |publication-place=Delhi |year=1989 |oclc=610435140 |url=https://archive.org/details/doc-scanner-may-22-2025-23-34}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Markovits |first1=Claude |last2=George |first2=Nisha |last3=Hendry |first3=Maggy |title=A history of modern India, 1480-1950 |publisher=Anthem Press |publication-place=London |year=2002 |oclc=606753485}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Mirza |first=Mohammad bin Rustam|title=Tarikh-i-Muhammadi |volume=II |year=1960 |publisher=Syed Noor-ul-Hassan}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Montgomery-Massingberd |first=Hugh |title=Burke's Royal Families of the World |volume=II |year=1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnsUAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Burke's Peerage |isbn=978-0-85011-029-6 |author-link=Hugh Massingberd}}<br /> *{{cite book |last=Nigam |first=S. B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Jahandarnamah of Nur- ud-rin |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |year=1983 |series=Journal of Indian History |volume=61 }}<br /> *{{cite book|title=The Mughal Empire|editor-first1=John F|editor-last1=Richards|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-3/page/n276/mode/1up&amp;view=theater}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658–1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta |year=1947 |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Kulkarni |first=G.T. |chapter=The world's first ever news selling agency |title=Webs of history: information, communication, and technology from early to post-colonial India |editor1-last=Bagchi |editor1-first=Amiya Kumar |editor2-last=Sinha |editor2-first=Dipankar |editor3-last=Bagchi |editor3-first=Barnita<br /> |year=2005|isbn=978-8-173-04613-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/websofhistoryinf0000indi |url-access=registration}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Sister project links}}{{Commons category|Jahandar Shah}}<br /> * [https://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=3294 Coin Gallery]<br /> * [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/mughal.html Mughal dynasty]<br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]||}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = [[Mughal Emperor]]<br /> | years = 1712–1713<br /> | before = [[Bahadur Shah I]]<br /> | after = [[Farrukhsiyar]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{Mughal Empire}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jahandar Shah}}<br /> [[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]<br /> [[Category:1661 births|Shah, Jahandar]]<br /> [[Category:1713 deaths|Shah, Jahandar]]<br /> [[Category:Murdered Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century murdered monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:People murdered in 1713]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_%26_Young&diff=465149 2026-03-04T16:52:31Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Multinational professional services network}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Ernst &amp; Young Global Limited<br /> | trade_name = EY<br /> | logo = EY logo 2019.svg<br /> | logo_size = 135px<br /> | type = [[Private company limited by guarantee]]&lt;ref name=&quot;gov.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/04328808 |title=Ernst &amp; Young Global Limited |work=Companies House |access-date=2020-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | predecessor = {{Ubl | Ernst &amp; Whinney | Arthur Young &amp; Co.}}<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1989}} (through merger of Ernst &amp; Whinney and Arthur Young &amp; Co.; oldest component from 1849)&lt;ref name=&quot;facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/Facts-and-figures |title=Facts &amp; Figures |publisher= Ernst &amp; Young |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=8 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location = London, England<br /> | area_served = Worldwide<br /> | key_people = {{br list | [[Janet Truncale]] | (Global [[Chairperson|chair]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) Effective 1 July 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/news/2023/11/janet-truncale-selected-as-next-ey-global-chair-and-ceo-effective-july-1-2024|title=Janet Truncale selected as next EY Global Chair and CEO; effective July 1, 2024|publisher=EY|date=15 November 2023|access-date=16 November 2023|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129160500/https://www.ey.com/en_gl/news/2023/11/janet-truncale-selected-as-next-ey-global-chair-and-ceo-effective-july-1-2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = [[Professional services]]<br /> | services = {{plainlist|1=<br /> * [[Assurance services|Assurance]]<br /> * [[Tax|Tax advisory]]<br /> * [[Digital Transformation]]<br /> * [[Information Technology]]<br /> * [[Cybersecurity]]<br /> * [[Artificial Intelligence]]<br /> * [[EY-Parthenon|Strategy consulting]]<br /> * [[Financial adviser|Financial advisory]]<br /> * [[Legal]]<br /> }}<br /> | divisions = {{plainlist|1=<br /> * Assurance<br /> * Consulting<br /> * Strategy and Transactions<br /> * Tax<br /> * EY Private}}<br /> | subsid = [[EY-Parthenon]]<br /> | revenue = {{Increase}} {{USD}}51.2&amp;nbsp;billion (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;headcount_2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 392,995 (2024)&lt;ref name=&quot;headcount_2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/newsroom/2024/10/ey-reports-global-revenue-of-51-point-2-billion-us-dollars-for-fiscal-year-2024|title=EY reports global revenue of US$51.2b for fiscal year 2024|date=17 October 2024|website=ey.com|access-date=2 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://www.ey.com/|ey.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''EY''',&lt;ref name=&quot;rebranding&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebranding2&quot; /&gt; previously known as '''Ernst &amp; Young''', is a British [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[professional services]] [[partnership|network]] based in London, United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legal statement |url=https://www.ey.com/sv_se/legal-and-privacy/legal-statement |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=www.ey.com |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with [[Deloitte]], [[KPMG]] and [[PwC]], it is one of the [[Big Four accounting firms|Big Four]] professional services firms. The EY network is composed of member firms of '''Ernst &amp; Young Global Limited''', a UK company [[Company limited by guarantee|limited by guarantee]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> EY is one of the largest [[professional services network]]s in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=97518|title=Professional Services Company Overview of Ernst &amp; Young LLP|website=bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; It primarily provides [[assurance services|assurance]], [[tax]], [[Information technology|information technology services]] (including [[managed services]] in areas like [[Cybersecurity]], [[Cloud computing|Cloud]], [[Digital transformation|Digital Transformation]] and [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]), [[management consulting|consulting]], and [[Corporate services|advisory]] services to its clients.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/UK/en/Newsroom/Facts-and-figures|title=EY at a glance|publisher=EY|access-date=2013-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ernst &amp; Young Global Limited operates as a network of member firms structured as separate legal entities. As of mid-2024, it employs approximately 393,000 people across more than 700 offices in over 150 countries and territories.&lt;ref name=&quot;headcount_2024&quot; /&gt; The firm's current partnership was formed in 1989 by a merger of two accounting firms: Ernst &amp; Whinney and Arthur Young &amp; Co.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A timeline of our history |url=http://www.ey.com/gl/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/our-history/about-ey---key-facts-and-figures---history---timeline |access-date=2016-09-24 |publisher=EY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927092457/http://www.ey.com/gl/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/our-history/about-ey---key-facts-and-figures---history---timeline |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was named Ernst &amp; Young until a rebranding campaign officially changed its name to EY in 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/financial-services/ernst-young-re-brands-1.1449229|title=Ernst &amp; Young re-brands|last=Reddan|first=Fiona|date=2013-07-01|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=2013-07-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702220058/http://www.irishtimes.com/business/sectors/financial-services/ernst-young-re-brands-1.1449229|archive-date=2 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; although this initialism was already used informally prior to its sanctioning adoption.<br /> <br /> In 2023, EY was the seventh-largest [[Privately held company|privately owned organization]] in the United States,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.valuewalk.com/top-10-largest-private-companies-revenue/|title=Top Ten Largest Private Companies in the World|date=25 April 2023|work=Forbes|access-date=8 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; and EY has for 25 years been continuously ranked on [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] magazine's list of the [[100 Best Companies to Work For]], longer than any other accounting firm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/best-companies/2019/ernst-young/|title=Fortune Magazine 2019 100 Best Companies to Work For|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408182711/https://fortune.com/best-companies/2019/ernst-young/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The firm has, however, repeatedly come under scrutiny for systemic issues in their training, hiring, and work culture.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === Early history and mergers ===<br /> EY resulted from several mergers of ancestor firms over the last century and a half, the oldest of which was founded in 1849, in England, as Harding &amp; Pullein. That same year, this firm was joined by an accountant named Frederick Whinney, who, a decade later, became a partner. After his son joined the firm, it was later renamed Whinney, Smith &amp; Whinney, in 1894.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;[http://www.ey.com/GL/en/About-us/Our-history &quot;Ernst &amp; Young – History&quot;]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715172635/http://www.ey.com/GL/en/About-us/Our-history|date=15 July 2009}}. Ernst &amp; Young. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1903, the firm '''Ernst &amp; Ernst''' was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, by [[Alwin C. Ernst]], and his brother, Theodore Ernst. In 1906, '''Arthur Young &amp; Co.''' was set up by a Scottish accountant, [[Arthur Young (accountant)|Arthur Young]], in Chicago. Starting in 1924, these two American firms became allied with prominent British firms; Young with Broads Paterson &amp; Co.; and Ernst with the aforementioned Whinney Smith &amp; Whinney. The latter of these two mergers spawned Anglo-American partnership '''Ernst &amp; Whinney''' in 1979, then the fourth largest accountancy firm in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A decade later, in 1989, Ernst &amp; Whinney merged with the fifth largest firm globally at the time, Arthur Young &amp; Co., to create '''Ernst &amp; Young'''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DE1E38F93BA25756C0A96F948260 &quot;Reports Say Arthur Young and Ernst May Merge&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. May 1989.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Later developments ===<br /> [[File:Ernst&amp;young logo.svg|thumb|Ernst &amp; Young logo, 1990–2012]]<br /> In October 1997, Ernst &amp; Young announced plans to merge its global practices with professional services network [[KPMG]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 18, 1997 |title=Ernst &amp; Young and KPMG plan worldwide merger |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/ernst-young-and-kpmg-plan-worldwide-merger-1.117004 |website=irishtimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;, to create the largest professional services organization in the world. The announcement came on the heels of an announced merger between [[Price Waterhouse]] and [[Coopers &amp; Lybrand]] only a month earlier. These plans were soon abandoned in February 1998, due to several factors ranging from client opposition, antitrust issues, cost problems, and the anticipated difficulty of merging the two diverse firms and cultures.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/56509.stm &quot;Accountancy Merger Off&quot;]. [[BBC News]]. 23 February 1998. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The merger between Price Waterhouse and Coopers &amp; Lybrand, however, went ahead as planned, creating [[PwC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Company-history/Chronology-14.aspx |title=Chronology |access-date=27 September 2010 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010183230/http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Company-history/Chronology-14.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ernst &amp; Young expanded its consulting practice heavily during the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], and various members of the investment community, began to raise concerns about a potential conflict of interests. This conflict would be brought about by firms offering both consulting and auditing services simultaneously to overlapping clients, a common practice among the &quot;Big Five&quot;. In May 2000, Ernst &amp; Young was the first of those firms to fully separate its consulting practices via a sale to the French IT services company [[Capgemini]] for $11&amp;nbsp;billion, creating the new company Capgemini Ernst &amp; Young, which was later renamed back to Capgemini.&lt;ref&gt;[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9503E6D81339F932A35750C0A9669C8B63 &quot;Capgemini to Acquire Ernst &amp; Young Consulting Business&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. March 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Recent history, re-branding and expansion ===<br /> [[File:Biurowiec Rondo 1 w Warszawie 2022a.jpg|150px|thumb|left|EY offices in [[Warsaw]], Poland]]<br /> [[File:ErnstYoungBuildingLosAngeles.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ernst &amp; Young Plaza]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], US]]<br /> [[File:Ernst &amp; Young Sandton Office.jpg|thumb|Ernst &amp; Young office in [[Sandton]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa]]<br /> In 2002, Ernst &amp; Young took on a large number of the clients previously working with [[Arthur Andersen]] following its collapse in connection with the [[Enron scandal]], although it did not engage with any new Arthur Andersen clients from the United Kingdom, China, or the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080129123646/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4174/is_20030408/ai_n12919502 &quot;Ernst &amp; Young Acquires Anderson India&quot;]. Findarticles. 8 April 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Four years later, in 2006, Ernst &amp; Young became the only member of the Big Four to have two member firms in the United States, with the inclusion of [[Mitchell &amp; Titus]], LLP, the largest minority-owned accounting firm in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Our-people/About-us-recruiting-minority-recruiting-diversity &quot;Maintaining a Diverse Culture&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604110017/http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Our-people/About-us-recruiting-minority-recruiting-diversity |date=4 June 2010}}. Ernst &amp; Young. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mitchell--titus-joins-ernst--young-global-as-a-member-firm-53354547.html &quot;Mitchell &amp; Titus Joins Ernst &amp; Young Global as a Member Firm&quot;]. Prnewswire. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Mitchell &amp; Titus ended its membership in the EY network effective October 30, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/mitchell-amp-titus-departs-ernst-amp-young-network|title=Mitchell &amp; Titus Departs Ernst &amp; Young Network|work=Accounting Today|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2009, [[Reuters]] reported that Ernst &amp; Young, spurred by the global economic downturn, had launched a cost-saving initiative encouraging its staff in [[China]] to take 40 days of low-pay leave between the summer of 2009 and the summer of 2010. Those who participated got a prorated salary equal to 20% of a regular salary, plus the benefits of a full-time employee. The initiative applied to employees in [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[mainland China]], where the firm's employees numbered 8,500 in total.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKHKG25976420090416|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428090353/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKHKG25976420090416|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2009|title=Ernst &amp; Young China Staff to Take Low-Pay Leave|author=Chen, George|date=16 April 2009|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Ernst &amp; Young acquired Terco, the Brazilian member firm of [[Grant Thornton]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gti.org/Press-room/Brazil-member-firm-departure.asp Grant Thornton confirms departure of Brazilian member firm] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114060135/http://www.gti.org/Press-room/Brazil-member-firm-departure.asp |date=14 November 2011}} Grant Thornton, 3 August 2010&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:EY Logo Beam Tag Stacked RGB EN.png|thumb|EY logo, 2013–2018]]<br /> In 2013, the firm officially changed its brand from Ernst &amp; Young to '''EY''', and christened the accompanying tagline: &quot;Building a better working world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/about-us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704001432/http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Business-environment/building-a-better-working-world#home|url-status=dead|title=About us – Who we are &amp;#124; EY – Global|archivedate=4 July 2013|website=www.ey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebranding&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/ernst--young-rebranded-ey-4883080|title=Ernst &amp; Young rebranded as EY – and Mark Weinberger appointed CEO|date=8 July 2013 |access-date=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rebranding2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.advisor.ca/news/industry-news/ernst-young-changes-name-to-ey/|title=Ernst &amp; Young changes name to EY|date=3 July 2013 |access-date=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/US/en/Careers/Fall-2013-Edition-of-EY-Navigator---3---A-new-name---a-new-logo-and-a-new-era-at-EY|title=A new name, a new logo and a new era at EY|publisher=EY|access-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301013905/http://www.ey.com/US/en/Careers/Fall-2013-edition-of-EY-Navigator---3---A-new-name---a-new-logo-and-a-new-era-at-EY|archive-date=1 March 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also in 2013, the [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] hired EY to help review [[Vatican City]] State's finances and help &quot;verify and consult&quot; the institution's administration, including the museums, post office and tax-free department store.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rayman|first=Noah|title=Vatican Hires International Consulting Firm to Help Reform Finances|url=https://world.time.com/2013/11/19/vatican-hires-international-consulting-firm-to-help-reform-finances/|access-date=23 March 2013|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=19 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; EY expanded further and acquired all of KPMG Denmark's operations including its 150 partners, 1,500 employees and 21 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/danes-take-big-leap-to-join-growing-global-rival-wdqsfmhvkb0|title=Danes take big leap to join growing global rival|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=26 February 2015|last1=Dean |first1=James}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, EY acquired global strategy [[consulting firm]] [[EY-Parthenon|The Parthenon Group]], gaining 350 consultants in its then-Transaction Advisory Services practice so that it could provide in-house strategy consulting services to its clients. The business unit has since been rebranded as [[EY-Parthenon]] and is one of the most selective strategy consultancies worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EY to merge with Parthenon Group|url=https://www.ft.com/content/54c8bd40-10df-11e4-b116-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/54c8bd40-10df-11e4-b116-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022|website=Financial Times|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, EY opened its first global Security Operations Centre in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala in India, and coincidentally invested $20 million over 5 years to combat the increasing threat of cybercrimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/EYs-first-global-security-operation-centre-in-Kerala/articleshow/47601349.cms|title=E&amp;Y's first global security operation centre in Kerala|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2015 |access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017 EY announced it was opening an executive support center in Tucson, Arizona, US, creating 125 new jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tucson.com/business/tucson/ernst-young-is-bringing-new-jobs-to-tucson/article_2b3a80ec-d233-5f6a-8cbf-8c47ce22f81b.html|title=Ernst &amp; Young is bringing 125 new jobs to Tucson|last=Star|first=Murphy Woodhouse Arizona Daily|work=Arizona Daily Star|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, the company opened a Digital Security Operations Center, located in Muscat, Oman, to cover the EMEIA region as part of a $10 million investment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.omanobserver.om/mena-digital-security-operations-centre-opened-muscat/|title=MENA digital security operations centre opened in Muscat|last=Mendoza|first=Jomar|date=2017-12-09|website=Oman Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, EY opened a $4.4 million professional services center in Louisville, Kentucky, US, creating 125 new jobs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2017/02/23/ernst-young-to-create-125-jobs-with-national.html|title=Ernst &amp; Young to create 125 jobs with national support center in Louisville|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=2017-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; and announced it would open an IT / tech hub in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville, TN]], US, creating 600 regional jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://journalrecord.com/2018/11/15/ernst-and-young-to-bring-600-jobs-to-nashville/|title=Ernst and Young to bring 600 jobs to Nashville|date=15 November 2018|publisher=Journal Record|access-date=16 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2022, it was announced EY had acquired the [[Sydney]]-headquartered data and analytics specialists, Bridge Business Consulting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=EY Australia acquires Bridge Business Consulting {{!}} News |url=http://www.research-live.com/article/news/ey-australia-acquires-bridge-business-consulting/id/5105842 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Research Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Project Everest===<br /> <br /> The ''Wall Street Journal'' reported in May 2022 that the firm might split its accounting and advisory divisions into two new, separate businesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maurer |first1=Mark |last2=Eaglesham |first2=Jean |title=Accounting Firm EY Considers Split of Audit, Advisory Businesses |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/accounting-firm-ey-considers-splitting-audit-and-advisory-businesses-11653592588?mod=article_inline |access-date=8 June 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=26 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The plan, referred to internally as &quot;Project Everest&quot; would involve the consulting business completing an [[initial public offering]], the proceeds of which would be used to compensate partners at the new, separate auditing company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Eaglesham |first1=Jean |last2=Brown |first2=Ken |title=EY's Breakup Plan Means Windfalls for Partners |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/eys-breakup-plan-means-windfalls-for-partners-11655726838?mod=hp_lead_pos1 |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=20 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The firm's debt has proven to be an internal obstacle to the split.&lt;ref name=wsj_ey2922&gt;{{cite news |last1=Eaglesham |first1=Jean |title=Ernst &amp; Young Split Plan Held Up by Debt Issues |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ernst-young-split-plan-held-up-by-debt-issues-11659059736?mod=hp_lead_pos4 |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=29 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debt is mostly owed to former partners of EY, taking the form of what the ''Wall Street Journal'' characterized as &quot;effectively an unfunded pension plan&quot;.&lt;ref name=wsj_ey2922/&gt; Would-be partners of the new accounting firm have expressed reservations as their descendant firm, the smaller of the new organizations, would presumably absorb most of the debt.&lt;ref name=wsj_ey2922/&gt; On 5 September 2022, the firm announced that partners would vote on whether to split EY into two businesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Eaglesham |first1=Jean |title=Ernst &amp; Young Leaders Expected to Approve Plan to Split Accounting Company |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ernst-young-leaders-expected-to-approve-plan-to-split-accounting-company-11662404933 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=5 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; EY's member firms in China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Israel stated that they would not split.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-09-09 |title=EY's Greater China member firms say they won't take part in firm's global break-up |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/eys-greater-china-member-firms-say-they-wont-take-part-firms-global-break-up-2022-09-09/ |access-date=2022-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a19654d2-5633-4d37-b552-f432779509a3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/a19654d2-5633-4d37-b552-f432779509a3 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=EY Israel rejects break-up plan pushed by global bosses|newspaper=Financial Times |date=25 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rival firms such as KPMG and Deloitte have said they do not intend to imitate EY.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Eaglesham |first1=Jean |title=EY Leaders Green Light Split Plan |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ey-to-announce-breakup-plan-for-audit-and-advisory-businesses-11662639241?mod=hp_lead_pos2 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=8 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2023, Julie Boland, head of EY US, stated in a webcast that the split would be temporarily paused amid internal debate over the proportioning of its tax service line among the proposed consulting and assurance spinoffs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=O’Dwyer |first1=Michael |title= EY split paused amid partner infighting over fate of tax experts |url= https://www.ft.com/content/7d2cddf6-5d5a-4011-b860-7e8d2705d7e4 |access-date=14 March 2023 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=9 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The firm cancelled Project Everest as the US portion of the firm withdrew its support for the split in April 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Iacone |first1=Amanda |title=EY Calls Off Splitting Its Audit and Consulting Units |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-11/ey-cancels-split-of-audit-consulting-units-after-talks-fail?srnd=premium&amp;sref=CIpmV6x8 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=11 April 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Preparing and planning for the split cost EY $600 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Eaglesham |first1=Jean |last2=Saeedy |first2=Alexander |last3=Maurer |first3=Mark |title=EY Breakup Plan Doomed by Miscalculations and Powerful Opponents |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ey-breakup-plan-doomed-by-miscalculations-and-powerful-opponents-61b7e02d?mod=hp_lead_pos2 |access-date=12 April 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=12 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, EY announced an alliance between [[SAP]] Fioneer and EY ifb SE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2024 |title=EY Announces Alliance With SAP Fioneer to Help Deliver Broad and Large-Scale Financial Transformations |url=https://ffnews.com/newsarticle/fintech/ey-announces-alliance-with-sap-fioneer-to-help-deliver-broad-and-large-scale-financial-transformations/ |website=ffnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Global structure ==<br /> The firm is organized geographically into three areas: Europe, Middle East, India and Africa; the Americas; and Asia-Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Our locations|url=https://www.ey.com/en_ae/locations|access-date=20 July 2020|publisher=EY}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, the company underwent a transformation of some of its region borders, primarily the union of its [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] region (operating in the former Soviet Union) and the [[Eastern Europe|CEE]] region (Eastern Europe) to create the CESA block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/profiles1/whoss-news/bogdan-ion-becomes-chief-operating-officer-of-eys-central-and-south-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-region-176400|title=Bogdan Ion becomes Chief Operating Officer of EY's Central and South Eastern Europe and Central Asia Region|date=2018-07-11|website=Business Review|language=ro|access-date=2019-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Services==<br /> Over the course of its operations, EY has transformed its business model and diversified its pool of offered services. Over the course of the last decade EY has substantially altered its business approach to offer a more comprehensive scope of services. This is mainly attributed to an intensified competition in the existing market of professional services, and competition in new markets: [[investment banking]] and strategic consultancy. According to the latest published data, the company has the following four main service lines:&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ey.com/gl/en/newsroom/news-releases/news-ey-reports-strong-global-revenue-growth-in-2017#BetterWorkingWorld |title=EY reports record global revenues in 2016 – up by 9% |access-date=9 October 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329183752/https://www.ey.com/gl/en/newsroom/news-releases/news-ey-reports-strong-global-revenue-growth-in-2017#BetterWorkingWorld |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Assurance services|Assurance]]: comprises Financial [[Audit]], [[Financial Accounting]] Advisory Services, CCaSS (Climate Change and Sustainability services) and Forensic &amp; Integrity Services.<br /> * [[Tax advisor|Tax]]: [[transfer pricing|Transfer Pricing]], International Tax Services, Business Tax Compliance, Global Trade, [[Indirect tax|Indirect Tax]], Tax Accounting &amp; Risk Advisory Services, Tax Technology and Transformation, [[Mergers and acquisitions|Transaction Tax]].<br /> * [[Management consulting|Consulting]]: comprises three sub-service lines – Business Consulting, Technology Consulting, and People Advisory Services.<br /> * [[Strategy consulting|Strategy]] and Transactions (SaT): deals with companies' capital transformation – including Valuation, Modelling, and Economics (VME); Transactions Due Diligence; Real Estate Advisory; M&amp;A; Turnaround &amp; [[Restructuring]] (financial and operational); Corporate Finance.<br /> * People Advisory Services: HR, immigration, workforce mobility programs<br /> * Core Business Services: business development, marketing, legal, risk management<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+EY revenues by service line – in US$ millions<br /> !<br /> !FY23<br /> !FY22<br /> !FY21<br /> !FY20<br /> !FY19<br /> !FY18<br /> !FY17<br /> !FY16<br /> |-<br /> |Assurance<br /> |15,096<br /> |14,282<br /> |13,567<br /> |12,821<br /> |12,646<br /> |12,534<br /> |11,632<br /> |11,301<br /> |-<br /> |Tax<br /> |12,088<br /> |11,240<br /> |10,467<br /> |9,765<br /> |9,460<br /> |8,995<br /> |8,179<br /> |7,751<br /> |-<br /> |Consulting<br /> |16,104<br /> |13,795<br /> |11,135<br /> |10,467<br /> |10,236<br /> |9,621<br /> |8,526<br /> |7,846<br /> |-<br /> |Strategy and transactions<br /> |6,066<br /> |5,848<br /> |4,790<br /> |4,181<br /> |4,052<br /> |3,622<br /> |3,067<br /> |2,728<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''<br /> |'''49,354'''<br /> |'''45,165'''<br /> |'''39,959'''<br /> |'''37,234'''<br /> |'''36,394'''<br /> |'''34,772'''<br /> |'''31,404'''<br /> |'''29,626'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Litigation and disputes ==<br /> ===Audit practices===<br /> EY has been involved in many [[accounting scandals]]: [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (1991), [[Informix Corporation]] (1996), [[Sybase]] (1997), [[Cendant]] (1998), [[One.Tel]] (2001), [[AOL]] (2002), [[HealthSouth Corporation]] (2003), [[Chiquita Brands International]] (2004), [[Lehman Brothers]] (2010), [[Sino-Forest Corporation]] (2011), [[Olympus Corporation]] (2011), [[Stagecoach Group]] (2017),&lt;ref name=&quot;shabong1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shabong |first=Yadarisa |date=August 25, 2021 |title=EY fined 3.5 mln stg for failings in Stagecoach audit |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/ey-fined-35-mln-pounds-by-uk-accounting-watchdog-over-stagecoach-audit-2021-08-25/ |access-date=June 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wirecard scandal|Wirecard]] (2020),&lt;ref name=&quot;gu-calls-2020&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/nov/15/call-for-three-year-ban-on-ey-bidding-on-public-contracts |title=Call for three-year ban on EY bidding on public contracts |first=Simon |last=Goodley |date=15 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Luckin Coffee]] (2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_Yang_20201016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |issn=0099-9660 |last1=Yang |first1=Jing |first2=Patricia |last2=Kowsmann |first3=Mark |last3=Maurer |title=String of Firms That Imploded Have Something in Common: Ernst &amp; Young Audited Them |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=9 December 2020 |date=16 October 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/string-of-firms-that-imploded-have-something-in-common-ernst-young-audited-them-11602863319}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[NMC Health]] (2020).&lt;ref name=&quot;gu-nmc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/04/watchdog-investigates-ey-audit-of-scandal-hit-nmc-health |title=Watchdog investigates EY audit of scandal-hit NMC Health |first=Julia |last=Kollewe |date=4 May 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Ernst &amp; Young was criticized for forming a lucrative business arrangement with one of its audit clients, PeopleSoft, thus creating a conflict of interest. As a result, the firm was barred by the SEC from accepting any new publicly traded companies as audit clients for six months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Weil|first1=Jonathan|title=Ernst &amp; Young Gets SEC Penalty For Ties to Client|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB108214408244385161|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=19 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2004, [[The Equitable Life Assurance Society|Equitable Life]], a UK life assurance company, sued EY after nearly collapsing but abandoned the case in September 2005. EY described the case as &quot;a scandalous waste of time, money and resources for all concerned.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4271048.stm &quot;Equitable Drops High Court Action&quot;]. [[BBC News]]. 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, EY, the former auditors of [[Sons of Gwalia]], agreed to a $125m settlement over their role in the gold miner's collapse in 2004. [[Ferrier Hodgson]], the company's administrator, had claimed EY was negligent over the accounting of gold and dollar hedging contracts. However, EY said that the proposed settlement was not an admission of any liability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ernst&quot;&gt;[http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/5912273/e-y-agrees-to-125m-sons-of-gwalia-settlement/ &quot;Ernst &amp; Young Agrees to $125m Sons of Gwalia Settlement&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205090753/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/5912273/e-y-agrees-to-125m-sons-of-gwalia-settlement|date=5 February 2011}}. ''[[The West Australian]]'' 4 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following allegations by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) that EY had committed accounting fraud in its work auditing the books of [[Bally Total Fitness]], EY reached two settlements in 2008, including a fine of $8.5 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/18/business/18audit.html?pagewanted=print |title=Ernst to Pay the S.E.C. $8.5&amp;nbsp;Million |author=Norris, Floyd |author-link=Floyd Norris |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY Hong Kong resigned from the audit of Standard Water on when it emerged that although EY Hong Kong had signed off the audit, it had been effectively outsourced to the affiliate in mainland China, which had received 99.98% of the fee.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20130518&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/article/1240178/eys-outsourced-auditing-raises-eyebrows-court|title=E&amp;Y's outsourced auditing raises eyebrows in court|last=Yam|first=Shirley|date=18 May 2013|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was important because shareholders have less confidence in mainland auditors and because audit papers on the mainland are subject to state secrecy laws and can be withheld from outside regulators.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20130518&quot; /&gt; EY's quality and risk management leader (Greater China) even testified in the Court of First Instance that he was not sure whether there was a formal agreement covering the relationship between the two EY entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20130518&quot; /&gt; The court case in 2013 came as US regulators were taking an interest in similar cases of accounting fraud in mainland China.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20130518&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2016, the US securities regulatory SEC fined EY US US$9.3 million for failures, including an auditor's romantic involvement with a client. Another partner on the team who was auditing a different public company became romantically involved with its chief accounting officer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Agnew |first=Harriet |date=September 19, 2016 |title=EY fined $9m for improper auditor relationships |work=The Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d5f4c37e-7e78-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d5f4c37e-7e78-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=June 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2016, EY settled with the SEC because they were unable to detect financial statement fraud that was committed by the [[Weatherford International|Weatherford]] tax department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://big4accountingfirms.com/the-blog/sec-fines-ernst-young-for-weatherford-fraud|title=Ernst &amp; Young Settles with SEC over Weatherford Fraud – The Big 4 Accounting Firms|author=Big 4 accounting firms|date=2016-10-23|publisher=Thebig4accountingfirms.com|access-date=2016-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Weatherford misstated their financial statements by manipulating the income tax line item in their financials. EY was Weatherford's independent auditors when the fraud was perpetrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/pressrelease/2016-194.html|title=Oil Services Company Paying $140 Million Penalty for Accounting Fraud|date=2016-09-27|publisher=SEC.gov|access-date=2016-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2016, [[Mozilla]] stopped accepting [[WebTrust]] audits from Ernst &amp; Young Hong Kong&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2016/10/24/distrusting-new-wosign-and-startcom-certificates/|title=Distrusting New WoSign and StartCom Certificates|author=Mozilla|date=2016-10-24|publisher=blogs.mozilla.org|access-date=2017-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to their failure &quot;to detect multiple issues they should have detected&quot; during their audits of [[WoSign]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1C6BlmbeQfn4a9zydVi2UvjBGv6szuSB4sMYUcVrR8vQ/preview|title=WoSign and StartCom|author=Mozilla|date=2016-09-26|publisher=Google Docs|access-date=2017-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2017, in response to questions regarding misissued certificates, [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] stated they would no longer accept WebTrust audits from E&amp;Y Korea and E&amp;Y Brazil due to deficiencies in these audits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bug1334377.bmoattachments.org/attachment.cgi?id=8836487|title=Symantec Second Response to Mis-Issuance Questions|author=Symantec|date=2017-02-12|publisher=bugzilla.mozilla.org|access-date=2018-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', in 2019, EY had audited [[WeWork]] the office-space company that &quot;nearly collapsed after fumbling a planned initial public offering&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_Yang_20201016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2020, a former partner and whistleblower was awarded $10.8 million for ethical misconduct by EY in a Dubai gold audit by the high court in London. EY appealed the decision,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/17/ey-ordered-pay-whistleblower-11m-dubai-gold-audit-case |title=EY ordered to pay whistleblower $11m in Dubai gold audit case|work=The Guardian|date= 17 April 2020|access-date=18 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but then dropped the appeal in March 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Verity |first1=Andy |title=EY drops appeal against $10.8m whistleblower payment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56564719 |access-date=27 May 2022 |agency=BBC News |date=29 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, EY failed to uncover $2 billion that was missing at [[Wirecard]] AG, a German fintech payment processing company.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_Yang_20201016&quot; /&gt; This resulted in a lawsuit filed against EY in June 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Ernst &amp; Young sued over Wirecard as accounting woes add up|url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/articles/ernst-young-sued-over-wirecard-as-accounting-woes-add-up|access-date=22 June 2020|website=Accounting Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An investigation by the [[Bundestag]] revealed in April 2021 that EY's audits of defunct payments group Wirecard suffered from serious shortcomings over a period of years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Storbeck|first=Olaf|date=April 17, 2021|title=EY's Wirecard audits suffered serious shortcomings, German probe finds|work=FT.com|publisher=Financial Times Group|url=https://www.ft.com/content/abd89375-3fa1-4457-abd6-b3e3231ba339 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/abd89375-3fa1-4457-abd6-b3e3231ba339 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=May 5, 2021|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY also failed to identify $300 million in &quot;fabricated sales&quot; in their 2020 audit of the coffee chain [[Luckin Coffee]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_Yang_20201016&quot; /&gt; and $5 billion in &quot;undisclosed debt&quot; at [[NMC Health]] and [[Finablr]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ_Yang_20201016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2021, EY US agreed to pay US$10 million as part of a settlement with the SEC related to charges of auditor independence misconduct perpetrated by several of its partners to secure [[Sealed Air]] as a client.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Brasseur |first=Kyle |date=August 2, 2021 |title=EY fined $10M for independence violations in Sealed Air engagement |url=https://www.complianceweek.com/regulatory-enforcement/ey-fined-10m-for-independence-violations-in-sealed-air-engagement/30640.article |access-date=June 4, 2022 |website=Compliance Week}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2021, UK accounting regulatory [[Financial Reporting Council]] (FRC) fined EY UK £3.5 million (US$4.8 million) for failing to challenge financial statements in its 2017 audit of UK transport company, [[Stagecoach Group]]. In addition, the auditing engagement partner Mark Harvey was sanctioned and fined £100,000. EY's fine was subsequently cut to £2.2 million for admitting to the failings, with Harvey's fine reduced to £70,000 for the same reason.&lt;ref name=&quot;shabong1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2021, EY filed a criminal complaint against unknown persons with [[Munich]] prosecutors relating to the alleged leak of a classified German parliamentary report relating to its role in the collapse of payments firm, [[Wirecard]], to the German newspaper, [[Handelsblatt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Storbeck|first=Olaf|date=November 22, 2021|title=EY files criminal complaint over leaking of classified Wirecard report|work=The Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/4b42b0f4-6b93-440f-acd1-513b12e96860 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4b42b0f4-6b93-440f-acd1-513b12e96860 |archive-date=10 December 2022|access-date=December 16, 2021|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2022 the administrators of [[NMC Health]] filed a $2.5 billion lawsuit against EY, alleging negligence during its work on NMC's accounts spanning a seven-year period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Auditor EY hit by £2bn negligence claim over NMC Health collapse |url=https://news.sky.com/story/auditor-ey-hit-by-2bn-negligence-claim-over-nmc-health-collapse-12601598 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |access-date=30 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, the [[Public Company Accounting Oversight Board]] reported on four EY Canada audits conducted in 2022 and found that half had &quot;multiple deficiencies&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Colin |date=February 26, 2024 |title=PCAOB finds fault with half of Ernst and Young Canada audits inspected |url=https://canadian-accountant.com/content/practice/pcaob-ey-canada-inspection-report-2023 |work=Canadian Accountant |access-date=June 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2023, the German Abschlussprüferaufsichtsstelle (APAS) (the federal watchdog, responsible for the oversight on auditors) assessed, that EY has committed violations of duty on its Wirecard mandate and prohibited the company for two years to accept new audit mandates for companies at the German stock exchange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Bender |first1=René |last2=Fröndhoff |first2=Bert |last3=Greive |first3=Martin |last4=Votsmeier |first4=Volker |date=2023-04-03 |title=Wirecard-Skandal: EY darf zwei Jahre keine neuen Prüfungsmandate bei Börsenkonzernen übernehmen |trans-title=EY is not allowed to take on new audit mandates at stock exchange groups for two years |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/unternehmen/dienstleister/wirecard-skandal-ey-darf-zwei-jahre-keine-neuen-pruefungsmandate-bei-boersenkonzernen-uebernehmen/29071046.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.handelsblatt.com |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2024, a lawsuit was filed against EY accusing it of assisting the UAE-based Brooge Petroleum and Gas Investment Company FZE in defrauding investors during a 2019 [[special-purpose acquisition company]] (SPAC) merger. It alleges that Brooge fabricated financial data through fake invoices, customers and affiliated parties and forged 30-80% of its revenues between 2018 and 2020. EY allegedly supported Brooge’s scheme by “issuing unqualified audit opinions”. The lawsuit was filed by a group of Boorge Energy shareholders, who accused EY of fraud and violations of the [[Securities Exchange Act of 1934]]. The plaintiffs were seeking damages, interest, and legal fees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Pazanowski |first=Bernie |title=Ernst &amp; Young Accused of Helping Brooge Defraud SPAC Investors |date=18 December 2024 |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/ernst-young-accused-of-helping-brooge-defraud-spac-investors |website=Bloomberg Law |access-date=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith |first1=Robert |last2=Kissin |first2=Ellesheva |title=Ernst &amp; Young Accused of Helping Brooge Defraud SPAC Investors |date=23 December 2024 |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/ernst-young-accused-of-helping-brooge-defraud-spac-investors |website=Financial Times |access-date=1 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2025, the company was fined £4.9 million by the UK [[Financial Reporting Council]] for 'serious breaches in standards' in its audits of [[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook]], which collapsed in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kissin |first=Ellesheva |date=2025-04-10 |title=EY fined £4.9mn over Thomas Cook audits before 2019 collapse |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d679d6bd-13ac-4827-9dcc-37a82179d12a |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Exam cheating by audit professionals===<br /> <br /> In June 2022, the SEC fined the firm US$100 million &quot;for cheating by its audit professionals on exams required to obtain and maintain [[Certified Public Accountant]] (CPA) licenses, and for withholding evidence of this misconduct from the SEC's Enforcement Division during the Division's investigation of the matter&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sec-2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2022-114 |title=Ernst &amp; Young to Pay $100 Million Penalty for Employees Cheating on CPA Ethics Exams and Misleading Investigation |publisher=SEC.gov |date= |accessdate=2022-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; EY admitted &quot;the facts underlying the SEC’s charges&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;sec-2022&quot; /&gt; and the penalty is a record imposed on a US audit firm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Michaels |first=Lucas |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Ernst &amp; Young Fined $100 Million in Ethics Exam-Cheating Probe |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ey-paying-100-million-to-settle-probe-of-auditors-cheating-on-ethics-exams-11656410401?mod=hp_lead_pos2 |access-date=June 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Canadian Public Accountability Board]] has announced that it will investigate whether EY's Canadian arm was involved in similar practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= Milstead|first= David|date= June 29, 2022|title= Canada's accounting regulator to review EY after company fined in ethics exam cheating scandal|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-ey-ernst-young-canada-audit/|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Investment banking ===<br /> In 2009, in the [[Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy]], EY was criticised by politicians&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.shane-ross.ie/archives/456/where-were-the-auditors/ &quot;Where Were the Auditors?&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213080002/http://www.shane-ross.ie/archives/456/where-were-the-auditors/ |date=13 February 2012 }}. [[Shane Ross]]. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; and the shareholders of Anglo Irish Bank for failing to detect large loans to [[Seán FitzPatrick]], its chairman, during its audits. The Irish Government had to subsequently take full ownership of the Bank at a cost of €28 billion.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0812/1224276632260.html &quot;The Cost of Anglo-Irish Bank&quot;]. ''[[The Irish Times]]''. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0117/1232059657178.html |title=Anglo's board and auditors criticised at egm Shareholders Told Kyle Swartzlander Owed Bank a Total of €129M in 2007 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522003239/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0117/1232059657178.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Irish Chartered Accountants Regulatory Board appointed John Purcell to investigate.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1219/breaking13.html?via=mr &quot;Drumm Resigns as Chief Executive of Anglo Irish&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919235939/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1219/breaking13.html?via=mr |date=19 September 2012 }}. ''[[The Irish Times]]''. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; EY said it &quot;fundamentally disagrees with the decision to initiate a formal disciplinary process&quot; and that &quot;there has been no adverse finding made against EY in respect of the audit of Anglo Irish Bank.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ft.com/content/e28c7832-ded4-11e0-a228-00144feabdc0 &quot;E&amp;Y Faces Probe on Anglo Irish Bank Audit&quot;]. ''[[Financial Times]]''. 14 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, EY agreed to pay US$200m out of court to settle a [[negligence]] claim by the liquidators of [[Akai]] Holdings.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20100127&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/704741/ernst-young-pays-settle-negligence-claim | title=Ernst &amp; Young pays up to settle negligence claim | first=Naomi | last=Rovnick | date=27 January 2010 | newspaper=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Separately the firm was accused of falsifying and doctoring documents it presented to defend against the negligence claim by Akai's liquidators.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20090930&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/694025/raids-arrest-fraud-police-probe-akai-files | title=Raids, arrest as fraud police probe Akai files | first1=Naomi | last1=Rovnick | first2=Clifford | last2=Lo| date=30 September 2009 | newspaper=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a separate lawsuit, a former EY senior partner from 1984 to 1991, Cristopher Ho, and his listed company, Grande Holdings, paid over US$100m to Akai creditors to settle Akai's liquidators' claim that Ho conspired with Ting of stripping assets from Akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aWP18uiUC6dQ |publisher=Bloomberg |title=Akai Liquidator to Receive Payment in Settlement With Grande |first1=John |last1=Duce |first2=Andrea |last2=Tan |date=5 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154521/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aWP18uiUC6dQ |archive-date=22 February 2014 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rovnick|first1=Naomi|title=Akai saga ends with 'US$100m payout'|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/694606/akai-saga-ends-us100m-payout|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The South China Morning Post|date=6 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Police raided the Hong Kong office and arrested an EY partner who had been an audit manager on the Akai account from December 1997, although audit documents had been doctored dating back to 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20090930&quot; /&gt; Akai was said to be the firm's largest client for most of the 1990s from Hong Kong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rovnick|first1=Naomi|title=Hard work pays off for 'vicious' Akai liquidator|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/694648/hard-work-pays-vicious-akai-liquidator|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The South China Morning Post|date=6 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The EY partner for the Akai account between 1991 and 1999, [[David Sun Tak-kei]], faced no charges and went on to become co-managing partner for EY China.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20090930&quot; /&gt; A few months later EY settled a similar claim of up to HK$300m from the liquidators of Moulin Global Eyecare, an audit client of the Hong Kong affiliate between 2002 and 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20100127&quot; /&gt; The liquidators described the Moulin accounts as a &quot;morass of [[wikt:dodginess|dodginess]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SCMP20100127&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Valukas Report]] issued in 2010&lt;ref&gt;[http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/11/lehman-directors-did-not-breach-duties-examiner-finds/#reports &quot;Lehman Directors Did Not Breach Duties Examiner Finds&quot;]. ''[[DealBook]]'' (blog of ''[[The New York Times]]''). 11 March 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; charged that [[Lehman Brothers]] engaged in a practice known as [[repo 105]] and that EY, Lehman's auditor, was aware of it. EY was accused of professional [[malpractice]] regarding the lack of disclosure of Lehman's repo 105 practice in Lehman's public filings.&lt;ref name=Fraternite&gt;{{cite web|title=Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité: Big Lehman Brothers Troubles For Ernst &amp; Young (Mar 15, 2010)|url=http://retheauditors.com/2010/03/15/liberte-egalite-fraternite-lehman-brothers-troubles-for-ernst-young-threaten-the-big-4-fraternity/|website=re:_TheAuditors.com|access-date=18 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; New York prosecutors announced in 2010&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/attorney-general-cuomo-sues-ernst-young-assisting-lehman-brothers-financial-fraud &quot;Attorney General Cuomo Sues Ernst &amp; Young for Assisting Lehman Brothers in Financial Fraud&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305132730/http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/attorney-general-cuomo-sues-ernst-young-assisting-lehman-brothers-financial-fraud |date=5 March 2014 }}. [[New York Attorney General]]. 21 December 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; that they have sued the firm. David Goldfarb, a Lehman CFO who concocted the repo 105 balance sheet window dressing technique was a former senior partner of EY.&lt;ref name=Fraternite/&gt; EY said that its last audit of Lehman Brothers was for the fiscal year ending 30 November 2007 and that Lehman's financial statements were fairly presented in accordance with [[Generally Accepted Accounting Principles]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lehman-cooked-books-before-collapse-report-finds/ &quot;Lehman Cooked Books before Collapse, Report Finds&quot;]. [[CBS News]]. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/11/lehman-directors-did-not-breach-duties-examiner-finds/ Court-Appointed Lehman Examiner Unveils Report]. ''[[DealBook]]'' (blog of ''[[The New York Times]]''). 11 March 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2259670/y-face-questions-lehman-audit &quot;Lehman Smoking Gun Leaves E&amp;Y Facing Questions&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502185054/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2259670/y-face-questions-lehman-audit |date=2 May 2010 }}. ''[[Accountancy Age]]''. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2015, EY settled Lehman-related lawsuits with municipalities in New Jersey and California.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ernst-young-settles-lehman-suits-with-new-jersey-california-municipalities-1426288420|title=Ernst &amp; Young Settles Lehman Suits With New Jersey, California Municipalities|author=Patrick Fitzgerald|date=13 March 2015|work=WSJ|access-date=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, tax arrangements negotiated by EY for [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[Koch Industries]], [[Skype]], and other [[multinational corporation]]s became public in the so-called ''[[Luxembourg Leaks]]''. The disclosure of these and other tax arrangements led to controversial discussions about [[tax avoidance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/dec/09/-sp-luxembourg-tax-files-how-junckers-duchy-accommodated-skype-and-the-koch-empire|title=Luxembourg tax files: how Juncker's duchy accommodated Skype and the Koch empire|date=9 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/11/business/disney-and-koch-industries-had-luxembourg-tax-deals-journalists-group-says.html?_r=0|title=Disney and Koch Industries Had Luxembourg Tax Deals, Journalists' Group Says|date=10 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=Irish Times|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/koch-industries-implicated-in-luxembourg-leaks-1.2031660|title=Koch Industries implicated in Luxembourg leaks|date=10 December 2014|access-date=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, EY's member firm in Japan, Ernst &amp; Young ShinNihon, was fined {{JPY|2.1 billion}} ({{USD|17.4 million}}) for failing to spot irregularities since 2008 while auditing its client [[Toshiba]], which was Japan's worst accounting scandal in years. The firm was also suspended from taking up new business for three months. An official from Japan's [[Financial Services Agency]] (FSA) described that &quot;there was a grave breach of duty&quot;. The firm's CEO and chairman, Koichi Hanabusa stepped down the following month to take responsibility and monthly salaries for 19 employees were cut from 20 per cent to 50 per cent.&lt;ref name=ReutersToshiba&gt;{{cite news|last1=Uranaka|first1=Taiga|last2=Wada|first2=Takahiko|title=Japan fines Ernst &amp; Young affiliate $17.4 million over Toshiba audit|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-toshiba-accounting-ernst-idUSKBN0U505S20151222|access-date=29 December 2016|work=Reuters|date=22 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FTShinNihon&gt;{{cite news|last1=Inagaki|first1=Kana|title=EY's Japanese unit reprimanded by regulator over Toshiba audits|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e6357710-a89a-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e6357710-a89a-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879 |archive-date=10 December 2022|access-date=29 December 2016|work=The Financial Times|date=22 December 2015|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an unusual move, the FSA publicly named seven accountants involved in the audit who were accused of failing to exercise due caution and signing off on false financial documents.&lt;ref name=FTShinNihon/&gt; The FSA also said the &quot;firm’s operations were deeply improper&quot;.&lt;ref name=FTShinNihon/&gt; ShinNihon, at the time, was Japan's biggest accounting firm, with 3,500 certified accountants and 4,000 clients.&lt;ref name=ReutersToshiba/&gt; ShinNihon audited about 960 listed companies in Japan, the most among the [[Big Four accounting firms|Big Four]], as reported in 2015.&lt;ref name=NikkeiEYSN&gt;{{cite news|title=Top accounting firms eyed to replace auditor|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Top-accounting-firms-eyed-to-replace-auditor|access-date=6 May 2017|work=Nikkei Asian Review|date=12 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ShinNihon had audited Toshiba for over 60 years and the firm had around 70 staff serving Toshiba before the accounting scandal broke.&lt;ref name=NikkeiEYSN/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, Ernst &amp; Young Baltic, member of the EY network, was accused of using the emission assumptions of highly polluting EURO II trucks (manufactured before 2001) to falsely increase the socio-economic benefits of the new railway for the period 2026–2055 by 3 billion euros in the [[Rail Baltica]] Cost-Benefit Analysis. The total mistakes amounted to more than 4 billion euros and constituted 20% of the total socio-economic benefit of the Rail Baltica.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |date=2018 |title=Major mistakes in Rail Baltica Cost-Benefit Analysis made by Ernst &amp; Young Baltic |isbn=978-1985198630 |url=http://avalikultrailbalticust.ee/PDF/ARB_MMistakesRB_CBA_by_EY.pdf |last1=Humal |first1=Priit |last2=Lambot |first2=Karli |last3=Paul |first3=Illimar |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128041756/http://avalikultrailbalticust.ee/PDF/ARB_MMistakesRB_CBA_by_EY.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-28 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Correction of the mistakes made the project unfeasible. EY has refused to provide any comments to the media regarding the public accusations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://jv.err.ee/arhiiv/2017-000010-0918_0001_XHD_AKTUAALNE-KAAMERA.mp4#t=820 |title=Estonian Public Broadcasting News 18 September 2017 |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313093908/http://jv.err.ee/arhiiv/2017-000010-0918_0001_XHD_AKTUAALNE-KAAMERA.mp4#t=820 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Employment culture ==<br /> === Sexist training program ===<br /> In October 2019, ''[[HuffPost]]'' broke a story about a New Jersey &quot;Power-Presence-Purpose&quot; training seminar purportedly to empower female employees, but which was, as characterized by ''HuffPost'', &quot;full of out of touch advice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Peck |first1=Emily |title=Women At Ernst &amp; Young Instructed On How To Dress, Act Nicely Around Men |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/women-ernst-young-how-to-dress-act-around-men_n_5da721eee4b002e33e78606a |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=HuffPost |date=21 October 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women were told to concentrate on their appearance, not to show too much skin, and not to speak too much. One participant said it was basically a &quot;women bashing&quot; exercise. &quot;You have to offer your thoughts in a benign way...You have to be the perfect [[Stepford wife]]... It felt like they were being turned into someone who is super-smiley, who never confronts anyone&quot; she said.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/women-ernst-young-how-to-dress-act-around-men_n_5da721eee4b002e33e78606a|title=Women at Ernst &amp; Young Instructed on How To Dress, Act Nicely Around Men|last=Peck|first=Emily|date=2019-10-21|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2019-10-22|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, EY agreed to pay the state of New Jersey $100,000 and set up a $500,000 scholarship following its investigation of the program to resolve claims EY broke state law against discrimination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2021/06/ey-reaches-deal-with-state-over-sexist-training-video-for-female-employees.html |title=EY reaches deal with state over sexist training video for female employees |publisher=nj.com |date=2021-06-02 |accessdate=2022-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Working rights ===<br /> In April 2021, EY's second-year auditor staff in their Barcelona office sent an email to their line managers to complain about the long hours that they had to work, which were sometimes reaching 84 working hours per week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/economia/2021-04-27/auditores-de-ey-en-espana-denuncian-ante-sus-superiores-semanas-de-trabajo-de-84-horas-es-insostenible.html|title=Auditores de EY en España denuncian ante sus jefes semanas de trabajo de 84 horas: &quot;Es insostenible&quot;|newspaper=El Pais|date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Elizabeth Broderick &amp; Co. Culture Review===<br /> In July 2023, an independent culture review by the former Australian sex discrimination commissioner [[Elizabeth Broderick]] was released after being commissioned by EY following the suicide of an auditor in the Sydney office in August 2022. Over 4,500 participants from the Australian and New Zealand EY offices participated through online surveys, interviews, written submissions, and group listening sessions. The report revealed that 15% of EY employees have experienced instances of either bullying, sexual harassment, or racism. The report also detailed the long working hours, with approximately two in five employees considering quitting due to long work hours and 46% of respondents reporting that their health has been negatively affected due to the long hours. The culture review revealed that over 31% of EY employees worked over 51 hours per week routinely, and 11% of EY employees working over 61 hours per week routinely.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.com/en_au/elizabeth-broderick-and-co-independent-review-into-workplace-culture-at-ey|title=Elizabeth Broderick &amp; Co. independent review into workplace culture at EY|publisher=ey.com|date=27 July 2023|access-date=August 5, 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153742/https://www.ey.com/en_au/elizabeth-broderick-and-co-independent-review-into-workplace-culture-at-ey|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2024, EY apologized for its workplace culture and said it has started a &quot;time-owed-in-lieu pilot&quot; and is &quot;making strong progress&quot; on other report recommendations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilson |first=Nick |date=2024-04-22 |title=EY apologises for workplace culture following Senate grilling |url=https://www.accountingtimes.com.au/profession/were-selling-time-professional-services-and-overwork-culture |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=www.accountingtimes.com.au |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Toxic work culture in India ===<br /> Anna Sebastian Perayil, a 26-year-old [[Chartered accountant (India)|chartered accountant]], died in July 2024, four months after starting work at the Pune, India, EY office. Her family alleged that her death was due to stress caused by overwork, [[presenteeism]] and exhaustion. Her death led to nationwide outrage and debate on [[Toxic workplace|toxic work culture]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/viral/after-ey-pune-ca-death-mnc-employee-x-post-on-working-17-to-18-hours-attending-5-am-meeting-draws-reaction-10188665 |title=After EY Pune CA Death, MNC Employee's X Post On Working 17 To 18 Hours, Attending 5 AM Meeting Draws Reaction |publisher=Jagran |date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-09-18 |title=Grieving mom's heart-wrenching letter blames toxic culture for daughter’s death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/work/grieving-moms-heart-wrenching-letter-to-ey-india-chairman-blaming-toxic-culture-for-daughters-death/articleshow/113450405.cms |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shobha Karandlaje]], the Minister of State for the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], said in a post on [[X Twitter|X]] that her ministry has officially taken up the complaint. Other political leaders like the Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister [[Ajit Pawar]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], have expressed sadness and support for a probe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-probing-ernst-and-young-pune-woman-death-mother-work-pressure-2602594-2024-09-19 |title=Government probing EY India employee's death due to 'excessive workload'|publisher=Indiatoday |date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/ajit-pawar-on-ey-pune-employees-death-rising-cases-of-young-people-dying-from-stress-need-our-attention |title=Ajit Pawar On EY Pune Employee's Death: 'Rising Cases Of Young People Dying From Stress Need Our Attention |publisher=Freepressjournal |date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sponsorships ==<br /> Ernst &amp; Young is involved in many sponsorships, including its ''[[Ernst &amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award|World Entrepreneur of the Year Award]]'' program, held in over 60 countries.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_Article_FAQ EY Entrepreneur Of The Year] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714073340/http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_Article_FAQ |date=14 July 2012 }}. Ernst &amp; Young. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The awards are an annual award program sponsored by Ernst &amp; Young in recognition of [[entrepreneurship]]. <br /> Founded in 1986 in [[Milwaukee]] as a single award, the program now runs in all 50 U.S. states and in more than 60 countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;EYeoty&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EY Entrepreneur Of The Year programs |url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/weoy/contacts |access-date= |publisher=Ernst &amp; Young |location=United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the country and territory levels, programs begin with nomination&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneur Of The Year nomination |url=https://eoy.ey.com/home |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=eoy.ey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; of entrepreneurs who demonstrate specific criteria. The award may be given to multiple individuals per year. For example, in the U.S. and other countries, there are multiple regional and category winners, spanning fields such as for retail and consumer products, technology, family business, energy, chemical and mining, food products and services, real estate, hospitality, and construction, financial services, digital media, and transformational ventures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/MET-NY_Article_award_recipients |title=Meet NY award recipients |work=Entrepreneur of the Year Awards |publisher=Ernst &amp; Young |date=2013 |location=United States |access-date=29 October 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330025024/https://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/met-ny_article_award_recipients |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in each country, only one company and its leader(s) are recognized as the overall award recipient.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_2014-winners |title=US winners |work=Entrepreneur of the Year Awards |publisher=EY |date=2014 |location=United States |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416053832/http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_2014-winners |archive-date=2015-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 1986, over 10,000 founders, CEOs, and business leaders have received awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_Article_EOY_HOF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422161525/http://www.ey.com/US/en/About-us/Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneur-Of-The-Year/US_EOY_Article_EOY_HOF|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2016|title=Visit the Hall of Fame|work=Entrepreneur of the Year Awards|publisher=EY|location=United States|access-date=9 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Entrepreneurial Winning Women ===<br /> Entrepreneurial Winning Women is a global EY initiative that identifies women founders and supports them to help them scale. Launched in 2008, the program has expanded to 55 countries and graduated over 1,000 entrepreneurs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geristengel/2024/10/09/ey-winning-women-shattering-the-entrepreneurial-glass-ceiling|title=EY Winning Women: Shattering the Entrepreneurial Glass Ceiling|author=Geri Stengel|date=9 October 2024|access-date=5 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In North America and Canada, eligibility focuses on founding CEOs who retain substantial ownership and lead privately held businesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://bcbusiness.ca/people/general/3-bc-female-founders-named-to-top-international-entrepreneurship-program| title = 3 B.C. female founders named to top international entrepreneurship program| date = November 15, 2021| access-date = September 5, 2025| website = BCBusiness}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Notable alumnae include [[Sheri Jacobson]] (UK &amp; Ireland, class of 2018), [[Brianne West]] (Asia–Pacific, class of 2020), [[Paula Fray]] (Africa, class of 2015), [[Jamie Kern Lima]] (North America, class of 2013)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://wwglobaldirectory.ey.com/member/2013-it-cosmetics| title = Global Winning Women| access-date = September 5, 2025| website = WW Global Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Amy Buckner Chowdhry]] (North America, class of 2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.wxyz.com/news/national-program-helps-boost-women-owned-businesses-local-woman-snags-spot-in-2016-class| title = National program helps boost women-owned businesses, local woman snags spot in 2016 class| date = November 29, 2016| access-date = September 5, 2025| website = WXYZ Detroit}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Art and media ===<br /> EY UK sponsors exhibitions of works by famous artists, such as [[Cézanne]], [[Picasso]], [[Pierre Bonnard|Bonnard]], [[Monet]], [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]] and [[Renoir]]. The most recent of these was ''Maharaja: the Splendour of India's Royal Courts'' at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vam.ac.uk/microsites/maharaja/ &quot;Maharaja: The Splendour of India's Royal Courts&quot;]. [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London, England. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, EY sponsors the educational children's show ''[[Cyberchase]]'' on [[PBS Kids]] under the [[PBS Kids GO!]] television brand, in an effort to improve [[mathematics]] literacy in children.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pbskids.org/cyberchase Cyberchase – PBS Kids] Official PBS Kids website with corporate sponsorships.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY in the UK sponsors the [[ITEM club]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=44555 Ernst &amp; Young Item Club appoints new Chief Economist]. Prnewswire.co.uk 16 June 1997. Retrieved 9 July 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY in the UK has set up the [[National Equality Standard]] (NES), an initiative developed for business which sets clear equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) criteria against which companies are assessed. The [[National Equality Standard]] (NES) is currently the only industry recognized national standard for EDI in the UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehrdirector.com/business-news/diversity_and_equality/untitled-resource/ |title=Hope that National Equality Standard (NES) will turn tide for D&amp;I |publisher=The HR Director magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020202134/http://www.thehrdirector.com/business-news/diversity_and_equality/untitled-resource/ |archive-date=20 October 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY in the UK has set up ''EY Foundation'', a new UK charity set up to support young people and entrepreneurs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://goodnewsshared.com/ey-thanked-at-ey-foundation-launch/ |title=EY Thanked at Launch of EY Foundation|date=2 September 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sports ===<br /> On 8 September 2011, [[Rio 2016]] made the announcement that EY would be an official sponsor of the ''[[2016 Summer Olympics]]'' to be held in Brazil, as the exclusive provider of professional services – consulting and auditing – for Rio 2016 organizing committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=37832 |title=Rio 2016 Unveils Ernst &amp; Young as Tier 2 Sponsor |publisher=Aroundtherings.com |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025074821/http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=37832 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> EY was an Official Partner to the [[2012 Ryder Cup|2012]] and the [[2014 Ryder Cup]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst---Young-announces-partnership-with-The-2012-European-Ryder-Cup|title=EY announces partnership with The 2012 European Ryder Cup Team and The 2014 Ryder Cup|publisher=ey.com|access-date=27 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103173632/http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst---Young-announces-partnership-with-The-2012-European-Ryder-Cup|archive-date=3 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; it partners with the [[British and Irish Lions]].,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lionstour.ey.com/|title=EY – 2017 British &amp; Irish Lions Tour to New Zealand|last=EY|website=lionstour.ey.com|access-date=2017-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630182012/http://lionstour.ey.com/|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it has a longstanding relationship with the [[2011 Tour de France]] winner [[Cadel Evans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ey.com/AU/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst-and-Young-renews-relationship-with-Cadel-Evans |title=Ernst &amp; Young renews relationship with Cadel Evans |access-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109230833/http://www.ey.com/AU/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst-and-Young-renews-relationship-with-Cadel-Evans |archive-date=9 November 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2019, EY announced a two-year-long collaboration with [[USA Rugby]], where EY would act as their Official Principal Partner. The partnership was focusing on digital and technological transformations, as well as innovating and growing the game in the US, while specifically mentioning an overhaul of USA Rugby's diversity and inclusiveness program.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportstravelmagazine.com/usa-rugby-names-ey-as-official-principal-partner/|title=USA Rugby Names EY as Official Principal Partn|publisher=Sport Travel Magazine|date=3 April 2019|access-date=4 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Companies}}<br /> * [[Accounting networks and associations]]<br /> * [[Big Four accounting firms]]<br /> * [[Clarkson Gordon &amp; Co|Clarkson Gordon &amp; Co (Canada)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.ey.com}}<br /> <br /> {{Ernst &amp;#38; Young}}<br /> {{Big4}}<br /> {{Consulting}}<br /> {{wirecard}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:ErnstYoung}}<br /> [[Category:Ernst &amp; Young| ]]<br /> [[Category:Macroeconomics consulting firms|*]]<br /> [[Category:1849 establishments in England]]<br /> [[Category:Accounting firms of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in London]]<br /> [[Category:Consulting firms established in 1849]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 1849]]<br /> [[Category:International management consulting firms]]<br /> [[Category:Management consulting firms of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Outsourcing companies]]<br /> [[Category:Privately held companies of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Accounting firms]]<br /> [[Category:Financial services companies of Canada]]<br /> [[Category:Accounting firms of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:International accounting firms]]<br /> [[Category:Controversies in India]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Hit_Danka&diff=499354 2026-03-04T09:36:59Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Creating Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Free Hit Danka.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Sunil Magare<br /> | screenplay = Sanjay Navgire&lt;br&gt;Sunil Magare<br /> | story = Sunil Magare<br /> | producer = Umesh Narke&lt;br&gt;Dharmendra Singh&lt;br&gt;Prasad Shetty&lt;br&gt;Vikas Kamble&lt;br&gt;Praveen Jadhav&lt;br&gt;Sunil Magare&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Free Hit Danka' will soon be seen in theaters, Sairat's 'Hee' Jodi will be seen together again!|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/tanaji-galgunde-and-arbaz-sheikh-starrer-marathi-movie-free-hit-danka-releasing-on-17-december-548067.html|website=TV9 Marathi|date=2 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Somnath Awghade]]<br /> *[[Tanaji Galgunde]]<br /> *[[Arbaz Shaikh]]<br /> *[[Suresh Vishwakarma]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Veerdhaval Patil&lt;br&gt;Shaikh Hazarath Vali<br /> | editing = Parag Sawant<br /> | music = Baban Adagle&lt;br&gt;Ashok Kamble<br /> | studio = SGM Films<br /> | distributor = Sunshine Studios (Ankit Chandiramani)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Free Hit Danka|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/free-hit-danka-44147/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204047/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/free-hit-danka-44147/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=28 March 2023|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|2021|12|17|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> }}<br /> '''''Free Hit Danka''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Sunil Magare. The film stars [[Somnath Awghade]], [[Tanaji Galgunde]], [[Arbaz Shaikh]] and [[Suresh Vishwakarma]]. It was theatrically released on 17 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Free Hit DankaUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/free-hit-danka/movieshow/87975245.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> A man and a woman fall in love, but their relationship is complicated by the fact that they come from two villages that have been feuding for years over a cricket tournament.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Somnath Awghade]] as Santosh<br /> * [[Tanaji Galgunde]] as Rangya<br /> * [[Arbaz Shaikh]] as Vikas<br /> * [[Suresh Vishwakarma]]<br /> * Anil Nagarkar<br /> * Apurva Shelgaokar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Apoorva will give a free hit bang with Salya and Langda |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/apurva-s-to-play-the-lead-in-free-hit-danka-marathi-movie/articleshow/79609345.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ganesh Deshmukh<br /> * Sudhir Nikam<br /> * Pratibha Wale<br /> * Chitra Kulkarni<br /> * Pranali Dhaware&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Free Hit Danka (2021) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/free-hit-danka-44147/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328204047/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/free-hit-danka-44147/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Fandry' and 'Jhund' fame Somnath Dhikli's film 'Free Hit Danka' World Television Premiere Soon! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/free-hit-danka-world-televisoin-premium-dcp-98-2832355/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was theatrically released on 17 December 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Free Hit Danka Film : A cricket match of 'Free Hit Danka' was held at Shivaji Park |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/free-hit-danka-film-free-hit-danka-cricket-match-at-shivaji-park-1017364 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Free Hit Danka<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = Baban Adagle, Ashok Kamble<br /> | released = {{Film date|2021}}<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=13|s=56}}<br /> | language = Marathi<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|n6nvaxqiAu4|Free Hit Danka - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Music is given by Baban Adagle and Ashok Kamble.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Free Hit Danka (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single by Baban Adagale &amp; Ashok Kamble |date=2021-12-03 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/free-hit-danka-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1598502258 |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-14 |title=Free Hit Danka {{!}} Song - Rang Particha Bawra {{!}} marathi video songs - Times of India - Bharat Times |url=https://news.bharattimes.co.in/free-hit-danka-song-rang-particha-bawra-marathi-video-songs-times-of-india/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_lyrics = Sanjay Navgire<br /> | all_music = Baban Adagle and Ashok Kamble<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer (s)<br /> | title1 = Hoil Dandi Gul<br /> | length1 = 3:21<br /> | extra1 = Anand Shinde, J-Subodh, Ray Marshall<br /> | title2 = Rang Pirticha Bawara<br /> | length2 = 2:17<br /> | extra2 = Jasraj Joshi, Soumee Sailesh<br /> | title3 = Ha Rang Chadhu De<br /> | length3 = 3:10<br /> | extra3 = [[Rahul Deshpande]]<br /> | total_length = 13:56<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title|id=14123982}}<br /> * ''[https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/free-hit-danka-2021 Free Hit Danka]'' at [[The A.V. Club]] <br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Marathi-language comedy drama films]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Mark%27s_Senior_Secondary_Public_School&diff=465935 2026-02-22T12:15:24Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{No footnotes|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | image = St.Mark's Sr.Sec.Public School,Meera Bagh.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | name = St. Mark's Senior Secondary Public School<br /> | location = A-Block&lt;br /&gt;[[Meera Bagh]]&lt;br /&gt;110087&lt;br /&gt;[[India]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.660656|N|77.0869576|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}<br /> | specialist = <br /> | schooltype = [[Independent School]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Day School]]<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Secular]]<br /> | motto = ''Loyalty, Truth and Honour''<br /> | founded = {{start date and age|1990|4|20}}<br /> | founder = T.P. Aggarwal<br /> | head_label = Principal<br /> | head = Ritika Anand<br /> | gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-educational]]<br /> | lower_age = 6<br /> | upper_age = 18<br /> | enrollment = 3800<br /> | faculty = 150<br /> | houses = 4<br /> | campus = 0.2 [[acre]]s (809 m²)<br /> | district = [[West Delhi]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br /> | publication = SMS News<br /> | free_label = <br /> | free_text = <br /> | free_label3 = <br /> | free_text3 = <br /> | website = {{URL|saintmarksschool.com/meerabagh/index.html|Homepage}} <br /> }}<br /> '''St. Mark Senior Secondary Public School''', Meera Bagh, is a co-educational English medium institution, inaugurated by the then Lt.Governor of Delhi, Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh on 20 April 1990. It has a strength of 3800 students.<br /> <br /> ==Academics==<br /> Recognized by the Delhi Administration, the school follows the CBSE Syllabus. It has laboratories, a library, computers, Audio-visual facilities, a play field for all the major games (cricket, football, basketball), NCC &amp; Scouts, hobby clubs, and co-curricular activities like camping and educational excursions.<br /> <br /> In addition to the above, there is a Maths laboratory, and Resource Rooms for English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Psychology.<br /> <br /> == House System ==<br /> There are four houses in the school with different colors namely<br /> <br /> * Patel House (Red)<br /> * Nehru House (Blue)<br /> * Shastri House (Green)<br /> * Gandhi House (Yellow)<br /> <br /> Students are distributed between these houses and led by student prefects elected by the students. Various inter-house competitions including quiz events, athletics and sport events, debate competitions are held between the different houses from time to time.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[List of schools in India]]<br /> *[[List of schools in Delhi affiliated with CBSE]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mark's Senior Secondary Public School}}<br /> [[Category:Schools in West Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:1975 establishments in Delhi]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizamabad_Municipal_Corporation&diff=458589 2026-02-16T18:01:50Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Nizamabad, Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Nizamabad Municipal Corporation<br /> | legislature =<br /> | coa_pic =<br /> | coa_res = 250px<br /> | coa_alt =<br /> | logo =<br /> | house_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | body = Nizamabad, Telangana<br /> | houses = <br /> | foundation ={{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1931}}<br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = Umarani Mudiraj <br /> | party1 = INC<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2= Salma Tahseen<br /> | party2 = [[AIMIM]] <br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader3 = Jitesh Patil, I.A.S.<br /> | last_election1 = [[2026 Nizamabad Municipal Corporation election|2026]]<br /> | seats = '''60''' (2020)<br /> | structure1 = <br /> | structure1_res = 300px<br /> | structure1_alt = <br /> | house1 = <br /> | committees1 = <br /> |political_groups1 = <br /> '''Government (32)'''<br /> *{{color box|#00BBFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (17)<br /> *{{colorbox|{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}}} [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (14)<br /> *{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}} [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] (1)<br /> '''Opposition (28)'''<br /> *{{color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (28)<br /> | session_room = Nizamabad_MCN_building.jpg<br /> | session_res = 250px<br /> | meeting_place = MCN Building, Yellammagutta, Nizamabad, Telangana 503003<br /> | website = {{URL|https://nizamabadcorporation.telangana.gov.in|Nizamabad Municipal Corporation}}<br /> | motto = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Nizamabad Municipal Corporation''' '''(NMC)''' is the [[Local government|local governing body]], administering the city of [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Telangana]]. {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India, 2011|census]], the [[municipal corporation]] had a population of {{formatnum:310467}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's governance, infrastructure and administration.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The municipality was constituted in 1931 and upgraded as special grade municipality in 1987. The Nizamabad Municipality was upgraded as Nizamabad Municipal Corporation on 5 March 2005<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> The Municipal Corporation building is located at Yellamagutta in the city. Currently there are 60 divisions in Nizamabad. The municipal corporation administers the jurisdiction of the district headquarters. It also administers the E-governance services of the district. The last municipal elections were held in February 2026.<br /> <br /> == Elections ==<br /> <br /> === 2026 NMC election ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S.No.<br /> !colspan=2|Party Name<br /> !Won<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |28<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |17<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}<br /> |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> |14<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> |1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2020 NMC election ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S.No.<br /> !colspan=2|Party Name<br /> !Won<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> |28<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}<br /> |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> |16<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |{{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}<br /> |[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> |13<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |{{party color cell|Independent politician}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Pincode !! Area&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/ |title=Pin Code of Nizamabad in Andhra Pradesh |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107044041/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 503001 || Nizamabad Urban&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/nizamabad.html |title=Pin Code of Nizamabad in Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110252/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/nizamabad.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 503002 || Kanteshwar / Subhash Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | 503003 || Nizamabad Rural&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/nizamabad-rs.html |title=Pin Code of Nizamabad Rs in Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091616/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/nizamabad-rs.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 503186|| Arsapalli / Sarangpur&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/arsapalli.html |title=Pin Code of Arsapalli in Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=18 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112421/http://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/andhra-pradesh/nizamabad/arsapalli.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 503230 || Madhav Nagar<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Wards==<br /> Reorganized wards and divisions constituted by Nizamabad Municipal Corporation from the January 2020 elections:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; | Ward no.<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; ! | No. of voters<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; | Bounds<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |1<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5303<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Kalur and Khanapur<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |2<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5040<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Manikbhandar &amp; Borgaon (K)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |3<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4019<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Manikbhandar (rest) &amp; Gopanpally<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4857<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Bank Colony, Borgaon, Arya Nagar (Till Hanuman Mandir)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5150<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Borgaon (P)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |6<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5236<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |New Housing Board Colony, Vinayak nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |7<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5160<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Rotary Nagar, Chandra Nagar, Gayatri Nagar, Nyalkal Road<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |8<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4903<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Sitaram Nagar, Anand Nagar, Varni Rd, Sai Nagar, Santosh Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |9<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4916<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Indira Nagar, Old Nagaram, Waddar Colony, Sri Ram Nagar, Sai Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |10<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5170<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |80 Quarters, 50 Quarters, SS Nagar, Driver Colony, Dharmapuri Hills, Babansahab Pahadi<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |11<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5231<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |300 Quarters, Asad Baba Nagar, Babansahab Pahadi, Shujath Nagar, Vengal Rao Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |12<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4823<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Babansahab Pahadi (North), Driver Colony (East), Madina Eidgah, Canal Katta<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |13<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5179<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Auto Nagar, Dairy Farm, Sarangpur<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |14<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5096<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Malapally, Mujahid Nagar, Arsapalli, NRI Colony, Lateef Colony, Nizam Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |15<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4929<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Canal Katta, Arsapalli (East), Fruit Market<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |16<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5227<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Gurba Abadi, New Gunj, Labour Colony, Haricharan Basti, Shashtri Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |17<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5144<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Gautam Nagar, Kalur Rd<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |18<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4456<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mubarak Nagar, Armoor Rd.<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |19<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5194<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Chandrashekar Colony, Maruti Nagar, Gangasthan Green Park<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |20<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4810<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Kanteshwar, Bank Colony, Yellamagutta (South)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |21<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5074<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Yellamagutta (North) &amp; Police Line<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |22<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4762<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Vinayak Nagar, Yedambhagam<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |23<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5234<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Hanuman Nagar, Vinayak Nagar (South), Yadgiri Bagh<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |24<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5195<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Sai Nagar (North), Gayatri Nagar (East), Padma Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |25<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5111<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Kotgalli<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |26<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5197<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ashok Galli, Kotgalli (East), Qasab Galli, Bada Bazar (East), Surya Nagar, Chandrya Nagar (East)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |27<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4757<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Renuka Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Sitaram Nagar Colony (West)<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |28<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4805<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Gajulpet<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |29<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4810<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Malapalli (North), Mujahid Nagar (East), Shanti Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |30<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5035<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Auto Nagar, CM Rd, Sailani Nagar, Satish Nagar, Telephone Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |31<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5027<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Auto Nagar, CM Rd, Shanti Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |32<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5019<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Bodhan Road, Habeeb Nagar, Islam Pura, Khoja Colony, NRI Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |33<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5116<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ashok Nagar, Islam Pura, Khoja Colony, Mirchi Compound, Yerukalawada<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |34<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5187<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Devi Road, Gandhi Chowk, Mirchi Compound, Nehru Park, RP Road<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |35<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5220<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Hamalwadi, Namdevwada, Pumpbowli<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |36<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4984<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Canal Latta, Hamalwadi, Namdevwada<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |37<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5213<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ambedkar Colony, Pavan Nagar, Sanjeeviah Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |38<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4942<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Adarsh Nagar, Ambedkar Colony, Harijanawada, Muslim Basti, Pavan Nagar, Shastri Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |39<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5197<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ambedkar Colony, Canal Katta, Chandra Shekar Colony, Goutham Nagar, New NGOS Colony, Old NGOS Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |40<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5231<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Canal Katta, Chandra Shekar Colony, Goutham Nagar, Housing Board Colony, Indira Priya Darshini Colony, Taraka Rama Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |41<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5200<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Chandra Shekar Colony, Goutham Nagar, Panchayat Raj Colony, Vasantha Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |42<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5209<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Chandrashekar Colony, Gangasthan, Maruthi Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |43<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5233<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Chandrashekar Colony, Hamalwadi, Pamula Basthi, Panchayat Raj Colony, Subash Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |44<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4772<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Old Collectorate, Dwaraka Nagar, Khaleelwadi, Pochamagally, Poosalagally, Saraswati Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |45<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4928<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Pragati Nagar, Sri Nagar Colony, Vinayaka Nagar, Yellammagutta<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |46<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4802<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ashok Veedhi, Gol Hanuman Water Tank, Narsagoud Gally, Phulong<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |47<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4787<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Balaji Bhavan, Bobbili Veedhi, BoiGally, Gol Hanuman, Nagendra Temple, Narsigoud Gally, Phulong, Pusagally, Weekly Market<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |48<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4945<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Gol Hanuman, Jhandagally, Narsagoud Veedhi, Patigally, Phulong, Uppertekdi<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |49<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5158<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Arekatike Sangam, Arya Samaj, Ashok Veedhi, Kasabgally, Narsagoud Veedhi, Poosalagally, Uppertekdi<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |50<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4970<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Bhramapuri Colony, ITI Area, Shivaji Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |51<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |5044<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Barkat Pura, Burudgally, Dharugally, Gajulpet<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |52<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4813<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Hajjam Colony, Hashmi Colony, Mammadevi Colony, Moghal Pura, Mohammedia Colony<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |53<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4805<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Hashmi Colony, Shanti Nagar<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |54<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4748<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; | Mujahid Nagar, Rahmat Nagar, Malapally<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |55<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4795<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Malapally, AhmedPura<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |56<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4797<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ahmed Pura, Bodhan Road, Malapally<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |57<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4798<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Mustaid Pura, [[Ahmed Pura Colony|Ahmed Pura]]<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |58<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4788<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Barkat Pura, Dharu Gally, Line Gally<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |59<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4920<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ahmed Pura, Qilla Road<br /> |-<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |60<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |4811<br /> | valign=&quot;top&quot; |Ahmed Pura, Hajjam Colony, Hashmi Colony, Mohammedia Colony, Shanti Nagar<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; | Total<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; ! | 3,07,099<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot; | Nizamabad MC<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}<br /> {{State Agencies of Telangana}}<br /> <br /> {{Telangana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nizamabad, Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Local government in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:1931 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:2005 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunil_Bhaskaran&diff=538322 2026-02-12T03:02:15Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added initial article v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sunil Bhaskaran<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | education = {{Unbulleted list|[[IIT Delhi]]|[[IIM Calcutta]]}}<br /> | occupation = Businessman<br /> <br /> | known for = Head of [[Air India]] Aviation Training Academy &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Former CEO and MD of [[AirAsia India]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Former Vice President of [[Tata Steel]] <br /> | networth = <br /> | title = <br /> | term = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | boards = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sunil Bhaskaran''' is the head of the newly created Air India Aviation Training Academy. He was the chief executive officer and managing director of [[AirAsia India]] and the former Vice President of corporate services at [[Tata Steel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-10 |title=AirAsia India appoints Sunil Bhaskaran as CEO |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airasia-india-appoints-sunil-bhaskaran-as-ceo/article25182082.ece |access-date=2022-07-31 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Rhik |date=2018-10-10 |title=Tata Steel's Sunil Bhaskaran appointed AirAsia India CEO |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/pEsO4i27qJIrxlCe5YdbYI/AirAsia-India-likely-to-appoint-Tata-Steels-Sunil-Bhaskaran.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=LiveMint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunil Bhaskaran, AirAsia India Pvt Ltd: Profile and Biography |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18486598 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Bhaskaran did his BTech from [[IIT Delhi]] in 1985. He did his post-graduation in Management from [[IIM Kolkata]] in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunil Bhaskaran {{!}} Air Asia India: ET Exclusive: Tata Steel veteran Sunil Bhaskaran to be new Air Asia India boss |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/et-exclusive-tata-steel-veteran-sunil-bhaskaran-to-be-new-air-asia-india-boss/articleshow/66146401.cms |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Bhaskaran started his career in 1987 as a management trainee at [[Tata Steel]]. After that, he became the Vice President of Corporate services at Tata Steel. He worked in Tata Steel for over 30 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-10 |title=AirAsia India appoints Tata Steel's Sunil Bhaskaran as new CEO and MD |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/aviation/airasia-set-to-name-tata-steels-sunil-bhaskaran-as-india-boss-to-make-other-leadership-changes-1055351.htm |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 November 2018, he joined [[AirAsia India]] as the chief executive officer and managing director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AirAsia India Appoints Tata Group Veteran Sunil Bhaskaran as CEO |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/airasia-india-appoints-tata-group-veteran-sunil-bhaskaran-as-ceo-1905129.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also the former Chairman of Jamshedpur Football Club and board at [[Jusco]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India com Business |title=Tata Group's Sunil Bhaskaran Appointed as New CEO of AirAsia India {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/business/tata-groups-sunil-bhaskaran-appointed-as-new-ceo-of-airasia-india-3374291/ |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskaran, Sunil}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudhakar_Chaturvedi&diff=537877 2026-02-12T02:56:31Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added basic entry basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian scholar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sudhakar Chaturvedi<br /> | birth_name = Sudhakar Krishna Rao&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Chaturvedi: A Vedic scholar and social reformer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sudhakar-chaturvedi-a-vedic-scholar-and-social-reformer/article30934283.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2020|quote=Sudhakar Krishna Rao earned the title “Chaturvedi” for his scholarship in four Vedas. He translated them into Kannada and brought it out in 20 volumes.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = SudhakarChaturvedi.jpg<br /> | caption = Chaturvedi in 2008<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1897|4|20|df=y}} (claimed)<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|India]]<br /> | death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = 27 February 2020<br /> | other_names = <br /> | known_for = {{hlist|Contributions to [[Indology]], [[Supercentenarian]] status}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Pandit Sudhakar Chaturvedi''' (died 27 February 2020)&lt;ref name=churumuri/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Many recent newspaper accounts are consistent with an 1897 date, but the biographical sketch in Seunarine's book mentioned below gives a date of 4 April 1901.&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian independence activist, [[Vedas|Vedic]] scholar, [[Indology|Indologist]], and claimed [[supercentenarian]]. At the claimed age of 122 years, 313 days, some Indian newspapers reported him as the oldest Indian ever.&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt;&lt;ref name=toi09/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> ===Early life===<br /> Chaturvedi was reportedly born on 20 April 1897 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[British India]]&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt;&lt;ref name=dyer/&gt;&lt;ref name=ndtveye/&gt; (or in Kyatsandra in [[Tumkur district]], Karnataka state&lt;ref name=positive/&gt; according to one report).&lt;ref name=murthy/&gt; One report also claimed an age of 121 in 2011, which would put his birth in 1890.&lt;ref name=desire/&gt; He learned all the [[Shastras]] and [[Vedas]] in a traditional [[Gurukul Kangri University]] in [[Haridwar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tribute: Pandit Sudhakar Chaturvedi passes away at age 121|url=https://starofmysore.com/tribute-pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi-passes-away-at-age-121/amp/|publisher=Star of Mysore|date=28 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sudhakar Chaturvedi: A Vedic scholar and social reformer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sudhakar-chaturvedi-a-vedic-scholar-and-social-reformer/article30934283.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was inspired by the life of [[Dayananda Saraswati|Maharshi Dayananda Saraswati]] at young age and embraced [[Arya Samaj]] and its teachings for the rest of his life.<br /> <br /> ===Freedom struggle and Vedic scholarship===<br /> Chaturvedi was given his title &quot;Chaturvedi&quot;, which literally means &quot;master of the four Vedas,&quot; for his knowledge of the Vedas.&lt;ref name=gifttoi/&gt; He was a disciple of [[Swami Shraddhanand]] at [[Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya|Gurukul Kangri]] in [[Haridwar]], where he got his Veda Vachaspati degree (equivalent to a postgraduate degree).&lt;ref name=dyer/&gt;<br /> <br /> Chaturvedi was a contemporary of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom he first met when studying the Vedas in a ''[[Gurukula]]'' in northern India. Subsequently, he became an ardent follower of Gandhian methods.&lt;ref name=gandhians/&gt; He was a witness to many events in the [[Indian independence movement]], including being an eyewitness to the 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]. He was known as Gandhi's Postman, as he took down and delivered letters dictated by Gandhi addressed to the Viceroys or Governors-General.&lt;ref name=ndtveye/&gt;&lt;ref name=gifttoi/&gt;&lt;ref name=thatha/&gt; Gandhi called him 'Karnataki'.&lt;ref&gt;Book &quot;Halavu Nenapugalu&quot;. [http://pustakshakti.com/halavunenapugalu.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727144252/http://pustakshakti.com/halavunenapugalu.htm|date=27 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost the use of his right arm in 1938 while travelling with Gandhi, when the railwayman detached the last three compartments of the train as it was struggling to climb uphill. He took part in the freedom struggle&lt;ref name=toiiac/&gt; and was arrested at least 31 times during the freedom struggle,&lt;ref name=gifttoi/&gt; landing in prisons all over the country from [[Peshawar]] to [[Vellore]].&lt;ref name=dyer/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was offered the post of minister in the old [[Mysore state]] by [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], which he turned down.&lt;ref name=dyer/&gt; He also campaigned for the unification of the state.&lt;ref name=h07/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Later life===<br /> He continued his inspiration that he took from the life of [[Dayanand Saraswati|Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati]] of the [[Arya Samaj]]. He adopted&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt; a man named Arya Mitra as his son, and had three grandchildren.&lt;ref name=early/&gt; He never married:&lt;ref name=dyer/&gt;&lt;ref name=early/&gt;<br /> {{blockquote|&quot;My youth was spent in the struggle. By the time we got freedom [in 1947], I was over 50 years. Who would give me a girl then?&quot;}}<br /> Chaturvedi was the first teacher of [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]].&lt;ref name=gifttoi/&gt; In 2011 he took part in the [[India Against Corruption]] campaign.&lt;ref name=toiiac/&gt; He lived in [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt; and in 2010 stated he was still working for eight hours every day.&lt;ref name=ndtveye/&gt; This included an hour-long lecture he gave on the Vedas every Saturday.&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt;&lt;ref name=early/&gt; He woke up at 3 am&lt;ref name=early/&gt; or 3:30,&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt;&lt;ref name=thatha/&gt; going to bed by 7 pm.&lt;ref name=early/&gt; He advised people to &quot;follow the instructions in the Vedas and a happy life awaits you.&quot; He practiced a strict [[vegetarian]] diet.&lt;ref name=toi9/&gt;&lt;ref name=thatha/&gt; He said he wanted to live to 300.&lt;ref name=ndtveye/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> He was honoured by [[Motilal Banarsidass]] for his contributions to Indology, when it celebrated its centenary in 2003.&lt;ref name=mlbd/&gt; The Karnataka Sahitya Anuvada Academy gave him an honorary award for 2007–2008.&lt;ref name=anuvada/&gt; In 2009 he was given a &quot;Socio-Economic Development Teacher Award&quot;, by the Sri Kashi Sesha Sastri Charitable Trust.&lt;ref name=sedta/&gt; He was honoured by his ''alma mater'', Gurukul Kangri University, in 2010.&lt;ref name=gkv/&gt; In 2010 he was given a &quot;Living Legend&quot; Award by IDL Foundation at a public function where he pledged to donate his eyes.&lt;ref name=toilegend/&gt; In March 2011 he was gifted a wheelchair by the IDL Foundation, sponsored by [[Santosh Hegde]].&lt;ref name=gifttoi/&gt; On [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in 2010, he was felicitated by the Governor of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=gov/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Books authored ==<br /> Chaturvedi wrote over 40 books in the [[Kannada language]] and, as of 2008, was working on the publication of Vedic texts in 20 volumes.&lt;ref name=anuvada/&gt; He was also announced in 2002 to be heading a project of the [[Arya Samaj]] to publish a 30,000-page treatise in Kannada on Veda Bhashya,&lt;ref name=pub/&gt; and by 2009, three of the four Vedas and six volumes of the Rig Veda were released.&lt;ref name=sumadhwa/&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the moving spirit behind the Bangalore Arya Samaj, which published the Kannada monthly magazine ''Veda Taranga''.&lt;ref name=indica/&gt;<br /> <br /> Among his books were:<br /> <br /> * A translation of the book Satyarth Prakash of Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati of Arya Samaj into Kannada (ಸತ್ಯಾರ್ಥ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ)<br /> * Rashtra Purusha Yogiraja Maharshi Dayananda Saraswati (ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಪುರುಷ ಯೋಗಿರಾಜ ಮಹರ್ಷಿ ದಯಾನಂದ ಸರಸ್ವತಿ) (A Biography of Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati of Arya Samaj)<br /> * Vedokta Jeevana Patha (ವೇದೋಕ್ತ ಜೀವನ ಪಥ)<br /> * Yoga Pradeepa (ಯೋಗ ಪ್ರದೀಪ)<br /> * Adarsha Manava (ಆದರ್ಶ ಮಾನವ)<br /> * Rigveda Darshana (ಋಗ್ವೇದ ದರ್ಶನ)<br /> * Murtipooje Jignase? (ಮೂರ್ತಿಪೂಜೆ ಜಿಜ್ಞಾಸೆ?)<br /> * Janmagata Jati Paddhati Veda Virodhi (ಜನ್ಮಗತ ಜಾತಿ ಪದ್ಧತಿ ವೇದ ವಿರೋಧಿ)<br /> * Grace and Glory of Vedic Dharma (English)<br /> * Shanti Mattu Sowbhagya (ಶಾಂತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸೌಭಾಗ್ಯ)<br /> * Vaidika Vivaha Samskara Vidhi (ವೈದಿಕ ವಿವಾಹ ಸಂಸ್ಕಾರವಿಧಿ)<br /> * Bhagawan Sri Ramachandra (ಭಗವಾನ್ ಶ್ರೀರಾಮಚಂದ್ರ)<br /> * Vedamaata Gayatri (ವೇದಮಾತಾ ಗಾಯತ್ರೀ)<br /> * Upanishad Bhashya (ಉಪನಿಷದ್ ಭಾಷ್ಯ)<br /> * Halavu Nenapugalu (ಹಲವು ನೆನಪುಗಳು)<br /> <br /> These and many of his books are published by Arya Samaj, VV Puram, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.<br /> <br /> The book 'Halavu Nenapugalu' alone was published by Pustak Shaki Publications in Bengaluru.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Longevity claims]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=dyer&gt;{{citation <br /> | url = http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19980718/19950564.html &lt;!-- Formerly at http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980718/19950564.html --&gt;<br /> | title = Been there, seen that: 101-yr-old-man still rages at Dyer's &quot;fire&quot;<br /> | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] <br /> | date= 18 July 1998 <br /> | author= N Bhanutej <br /> | access-date = 2013-06-18}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=gandhians&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = The Gandhians in our midst<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | date = 2003-10-02<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/02/stories/2003100208930400.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031013152351/http://www.hindu.com/2003/10/02/stories/2003100208930400.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 2003-10-13<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=mlbd&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/14/stories/2003091400160500.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031027143904/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/14/stories/2003091400160500.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 27 October 2003<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | title = Publishing house celebrates centenary<br /> | date = 14 Sep 2003<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=anuvada&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/24/stories/2008012457550500.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130011458/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/24/stories/2008012457550500.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 30 January 2008<br /> | title = Anuvada Academy announces awards<br /> | place = Bangalore<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | date = 24 Jan 2008<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=toi9&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Indias-oldest-man-swears-by-meditation-and-Vedas/articleshow/4710788.cms<br /> | title = India's oldest man swears by meditation and Vedas<br /> | date = 28 Jun 2009<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025083007/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-28/bangalore/28207983_1_oldest-man-henry-allingham-meditation]<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=toi09&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Bangalore/Dancers-leave-audience-spellbound/articleshow/4710789.cms<br /> | title = Dancers leave audience spellbound<br /> | date = 28 Jun 2009<br /> | newspaper = The Times of India<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=ndtveye&gt;{{citation<br /> | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/113-year-old-pledges-to-donate-eyes-73408<br /> | title = 113-year-old pledges to donate eyes<br /> | date = 18 December 2010<br /> | newspaper = NDTV (Press Trust of India)<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=toilegend&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Hes-lived-across-three-centuries/articleshow/7125041.cms<br /> | title = He's lived across three centuries<br /> | date = 19 Dec 2010<br /> | newspaper = The Times of India<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=h07&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/09/stories/2007120957230300.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212195914/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/09/stories/2007120957230300.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 12 December 2007<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | title = Tributes paid to Anantha Subbaraya<br /> | date = 9 Dec 2007<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=gkv&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100618/dplus.htm#2<br /> | title = Gurukul Kangri university honours 113-year-old student<br /> | author = Sandeep Rawat<br /> | date = 17 June 2010<br /> | place = Haridwar<br /> | newspaper = Tribune India<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=sumadhwa&gt;{{citation <br /> | url = http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/SUMADHWASEVA/message/2817<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709213419/http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/SUMADHWASEVA/message/2817<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 9 July 2012<br /> | author = Ananth<br /> | title = Message on 'Sumadhwa Seva'<br /> | date = 2 September 2009<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=churumuri&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = https://churumuri.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/if-it-works-for-the-young-man-it-sure-works-for-us/<br /> | title = If it works for the young man, it sure works for us<br /> | publisher = Churumuri<br /> | date = 12 September 2009<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=indica&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4PhtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22sudhakar+chaturvedi%22<br /> | page = 129<br /> | title = Indica<br /> | publisher=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College.<br /> | year = 2005<br /> |volume=42<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=pub&gt;<br /> {{citation<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | title = Lyrical land<br /> | date = 26 Sep 2002<br /> | access-date = 19 February 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228045107/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600660200.htm<br /> | archive-date = 28 February 2009<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> | df = dmy-all<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=murthy&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://krspalakkad.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!894FC8FB47A0271F!1978.entry<br /> | title = 117-year-young Sudhakar Chaturvedi<br /> | author = Prof. A. V. Narasimha Murthy<br /> | date = 27 January 2010 &lt;!-- estimated --&gt;<br /> }} {{dead link|date=May 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=gov&gt;{{citation<br /> | title = Grit and service acknowledged: Individuals and organisations felicitated on Republic Day<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | date = 27 January 2010<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=toiiac&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/bangalore/29400268_1_lokpal-bill-freedom-fighters-illegal-mining<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130727172808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/bangalore/29400268_1_lokpal-bill-freedom-fighters-illegal-mining<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 27 July 2013<br /> | title = Let it be implemented on the ground, say freedom fighters<br /> | author = Sunitha Rao R<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | date = 9 Apr 2011<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=gifttoi&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-15/bangalore/28690798_1_wheelchair-vedas-pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110320062712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-15/bangalore/28690798_1_wheelchair-vedas-pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 20 March 2011<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | title = Pandit gifted wheelchair on birthday<br /> | date = 15 Mar 2011<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=positive&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/01/stories/2007070152930300.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105024655/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/01/stories/2007070152930300.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 5 January 2008<br /> | newspaper = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | title = Be positive in outlook, pensioners told<br /> | date = 1 Jul 2007<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=early&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-15/bangalore/28691015_1_pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi-oldest-man-bank-employees<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130729184439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-15/bangalore/28691015_1_pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi-oldest-man-bank-employees<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 29 July 2013<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | title = Early to bed, early to rise<br /> | date = 15 March 2011<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=desire&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/I-have-no-desire-for-death-Pt-Sudhakar-Chaturvedi/articleshow/10201512.cms<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111114012120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-02/bangalore/30234833_1_death-pandit-sudhakar-chaturvedi-desire<br /> | url-status = live<br /> | archive-date = 14 November 2011<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | title = I have no desire for death: Pt Sudhakar Chaturvedi<br /> | date = 2 Oct 2011<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=sedta&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-25/mangalore/28167459_1_award-winners-training-programme-centenarian<br /> | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130729190558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-25/mangalore/28167459_1_award-winners-training-programme-centenarian<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | archive-date = 29 July 2013<br /> | title = Scholar Pandit Sudhakar Chaturvedi to be honoured<br /> | date = 25 Aug 2009<br /> | newspaper = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | place = Mangalore<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=thatha&gt;{{citation<br /> | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1520117/report-he-is-the-great-grandfather-of-all-thathas<br /> | title = He is the great grandfather of all 'thathas'<br /> | date = 15 Mar 2011<br /> | author = Rakshita Adyanthaya<br /> | newspaper = DNA<br /> | place = Bangalore<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book | chapter=A Biographical Sketch of Paṇḍit Sudhākar Chaturvedi | author=J. F. Seunarine | publisher= Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society | place=Bangalore | year = 1977 | pages=96–97 | title=Reconversion to Hinduism through śuddhi}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{YouTube|id=87suQcSD_vs|title=Smrutyantara: A short documentary on Sudhakar Chaturvedi}}<br /> * [http://paruchuriglobalfoundation.org/prgs_chathurvedi.asp Photos of Chaturvedi honoured on 18 July 2008]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019213905/http://paruchuriglobalfoundation.org/prgs_chathurvedi.asp |date=19 October 2017 }}.<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002606/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/mySearch.do?command=hotlink&amp;searchString=PANDIT%20SUDHAKAR%20CHATURVEDI Photos] at ''[[The Hindu]]'' (archived)<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717060432/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOIBG/2010/01/27&amp;ID=Pc00215 TOI], felicitated in Raj Bhavan, 27 Jan 2010 (archived)<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713134349/http://kannadakavi.com/photogallery/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=keyalbum.KeywordAlbum&amp;g2_keyword=Sudhakar+Chaturvedi&amp;g2_page=1 Jallianwala Bagh and Chandrayana Book Release] (archived)<br /> <br /> {{Mohandas K. Gandhi|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chaturvedi, Sudhakar}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br /> [[Category:Longevity claims]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Arya Samajis]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Vedic scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Indologists]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br /> [[Category:Age controversies]]<br /> [[Category:1897 births]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Manmohan_Singh_ministry&diff=468920 2026-02-04T21:27:21Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Government of India (2009–2014)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox government cabinet<br /> |cabinet_name = Second Manmohan Singh Ministry <br /> |cabinet_type=ministry<br /> |cabinet_number = 23rd<br /> |jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]<br /> |incumbent = <br /> |image = Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg<br /> |date_formed = 22 May 2009<br /> |date_dissolved = 26 May 2014 <br /> |government_head = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> |state_head = [[Pratibha Patil]] {{small|(until 25 July 2012)}}&lt;br&gt;[[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{small|(from 25 July 2012)}}<br /> |current_number = <br /> |former_members_number = <br /> |total_number = <br /> |political_party = <br /> |legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]<br /> |election = [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |last_election = [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |legislature_term = {{ayd|22 May 2009|26 May 2014}}<br /> |budget = <br /> |opposition_cabinet = <br /> |opposition_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] &lt;small&gt;([[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]])&lt;/small&gt; <br /> |opposition_leader = [[Sushma Swaraj]] &lt;small&gt;(in Lok Sabha)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Arun Jaitley]] &lt;small&gt;(in Rajya Sabha)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |incoming_formation = <br /> |outgoing_formation = <br /> |previous = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]]<br /> |successor = [[First Modi ministry]]<br /> |political_parties={{Color box|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''&lt;br /&gt; {{Bulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Nationalist Congress Party]]|{{Color box|{{party color| Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}|border=darkgray}} [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]|{{Color box|{{party color| Rashtriya Lok Dal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|{{Color box|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian Union Muslim League]]}}<br /> <br /> ;Former<br /> {{Bulleted list|{{Color box|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[All India Trinamool Congress]] {{small|(2009{{ndash}}2012)}}| {{Color box|{{party color| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|border=darkgray}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|(2009{{ndash}}2013)}}}}}}<br /> <br /> The '''Second Manmohan Singh ministry''' came into existence after the [[2009 Indian general election|general election]] in 2009. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009 and led to the formation of the [[15th Lok Sabha]]. [[Manmohan Singh]] took the oath as the 13th [[Prime Minister of India]] on 22 May 2009, followed by the oath-taking ceremonies of the Council of Ministers in two phases. They remained in office until next election. This ministry was the second-largest [[Union Council of Ministers]] in India after [[Third Vajpayee ministry]] until it was surpassed by the [[Third Modi ministry]] in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]].<br /> <br /> {{Manmohan Singh series}}<br /> <br /> The new [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government included 79 members, 78 members in the cabinet plus Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first 20 cabinet ministers including Manmohan Singh, swore in on 22 May 2009, while the other 59 cabinet members swore in on 28 May 2009.<br /> <br /> == List of Council of Ministers ==<br /> Sources:''&lt;ref&gt;[http://india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/council-ministers Council of Ministers | National Portal of India]. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Super Admin |date=27 May 2009 |title=Manmohan Singh &amp;#124; Cabinet Expansion &amp;#124; UPA &amp;#124; Congress &amp;#124; NCP &amp;#124; Trinamool Congress &amp;#124; List of Ministers |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/27/manmohan-list-78-member-council-of-ministers-upa.html |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=Oneindia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 May 2009 |title=59 new ministers inducted in Manmohan's cabinet, gone up to 79 |url=http://www.groundreport.com/World/59-new-ministers-inducted-in-Manmohan-s-cabinet-go_3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724150109/http://www.groundreport.com/World/59-new-ministers-inducted-in-Manmohan-s-cabinet-go_3 |archive-date=24 July 2009 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=GroundReport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1480123.php/59_ministers_sworn_in_to_complete_Indias_new_government 59 ministers sworn in to complete India's new government - Monsters and Critics&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727010502/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1480123.php/59_ministers_sworn_in_to_complete_Indias_new_government|date=2010-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/2009/05/14-cabinet-ministers-7-mos-independent.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601063345/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/2009/05/14-cabinet-ministers-7-mos-independent.html|date=1 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;''<br /> <br /> === Cabinet Ministers ===<br /> {{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}<br /> !style=&quot;width:17em&quot;| Remarks<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Department of Atomic Energy]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Department of Space]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]&lt;br/&gt;And also in-charge of all other important portfolios and policy issues&lt;br/&gt;not allocated to any Minister.<br /> | minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 22 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 June 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 26 June 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Pranab Mukherjee.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[P. Chidambaram]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of Agriculture]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[K. V. Thomas]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]<br /> | minister1 = [[A. K. Antony]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[P. Chidambaram]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 May 2011<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 May 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Mamata Banerjee.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 19 March 2012<br /> | minister3_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[Mukul Roy]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 20 March 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister4_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister4_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister5 = [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Mukul Roy.}}<br /> | minister6 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> | minister6_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister6_termend = 11 May 2013<br /> | minister6_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister6_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister7 = [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> | minister7_termstart = 11 May 2013<br /> | minister7_termend = 15 June 2013<br /> | minister7_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister7_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Pawan Kumar Bansal. Resigned.}}<br /> | minister8 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br /> | minister8_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister8_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister8_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister8_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[S. M. Krishna]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 23 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Prime Minister was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Selja Kumari]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Minister of Steel]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Beni Prasad Verma]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Beni Prasad Verma]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Praful Patel]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 31 July 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]<br /> | minister1 = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 11 May 2013<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref ={{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 11 May 2013<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Ashwani Kumar.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Farooq Abdullah]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Kamal Nath]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Kamal Nath]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 15 June 2013<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of Water Resources]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Meira Kumar]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 31 May 2009<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 31 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref ={{small|Prime Minister was responsible. Additional charge following resignation of Meira Kumar.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister3_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister5_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister6 = [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> | minister6_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister6_termend = 1 February 2014<br /> | minister6_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister6_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister7 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br /> | minister7_termstart = 1 February 2014<br /> | minister7_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister7_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister7_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Harish Rawat.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of Textiles]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Anand Sharma]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 3 April 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[Anand Sharma]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 3 April 2014<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Kavuri Samba Siva Rao.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]]<br /> | minister1 = [[A. Raja]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 15 November 2010<br /> | minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 15 November 2010<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of A. Raja.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)|Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Murli Deora]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Ambika Soni]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Manish Tewari]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Sis Ram Ola]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister2_termend = 15 December 2013<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Died in Office.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Oscar Fernandes]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 15 December 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge following demise of Sis Ram Ola.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Human Resource Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Minister of Mines]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Dinsha Patel]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Dinsha Patel]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Anand Sharma]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Minister of Panchayati Raj]]<br /> | minister1 = [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation|Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Selja Kumari]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Ajay Maken]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 15 June 2013<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Girija Vyas]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Selja Kumari]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Chiranjeevi|K. Chiranjeevi]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of Food Processing Industries]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports]]<br /> | minister1 = [[M. S. Gill]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Ajay Maken]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of Shipping]]<br /> | minister1 = [[G. K. Vasan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Kamal Nath]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Selja Kumari]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 January 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 January 2014<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Selja Kumari.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of Tribal Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<br /> | minister1 = [[M. K. Alagiri]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister1_ref ={{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Praful Patel]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 18 December 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 18 December 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Minister of Earth Sciences]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 10 November 2010<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Kapil Sibal]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 10 November 2010<br /> | minister2_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Prithviraj Chavan.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 10 August 2012<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 10 August 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = {{small|Additional charge during period of indisposition of Vilasrao Deshmukh.}}<br /> | minister6 = [[S. Jaipal Reddy]]<br /> | minister6_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister6_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister6_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister6_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[M. S. Gill]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of Corporate Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Murli Deora]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Sachin Pilot]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of Minority Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[K. Rahman Khan]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Dinsha Patel]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Virbhadra Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 June 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 26 June 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 10 August 2012<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Virbhadra Singh.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[Vayalar Ravi]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 10 August 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = {{small|Additional charge during period of indisposition of Vilasrao Deshmukh.}}<br /> | minister5 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 21 December 2013<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 21 December 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Jayanthi Natarajan.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|Minister of Drinking Water and Sanitation]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Gurudas Kamat]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 13 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible. Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 13 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Additional charge following resignation of Gurudas Kamat.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Bharatsinh Solanki]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Minister of State (I/C) was responsible.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister without portfolio]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 10 August 2012<br /> | minister1_termend = 14 August 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Died in Office.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table end}}<br /> <br /> === Ministers of State (Independent Charge) ===<br /> {{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}<br /> !style=&quot;width:17em&quot;| Remarks<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Women and Child Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Krishna Tirath]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table end}}<br /> <br /> === Ministers of State ===<br /> {{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}<br /> !style=&quot;width:17em&quot;| Remarks<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 10 November 2010<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 10 November 2010<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 15 November 2010<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 10 November 2010<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Rajeev Shukla]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister6 = [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]<br /> | minister6_termstart = 20 July 2011<br /> | minister6_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister6_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister6_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 21 March 2013<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways]]<br /> | minister1 = [[E. Ahamed]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[K. H. Muniyappa]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Bharatsinh Solanki]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Mukul Roy]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 19 May 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister6 = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]<br /> | minister6_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister6_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister6_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister6_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Ajay Maken]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Gurudas Kamat]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[R.P.N. Singh]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Planning (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Planning]]<br /> | minister1 = [[V. Narayanasamy]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Rajeev Shukla]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 11 March 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 2 November 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister3_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Human Resource Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[E. Ahamed]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Jitin Prasada]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Shashi Tharoor]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 31 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 5 March 2013<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Namo Narain Meena]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Jesudasu Seelam]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence]]<br /> | minister1 = [[M. M. Pallam Raju]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Lalchand Kataria]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 30 October 2012<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Urban Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Saugata Roy]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Deepa Dasmunsi]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Jitin Prasada]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[R.P.N. Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 30 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Gurudas Kamat]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Sachin Pilot]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Gurudas Kamat]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 21 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Milind Deora]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Killi Krupa Rani]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture]]<br /> | minister1 = [[K. V. Thomas]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Arun Yadav]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Charan Das Mahant]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = Nationalist Congress Party <br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] <br /> | minister1 = [[K. V. Thomas]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Power]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Bharatsinh Solanki]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[K. C. Venugopal]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[R.P.N. Singh]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Jitin Prasada]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Sarvey Sathyanarayana]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[S. Gandhiselvan]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam <br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister3_party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> | minister3_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister4 = [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister5 = [[Santosh Chowdhary]]<br /> | minister5_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister5_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister5_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister5_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sisir Adhikari]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress <br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Pradeep Jain Aditya]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Agatha Sangma]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister3_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister3_party = Nationalist Congress Party <br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Lalchand Kataria]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 30 October 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress <br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Shipping]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Mukul Roy]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 20 March 2012<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress <br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Milind Deora]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 30 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 22 September 2012<br /> | minister1_party = All India Trinamool Congress <br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam <br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 20 March 2013<br /> | minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam <br /> | minister1_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister2 = [[Balram Naik|Porika Balram Naik]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 17 June 2013<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Preneet Kaur]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Shashi Tharoor]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 18 April 2010<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = {{small|Resigned.}}<br /> | minister3 = [[E. Ahamed]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = Indian Union Muslim League<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister2_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Ranee Narah]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Arun Yadav]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises|Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Arun Yadav]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 14 June 2009<br /> | minister2_termend = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Minister of State in the Ministry of Water Resources]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Vincent Pala]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 May 2009<br /> | minister1_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State in the Food Processing Industries]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Arun Yadav]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister2_termend = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister3 = [[Charan Das Mahant]]<br /> | minister3_termstart = 12 July 2011<br /> | minister3_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister3_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister3_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister4 = [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br /> | minister4_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister4_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister4_party = Nationalist Congress Party <br /> | minister4_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs|Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[R.P.N. Singh]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Vincent Pala]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 27 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> | minister2 = [[Ninong Ering]]<br /> | minister2_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister2_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister2_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister2_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Science and Technology]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ministry of Earth Sciences|Minister of State in the Ministry of Earth Sciences]]<br /> | minister1 = [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 19 January 2011<br /> | minister1_termend = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of State in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]<br /> | minister1 = [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_termend = 2 November 2012<br /> | minister1_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table minister <br /> | title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation]]<br /> | minister1 = [[K. C. Venugopal]]<br /> | minister1_termstart = 28 October 2012<br /> | minister1_termend = 26 May 2014<br /> | minister1_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | minister1_ref = &amp;nbsp;<br /> }}<br /> {{Cabinet table end}}<br /> <br /> == Demographics of the Ministers ==<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> | caption = Representation of cabinet ministers by party<br /> | label1 = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | value1 = 92.2<br /> | color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | label2 = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> | value2 = 3.9<br /> | color2 = {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> | label3 = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<br /> | value3 = 1.3<br /> | color3 = {{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}<br /> | label4 = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]<br /> | value4 = 1.3<br /> | color4 = {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br /> | label5 = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]<br /> | value5 = 1.3<br /> | color5 = {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Parties===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Cabinet Ministers<br /> !Ministers of State (I/C)<br /> !Ministers of State<br /> !Total numbers of ministers<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Indian National Congress}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |24 {{Efn|Including Prime Minister}}<br /> |11<br /> |30<br /> |65<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br /> |2<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]<br /> |1<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Total'''<br /> |28<br /> |11<br /> |32<br /> |71<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === States ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !State<br /> !Cabinet Ministers<br /> !Ministers of State (I/C)<br /> !Ministers of State<br /> !Total number of ministers<br /> !Name of ministers<br /> |-<br /> |[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |6<br /> |10<br /> |<br /> *[[S. Jaipal Reddy]]<br /> *[[Kishore Chandra Deo]]<br /> *[[Jairam Ramesh]]<br /> *[[M. M. Pallam Raju]]<br /> *[[Chiranjeevi]]<br /> *[[Panabaka Lakshmi]]<br /> *[[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]<br /> *[[Sarvey Sathyanarayana]]<br /> *[[Balram Naik]]<br /> *[[Killi Krupa Rani]]<br /> *[[Jesudasu Seelam]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> *[[Ninong Ering]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Assam]]<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> * [[Manmohan Singh]] &lt;small&gt;(Prime Minister)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]<br /> *[[Ranee Narah]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> *[[Charan Das Mahant]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Gujarat]]<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> *[[Dinsha Patel]]<br /> *[[Bharatsinh Solanki]]<br /> *[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> |2<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> *[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]<br /> *[[Farooq Abdullah]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karnataka]]<br /> |4<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |7<br /> |<br /> *[[M. Veerappa Moily]]<br /> *[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]<br /> *[[Oscar Fernandes]]<br /> *[[K. Rahman Khan]]<br /> *[[K. H. Muniyappa]]<br /> *[[E. Ahamed]]<br /> *[[Mullappally Ramachandran]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> |2<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |6<br /> |<br /> *[[A. K. Antony]]<br /> *[[Vayalar Ravi]]<br /> *[[K. V. Thomas]]<br /> *[[Shashi Tharoor]]<br /> *[[K. C. Venugopal]]<br /> *[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> *[[Kamal Nath]]<br /> *[[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Maharashtra]]<br /> |3<br /> |—<br /> |5<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> *[[Sharad Pawar]]<br /> *[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br /> *[[Praful Patel]]<br /> *[[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]<br /> *[[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]<br /> *[[Milind Deora]]<br /> *[[Rajeev Shukla]]<br /> *[[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Odisha]]<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> *[[Srikant Kumar Jena]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> *[[Manish Tewari]]<br /> *[[Santosh Chowdhary]]<br /> *[[Preneet Kaur]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajasthan]]<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |7<br /> |<br /> *[[Anand Sharma]]<br /> *[[Girija Vyas]]<br /> *[[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]<br /> *[[Sachin Pilot]]<br /> *[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]<br /> *[[Namo Narain Meena]]<br /> *[[Lalchand Kataria]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |2<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> *[[P. Chidambaram]]<br /> *[[G. K. Vasan]]<br /> *[[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> |4<br /> |—<br /> |3<br /> |7<br /> |<br /> *[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]<br /> *[[Shriprakash Jaiswal]]<br /> *[[Salman Khurshid]]<br /> *[[Beni Prasad Verma]]<br /> *[[Jitin Prasada]]<br /> *[[R.P.N. Singh]]<br /> *[[Pradeep Jain Aditya]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[West Bengal]]<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |3<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> *[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]<br /> *[[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]<br /> *[[Deepa Dasmunsi]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Delhi]]<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> *[[Kapil Sibal]]<br /> *[[Krishna Tirath]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> *[[V. Narayanasamy]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''<br /> |28<br /> |11<br /> |32<br /> |71<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Demographics of the fomer ministers ==<br /> <br /> ===Parties===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !Cabinet Ministers<br /> !Ministers of State (I/C)<br /> !Ministers of State<br /> !Total numbers of ministers<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Indian National Congress}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |20<br /> |3<br /> |5<br /> |28<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} &quot; |<br /> |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |5<br /> |8<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> |3<br /> |0<br /> |4<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}} &quot; |<br /> |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br /> |0<br /> |0<br /> |1<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Total'''<br /> |26<br /> |3<br /> |15<br /> |44<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === States ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !State<br /> !Cabinet Ministers<br /> !Ministers of State (I/C)<br /> !Ministers of State<br /> !Total number of ministers<br /> !Name of ministers<br /> |-<br /> |[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |2<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> * [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]<br /> * [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]<br /> * [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Assam]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bihar]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Meira Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Haryana]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Selja Kumari]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Virbhadra Singh]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Jharkhand]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Karnataka]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[S. M. Krishna]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> * [[Kantilal Bhuria]]<br /> * [[Arun Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Maharashtra]]<br /> |3<br /> |2<br /> |—<br /> |5<br /> |<br /> * [[Murli Deora]]<br /> * [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br /> * [[Mukul Wasnik]]<br /> * [[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br /> * [[Gurudas Kamat]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Meghalaya]]<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |<br /> * [[Vincent Pala]]<br /> * [[Agatha Sangma]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> |3<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> * [[Ambika Soni]]<br /> * [[M. S. Gill]]<br /> * [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rajasthan]]<br /> |2<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |3<br /> |<br /> * [[C. P. Joshi]]<br /> * [[Sis Ram Ola]]<br /> * [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |3<br /> |1<br /> |4<br /> |8<br /> |<br /> * [[Dayanidhi Maran]]<br /> * [[A. Raja]]<br /> * [[M. K. Alagiri]]<br /> * [[Jayanthi Natarajan]]<br /> * [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]<br /> * [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]<br /> * [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]<br /> * [[S. Gandhiselvan]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Uttarakhand]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Harish Rawat]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[West Bengal]]<br /> |4<br /> |—<br /> |5<br /> |9<br /> |<br /> * [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br /> * [[Mamata Banerjee]]<br /> * [[Dinesh Trivedi]]<br /> * [[Mukul Roy]]<br /> * [[Saugata Roy]]<br /> * [[Sisir Adhikari]]<br /> * [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]<br /> * [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]<br /> * [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chandigarh]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Delhi]]<br /> |1<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> * [[Ajay Maken]]<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''<br /> |26<br /> |3<br /> |15<br /> |44<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Entities in the Prime Minister's Office==<br /> * From October 2011, the post of Secretary under Prime Ministers office has been eliminated as per policy.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;&quot;<br /> <br /> |+ '''Office of the Prime Minister of India'''<br /> ! Name!! Designation !! Rank<br /> |-<br /> | [[T. K. A. Nair]] || | Advisor to PM || | Minister of State Rank<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pulok Chatterji]] || | [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] || | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Shivshankar Menon]] || | [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]] || | Minister of State Rank<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pankaj Pachauri]] || | Communications Adviser || |<br /> |-<br /> | R. Ramanujam || | Secretary || | <br /> |-<br /> | Vikram Misri&lt;br /&gt;Shatrughna Singh&lt;br /&gt;Vini Mahajan&lt;br /&gt;L. K. Atheeq || | Joint Secretary || | <br /> |-<br /> | Munu Mahawar&lt;br /&gt;Dheeraj Gupta&lt;br /&gt;Sharmila Joseph&lt;br /&gt;Pallavi Jain&lt;br /&gt;Arindam Bagchi&lt;br /&gt;Rajeev Topno&lt;br /&gt;Sanjay Lohiya&lt;br /&gt;Krishan Kumar&lt;br /&gt;Binoy Job|| | Director || |<br /> |-<br /> | Indu Chaturvedi&lt;br /&gt;Jaideep Sarkar&lt;br /&gt;K Muthukumar|| | PMO Personal Staff || | <br /> |-<br /> | Gourangalal Das&lt;br /&gt;Sanjukta Ray&lt;br /&gt;Mehar Jhamb || | Deputy Secretary || | <br /> |-<br /> | J P Arya || | Joint Director || | <br /> |-<br /> | P K Bali&lt;br /&gt;K Salil Kumar&lt;br /&gt;R Mythili || | Under Secretary || |<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| Sources: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512150216/http://pmindia.nic.in/pmsoffice.php?showTab=officers Office of the PM of India]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Approval Ratings==<br /> The approval ratings for the government from 2008 to 2013, according to [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] polling, are given below.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/181973/india-new-leadership-faces-high-expectations.aspx|title = India's New Leadership Faces High Expectations|date = 13 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Approve !! Disapprove<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || 53% || 33%<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || 55% || 35%<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || 57% || 33%<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || 46% || 47%<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || 39% || 47%<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || 30% || 48%<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[United Progressive Alliance]]<br /> * [[2012 Indian cabinet reshuffle]]<br /> * [[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha]]<br /> * [[Union Council of Ministers]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian federal ministries}}<br /> {{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian union ministries|Manmohan II]]<br /> [[Category:2009 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]<br /> [[Category:Cabinets established in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 2014]]<br /> [[Category:Nationalist Congress Party]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress]]<br /> [[Category:Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Union Muslim League]]<br /> [[Category:Indian ministries established in 2009|Manmohan II]]<br /> [[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2014|Manmohan II]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deudorix_isocrates&diff=549320 2026-01-24T12:48:11Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Started initial data and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> |image = IsocratesMFUpUn 490 AC1.jpg<br /> |image_caption = ''Deudorix isocrates'' Courvoisier Collection, Basel<br /> |taxon = Deudorix isocrates<br /> |authority = ([[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1793).&lt;ref&gt;Fabricius, J.C., 1793. ''Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta'' Vol. 3(1): [vi], pp. 1-488. C. G. Proft, Hafniae.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |synonyms =<br /> *''Hesperia isocrates'' &lt;small&gt;Fabricius, 1793&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Hesperia pann'' &lt;small&gt;Fabricius, 1793&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *''Virachola isocrates'' &lt;small&gt;Fabricius, 1793&lt;/small&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Deudorix isocrates''''' (sometimes '''''Virachola isocrates'''''), the '''common guava blue''', is a species of [[butterfly]] in the family [[Lycaenidae]].&lt;ref name=Smetacek&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India |last1=Varshney |first1=R.K. |last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal &amp; Indinov Publishing |year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=120|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=funet&gt;{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/theclinae/deudorix/#isocrates |title=''Deudorix isocrates'' (Fabricius, 1793) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=July 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was described by [[Johan Christian Fabricius]] in 1793. It is found in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Indochina]] in the [[Indomalayan realm]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Adalbert Seitz|Seitz, A.]], 1912-1927. ''Die Indo-Australien Tagfalter Grossschmetterlinge Erde'' 9&lt;/ref&gt; Other common names include '''pomegranate butterfly''', and '''anar butterfly'''.&lt;ref name=Smetacek/&gt;&lt;ref name=funet/&gt;<br /> <br /> The larvae feed on ''[[Randia dumetorum]]'', ''[[Eriobotrya japonica]]'', ''[[Psidium guajava]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Strychnos nux-vomica]]'' and ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]''. It is a pest of [[pomegranate]]s in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;Kumawat K. C., S. S. Jheeba and A. K. Soni. (2001). Ecofriendly management of anar butterfly, ''Virachola isocrates'' (Fabricius). ''Advances in Horticulture and Forestry'' 8:1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SwinhoeIndica&gt;{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103505#page/76/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IX |last=Swinhoe|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Swinhoe|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1911–1912|location=London|pages=64–69}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> {{Entomology glossary hatnote}}<br /> {{Blockquote|Male. Upperside violet-brown. Forewing with the colour darkening on the margins in certain lights showing a bright violet gloss on the inner area; an indistinct orange-ochreous patch, varying in size in different examples, beyond the cell, only visible in certain lights. Hindwing with the costal area and abdominal fold blackish-brown, anal lobe whitish with a black spot in it, varying in size in different examples, with some pale bluish-white scaling on its upper side, in some examples the black spot nearly fills the whole of the anal lobe; tail black, tipped with white. Cilia of both wings with the basal part black, the outer half white, becoming bluish grey below the tail and round the anal lobe. Underside vinous-grey, or slaty-grey, markings darker than the ground colour, edged on both sides with white. Forewing with a bar at the end of the cell, a discal band of conjoined spots, decreasing in size hindwards, nearly straight down, from near the costa to below vein 2, where the spot is very small. Hindwing with similar discoidal bar and discal band, the latter somewhat irregular, the third, fourth and sixth spots a little outside the others, then the band with a sudden curve reaches the abdominal margin a little below its middle; anal lobe black with a white spot on its upper inner side, a smaller black spot ringed with orange in the first interspace, with some blue, grey and white scaling between them; both wings with indications of a narrow sub-marginal band and very fine marginal grey line. Antennse black, ringed with white, club with an orange tip, with a white streak below at its base; frons greyish-white; eyes ringed with white; head and body above and below concolorous with the wings, abdomen below white.<br /> <br /> Female. Upperside brown. Forewing with the colour darkening towards the margins, the orange-ochreous patch larger and more distinct and varying much in extent, in some examples extending broadly to the base below the median vein. Underside as in the male, but the bands are broader and more outwardly curved, the black anal spots larger.|author=[[Charles Swinhoe]]|source=''[[Lepidoptera Indica]]''. Vol. IX&lt;ref name=SwinhoeIndica/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery caption=&quot;Life cycle&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Guava blue Life History 06 (3404272918).jpg|Infected [[guava]]<br /> File:Guava blue Life History 05 (3403463973).jpg|Larva<br /> File:Guava blue Life History 13 (3403464795).jpg|Pupa<br /> File:Guava blue Life History 12 (3403464585).jpg|Pupa<br /> File:Butterflies from JP Nagar forest Bangalore (18).jpg|''Virachola isocrates''<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wikispecies}}<br /> *[http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/theclinae/deudorix/ &quot;''Deudorix'' Hewitson, 1863&quot;] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from1=Q21161500|from2=Q7933567}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Deudorix]]<br /> [[Category:Butterflies described in 1793]]<br /> [[Category:Deudorigini]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural pest insects]]<br /> [[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{lycaenidae-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_(TV_series)&diff=503273 2026-01-24T06:54:35Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: made first post added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{EngvarB|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian Television Series}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Human (TV series).jpg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | genre = [[Medical thriller]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | inspired_by = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = {{ubl|'''Season 1:''' |Ishani Banerjee | Arjun Bhandegaonkar | Aasif Moyal | Stuti Nair | Nishchal Shome | Darshan Prakaash Aka Abhishek Pandey | Mozez Singh}}<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | director = {{ubl| '''Season 1:''' |[[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]|Mozez Singh }}<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | presenter = &lt;!-- Organised by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Shefali Shah]]<br /> * [[Kirti Kulhari]]<br /> * [[Vishal Jethwa]]<br /> * [[Ram Kapoor]]<br /> * [[Mohan Agashe]]<br /> * [[Seema Biswas]]<br /> * [[Aditya Srivastav]]<br /> * Gaurav Dwivedi<br /> }}<br /> | judges = &lt;!-- Organised by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;<br /> | voices = &lt;!-- Organised by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --&gt;<br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = <br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 10<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = {{ubl| '''Season 1:''' | Vipul Amrutlal Shah | Aashin Shah}}<br /> | news_editor = &lt;!-- Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show such as Newsnight. --&gt;<br /> | location = &lt;!-- Nation the series was primarily filmed in, if different from the nation of origin. --&gt;<br /> | cinematography = [[Sirsha Ray]]<br /> | animator = <br /> | editor = Zubin Sheikh<br /> | camera = &lt;!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --&gt;<br /> | runtime = &lt;!-- Reliable source required --&gt;<br /> | company = &lt;!-- Production companies only --&gt;<br /> | budget = <br /> | network = <br /> | first_aired = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or |released= {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}}, but not both --&gt;<br /> | last_aired = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | related = &lt;!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Human''' is an Indian 2022 [[medical thriller]] television series released on 14 January 2022 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], which portrays the underbelly of human [[drug test]]ing and the world of medical [[Confidence trick|scams]] and aims to expose the nexus between [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical companies]], large private hospitals, and government officials who exploit the poor in human trials for new [[drug]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human Season 1 Review : A compelling medical thriller packed with some brilliant performances |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/human/season-1/seasonreview/88697081.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=17 January 2022 |title=ह्यूमन वेब सीरीजः शेफाली शाह को देख रोंगटे हो जाएंगे खड़े, देखें मेडिकल की दुनिया का काला सच! |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/human-web-series-on-disney-plus-hotstar-shafali-shah-ram-kapoor-kirti-kulhari-series-human-review-2040656 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human review: Shefali Shah gives a vicious performance in series about Big Pharma's crimes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/human-review-shefali-shah-gives-a-vicious-performance-in-series-about-big-pharma-s-crimes-101642130783673.html |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Human'' received 3 nominations, including Best Actress in a Drama Series (Shah) and Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Jethwa).<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Shefali Shah]] as Dr. Gauri Nath<br /> * [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Dr. Saira Sabharwal<br /> * [[Vishal Jethwa]] as Mangu<br /> * [[Riddhi Kumar]] as Deepali<br /> * [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Neil<br /> * [[Shruti Bapna]] as Sucheta Shekhawat<br /> * [[Seema Biswas]] as Roma<br /> * [[Aditya Srivastava|Aditya Srivastav]] as Ashok Vaidya<br /> * [[Aasif Khan]] as Omar Pervez&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human Review: Shefali Shah-Kirti Kulhari Are The Pounding Heart And Pulsing Veins Of The Series |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Atul Kumar as Dr. Snehal Shindey<br /> * [[Ram Kapoor]] as Pratap Munjal<br /> * Rahul Tiwari Adhiyari as Balram<br /> * [[Mohan Agashe]] as Mohan Vaidya<br /> * [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Pramod Ahuja<br /> * [[Ansha Sayed]] as Shalini<br /> * [[Siddhanth Karnick]] as Ravish<br /> * [[Pranali Ghogare]] as Meena<br /> * Rishi Deshpande as Dr. Akash Swarup<br /> * Purnima Rathod as Sulochana Nath<br /> * [[Jagat Rawat]] as Saira's Father<br /> * Shabnam Vadhera as Saira's Mother<br /> * [[Abhijit Lahiri]] as Nathu Lal<br /> * Govind Pandey as Chandrakant Shankar<br /> * Gaurav Dwivedi as Dr. Vivek Shekhawat<br /> * Sushil Pandey as Mangu's Father<br /> * Shadab Siddiqui as Dr. Deepak<br /> * Rama Krishna Dixit as Raghav Chandra<br /> * Mark Bennington as Dr. Ross<br /> * Hansa Singh as Dr. Gul Goyal<br /> * Jitendra khilnani as Mangu's freind<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Award ceremony<br /> !Category<br /> !Nominee / work<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]<br /> |Best Actress in a Drama Series<br /> |[[Shefali Shah]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 - Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series<br /> |[[Vishal Jethwa]]<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Costume Design (Series)<br /> |Radhika Mehra<br /> |{{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt15128088}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-tv-prog-stub}}<br /> {{Drama-tv-prog-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tehelka_as_Metaphor&diff=539905 2026-01-03T06:04:35Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added the pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2009 book by Madhu Trehan}}<br /> {{Infobox book<br /> | name = Prism Me a Lie, Tell me a Truth:Tehelka as Metaphor<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = <br /> | image = Tehelka as Metaphor.jpg<br /> &lt;!-- include the [[File:]] and the image size --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | author = Madhu Trehan<br /> | illustrator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English<br /> | series = <br /> | subject = <br /> | genre = [[Investigative journalism]]<br /> | publisher = [[Roli Books]]<br /> | pub_date = January 18, 2009<br /> | english_pub_date = <br /> | media_type = <br /> | pages = 587<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7436-580-4<br /> | oclc = <br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Tehelka as Metaphor''''' is a 2009 nonfiction book by Indian journalist, [[Madhu Trehan]]. The book is an account of the ''[[Tehelka]]'' exposé and its aftermath, [[Operation West End]]. In 2001, a [[sting operation]] and an [[undercover]] news story exposed the bribery and corruption prevalent in the Army and the then Indian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The write way:Madhu Trehan makes an appeal for free and fair journalism via her book on Tehelka's operations |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-write-way/429099/0 |date=Feb 28, 2009 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Contents==<br /> {{further|Operation West End}}<br /> ''Prism Me a Lie Tell Me a Truth: Tehelka as Metaphor'' is an account of the aftermath of [[Operation West End]]. The story's heroes, villains and victims have been analyzed and author [[Madhu Trehan]] writes about the beginning of it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Madhu, the Metaphor |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/madhu-the-metaphor/412807/ |date=Jan 20, 2009 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; She writes about how the government got back at ''Tehelka'' through unfair means. The people involved in the sting operation are interviewed in the book and it provides a take on modern journalism. Trehan talks about a &quot;ray of hope&quot;, she asks whether (it) will actually &quot;bring about a change in this highly cynical, jaded, Machiavellian society.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=An Open Web: Madhu Trehan's documentation of the Tehelka sting is valuable in more ways than one |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/an-open-web/420103/0 |date= Feb 8, 2009 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A voice against corruption |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/01/19230553/A-voice-against-corruption.html |date=Jan 20, 2009|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reviews==<br /> Released in February, 2009, ''Tehelka as Metaphor'' got a good reception.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812005334/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tehelka-as-metaphor-slumdog-millionaire-most-read/85231-19.html?from=search-relatedstories Tehelka as Metaphor] [[IBN Live]] ([[CNN IBN]]).&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' said, &quot;Madhu Trehan delved into the old story of ''Tehelka'' and came up with a new tale of contemporary India. Trehan's narrative brings out complex human encounters on the ''Tehelka'' tapes.&quot; ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' said in its review of the book, &quot;It is a book that matters and will stand the test of time.&quot; Columnist, [[Tavleen Singh]], wrote, &quot;Trehan has used ''Tehelka'' as the prism of corruption and shown a justice system unable to deal with it.&quot; ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' said, &quot;The book lurches with equal comfort between Kurosawa, Virginia Woolf and ''The Matrix'' in its frame of reference, and continually finds itself asking perhaps unanswerably large questions about integrity and the nature of truth.&quot; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, &quot;The book is a post-mortem in easy language and also an insight into and guide to modern journalism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Metaphor for the living being called India |url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?title=Metaphor%20for%20the%20living%20being%20called%20India&amp;artid=i5YXwC7rb0A=&amp;type= |date= 9 May 200|publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her book courted controversy&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110215034539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/columnskaranthapar/Truly-sorry-Madhu/Article1-378932.aspx#sthash.Fl4IYPkQ.dpuf Hindustan Times]&lt;/ref&gt; when renowned fellow journalist [[Karan Thapar]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Karan Thapar]]&lt;/ref&gt; down-reviewed her book in the section ''Sunday sentiments'' of Hindustan times&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110215034539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/columnskaranthapar/Truly-sorry-Madhu/Article1-378932.aspx Hindustan Times]&lt;/ref&gt; titled 'Truly sorry, Madhu'. In an unprecedented approach, she replied to the review in the same newspaper by an article 'Who's afraid of Karan Thapar?'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/views/who-s-afraid-of-karan-thapar/article1-384996.aspx |title=Who's afraid of Karan Thapar? - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2012-08-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816233053/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Views/Who-s-afraid-of-Karan-Thapar/Article1-384996.aspx |archivedate=2012-08-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; describing the review as personal and motivated. Their rivalry continued on Trehan's show 'Can you take it',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newslaundry.com/2012/02/can-you-take-it-karan-thapar-full-interview/|title = Can You Take It Karan Thapar? (Full interview)| date=15 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; where she lambasted Thapar for his antagonistic style of interview.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.tehelkaasmetaphor.com ''Tehelka as Metaphor'', Book Website]<br /> * [http://www.rolibooks.com/lotus/current-affairs/-/prism-me-a-lie-tell-me-a-truth-tehelka-as-metaphor/ ''Tehelka as Metaphor''] at Roli Books<br /> * [http://books.rediff.com/bookshop/bkproductdisplay.jsp?madhu-trehan-prism-me-a-lie-tell-me-a-truth---tehelka-as-metaphor&amp;prrfnbr=82612583&amp;pvrfnbr=83793363&amp;multiple=true&amp;frompg=&amp;isbngroup=9788174365804,817436580X,978817436580 Rediff Website]<br /> * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090421/ttlife1.htm Madhu Trehan interview] at [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|''The Tribune'']]<br /> * [http://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-87432.html New Kerala] - Launch of ''Tehelka as Metaphor''<br /> <br /> [[Category:Books about politics of India]]<br /> [[Category:2009 non-fiction books]]<br /> [[Category:Books about journalism]]<br /> [[Category:Corruption in India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br /> [[Category:Roli Books books]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aiton_language&diff=465543 2026-01-01T10:38:19Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: improve content after review and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tai language of Assam, India}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> | name = Aiton<br /> | nativename = {{lang|aio|(တႝ)ဢႝတွꩫ်}}<br /> | states = [[India]]<br /> | region = [[Assam]]<br /> | ethnicity = [[Aiton people]]<br /> | speakers = 1,500<br /> | date = 2006<br /> | ref = e18<br /> | familycolor = Kradai<br /> | fam2 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]]<br /> | fam4 = Northwestern<br /> | script = [[Burmese script]]&lt;br /&gt;(Aiton variation, &lt;br /&gt;called Lik-Tai)&lt;ref name=diller&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Tai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts |date=1992 |pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | nation = <br /> | agency = <br /> | iso3 = aio<br /> | glotto = aito1238<br /> | glottorefname = Aiton<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Aiton language''' or '''Tai Aiton language''' is spoken in [[Assam]], [[India]], in the [[Dhansiri|Dhonsiri]] Valley and the south bank of the [[Brahmaputra]]. It is currently classified as a threatened language, with fewer than 2,000 speakers worldwide. Its other names include '''Aitonia''' and '''Sham Doaniya'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1426|title=Did you know Aiton is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-05-03|archive-date=2022-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218194812/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1426|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Classification ==<br /> The Aiton language is a part of the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern branch]] of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]] of languages. It is closely related to, and sometimes considered a dialect of, [[Shan language|Shan]]. There are three other actively spoken languages of this branch in Assam: [[Khamti language|Khamti]], [[Phake language|Phake]], and [[Khamyang language|Khamyang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Morey, Stephen. &quot;Tonal change in the Tai languages of Northeast India.&quot; Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 28.2 (2005): 139-202.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Tai languages in Assam share many grammatical similarities, a writing system, and much of their vocabulary.&lt;ref&gt;Diller, A. (1992). Tai languages in Assam: daughters or ghosts? In C.J. Compton and J.F. Hartmann (Ed.), Papers on Tai languages, Linguistics, and Literatures, 5-43. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.&lt;/ref&gt; The most prominent differences between the languages are their tonal systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the oral and written records of the Aiton people, they originated from a place named Khao-Khao [[Möng Mao|Mao-Lung]], a Burmese state near the Chinese border.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Burgohain, Joya. &quot;The Aitons: Some aspects of their life and culture.&quot; (2013).&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally believed that they came to India about two or three hundred years ago, seeking refuge from oppression.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Despite how long they have been in Assam, many members of the older generations are not fluent in Assamese, the official language of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographic Distribution==<br /> Aiton is spoken predominantly in India, in the northeastern state of Assam.<br /> <br /> According to Morey (2005), Aiton is spoken in the following villages:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Aiton Villages (Morey 2005)<br /> ! Tai name<br /> ! Translation of Tai name<br /> ! [[Assamese language|Assamese]]/[[English language|English]] name<br /> ! [[List of districts of Assam|District]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 nam3 thum3}}<br /> | Flood village (บ้านน้ำท่วม)<br /> | Duburoni<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 sum3}}<br /> | Sour village (บ้านส้ม)<br /> | Tengani<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 hui1 luŋ1}}<br /> | Big fruit village<br /> | Borhola<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 hin1}}<br /> | Stone village (บ้านหิน)<br /> | Ahomani<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 luŋ1}}<br /> | Big village (บ้านหลวง)<br /> | Bargaon<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 nɔi2/dɔi2}}<br /> | Hill village (บ้านดอย)<br /> | Sukhihola<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 saai2}}<br /> | Sand village (บ้านทราย)<br /> | Kalyoni<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 saai2}}<br /> | Sand village (บ้านทราย)<br /> | Balipathar<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> |-<br /> | {{tonesup|baan3 saai2}}<br /> | Sand village (บ้านทราย)<br /> | Jonapathar<br /> | [[Lohit district|Lohit]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Buragohain (1998) reports a total of 260 Aiton households, comprising a total population of 2,155.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Aiton Villages (Buragohain 1998)<br /> ! Village<br /> ! [[List of districts of Assam|District]]<br /> ! Year founded<br /> ! No. of houses<br /> ! Population<br /> |-<br /> | Ahomani<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> | 1939<br /> | 31<br /> | 267<br /> |-<br /> | Baragaon<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> | 1835<br /> | 39<br /> | 359<br /> |-<br /> | Balipathar<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> | 1898<br /> | 59<br /> | 528<br /> |-<br /> | Chakihola<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> | unknown<br /> | 18<br /> | 180<br /> |-<br /> | Kaliyani<br /> | [[Karbi Anglong]]<br /> | Man era 1239<br /> | 15<br /> | 154<br /> |-<br /> | Borhola<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> | 1836<br /> | 26<br /> | 235<br /> |-<br /> | Dubarani<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> | unknown<br /> | 43<br /> | 334<br /> |-<br /> | Tengani<br /> | [[Golaghat]]<br /> | unknown<br /> | 19<br /> | 150<br /> |-<br /> | Jonapathar<br /> | [[Lohit district|Lohit]]<br /> | 1950s<br /> | 15<br /> | 148<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Phonology ==<br /> ===Initial consonants===<br /> Morey reports the following initial consonants:&lt;ref name=morey2008&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Morey |first1=Stephen |title=The Thai languages of Assam |date=2008 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34802378}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |- class=small<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|c}} || || {{IPA link|k}} || || || {{IPA link|ʔ}} <br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> ||| || {{IPA link|tʰ}} || || || || || || || <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]<br /> ||| {{IPA link|m}} || || {{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ɲ}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Fricative]]<br /> | {{IPA link|ɸ}} || {{IPA link|β}} || || || {{IPA link|ʃ}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|x}} || || {{IPA link|h}} ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br /> | || || || {{IPA link|l}} || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br /> | || || || {{IPA link|r}} || || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Aiton, like some other Tai languages, have a &quot;minimal three-way contrast in voicing&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; It also only allows vowels to be voiced stops when they are in bilabial and dental/alveolar places of articulation. According to Morey, &quot;{{IPA|[m]}} and {{IPA|[n]}} are variants for {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, respectively&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Aiton, has voiced {{IPA|/r, l, w, j/}} and four voiced nasals in its sound inventory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; It does not have voiceless sonorants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Final consonants===<br /> Aiton has the following final consonants:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Labial consonant|Bilabial]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |- class=small<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> ! voiceless<br /> ! voiced<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}} || || {{IPA link|t}} || || || || {{IPA link|k}} || || {{IPA link|ʔ}} || <br /> |-<br /> ! &lt;small&gt;[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | || || || || || || || || || <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]<br /> ||| {{IPA link|m}} || || {{IPA link|n}} || || || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || ||<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Semi-vowel]]<br /> | || || || || || {{IPA link|j}} || || {{IPA link|w}} || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> -[w] occurs after front vowels and [a]-, -[j] occurs after back vowels and [a]-.&lt;ref name=diller/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tones===<br /> Aiton today uses three tones, however it originally used five but two have merged with other tones. The first tone still used today is 'mid/high level', the second tone is 'high level then falling' and the third is 'mid falling'. Originally the fourth tone, 'mid rising', has merged with the first tone. The fifth tone, 'mid falling glottalised', has merged with the third tone.&lt;ref name=morey2008/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Morey, S. (2008). North East Indian Linguistics. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press India.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> Aiton has a vowel system of only seven vowels, {{IPA|/i, ɯ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a, aa/}}, which is the smallest out of all the Tai languages spoken in Assam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; From these seven vowels, Aiton allows only nine possible sequences.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Grammar==<br /> ===Pronouns===<br /> The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Aiton language:&lt;ref name=diller23&gt;{{cite book |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |title=Thai languages in Assam: Daughters or Ghosts? |date=1992 |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Word || Meaning<br /> |-<br /> | /kaw1/ || I ({{gcl|1SG}})<br /> |-<br /> | /maɯ1/ || You ({{gcl|2SG}})<br /> |-<br /> | /mɯn1/ || He/She/It ({{gcl|3SG}})<br /> |-<br /> | /haw1/ || We ({{gcl|1PL}})<br /> |-<br /> | /su3/ || You ({{gcl|2PL}})<br /> |-<br /> | /kʰaw3/ || They ({{gcl|3PL}})<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Demonstratives===<br /> Note: the form /-an2/ is a post-clitic form that approaches a definite article in function and may be attached to pronouns and even verbs.&lt;ref name=diller23/&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Deictics !! Meaning<br /> |-<br /> | /nay2/ || This, here<br /> |-<br /> | /nan2/, /han2/ || That, there<br /> |-<br /> | /-an2/ || That, there<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Classifiers===<br /> The most common classifiers are:&lt;ref name=diller23/&gt;<br /> * {{lang|aio|{{tonesup|kɔ1}}}} for persons<br /> * {{lang|aio|{{tonesup|tu1/to1}}}} for animals<br /> * {{lang|aio|ʔan}} for inanimate objects<br /> <br /> == Writing system ==<br /> {{See also|Burmese script|Burmese alphabet}}<br /> The Tai Aiton have their own writing system called 'Lik-Tai', which they share with the [[Khamti people]] and [[Tai Phake people]].&lt;ref name=diller/&gt; It closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, which is a variant of the [[Burmese script]], with some of the letters taking divergent shapes.&lt;ref name=&quot;inglis2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = က | iso = ka | ipa = [k] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ၵ | iso = kha | ipa = [kʰ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = င | iso = nga | ipa = [ŋ] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩡ | iso = ca | ipa = [t͡ʃ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩬ | iso = sa | ipa = [s] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ၺ | iso = nya | ipa = [ɲ] | note=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hosken |first=Martin |title=Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples Version 4 |url=http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn11/UTN11_4.pdf |website=Unicode}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = တ | iso = ta | ipa = [t] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ထ | iso = tha | ipa = [tʰ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩫ | iso = na | ipa = [n] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ပ | iso = pa | ipa = [p] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ၸ | iso = pha/fa | ipa = [pʰ/ɸ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = မ | iso = ma | ipa = [m] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch1 = ယ | ch2 = ျ | iso = ya/ja | ipa = [j/ɟ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch1 = ꩺ | ch2 = ြ | iso = ra | ipa = [r] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = လ | iso = la | ipa = [l] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ဝ | iso = wa | ipa = [w] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩭ | iso = ha | ipa = [h] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ဢ | iso = a | ipa = [ʔ] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ဒ | iso = da | ipa = [d] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ဗ | iso = ba/wa | ipa = [b/w] | notes = &lt;ref name=&quot;omniglot.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Aiton language, alphabet, and pronunciation |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/aiton.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=8 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {|class=wikitable<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ႜ | iso = a | ipa = [a] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ႃ | iso = aa | ipa = [aː] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ိ | iso = i | ipa = [i] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ီ | iso = ī | ipa = [iː] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ု | iso = u | ipa = [u] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ူ | iso = ū | ipa = [uː] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ေ | iso = e/ae | ipa = [eː/ɛ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ႝ | iso = ai | ipa = [ai] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ေႃ | iso = o/aw | ipa = [oː/ɔː] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ံ | iso = ṁ | ipa = [ŋ̊] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ိ်ုွ | iso = ue | ipa = [ɯ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =်ၞ | iso = aeu | ipa = [ɛu] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =်ွ | iso = aau | ipa = [aːu] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ွဝ် | iso = au | ipa = [au] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ွ | iso = aw | ipa = [ɒ] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ွႝ | iso = oi | ipa = [oi] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ွံ | iso = om | ipa = [ɔm] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ိ်ွ | iso = iu | ipa = [ɛu/iu] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =ုံ | iso = um | ipa = [um] }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =်ံ | iso = em | ipa = [em] }}<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch =် | iso = | notes = [[virama]]&lt;ref name=&quot;omniglot.com&quot;/&gt; }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other symbols===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩷ | top = ! }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩸ | top = 1 }}<br /> | {{letter | s = Mymr | ch = ꩹ | top = 2 }}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> *Buragohain, Yehom. 1998. &quot;Some notes on the Tai Phakes of Assam, in Shalardchai Ramitanondh Virada Somswasdi and Ranoo Wichasin.&quot; In ''Tai'', pp.&amp;nbsp;126–143. Chiang Mai, Thailand: [[Chiang Mai University]].<br /> *Morey, Stephen. 2005. ''The Tai languages of Assam: a grammar and texts''. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [[Paradisec|PARADISEC]] open access archive of [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/SDM02 Aiton language recordings]<br /> {{Tai-Kadai languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Languages of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Southwestern Tai languages]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rangampeta_mandal&diff=468969 2026-01-01T08:03:07Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Rangampeta Mandal<br /> | settlement_type = [[Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | official_name = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 145.1<br /> | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Rangampeta Mandal''' is one of the 19 mandals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4909-rangampeta-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages &amp; Towns in Rangampeta Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; there are 15 villages.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> Rangampeta Mandal has total population of 57,106 as per the Census 2011 out of which 28,913 are males while 28,193 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Rangampeta Mandal is 975. The total literacy rate of Rangampeta Mandal is 58.55%. The male literacy rate is 52.47% and the female literacy rate is 51.8%.&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/rangampeta-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4909|title=Rangampeta Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Towns &amp; Villages ==<br /> <br /> === Villages ===<br /> <br /> #Doddigunta<br /> #Elakolanu<br /> #G. Donthamuru<br /> #Kotapadu<br /> #Marripudi<br /> #Mukundavaram<br /> #Nallamilli<br /> #Pedarayavaram<br /> #Chandredu<br /> #[[Rangampeta]]<br /> #Singampalle<br /> #South Thirupathi Rajapuram<br /> #Subhadrampeta<br /> #Vadisaleru<br /> #Veerampalem<br /> #Venkatapuram<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{East Godavari district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in East Godavari district]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naveen_Jain&diff=521268 2026-01-01T05:24:22Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added basic stub and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian-American business executive}}<br /> {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{For|the Indian politician|Naveen Jain (politician)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Tech Cocktail Week- Special Session with Naveen Jain - 5.8.13 (8747922452).jpg<br /> | image_size = 275px<br /> | caption = Jain at Tech Cocktail Week<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|9|6|df=y}}&lt;ref name=dob/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | children = 3, including [[Ankur Jain]]<br /> | occupation = Co-founder and Executive Chairman of [[Moon Express]], CEO of Viome<br /> | known_for = Founder and former CEO of [[Infospace]] <br /> | education = [[IIT Roorkee]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]])<br /> | website = {{URL|naveenjain.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Naveen K. Jain''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɒ|ˈ|v|i:|n|_|dʒ|eɪ|n}}; born 6 September 1959)&lt;ref name=dob&gt;{{cite news|last1=Jacobs|first1=Jeff|title=Naveen Jain Biography|url=https://www.emeraldcityjournal.com/2015/03/naveen-jain-biography/|access-date=12 October 2015|publisher=Emerald City Journal|date=3 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Indian-American]] business executive, entrepreneur, and the founder and former CEO of [[InfoSpace]]. InfoSpace briefly became one of the largest internet companies in the American Northwest, before the crash of the [[dot-com bubble]] and a series of lawsuits involving Jain. In 2010 Jain co-founded [[Moon Express]], where he is the executive chairman, and in 2016 founded Viome, where he is the CEO.&lt;ref name=GeekWire&gt;{{cite news|author1=Alan Boyle|title=Entrepreneur Naveen Jain offers a gut check with Viome wellness tracking service|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2017/naveen-jain-gut-viome-wellness/|date=18 April 2017|access-date=4 November 2017|publisher=GeekWire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Naveen Jain was born in 1959 to a [[Jainism|Jain]] family.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Intelius' Naveen Jain Turns to Moon Mining, Philanthropy|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/60949660/intelius-naveen-jain-turns-moon-mining-philanthropy|last=Springer|first=Richard.|date=9 May 2011|publisher=IndiaWest.com}}{{dead link|date=November 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; He grew up in [[New Delhi, India|New Delhi]] and in villages in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeattleTimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002198103_dotcon1main06.html|title=Dot-con Job: Part 1: Dubious Deals|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=8 March 2005|access-date=7 June 2011|first1=David|last1=Heath}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain moved to [[Roorkee]], where in 1979 he earned an engineering degree from [[IIT Roorkee]].&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;/&gt; He moved to the United States that same year.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; He looked up to business people who made their own fortune, especially [[Bill Gates]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SeattleTimes1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early career ==<br /> Jain's first job out of college in 1983 was at [[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] (now known as [[Unisys]]) in New Jersey as part of a business-exchange program.&lt;ref name=&quot;dalkfh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Susan|last=Caminiti | date=3 April 2014|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/04/02/the-global-race-to-harness-the-moons-resources.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 March 2015|title=The billionaire's race to harness the moon's resources}}&lt;/ref&gt; He moved to Silicon Valley for its warmer climate and worked for &quot;a bunch of startups&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;redherring&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue44/jain.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219205103/http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue44/jain.html|archive-date=2002-02-19|title=Smarter than Bill|publisher=[[Red Herring (magazine)|Red Herring]]|date=30 June 1997|access-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; before joining Microsoft in 1989.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; Jain worked on OS/2, then MS-DOS, Windows NT, and Windows 95. He was awarded three patents related to Windows 95 and became best known for his work as a program manager.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;redherring&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain joined the management team for [[Microsoft Network]], prior to its launch.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;/&gt; According to ''Red Herring'', he became restless after eight years at the company and said he didn't feel a single person could make a difference at a large company like Microsoft.&lt;ref name=&quot;redherring&quot;/&gt; Naveen Jain was working on the launch of Microsoft Networks ([[MSN]]), when [[Netscape Communications]] raised $2.2 billion in an initial public offering in 1995. NetScape's IPO was considered the start of the dot-com bubble, because it showed that Internet companies can have large IPOs without making a profit first.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; Naveen quit Microsoft to start InfoSpace that year, with the aim of having his own initial public offering as quickly as possible.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt;<br /> <br /> == InfoSpace ==<br /> <br /> === Growth ===<br /> Jain founded [[InfoSpace]] in March 1996 with six employees, mostly from Microsoft, and began developing e-mail and telephone directories.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; InfoSpace provided content and services, such as phone directories, maps, games and information on the stock market, to websites and mobile device manufacturers.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Options, Equity, Rancor|first=Edward|last=Welles|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20010701/22958.html|newspaper=Inc. Magazine|access-date=25 March 2015|date=1 July 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company grew at low cost without funding using co-branding strategies.&lt;ref name=&quot;redherring&quot;/&gt; It [[Initial public offering|went public]] on 15 December 1998. The company raised $75 million in the offering.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120919055524/http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,16842-0.html A Fine IPO for InfoSpace] from ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain's net worth grew to $8 billion. He began purchasing expensive homes and yachts.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; Jain owned 47 percent of InfoSpace's stock. Many lawsuits from partners and employees alleged he used promises of stock options to attract talent and business partners, but then fired employees or broke off relations without providing the promised shares.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; An investigation by the board found evidence that Jain may have failed to fulfill his contractual promises for stock options to seven former employees and eight business partners.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; Many of these cases involved employees or consultants that said they were offered deals where they could buy shares for 1 to 10 cents each, but shortly afterwards Jain tried to change the deal or fired them over a dispute without the promised stock-based compensation.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; Jain alleged the deals were set up such that their shares wouldn't vest until they've been an employee for a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Crash and fallout ===<br /> As the [[dot-com bubble]] ended in March 2000, InfoSpace's stock fell&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; from $138 to $1.56 by July 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; In March 2000, even as the stock price declined, Jain said InfoSpace would one day have a greater market-share than [[Microsoft]], [[Intel]] and [[Cisco]] combined. Early the following year he sold $80 million of his own shares at an even lower price.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; Jain led a merger with Go2Net that was purchased with the shares. Shortly afterwards the founder of Go2Net quit and the company was reduced in size.&lt;ref name=&quot;inc&quot;/&gt; After the merger, Go2Net CEO Russell Horowitz became president of Infospace.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-243697.html InfoSpace to buy Go2Net to expand content delivery]&lt;/ref&gt; Also, in 2000, InfoSpace used a controversial accounting method to report $46 million in profits when in fact it had lost $282 million. Company executives skirted [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] trading restrictions to sell large blocks of their personal stock.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002199042_dotcon2main07.html |title=Dot-Con Job&amp;nbsp;— Part 2: Cashing Out&amp;nbsp;— When times got tough, execs hid troubles, dumped stock |access-date=13 September 2013 |publisher=The Seattle Times | first1=David | last1=Heath | date=7 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain resumed the role of CEO in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;INFOSPACE-INC-Jan-2001-8-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2235/0001032210-01-000078.pdf |title=INFOSPACE INC, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 23, 2001 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =15 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; As revenues decreased, Jain indicated to investor analysts that revenues were expected to go up, even though all indicators showed a continued decline.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; In 2001, InfoSpace said its revenues would go up to $360 million, then laid off 250 staff shortly afterwards. Jain and many other executives sold their shares in the company, just as the stock increased in response to investor analysts repeating Jain's positive outlook on revenues.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt; The company then used misleading accounting practices to make it appear as though it was still growing. For example, it invested money in a company run by Jain's brother, with an agreement that his brother would also spend money on InfoSpace, a practice that was referred to as &quot;buying revenues&quot;.&lt;ref name=SeattleTimes1/&gt;<br /> <br /> A shareholder filed a lawsuit against InfoSpace and many of its executives, including Jain, in 2001. The shareholder alleged Jain misled shareholders about the company's financials, then profited by selling his own shares at their peak. This led to a series of additional lawsuits&lt;ref name=&quot;newsource&quot;/&gt; and the board dismissed Jain from his CEO position in 2002 in response.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsource&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Sharon|last=Chan|author-link=Sharon Chan (journalist) |newspaper=Seattle Times|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20041224/infospace24/infospace-jain-reach-settlement|access-date=22 March 2015|title=InfoSpace, Jain reach settlement|date=24 December 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jain was forced out by InfoSpace's board as chairman and CEO in December 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSBJ Ties&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2003/04/28/daily5.html|title=InfoSpace severs final ties with founder Jain|publisher=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]]|date=28 April 2003|access-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2003 Jain was ordered to pay $247 million for violations in &quot;short-swing trading rules&quot;, whereby he bought and sold stocks within six months as an employee with insider knowledge. In appeals court the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] submitted a brief taking Jain's side,&lt;ref name=&quot;SeattleTimes1&quot;/&gt; which led to a settlement for $105 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002200298_dotcon3mainsec08.html|title=Unusual ally came to Jain's rescue: SEC|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=6–8 March 2005|access-date=7 June 2011|first1=David|last1=Heath}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TS09&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/10469309/1/court-turns-down-appeal-from-infospace-founder.html|title=Court turns down appeal from Infospace founder|agency=Associated Press|date=3 September 2009|access-date=17 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Medina-millionaire-s-rep-takes-another-hit-with-895537.php|title=Medina millionaire's rep takes another hit with $1.3 million Intelius settlement|publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |date=10 August 2011|access-date=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20030823/infospace230/ex-infospace-chief-ordered-to-pay-247-million-penalty|title=Ex-InfoSpace chief ordered to pay $247 million penalty|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=23 August 2003|access-date=7 June 2011|first=David|last=Heath}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain said his stock purchasing was a mistake due to bad advice from his legal and financial advisors.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;/&gt; Following the settlement, Jain sued his stock management company and lawyers for alleged negligence in their handling of the case, but lower courts and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] dismissed his case.&lt;ref name=&quot;TS09&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://moconews.net/article/419-supreme-court-refuses-to-hear-infospace-founder-naveen-jains-appeal|title=Supreme Court Refuses To Hear InfoSpace Founder's Insider-Trading Appeal|work=mocoNews|publisher=mocoNews.net.|date=10 March 2009|access-date=17 June 2011|archive-date=8 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008102633/http://moconews.net/article/419-supreme-court-refuses-to-hear-infospace-founder-naveen-jains-appeal/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2003, InfoSpace sued Jain and others for allegedly misappropriating trade secrets from InfoSpace to start Intelius and for violating their non-compete agreement. A court found no evidence that Intelius and Infospace competed with one another and the case was dismissed.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheEconomicTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-29/news/27550695_1_infospace-intelius-trade-secrets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523190341/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-29/news/27550695_1_infospace-intelius-trade-secrets |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2012 |title=InfoSpace's ex-CEO Naveen Jain wins ruling on trade secrets |publisher=The Economic Times |date=29 May 2003 |access-date=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2004, an $83 million settlement was reached between InfoSpace and Jain, which would result in dismissal of all the cases, including the one from the shareholder, with prejudice.&lt;ref name=&quot;newsource&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Post-InfoSpace ==<br /> {{Expand section|See &quot;New ventures&quot; section on talk page|date=November 2017}}<br /> <br /> === Intelius ===<br /> In 2003, Jain co-founded [[Intelius]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The billionaire's race to harness the moon's resources|first=Susan|last=Caminiti|date=3 April 2014 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/04/02/the-global-race-to-harness-the-moons-resources.html|access-date=5 April 2015|publisher=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company collected and sold background information on individuals. It grew to $18.1 million in revenues by 2004 and $88.5 million in 2007 with $22.5 million in profits. It filed an initial public offering in 2008. The site was the subject of many consumer complaints concerning [[post-transaction marketing]] practices, where consumers were led to believe they were answering a short survey for $10 cash back, but were actually signed up for a $20-per-month subscription.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.seattleweekly.com/2009-03-18/news/intelius-and-the-dubious-art-of-post-transaction-marketing/|title=Intelius and the Dubious Art of Post-Transaction Marketing|publisher=Seattle Weekly|first=Nina|last=Shapiro|date=17 March 2009|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127143307/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/2009-03-18/news/intelius-and-the-dubious-art-of-post-transaction-marketing/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He re-formed the company under the name Inome in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Meet Inome: The latest thing to sprout from Naveen Jain|first=John|last=Cook|date=10 June 2012|publisher=GeekWire}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015 the company was sold, with Jain retaining a 25 percent interest, and a new CEO was appointed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/exclusive-intelius-sold-to-private-equity-firm-naveen-jain-leaving-to-pursue-new-health-tech-startup/|title=Exclusive: Intelius sold to private equity firm, Naveen Jain leaving to launch health tech startup|date=2 July 2015|access-date=7 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === TalentWise ===<br /> Jain founded Talentwise, a spin-off from Intelius, which was sold in 2016.&lt;ref name=GeekWire/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2016/221081/|title=Background check powerhouse Talentwise sells to SterlingBackcheck in 'significant' exit|date=6 January 2016|access-date=23 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Moon Express ===<br /> Jain co-founded [[Moon Express]] in August 2010 and is its chairman. The company is building machine-operated spacecraft to mine materials like gold, cobalt, platinum, and Helium-3 (nuclear energy fuel) from the Moon. It will also prospect for water on the Moon's south pole, which could be used to create rocket fuel for missions to Mars and beyond.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Five Things Moon Express Wants to Mine On the Moon|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/19175-five-minerals-moon-express-mission|website=Inverse|date=3 August 2016 |access-date=8 February 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ioannou|first1=Lori|title=Billionaire closer to mining the moon for trillions of dollars in riches|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/31/billionaire-closer-to-mining-moon-for-trillions-of-dollars-in-riches.html|website=CNBC|access-date=8 February 2018|date=31 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jain claimed his target for Moon Express was to found human colonies on the Moon by 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kharpal|first1=Arjun|title=Human colonies will be on the moon within 5 years, space entrepreneur says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/30/moon-express-says-first-launch-happening-in-2018.html|website=CNBC|access-date=8 February 2018|date=30 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bluedot ===<br /> Jain is founder and CEO of Bluedot. Started in 2015, Bluedot licenses research from United States Department of Energy [[United States Department of Energy national laboratories|national labs]] for commercialization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/naveen-jain-raises-76-million-for-new-company-bluedot/|title=Naveen Jain raises $6.7 million for new company BlueDot|date=14 March 2016|access-date=7 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jain is founder and CEO of Bluedot's spinoff Viome (founded in 2016). Viome provides [[nutritional genomics]] testing and analysis services, especially of the [[gut flora]], and provides dietary advice.&lt;ref name=GeekWire/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/personalized-nutrition-dietary-advice-dna-test-microbiome-2017-6|title=Companies are trying to use your DNA and bacteria to give you personalized diet advice — here's what the science says|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other activities ===<br /> Jain is a member of the board of Kairos Society, a non-profit network of undergraduate entrepreneurs, founded by his son.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaWest&quot;/&gt;<br /> He is also on the board of the [[Xprize]] Foundation and [[Singularity University]]. In collaboration with his wife, the [[X Prize Foundation#2016-2018 Anu &amp; Naveen Jain Women's Safety XPRIZE|Anu and Naveen Jain Women’s Safety Xprize]] was launched in October 2016 and was intended to run until June 2018, with a goal of awarding $1 million to a team who creates an affordable device that can quickly, automatically, and quietly send an emergency alert to responders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=With Two New Competitions, XPRIZE Tackles Water Scarcity and Women's Safety|url=https://safety.xprize.org/press-release/two-new-competitions-xprize-tackles-water-scarcity-and-womens-safety|website=Anu &amp; Naveen Jain Women's Safety XPRIZE|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en|date=24 October 2016|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181027/https://safety.xprize.org/press-release/two-new-competitions-xprize-tackles-water-scarcity-and-womens-safety|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biotech startup working to help women stay safe|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/business/healthcare-business/2018/02/02/Biotech-startup-works-to-address-women-s-safety/stories/201801300003|website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Jain collects [[meteorites]]. His collection, which by 2012 had cost him $5 million, consists of 'witnessed falls'; meteorites that observers have seen moving through the atmosphere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last1=Greenwald|first1=Ted|title=See to Believe: The $5 Million Meteorite Collection|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/meteorite-collector/|magazine=WIRED|access-date=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lipton|first1=Josh|title=These guys hunt for space rocks, and sell them for enormous profit to collectors|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/03/these-guys-hunt-for-space-rocks-and-sell-them-for-enormous-profit-to-collectors.html|website=CNBC|access-date=2 March 2018|date=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Jain married in 1988 and moved with his family to [[Seattle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SeattleTimes1&quot; /&gt; He has three children including [[Ankur Jain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Siblings Ankur and Priyanka Jain threw themselves into nonprofits that help others|first=Patti|last=Payne|date=15 November 2009|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2009/11/16/tidbits1.html?page=all|publisher=BizJournals}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Portal|Biography}}<br /> {{commons category|Naveen Jain}}<br /> * [https://www.naveenjain.com/ Official website of Naveen Jain]<br /> * {{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news/31373868_1_naveen-jain-serial-entrepreneur-intelius|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024032954/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news/31373868_1_naveen-jain-serial-entrepreneur-intelius|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=20 April 2012|access-date=21 March 2015|title=How serial entrepreneur Naveen Jain turned into a billionaire|first=Peerzada|last=Abrar}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Naveen}}<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]<br /> [[Category:American businesspeople in the computer industry]]<br /> [[Category:American chief executives in technology]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Jains]]<br /> [[Category:American Jains]]<br /> [[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Redmond, Washington]]<br /> [[Category:American technology company founders]]<br /> [[Category:Chief executives in technology]]<br /> [[Category:Indian company founders]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Burroughs Corporation people]]<br /> [[Category:OS/2 people]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._George_Hospital,_Mumbai&diff=537336 2026-01-01T02:56:43Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added first post added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox hospital<br /> | name = St George Hospital, Mumbai<br /> | org_group = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | image = St George Hospital Mumbai.jpg<br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | caption = St George Hospital Mumbai, circa 1900<br /> | pushpin_map = Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Shown in Mumbai, Maharashtra<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | location = <br /> | region = Mumbai<br /> | state = Maharashtra<br /> | country = IN<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.940385|72.837813|display=inline,title}}<br /> | healthcare = &lt;!-- UK:NHS. AU/CA: Medicare. ELSE freetext, eg Private --&gt;<br /> | funding = <br /> | type = &lt;!-- Community, District, General, District General, Teaching, Specialist --&gt;<br /> | speciality = &lt;!-- if devoted to a speciality (ie not a broad spectrum of specialities) and Type=Specialist/Teaching --&gt;<br /> | standards = &lt;!-- optional if no national standards --&gt;<br /> | emergency = &lt;!-- UK/IR/HK/SG: Yes/No, CA/US: I/II/III for Trauma certification level --&gt;<br /> | affiliation = &lt;!-- 'None' or Medical School and University affiliations (medical or paramedical) --&gt;<br /> | patron = &lt;!-- 'None' or the individual who acts as the hospital patron --&gt;<br /> | network = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | beds = <br /> | founded = <br /> | closed = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.stgh.in/}}<br /> | other_links = &lt;!-- optional --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St. George Hospital, Mumbai''' is a multi-speciality hospital near the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) in the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort district]] in [[Mumbai]], India. It is one of the oldest hospitals in Mumbai.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> St. George Hospital, Mumbai, was sanctioned in 1675 and established in 1677 as the European General Hospital, due to catering exclusively to European patients.The hospital was founded following the reforms of [[Gerald Aungier]], the second Governor of Mumbai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saint George Hospital at Mumbai Maharashtra |url=https://www.myhospitalnow.com/hospitals/saint-george-hospital |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=MyHospitalNow.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History - St. George’s Hospital, Mumbai |url=https://www.stgh.in/about-us/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205134650/https://www.stgh.in/about-us/history/ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |website=stgh.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> It opened to the public on December 20,1892.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Mumbai's first dedicated [[Urology]] Unit was established in St George's Hospital in the early 1960s under the late Dr B J Colabawalla, the founding Secretary of the Urological Society of India. Dr Tilak and Dr Gokarn later joined Dr Colabawala, and the Urology Unit grew to become the premier Urology referral centre in Mumbai, until similar units came up in [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital]], under Dr Karanjawala, and in Grant Medical College, under Dr. Rao and Dr. M H Kamat.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> In 1984, the Asthma &amp; Bronchitis Association of India was founded at St. George's pulmonary function laboratory.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Organization ==<br /> Currently, St. George Hospital operates under the administration of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] and is part of the Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, which includes Grant Medical College, JJ Hospital, GT Hospital, and Cama &amp; Albless Hospital.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The hospital is under the administration of Sir J.J. dean Dr. Pallavi Saple. It has around 460 beds capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals |url=http://www.gmcjjh.org/frmStGeorgesHospital.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127044002/http://www.gmcjjh.org/frmStGeorgesHospital.aspx |archive-date=2013-01-27 |accessdate=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Speciality ==<br /> St. George Hospital offers a wide range of medical specialties, including:{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> * General Medicine<br /> * General Surgery<br /> * Orthopaedics<br /> * Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology<br /> * Pediatrics<br /> * E.N.T. (Ear, Nose, and Throat)<br /> * Plastic Surgery<br /> * Urology<br /> * Ophthalmology<br /> * Radiology<br /> * Pathology<br /> * Physiotherapy<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> <br /> * Recognized for excellence in infectious disease management and critical care during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George Hospital, Mumbai}}<br /> [[Category:1677 establishments in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals established in the 17th century]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal hospitals in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-hospital-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E2%80%9320_Vijay_Hazare_Trophy&diff=445620 2025-12-21T19:40:02Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: fixes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tournament<br /> | name = 2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fromdate = 24 September<br /> | todate = 25 October 2019<br /> | administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | cricket format = [[List A cricket]]<br /> | tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Playoff format]]<br /> | host = Various<br /> | champions = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | count = 4<br /> | runner up = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | participants = 38<br /> | matches = 169<br /> | attendance = <br /> | player of the series = <br /> | most runs = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] (609) (Karnataka)<br /> | most wickets = [[Pritam Das]] (23) (Assam)&lt;br&gt;[[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]] (23) (Madhya Pradesh)<br /> | website = <br /> | previous_year = 2018–19<br /> | previous_tournament = 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy<br /> | next_year = 2020–21<br /> | next_tournament = 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy<br /> }}<br /> {{2019–20 Indian domestic cricket season}}<br /> The '''2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy''' was the 27th edition of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], an annual [[List A cricket]] tournament in India. It took place in September and October 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/bcci-announces-domestic-schedule-for-2019-20-season/article28272112.ece# |title=BCCI announces domestic schedule for 2019-20 season |work=Sport Star |date=3 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/neutral-curators-to-pick-wickets-in-ranji-trophy-2019-20-domestic-season-to-begin-in-august-with-duleep-trophy-874725 |title=Neutral curators to pick wickets in Ranji Trophy, 2019–20 domestic season to begin in August with Duleep Trophy |work=Cricket Country |date=August 2019 |access-date=5 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the [[2019–20 Duleep Trophy|Duleep Trophy]] and before the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy|Ranji Trophy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27100900/ranji-trophy-set-finish-march-syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-gets-pre-ipl-auction-window |title=Ranji Trophy set to finish in March; Mushtaq Ali T20s gets pre-IPL auction window |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] competed in the Vijay Hazare Trophy for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/chandigarh-to-make-ranji-debut-in-december/articleshow/70681945.cms |title=Chandigarh to make Ranji debut in December |work=The Times of India |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] were the defending champions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25030980/shivam-dubey,-aditya-tare-stars-mumbai-march-title |title=Dubey, Tare the stars as Mumbai lift Vijay Hazare title after 12 years |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seventeen out of the first thirty matches that were scheduled to be played across all four groups were [[Result (cricket)#Abandoned|abandoned]] or finished in a [[Result (cricket)#No result|no result]]. Therefore, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) issued a revised schedule for the rain-affected matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/vijay-hazare-trophy-rain-washes-out-all-matches-in-group-b/story-TqgIDcsFkKSBASzfswOBoI.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Rain washes out all matches in Group B |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27711013/rain-affected-vijay-hazare-trophy-games-rescheduled |title=Rain-affected Vijay Hazare Trophy games to be rescheduled |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The statistics for cancelled matches were revoked leading to [[Rongsen Jonathan]] missing out on his maiden [[Century (cricket)|hundred]] in List A cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27848187/rongsen-jonathan-feels-robbed-maiden-list-ton-deemed-invalid |title=Rongsen Jonathan feels 'robbed' after maiden List A ton deemed invalid |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 October 2019, in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A#Round 11|Group A match]] between [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] and [[Goa cricket team|Goa]], Kerala's [[Sanju Samson]] scored the fastest double century in List A cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sanju-samson-breaks-shikhar-dhawan-s-record-hits-fastest-double-hundred-by-an-indian-in-list-a-cricket-in-vijay-hazare-trophy/story-nHZB05KbSrObuK2JII1H1K.html |title=Sanju Samson smashes fastest double hundred by an Indian in 50-overs cricket in Vijay Hazare Trophy match |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 October 2019 |access-date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the highest individual total in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, with an unbeaten 212 runs from 129 balls.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sanju-samson-smashes-record-breaking-double-hundred-against-goa-2343089.html |title=Sanju Samson Smashes Record-breaking Double Hundred Against Goa |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also the highest total made by a wicket-keeper in a List A cricket match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sanju-samson-vijay-hazare-trophy-maiden-double-hundred-1608611-2019-10-12 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Sanju Samson sets international record with maiden double hundred |work=India Today |access-date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the conclusion of matches played on 10 October 2019, [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] and [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]], both from Group C, were the first two teams to qualify for the knockout stage of the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/vijay-hazare-wrap-mumbai-lose-tight-encounter-gujarat-qualify-for-knockouts-2340835.html |title=Vijay Hazare Wrap: Mumbai Lose Tight Encounter, Gujarat Qualify For Knockouts |work=Network18 Media and Investments Ltd |access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/vijay-hazare-trophy-gujarat-beat-services-to-enter-knock-out-stage/articleshow/71526047.cms |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Gujarat beat Services to enter knock-out stage |work=Times of India |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the final group matches, [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]], [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]], [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] and [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] finished in the top five places across groups A and B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27865361/vinay-kumar-take-karnataka-vijay-hazare-trophy-quarterfinals |title=Vinay Kumar to take on Karnataka in Vijay Hazare Trophy quarterfinals |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were joined by [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]] in the knockout stage, who finished top of the Plate Group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-quarterfinals-schedule-october-20-21-bengaluru/article29727272.ece |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Bengaluru to host quarterfinal matches on Oct 20 and 21 |work=Sportstar |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the first quarter-final match, Group A winners Karnataka beat Pondicherry, who won the Plate Group, by eight wickets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27885812/puducherry-break-plate-group-perceptions-defeat |title=Puducherry break Plate-Group perceptions despite defeat |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second quarter-final saw Gujarat beat Delhi by six wickets by the [[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]], after a brief rain delay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27886052/delhi-dhruv-shorey-impresses-stop-gujarat-making-vijay-hazare-semis |title=Delhi's Dhruv Shorey impresses, but can't stop Gujarat from making Vijay Hazare semis |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The remaining two quarter-final matches both finished in a [[result (cricket)#No result|no result]] due to rain. As a result, Chhattisgarh advanced over Mumbai and Tamil Nadu advanced over Punjab, after Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu had won more matches in the group stage of the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/110453/rain-helps-chhattisgarh-cricket-tamil-nadu-reach-vh-semis-amnadeep-khare-yashasvi-jaiswal |title=Rain helps Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu reach VH semis |work=CricBuzz |date=21 October 2019 |access-date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first semi-final saw Karnataka beat Chhattisgarh by nine wickets, with ten overs to spare, after [[Devdutt Padikkal]] scored 92 runs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/report/1200800/karnataka-vs-chhattisgarh-1st-semi-final-vijay-hazare-trophy |title=V Koushik, Devdutt Padikkal and KL Rahul put Karnataka in Vijay Hazare final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the second semi-final, the match was delayed due to a wet outfield, and eventually shortened to 40 overs per side. Tamil Nadu went on to beat Gujarat by five wickets, with [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] making an unbeaten fifty, to advance to the final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/report/1200801/gujarat-vs-tamil-nadu-2nd-semi-final-vijay-hazare-trophy |title=Calm Shahrukh Khan powers Tamil Nadu into final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karnataka won a rain-affected final, beating Tamil Nadu by 60 runs, with [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] taking a [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/report/1200802/karnataka-vs-tamil-nadu-final-vijay-hazare-trophy |title=Abhimanyu Mithun's birthday hat-trick delivers Vijay Hazare Trophy for Karnataka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27926811/four-thousand-reasons-market-indian-domestic-cricket-better |title=Four-thousand reasons to market Indian domestic cricket better |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teams and format==<br /> The teams were placed in the following groups. [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]] competed in the tournament for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/vijay-hazare-trophy-2019-fixtures-chandigarh-rohit-sharma-rahane-mumbai-stuart-binny/article29418415.ece# |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Who's playing whom and where |work=Sport Star |date=14 September 2019 |access-date=15 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament retained the same format as the previous edition of the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/mushtaq-ali-trophy-to-be-held-ahead-of-ipl-auction-as-bcci-announces-domestic-schedule/articleshow/70058827.cms |title=Mushtaq Ali Trophy to be held ahead of IPL auction as BCCI announces domestic schedule |work=Times of India |date=3 July 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament had four groups, with nine teams each in Groups A, B and ten teams in Group C and the Plate Group. The top two teams from Group C and the top team in the Plate Group progressed to the quarter-finals of the tournament, along with the top five teams across Groups A and B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |title=BCCI Domestic Schedule 2019–20 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912164935/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/5d1b1400c82f1-BCCI%20Domestic.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A|Group A]]'''<br /> * [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]<br /> * [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> * [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]<br /> * [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]<br /> * [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> * [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]<br /> * [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> * [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group B|Group B]]'''<br /> * [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]<br /> * [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br /> * [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]<br /> * [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]<br /> * [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> * [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group C|Group C]]'''<br /> * [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br /> * [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]<br /> * [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]<br /> * [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]<br /> * [[Services cricket team|Services]]<br /> * [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> * [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]<br /> <br /> {{col-4}}<br /> '''[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]'''<br /> * [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]<br /> * [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]<br /> * [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]]<br /> * [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]<br /> * [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]]<br /> * [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]<br /> * [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]<br /> * [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]]<br /> * [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==League stage==<br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A|Group A]]===<br /> {{2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group A}}<br /> <br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group B|Group B]]===<br /> {{2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group B}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group C|Group C]]===<br /> {{2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group C}}<br /> <br /> {{col-2}}<br /> <br /> ===[[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group|Plate Group]]===<br /> {{2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy Plate Group}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ==Knockout stage==<br /> {{8TeamBracket<br /> | seed-width = 25px<br /> | team-width = 125px<br /> | score-width = 125px<br /> | RD3 = Final<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD1-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''<br /> | RD1-score1 = '''213/2 (41 overs)'''<br /> | RD1-seed2 = P1<br /> | RD1-team2 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]<br /> | RD1-score2 = 207/9 (50 overs)<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed3 = '''A2'''<br /> | RD1-team3 = '''[[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]'''<br /> | RD1-score3 = '''190/6 (45.4 overs)'''<br /> | RD1-seed4 = A3<br /> | RD1-team4 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | RD1-score4 = 95/0 (11.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed5 = B1<br /> | RD1-team5 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br /> | RD1-score5 = 223 (49 overs)<br /> | RD1-seed6 = '''C2'''<br /> | RD1-team6 = '''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''<br /> | RD1-score6 = '''225/4 (37.5 overs)'''<br /> <br /> | RD1-seed7 = B2<br /> | RD1-team7 =[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | RD1-score7 = 52/2 (12.2 overs)<br /> | RD1-seed8 = '''C1'''<br /> | RD1-team8 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''<br /> | RD1-score8 = '''174/6 (39 overs)'''<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD2-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''<br /> | RD2-score1 = '''229/1 (40 overs)'''<br /> | RD2-seed2 = A2<br /> | RD2-team2 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | RD2-score2 = 223 (49.4 overs)<br /> <br /> | RD2-seed3 = C2<br /> | RD2-team3 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | RD2-score3 = 177/9 (40 overs)<br /> | RD2-seed4 = '''C1'''<br /> | RD2-team4 = '''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''<br /> | RD2-score4 = '''181/5 (39 overs)'''<br /> <br /> | RD3-seed1 = '''A1'''<br /> | RD3-team1 = '''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''<br /> | RD3-score1 = '''146/1 (23 overs)'''<br /> | RD3-seed2 = C1<br /> | RD3-team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | RD3-score2 = 252 (49.5 overs)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Quarter-finals===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 20 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Qualifier 1'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Pondicherry cricket team|Pondicherry]]<br /> | team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | score1 = 207/9 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Vikneshwaran Marimuthu]] 58 (98)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Praveen Dubey]] 3/44 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 213/2 (41 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 90 (112)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Sagar Udeshi]] 2/47 (10 overs)<br /> | result = Karnataka won by 8 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200796.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | umpires = [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 20 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Qualifier 2'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]<br /> | team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | score1 = 223 (49 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Dhruv Shorey]] 91 (109)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 3/27 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 225/4 (37.5 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Priyank Panchal]] 80 (91)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Simarjeet Singh]] 2/54 (9 overs)<br /> | result = Gujarat won by 6 wickets ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200797.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = Just Cricket Academy Ground, [[Bangalore]]<br /> | umpires = [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 21 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Qualifier 3'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> | score1 = 174/6 (39 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Baba Aparajith]] 56 (76)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Gurkeerat Singh]] 2/25 (5 overs)<br /> | score2 = 52/2 (12.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Sanvir Singh]] 21[[not out|*]] (42)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Ravisrinivasan Sai Kishore]] 1/17 (4.2 overs)<br /> | result = No result<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200798.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Alur Cricket Ground]], Alur<br /> | umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Punjab won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = Rain during Punjab's innings prevented any further play.<br /> | notes = Tamil Nadu advanced due to more wins in the group stage of the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27894972/rain-spoils-punjab-hopes-tamil-nadu-go-vijay-hazare-trophy-semi-final |title=Rain spoils Punjab's hopes as Tamil Nadu go through to Vijay Hazare Trophy semi-final |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021150320/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27894972/rain-spoils-punjab-hopes-tamil-nadu-go-vijay-hazare-trophy-semi-final |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 21 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Qualifier 4'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]<br /> | score1 = 190/6 (45.4 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia|Harpreet Singh]] 83 (108)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 2/9 (8 overs)<br /> | score2 = 95/0 (11.3 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 60[[not out|*]] (38)<br /> | wickets2 = <br /> | result = No result<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200799.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Alur Cricket Ground]], Alur<br /> | umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = Rain during Mumbai's innings prevented any further play.<br /> | notes = Chhattisgarh advanced due to more wins in the group stage of the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-tamil-nadu-chhattisgarh-semi-finals-mumbai-out-1611595-2019-10-21 |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy: Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh through to semi-finals, Mumbai out |work=India Today |access-date=21 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Semi-finals===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 23 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Semi-final 1'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | score1 = 223 (49.4 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Amandeep Khare]] 78 (102)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Vasuki Koushik]] 4/46 (9.4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 229/1 (40 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 92 (98)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Ajay Mandal]] 1/55 (9 overs)<br /> | result = Karnataka won by 9 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200800.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> ----<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 23 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Semi-final 2'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]<br /> | team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | score1 = 177/9 (40 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Dhruv Raval]] 40 (37)<br /> | wickets1 = [[M Mohammed]] 3/23 (6 overs)<br /> | score2 = 181/5 (39 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] 56[[not out|*]] (46)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]] 1/18 (6 overs)<br /> | result = Tamil Nadu won by 5 wickets<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200801.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = Just Cricket Academy Ground, [[Bangalore]]<br /> | umpires = [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = The match was reduced to 40 overs per side due to a wet outfield.<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Final===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 25 October 2019<br /> | round = '''Final'''<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]<br /> | score1 = 252 (49.5 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Abhinav Mukund]] 85 (110)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 5/34 (9.5 overs)<br /> | score2 = 146/1 (23 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 69[[not out|*]] (55)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Washington Sundar]] 1/51 (6 overs)<br /> | result = Karnataka won by 60 runs ([[Jayadevan's system|VJD method]])<br /> | report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200802.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]<br /> | umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]]<br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain = Rain during Karnataka's innings prevented any further play.<br /> | notes = [[Prateek Jain]] (Karnataka) made his List A debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Cricket|Sports}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/_/id/8890/season/2019/vijay-hazare-trophy Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br /> <br /> {{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}<br /> {{Domestic cricket in 2019–20}}<br /> {{2019–20 in Indian cricket}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2019-20}}<br /> [[Category:2019 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2020 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2019–20]]<br /> [[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All-Red_Route&diff=454935 2025-12-14T11:37:43Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: fix references further and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Royal Mail Ships steamship route}}<br /> An '''All-Red Route''' was, originally, a [[steamship]] route used by [[Royal Mail Ship]]s during the heyday of the [[British Empire]]. The name derives from the common practice of colouring the territory of the British Empire red or pink on political maps. It denoted a long-distance route where all the ports of call were in British territories or colonies, emphasising not only the usefulness of the route as a means of connecting the British [[metropole]] with the worldwide empire but also the strategic security of being able to connect (and travel between) possessions on the other side of the globe without having to rely on making stops in, or passing through, the territory of another nation.<br /> <br /> Initially the term was used to apply only to steamship routes (as these were the only practical way of carrying communications between Great Britain and the rest of the Empire), particularly to [[India]] via the [[Suez Canal]]—a route sometimes referred to as the '''British Imperial Lifeline'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Ayoob|1980|p=107}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Rail transport was used across France and Italy to the Mediterranean. From 1868 to 1871 the [[Mont Cenis Pass Railway]], a temporary mountain railway line over the Mont Cenis Pass was used for mail.<br /> <br /> After use of steamships became widespread at sea, strategically placed [[coaling station]]s were acquired to guarantee the mobility of both civil and naval fleets.<br /> <br /> In the 1880s the term &quot;All-Red Route&quot; was expanded to include the telegraph network (see [[All Red Line]]) that connected various parts of the Empire, and by the 1920s it was also being used in reference to proposed air routes, initially [[airship]] and then [[flying boat]], between Great Britain and the rest of the Empire, see [[Imperial Airship Scheme]].<br /> <br /> The Suez Canal route dramatically shortened the sea path between Britain and its possessions in Asia (primarily [[British Raj|India]]). Conscious of its significance, the British sent troops to take control of the canal during the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]] in 1882. Even after British troops were withdrawn from the rest of Egypt in accordance with the [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936]], Britain continued to control the canal and kept troops stationed in the canal zone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Holland|1996|p=xix}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] [[Suez Crisis#Nationalization of the canal and the road to crisis|nationalised]] the canal in 1956, sparking the [[Suez Crisis]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Anthony Eden]] declared that &quot;The Egyptian has his thumb on our windpipe&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Herring|2008|p=675}}.&lt;/ref&gt; describing the Suez as the &quot;great imperial lifeline&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Unattributed|title=Special Report: An affair to remember - The Suez crisis|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|volume=380|issue=8488|page=23|date=2006-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The major &quot;All-Red Route&quot; ran as follows:<br /> <br /> [[Southern Britain]] → [[Gibraltar]] → [[Malta]] → [[Alexandria]] → [[Port Said]] (after construction of the Canal) → [[Suez Canal|Suez]] → [[Aden]] → [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] (and access to the [[Persian Gulf]]) → [[India]] → [[Sri Lanka]] → [[Burma]] → [[British Malaya|Malaya]] → [[Singapore]] (branching out into the [[Pacific Ocean]] towards [[Hong Kong]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Oceania|other British colonies]]).<br /> <br /> The completion of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in 1886 connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across what was then the [[Canada|Dominion of Canada]]. The CPR quickly began operating steamships between the west coast of Canada and [[East Asia]], and in 1899 entered the trans-Atlantic liner trade. This made it possible to travel from Britain to [[Hong Kong]] (as well as Japan and China) westwards entirely by the CPR's services and without ever leaving a British-registered ship or British imperial territory. The CPR advertised this as 'The All-Red Route' and by the 1920s had added [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] to its trans-Pacific services, adding those dominions to its network. Other British shipping lines operating in the Pacific and the Far East made it possible to travel to [[Singapore]]. [[British Malaya]] and [[India]] via the CPR. The completion of the [[Canadian Northern Railway]]'s transcontinental section in 1912 and the opening of the [[Grand Trunk Pacific Railway]] in 1917 provided alternative routes across Canada as part of this &quot;All-Red Route&quot;.<br /> <br /> Throughout the late 19th-century there were plans and ambitions for a [[Cape to Cairo Railway]] to link British colonies in Africa. The lack of a true &quot;All-Red Route' - since British territory was not continuous between South Africa and Egypt was a major obstacle to this project being successful. Britain claimed the [[Tanganyika Territory]] from Germany after [[World War I]], creating the potential for an &quot;All-Red Route&quot; the length of Africa but the necessary sections of railway were never constructed.<br /> <br /> With the [[British Empire#Wind of change|end of the British Empire]] and the increasing prevalence of air travel, the terms &quot;All-Red Route&quot; and &quot;British Imperial Lifeline&quot; have fallen from use, and now exist largely in a historical context, generally in reference to the routes in use during the British Empire.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[All Red Line]]<br /> * [[Imperial Airship Scheme]]<br /> * [[Imperial Airways]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Reese<br /> |first=Trevor<br /> |year=1973<br /> |title=The All-Red Routes (The British Empire)<br /> |location=London (UK)<br /> |publisher=BBC TV/Time-Life Books}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Ayoob<br /> |first=Mohammed<br /> |author-link=Mohammed Ayoob<br /> |title=Conflict and Intervention in the Third World<br /> |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]<br /> |year=1980<br /> |isbn=978-0-7099-0063-4}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Herring<br /> |first=George C.<br /> |title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776<br /> |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]<br /> |year=2008<br /> |location=US<br /> |isbn=978-0-19-507822-0<br /> |url-access=registration<br /> |url=https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr<br /> }}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Holland<br /> |first=Matthew F.<br /> |title=America and Egypt: from Roosevelt to Eisenhower<br /> |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]<br /> |year=1996<br /> |isbn=978-0-275-95474-1}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Hopwood<br /> |first=Derek<br /> |author-link=Derek Hopwood<br /> |title=Egypt: Politics and Society 1945-1990<br /> |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis<br /> |year=1991<br /> |isbn=978-0-00-302028-1}}<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last=Varble<br /> |first=Derek<br /> |title=The Suez Crisis 1956: Essential Histories<br /> |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing|Osprey]]<br /> |year=2003<br /> |isbn=978-1-84176-418-4}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Sea lanes]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zafar_Khan_(Delhi_Sultanate)&diff=546400 2025-12-02T20:44:00Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added initial article basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|General of Alauddin Khalji (13th century)}}<br /> {{for|the Tughluq general who established [[Gujarat Sultanate]]|Muzaffar Shah I}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | name = Zafar Khan<br /> | death_date = 1299<br /> | death_place = Kili near [[Delhi]]<br /> | allegiance = {{flagicon image|Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br /> | branch = [[Khalji dynasty]], ''Ariz-i-Mumalik''<br /> | serviceyears = 1296–1299<br /> | battles = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|Siege of Multan]]<br /> * [[Battle of Jaran Manjur]]<br /> * [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|Siege of Sivistan]]<br /> * [[Battle of Kili]]{{KIA}}<br /> }}<br /> | children = Diler Khan<br /> }}<br /> '''Hizabruddin''', better known by his title '''Zafar Khan''', was a general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. He held charge of [[Multan]], [[Samana, India|Samana]], and [[Sehwan|Sivistan]] at various times during Alauddin's reign.<br /> <br /> Associated with Alauddin since the latter's days as a governor of [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], Zafar Khan led a major division of Alauddin's army from Kara to Delhi after Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalaluddin]] in 1296. Along with Alauddin's brother [[Ulugh Khan]], he led the army that [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan|invaded Multan]] to eliminate the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.<br /> <br /> Zafar Khan, along with Ulugh Khan, probably led the Delhi army that inflicted a crushing defeat on the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai]] [[Mongols|Mongol]] invaders at [[Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)|Jaran Manjur]] in 1298. Later that year, Alauddin dispatched Zafar Khan to [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|recapture Sivistan]], which had been occupied by Mongol invaders. Zafar Khan decisively defeated the invaders and took their leader to Delhi as a prisoner. In 1299, he was killed in the [[Battle of Kili]] against the Mongol invaders led by [[Qutlugh Khwaja]]. Before being killed in action, he inflicted heavy casualties on the Mongols, which was an important factor in the subsequent Mongol retreat. However, his legacy was not recognized in the Sultanate's chronicles, as he had disobeyed Alauddin by recklessly attacking the Mongols during the battle, ignoring the order to hold his position until Alauddin's instruction.<br /> <br /> == Early career ==<br /> <br /> Little is known about the early life of Hizabruddin Zafar Khan. He was not a [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] and was possibly an [[Indian Muslim]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|loc= p. 267: &quot;Alauddin's wazir was Nusrat Khan Jalesar, and Zafar Khan his Mir Arz. Both were famous warriors but were non-Turks, possibly Indian Muslims&quot;}} The 15th century chronicler, [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi]], says that his original name was Yusuf, and also that he was a son of a sister of Alauddin. The 16th century chronicler [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]]) calls him Badruddin instead of Hizabruddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=75}}<br /> <br /> Zafar Khan led Alauddin's forces even before Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi. After Alauddin assassinated his predecessor [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalaluddin]] at [[Kara-Manikpur|Kara]], Zafar Khan led one of Alauddin's two contingents that marched to Delhi. The first contingent was headed by Alauddin and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]; Zafar Khan headed the second contingent that arrived in Delhi via [[Kol Tehsil|Koil]] (modern [[Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|Aligarh]]).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=327}}<br /> <br /> After taking control of the throne in Delhi, Alaudidn appointed Zafar Khan as ''Ariz-i-Mumalik'' (Minister of War).{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=75}}<br /> <br /> == Siege of Multan ==<br /> <br /> {{main|Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Multan}}<br /> <br /> After establishing his power in Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate Jalaluddin's surviving family members, who were in [[Multan]]. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000-strong army led by his brother [[Ulugh Khan]] and Zafar Khan to conquer Multan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=79}} The defending forces, facing a certain defeat, surrendered after a short siege.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=331}} Zafar Khan was later given charge of Multan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=220}}<br /> <br /> == Battle of Jaran Manjur ==<br /> In the winter of 1297–1298, [[Duwa]], the ruler of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate]], sent an expedition to the Delhi Sultanate. The army, led by his [[noyan]] Kadar, ransacked the [[Punjab region]], advancing up to [[Kasur]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], Alauddin dispatched [[Ulugh Khan]] and Zafar Khan to check the Mongol invasion. Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] omits Zafar Khan's name, but Barani is probably correct.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} (Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the dynasty's official chronicles because Alauddin was unhappy with his reckless disobedience during the Battle of Kili).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}<br /> <br /> The Delhi army decisively defeated Mongols with on 6 February 1298 at Jaran-Manjur, a place located on the banks of the [[Sutlej River]]. According to Khusrau, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}}<br /> <br /> == Siege of Sivistan ==<br /> <br /> {{main|Mongol invasion of Sindh}}<br /> <br /> Zafar Khan subsequently served as Alauddin's governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] in the Punjab region.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} In 1298–1299, a [[Mongols|Mongol]] army (possibly [[Qara'unas]] fugitives) led by Saldi invaded the [[Sindh]] region, and occupied the fort of [[Sehwan Sharif|Sivistan]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=219-220}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} At this time, a large part of Alauddin's army had [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|marched to Gujarat]] under [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=89}} In their absence, Alauddin dispatched Zafar Khan to recapture Sivistan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} Despite a barrage of arrows from the Mongols and despite not making use of any [[siege engine]]s, Zafar Khan's army captured the fort using short ranged weapons like [[axe]]s, [[sword]]s, [[javelin]]s, and [[spear]]s.{{sfn|Mohammad Habib|1981|p=266}} Zafar Khan took Saldi and other Mongols to Delhi as prisoners.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} He was given charge of Sivistan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=220}}<br /> <br /> The victory established Zafar Khan's reputation as a brilliant general. According to the chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion just like [[Muhammad]] had established [[Islam]]. He compared his four brave and loyal generals ([[Alp Khan]], Nusrat Khan, Ulugh Khan, and Zafar Khan) to Muhammad's [[Rashidun]] companions [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman]], and [[Ali]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=89}} Barani also states that Zafar Khan's success at Sivistan made both Alauddin and his brother Ulugh Khan jealous.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} According to Barani, Alauddin thought of sending Zafar Khan away from Delhi, by ordering him to conquer and govern [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=96}} Barani also claims that Alauddin and Ulugh Khan made plans to blind or poison Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=155}} Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saxena]] doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}}<br /> <br /> == Death at the Battle of Kili ==<br /> <br /> {{main|Battle of Kili}}<br /> <br /> In 1299, a [[Mongols|Mongol]] army from [[Chagatai Khanate]], led by prince [[Qutlugh Khwaja]], invaded the Delhi Sultanate. As the governor of [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]], Zafar Khan challenged them to a battle as they passed through Punjab, but Qutlugh Khwaja refused the offer, declaring that &quot;kings only fight kings&quot;. He asked Zafar to fight under the banner of his master Alauddin at Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=338}}<br /> <br /> The Mongols encamped at Kili near Delhi, and Alauddin personally led a force against the invaders. Zafar Khan was given charge of the Delhi army's right wing, which was supported by [[Hindu]] warriors. He was one of the five lead commanders of the Delhi army; the other four being Alauddin, [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]], Akat Khan, and [[Ulugh Khan]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=338-339}}<br /> <br /> Alauddin's strategy was to delay the battle, as he was expecting reinforcements to arrive from his provincial armies, and hoped that scarcity of provisions would ultimately force the Mongols to retreat. He asked his generals not to make a move without his orders, but Zafar Khan disregarded these instructions, and attacked one of the Mongol contingents.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=340}} The Mongols feigned retreat, tricking Zafar Khan and his cavalry into following them to an isolated location. After covering approximately 55 kilometers, Zafar Khan realized that his infantry had been left behind, and he had only 1,000 horsemen left with him. Another Mongol contingent blocked his return to the Delhi camp.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=340}}<br /> <br /> Finding themselves in a tough situation, Zafar Khan and his companions determined that a return to the Delhi camp was not possible, and even if it happened, Alauddin would punish them for disobedience and cowardice. Therefore, they decided to die fighting.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=160}} According to [[Ziauddin Barani]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi'', Qutlugh Khwaja offered Zafar Khan an opportunity to surrender, promising to give him a bigger position at the Chagatai court than the one he held at the Delhi court. But Zafar Khan refused this offer.{{sfn|A R Fuller|1869|p=200}}<br /> <br /> According to the 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]], Zafar Khan and his companions managed to kill 5,000 Mongols, while losing only 800 men. After this, Zafar Khan put up a last stand with his 200 surviving soldiers. After his horse was cut down, he fought on foot,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=161}} and engaged in a [[hand-to-hand combat]] with the Mongol commander Hijlak.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=159}} He was killed by an arrow that bypassed his armour and pierced his heart.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}}<br /> <br /> The Mongols ultimately decided to retreat after two days, without any further action on the battlefield.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=341}} Barani states that the Mongols retreated because of the terror that Zafar Khan's attack had caused among them. According to him, whenever their horses refused to drink water, the Mongols would ask them if they had seen Zafar Khan.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=162}} The actual reason for the Mongol retreat seems to be that Qutlugh Khwaja was seriously wounded in action.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=221-222}}<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> <br /> Although Zafar Khan was [[killed in action]], Alauddin resented the fact that he had disobeyed the royal orders.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} Nobody in the Delhi court praised Zafar Khan's gallantry; on the contrary, Alauddin denounced his recklessness and disobedience.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=163}}<br /> <br /> Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the subsequent royal chronicles written during Alauddin's reign. For example, [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Khazainul Futuh'' makes no mention of him.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} While describing the military victories accomplished during Alauddin's reign, Khusrau completely omits the [[Mongol invasion of Sindh|Siege of Sivistan]] which established Zafar Khan's reputation as a general. However, the battle is mentioned by the later chroniclers such as [[Ziauddin Barani]], [[Isami]] and [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}<br /> <br /> In 1301, when Alauddin was at [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambore]], a group of Zafar Khan's followers helped his officer Malik Hamiduddin suppress [[Rebellions against Alauddin Khalji#Rebellion of Haji Maula|Haji Maula's rebellion]] in Delhi.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=110}} After Alauddin's death, his son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah]] bestowed Zafar Khan's title on [[Zafar Khan Malik Dinar|Malik Dinar]], who had earlier served as the Sultanate's master of the elephants (''Shihna-yi pil'').{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=175}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite journal |author=A R Fuller |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=XXXVIII |issue=IV |title=Translations from the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGcyAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA200 |year=1869 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |series=A Comprehensive History of India|title= The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290–1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Mohammad Habib |author-link=Mohammad Habib |title=Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |oclc=32230117 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&amp;pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author= Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) |date=2006 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |edition=Revised |series=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |volume=Part One |location=New Delhi |page= |quote=}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458719/page/n166 &lt;!-- pg=157 quote=Zafar. --&gt; Mentions of Zafar Khan] in Delhi chronicles, as recorded in ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians'' (Volume 3) By Sir Henry Miers Elliot<br /> <br /> {{Alauddin Khalji}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Zafar Khan}}<br /> [[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]<br /> [[Category:1299 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Generals of the Delhi Sultanate]]<br /> [[Category:Khalji dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Military history of India]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satpula&diff=533502 2025-11-17T10:34:53Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Added some post v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox dam<br /> | name =Satpula <br /> | image =Satpula - stream side.jpg <br /> | image_caption = Satpula (Seven arched bridge)<br /> | name_official =<br /> | dam_crosses = Barapulla Nallah<br /> | res_name = [[Irrigation]]<br /> | location = [[Delhi]]<br /> | dam_length = {{convert|79.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} <br /> | dam_height = <br /> | dam_width_base =<br /> | construction_began = {{start date and age|1343}} <br /> | cost =<br /> | res_capacity_total =<br /> | res_catchment =<br /> | res_surface =<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28|31|54.23|N|77|13|24.61|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Satpula''' is a remarkable ancient water harvesting [[dam]] or [[weir]] located about {{convert|800|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} east of the [[Khirki Masjid]] that is integral to the compound wall of the medieval fourth city of the Jahanpanah in [[Delhi]], with its construction credited to the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughlaq ([[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]) (1325–1351) of the [[Tughlaq Dynasty]].&lt;ref name=asi&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/PDF_data/detailed_proposal.pdf|title=Commonwealth Games-2010, Conservation, Restoration and Upgradation of Public Amenities at Protected Monuments|work= Satpula|page = 56|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi Circle|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =arch&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=7606|title= Satpula|access-date=2009-05-13|publisher =Arch Net Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The objective of building the weir was for providing water for [[irrigation]] and also, as a part of the city wall, to provide defense security to the city against attacking armies.&lt;ref name =arch/&gt;&lt;ref name=delhi&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiasite.com/delhi/places/satpula.html|title= Satpula--The Bridge of Seven Openings|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=local&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.localcolorguides.americanexpress.com/reviews/default.aspx?ReviewID=1449067|title=14th Century: Satpula|access-date=2009-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Firuz&gt;{{Cite book|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|author=Y.D.Sharma|work=Satpula|pages=76–77|access-date=2009-05-12|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780|archive-date=2005-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Satpula is a usage in [[Hindi language]]s, which literally means &quot;seven bridges&quot;.&lt;ref name =arch/&gt;&lt;ref name=Firuz/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> During the second decade of the rule of Sultan Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, the economic conditions of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] were in distress due to very high expenses incurred on the war campaign in [[South India]] ([[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]) and also due to the Sultan establishing his southern capital at [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]. Both these acts necessitated increasing taxes to enhance the treasury coffers to meet the large expenses. But people were dissatisfied and distressed with these developments. Some [[tribal]] groups, such as the [[Chaghatai people|Chaghatai]] tribes, had launched raids on many places in [[North India]] and even posed serious threats to Delhi, when the Sultan was on his south Indian campaign. In the period between 1334 and 1344, repeated [[droughts]] had caused [[famines]] that were further compounded by the [[Black Plague]]. These two natural calamities had added to the suffering of the people in the country. Urgent solutions had to be found to remedy the distress conditions. One of the viable options planned was building the Satpula, the seven arches bridge or gate controlled [[weir]] or dam, to tap the water resources of the local nullah (stream) on [[Delhi Ridge|Southern Delhi Ridge]] feeding the [[Yamuna river]], which could be used to bring large areas of flat land in the vicinity under controlled [[irrigated]] [[agriculture]] to grow food crops to stem the famine conditions. This solution was also thought to provide the much needed defense to the walls of the newly built city of Jahanpanah.&lt;ref name=Hydraulic&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/4861/doc/DPC0691.pdf |title=Hydraulic architecture in medieval India:the Tughluqs |access-date=2009-05-14 |publisher=ArchNet Digital Library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230231055/http://www.archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/4861/doc/DPC0691.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Topography ==<br /> The location of the Satpula, which is a part of the east&amp;ndash;west wall protecting the southern part of Jahanpanah, drains a catchment comprising a series of low hills on the south, east, and west. The stream draining the catchment area, known as Barapulla Nallah was planned to be tapped to store the run&amp;ndash;off water of the catchment. Command area for [[irrigation]] was identified in a large open plain on the northern side for providing water supplies from the proposed storage behind the Satpula, to grow irrigated crops to sustain a large population.&lt;ref name= Hydraulic/&gt;&lt;ref name=drain&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/cases/cs01_1453/paper2001.html|title=Open Space Planning -to Rid Delhi of Its Drainage Dilemmas|publisher=Isocarp|access-date=18 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus, a reliable water storage reservoir in the [[arid]] region of Delhi, which has the [[Thar Desert]] on its west, was built as the headworks or weir across the Barapulla Nallah. Even though no [[epigraphic]] evidence is available to date the Satpula, a reasseacrh study report has conjectured that it could be dated to the same time as the four&amp;ndash;eyyan Mosque (first of its kind in India) called ''Jami'' built by [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] in 1343.&lt;ref name= Hydraulic/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:Satpula Platform and sluice arches.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Gate Platforms and sluice arches]]<br /> [[File:Satpula End pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|200px|End pavilion]]<br /> The Satpula across the stream was built as a gate controlled [[weir]]. The total length of the structure is {{convert|79.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It has been constructed in stone masonry. The eleven bays of the weir controlled by sluice gates cover a total length of {{convert|54.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. These eleven bays consist of eleven water tunnels (sluices), each {{convert|14.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in length, {{convert|3.2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in height, and {{convert|2.2|-|2.9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in width. These are located at different levels, with seven main bays at the lowest level. The balance two additional bays on each bank, on the far east and west sides, are at a higher level. The control arrangements seen now are in the form of [[gate]] grooves to operate vertical slide gates. When built, wooden vertical sluice gates made of heavy boards of size {{convert|16|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} in thickness, {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} width, and more than {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in height, were operated by a rope and pulley arrangement to control flow of water; the wooden gates have since disintegrated but the gate groves are visible in each bay. The gates of the sluices were closed as a defensive measure against possible attack in the dry season when no storage remained in the dam. Each bay of the weir has an arched opening. On both banks of the weir identical towers (defensive bastions, projecting on the south and north sides) of {{convert|5.97|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} diameter, but with [[octagon]]al shape chambers, are built, which once functioned as [[madrasa]] ([[Islamic]] school of learning). Hence, the Satpula is also known as &quot;Madarsa&quot;.&lt;ref name=asi/&gt;&lt;ref name =arch/&gt;&lt;ref name=local/&gt;&lt;ref name=Firuz/&gt; The second level sluice bays on both banks lead to arched corridors. The walls of the octagonal chambers have graceful decorations. The stream tapped by this weir, has been diverted now further east. The indication of the use of the sluices of the structure, either as a dam or for defense purposes, could be gauged from the platforms provided at the appropriate levels. [[Silt]] deposition in the storage area of the [[reservoir]] side at the southern end is also seen now.&lt;ref name= Hydraulic/&gt;&lt;ref name=drain/&gt;&lt;ref name=Lucy&gt;{{Cite book|title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building|author=Lucy Peck|work=Khirqi Mosque|page=71|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|archive-date=12 March 2006|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312215021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Satpula from it's &quot;lake&quot;.jpg|thumb|right|400px|View of Satpula structure from the reservoir end showing the three tier setting of the sluices and the towers on both banks]]<br /> <br /> ==Restoration==<br /> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) has recently carried out restoration works of the Satpula. This restoration now permits access to the wide parapet of the bridge to fully view the impressive engineering structure.&lt;ref name=local/&gt; The restoration works carried out by ASI, for specially identified monuments, is in sync with the slogan ‘Welcome to Historical City of Delhi’ adopted by the Commonwealth Secretariat for the 2010 Common Wealth Games to be held in Delhi. The restoration works of the Satpula is at an estimated cost of Rs 20 lakhs (US$40,000) for conservation of the monument to highlight its structural elegance by improving its overall view, enhancing environmental aesthetics and its illumination.&lt;ref name=asi/&gt; The Delhi Development Authority has also invited reputed NGOs for the restoration of the water body at this site. The ASI owns the monument, whereas the water body is under the control of DDA.<br /> <br /> ==Visitor information==<br /> Satpula is located about {{convert|800|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} east of [[Khirki Masjid]].&lt;ref name=Firuz/&gt; It is close to the present city suburb of [[Saket]] on the Press Enclave Road. In the medieval period, it connected four principal cities namely, the [[Qila Rai Pithora]] (the first city of Delhi &amp;ndash; [[Lal Kot]] or [[Qutub complex]]), Siri (with the [[Siri Fort]] forming the second city of Delhi), [[Tughlaqabad]] (the third city of Delhi) and Jahanpanah (the fourth city of Delhi, the boundary limits of which encompassed the other earlier built three cities).&lt;ref name =arch/&gt;&lt;ref name=local/&gt; <br /> It is locally believed that the waters stored by the weir had healing powers because the [[sufi]] [[saint]] Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud is reported to have used the waters of this reservoir for daily oblations before offering prayers at the Mosque.&lt;ref name =arch/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Satpula from it's &quot;lake&quot;.jpg<br /> File:Satpula.jpg<br /> File:Passages leading into the Satpula.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Delhi|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_IPL_Trailblazers_cricketers&diff=512355 2025-10-31T14:49:48Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: new redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#Redirect [[List of Women's T20 Challenge Players#Trailblazers]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacopa_monnieri&diff=465517 2025-09-30T01:20:43Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}<br /> {{for|another plant also sometimes called &quot;brahmi&quot;|Centella asiatica}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> |image = Starr_010818-0007_Bacopa_monnieri.jpg<br /> |status = LC<br /> |status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> |status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 19 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Lansdown, R.V. |author2=Knees, S.G. |author3=Patzelt, A. |date=2013 |title=''Bacopa monnieri'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T164168A17722668 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |genus = Bacopa<br /> |species = monnieri<br /> |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Francis W. Pennell|Pennell]]&lt;ref name=GRIN&gt;{{GRIN | access-date=2008-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |synonyms = ''Bacopa monniera'' &lt;small&gt;Hayata &amp; Matsum.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Bramia monnieri'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Pennell&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Gratiola monnieria'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Herpestes monnieria'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Kunth&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Herpestis fauriei'' &lt;small&gt;H.Lev.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Herpestis monniera''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Herpestris monnieria''&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Lysimachia monnieri'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> ''Moniera cuneifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Michx.&lt;/small&gt; <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bacopa monnieri''''', also known as '''water hyssop''',&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 19 November 2021&quot; /&gt; '''brahmi''',&lt;ref name=GRIN/&gt; '''thyme-leafed gratiola''', '''herb of grace''',&lt;ref name=GRIN/&gt; and '''Indian pennywort''', is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]], creeping [[herb]] native to [[wetland]] areas globally.&lt;ref name=GRIN/&gt; <br /> <br /> It is used in [[Ayurveda]]. In 2019, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) warned manufacturers of [[dietary supplement]] products containing ''Bacopa monnieri'' against making illegal and unproven claims that the herb can treat various diseases.&lt;ref name=fda-fraud/&gt;&lt;ref name=fda/&gt;&lt;ref name=fda2/&gt; There is inconclusive evidence of it improving cognitive performance and [[memory]], and its safety and effectiveness remain uncertain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bacopa monnieri: Dietary supplements for brain health |url=https://www.opss.org/article/bacopa-monnieri-dietary-supplements-brain-health |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.opss.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[File:Bacopa monnieri W IMG 1612.jpg|thumb|190px|right|''Bacopa monnieri'' in [[Hyderabad]], India]]<br /> <br /> ''Bacopa monnieri'' is a non-aromatic herb. The [[Leaf|leaves]] of this plant are succulent, oblong, and {{convert|4–6|mm|abbr=on}} thick. Leaves are [[oblanceolate]] and are arranged oppositely on the stem. The [[flower]]s are small, [[actinomorphic]] and white, with four to five petals. It can even grow in slightly [[salinity|brackish]] conditions. Propagation is often achieved through cuttings.&lt;ref name=&quot;Purdue&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Oudhia|first1=Pankaj|title=Bramhi (Bacopa monnieri)|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/bramhi.html|publisher=Society for Parthenium Management (SOPAM)|access-date=July 30, 2017|date=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> ''Bacopa monnieri'' is one of the most widespread ''Bacopa'' species. It commonly grows in [[marsh]]y areas throughout [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]], tropical and southern [[Africa]], on [[Madagascar]], in [[Australia]], in the [[Caribbean]] as well as in Middle and South America.&lt;ref name=&quot;GRIN&quot; /&gt; It is also found in [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], [[Texas]], and [[Hawaii]].&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 19 November 2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plants of Louisiana |url=https://warcapps.usgs.gov/PlantID/Species/Details/3236 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=warcapps.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It used to be found growing wild in freshwater swamps of [[Singapore]] and nearby regions known as ''beremi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |url=https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-17/issue-3/oct-dec-2021/ |title=The Role of Foraging in Malay Cuisine |last=Khir Johari |date=Oct–Dec 2021 |magazine=BiblioAsia |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=20–23 |publisher=National Library Board, Singapore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Research and regulation==<br /> ''Bacopa monnieri'' is used in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic traditional medicine]] in the belief it may improve memory and various ailments.&lt;ref name=Aguiar2013&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Aguiar |first1=Sebastian |last2=Borowski |first2=Thomas |title=Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb ''Bacopa monnieri'' |journal=Rejuvenation Research |date=2013 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=313–326 |doi=10.1089/rej.2013.1431 |pmid=23772955 |pmc=3746283 |issn=1557-8577}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no good evidence that it improves cognitive performance and memory, while its safety and effectiveness remain uncertain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2019, the FDA issued [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] to manufacturers of [[dietary supplement]]s containing ''B. monnieri'' that advertised [[health claim]]s for treating or preventing stomach disease, [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[blood pressure]], and [[anxiety]] were unproven and illegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;fda&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=William A Correll, Jr. |title=FDA Warning Letter: Peak Nootropics LLC aka Advanced Nootropics |url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/peak-nootropics-llc-aka-advanced-nootropics-565256-02052019 |publisher=Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=11 May 2019 |date=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fda2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=William A Correll, Jr. |title=FDA Warning Letter: TEK Naturals |url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/tek-naturals-565026-02042019 |publisher=Office of Compliance, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=11 May 2019 |date=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The FDA stated that no ''B. monnieri'' products have been [[drug approval|approved]] for medical purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;fda-fraud&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Health fraud scams: Unproven Alzheimer's disease products (''Bacopa monnieri'' listed)|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/health-fraud-scams/unproven-alzheimers-disease-products |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=11 May 2019 |date=22 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Adverse effects===<br /> The most commonly reported [[adverse effect]]s of ''B. monnieri'' in humans are [[nausea]], increased [[intestinal motility]], and [[gastrointestinal]] upset.&lt;ref name=Aguiar2013/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phytochemistry==<br /> The best characterized [[phytochemical]]s in ''Bacopa monnieri'' are [[dammarane]]-type [[triterpenoid]] [[saponins]] known as [[bacoside]]s, with jujubogenin or pseudo-jujubogenin [[moiety (chemistry)|moieties]] as [[aglycone]] units.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sivaramakrishna |first1=C |last2=Rao |first2=CV |last3=Trimurtulu |first3=G |last4=Vanisree |first4=M |last5=Subbaraju |first5=GV |year=2005 |title=Triterpenoid glycosides from ''Bacopa monnieri'' |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=66 |issue=23 |pages=2719–2728 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.016 |pmid=16293276 |bibcode=2005PChem..66.2719S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bacosides comprise a family of 12 known [[structural analog|analogs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Garai | first1 = S | last2 = Mahato | first2 = SB | last3 = Ohtani | first3 = K | last4 = Yamasaki | first4 = K | year = 2009 | title = Dammarane triterpenoid saponins from ''Bacopa monnieri''| journal = Can J Chem | volume = 87 | issue = 9| pages = 1230–1234|doi=10.1139/V09-111 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other saponins called [[bacopaside]]s I–XII were identified.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chakravarty |first1=A.K |last2=Garai |first2=S. |last3=Masuda |first3=K |last4=Nakane |first4=T |last5=Kawahara |first5=N. |year=2003 |title=Bacopasides III–V: Three new triterpenoid glycosides from ''Bacopa monnieri'' |journal=Chem Pharm Bull |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=215–217 |doi=10.1248/cpb.51.215 |pmid=12576661 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[alkaloid]]s brahmine, [[nicotine]], and herpestine have been catalogued, along with [[D-mannitol]], [[apigenin]], hersaponin, monnierasides I–III, [[cucurbitacins|cucurbitacin]] and plantainoside B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chatterji |first1=N |last2=Rastogi |first2=RP |last3=Dhar |first3=ML |year=1965 |title=Chemical examination of ''Bacopa monniera'' Wettst: Part II—Isolation of chemical constituents |journal=Ind J Chem |volume=3 |pages=24–29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Chakravarty | first1 = AK | last2 = Sarkar | first2 = T | last3 = Nakane | first3 = T | last4 = Kawahara | first4 = N | last5 = Masuda | first5 = K | year = 2008 | title = New phenylethanoid glycosides from ''Bacopa monnieri'' | journal = Chem Pharm Bull | volume = 50 | issue = 12 |doi=10.1248/cpb.50.1616| pmid = 12499603 | pages = 1616–1618 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhandari&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Bhandari | first1=Pamita | last2=Kumar | first2=Neeraj | last3=Singh | first3=Bikram | last4=Kaul | first4=Vijay K. | title=Cucurbitacins from ''Bacopa monnieri'' | journal=Phytochemistry | volume=68 | issue=9 | year=2007 | issn=0031-9422 | doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.03.013 | pages=1248–1254| pmid=17442350 | bibcode=2007PChem..68.1248B }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Bacopa monnieri}}<br /> * [http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=2229 Dr. Duke's Databases: ''Bacopa monnieri'', list of chemicals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204617/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=2229 |date=2013-02-17 }}<br /> * {{PFAF|Bacopa monnieri}}<br /> * {{CalPhotos|Bacopa|monnieri}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q1366575}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Plantaginaceae]]<br /> [[Category:Aquatic plants]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Northern America]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Australia]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Southern America]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of China]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Taiwan]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]<br /> [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]<br /> [[Category:Medicinal plants of Oceania]]<br /> [[Category:Nootropics]]<br /> [[Category:Health fraud]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._Nagaraja&diff=478451 2025-09-28T09:11:51Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: adding...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian microbiologist (born 1954)}}<br /> {{Like resume|date=July 2022}}<br /> &lt;!-- Do not use the &quot;prod blp/dated&quot; template directly; the above line is generated by &quot;subst:prod blp|reason&quot; --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kanyana]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]]<br /> | occupation = [[Professor]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1954|5|16}}<br /> | notable_works = [[Professor]] at [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bengaluru]] from 1989-present&lt;br&gt;President of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] from 2015–present<br /> | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Jaya|1986|}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''V. Nagaraja''' (born 16 May 1954) is a [[Professor]], Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bengaluru]]. He had received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in the year 1973 and 1975 from the [[Bangalore University]]. He completed his Ph.D. in 1981 from Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at IISc and the work on mycobacteriophage I3 and role of DNA gyrase in mycobacteria set the stage for his later work when he joined the Institute as an assistant professor in 1989. After his PhD in 1981, he was a research associate at Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland (1981–85) and at Department of Biology, University of Rochester, USA(1985–89). He joined in 1989 as an assistant professor, in Centre for Genetic Engineering, IISc and was involved in setting up of the department. He became an associate professor in 1995 at Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, IISc, Professor in 2000 and served as professor and chairman of the department (2008–2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://mcbl.iisc.ernet.in/vn/Group-leader.html| title=Group Leader| publisher= Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science| year= 2014 | access-date=29 Sep 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He has been appointed president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR) by the Cabinet Committee on Appointments with effect from 14 October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/newsview.php?id=280| title=Prof. V Nagaraja has assumed the charge as PRESIDENT, JNCASR| publisher= Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research| year= 2015 | access-date=29 Sep 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> V. Nagaraja was born in a [[Kannada]]-speaking [[Havyaka Brahmin]] Family. Nagaraja's father's name is Mahadeva Shastry who was a doctor and mother Parvathi Amma was a housewife His native place is Kanyana a village in Mangaluru, Dakshina Kannada District. He had received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in 1973 and 1975 from the Bangalore University. He completed his Ph.D. in 1981 from Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology at IISc and the work on mycobacteriophage I3 and role of DNA gyrase in mycobacteria set the stage for his later work when he joined the institute as an assistant professor in 1989.<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> <br /> Nagaraja has done research on DNA topoisomerases, topology modulation, regulation of gene expression to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms and their importance in cellular function. Understanding the biology of the pathogen that causes TB has been a major research effort. As a result, several seminal contributions have been made leading to potential applications. His interaction with industry includes – development of commercial biotech products such as restriction enzymes and other DNA transaction enzymes, design and development of high fidelity restriction enzyme, new inhibitors for the generation of lead molecules as a step for novel therapeutics against tuberculosis. These have been successfully applied and resulted in international patents. Under his guidance, 21 students have completed doctoral degree and 10 students are at various stages of their PhD. In addition, a large number of project assistants, summer fellows and postdoctoral researchers are trained under him.<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognition==<br /> <br /> Nagaraja is a Fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]], Fellow of TWAS and life member of several science bodies/ societies. He is a recipient of [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] (1999),&lt;ref name=&quot;Brief Profile of the Awardee - Valakunja Nagaraja&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=205 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee - Valakunja Nagaraja |date=2017-11-08 |website=SSB Prize |access-date=2017-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx| title=Shanti SwarupBhatnagar Award for Biological Sciences 1999| publisher= CSIR Human Resource Development Group| year= 1999 | access-date=29 Sep 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; J. C. Bose Fellowship (2008), Srinivasaya Memorial Award, First Product Process and Technology Development Award of DBT(2001), Hon. Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, IISc Alumni Award for Excellence in Research, Ranbaxy Science Foundation Award (2003), Dr. NityaAnanad Endowment Lecture Award of INSA-2009, J. C. Bose Medal of Indian National Science Academy (2010), [[TWAS Prize]] in Biology (2011).{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}<br /> Recently,{{when|date=May 2018}} he has been awarded with prestigious Sir M. Visvesvaraya state award by government of Karnataka, India.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}<br /> {{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaraja, V.}}<br /> [[Category:1954 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada people]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br /> [[Category:TWAS laureates]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvis_Stephenson&diff=498412 2025-08-17T00:53:34Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Creating Details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Elvis Stephenson<br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]<br /> | term_start = 2014<br /> | term_end = 2020<br /> | predecessor = ''Seat established''<br /> | successor = ''Seat abolished''<br /> | constituency = Nominated Anglo-Indian<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|12 April 1957}}<br /> | party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Elvis Stephenson''' (born 12 April 1957) is an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] politician who was nominated to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] for the Anglo-Indian reserved seat in [[1st Telangana Assembly]] and was re-nominated in [[2nd Telangana Assembly]] until its abolition in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Elvis Stephenson to be nominated MLA |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/elvis-stephenson-to-be-nominated-mla/article25934950.ece |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sameer |date=2019-01-07 |title=KCR cabinet nominates Elvis Stephenson, to take oath along with all MLAs-elect |url=https://www.siasat.com/kcr-cabinet-nominates-elvis-stephenson-take-oath-along-all-mlas-elect-1454024/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-01-07 |title=Elvis Stephenson re-nominated to Telangana Assembly |work=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/elvis-stephenson-re-nominated-to-telangana-assembly-119010701175_1.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |via=[[Business Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-01-07 |title=Elvis Stephenson re-nominated to Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/elvis-stephenson-re-nominated-to-telangana-assembly |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |language=en |via=[[The Quint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Stephenson was born on 12 April 1957 to R.E. Stephenson and Marie Florence Stephenson in [[Hyderabad]]. He is married to Christine Maria Stephenson and has one daughter. He has a [[Master of Business Administration]] and a [[postgraduate diploma]] in Entrepreneurship Development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member's Profile |url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getmemberdetailsnew?memid=3206&amp;constid=120&amp;termid=15&amp;orderby=1 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=[[Telangana Legislature]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Stephenson, Elvis}}<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{Telangana-politician-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasba_Peth_metro_station&diff=508785 2025-07-19T12:39:22Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Pune Metro's Purple Line metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Kasba Peth<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | symbol_location = <br /> | symbol = <br /> | type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line = Purple}}<br /> | style = Pune Metro<br /> | image = Kasba Peth metro station (71748).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | address = [[Kasba Peth, Pune]], Maharashtra 411011<br /> | borough = <br /> | country = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.52122|73.85953|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)<br /> | operator = [[Pune Metro]]<br /> | line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Purple|croute}}<br /> | distance = <br /> | platforms = [[Island platform]]&lt;br/&gt;Platform-1 → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]&lt;br/&gt;Platform-2 → [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | train_operators = <br /> | connections = <br /> | structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br /> | levels = 2<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | code = BPO<br /> | zone = <br /> | website = <br /> | opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|09|29}}<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Purple|left1=Civil Court|to-left1=PCMC Bhavan|right1=Mandai|to-right1=Swargate}}<br /> | route_map = {{Pune Metro Purple Line Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kasba Peth''' is an underground southern terminal metro station on the north–south corridor of the [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 29 September 2024 as the final extension of Pune Metro Phase I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=PM to inaugurate Pune Metro section of District Court to Swargate|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2059884|date=2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the planning phase, this facility was officially designated as Budhwar Peth metro station. However, it was renamed as Kasba Peth metro station due to its location in [[Kasba Peth, Pune|Kasba Peth]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=More |first=Manoj |date=2024-09-05 |title=Names of Bhosari, Budhwar Peth and Mangalwar Peth Metro stations to be changed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/names-of-3-stations-to-be-changed-in-next-15-days-maha-metro-9550773/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The proposed location of the underground station was met with protests from the residents of Kasba Peth. They wanted the station to be shifted as it would displace the inhabitants and affect the historical structures in the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=2018-12-28 |title=Residents protest against Kasba Peth Metro station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/residents-protest-against-kasba-peth-metro-station/articleshow/67278594.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some also believed that there was no need for a station in Kasba Peth as the [[Civil Court metro station|Civil Court]] and [[Mandai metro station|Mandai]] stations were nearby, further adding that it is mainly a residential area with little commercial activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-03-04 |title=Kasba Peth Metro station plan comes under fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/kasba-peth-metro-station-plan-comes-under-fire/articleshow/68247091.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The people also considered voting boycott at the [[2019 Indian general election]] as their voice was not being heard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-04-14 |title=Kasba Peth residents may boycott Lok Sabha polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/maharashtra/news/kasba-peth-residents-may-boycott-ls-polls/articleshow/68869444.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a year–long resistance by the localites, [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]] accepted their demand and the station was shifted to the land allocated for the Dadoji Konddev Primary School.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dedgaonkar |first=Supriya |date=9 June 2019 |title=Kasba Peth residents have the last word on Metro project |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/kasba-peth-residents-have-the-last-word-on-metro-project/cid5089432.htm |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Pune Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tunneling work for the station began from Civil Court as well Swargate. Two [[Tunnel boring machine|tunnel boring machines]] (TBMs) were deployed from Civil Court side which reached Kasba Peth in July 2021 after digging below the [[Mutha River]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dastane |first=Sarang |date=2021-06-20 |title=Pune: Tunnel-boring machines set to reach Kasba Peth Metro site |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metros-tunnel-boring-machines-set-to-reach-kasba-peth-site/articleshow/83674377.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Pune Metro's TBM S79 Records Breakthrough at Budhwar Peth |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/07/23/pune-metros-tbm-s79-records-breakthrough-at-budhwar-peth/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third TBM from Swargate side completed its breakthrough at Kasba Peth in June 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-05 |title=Tata's TBM S79 Records Pune Metro's Final Breakthrough |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/06/05/tatas-tbm-s79-records-pune-metros-final-breakthrough/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with the construction of the train station, a pedestrian subway was also built from Sattoti Chowk to connect with the metro facility.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paraste |first=Gunwanti |date=12 July 2023 |title=Pune Metro: Know Traffic Diversion Details At Kasba Peth As Construction Begins For Pedestrian Subway |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-metro-know-traffic-diversion-details-at-kasba-peth-as-construction-begins-for-pedestrian-subway |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = Kasba Peth track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = HSTg\HSTf<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Civil Court}}<br /> *'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''<br /> PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Mandai}}<br /> HSTg\HSTf<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and one Island platform&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=510 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|'''M'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Mezzanine<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot;|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Pune Metro|Purple}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Southbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px white;&quot; width=510|Towards → [[Swargate metro station|Swargate]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Mandai metro station|Mandai]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;&quot; width=&quot;510&quot; |Towards ← [[PCMC Bhavan metro station|PCMC Bhavan]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Civil Court metro station|Civil Court]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Entry/Exit==<br /> {{Empty section|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Pune]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{Official website|https://punemetrorail.org/station/Kasba%20Peth/}}<br /> <br /> {{Pune Metro}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pune Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathura_Das_Mathur&diff=474309 2025-07-16T21:28:57Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Mathura Das Mathur<br /> | image = First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy rides an elephant in India (2).jpg<br /> | caption = Mathur, sitting behind U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy on an elephant in the courtyard of Amber Palace in Jaipur, 19 March 1962.<br /> | birth_date = 6 September 1918<br /> | birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = 14 April 1993 (age 75)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mathura Das Mathur''' (6 September 1918 – 14 April 1993) was an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He was born at [[Jodhpur]] and studied at [[Lucknow University]]. He joined [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1948, he became the Health and Education minister of the first government of [[Marwar]] state. He was elected to the [[2nd Lok Sabha]] from [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] in 1957. He was the Home Minister in the [[Rajasthan government]] from 1962 to 1967. He was the First [[Chief Whip]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 1952 to 1957.<br /> <br /> In honor of Mathuradas Mathur, the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan government]] presents the '''&quot;''Mathuradas Mathur Award''&quot;''' every year to talented cricketers from the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=Tomar, Rajbhar, Baghel to get Mathur awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/mathuradas-mathur-cricket-awards-2023-24-winners-announced/articleshow/112850260.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070623181605/http://lachoomemorial.org/aboutcollege.php Mathuradas Mathur]<br /> {{commons category|Mathura Das Mathur}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Mathura Das}}<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jodhpur]]<br /> [[Category:1993 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jodhpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnia_Municipal_Corporation&diff=527390 2025-05-16T13:46:53Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: created data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Civic body governing Chhapra, Bihar, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Original research|date=June 2022}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Purnia Municipal Corporation<br /> | house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]<br /> | foundation = <br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = Vibha Kumari<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Pallavi Gupta <br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader3 = Arif Ahsan<br /> | last_election1 = 2022<br /> | meeting_place = Shivaji Colony, [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]] - 854301<br /> | website = {{URL | https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/purnea}}<br /> | seats = 46<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Purnia Municipal Corporation''' or '''Purnia Nagar Nigam''', is the civic body that governs [[Purnia]], a city of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Purnia Municipal Corporation consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]], and administers the city's [[infrastructure]], [[public service]]s, and supplies.<br /> <br /> == Functions ==<br /> Purnia Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:&lt;ref name=&quot;Pu9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pu10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br /> * Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br /> * Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br /> * Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br /> * Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br /> * Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br /> * Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br /> * Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br /> * Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br /> <br /> == Revenue ==<br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government&lt;ref name=&quot;Gi11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gi12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gi13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:<br /> * Property tax<br /> * Profession tax<br /> * Entertainment tax<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax<br /> * Advertisement tax<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:<br /> * Water usage charges<br /> * Fees from Documentation services<br /> * Rent received from municipal property<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/purnea Official Website]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Purnia]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Bihar]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Masulipatnam&diff=490157 2025-05-11T23:10:15Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Starting New Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox military conflict<br /> | image = Le Retour de la flotte de la Compagnie des Indes néerlandaises - Ludolf Bakhuizen - Musée du Louvre Peintures INV 987 ; MR 547.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300<br /> | caption = Returning fleet of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (1675), by [[Ludolf Bakhuysen]]<br /> | partof = the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] <br /> | conflict = Battle of Masulipatnam<br /> | date = 1 September 1673 ([[Old and New Style dates|N.S.]])&lt;br/&gt; 22 August 1673 (O.S.){{efn|The English still used the [[Julian calendar]] at this time.}}<br /> | place = [[Machilipatnam]], [[India]]<br /> | result = Dutch victory<br /> | combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Dutch East India Company}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|East India Company|1600}}<br /> | commander1 = {{flagicon|VOC}} [[Cornelis van Quaelberg]]<br /> | commander2 = [[File:British East India Company flag.svg| 1600–1707|25px]] [[William Basse (naval officer)|William Basse]]<br /> | strength1 = 13 warships<br /> | strength2 = 10 warships<br /> | casualties1 = Light<br /> | casualties2 = 3 ships captured&lt;br&gt;360 killed, wounded or taken prisoner<br /> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dutch War}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Anglo-Dutch War}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Battle of Masulipatnam''' took place between the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) and English [[East India Company]] (EIC) during the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] off [[Machilipatnam]]. During the siege of [[Chennai|São Tomé]] 13 Dutch ships clashed with 10 English ships in a battle which ended in a Dutch victory.<br /> <br /> ==Prelude==<br /> [[File:Rijcklof van Goens.jpg|thumb|left|Rijcklof van Goens, commander of the Dutch forces in Asia.]]<br /> In 1671, even before the outbreak of Franco-Dutch War, the French navy had placed a powerful squadron under the command of [[Jacob Blanquet de la Haye|Admiral de la Haye]] at the disposal of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]]. In full knowledge that war with the [[Dutch Republic]] would be declared next year, it was deemed opportune to send a powerful fleet to Asia to be in a position to strike when news was received that hostilities had commenced. La Haye had been ordered to seek a firm foothold in Asia to fortify and defend, sending all but two of his ships home. It was with this object in mind that the French captured Trincomalee, the crucial strategic bay on [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]]’s east coast, in March 1672 and [[Chennai|São Tomé]] from the Dutch in July 1672.{{Sfn|Odegard|2020|pages=141-143}}<br /> <br /> But taking São Tomé was a mistake. It had formerly been a Portuguese town and the Portuguese government still hoped to see it returned to them. Situated close to [[Madras]], the French capture of the town also angered their English allies since it placed a powerful commercial rival right on the doorstep of what was the most important EIC settlement in India. Finally, by conquering the city, the French gained the enmity of the [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]], the sultan of Golconda, the sovereign of the city. Golconda raised an army and set about to besiege the town from the summer of 1672 onwards. This first siege was in fact broken by the French, but by June 1673, the VOC, having secured its position in Southeast Asia by defeating the French garrison left behind in Trincomalee, joined forces with the Qutb Shahi and the town was besieged again, on land by the forces of Golconda, and on the sea side by the fleet of the VOC under [[Rijcklof van Goens]].{{Sfn|Odegard|2020|pages=141-143}}<br /> <br /> ==The battle==<br /> During the siege an English fleet appeared on the Coromandel coast, consisting of ten [[East Indiamen]] of the English East India Company under [[William Basse (naval officer)|William Basse]].&lt;ref name=rodger&gt;{{cite book|author=N. A. M. Rodger|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year=2005|page=86|isbn=9780393060508 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xh4aUiwxnW0C|access-date=1 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It would have been possible for this fleet to join forces with the remaining part of the French navy, to relieve São Tomé together and drive the Dutch out of the area. But the English made no attempt to do so and chose to remain on their own. Van Goens, who does not seem to have heard of the arrival of this naval force, had sent a fleet of thirteen Dutch East India Company ships to Masulipatnam, an important office, north of São Tomé on the coast of Coromandel, to protect it against the attacks of the French admiral de la Haye, who seemed to be aiming for that post.{{Sfn|De Jonge|1859|page=471}}<br /> <br /> [[Cornelis van Quaelberg]] to whom the command of this fleet was entrusted, met the British fleet on 1 September 1673 ([[Old and New Style dates|N.S.]], 22 August O.S.), five or six miles from Masulipatnam. Soon the battle began, which was fought vigorously on both sides. After three or four hours of fighting the Dutch finally emerged victorious, taking the ship of the English Vice-Admiral of 40 guns, that of the Rear-Admiral of 34 guns, and a third of 36 guns. The others were chased away, and soon left the Indian seas altogether.{{Sfn|De Jonge|1859|page=471}}<br /> <br /> The English captain Basse, who acted as admiral of the EIC [[squadron (naval)|squadron]] gives a detailed account of the battle in the log of his ship ''London''.{{efn|Note that it was an EIC ship, so it was not &quot;HMS London&quot;.}} He writes that the battle started at 10 AM.{{efn|The Dutch fleet was first seen at 6 AM to windward, so they had the [[weather gage]], and Basse ordered his ships to form [[line of battle]] at 8 AM and started [[Tacking (sailing)|beating to windward]] to close the distance.&lt;ref name=ahmad245&gt;Ahmad Khan, p. 245&lt;/ref&gt;}} His [[vanguard|Van]] was led by captain Earwin, who bore away after about two hours in the fight, followed by the second ship under captain Cruft, because he had been holed under the waterline. Both ships did not reengage, but what Cruft's excuse was Basse did not know.&lt;ref name=ahmad246&gt;Ahmad Khan, p. 246&lt;/ref&gt; Captain Westlock did not engage at all that day. He was second behind the ship of captain Hides, who acted as Vice-Admiral, and kept to leeward of the line, so was in relative safety.&lt;ref name=ahmad246 /&gt; Hides himself got the worst of it, as his ship was disabled around 5.30 PM and then surrounded by three Dutch ships and boarded by two of them, one on either side. His ship was taken, as was the ship of captain Earning (Rear-admiral, so leading the rear), and the ''Antelope'' of captain Goldsborough.&lt;ref name=ahmad245 /&gt;<br /> <br /> Basse had his [[rigging]] shot away, as the Dutch fired chains and several small cannonballs per shot (foreshadowing the [[Shrapnel shell]]), maximizing the effect of their [[Broadside (naval)|broadsides]]. His [[Mast (sailing)|main mast]] was holed in three places.&lt;ref name=ahmad245 /&gt; To make matters worse there was a gunpowder explosion, which caused several fires aboard (which were speedily put out) and killed and wounded eighteen men.{{efn|Basse's own coat caught fire in the accident.&lt;ref name=ahmad246 /&gt;}} Nevertheless, he kept firing, but had to bear away to save his own ship, so he was unable to come to the aid of captain Hides. His excuse was that he had nine more wounded on the gundeck, due mainly to splinters. He was not aided by other ships in his division, except for the ship of captain Browne, that was also disabled, though he praises Browne for his bravery. Others like captain Coolys, did not engage at all, allegedly because he had no ammunition.&lt;ref name=ahmad246 /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Dutch halted their pursuit around 6.30 PM.&lt;ref name=ahmad245 /&gt; The English were exhausted and only managed to repair some of the sails (the longboat and [[Pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]] of the ''London'' were also shot away). The next morning Basse caught up with captains Earwin and Browne. The captains had dinner aboard Browne's ship and held a [[council of war]], during which it was decided to sail south of São Tomé, for fear of otherwise encountering the Dutch again. Aboard the ''London'' several wounded died of their wounds.&lt;ref name=ahmad246 /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> The siege of São Tomé would last until late August 1674, when the French garrison capitulated to Van Goens. The capitulation of the French garrison was due to its lack of supplies of food and gunpowder. As the VOC had agreed with the sultan of Golconda that the town would be handed back and demolished, the Dutch would not retain the port. This would also benefit the EIC officials in Madras and they were very eager to see the destruction of this neighbouring town, going so far as to write to the sultan, urging him to demolish it quickly. Still, the French and English East India Companies had been unable to seriously undermine the VOC's strong position in both the intercontinental route and in intra-Asian trades during the war.{{Sfn|Odegard|2020|page=143}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{cite book|author= Ahmad Khan, Shafaʼat|title=Sources for the History of British India in the Seventeenth Century|contribution=Log of the London|pages=241–250|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1926|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gK2AAAAIAAJ|access-date=2 September 2023}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Blok|first1=P.J.|last2=Molhuysen|first2=P.C.|year=1924|encyclopedia=Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 6|language=nl|title=Goens, Rijcklof van|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu06_01/molh003nieu06_01_0893.php}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=De Jonge |first=Johannes Cornelis |title=Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche zeewezen Deel 2 |publisher=A.C. Kruseman |year=1859 |language=nl |url=https://www.dbnl.org/arch/jong102gesc06_01/pag/jong102gesc06_01.pdf}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Odegard |first=Erik |date=2020 |title=Merchant Companies at War: The Anglo-Dutch Wars in Asia. |journal=War, Trade and the State: Anglo-Dutch Conflict, 1652-89 |pages=230–247}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1673]]<br /> [[Category:1673 in the Dutch Republic]]<br /> [[Category:Naval battles of the Third Anglo-Dutch War]]<br /> [[Category:Naval battles involving the Dutch East India Company]]<br /> [[Category:Naval battles involving the British East India Company]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udhana_taluka&diff=542358 2025-04-13T15:43:13Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Udhana Taluka<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Udhna Taluka<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = taluka<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Gujarat--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Surat district|Surat]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 480456<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate =GJ 05<br /> | website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}} <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Udhana Taluka''', formed in 1992 from part of [[Choryasi Taluka]], is a [[taluka]] located in the [[Surat District]] in the [[India]]n State of [[Gujarat]]. In 2001, its population was 480,456.<br /> Udhana Taluka is part of the [[Surat Metropolitan Region]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> According to the Jilla Panchayat Surat, the Taluka has {{convert|30|sqmi|km2}}.<br /> <br /> ===Major highways===<br /> [[State Highway 6, Gujarat]] (Old Surat Mumbai Highway)<br /> [[State Highway 66, Gujarat]] (Udhana-Magdalla Highway)<br /> [[State Highway 168, Gujarat]] (Sachin-Palsana Highway)<br /> <br /> ===Adjacent Talukas===<br /> * [[Choryasi Taluka]] (South west)<br /> * [[Jalalpore Taluka]] (South)<br /> * [[Palsana Taluka]] (southeast)<br /> * Surat city (north)<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As of the 2001 [[census]], 4,80,445 people resided in the county, of which 64% were males and 36% were females. Most of the population is from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc.<br /> <br /> == Communities ==<br /> === Cities ===<br /> *[[Udhana]]<br /> *[[Sachin, Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.UdhanaaTaluka.org/ Udhana County government website]{{Dead link|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Populated places established in 1992]]<br /> [[Category:Surat district]]<br /> [[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Surat-geo-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adakekere&diff=461891 2024-11-14T20:29:21Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Adakekere<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Adakekere is in Tumkur district<br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Karnataka--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = Gubbi<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Village Panchayat<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Tumkur<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''' Adakekere ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order &gt; Karnataka |work=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , Census Village code= 1619000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoomaps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Adakekere, Tumkur, Karnataka&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Gubbi]] [[taluk]] of [[Tumkur district]] in Karnataka.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tumkur]]<br /> * [[Districts of Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * http://Tumkur.nic.in/<br /> <br /> {{Settlements in Tumkur district}}<br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Tumakuru district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Tumkur-geo-stub}}</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chauth_Ka_Barwara_Panchayat_Samiti&diff=493726 2024-02-26T03:13:33Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Creating New Post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> |name = Chauth Ka Barwara Panchayat Samiti<br /> |type = Government Office<br /> |status = Active<br /> |headquarters = [[Chauth Ka Barwara]]<br /> |leader_title = [[Pradhan]]<br /> |leader_name = Sampat Pahadiya<br /> |leader_title2 = Deputy Pradhan<br /> |leader_name2 = Shankar Lal Gujjar<br /> |affiliations = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chauth Ka Barwara Panchayat Samiti''' is one of the 7 [[Panchayat Samiti]] in the district of [[Sawai Madhopur]] in [[Rajasthan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=41 nominations filed for Zilla Parishad member and 205 for Panchayat Samiti member|url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/41-nominations-filed-for-zilla-parishad-member-and-205-for-panchayat-s-7010064/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Panchayati Raj election results: Sawai Madhopur, Chauth ka Barwada, Congress board formed in Khandar Panchayat Samiti in the district|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/sawai-madhopur/news/decision-on-the-fate-of-69-candidates-of-zilla-parishad-and-496-candidates-of-seven-panchayat-samiti-today-128888704.html?ref=inbound_More_News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Panchayat Samiti Sadasy ==<br /> {{Election box begin | title= Panchayat Samiti Sadasy Chauth Ka Barwara 2021: Chauth Ka Barwara}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Bhartiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Bhartiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Bhartiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage 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|party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Bhartiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{election box end}}<br /> <br /> == Gram Panchayat segments ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Sr. No.<br /> !Gram Panchayats<br /> !Sarpanch&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sarpanch|url=https://sawaimadhopur.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/contact-directory/52/30176}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Adalwara Kalan<br /> |Vimal Kumar Meena<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Balriya<br /> |Seema Meena<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Banjari<br /> |Rambilash Gujjar<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Bhagwatgarh<br /> |Kedar Mal Gujjar<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Bhedola<br /> |Deepti Rajawat<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Chauth Ka Barwara]]<br /> |Sita Devi<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Dahakwa<br /> |Kailash Chand Meena<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Didayach<br /> |Hansraj Bairwa<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Isarda<br /> |Pukhraj Gujjar<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Jhonpra<br /> |Ganga Devi Meena<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Jola<br /> |Jai Kishan Meena<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Khizoori<br /> |Keshanti Devi<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |Kushtala<br /> |Kishan Gopal<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |[[Mahapura Gram Panchayat|Mahapura]]<br /> |Chanda Devi<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |Mui<br /> |RamJi Lal<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Pacholash<br /> |Rajesh Gujjar<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |Pavdera<br /> |Laxmi Meena<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |Rajwana<br /> |Gendi Devi<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |Rawanjna Choud<br /> |Anokhi Devi<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |Rawanjna Doongar<br /> |Suman Kiwad<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |Sarsop<br /> |Manni Devi<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |[[Shiwar Gram panchayat|Shiwar]]<br /> |Prem Devi<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |Tapur<br /> |Tara Devi<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Panchayati raj (India)]]</div>

JacksonYoo9591 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrimant_dagduseth_halwai_ganpati_pune&diff=535419 2024-02-18T03:06:19Z

<p>JacksonYoo9591: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple]]</div>

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