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Tose Naina Milaai Ke

2026-04-30T10:43:09Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Tose Naina Milaai Ke title card.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| screenplay = '''Dialogues''' Arundhati Sharma Priyom Jha
| story = Vera Raina Sonakshi Khandelwal
| director = Abhay Chawda
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vishal Gandhi]]|[[Supriya Kumari]]|Simran Singh|Karan Khandelwal}}
| theme_music_composer = Nishant Pandey
| open_theme = ''Tose Naina Milaai Ke''
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 415
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rajesh Ram Singh Pradeep Kumar Piya Bajpeyi Shaika Parvin
| cinematography = Rishi Raj Sharma
| editor = Ashish Singh Anuj Singh
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment 
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|09|11}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Tose Naina Milaai Ke''''' ({{translation |As My Eye Caught Yours}}) is an Indian Hindi-language television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] series that aired from 11 September 2023 to 10 November 2024 on [[Dangal TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangal Tv's new show 'Tose Naina Milaike' to be aired from 11 September {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-dangal-tv-s-new-show-tose-naina-milaike-to-be-aired-from-11-september-hot-news-1627527 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=ABP Live |date=4 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Digitally available on Dangal Play and produced by Cockcrow & Shaika Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prateik Chaudhary Opens Up On Being Part Of 'Tose Naina Milaike' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prateik-chaudhary-opens-up-on-being-part-of-tose-naina-milaike--news-322488 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=outlookindia|date=5 October 2023 }}</ref> It stars [[Supriya Kumari]] and [[Vishal Gandhi]] in their lead roles. Second season aired on 16 March 2026, and stars Simran Singh and Karan Khandelwal.

==Series overview==
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan=2|Season
!style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan=2| No. of episodes
!colspan=2|Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series premiere
!style="padding: 0 8px"|Series finale
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
|style="text-align:center;"|415
|style="text-align:center;"|{{start date|df=yes|2023|9|11}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{end date|df=yes|2024|11|10}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
|style="text-align:center;"|TBA
|style="text-align:center;"|{{start date|df=yes|2026|3|16}}
| style="text-align:center;"|TBA
|}

==Plot==
Kuhu is a simple girl from a village Munyatolla. Kuhu is dark-skinned whilst Hansini is pale. The woman who gave the curse her granddaughter is saved by Kuhu on the wedding day that whichever family she marries into nothing can harm them not knowing its Dev Chandel's family so when Kuhu is in the house nothing happens to the girls.

Sanjiv wants Rajeev and Kuhu to have the family's first child so he tries to stay away from Hansini whilst Hansini plots with his father in order to get pregnant first but nothing happens. Whilst on the other hand Rajeev who is blind at first doesn't accept Kuhu but soon gradually falls in love with her due to her loving nature. Together they overcome many hurdles and try to get his father to accept Kuhu as his bahu, but he does not want to because of dark skin. After many hurdles and just when everything seems fine Rajeev gets a sharp pain in the head and is hospitalized then it is known that Rajeev can get his eyes back but needs a donor. The only available donor are the eyes of a woman whose case Rajeev's father as a judge gave a wrong verdict which is [[Why Her|why her]] mother had cursed the family that whichever girl married into the family will die. Kuhu persuades the woman's mother but fails so she decides she to kill herself to give her eyes to Rajeev's just as she is about to do that the woman's daughter arrives and agrees to give her eyes if Dev Chandel gives a correct verdict on her case this time. So Rajeev recovers his vision, but when he sees Hansini he thinks she is Kuhu and is smitten by her beauty. Just then Kuhu enters and he learns that she is Kuhu and is shocked and says he never thought she would be dark-skinned and can't accept her. Hansini gets happy and falls in love with Rajeev and starts her drama to get a divorce from Sanjeev and marry Rajeev. She schemes and locks the family in jail for domestic violence in return asks Sanjeev for divorce and for Rajeev to marry her. Sanjeev divorces her however Rajeev puts a fake drama to marry her. When family is released he tells her that he never married her.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Supriya Kumari]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |title=Supriya Kumari soon to make a comeback with Serial 'Tose Naina Milaike' {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-supriya-kumari-soon-to-make-a-comeback-with-serial-tose-naina-milaike-hot-news-1625195 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ABP Live |date=24 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> as Kuhu Chandel: Chandan and Barkha's younger daughter; Hansini and Babloo's younger sister; Rajeev's wife; Koyal and Kanak's mother (2023–2024)
** as Hansini Chandel (after plastic surgery): Chandan and Barkha's elder daughter; Kuhu and Babloo's elder sister; Sanjeev's ex-wife; Rajeev's ex-second wife; Koyal’s aunt; Kanak’s fake mother and aunt (2024)
*** Simaran Kaur<ref>{{cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Simaran Kaur speaks about her wedding look in Tose Naina Milaike |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/simaran-kaur-speaks-about-her-wedding-look-in-tose-naina-milaike-549943 |language=en}}</ref> as Hansini Chandel (2023–2024)
* [[Vishal Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-09-21 |title=Vishal Gandhi: People who told me I wouldn't return to playing the lead character can't look me in the eye today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-gandhi-people-who-told-me-i-wouldnt-return-to-playing-the-lead-character-cant-look-me-in-the-eye-today/articleshow/103833118.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Rajeev [[Narayan Chandel]]: Dev Narayan Chandel's eldest son; Sanjeev’s elder brother; Kuhu's husband; Koyal and Kanak's father (2023–2024)
* Simran Singh / [[Supriya Kumari]] as Pihu: Pratibha's daughter; Ishaan's widow; Yuvraj true soulmate (2026) / (2026-present)
* Karan Khandelwal as Ishaan Choudhary — Brijesh and Indu's son; Kalyani's step-son; Yuvraj's half-brother; Raghav's cousin; Avantika's ex-boyfriend; Pihu's late husband (2026)
* [[Vishal Gandhi]] as Yuvraj Singh Choudhary — Brijesh and Kalyani's son; Indu's step-son; Ishaan's elder half-brother; Raghav's cousin; Pihu's true soulmate (2026-present)

===Recurring ===
* Bharatt Bhatia as Raghav Choudhary — Dhairya and Savitri's son; Yuvraj and Ishan's cousin; Avantika's husband (2026–present)
* Deeksha Suryawanshi as Avantika (2026–present)
* Akshat Karma as Rajan (2026–present)
* Bidisha Ghosh Sharma as Pratibha (2026–present)
* Shivam Verma as Bittu (2026–present)
* Naina Gupta as Savitri (2026–present)
* Dhaval Tripathi as Dhairya (2026–present)
* Prerna Bhat as Tara (2026–present)
* Avinash Sain as Guddu (2026–present)
* [[Anjali Gupta]] as Brijesh's mistress (2026)
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Devnarayan Chandel: Siddheshwari and Khushboo's husband; Rajeev, Sanjeev and Avdesh’s father; Prabha's younger brother; Bhanupratap’s elder brother; Koyal and Kanak's grandfather (2023-2024)
* Kirron Arya as Siddheshwari Chandel: Devnarayan's first wife; Rajeev and Sanjeev's mother; Avdesh’s stepmother; Koyal and Kanak's grandmother (2023-2024)
* Anuradha Singh as Kushboo Chandel: Devnarayan's second wife; Avdesh's mother; Rajeev and Sanjeev's stepmother; Koyal and Kanak's step-grandmother (2023-2024)
* Micky Dudani as Avdesh Chandel: Devnarayan and Kushboo's son; Rajeev and Sanjeev's half-brother; Aarti's husband (2023-2024)
* Neetu Pachori as Aarti Chandel: Avdesh's wife (2024)
* Prateik Chaudhary<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillay |first=Neolin |date=2023-09-13 |title=Prateik Chaudhary to play the lead role of Sanjeev Chandel in Tose Naina Milaike |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2023/09/prateik-chaudhary-to-play-the-lead-role-of-sanjeev-chandel-in-tose-naina-milaike/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I'm excited about bagging my first lead role, says Prateik Chaudhary who will be seen in Tose Nainaa Milaaike |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-excited-about-bagging-my-first-lead-role-says-prateik-chaudhary-who-will-be-seen-in-tose-nainaa-milaaike/articleshow/102938590.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Sanjeev Chandel: Devnarayan and Siddheshwari's youngest son; Rajeev's younger brother; Hansini's ex-husband; Sindhu's second husband (2023–2024)
* Nidhi Gangta as Sindhu Chandel: Sanjeev's girlfriend turned second wife (2024)
* Sanchi Kaur as Koyal Chandel: Rajeev and Kuhu's elder daughter; Kanak's elder sister (2024)
* Roneisha Sharma as Kanak Chandel: Rajeev and Kuhu's younger daughter; Hansini's fake daughter; Koyal's younger sister (2024)
* Shivendra Om Sainiyol as Bhanupratap Chandel: Devnarayan and Prabha's younger brother; Janvi's father (2023-2024)
* Saniya Khera as Janvi Chandel: Bhanupratap's daughter; Rajeev and Sanjeev's cousin; Ravi's girlfriend (2023-2024)
* Kishan Bhan as Chandhan Das: Barkha's husband; Kuhu, Babloo and Hansini's father (2023-2024)
* Chitrapama Banerjee as Barkha Das: Chandan's wife; Kuhu, Babloo and Hansini's mother (2023-2024)
* Sagar Jashnani as Babloo Das: Chandan and Barkha's son; Hansini's younger brother; Kuhu's elder brother (2023-2024)
* Vinod Goswami as Pappu (2023)
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Rajan Verma: Jayant Verma's elder brother (2024)
* Yajuvendra Singh as Jayant Verma: Rajan Verma's brother; Ravi's father (2024)
* Saim Khan as Ravi: Jayant Verma's son; Janvi's boyfriend (2024)
* Gagan Yadav as Bunty (2024)
* Lakshya Handa as Viraj Tyagi (2024)
* Maahi Khan as Bhoomika (2024)
* Jasmine Avasia as Rhea: Rajeev's ex-girlfriend; Kuhu's rival (2024)
* Dipali Saini as Cop (2024)
* [[Bhavya]] Prajapati as Roopa (2024)
* Karan Ganatra

=== Cameo appearances ===
* [[Chahat Pandey]] as Krishna Jeet Narayan from ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath – Krishna Aur Gauri Ki Kahani]]'' (2024)

==Production==
===Casting===
The series was announced on [[Dangal TV]] by Shaika Entertainment. [[Supriya Kumari]], [[Vishal Gandhi]] and Prateik Chaudhary were signed as the leads.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tose Nainaa Milaai ke {{!}} New Show {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} Promo {{!}} Dangal TV | date=22 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcLq8q-Lt6Y |access-date=2023-10-07 |language=en}}</ref> The first promo was released in August 2023.

===Time slot===
Initially, the show was launched in the 9:30 PM time slot. However, after one week, it was moved to the Prime time slot of 9:00 PM. Simultaneously, ''[[Sindoor Ki Keemat|Sindoor Ki Keemat 2]]'' was shifted to the 9:30 PM time slot.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Neolin |date=2023-10-03 |title=Prateik Chaudhary on Tose Naina Milaike getting new prime time slot of 9 pm: the whole team is elated and we will work harder to climb newer heights |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2023/10/prateik-chaudhary-on-tose-naina-milaike-getting-new-prime-time-slot-of-9-pm-the-whole-team-is-elated-and-we-will-work-harder-to-climb-newer-heights/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt29276069}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

HAL HJT-36 Yashas

2026-04-28T14:28:40Z

JacksonKuester2: put up new info

{{Short description|Trainer aircraft in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = HJT-36 ''Yashas''
| image = Aero India 2025 HAL HJT-36 Yashas.jpg
| caption = HJT-36 Yashas at AeroIndia 2025
| type = Intermediate trainer
| national_origin = [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| designer = 
| design_group = Aircraft Research and Design Centre
| first_flight = 7 March 2003
| introduction = 2026 (Planned)
| retired =
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users = [[Indian Navy]]
| number_built = 16<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/spin-test-in-july-may-revive-intermediate-jet-trainer-plan/articleshow/74049942.cms|title=Spin test in July may revive intermediate jet trainer plan|date=9 February 2020|newspaper=Economic Times|last1=Pubby|first1=Manu}}</ref>
| status = Limited series production
| variants =
| developed_from = [[HJT-16 Kiran]]
| developed_into = [[HAL HLFT-42]]
}}

The '''HAL HJT-36 ''Yashas''''' ({{Lit|Glory}}) is a subsonic intermediate jet [[trainer aircraft]] designed and developed by Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/05/with-expected-83-tejas-mk1a-orders-ardc-shapes-india-upgraded-fi.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref> and built by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Navy]]. The HJT-36 will replace the HAL [[HJT-16 Kiran|HJT-16 ''Kiran'']] as the Stage-2 trainer for the two forces.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/why-indias-new-jet-trainer-is-in-a-spin | title=Why India's new jet trainer is in a spin | Times Aerospace }}</ref>

The jet, originally named ''Sitara'', was designed as a conventional jet trainer with low swept wings, tandem cockpit and small air intakes for the engine on either side of its fuselage. It entered limited series production by 2010 but according to the Indian Air Force officials it remained "unfit" for service due to technological issues related to spin test (as of March 2017),<ref name="Bedi Jane's">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=India's HJT-36 Sitara remains 'unfit' for use as intermediate jet trainer|url=http://www.janes.com/article/68386/india-s-hjt-36-sitara-remains-unfit-for-use-as-intermediate-jet-trainer|website=Jane's 360|publisher=IHS|access-date=27 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722142521/http://www.janes.com/article/68386/india-s-hjt-36-sitara-remains-unfit-for-use-as-intermediate-jet-trainer|archivedate=22 July 2017}}</ref> an issue which was only solved in tests in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=Intermediate Jet Trainer has cleared a major milestone, says HAL chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hals-intermediate-jet-trainer-has-cleared-a-major-milestone/article38161914.ece |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

In April 2019, ''Sitara'' flew for the first time in three years with a modified air frame to correct its spin characteristics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Waldron |first1=Greg |title=PICTURES: HAL HJT-36 IJT flies after three year hiatus |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-hal-hjt-36-ijt-flies-after-three-year-hia-457570/ |work=Flightglobal.com |date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

During the opening ceremony of [[Aero India]] 2025, the HJT-36 was renamed as ''Yashas'' after undergoing significant design modifications. It is now capable of Stage II pilot training, [[Counter-insurgency aircraft|counter insurgency]] and counter surface force operations, armament training, [[aerobatics]] and other roles.<ref name=":5" />

==Development==
HAL started design work on an intermediate jet trainer in 1997. The concept was developed as a successor to HAL's earlier trainer, the HJT-16 ''Kiran'', introduced in 1968. In 1999, following reviews by the Indian Air Force, the [[Government of India]] awarded Hindustan Aeronautics a contract for the development, testing, and certification of two prototype IJT aircraft at the cost of {{INRConvert|180|c|lk=on|year=1999}}. The completion of the contract was scheduled in July 2004.<ref name=":2" />

In order to complete the design and prototyping in such tight schedules, HAL introduced highly advanced technologies including [[Numerical Master Geometry]] (NMG) to various teams for the aircraft's wind tunnel testing, aerodynamics, structural analysis, tooling among others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Indranil |date=2019-04-23 |title=HAL’s HJT-36 Intermediate Jet Trainer Rises From The Ashes: A Detailed Look {{!}} Delhi Defence Review |url=https://delhidefencereview.com/2019/04/23/hals-hjt-36-intermediate-jet-trainer-rises-from-the-ashes-a-detailed-look/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===2000s===
[[File:S3466 HAL HJT-36 Sitra (8413512389).jpg|thumb|HAL HJT-36 PT-1 (S3466) Sitara at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station]] ]]
*The first and second prototypes of the HJT-36, labeled PT-1 and PT-2, serialed S3474 and S3466, flew on 7 March 2003 and in March 2004, respectively.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=HJT-36 Flight Test Resumption Renews Hope for AL-55 Engine | AIN |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-05-01/hjt-36-flight-test-resumption-renews-hope-al-55-engine}}</ref>
*In April 2005, the project cost was revised to {{INRConvert|467|c|lk=on|year=2005}} and timeline for [[Initial operational capability|Initial Operational Clearance]] (IOC) and the [[Full operational capability|Final Operational Clearance]] (FOC) was expected in 2006-07 and 2007-08, respectively.<ref name=":2" />
*In April 2005, some delays were expected as the [[SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac]] engine was to be replaced by [[NPO Saturn AL-55|NPO Saturn AL-55I]] (16.9 kN) for higher thrust requirements.<ref name=":2" />
*In February 2006, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] submitted a proposal to the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) for procurement of 12 IJT Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft from HAL. The clearance and the contract from the [[Indian Air Force]] was received in March 2006 at a cost of {{INRConvert|486|c|lk=off|year=2006}}. Deliveries, originally scheduled between March 2008 and March 2010, was further revised to 2011-12. Later, a [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] report flagged that LSP orders are to be placed after IOC certification from [[CEMILAC]], however, this was not followed in case of IJT project. It was then expected that the order of 73 Serial Production (SP) aircraft was to be done after conducting operations of LSP aircraft and certain required modifications to designs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER II: MINISTRY OF DEFENCE |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_34_2014_Chapter_2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802083951/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2014/Union_Compliance_Defence_Air_force_Navy_34_2014_Chapter_2.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=cag.gov.in/en}}</ref>
*On 8 February 2007, IJT prototype PT-1 overshot the runway at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelehanka AFS]] during the inauguration of [[Aero India]] after its tyres burst during take-off.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-02-08 |title=IJT overshoots runway at Aero India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ijt-overshoots-runway-at-aero-india/story-yUJfZ4leQqFgQJkGrEpXRM.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="hindu-aero2007">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Jet-trainer-overshoots-runway-at-aero-show/article14717982.ece|title=Jet trainer overshoots runway at aero show|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 February 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-02-08 |title=Trainer jet goes off runway at B'lore air show |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/trainer-jet-goes-off-runway-at-b-lore-air-show-107020800026_1.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
*In November 2008, Air HQ initiated a proposal to for supply of 73 SP IJT aircraft from HAL.<ref name=":4" />
*On 4 February 2009, PT-2 met with an accident just before the Aero India event due to landing gear failure while landing during a routine test flight.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Long Road Ahead For HAL's HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/features/long-road-ahead-for-hals-hjt36-sitara-intermediate-jet-trainer/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aero India 2009 News: Crashes, delays hit Indian participation at Aero India |url=https://indianaviationnews.net/aeroindia2009/2009/02/crashes-delays-hit-indian-participation.html |access-date=2025-01-09 |language=en}}</ref>
*Following the crashes and delays, in March 2009, the IOC and FOC dates were shifted to 2009-10 and 2010-11, respectively.<ref name=":2" />
*The first [[NPO Saturn AL-55|AL-55I]] engine was received from [[Russia]] on 28 December 2008, 2 years later than committed, and was installed on PT-1.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-12-28 |title=Russian engines coming today for intermediate jet trainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Russian-engines-coming-today-for-intermediate-jet-trainer/article15369375.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110044249/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Russian-engines-coming-today-for-intermediate-jet-trainer/article15369375.ece |archive-date=2025-01-10 |access-date=2022-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following ground taxiing trials, flight tests with the new engine started on 9 May 2009.<ref name="deagel">{{cite web|title=IJT|url=http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/IJT_a000076001.aspx|access-date=7 January 2022|website=Deagel}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516185954/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/14/stories/2009051454651800.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 May 2009 |title=HAL's intermediate jet trainer HJT-36 makes maiden flight with Russian engine |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=12 July 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> However, the Russian-origin was relatively newly developed compared to the Larzac, which had 0.85 million hours of flight. This led to "teething problems" in the engines which eventually lowered the availability of the IJT prototypes and limited series production variants for test flights.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Indranil |date=2019-04-23 |title=HAL’s HJT-36 Intermediate Jet Trainer Rises From The Ashes: A Detailed Look {{!}} Delhi Defence Review |url=https://delhidefencereview.com/2019/04/23/hals-hjt-36-intermediate-jet-trainer-rises-from-the-ashes-a-detailed-look/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===2010s===
*[[File:IJT Prototype in hangar.jpg|thumb|Prototype IJT (PT-2, S3474) in its hangar at [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]|alt=|right]]In March 2010, the Air Force placed an order for 73 HJT-36 trainers for serial production at a cost of {{INRConvert|6180|c|lk=off|year=2010}}, again before the completion of IOC certification and deliveries of LSP aircraft. Clearance for the contract was approved by the CCS in February. As per MoD, the LSP aircraft order would be completed by 2011-12 and the timeline for delivery of 73 SP aircraft was between 2013 and 2017. As per delivery timeline, 6 aircraft would have to be delivered in 2013, followed by 24 aircraft in 2014 An advance payment of {{INRConvert|926.15|c|lk=off|year=2010}} was done.<ref name=":4" />
*The first flight test for the limited series aircraft occurred in January 2010,<ref name="aw-20100528">{{cite web|last1=Krishnan|first1=Anantha|title=India Thought Leaders: HAL Chairman Sets Firm Agenda For Aggressive Export Sales|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/india-thought-leaders-hal-chairman-sets-firm-agenda-aggressive-export-sales|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|date=28 May 2010|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123200754/http://aviationweek.com/awin/india-thought-leaders-hal-chairman-sets-firm-agenda-aggressive-export-sales|url-status=dead}}</ref> and initial operational capability was expected by July 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigenous-jet-trainer-to-get-initial-clearance-by-july/articleshow/7468968.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Indigenous jet trainer to get initial clearance by July | date=10 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://img196.imageshack.us/img196/1378/hal3.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113538/http://img196.imageshack.us/img196/1378/hal3.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2011|title=Vayu aerospace article}}</ref>
*On 28 April 2011, the first prototype (S3466) crashed in near [[Hosur]] during routine test flight in [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Both the pilots, [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Anant Mathur of HAL and co-pilot [[Wing commander|Wing Commander]] Patra of Aircraft and Systems Testing Establishment (ASTE), ejected safely. The aircraft was lost in the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshel |first=Tamir |date=2011-04-29 |title=HJT-36 'Sitara' Lost in an Accident - Defense Update |url=https://defense-update.com/20110429_hjt-36_lost.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force Aircraft Data |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/aircraft/S-3466 |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Troubled Jet Trainer Gets Facelift, New Name {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/light-attack-advanced-training/indias-troubled-jet-trainer-gets-facelift-new-name |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref>
*On 27 July 2012, first Engine Ground Run was performed on third prototype.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hal-india.com/MSM/VOL-5_MSM-94.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116061900/http://hal-india.com/MSM/VOL-5_MSM-94.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Public Information Bureau, India">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=93617|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref>
*In December 2013, HAL declared that Sitara was 'weeks' from certification.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/in-tejas-shadow-sitara-trainer-also-poised-to-enter-service-113122000026_1.html|title=In Tejas' shadow, Sitara trainer also poised to enter service|first=Ajai|last=Shukla|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=20 December 2013|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
*On 19 February 2014, the Indian MoD submitted a statement that the development of IJT was in the advanced stages of certification, with more than 800 test flights completed so far. The activities were progressing well with completion of sea level trials, night flying trials, high altitude trials as well as weapon and drop tank trials. The activities left for obtaining Final Operational Clearance (FOC) are the refinement of stall characteristics, and spin testing which will be commenced as soon as stall characteristics were refined. All efforts were being made to achieve FOC by December 2014. Production of aircraft was to commence immediately thereafter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2014/02/hjt-36-target-foc-by-dec-2014-says-mod.html|title=HJT-36 Target FOC By Dec 2014, Says MoD|first=Shiv|last=Aroor|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> However the stall cannot be tested until HAL redesigns the entire aircraft to correct its "inherent asymmetry".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indrus.in/blogs/2014/02/24/flameout_why_the_iaf_wont_accept_hals_jet_trainer_33117.html |title=Flameout: Why the IAF won't accept HAL's jet trainer |last1=Simha |first1=Rakesh Krishnan |date=24 February 2014 |website=indrus.in |publisher=Российская газета |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
*As of July 2014, 6 of the LSP aircraft were produced but still not delivered due to non completion of Design and Development (D&D) activities.<ref name=":4" />
*[[BAE Systems]] was consulted on certain design changes, specifically the tail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/spin-trials-to-revive-intermediate-jet-trainer-programme-soon/articleshow/56209445.cms|title=Spin trials to revive intermediate jet trainer programme soon|first=Manu|last=Pubby|date=14 July 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Afterwards the design was put to mathematical and [[wind tunnel]] tests. The modified aircraft was expected to complete the spin tests by September 2015, and the production of 85 aircraft for the Indian Air Force to begin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=D.S|first=Madhumathi|date=2015-09-09|title=IAF's IJT set for spin test|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/iafs-ijt-set-for-spin-test/article7631349.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*In 2016, the programme and the testing came to a halt after the aircraft “departed from controlled flight” while testing spin characteristics.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Multiple attempts to overcome these issues without a major redesign, including [[Strake (aeronautics)|nose strakes]], [[Vertical stabilizer|ventral fins]] and [[wing fence]], had not delivered the desired outcome as wing drops were still observed as soon as the aircraft stalled.<ref name=":7" /> Further changes were done including the removal of nose strakes and wing fence and addition of [[vortex generators]], which were again removed and replaced by two wing fences each side. None of these design alterations provided any improvement.<ref name=":7" />
*In March 2017, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] reported that due to the HJT-36's "unsolvable" issues associated with critical stall and spin characteristics the aircraft is not ready to serve as an intermediate jet trainer for Indian Air Force pilots.<ref name="Bedi Jane's" />
*With Birhle as a consultant, the air frame was modified to improve spin recovery characteristics. The modified aircraft (IJT LSP4; S3854) flew for the first time on 17 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |title=HAL's Intermediate Jet Trainer flies again after extensive re-design |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hal-s-intermediate-jet-trainer-flies-again-after-extensive-re-design-119041900219_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TRAINING: India Gets Two AL-55I Engines for Combat Trainers {{!}} Times Aerospace |url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/training-india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for-combat-trainers |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.timesaerospace.aero}}</ref> Post modifications, a new Anti-Spin Parachute system (ASPS) was developed to ensure safety of the aircraft and test crew during spin flight testing.<ref name=":0" /> The wind tunnel testing facility of France-based [[ONERA]] was used to verify the design modifications.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Wg Cdr K. S. |date=1999-11-30 |title=HAL Intermediate Jet Trainer HJT-36 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/aircraft/current/ijt-suresh/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-US}}</ref> Major design changes were executed in the [[empennage]] with the vertical fins pushed back by a metre and the [[rudder]] extended beyond the vertical stabiliser until the rear fuselage, increasing the control surface area by 30%. Other control surfaces that were added as compared to the original design included nose strakes, ventral fins and a [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge strakes]] at the [[wing root]].<ref name=":7" />

===2020s===
*As per a report, "The new ASPS was integrated into the aircraft in July 2020 and the successful streaming of the parachutes were demonstrated in September 2020."<ref name=":0" />
*In February 2021, HJT-36 took-off during [[Aero India]] with the newly supplied AL-55I engines with improved features.<ref name=":1" />
*On 6 January, the IJT has successfully demonstrated the capability to carry out six turn spins to both the left and right hand sides. As of then, the aircraft would require more two years of testing, after which it would be ready for certification. With the help of internal funding, some major modifications were done in the design configuration and, hence, re-demonstration of earlier tests was required.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2022-01-07|title=Intermediate Jet Trainer has cleared a major milestone, says HAL chief|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hals-intermediate-jet-trainer-has-cleared-a-major-milestone/article38161914.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*In February 2025, at the Aero India 2025, HAL renamed the HJT-36 Sitara as the HJT-36 'Yashas'. The renaming was due to its design modification to correct "departure characteristics and spin resistance". The aircraft was recently integrated with "state-of-the-art avionics and an ultra-modern cockpit". This upgrades videos the overall weight of the aircraft and replaced the obsolete foreign [[Line-replaceable unit|line-replaceable units]] with Indian LRUs.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=HAL's Hindustan Jet Trainer HJT-36 is now renamed as 'Yashas' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/hals-hindustan-jet-trainer-hjt-36-is-now-renamed-as-yashas-3398411 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Aero India 2025: HAL's upgraded Hindustan Jet Trainer-36 unveiled as 'Yashas' - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/aero-india-2025-hals-upgraded-hindustan-jet-trainer-36-unveiled-as-yashas/articleshow/118114623.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=m.economictimes.com |date=10 February 2025 }}</ref>
*On 12 February 2025, it was also reported that the Indian Air Force has not placed any order for the updated aircraft but would lease 4 to 5 'Yashas' from HAL. Further orders will be placed if the user was satisfied with its training and operational capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=HAL unveils upgraded Hindustan Jet Trainer (HJT) 36 as 'Yashas' at Aero India 2025; leases to IAF |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/nbsphal-unveils-upgraded-hindustan-jet-trainer-hjt-36-as-yashas-at-aero-india-2025-3745020/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
== Design ==
[[File:S3474 HAL HJT-36 Sitra (8414598298).jpg|thumb|HJT-36 at Yelahanka Air Force Base in 2005]]
=== Airframe ===
HJT-36 uses light alloys and composites, with a conventional low wing design with 18° leading-edge sweepback and a 9.8m wingspan. It features a hydraulically retractable tricycle-type landing gear. The single-wheeled main units retract inward and the twin nose wheel unit retracts forward. About a quarter of the aircraft's [[Line-replaceable unit|line-replaceable units]] are common between it and the [[HAL Tejas]] trainer variant.

=== Cockpit ===
In the cockpit, the HJT-36 has a conventional tandem two-seat configuration with the trainee pilot forward and the instructor in the raised seat to the rear. The single-piece canopy gives both pilots good, all-round vision. The prototype aircraft used [[NPP Zvezda|Zvezda]] K-26LT lightweight [[zero-zero ejection seat]]s. However, these may be replaced with [[Martin-Baker]] Mk.16 IN16S seats, due to a price escalation of the former.<ref name="supplier">{{cite web |title=HAL HJT-36 Sitara - program supplier guide |url=http://www.airframer.com/aircraft_detail.html?program=641 |website=www.airframer.com}}</ref> The pilots have both conventional and manual flight controls.<ref name="at-hjt">{{Cite web |title=HJT-36 Sitara Intermediate Jet Trainer |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/hjttrainer/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>

The trainer has a full glass cockpit with a layout similar to current generation combat aircraft. It uses an integrated digital avionics system from [[GE Aviation Systems]]. Head-up display and repeater is produced by [[Elbit Systems]].<ref name="supplier" />

The cockpit features a Stepped-up Rear cockpit with a Drooped Nose enhancing the pilots' [[situational awareness]]. The aircraft also features [[Multi-function display|multi-function displays]] and [[head-up display]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Armaments ===
The aircraft has five external hardpoints for weapons training. There is one center-line hardpoint under the fuselage and two-weapon pylons under each wing for carrying rockets, gun pods, and bombs. The maximum external payload is 1,000 kg.<ref name=":6" />

=== Propulsion ===
{{See also|NPO Saturn AL-55|SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac}}
The aircraft features a [[FADEC]]-controlled [[NPO Saturn AL-55|NPO Saturn AL-55I]] with a thrust of 17.3 kN, providing a high [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] with optimised thrust management.<ref name=":5" />

The prototype aircraft was initially powered by a [[SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac 04-H-20]] non-afterburning [[turbofan]] developing 14.12 kN of thrust.<ref name=":3" /> However, as stipulated by the 2005 Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQRs) from the Air Force there was a requirement of higher thrust engines.<ref>{{cite web |title=HAL HJT-36 | Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/hal-hjt-36}}</ref>

In April 2005, the Larzac engine was to be replaced by [[NPO Saturn AL-55|NPO Saturn AL-55I]] (16.9 kN) to meet training requirements. The AL-55I engine would be a [[Joint Venture]] of HAL and [[NPO Saturn]] and the deal for the development of the same was signed with [[Rosoboronexport]] in August. A funding of {{INRConvert|159|c|lk=on|year=2005}} by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] was released for the higher thrust engine development.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

As per a [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] report on IJT, in February 2014, the engine developed (AL-55I) had a Total Technical Life (TTL) of only 300 hours against the required 3600 hours provided in the ASQR. However, by 2013, it was told that the contract for engine development was fulfilled and the JV intended to increase the TTL to 600 hours though IAF insisted a TTL of 1,200 hours. The increase of TTL was important as ASQR projected a "utilisation rate" of 30 hrs/month per aircraft which meant the engines needed to be replaced every 10 months.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

On 14 July 2021, it was reported that the [[United Engine Corporation]] had deliver two units of AL-55I engines to HAL for the HJT-36 programme. The life cycle of the improved engines were increased to 1,200 hours . Earlier, 16 engines had been supplied to HAL for the prototypes and limited series production (LSP) aircraft. The engines were reportedly ready for licensed production in India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Gets Two AL-55I Engines For Combat Trainers |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2021/07/india-gets-two-al-55i-engines-for.html?m=1 |access-date=2025-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-14 |title=Russia supplies India with 2 turbojet engines for HJT-36 training plane - Rostec |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/world/aviation-russia-india/2448836.htmll |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=UNI India}}</ref> The new engines also had an improved thrust of 17.27 kN and also featured a reduction of over 50 kg weight.<ref name=":3" />

By February 2025, UEC supplied 18 AL-55I engines to HAL for the project. The engines will undergo type certification followed by start of [[licensed production]] of the engines by HAL in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian company supplied 18 engines to India's HAL |url=https://tass.com/defense/1911633 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's UEC Supplied 18 Engines to India's HJT-36 Trainer Aircraft Project |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/38810/Russia___s_UEC_Supplied_18_Engines_to_India___s_HJT_36_Trainer_Aircraft_Project |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Defense Mirror}}</ref>

== Operators ==

; {{IND}}

* {{Air force|India}}: 12 LSP and 73 series production aircraft on order.<ref name=":4" /> 200-250 planned.<ref name=":3" />

== Specifications (HJT-36, prototypes) ==
[[File:Profil HAL HJT-36.png|right|400px]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631770|page=304|chapter=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=22|title=HAL IJT|publisher=HAL|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|genhide=

|crew=2
|capacity=
|length m=11
|length ft=36
|length in=1
|length note=
|span m=10
|span ft=32
|span in=9.75
|span note=
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|width m=
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|width note=
|height m=4.4
|height ft=14
|height in=5.25
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|wing area sqm=17.5
|wing area sqft=188.4
|wing area note=
|swept area sqm=
|swept area sqft=
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|volume m3=
|volume ft3=
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|aspect ratio=5.5
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|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=4250
|gross weight lb=9370
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=5400
|max takeoff weight lb=11905
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|917|kg|lb}}
|lift kg=
|lift lb=
|lift note=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[SNECMA Turbomeca Larzac|SNECMA Larzac 04-H20]]
|eng1 type=non-afterburning turbofan
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=
|eng1 shp=
|eng1 kn=14.12
|eng1 lbf=3175
|eng1 note=(Prototypes; replaced)
|power original=
|thrust original=
|eng1 kn-ab=
|eng1 lbf-ab=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=750
|max speed mph=466
|max speed kts=405
|max speed note=
|max speed mach=0.75
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
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|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
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|never exceed speed kmh=
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|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
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|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1000
|range miles=621
|range nmi=540
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=9000
|ceiling ft=29520
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+7.0/–2.5
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|sink rate ms=
|sink rate ftmin=
|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=308.6
|wing loading lb/sqft=63.21
|wing loading note=
|disk loading kg/m2=
|disk loading lb/sqft=
|disk loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=

|guns=
|bombs=
|rockets=
|missiles=
|hardpoints=1 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylons
|hardpoint capacity={{convert|1000|kg|lb}}
|hardpoint rockets=
|hardpoint missiles=
|hardpoint bombs=
|hardpoint other=

|avionics=
|eng2 number=1|eng2 name=[[NPO Saturn AL-55]]I|eng2 type=non-afterburning turbofan|eng2 lbf=3,900|eng2 kn=17.3|eng2 note=(Production)}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[HLFT-42|HAL HLFT-42]]
* [[HAL Tejas]]
* [[HAL Kiran|HJT-16]]
* [[HAL HJT 39 / CAT]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Aermacchi M-345]]
* [[Hongdu JL-8]]
* [[FMA IA-63 Pampa]]
* [[Kawasaki T-4]]
* [[KB SAT SR-10]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224182652/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/IJT-Suresh.html HAL Intermediate Jet Trainer HJT-36 by Wg.Cdr Kukke Suresh VrC(Retd.) @ Bharat-rakshak.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306161733/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-5/Rao.html Bharat-Rakshak Monitor: Sitara - Intermediate Jet Trainer - HJT-36 by H. Niranjan Rao]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071018112001/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/HJT36/ Photos of the two prototypes @ Bharat-rakshak.com]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050327222603/http://www.acig.org/exclusives/aero/acig_aero05_hjt36.htm ACIG Exclusive: 15 Photos of two HJT-36 prototypes and its cockpit]}}

{{HAL aircraft}}

[[Category:HAL aircraft|Sitara]]
[[Category:2000s Indian military trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2003]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

Hamza Chatholi

2026-04-24T12:04:15Z

JacksonKuester2: put up new details

{{Short description|Indian athlete (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Hamza Chatoli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|11|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Top honours for Kerala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2012/Jun/27/top-honours-for-kerala-381045.html |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 June 2012 }}</ref> India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
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| website = 
| country =
| sport =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| rank =
| event =
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach = Nikolai Snesarev (2007)
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = '''1500 m''' ({{small|Outdoor}}): 3:39.9 ([[Jamshedpur]] 2007) '''200 m''' ({{small|Indoor}}): 3:41.18 '''[[List of Indian records in athletics|NR]]''' ([[Doha]] 2008)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2009 Asian Athletics Championships|2009 Guangzhou]]|[[2009 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres|1500 m]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2007 Asian Indoor Games|2007 Macau]]|1500 m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2008 Doha]]|1500 m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|1500 m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Military World Games|Military Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2007 Military World Games|2007 Hyderabad]]|1500 m}}
}}

'''Hamza Chatoli''' (born 1 November 1981) is an Indian athlete who competes in the [[1500 metres]] event.<ref>{{cite news |title= Paulose, Hamza win 1500m golds |url= http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/ath/20071031.htm |publisher= [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |date= 31 October 2007 |accessdate= 18 July 2013}}</ref> In the [[Indoor athletics at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games|2007 Asian Indoor Games]], he won the gold medal in beating defending champion [[Abubaker Ali Kamal]] of Qatar and set a new games record.<ref>{{cite news |title= Hamza, Sinimol strike gold |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hamza-sinimol-strike-gold/234487/ |newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |date= 31 October 2007 |accessdate= 18 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{World Athletics||name=Hamza Chatholi}}
* [http://www.all-athletics.com/node/44414 Profile at all-athletics.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223839/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/44414 |date=3 March 2016 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatholi, Hamza}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Athletes from Kerala]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]
[[Category:Military World Games bronze medalists]]
[[Category:Military World Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Gujarat Subah

2026-04-22T19:11:27Z

JacksonKuester2: started first entry more to come

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1573–1756}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = ''Gujarat Subah''
| native_name = {{native name|gu|Gujarāta subā}}
| common_name = Mughal Gujarat
| status_text = 
| government_type = [[Viceroyalty]]
| leader1 = 
| year_leader1 = 
| deputy1 = 
| year_deputy1 = 
| legislature = 
| house1 = 
| house2 = 
| capital = [[Ahmedabad]]
| political_subdiv = 
| today = [[India]]
| year_start = 1573
| year_end = 1756
| event_start = 
| date_start = 
| event_end = 
| date_end = 
| event1 = 
| era = [[Early modern period]]
| event_pre = 
| event_post = 
| flag_type = 
| flag = 
| image_coat = 
| symbol_type = 
| symbol = 
| image_map = Gujarat_Subah.png
| image_map_caption = Gujarat Subah depicted in map of Mughal Empire by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
| p1 = Gujarat Sultanate
| s1 = Maratha Confederacy
| footnotes = 
| area_label = 1601
| area_sq_mi = 77879<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
}}
{{Mughal Gujarat}}
{{History of Gujarat}}

The '''Gujarat Subah''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه گجرات}}}}){{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} was a province ([[subah]]) of the [[Mughal Empire]], encompassing the [[Gujarat]] region. The region first fell under Mughal control in 1573, when the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] (r. 1556–1605) defeated the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] under [[Muzaffar Shah III]].

Muzaffar tried to regain the [[Sultanate]] in 1584 but failed. Gujarat remained the Mughal province governed by the [[Subahdar|viceroys]] and [[Subahdar#Nazim|officers]] appointed by the Mughal emperors from [[Delhi]]. Akbar's foster brother [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]ltash was appointed as the subahdar (viceroy) who strengthened Mughal hold over the region. The nobles of former Sultanate continued to resist and rebel during the reign of the next emperor [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627) but Kokaltash and his successor subahdars subdued them. Jehangir also permitted the [[British East India Company]] to establish factories in [[Surat]] and elsewhere in Gujarat. The next emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1627–1658) expanded his territories in south and his subahdars made hold over [[Kathiawar]] peninsula including [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]. Shah Jahan had also appointed his prince [[Aurangzeb]], who was involved in religious disputes, prince [[Dara Shikoh]] and later prince [[Murad Bakhsh]] as subahdars. Following battle of succession, Aurangzeb (1658–1707) came to the Mughal throne and his policies resulted in revolts and discontent. During his reign, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Kingdom]] under [[Shivaji]] [[Sack of Surat|raided Surat]] (1666) and their incursions in Gujarat started. Till then Gujarat prospered due to political stability, peace and growing international trade.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=266–347}}

During the next three emperors (1707–1719) who had brief reigns, the nobles became more and more powerful due to instability in the Delhi. The royals of Marwar were appointed viceroys frequently. During the reign of the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] (1719–1748), the struggle between the Mughal and Maratha nobles were heightened with frequent battles and incursions. The south Gujarat was lost to the Marathas and the towns in north and central Gujarat was attacked on several occasions with frequent demand of tributes. The Marathas continued to grow their hold and the frequent change of viceroys did not reverse the trend. The competing houses of Marathas, [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwads]] and [[Peshwas]] engaged between themselves which slow down their progress for a while. They later made peace between themselves. During the reign of the next emperor [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] (1748–1754), there was nominal control over the nobles who acted on their own. There were frequent fights between themselves and with Marathas. [[Ahmedabad]], the capital of province, finally fell to the Marathas in 1752. It was regained by noble Momin Khan for a short time but again lost to the Marathas in 1756 after a long siege. Finding opportunity, the British captured Surat in 1759. After a setback at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]] in 1761, the Marathas strengthened their hold on Gujarat. During this fifty years, the power struggle between the Mughal nobles and Marathas caused disorder and the decline in prosperity.{{sfn|Campbell|1896|pp=266–347}}

==History==
[[File:Flight_of_Sultan_Bahadur_During_Humayun's_Campaign_in_Gujarat_1535.jpg|thumb|Humayun fights Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, in the year 1535.]]
===Under Humayun (1535–1536)===
In 1532–1533, [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat Sultan]] [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] provoked a war with [[Humayun]], the [[Mughal emperor|Mughal Emperor]] of Delhi.<ref name=":13">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 346.</ref> The immediate cause of the hostility is understood to be Bahadur Shah's protection of Muhammad Zaman Mirza, a Timurid prince and brother-in-law of Humayun, who had previous plotted against Humayun and his government and had subsequently been held in confinement.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, pp. 346–347.</ref> This antagonism was furthered by Bahadur Shah's favorable reception of the Afghan princes of the Lodi dynasty (rules of the Delhi Sultanate) who had offended the Mughal Empire.<ref name=":13" /> As Bahadur Shah failed to extradite Muhammad Zaman Mirza, Humayun marched from Agra towards Chittor; he waited idly by Gwalior while Bahadur Shah laid siege to Chittor.<ref name=":14">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 347.</ref>

Bahadur Shah listened to the advice of Rumi Khan—who was considered to have secretly allied with Humayun after Bahadur Shah refused to uphold the promise of putting him in command of Chittor<ref name=":14" />—over that of Taj Khan and Sadr Khan and established a fortified camp near Mandasor.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 350.</ref> While Bahadur Shah had significant artillery, Humayun took Rumi Khan's advice and cut Bahadur Shah's supplies.<ref name=":15">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 351.</ref> The highly effective blockade and the realization of Rumi Khan's betrayal forced Bahadur Shah to flee from the camp in April 1535.<ref name=":15" /> After fleeing Mandasor, Bahadur Shah took refuge in the hill-fortress of Mandu, which was summarily stormed by Humayun's troops.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 353.</ref> As a result, Malwa was annexed under the Mughal Empire and Bahadur Shah escaped first to Champaner via Songarh,<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 354.</ref> next to Khambhat,<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 355.</ref> and finally to Diu.<ref name=":16">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 356.</ref>

Humayun kept pursuit of Bahadur Shah until he found out that the latter had successfully retreated to Diu.<ref name=":16" /> Having abandoned his pursuit, Humayun encamped at Khambhat where an old aboriginal woman warned him of an upcoming night attack by 5,000–6,000 members of the Koli and Gowar tribes.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 356–357.</ref> Humayun was able to route the attack on account of the warning; however, given the perceived insult, he ordered the town of Khambhat to be set on fire and plundered.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 357.</ref> After being convinced to postpone the attack on Diu, Humayun returned to successfully lay siege to Champaner<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 358.</ref> in August 1535.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 360.</ref>

In settling the government of Gujarat, Humayun nominated Mirza Askari, his brother, as the viceroy.<ref name=":17">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 368.</ref> Before he could resume his pursuit of Bahadur Shah, he received news that the eastern provinces of the Mughal Empire were revolting under Sher Khan Afghan and that the imperial garrisons in Malwa were being challenged by the local chieftains.<ref name=":17" /> No sooner had Humayun turned to attend to these matters, a counter was launched with Bahadur Shah's officers reclaiming the towns of Surat, Bharuch, and Khambhat.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 369.</ref> Bahadur Shah marched towards Ahmedabad while amassing an army but Mirza Askari and his army retreated without engaging in battle.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 369–370.</ref> Bahadur Shah continued to pursue the retreating forces defeating them in battle at Kanij near Mahemdavad.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 370.</ref> Under instruction from Humayun, Tardi Beg is said to have abandoned Champaner finally marking the end of the Mughal occupation of Gujarat under Humayun.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 371.</ref>

Having to deal with Humayun's march on the one side and the Portuguese attack at Diu on the other side, Bahadur Shah entered into the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]] in December 1534.<ref name=":18">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 349.</ref> The treaty granted the [[Portuguese Empire]] control of the town of [[Vasai|Bassein]] (Vasai), required vessels bound for the Red Sea to call at Bassein to procure passes and pay customary dues on their return trip, and prohibited the building of warships at any of the Gujarat ports.<ref name=":18" /> At a later time, following his retreat to Diu, Bahadur Shah turned to the Portuguese Empire for assistance<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 362.</ref> and entered into a second treaty with them in October 1535 granting them permission to build a fort at Diu in exchange for military assistance.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 363.</ref>

=== Under Akbar (1573–1605) ===
{{main|Gujarat under Akbar}}
[[File:Itimad Khan and his entourage submit to Akbar, November 1572.jpg|thumb|300px|Akbar receives homage from Itimad Khan and the nobles of Gujarat in 1572.]]
In 1572–1573, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]] conquered [[Gujarat Sultanate]] (now [[Gujarat]], India) taking advantage of the puppet-ruler<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 492.</ref> Sultan [[Muzaffar Shah III]] and his quarreling nobles.<ref name="Volume II p. 17">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 17.</ref> Muzaffar was held captive at [[Agra]]. Akbar appointed his foster brother [[Mirza Aziz Koka]], the Khan-i-Azam, as the first viceroy<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 518.</ref> who faced an insurrection by the rebel nobles of the former Sultanate.<ref name=":0">Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 508–509.</ref> Akbar quickly came to aid, arrested the Gujarati nobles, and ended the insurrection.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 510.</ref> [[Todar Mal|Raja Todar Mal]] was tasked to survey the land and fix the assessment in order to settle the land revenues.<ref>Commissariat 1938, Vol. I, p. 526.</ref> The viceroy Shihab-ud-din Ahmad Khan<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 11.</ref> strengthened the cavalry and decreased crime.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 15.</ref> Sultan Muzaffar III escaped in 1578,<ref name="Volume II p. 17"/> returned with dissident troops that previously worked for ex-viceroy Shihab-ud-dín Ahmad Khan in 1583,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 17–18.</ref> and led an attack on [[Ahmedabad]] and recaptured it when the then viceroy Itimad Khan mistakenly left the city.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 18.</ref> Upon hearing of the events in Gujarat, Akbar reappointed Mirza Abdurrahim Khan (commonly known as Mirza Khan) as the viceroy who defeated Muzaffar III in the battle of Fateh Bagh in January 1584.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 22.</ref> Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a second time and defeated the combined forces of Sultan Muzaffar III, Jam of Navanagar, Daulat Khan Ghori of [[Junagadh]], and the [[Kathi people|Kathi]] Loma Khuman in the battle of [[Battle of Bhuchar Mori|Bhuchar Mori]].<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 24–25.</ref> Muzaffar III was captured in [[Bhuj]] but he committed suicide, putting an end to the Gujarat Sultanate.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 26.</ref> Mirza Aziz Koka conquered Junagadh and established Mughal authority over [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in 1592<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 27–28.</ref> before leaving for [[Mecca]] on [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] in 1593.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 32.</ref> Subsequently, [[Murad Bakhsh|Prince Murad Bakhsh]] was appointed as the viceroy<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 34.</ref> on whose death, Mirza Aziz Koka returned a third time as the viceroy serving through his sons .<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 36.</ref> Akbar was succeeded by [[Jahangir]].<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 43.</ref>

===Under Jahangir (1605–1627)===
{{main|Gujarat under Jehangir}}
[[File:Mogul-_Jahangir_-_Münzkabinett,_Berlin_-_5549615.jpg|thumb|Gold mohur minted in Jahangir's name in Ahmedabad]]
Jahangir appointed Qulij Khan was as the viceroy of Gujarat in the first year of his reign.<ref name=":1">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 44.</ref> However, on account of Qulij Khan being called to Punjab and Sultan Muzaffar Shah III's son, Prince Bahadur, leading an insurrection around Ahmedabad, Jahangir sent Raja Vikramajit to Gujarat as his next viceroy.<ref name=":1" /> He was succeeded by [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhari]] (honored with the title of Murtaza Khan), a scholar and a military commander, who was responsible for constructing the fort of Kadi, a town in the Mehsana district.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 46.</ref> Mirza Aziz Koka was appointed as the viceroy for a fourth time but was asked to rule through his son Jahangir Quli Khan as his deputy; they subdued the rebellions and protests of the nobles of the former Sultanate and of the Hindu chiefs<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 48.</ref> and successfully averted an invasion by Malik Ambar from [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in the south.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 47–48.</ref> The next viceroy Abdulla Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang undertook expeditions against the Nizam Shahi kingdom of [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 49.</ref> Under Jahangir, the [[British East India Company]] was permitted to establish factories in [[Surat]] in 1612.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 52.</ref> During reign of the next viceroy Muqarrab Khan,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 53.</ref> Jahangir arrived at Ahmedabad for an extended visit to Gujarat.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 54.</ref> In January 1618, he appointed his son Prince [[Shah Jahan]] as the next viceroy.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 63.</ref> Shah Jahan rebelled against his father, Jahangir, in 1622–1623<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 85.</ref> and he was replaced by Prince Dawar Bakhsh (also known as Sultan Bulaqi)<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 91.</ref> whose imperial forces recovered Bharuch and Surat.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 92.</ref> Upon the death of Dawar Bakhsh's guardian (Mirza Aziz Koka), Khan Jahan was briefly appointed as the viceroy.<ref name=":2">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 93.</ref> Subsequently, Saif Khan served as the viceroy of Gujarat until the end of Jahangir's reign and Shah Jahan's ascension in 1627.<ref name=":2" />

Following his appointment as viceroy in 1618, Prince Shah Jahan governed through his deputies Rustam Khan and Raja Vikramjit until the start of his rebellion against Jahangir in 1622.<ref name=":3">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 97.</ref> During this time, land was acquired in the suburb of Maqsudpur on the banks of the Sabarmati River for a royal garden, which later came to be known as Shahi Bagh.<ref name=":3" />

===Under Shah Jahan (1627–1658)===
{{main|Gujarat under Shah Jahan}}
[[File:Azam Khan Sarai.jpg|thumb|Sarai built by Azam Khan adjoining the [[Bhadra Fort]], Ahmedabad]]
On the death of [[Jehangir|Jahangir]] in 1627,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 106.</ref> his son [[Shah Jahan]] formally ascended to the throne in February 1628.<ref name=":4">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 110.</ref> Under Shah Jahan, Sher Khan Tur (Nahir Khan) was first appointed viceroy in 1628.<ref name=":4" /> This marked the start of expansion efforts south with attacks on the districts of Nasik, Sangamner, and Baglan, including the capture of the fort of Chandor.<ref name=":4" /> After Sher Khan Tur and until 1635, three nobles—Islam Khan, Baqir Khan, Sipahdar Khan—were appointed as viceroys because they sent expensive gifts to the emperor.<ref name=":5">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 111.</ref> Thereafter, Saif Khan, who previously served as the effective viceroy in the last years of Jahangir, was appointed as viceroy; he was then replaced by Azam Khan who served as viceroy until 1642.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 112.</ref> Azam Khan is said to have brought order to the province by subduing the ''Chunvalis'' Kolis in the northeast and the Kathi tribes near Dhandhuka terrorizing them by the destruction of their crops and their plantations.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 115–116.</ref> Through the Jam Lakhaji of Nawanagar, he set an example with regards to the collection of tribute from the Rajput chiefs of Saurashtra, who defied imperial authority and disobeyed the viceroys.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 121.</ref> Mirza Isa Tarkhan, who was appointed the next viceroy,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 122.</ref> carried out financial reforms by introducing ''bhagvatai'' or the "share system of levying revenue in kind."<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 123.</ref>

After being appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1645, Prince [[Aurangzeb]] was in involved in religious dispute with both Hindus and Muslims.<ref name=":6">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 125.</ref> He ordered the conversion of the Jain temple of Chintamani at Saraspur—built by a jeweler named Shantidas in 1625—into a mosque named 'Quvvat-ul-Islam'.<ref name=":6" /> Aurangzeb also issued an injunction against the dilution of indigo with dust and white sand.<ref name=":6"/> Aurangzeb was recalled in 1646 to assist with the conquest of Balkh and Badakhshan and was replaced by Shaistah Khan.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 127.</ref> Shaishtah Khan failed to subdue the ''Chunvalis'' Kolis and attempted to monopolize indigo and other goods by buying them from tradesmen at his own rates.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 129.</ref> Thereafter, Prince [[Dara Shukoh]] was appointed viceroy of Gujarat whose deputy Ghairat Khan (Baqir Beg) brought along an imperial decree that partially restored the Jain temple of Chintamani back to Shantidas.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 129–130.</ref> Shaistah Khan was then appointed viceroy of Gujarat for a second time and undertook campaigns against the ''Chunvalis'' Kolis and carried out repairs for the city-walls of Ahmedabad.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 131.</ref> In 1654, Prince Murad Bakhsh was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 133.</ref> In 1657, hearing news of Shah Jahan's severe illness, Murad Bakhsh claimed the Mughal throne,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 134.</ref> annexed Surat to collect resources for his campaign,<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, pp. 134–135.</ref> and formed an alliance with Aurangzeb with an informal arrangement for the division of the Mughal Empire.<ref name=":7">Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 137.</ref>

Shah Jahan appointed the [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Maharaja of Marwar, Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur]] and Qasim Khan as the viceroys of Malwa and Gujarat, respectively; Murad Bakhsh was instructed to proceed to Berar and the newly appointed viceroys were ordered to engage with Murad Bakhsh if he failed to comply with the commands.<ref name=":7" /> The combined forces of Murad Bakhsh and Aurangzeb defeated the imperial generals at the battle of Dharmat.<ref name=":7" /> They subsequently faced and defeated the army of Prince Dara Shikoh at the [[Battle of Samugarh]], eight miles from Agra Fort.<ref name=":7" /> Soon after, Aurangzeb imprisoned Murad Bakhsh (for killing his Diwan, Ali Naqi, in Ahmedabad in 1657), confined Shah Jahan, and declared himself the emperor in 1658.<ref>Commissariat 1957, Vol. II, p. 139.</ref>

Gujarat experienced a severe famine in 1630–1631 resulting in significant deaths of men, women, and cattle.<ref name=":5" />

===Under Aurangzeb (1658–1707)===
[[File:Ahmedabad (9183709221).jpg|thumb|[[Sardar Khan's Roza|Roza of Sardar Khan]], who served as fauzdar of Bharuch and Sorath during the reign of Aurangzeb]]
After the imprisonment of Prince Murad Bakhsh and the desertion of Prince Dara Shikoh, [[Aurangzeb]] went through his first coronation in July 1658.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=151}} As reward for deserting Dara Shikoh before the battle of Deorai, Aurangzeb appointed Raja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur as viceroy of Gujarat and restored to him the title of "Maharaja".{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=158}} Qutb-ud-din Khan served as acting viceroy after Maharaja Jaswant Singh and temporarily annexed [[Nawanagar State|Navanagar]] (renamed to Islamnagar) into the Mughal Empire.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=166–167}} He was succeeded by Mahabat Khan as the next viceroy of Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=169}}

Edicts issued by Aurangzeb include a ban of the cultivation of the poppy plant and the appointment of a censor of public morals to enforce the laws of Islam and a prohibition of intoxicants (distilled spirits, ''bhang'', etc.).{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=162}} Aurangzeb's ''farman'' of 1665 prohibited a large number of illegal and burdensome taxes levied by the imperial officials of Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=171}} In the same ''farman'', Aurangzeb required Hindu merchants to keep their shops open on the auspicious days of ''pancham'', ''amvas'', and the ekadashi. Moreover, he ordered his officers to prevent Hindus from lighting Diwali lamps in bazaars, to stop the theft of sticks for use in Holi fires, banned the use of obscene language on Diwali and Holi, and ordered potters to not make statues of animate beings on the festivals of [[Eid al-Fitr|'Id]], [[Shab-e-Barat|Shab-i-Barat]] and days of [[Urs|‘Urs]].{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=171}} He enacted excise duties on the sale of commodities valued over Rs. 52 with Muslims paying 2.5% Hindus paying 5.0%. Within two years, the duty on Muslims was remitted but kept for Hindus, and officials were ordered to ensure Hindus did not mix their goods with those of Muslims to avoid the tax.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=172}}
In January 1664, [[Maratha]] leader [[Shivaji]] [[Battle of surat|plundered Surat]] and emptied its riches.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=170}} Under the next viceroy Bahadur Khan (Khan Jahan Koka),{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=172}} on account of Shivaji's attacks against the state and island-fortress of Janjira, an alliance was struck the Sidi ruler of Janjira and the Mughal Empire.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=172–173}} Maharaja Jaswant Singh was appointed the viceroy for a second time and Navanagar was partially restored to its ruler.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=174}} The next viceroy, Muhammad Amin Khan, took office in 1672 and, unusually, held it for a long period of 10 years.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=177}} During this time, Muhammad Amin Khan dealt with the revolt of Rao Gopinath, the ruler of Idar,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=178}} a number of edicts from Aurangzeb highlighting the theocratic of his rule,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=179}} and the ''jaziya'' (capitation tax) on all non-Muslims throughout the Mughal Empire (poor paid 12 dirhams per head, middle class paid 24 dirhams per head, and the rich paid 48 dirhams per head).{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=180}}[[File:Prince A'zam Shah enters Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Prince Azam Shah enters Ahmedabad, by Chitarman II (Kalyan Das) c. 1701.]]
Under Aurangzeb's reign, measures were undertaken for the conservation of public monuments and for repairs to fortifications including the fort of Azamabad, the fort of Junagadh, the city-walls of Ahmedabad, and the royal palaces in the Bhadra citadel.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=181–182}} Under the next viceroy, Mukhtar Khan, Ahmedabad faced a flood and a famine.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=182}} Shujaat Khan (Kartalab Khan) held office as the next viceroy for sixteen years{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=183}} ending his tenure with broad popularity among the citizens of Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=185–186}} He contained a revolt of Shia Muslims ([[Momna|Momnas]] and Matias who were members of the Imam Shahi sect) in 1691{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=186}} and undertook a campaign against the Khachars and other Kathi tribes wherein he attacked the fort of Than and destroyed the ancient temple of the Sun.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=187–188}} In 1694, Shujaat Khan received orders from Aurangzeb to demolish the temple at Vadnagar.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=189}} He was initially entrusted the command of the war against the Rathors of Marwar{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=199}} and later negotiated peace arrangements with [[Durgadas Rathore|Durgadas Rathod]] of Marwar.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=201}} Following Shujaat Khan's death, Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] was appointed as the viceroy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=202}} Upon Aurangzeb's orders, Prince Muhammad Azam ordered Durgadas to attend court in Ahmedabad in the hopes of imprisoning or killing him with the help of Safdar Khan Babi; however, Durgadas grew suspicious and escaped.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=202–203}} After a brief period of conflict, Durgadas appealed for and agreed to a second truce in 1705.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=204}}

In 1706, the Marathas, under the command of [[Dhanaji Jadhav]], invaded Gujarat reaching as far as [[Bharuch]] and defeating the imperial forces at Ratanpur{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=204}} and at Baba Piara ''ghat''.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=212}} Upon hearing that Aurangzeb had appointed Prince [[Bidar Bakht]] as the next viceroy until the arrival of Ibrahim Khan, the Marathas left Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=214}} Ibrahim Khan took over the office of the viceroy in February 1707 just a few days before the passing of Aurangzeb.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=215}} Taking advantage of Aurangzeb's death, the Marathas launched a second invasion under [[Balaji Vishwanath|Balaji Vishvanath]] and reached as far as Ahmedabad.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=216}} Fearing heavy plunder, Ibrahim Khan negotiated and paid a heavy tribute of 210,000 rupees to withdraw.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=217}} Aurangzeb's death led to another civil war ([[Battle of Jajau]]), which resulted in the victory of Prince Muhammad Muazzam who ascended to the Mughal throne as [[Bahadur Shah I]].{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=218}}

Gujarat experienced a drought and a famine in 1685 and 1686, respectively, which led to a shortage of grain and significant inflation in food prices.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=188}}

=== Under successive emperors ===

==== Under Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712) ====
[[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi-ud-Din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang]] became the first viceroy of Gujarat under [[Bahadur Shah I]]{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=384}} arriving at Ahmedabad in September 1708.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=385}} Bahadur Shah, considered to have followed Shia tenets, sparked a religious controversy by ordering the public prayer (''khutba'') in Gujarat to add the title of successor (''wali'') to Ali, the fourth caliph and the first Shia Imam; the preacher (''khatib'') at Ahmedabad that insisted on following the orders was killed.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=385}} Following Ghazi-ud-Din Khan's death in 1710, Amanat Khan, the governor of Surat now titled Shahamat Khan, was given charge of affairs until the arrival of the next viceroy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=386}} Shahamat Khan requested and received an allowance of one lakh rupees per month to amass and maintain military forces and artillery to mitigate the danger of Maratha raids of the province.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=386}} Emperor Bahadur Shah died at Lahore in February 1712.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}}

==== Under Jahandar Shah (1712–1713) ====
In 1712, Emperor Bahadur Shah I was succeeded by his son [[Jahandar Shah]], who appointed [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] as the viceroy of Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}} Asad Khan remained in Delhi and governed through his deputies Muhammad Beg Khan and Sarbuland Khan whereas Shahamat Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Malwa.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}} On 11 February 1713, Emperor Jahandar Shah was deposed and slain by his nephew [[Farrukhsiyar]], who ascended to the throne on 11 January 1713.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}}

==== Under Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719) ====
{{main|Gujarat under Farrukhsiyar}}
Emperor Farrukhsiyar ascended to the throne with the help of the [[Sayyid brothers|Saiyid brothers]] [[Abdullah Khan Barha|Abdullah Khan]] and [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Husain Ali Khan]], who were subsequently appointed as the prime minister (''vazir'') and the head of the Deccan provinces, respectively.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}} [[Mubariz Khan|Shahamat Khan]] was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat and arrived at Ahmedabad in June 1713.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=387}} Subsequently, [[Daud Khan Panni]] was appointed the viceroy of Gujarat in October 1713 overseeing the province at the time of the communal riots that broke out during the Holi festival in 1714.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=388}} Daud Khan Panni was later succeeded by [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]] in 1715,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=388}} who, in turn, was succeeded by Khan Dauran.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=393}} Emperor Farrukhsiyar was imprisoned and killed by the Saiyid brothers in 1719.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=395}}

==== Under Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) ====
{{main|Gujarat under Muhammad Shah}}
Emperor Farrukhsiyar was succeeded by the short reigns of [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] and [[Shah Jahan II]].{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=395}} Following their deaths, Prince Roshan Akhtar came to the throne under the title of [[Muhammad Shah]] in September 1719.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=398}} In the same year, [[Pilaji Rao Gaekwad|Pilaji Gaekwad]] emerged as the most active and aggressive Maratha leader after making the hill fort of [[Songadh]] his headquarters.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=401}} [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] and the Marathas conducted attacks against and exacted tribute from south Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=402}}
[[File:Amritvarshini Vav, Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|Amritvarshini Vav, Ahmedabad built by Raja Raghunathdas, diwan of Haidar Quli Khan]]
As a reward for his assistance in overthrowing the Saiyid brothers,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=404}} Haidar Quli Khan was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat in 1721.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=403}} Since he was rebuffed for the position of prime minister (vazir), Haidar Quli Khan considered establishing himself as an independent ruler in Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=406}} As a result, he was recalled and [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-mulk]] was appointed as the viceroy of Gujarat; Nizam-ul-mulk administered his role through Hamid Khan as his deputy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=407}} Nizam-ul-mulk, unable to conduct administrative reform or curtail corruption at the court,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=408}} departed from Delhi and was succeeded by Sarbuland Khan Bahadur, who appointed Shujaat Khan as his deputy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=410}}

The transition of viceroyship from Hamid Khan to Shujaat Khan was contentious given the former's desire to hold on to power, which ultimately plunged Gujarat into a civil war between 1724 and 1725.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=410}} Hamid Khan recruited the help of Maratha leaders and killed Shujaat Khan and his brothers, Ibrahim Quli Khan and Rustam Ali Khan.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=410}} Further conflict at the Battle of Adas on the Mahi river in 1725 only saw the relative weakening of Mughal power as the Maratha forces of Kanthaji Kadam Bande (sided with Hamid Khan) and Pilaji Gaekwad (initially sided with Rustam Ali Khan and later with Hamid Khan) observed from the sidelines.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=414}} Ultimately, Hamid Khan was driven out of power by Sarbuland Khan, the next viceroy of Gujarat,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=421}} with the assistance of imperial troops who won skirmishes at [[Sojitra]] in [[Petlad|Petland]] and at [[Kapadvanj]] in early 1726.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=424}} Despite the backing of a significant imperial force, Sarbuland Khan entered into a treaty with Kanthaji in 1726 that granted the Marathas the right to collect taxes (''chauth'') in the districts north of the [[Mahi River|Mahi river]], with the exception of Ahmedabad and the home district.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=426}} While this period saw significant in-fighting between Kanthaji and Pilaji on one hand and the agents of Peshwa [[Bajirao I|Baji Rao I]] on the other hand, the Mughal power diminished with the loss of Vadnagar,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=425}} Dabhoi, and Baroda.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=426}} Ultimately, Sarbuland Singh had no choice but to enter into a treaty with the Peshwa in which he agreed to turn over 10% of all land and customs revenues with the exception of Surat and its district, the regular tax (''chauth'') from all such districts, and 5% of all revenues from the city of Ahmedabad.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=427}}

Given the oppressive rule and failure to contain the Maratha power, Sarbuland Khan was removed as the viceroy and was replaced by Maharaja [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhaysingh of Marwar]] in 1730.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=429}} Despite considerable efforts, a failed alliance with Peshwa Baji Rao I, and a successful assassination of Pilaji Gaekwad,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=445}} Abhaysingh was unable to suppress the Maratha invasions and influence.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=437}} Abhaysingh left Ahmedabad for Delhi in 1733 after assigning Ratansingh as his deputy viceroy,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=449}} who faced conflicts with Sohrab Khan (the son of Rustam Ali Khan){{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=451}} and with Rangoji.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=452}} He engaged in tyrannical rule, imposed illegal taxes, and refused to transfer power to Momin Khan as the next viceroy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=454}}{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=459}} Emblematic of the political anarchy and the waning power of the Mughal Empire, Momin Khan forged an alliance with Rangoji and [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad|Damaji Gaekwad]] agreeing to highly punitive terms to drive out Ratansingh.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=460}}{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=463}}
[[File:Mogul- Muhammad Schah - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548883.jpg|thumb|Gold coin minted during Muhammad Shah's reign in Surat]]
Following the death of Momin Khan, Mughal authority was administered jointly by his cousin, Fida-ud-din Khan, and his son, Muftakhir Khan.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=479}} After Rangoji's failed attempt to capture Ahmedabad,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=483}} Jawan Mard Khan Babi emerged a powerful figure in Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=486}} He established himself as the deputy viceroy under Abdul Aziz Khan on the basis of forged documents{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=486}} and successfully challenged Fakhr-ud-daulah, the imperial-appointed viceroy.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=493}} Despite the in-fighting between [[Khanderao II Gaekwad|Khanderao Gaekwad]] and Rangoji, this period undoubtedly marked the beginning of the collapse of the Mughal rule in Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=495}} Emperor Muhammad Shah died in 1748 and was succeeded by his son [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]].{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=497}}

==== Under Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754) ====
{{main|Gujarat under Ahmad Shah Bahadur}}
Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur appointed [[Bakht Singh (Maharaja)|Vakhatsingh]], brother of Maharaja Abhaysingh, as the next viceroy of Gujarat in May 1748{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=498}} but he never officially took the position given the precarious political situation of the province.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=499}} This dysfunction translated to increased robberies, kidnappings, and highway looting.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=503}} The treaty between Damaji Gaekwad and Peshwa Baji Rao I in 1752 consolidated the Maratha power under the Peshwa,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=506}} which, in turn, bolstered the Maratha power over Gujarat{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=507}} and resulted in the siege and capture of Ahmedabad in March 1753.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=510}} Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was deposed on account of political unrest in Delhi in 1754 and was succeeded by Aziz-ud-daulat under the name of Emperor Alamgir II.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=519}}

==== Under Alamgir II (1754–1756) ====
{{main|Gujarat under Alamgir II}}
Momin Khan II, who had established himself as the [[Nawab of Cambay|Nawab of Khambhat]], represented the vestigial remnants of the Mughal Empire in Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=523}} On the heels of successful pillaging excursions to Gogha and Jambusar,{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=526}} Momin Khan II recaptured Ahmedabad from the Marathas in October 1756.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|pp=527–528}} In retaliation, the Marathas attacked Ahmedabad under the combined armies of Sadashiv Ramchandra, Damaji Gaekwad, and Jawan Mard Khan until Momin Khan II surrendered in February 1758.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=553}}

== Economy and trade ==
[[File:Mogul- Murad Bakhsh - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548598.jpg|thumb|Gold coin minted by imperial claimant Murad Baksh, Ahmadabad mint]]
=== Oceanic trade ===
In the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants took advantage of the withdrawal of Chinese merchants from the Southeast Asian trade and established a presence in [[Malacca|Malacca, Malaysia]].{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=336}} They would provide Indian textiles and procure spices, Chinese porcelain and silk, and tin from Malaysia.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=336}}

Oceanic merchants of several nations used the port of Khambhat in Gujarat as a stopover since all parts of the Indian Ocean could be reached within one monsoon season.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=336}} Gujarati merchants developed a triangular trade network supplying Indian textiles to [[Aceh|Aceh, Indonesia]], pepper to the [[Red Sea]] ([[Aden|Aden, Yemen]]), and bullion back to Gujarat.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=337}} However, in the 17th century, the Mughal port of Surat replaced the port of Khambhat in importance, which further facilitated the consolidation of the Gujarati oceanic trade.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=338}} Wealthy, high-status entrepreneurs emerged in Surat, such as Vrij Vora, who, in the 1630s, was the leading merchant in a cartel that monopolized Dutch supplies of cloves and other spices.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=338}}
[[File:Mogul- Aurangzeb - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548553.jpg|thumb|Coin minted under Aurangzeb, Junagarh mint]]
Gujarati oceanic trade expanded into the China Sea in the back-half of the 16th century owing to the liberal attitude of the Manchu-led [[Qing dynasty]].{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=338}} In the 1690s, a small number of Gujarati ships also appeared at [[Manila|Manila, Philippines]].{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=336}} The 18th century saw the fall of Gujarati oceanic trade and the shrinking importance of the port of Surat on account of the decline of the Mughal empire, Maratha incursions, the growing importance of the port of [[Mumbai]], and increasing competition from English traders.{{Sfn|Maloni|2014|p=339}}

=== Silk and cotton handicrafts ===
Following the procurement of bales of silk from Bengal, the weaving of silk was localized in Ahmedabad and Surat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=296}} Velvet embroidered with gold or silver was manufactured at the royal factories in Ahmedabad and was used to construct pavilions that were sent to the royal court at Agra.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=297}} Silk was also used to produce carpets, satins, and taffetas.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=298}}

Cotton textiles—specifically, [[calico]]es—were produced at Bharuch, Navsari, and Vadodara{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=300}} and became one of the two principal commodities that were exported by the British East India Company until the end of the reign of Shah Jahan.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=301}}

=== Indigo ===
In Gujarat, indigo was primarily produced in Sarkhej in the 17th century.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=303}} While this variety was not as pure (due to the mixture of sand) as the variety from Biana near Agra, it was similarly priced due to the savings from transporting it to the coast.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=304}} The indigo trade decreased after 1650 as Europe turned to the West Indies as its source of supply.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=305}}

=== Saltpeter ===
[[Saltpeter]], an important ingredient in gunpowder, was largely supplied from Malpur, a small town in the Sabarkantha district, and was purchased by the British in Gujarat.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=306}} The saltpeter trade with the British and the Dutch was relatively modest, consisting of between 200 and 300 tons per year, initially but was later expanded with the discovery of resources in Bihar.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=307}}

As the viceroy of Gujarat, Aurangzeb embargoed the sale of saltpeter in 1645 on the religious reason that it may be used against other Muslims.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=307}}

== Art and architecture ==
Art and architecture were emphasized under the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan.{{Sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=35}} Akbar favored the illustration of historical events and religious epics, Jahangir had an inclination towards wildlife paintings, and Shah Jahan was more interested in architecture.{{Sfn|Srivastava|2001|p=35}}

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Hazira High Def.jpg|thumb|Hazira Maqbara or Qutbuddin Mahmad Khan's Tomb]]
Mughals introduced the ''[[charbagh]]'' (four gardens) concept, in which a square or rectangular garden is divided into four parts, with the intersection serving as a focal point for a monument.{{Sfn|Parikh|2012|p=257}} The red sandstone [[Hazira Maqbara|mausoleum of Qutb-ud-din Muhammad]] in Vadodara—which blends local traditions of perforated screens (''[[jali]]s'') and lattice windows—serves as one such example.{{Sfn|Parikh|2012|p=257}}

Construction of the Chintamani temple began in 1621 under the leadership of [[Shantidas Jhaveri]]; it serves as an archetype of [[Jainism|Jain]] architecture in Gujarat from the Mughal period.{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=141}}

=== Gardens ===
Gardens in Gujarat under the Mughal Empire consisted of the imperial gardens, those built by nobles or Indian merchants, and gardens built by the Dutch and English.{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=441}} Usually situated on riverbanks to facilitate irrigation and fountains,{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=442}} these gardens often required significant expenditure for upkeep.{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=445}} They supported social activities and hosted feasts, music, and other entertainments.{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=446}}

Imperial gardens included the Fateh Bagh—laid out by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and accessible to the public{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=448}}—which featured trees bearing oranges, lemons, apples, and pomegranates.{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=443}} Other notable sites included the [[Shahibaug|Shahi Bagh]], constructed by Shah Jahan on the banks of the [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] River and{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=448}} featuring a rose garden,{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=444}} and the Rustam Bagh,laid out by Prince Murad.{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=442}}

Gardens laid out by the Dutch and English near Surat were also influenced by Mughal gardens, featuring four walkways intersecting at a central pavilion (''[[chhatri]]'').{{Sfn|Fatma|2011|p=443}}

==Administration==
The Gujarat subah covered an area of 302 [[Kos (unit)|kos]] (966.4 kilometres) between [[Burhanpur]] in the east and Jagat ([[Dwarka]]) in the west and 70 kos (224 kilometres) between [[Jalore]] in the north and [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] in the south. The twenty-five ''sarkar''s (administrative units) of [[Gujarat Sultanate]] were reorganised in 16 ''sarkar''s and the others areas were transferred back to its older provinces. Of this 16 ''sarkar''s; nine were under direct control of the Mughal Empire; [[Ahmedabad|Ahmadabad]], [[Baroda]],
[[Bharuch]], [[Champaner]], [[Godhra]], [[Nadaut]], [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], [[Kathiawar|Sorath]], and [[Surat]]. They were known as ''sarkarat-i kharaji'' where the [[Mughal fiscal system]] of revenue collection was applied. The other seven ''sarkar''s were under administration and fiscal jurisdictions of the local chiefs; Bansballa ([[Banswara State|Banswara]]), [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], [[Kutch State|Kutch]], [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]], [[Ramnagar State|Ramnagar]], [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]] and [[Sant State|Sant]]. They were known as ''sarkarat-i peshkashi'' where annual tribute (''peshkash'') was collected by the Mughals. This local chiefs, ''zamindar''s, acknowledged the Mughal suzerainty and occasionally provided military support.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eighteenth-century Gujarat : the dynamics of its political economy, 1750–1800|last=A.|first=Nadri, Ghulam|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004172029|location=Leiden|pages=11|oclc=568402132}}</ref>

Throughout the Mughal Empire, the single trimetallic currency was established but Gujarat continued to use a local silver coin known as ''Mahmudi'' alongside the Mughal currency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haider|first=Najaf|date=2017-10-06|title=A sturdy regional currency: The continuous use of Maḥmūdīs in Gujarat under the Mughals|journal=Studies in People's History|volume=4|issue=2|pages=162–175|doi=10.1177/2348448917725852|s2cid=134800794|issn=2348-4489}}</ref>

==List of Mughal Viceroys of Gujarat (1573–1754)==
===Under Akbar (1573–1605)===
The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Akbar:{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=16}}

* [[Mirza Aziz Koka]], Khan-i-Azam, 1573–1575
* Mirza Abdurrahim Khan (through Vazir Khan), 1575–1578
* Shihab-ud-din Ahmad Khan, 1578–1583
* Itimad Khan Gujarati, 1583
* Mírza Abdurrahim Khan (second time), 1584–1589
* Mírza Aziz Koka (second time), 1590–1593
* Prince [[Murad Bakhsh|Murad Baksh]], 1593–1594
* Mirza Aziz Koka (third time, through his sons), 1600–1605

===Under Jahangir (1605–1627)===
The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Jahangir:{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=57}}

* Qulij Khan and Raja Vikramjit, 1605–1606
* [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhari]] (Murtaza Khan), 1606–1609
* Mírza Aziz Koka (fourth time, through Jahangir Quli Khan as deputy), 1609–1611
* Abdulla Khan Fíruz Jang, 1611–1616
* Muqarrab Khan, 1616–1618
* Prince [[Shah Jahan]] (through Rustam Khan and Sundardas, Raja Vikramjit), 1618–1623
* Prince Dawar Baksh, 1623–1624
* [[Khan Jahan Lodi]] (through Saif Khan), 1624–1627

===Under Shah Jahan (1627–1658)===
The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Shah Jahan:{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=114}}

* Sher Khan Tur, 1628–1631
* Islam Khan, Baqir Khan, and Sipahdar Khan, 1631–1635
* Saif Khan, 1635–1636
* Azam Khan, 1636–1642
* Mirza [[Tarkhan dynasty|Isa Tarkhan]], 1642–1645
* Prince [[Aurangzeb]], 1645–1646
* Shaistah Khan, 1646–1648
* Prince Dara Shukoh, 1648–1652
* Shaistah Khan (second time), 1652–1654
* Prince Murad Bakhsh, 1654–1658

===Under Aurangzeb (1658–1707)===
The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under Aurangzeb:{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=165}}

* Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, 1658–1659
* Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]], 1659–1662
* Mahabat Khan, 1662–1668
* Bahadur Khan, 1668–1670
* Maharaj Jaswant Singh (second time), 1670–1672
* Muhammad Amin Khan, 1672–1682
* Mukhtar Khan, 1682–1684
* Shujaat Khan (Kartalab Khan), 1685–1701
* Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], 1701–1705
* Prince Muhammad [[Bidar Bakht]], 1706–1707
* Ibrahim Khan,1707–1708

=== Under successive emperors (1708–1730) ===
The following are the Mughal viceroys of Gujarat under successive emperors after Aurangzeb:{{Sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=399}}

* [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghazi-ud-din Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang]], 1708–1710
* Asaf ud-Daulah [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]] (through deputies), 1712
* Shahamat Khan (Amanat Khan), 1713
* [[Daud Khan Panni]], 1713–1715
* Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh of Jodhpur]], 1715–1717
* Khan Dauran (through Haidar Quli Khan as deputy), 1717–1719
* Maharaja Ajit Singh (second time, through Anupsingh as deputy), 1719–1721
* Haidar Quli Khan (Muiz-ud-daulah), 1721–1722
* [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] (through Hamid Khan as deputy), 1723–1724
* Sarbuland Khan (through Maasum Quli Khan as deputy), 1725–1730
* Maharaja Abhaysingh (later, through Ratansingh as deputy), 1730–1737
* Momin Khan I, 1737–1743
* Fida-ud-din and Muftakhir Khan, 1743
* Jawad Mard Khan Babi (de facto), 1743–1753

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=James Macnabb |editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]] |title=History of Gujarát |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |chapter=III. Mughal Viceroys. (A.D. 1573–1758) |pages=254–257, 266–347}} {{PD-notice}}
{{refend}}

* {{cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279362 |title=A History of Gujarat |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. |year=1938 |volume=I From AD 1297–8 to AD 1573}}
* {{cite book |last=Commissariat |first=M.S. |url=https://archive.org/details/bk885 |title=A History of Gujarat |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1957 |volume=II The Mughal Period: From 1573 to 1758}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Maloni |first=Ruby |date=2014 |title=Gujarat's Trade with South East Asia (16th & 17th Centuries) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158400 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=336–340 |jstor=44158400 }}
* {{Citation |last=Srivastava |first=Sanjeev Prasad |title=Jahangir: A Connoisseur of Mughal Art |date= 2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QnFTzS2xh8C |access-date=4 November 2023 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |language=English |isbn=9788170173861}}
* {{Citation |last=Parikh |first=Vibhuti |title=The Hajira: A Symbol of Emerging Mughal Power in Gujarat |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156213 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=255–260 |jstor=44156213 |publication-date=2012 |access-date=4 November 2023 }}
* {{Citation |last=Fatma |first=Sadaf |title=Gardens in Mughal Gujarat |date=2011 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146737 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=72 |pages=441–452 |jstor=44146737 |access-date=4 November 2023 }}
{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Gujarat under the Mughal Empire| ]]
[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1750s]]

Gill Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:39:55Z

JacksonKuester2: started new page more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gill
| map_image = 66-Gill.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 66
| mla = [[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:273104 }} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Gill''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Darshan Singh Shivalik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Gill}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92696}}
|percentage = 50.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Darshan Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:35052}}
|percentage = 19.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:33786}}
|percentage = 18.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sucha Ram Ladhar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:12801}}
|percentage = 6.95
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Insaaf Party
|candidate = Gagandeep Kainth
|votes = {{formatnum:3837}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajeev Kumar Lovely
|votes = {{formatnum:2013}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1701}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:57644}}
|percentage = 31.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:273104}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Gill<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kuldeep Singh Vaid]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 67,927
|percentage = 37.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 59,286
|percentage = 32.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Darshan Singh Shivalik
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 46,476
|percentage = 25.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,647
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,641
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:239146}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.85|75.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Gangapur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:30Z

JacksonKuester2: started initial entry more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Maharashtra|Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gangapur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-90-Gangapur.svg
| constituency_no = 90
| mla = [[Ramkesh Meena]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Gangapur City district|Gangapur City]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:268610}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
}}
'''Gangapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Gangapur City district|Gangapur City]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Ramkesh Meena]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Mansingh Gurjar<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2| [[Ramkesh Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangapur<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramkesh Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83457}}
|percentage = 41.86
|change = +16.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mansingh Gurjar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64189}}
|percentage = 32.2
|change = +1.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chhote Lal Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:29679}}
|percentage = 14.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Bairwa
|votes = {{formatnum:13467}}
|percentage = 6.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:507}}
|percentage = 0.25
|change = -1.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19268}}
|percentage = 9.66
|change = +3.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199355}}
|percentage = 74.22
|change = +6.07
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangapur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramkesh
|votes = {{formatnum:58744}}
|percentage = 36.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mansingh Gurjar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48678}}
|percentage = 30.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajesh Agarwal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:39861}}
|percentage = 25.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramkhilari Meena
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5295}}
|percentage = 3.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2186}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10066}}
|percentage = 6.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159296}}
|percentage = 68.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangapur<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mansingh Gurjar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54228}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1457}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140113}}
|percentage = 69.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = {{formatnum:200424}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.48|76.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pakur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:14Z

JacksonKuester2: Done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pakur
|type= SLA
|state = Jharkhand
|established = 2000
|abolished =
|electors = 3,20,122
|mla = [[Nisat Alam]]
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 5
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| reservation = None

| map_image = Pakur constituency map.svg
}}

'''Pakur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
Pakur Assembly constituency covers: Pakur Police Station in Pakur district; and Barharwa Police Station in Sahibganj district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

Pakur Assembly constituency is part of [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Jyotirmoyee Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Ram Charan Kisku (Pakur Damin constituency) || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Jyotirmoyee Devi ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Jitu Kisku
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Prasunandu Chandra Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||B. N. Jha ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Syed Md. Jafar Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Haji Md. Ainul Haque
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Abdul Hakim || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Haji Md. Ainul Haque || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan=2|Beni Prasad Gupta ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Alamgir Alam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Alamgir Alam]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-<ref name=result>{{cite web|url = http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/pakaur.html |title = Pakur Election Results 2014 Jharkhand|publisher = Elections.in |access-date = 26 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Aquil Akhtar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Alamgir Alam]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Nisat Alam]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nisat Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,55,827 |percentage=52.27% |change={{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azhar Islam |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=69,798 |percentage=23.41% |change={{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aquil Akhtar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=47,039 |percentage=15.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukesh Kumar Shukla |party=Independent politician |votes=6,248 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sk Saifuddin |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,652 |percentage=1.23% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Hanif |party=Independent politician |votes=3,174 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asraful Shekh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,804 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,181 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=86,029 |percentage=28.86% |change= {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,98,116 |percentage=76.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,90,206 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alamgir Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,28,218 |percentage=51.86% |change={{increase}}16.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veni Prasad Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=63,110 |percentage=25.53% |change={{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aquil Akhtar |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=39,444 |percentage=15.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Iqbal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,394 |percentage=1.37% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfred Edward Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=3,073 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asraful Shekh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,886 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qamruddin Ansari |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,874 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,644 |percentage=1.07% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=65,108 |percentage=26.34% |change= {{increase}}18.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,47,227 |percentage=77.23% |change= {{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,20,122 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alamgir Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=83,338 |percentage=35.41% |change={{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akil Akhtar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=65,272 |percentage=27.73% |change={{decrease}}9.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Kumar Tiwary |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,479 |percentage=27.40% |change={{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Kant Mandal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,170 |percentage=2.20% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Chand Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,952 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asmannara Khatun |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,776 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Turi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,553 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,920 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,066 |percentage=7.68% |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,35,344 |percentage=80.76% |change= {{increase}}8.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,91,418 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aquil Akhtar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=62,246 |percentage=36.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alamgir Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=56,570 |percentage=33.44% |change={{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,748 |percentage=17.59% |change={{decrease}}13.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Sabiruddin |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,550 |percentage=3.28% |change={{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beni Prasad Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=3,854 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan Hansda |party=Independent politician |votes=3,557 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Muslim Hussain |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,919 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,676 |percentage=3.36% |change= {{decrease}}13.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,149 |percentage=72.63% |change= {{increase}}5.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,32,903 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alamgir Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=71,736 |percentage=48.10% |change={{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beni Prasad Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,000 |percentage=30.84% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Iqbal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,773 |percentage=9.91% |change={{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahnaz Begum |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=7,030 |percentage=4.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Chand Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,459 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Gopal Das |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,599 |percentage=1.07% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Betka Marandi |party=Jharkhand Disom Party |votes=1,291 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,736 |percentage=17.26% |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,49,146 |percentage=67.50% |change= {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,20,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakur<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Alamgir Alam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,218 |percentage=43.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veni Prasad Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,033 |percentage=31.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Iqbal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,767 |percentage=16.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Yadav |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=6,706 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Equbal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,108 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,185 |percentage=12.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,986 |percentage=63.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,407 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Pakur block]]
*[[Barharwa (community development block)]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Pakur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Kunigal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:25Z

JacksonKuester2: put up new data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kunigal
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 131
| map_image = 131-Kunigal constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:198794}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[H. D. Ranganath]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = D. Nagarajaiah
}}

'''Kunigal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tumkur district]]. [[H. D. Ranganath]] is the current MLA from Kunigal.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Andanaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. Thammanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Andanaiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Y. K. Ramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Lakkappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1992 elections in India#Karnataka|1992 By-election]] || Y. K. Ramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || H. Ningappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || B. B. Ramaswamy Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || D. Nagarajaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[H. D. Ranganath|Dr. H. D. Ranganath]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kunigal">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kunigal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10131.htm?ac=131 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510105740/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10131.htm?ac=131 |archive-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Ranganath|Dr. H. D. Ranganath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,724 |percentage = 42.88% |change = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Krishna Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,151 |percentage = 27.63% |change = {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Ravi Nagarajaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 46,974 |percentage = 26.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaramaiah Hithalapura |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 630 |percentage = 0.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,573 |percentage = 15.25% |change = {{increase}}11.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,409 |percentage = 87.73% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,277}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,794 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref name="Kunigal GEN">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/kunigal-election-result/ |title=Kunigal (GEN) |website=www.news18.com |publisher=[[News18 India]] |location=India |accessdate=28 Jul 2021 }}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. D. Ranganath|Dr. H. D. Ranganath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,697 |percentage = 36.25% |change = {{increase}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Krishna Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 53,097 |percentage = 32.79% |change = {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Nagarajaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,476 |percentage = 27.47% |change = {{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Patel Hulikatte |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,869 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 830 |percentage = 0.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,600 |percentage = 3.46% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,074 |percentage = 85.11% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,923}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,424 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}4.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Nagarajaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,575 |percentage = 32.23% |change = {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Krishna Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,943 |percentage = 25.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Ramaswamy Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,918 |percentage = 24.52% |change = {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. N. Ravikiran |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,604 |percentage = 17.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhanaraj Herur |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,280 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Prakash |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. L. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 926 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,632 |percentage = 6.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,569 |percentage = 83.45% |change = {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,844 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Ramaswamy Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,160 |percentage = 39.92% |change = {{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Krishna Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,366 |percentage = 28.48% |change = {{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Nagarajaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 32,545 |percentage = 26.97% |change = {{decrease}}19.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. K. Ramakrishna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,975 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anitha |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,607 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,794 |percentage = 11.43% |change = {{decrease}}5.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,710 |percentage = 77.65% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,653}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,450 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ningappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,370 |percentage = 46.31% |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,280 |percentage = 29.43% |change = {{decrease}}17.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,766 |percentage = 21.90% |change = {{increase}}13.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,090 |percentage = 16.88% |change = {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,200 |percentage = 74.29% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,086}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,382 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,659 |percentage = 47.40% |change = {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ningappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 42,078 |percentage = 43.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nagaraja |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,842 |percentage = 8.14% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasimhamurthy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 625 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,581 |percentage = 3.72% |change = {{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,353 |percentage = 72.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,327}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,965 |percentage = 2.98% |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,676 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,823 |percentage = 38.85% |change = {{decrease}}4.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. K. Ramaiah |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 28,666 |percentage = 29.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ningappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,503 |percentage = 27.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Channabasappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,671 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,157 |percentage = 9.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,495 |percentage = 73.56% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,353}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 1.11% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,903 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1992 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1992 elections in India#Karnataka|1992 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. K. Ramaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 41,678 |percentage = 56.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,400 |percentage = 43.74% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,278 |percentage = 12.52% |change = {{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,078}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Lakkappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,942 |percentage = 40.86% |change = {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. K. Ramaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,796 |percentage = 39.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ningappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 15,382 |percentage = 17.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}31.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,506 |percentage = 74.84% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,513}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,993 |percentage = 5.52% |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,937 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}24.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. K. Ramaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 49,309 |percentage = 65.75% |change = {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,007 |percentage = 33.34% |change = {{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Venkatakrishmarao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 683 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,302 |percentage = 32.40% |change = {{increase}}12.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,968 |percentage = 75.85% |change = {{increase}}3.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,999}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 969 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,154 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Y. K. Ramaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,198 |percentage = 58.55% |change = {{increase}}18.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rudraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,799 |percentage = 39.03% |change = {{increase}}35.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 846 |percentage = 1.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. P. Rajachar |party = Independent politician |votes = 689 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,399 |percentage = 19.52% |change = {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,755 |percentage = 72.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,532}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 1.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,999 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,654 |percentage = 53.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Thammanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,463 |percentage = 39.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkate Gowda. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,345 |percentage = 3.83% |change = {{decrease}}63.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahamathullakhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,286 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheshappa. K. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 498 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,191 |percentage = 13.37% |change = {{decrease}}22.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,577 |percentage = 76.57% |change = {{increase}}13.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,246}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,331 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,730 |ref = |change = {{increase}}44.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,499 |percentage = 67.72% |change = {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammad Gaiban Khan |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,200 |percentage = 32.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,299 |percentage = 35.44% |change = {{increase}}17.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,477 |percentage = 62.60% |change = {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,699}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,669 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Thammanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,930 |percentage = 54.25% |change = {{increase}}26.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,238 |percentage = 36.01% |change = {{increase}}15.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,037 |percentage = 9.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,692 |percentage = 18.24% |change = {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,689 |percentage = 66.81% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,205}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,925 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,410 |percentage = 51.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,165 |percentage = 27.32% |change = {{decrease}}6.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Thimmegowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,973 |percentage = 20.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,245 |percentage = 24.58% |change = {{increase}}18.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,440 |percentage = 67.94% |change = {{increase}}15.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,161 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,371 |percentage = 33.99% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andanaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,991 |percentage = 28.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Thimmegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,596 |percentage = 22.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. C. Nanjundaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,749 |percentage = 11.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Krishnaswamy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 921 |percentage = 3.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,380 |percentage = 5.60% |change = {{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,628 |percentage = 52.08% |change = {{decrease}}12.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,628}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,291 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kunigal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Mudalagiri Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,598 |percentage = 43.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Byrappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 7,081 |percentage = 26.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chenuveere Gowda |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 5,041 |percentage = 18.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Chikkanna Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,888 |percentage = 10.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,517 |percentage = 16.98% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,608 |percentage = 64.80% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,064 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|13.02|77.02|display=title}}

Nizamuddin Azami

2026-04-11T11:28:15Z

JacksonKuester2: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1910 – 2000)}}
{{Distinguish|Nematullah Azami}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Mufti]]
| name = Nizamuddin Azami
| native_name = نظام الدین اعظمی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_date = November 1910
| death_date = {{death date and age|2000|02|26|1910|11}}
| office = Head Mufti, [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| predecessor = [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]
| successor = ''office ended''
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2000
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| module = {{Infobox religious biography
|embed = yes
|religion = Islam
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]]
|father =
|mother=
|relatives=
|main_interests = [[Fiqh]], [[Sharia|Islamic Law]]
|notable_works = ''Muntakhabat-e-Nizām al-Fatāwa''
|disciple_of = [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri|Shah Wasiullah Allahabadi]]
|teachers = [[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], [[Ibrahim Balyawi]], [[Muhammad Shafi]]
|students = [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]], [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]], [[Ahmed Khanpuri]], [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]], [[Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi]], [[Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi]]
}}
}}
'''Nizamuddin Azami''' ({{langx|ur|نظام الدین اعظمی}}; November 1910 – 26 February 2000) was an Islamic scholar who served as the twelfth and last Head Mufti of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He made contributions in [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], and his works include ''Muntakhabat-e-Nizām al-Fatāwa'', a collection of selected fatwas he wrote during his tenure at Deoband.

== Early life ==
Nizamuddin Azami was born in 1910 in Undra, [[Azamgarh district]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Ghāzi Qāsmi |author-first1=Aftāb |url=https://besturdubooks.net/tag/fuzala-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmat-pdf-book/ |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmat |author-last2=Haseeb Qāsmi |author-first2=Abdul |date=February 2011 |publisher=Kutub Khana Naimia |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=305 |language=Urdu |trans-title=Services of the Graduates of Deoband in Islamic Jurisprudence |chapter= |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218031737/https://besturdubooks.net/tag/fuzala-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmat-pdf-book/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He belonged to a lineage of scholars and had a strong inclination towards religious education from a young age.<ref name=":IFA"/> His father Muhammad Rafi was a [[Zamindar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Khursheed Hasan |url=https://besturdubooks.net/darul-uloom-aur-deoband-ki-tareekhi-shakhsiyaat/ |title=Darul Uloom aur Deoband ki Tareekhi Shakhsiyaat |publisher=Maqtaba Tafsirul Quran |year=2003 |location=India |pages=46 |language=ur |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127114658/https://besturdubooks.net/darul-uloom-aur-deoband-ki-tareekhi-shakhsiyaat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite initial encouragement to pursue modern education, he expressed his desire to acquire religious knowledge.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=127}} He began his studies at Madrasa Ihyaul Uloom in Mubarakpur, Azamgarh, where he had the opportunity to learn from renowned teachers, including [[Wasiullah Fatehpuri|Shah Wasiullah]]. After completing his initial education, Nizamuddin Azami continued his studies at Madrasa Aziziya in Bihar Sharif and then at Madrasa Aliya Fatehpuri in Delhi. He eventually joined the Darul Uloom Deoband, where he completed the Dawra-e Hadith in 1933.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=127}}</ref> His teachers included [[Shukrullah Mubarakpuri]], [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi]], and [[Muhammad Shafi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barni |first=Khalilur Rahman Qasmi |url= |title=The caravan of knowledge and excellence |publisher=Idara-e Ilmi Markaj |year=2016 |location=Bangalore |pages=115 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
After completing his education, Nizamuddin Azami taught at various madrasas. He served as a teacher at Madrasa Jami'ul Uloom in Jatinpur,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |year=1981 |volume=2 |location=Deoband |page=195 |translator=Murtaz Husain F Quraishi |trans-title=History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband |chapter=Maulana Mufti Nizam al-Din |author-link1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi}}</ref> Azamgarh for five years, followed by Madrasa Jami'ul Uloom Dhamal in Gorakhpur for three years.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=127}} He then went to Darul Uloom Mau on the recommendation of his spiritual guide, Shah Wasiullah, and spent twenty-five years teaching and issuing fatwas (legal opinions) there.

In 1965, Nizamuddin Azami joined Darul Uloom Deoband as a Mufti (a scholar qualified to issue fatwas) and served there until his death on February 26, 2000. He was known for his expertise in resolving contemporary issues and applying Islamic principles through Qiyas (analogical reasoning) and Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning).{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=128}} His students included [[Abdul Haq Azmi]], [[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]], [[Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi]] and [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Mohammad Islam |url=https://www.islamicbuk.com/product/darakhshan-sitaren/ |title=Darakhshan Sitaren |publisher=Maqtaba Al-Noor |year=2019 |location=India |pages=150 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Contributions ==
He authored around 75,000 responses to queries, stored in 125 extensive registers, with a separate register dedicated to the compilation of the most significant fatwas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://besturdubooks.net/darululoom-deoband-ki-jame-o-mukhtasar-tareekh/ |title=Darululoom Deoband ki Jame o Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Sheikh Ul Hind Academy |year=2020 |location=India |pages=655 |language=ur |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329104742/https://besturdubooks.net/darululoom-deoband-ki-jame-o-mukhtasar-tareekh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His most notable work is the compilation ''Muntakhabat-e-Nizām al-Fatāwa'', which contains selected fatwas he wrote during his time at Darul Uloom Deoband. [[Mujahidul Islam Qasmi]] supervised its publication. Two volumes of his fatwas were published by the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy]] in New Delhi, while the Islamic Fiqh Academy Publications later published an expanded version in three volumes.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=128}} He edited and published the book ''Fath al-Rahman fi Ithbāt Madhab al-Nu'man'' by [['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]].{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=128}} He also authored several works on Hadith, Fiqh, and other subjects, including ''Aqsaamul Ahaadith'', ''Osulul Hadith'', ''Assan Ilmus-sarf'', ''Assan Ilmun-Nahu, Sirajul Waritheen Sharhu Siraji, Mazaya Imam Azam'', among others.<ref name=":IFA">{{Cite web |title=Mufti Nizamuddin Azami (Rh) |url=https://www.ifa-india.org/pdfs/pdf-20210902113926.pdf |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi fiqh]]
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{succession box
| title = Head Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband
| years =
| before = [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]
| after =''office ended''
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Head Muftis of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Muftis]]

List of urban local bodies in Tamil Nadu

2026-04-11T02:57:33Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{short description|none}}
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}

'''Urban local bodies in Tamil Nadu''', consisting of [[municipal corporations]], [[municipalities]], and [[town panchayat]]s, have been established by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in accordance with the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagrika - The Constitution and the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act|url=http://www.nagrika.org/nagrikalarticles/74amendment|work=Nagrika|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> [[Municipal Corporation of India|Municipal corporations]] cater to larger urban areas, [[Nagar Palika (Municipality)|municipalities]] serve smaller urban areas, and town panchayats cater to areas that are under transition from rural to urban.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Consultation paper on Decentralization And Municipalities|url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/Decentralization%20and%20Municipalities.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> As of 2026, there are 25 municipal corporations, 148 municipalities and 490 town panchayats in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="TN">{{cite web|title=Municipal Administration|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/about-us/|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="TP">{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|title=Town Panchayats|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Municipal Corporations ==
{{Main|List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu}}
A [[Municipal Corporation of India|municipal corporation]] is headed by a [[mayor]], who presides over elected councilors representing individual wards. [[Greater Chennai Corporation|Chennai Corporation]], established in 1688, is the oldest urban body in India and is the second oldest corporation in the world after [[City of London Corporation|London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece|title=Chennai - the 2nd oldest Corporation in the world|date=29 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref> As of 2026, there are 25 municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/list-of-municipality-websites-ulb-locator/#1565603730472-86183ec9-b37f|title=List of Municipalities|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

{{transcluded section|List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu}}
{{#section-h:List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|List of municipal corporations}}

== Municipalities ==
[[Nagar Palika (Municipality)|Municipalities]] are classified into four categories based on their annual income.<ref name="TN"/>

{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;"
|+Classification of municipalities
|-
!Classification
!Annual Income
!Count
|-
|Special Grade
|Exceeding Rs.100 million
|16
|-
|Selection Grade
|Between Rs. 60 to 100 million
|29
|-
|Grade I
|Between Rs. 40 to 60 million
|31
|-
|Grade II
|Below Rs. 40 million
|62
|}

Their elected representatives include ward councilors and a presiding officer, Municipal Chairperson. Municipal Commissioner is the executive authority. As of 2025, there are 138 municipalities in the state.<ref name="TN"/>
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
|+List of municipalities<ref name="TN"/><ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/lfa_consolidated_audit_report_e_2019_20_2.pdf|title=Audit report 2019-20|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=7 June 2024|page=6}}</ref>
|-
!Region
!colspan="6"|District
|-
!rowspan="2"|Chengalpattu
![[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
![[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
![[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
![[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
!
!
|-
|
# [[Tiruvallur]]
# [[Tiruttani]]
# [[Ponneri]]
# [[Naravarikuppam]]
# [[Veppampattu]]
|
# [[Chengalpattu]]
# [[Maduranthakam]]
# [[Mamallapuram]]
# [[Maraimalai Nagar]]
# [[Nandivaram-Guduvancheri]]
|
# [[Kundrathur]]
# [[Mangadu]]
# [[Sriperumbudur]]
|
# [[Chidambaram]]
# [[Panruti]]
# [[Nellikuppam]]
# [[Tittakudi]]
# [[Vadalur]]
# [[Virudhachalam]]
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Vellore
![[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
![[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
![[Vellore district|Vellore]]
![[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
![[Tirupathur district|Tirupathur]]
![[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|-
|
# [[Kottakuppam]]
# [[Tindivanam]]
# [[Viluppuram]]
|
# [[Kallakurichi]]
# [[Tirukoilur]]
# [[Ulundurpettai]]
|
# [[Gudiyatham]]
# [[Pernambut]]
|
# [[Arakkonam]]
# [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]]
# [[Melvisharam]]
# [[Ranipet]]
# [[Sholinghur]]
# [[Walajapet]]
|
# [[Ambur]]
# [[Jolarpettai]]
# [[Tirupattur]]
# [[Vaniyambadi]]
|
# [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arni]]
# [[Chengam]]
# [[Polur]]
# [[Thiruvathipuram]]
# [[Vandavasi]]
|-
!rowspan="2"|Salem
![[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
![[Salem district|Salem]]
![[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
![[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
![[Karur district|Karur]]
!
|-
|
# [[Dharmapuri]]
# [[Harur]]
|
# [[Attur, Salem|Attur]]
# [[Edaganasalai]]
# [[Edappadi]]
# [[Mettur]]
# [[Narasingapuram, Salem|Narasingapuram]]
# [[Sangagiri]]
# [[Tharamangalam]]
|
# [[Krishnagiri]]
|
# [[Komarapalayam]]
# [[Mohanur]]
# [[Pallipalayam]]
# [[Rasipuram]]
# [[Tiruchengode]]
|
# [[Kulithalai]]
# [[Pallapatti, Karur|Pallapatti]]
# [[Pugalur]]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Coimbatore
![[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
![[Erode district|Erode]]
![[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
![[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
!
!
|-
|
# [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]]
# [[Karamadai]]
# [[Gudalur (Coimbatore district)|Gudalur]]
# [[Karumathampatti]]
# [[Sulur]]
# [[Pollachi]]
# [[Valparai]]
|
# [[Bhavani, Tamil Nadu|Bhavani]]
# [[Gobichettipalayam]]
# [[Kavandapadi]]
# [[Perundurai]]
# [[Punjai Puliampatti]]
# [[Sathyamangalam]]
|
# [[Avinashi]]
# [[Dharapuram]]
# [[Kangeyam]]
# [[Palladam]]
# [[Thirumuruganpoondi]]
# [[Udumalaipettai]]
# [[Vellakoil]]
|
# [[Coonoor]]
# [[Gudalur, Nilgiris|Gudalur]]
# [[Kotagiri]]
# [[Nelliyalam]]
# [[Udagamandalam]]
|
|
|-
!rowspan="4"|Tiruchirappalli
![[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
![[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
![[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
![[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
!
!
|-
|
# [[Manapparai]]
# [[Musiri]]
# [[Lalgudi]]
# [[Thuraiyur]]
# [[Thuvakudi]]
|
# [[Nagapattinam]]
# [[Vedaranyam]]
|
# [[Mayiladuthurai]]
# [[Sirkazhi]]
|
# [[Ariyalur]]
# [[Jayankondam]]
|
|
|-
![[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
![[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
![[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
![[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
!
!
|-
|
# [[Perambalur]]
|
# [[Koothanallur]]
# [[Mannargudi]]
# [[Thiruthuraipoondi]]
# [[Thiruvarur]]
|
# [[Adirampattinam]]
# [[Pattukkottai]]
# [[Thiruvaiyaru]]
|
# [[Aranthangi]]
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Madurai
![[Madurai district|Madurai]]
![[Theni district|Theni]]
![[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
![[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]]
![[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
!
|-
|
# [[Melur]]
# [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]]
# [[Usilampatti]]
|
# [[Bodinayakkanur]]
# [[Chinnamanur]]
# [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]]
# [[Gudalur, Theni|Gudalur]]
# [[Periyakulam]]
# [[Theni Allinagaram]]
# [[Uthamapalayam]]
|
# [[Kodaikanal]]
# [[Oddanchatram]]
# [[Palani]]
|
# [[Devakottai]]
# [[Manamadurai]]
# [[Sivaganga]]
|
# [[Kilakarai]]
# [[Paramakudi]]
# [[Ramanathapuram]]
# [[Rameswaram]]
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Tirunelveli
![[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
![[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
![[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
![[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]]
![[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
!
|-
|
# [[Ambasamudram]]
# [[Kalakkad]]
# [[Vadakkuvalliyur]]
# [[Vikramasingapuram]]
|
# [[Kadayanallur]]
# [[Puliyankudi]]
# [[Sankarankovil]]
# [[Sengottai]]
# [[Surandai]]
# [[Tenkasi]]
|
# [[Aruppukkottai]]
# [[Rajapalayam]]
# [[Sattur]]
# [[Srivilliputhur]]
# [[Virudhunagar]]
|
# [[Kayalpatnam]]
# [[Kovilpatti]]
# [[Tiruchendur]]
|
# [[Padmanabhapuram]]
# [[Kuzhithura, Kanyakumari|Kuzhithurai]]
# [[Colachel]]
# [[Kollankodu]]
# [[Kanyakumari]]

|
|}

== Town panchayats ==
{{Main|List of nagar panchayats in Tamil Nadu}}

Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish [[town panchayat]]s as a new administrative unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|title=Town panchayats|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219001439/https://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LG">{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> They are classified into four categories based on their annual income.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/maws_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Local Administration report 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|page=280}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;"
|+Classification of town panchayats
|-
!Classification
!Annual Income
!Count
|-
|Special Grade
|Exceeding Rs.20 million
|47
|-
|Selection Grade
|Between Rs. 10 to 20 million
|187
|-
|Grade I
|Between Rs. 5 to 10 million
|194
|-
|Grade II
|Below Rs. 5 million
|62
|-
!Total
!
!490
|}

Their elected representatives include councilors and a presiding officer, panchayat chairman. As of 2025, there are 490 town panchayats in the state.<ref name="TP"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of municipalities|Tamil Nadu]]

== External links ==
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

Kapil Dev Agarwal

2026-04-07T21:40:42Z

JacksonKuester2: put up data...

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kapil Dev Agarwal
| honorific_suffix =
| image = KAPIL DEV.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Minister of Vocational Education & Skill Development [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 21 August 2019
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor = [[Chetan Chauhan]]
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| constituency1 = [[Muzaffarnagar Assembly constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Chitranjan Swaroop]]
| successor1 =
| constituency5 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| constituency6 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Rameshchand Agarwal (father)<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/>
| citizenship = Indian
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| other_party =
| spouse = {{marriage|Anujbala Agarwal|1991}}
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| alma_mater = Graduation from Meerut University<ref name="Candidate affidavit">{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=10 November 2018|url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=64}}</ref>
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12429/17
| footnotes =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
}}

'''Kapil Dev Agarwal''' is an Indian politician. He is a third-time M.L.A. from [[Muzaffarnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/how-jnu-video-helped-bjps-kapil-dev-sharma-win-bypoll-in-riot-hit-muzaffarnagar-877398.html |title=How JNU video helped BJP's Kapil Dev Sharma win bypoll in riot-hit Muzaffarnagar |publisher=[[Network 18]] |date=5 March 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Mishra, Vandita |title=Old meets new in riot shadow: 'pro-minority' seen as anti-national |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 March 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/muzaffarnagar-riot-jnu-up-elections-old-meets-new-in-riot-shadow-pro-minority-seen-as-anti-national/ |accessdate=26 March 2016}}</ref> He belongs to Bhartiya Janata Party and he was also a former chairman of Muzaffarnagar Nagar Palika. He was appointed a [[Minister of State (Independent Charge)|Minister of State (independent charge)]] in the Yogi Adityanath led UP Government. He holds the portfolio of Skill Development and Vocational Education.

==Political career==
Kapil Dev Aggarwal is a member of the 18th Legislative Assembly <ref>{{Cite web |title=kapil-dev-agarwal in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/kapil-dev-agarwal-muzaffar-nagar-candidate-s24a014c01/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and has earlier been part of the 16th and 17th Legislative Assembly of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Since 2016, he has represented the Muzaffarnagar constituency and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Candidate affidavit"/> He defeated Gaurav Swaroop in the bypolls held in 2016 by a margin of 7,352 votes. He retained his seat when he again defeated Gaurav Swaroop in the assembly elections of 2017 by a margin of 10,704 votes and was sworn in as the Minister of Skill Development and Vocational Education in the first cabinet expansion of Yogi Adityanath led UP Government.

In 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections he defeated Saurabh Swaroop of SP-RLD alliance by a margin of 18,694 votes. He was reappointed the Minister of Skill Development and Vocational Education in Yogi Aadityanath Second Ministry.

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No. !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || February 2016 || March 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<ref name="2017 result">{{cite web |title=Muzaffarnagar Election Results 2017 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/muzaffarnagar.html |work=elections.in |accessdate=10 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 02 ||March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Legislative Assembly]] ||<ref name="2017 result"/>
|-
|03 ||March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Kapil Dev}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Armaan

2026-03-21T16:05:02Z

JacksonKuester2: Added article...

{{wikt|Arman|ارمان|آرمان}}
'''Armaan''' may refer to:

==Films==
* [[Armaan (1942 film)|''Armaan'' (1942 film)]], an Indian drama film by Kidar Nath Sharma
* [[Armaan (1953 film)|''Armaan'' (1953 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film by Fali Mistry
* [[Armaan (1966 film)|''Armaan'' (1966 film)]], a Pakistani film starring Waheed Murad
* [[Armaan (1981 film)|''Armaan'' (1981 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language romance film by Anand Sagar, starring Raj Babbar and Shammi Kapoor
* [[Armaan (2003 film)|''Armaan'' (2003 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language drama film by Honey Irani, starring Amitabh Bachchan, Anil Kapoor, Preity Zinta and Gracy Singh
* [[Armaan (2013 film)|''Armaan'' (2013 film)]], a Pakistani film starring Fawad Khan and Aamina Sheikh
* [[Armaan: Story of a Storyteller|''Armaan'' (2017 film)]], an Indian Gujarati-language film starring Poojan Trivedi, Alisha Parjapati, Netri Trivedi
*Armaan Ikramullah, fictional character from the 2000 Indian film ''[[Fiza]]'', played by Hrithik Roshan

==People with the given name==
* [[Armaan Ebrahim]] (born 1989), Indian racing driver
* [[Armaan Franklin]] (born 2000), American basketball player
* [[Armaan Jaffer]] (born 1998), Indian cricketer
* [[Armaan Khan (cricketer)]] (born 1980), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Armaan Khan (Politician)]], Indian politician
* [[Armaan Kohli]] (born 1972), Indian actor
* [[Armaan Malik]] (born 1995), Indian singer
* [[Armaan Qureshi]] (born 1995), Indian field hockey player
* [[Armaan Wilson]] (born 2002), Canadian soccer player
* [[Armaan Zorace]] (born 1983), Indian filmmaker

==See also==
*[[Arman (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|given name}}

Koireng people

2026-03-17T22:44:34Z

JacksonKuester2: further update structure after review additionally and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indigenous people inhabiting Manipur, North-East India}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Koren (Koireng)
|image = "Koireng" written in Meitei script.jpg
|caption = "Koireng" written in [[Meitei script]]
|population = 2600 (2011 census)
|region1 = {{flag|India}}
|pop1 =
|ref1 =
|languages = [[Koireng language]] ([[first language|L1]]) [[Meitei language]] ([[second language|L2]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>
|religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|13px]] [[Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web |title=An Anthropological Study of the Feast of Merit Among the Koireng Tribe, Manipur |url=https://www.ijssr.com/wp-content/uploads/journal/published_paper/volume-2/issue-3/IJSSR30392.pdf |website=ijssr.cpm |access-date=17 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616071244/https://www.ijssr.com/wp-content/uploads/journal/published_paper/volume-2/issue-3/IJSSR30392.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>
|related = [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Aimol]], [[Kom (India)|Kom]], [[Ranglong]]
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Koireng people''' are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting [[Manipur]] in North-East India. They speak the [Koireng language]. They are mentioned in the Meitei royal chronicle [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] in the year 1404, one of the oldest tribes to be so mentioned.<ref>[https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], Ukhrul Times, 25 May 2022.</ref> They have a shared common ancestry, history, cultural traits, folklore and dialects with their kindred people like [[Aimol people|Aimol]] and [[Kom people (India)|Kom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Koireng tribe finally has the New Testament in their heart language |url=https://www.bsind.org/the_koireng_tribe/ |website=bsind.org |access-date=17 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519180236/https://www.bsind.org/the_koireng_tribe/ |archive-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>
They use [[Meitei language]] as their [[second language]] (L2) according to the [[Ethnologue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meitei {{!}} Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mni/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Shakespear, J. (1909) 'The Kuki–Lushai Clans.' ''The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.'' Vol. 39 (Jul., 1909), pp. 371–385
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf
* Shakespear, J. (1922) ''Tangkhul Folk Tales and Notes on Some Festivals of the Hill Tribes South of Assam''. 14 pp.
* McCulloch/ Major W., 'Account of the valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes'. Selections from the Records of the Government of India, No. 27 (Calcutta) 1859
* Grierson, G. A. (Ed.) (1904b). Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki-Chin and Burma Groups, # Volume III Part III of Linguistic Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta.
* [http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Ethnic_Races_Sanathong.KOIRENG Ethnic Races of Manipur]

{{Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]

Breast augmentation

2026-03-16T11:02:10Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{Short description|Surgical procedure}}
{{redirect|Boob job|the sexual activity|Mammary intercourse}}
{{Multiple issues|
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{{Infobox medical intervention
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| image = Image:Dr. Placik Breast Augmentation.jpg
| caption = The presurgical aspects (left) and the postsurgical aspects (right) of a bilateral, submuscular emplacement of 350 cc saline-solution implants through an inframammary fold (IMF) incision
| alt =
| pronounce =
| specialty = plastic surgeon
| synonyms =
| ICD10 =
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| ICD9unlinked =
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}}

'''Breast augmentation''' (also '''breast enlargement''') is a plastic surgery procedure by which either a [[breast implant]] or a fat-graft implant is emplaced to the [[thorax]] to increase the size of the breasts in order to correct [[congenital defect]]s of the breast and of the chest wall. Consequently, after the breast-enlargement surgery, the symmetrical breast hemisphere is of proportionate size, has a smooth contour, and is anatomically consistent with the woman's body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ors |first=Safvet |date=2017-12-01 |title=Incidence and Classification of Chest Wall Deformities in Breast Augmentation Patients |journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |language=en |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1280–1290 |doi=10.1007/s00266-017-0953-5 |pmid=28779411 |issn=1432-5241}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Reasons for Breast Augmentation - Dr. Vikesh Vij |url=https://drvikeshvij.com/blog/top-reasons-for-breast-augmentation/ |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Three therapeutic purposes require the emplacement of a prosthetic breast: (i) ''primary reconstruction'' surgery of the chest and breast tissues damaged by [[breast cancer]], [[blunt trauma|blunt trauma]], [[penetrating trauma|penetrating trauma]], and [[blast injury]]; and of developmental defects of the thoracic anatomy, e.g. the [[tuberous breast]] deformity; (ii) the surgical ''revision'' and ''reconstruction'' of chest-and-breast-tissue complications arisen from a previous mammoplasty; and (iii) ''primary augmentation'' to surgically enhance the aesthetics of the bust and the breasts.

To augment the volume of the breast hemisphere, a prosthetic breast (saline or silicone) establishes the initial spherical augmentation of the breast for contouring by the plastic surgeon. To augment the volume of the breast hemisphere with autologous [[adipose tissue|adipocyte tissue]], the surgeon injects the woman's refined body-fat into the skin envelope to correct contour defects of the breast hemisphere. A fat-graft breast augmentation yields a breast-size increase is of modest volume, usually one [[brassiere|brassière]] cup-size, consequent to the body's usual resorbtion of most of the autologous fat-graft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fat Transfer Breast Augmentation: Procedure, Results & Risks |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24033-fat-transfer-breast-augmentation |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Cleveland Clinic |language=en}}</ref><ref>''Cell-assisted Lipotransfer for Cosmetic Breast Augmentation: Supportive Use of Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells'' (2007) {{Cite journal | last1 = Yoshimura | first1 = K. | last2 = Sato | first2 = K. | last3 = Aoi | first3 = N. | last4 = Kurita | first4 = M. | last5 = Hirohi | first5 = T. | last6 = Harii | first6 = K. | doi = 10.1007/s00266-007-9019-4 | title = Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer for Cosmetic Breast Augmentation: Supportive Use of Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells | journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–55; discussion 56–7 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17763894 | pmc =2175019 }}</ref>

==Breast-augmentation prostheses==
{{main|Breast implant}}
===Background history===
The four types of breast-implant prostheses available for surgical [[breast reconstruction]], breast augmentation, and the aesthetic enhancement (size, shape, texture) of the breasts of a woman are:

# Saline breast prosthesis filled with sterile [[saline (medicine)|saline solution]].
# Silicone breast prosthesis filled with viscous [[silicone|silicone gel]].
# Alternative-composition breast prosthesis filled with various fillers (soy oil, [[String breast implant|polypropylene string]]); now discontinued.
# Structured breast prosthesis constructed of nested shells, made of elastomer silicone, with saline solution filling the space between the silicone shells; now discontinued.<ref name="PRSINichter"/>

====Saline breast prosthesis====
The first commercial model of a breast prosthesis filled with [[Saline (medicine)|saline solution]] was made by Laboratoires Arion of France, which they publicly presented as a prosthetic [[medical device]] in 1964. The modern models of prosthetic breasts filled saline-solution are made with [[Vulcanization|vulcanized]] shells composed of a [[silicone]] [[elastomer]] of great elasticity, like that of the skin and tissues of a woman's
breast. In an augmentation mammoplasty to emplace a saline breast-prosthesis, the plastic surgeon employs a short incision to the chest wall,<ref name="Arion1965">{{cite journal|author=Arion HG|title=Retromammary Prosthesis |journal=Comptes Rendus de la Société Française de Gynécologie | year=1965|volume=5}}</ref> through that incision the surgeon then inserts the collapsed, empty prosthetic breast into the breast-implant socket, then fills the implanted breast prosthesis with saline solution. The surgeon then contours the implanted prosthetic breast for anatomical symmetry, and afterwards sutures shut the insertion incision.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 2004 |title=Saline-Filled Breast Implant Surgery: Making an Informed Decision |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/plastic_reconstructive_surgery/_downloads/saline_filled_breast_implant_surgery_brochure.pdf |website=hopkinsmedicine.org}}</ref>

Functionally, the implantation of a saline breast-prosthesis yields good-to-excellent results of increased breast-size, a smoother contour for the breast hemisphere, and anatomic symmetry; however, such a breast augmentation might ripple and wrinkle the skin envelope of the breast, cosmetic defects that make noticeable the presence of the prosthetic breast to the eye and to the touch. Such cosmetic defects of the breast surgery usually occur among women with a small volume of adipose tissue in their breast hemispheres. In a woman with much breast tissue, for whom submuscular emplacement is the recommended surgical therapy, the aesthetic results of a saline breast-prosthesis are a proportionate breast-size, a smooth contour to the breast hemisphere, and anatomic symmetry, like the therapeutic results achieved with a prosthetic breast filled with silicone-gel.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Eisenberg, TS | title = Silicone Gel Implants Are Back—So What? | journal = American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery | year = 2009 | volume = 26 | pages = 5–7 | doi=10.1177/074880680902600103| s2cid = 136191732 }}</ref>

====Silicone-gel breast prosthesis====
The first commercial model of a prosthetic breast filled with a type of silicone gel was invented in 1961, by the American plastic surgeons Frank Gerow and Thomas Cronin, manufactured by the Dow Corning Corporation, and in 1962 was the first silicone-gel prosthetic breast used for augmentation mammoplasty. The medical-device technology of the silicone-gel prosthetic breast is in five model generations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Breast Aesthetics |url=https://polytech-health-aesthetics.com/en/blog/article/history-breast-aesthetics/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=polytech-health-aesthetics.com |date=19 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

;First generation
The Cronin–Gerow prosthetic breast, Model 1963, was in the shape of a teardrop, made as a silicone rubber envelope-sack filled with a viscous silicone-gel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Development of Silicone Breast Implants for Use in Breast Augmentation Surgeries in the United States {{!}} The Embryo Project Encyclopedia |url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/development-silicone-breast-implants-use-breast-augmentation-surgeries-united-states |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=embryo.asu.edu}}</ref> In surgical practise, to reduce the possible rotation of the prosthetic breast already emplaced in the implant socket in the chest, the Model 1963 breast prosthesis was held in place in the implant-socket with a fastener-patch of Dacron material ([[polyethylene terephthalate]]) that was attached to the back of the breast-prosthesis shell.<ref name=Cronin_1963>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cronin TD, Gerow FJ | title = Augmentation Mammaplasty: A New "natural feel" Prosthesis | journal = Excerpta Medica International Congress Series | year = 1963 | volume = 66 | page = 41}}</ref>

;Second generation
In the 1970s, the first technology was a model of prosthetic-breast with a shell of thin-gauge material and a filler-gel of low-cohesion silicone, which materials improved anatomic function and symmetry (size, appearance, texture) after contouring by the surgeon. In practise, second-generation breast prostheses proved fragile, with greater rates of shell-rupture and filler-leakage. The increased rates-of-incidence of [[capsular contracture]] consequently resulted in faulty-product [[Class action|class action-lawsuits]] by the U.S. government against the manufacturers of thin-gauge-shell breast prostheses.

The second technology was a prosthetic breast with a [[polyurethane|polyurethane foam coating]] that reduced the rate of incidence of capsular contracture by causing an [[Inflammation|inflammatory reaction]] within the implant-socket in order to impede the formation of a capsule of fibrous [[collagen]] tissue around the prosthetic breast. In the event, the use of prosthetic breasts coated with polyurethane was discontinued in the U.S. because of the health risk posed by the carcinogenic chemical 2,4-toluene diamine (TDA), a by-product of the chemical breakdown of the polyurethane coating the prosthetic breast.<ref name="Luu11998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luu HM, Hutter JC, Bushar HF | title=A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for 2,4-toluenediamine Leached from Polyurethane foam-covered Breast Implants | journal=Environ Health Perspect | year=1998 | pages=393–400 | volume=106 | issue=7 | pmid=9637796 | doi=10.2307/3434066 | pmc=1533137 | jstor=3434066}}</ref> Ultimately, prosthetic breasts coated with polyurethane remain in use in Europe and in South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hester TR Jr |author2=Tebbetts JB |author3=Maxwell GP | title=The Polyurethane-covered Mammary Prosthesis: Facts and Fiction (II): A Look Back and a "peek" Ahead | journal=Clinical Plastic Surgery | year=2001 | pages=579–86 | volume=28 | issue=3 |doi=10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32397-X | pmid=11471963}}</ref>

The third technology for breast surgery was the double-lumen prosthetic breast, which featured a ''lumen'' (a breast prosthesis filled with silicone-gel) contained within a larger ''lumen'' (a breast prosthesis filled with saline-solution). The two-fold purpose of the double-lumen technology was: (i) the aesthetic benefits of silicone gel (contained in the inner lumen) that is enclosed within the outer lumen, which is filled with saline solution; and (ii) a breast prosthesis whose volume is post-operatively adjustable. In surgical practise, the double-lumen prosthetic breast is used primarily in [[reconstructive surgery]] of the breasts.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2022 |title=History of breast implants: Back to the future |journal=JPRAS Open |pmid=35434240 |pmc=9006741 |last1=Di Pompeo |first1=F. S. |last2=Paolini |first2=G. |last3=Firmani |first3=G. |last4=Sorotos |first4=M. |volume=32 |pages=166–177 |doi=10.1016/j.jpra.2022.02.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

;Third and fourth generations
In the 1980s, the third and fourth generations of breast prostheses featured shells coated with an [[elastomer]] that decreased ''gel bleed'' (filler leakage) into the thorax of the woman, which was achieved with thick filler-gels of various [[viscosity|viscosities]] for the different models of prosthetic breast. The designs of the models of breast prostheses are anatomically symmetrical, in accordance with the body type of the woman. The shaped models realistically reproduce the types of breast hemispheres for the corresponding body-types of women. The tapered models of breast prosthesis feature a uniformly textured surface that produces friction to limit the rotation of the breast prosthesis within the implant-socket. Moreover, the round models of breast prosthesis are available in textured-surface models and in smooth-surface models, for when the prosthetic breast is not expected to rotate within the implant-socket.

;Fifth generation
In the 1990s, the fifth generation of silicone-gel breast prosthesis contained a semi-solid silicone-gel with a viscosity that reduced the occurrence of filler leakage and the occurrence of the filler migration throughout the woman's body of any silicone-filler that leaked from the implant-pocket. The plastic surgery studies ''Experience with Anatomical, Soft Cohesive Silicone-gel Prosthesis in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Breast Implant Surgery'' (2004) and ''Cohesive Silicone-gel Breast Implants in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery'' (2005) reported lower incidence-rates of [[capsular contracture]] and lower incidence-rates of shell rupture, and rates of medical safety and technical efficacy greater than the rates of safety and efficacy of early-generation prosthetic breasts.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000176259.66948.e7 | last1 = Brown | first1 = M. H. | last2 = Shenker | first2 = R. | last3 = Silver | first3 = S. A. | title = Cohesive silicone gel breast implants in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 116 | issue = 3 | pages = 768–779; discussion 779–1 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16141814| s2cid = 35392851 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fruhstorfer | first1 = B. H. | last2 = Hodgson | first2 = E. L. | last3 = Malata | first3 = C. M. | s2cid = 24661896 | title = Early experience with an anatomical soft cohesive silicone gel prosthesis in cosmetic and reconstructive breast implant surgery | journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 536–542 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15602249 | doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000134508.43550.6f}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hedén | first1 = P. | last2 = Jernbeck | first2 = J. | last3 = Hober | first3 = M. | title = Breast augmentation with anatomical cohesive gel implants: The world's largest current experience | journal = Clinics in Plastic Surgery | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 531–552 | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32393-2 | pmid = 11471959}}</ref>

====Alternative-composition breast prosthesis====
The third category of prosthetic breast includes alternative-composition breast prostheses that featured fillers such as [[soy oil]], polypropylene string, ox [[cartilage]], [[Terylene]] wool, ground [[rubber]], [[silastic]] rubber, and [[Teflon]]-silicone, which are substances harmful to the woman's body.<ref name="TalesForTaglicozzi">{{cite book |last1=Zannis |first1=John |title=Tales for Tagliacozzi: An Inside Look at Modern-Day Plastic Surgery |date=2017 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-5246-5907-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9YADgAAQBAJ&q=Alternative-composition+implants+soy&pg=PT19 |access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

====Structured breast prosthesis====
The fourth category of prosthetic-breast technology is the structured breast-prosthesis, which was approved for breast surgery by the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. and by Health Canada in Canada in 2014.<ref name="PRSINichter">{{cite journal |last1=Nichter |first1=Larry S. |last2=Hardesty |first2=Robert A. |last3=Anigian |first3=Gregg M. |title=IDEAL IMPLANT Structured Breast Implants: Core Study Results at 6 Years |journal= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=66–75 |date=July 2018 |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000004460 |pmid=29489559 |pmc=6045953 }}</ref> As a medical device, the structured prosthetic-breast incorporates the technologies of saline-solution and of silicone-gel to achieve anatomical function and aesthetic symmetry.<ref>{{cite news |title=What types of breast implants are available? |url=https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/breast-augmentation/implants |publisher=American Society of Plastic Surgeons}}</ref> Technologically, the internal structure of the breast prosthesis is composed of three, nested shells (made of silicone rubber) that support the upper half of the breast hemisphere; the two spaces between the three nested shells is filled with saline solution. To implant a structured breast prosthesis, the plastic surgeon emplaces the folded, empty prosthetic breast into the implant-socket, then fills the prosthetic breast with saline solution, and afterwards sutures shut the insertion incision.<ref name="PRSINichter"/>

===Breastfeeding and the prosthetic breast===
The breasts of a woman are [[Apocrine|apocrine glands]] that produce [[breastmilk]] with which to feed an infant child.<ref name="Tortora, Gerard J.">Tortora, Gerard J. ''Introduction to the Human Body'', Fifth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 2001. p. 560.</ref> A woman with implanted prosthetic breasts can [[Breastfeeding|breastfeed]] an infant, yet the breast implants can interfere with the breastfeeding function, especially in the case of a woman whose breast augmentation surgery accidentally cut into the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and might either have damaged the [[lactiferous duct]]s or damaged the nerves that serve the nipple-areola complex.
[[File:Asymmetric breastfeeding latch.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The breast in action: a slumbering, satisfied infant child.]]
[[File:Breast anatomy normal scheme.png|thumb|right|275px|Cross-section of the [[mammary gland|breast]] anatomy of a woman. {{ordered list |[[Chest wall]] |[[Pectoralis muscle]]s |[[Lobules]] |[[Nipple]] |[[Areola]] |[[Lactiferous duct|Milk duct]] |[[Adipose tissue|Fatty tissue]] |[[Human skin|Skin envelope]]}}]]

The breast augmentation procedures realised by way of IMF augmentation (through the inframammary fold), of the TABA augmentation via the armpit (trans-axillary breast augmentation), and of the TUBA augmentation via the navel ([[trans-umbilical breast augmentation]]) avoid the nipple-areola complex in order to preserve the tactile sensitivity of the areola and the breastfeeding functions. Moreover, two conditions most affect and interfere with the functioning of the lactiferous ducts: (i) the subglandular implantation of the prosthetic breast, and (ii) the implantation of oversized prosthetic-breasts. Therefore, the implantation of small prosthetic breasts and a submuscular implant-pocket are the breast-augmentation surgeries that least thwart the breastfeeding function.<ref>[http://www.llli.org/NB/NBsurgery.html Breastfeeding after Breast Surgery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230173437/http://www.llli.org/NB/NBsurgery.html |date=2010-12-30 }}, La Leche League (2009-09-05).</ref><ref>[http://www.llli.org/cbi/bibimplant.html Breastfeeding and Breast Implants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231121338/http://www.llli.org/cbi/bibimplant.html |date=2010-12-31 }}, Selected Bibliography April 2003, LLLI Center for Breastfeeding Information.</ref><ref name="slate">Beam, Christopher (2009-12-11). [http://slate.com-Il.info/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/12/inorganic_milk.html Inorganic Milk: Can Kendra Wilkinson breast-feed her baby even though she has implants?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507045146/http://slate.com-il.info/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/12/inorganic_milk.html |date=2016-05-07 }}, Slate.com.</ref>

====Breast-filler toxicity====
Biological risks to the health of a sucking infant arise from the possibility of breast-filler toxicity, that the filler-material (saline solution or silicone gel) might leak from the breast-implant into the body of the mother, then into her breast milk, and then into the infant organism; yet the biological risk to the breastfeeding infant is minimal, because [[silicone]] is indigestible and saline-solution is digestible.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Berlin, C. M. |title=Silicone Breast Implants and Breast-feeding|journal= Pediatrics |year=1994|volume= 94|pages=546–549|pmid=7936870|issue=4 Pt 1|doi=10.1542/peds.94.4.547|s2cid=245120428}}</ref> The study ''Silicone Breast Implants and Breastfeeding'' (1996) indicated that possible medical complications that impede breastfeeding can arise among women with silicone-filled prosthetic breasts, and found no causal relation between the presence of breast prostheses and neurological and physical impairment of the breastfeeding function of the augmented breasts.<ref name="berlin1996">Berlin, Cheston M. Jr. [http://www.llli.org/ba/Feb96.html Silicone Breast Implants and Breastfeeding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231065024/http://www.llli.org/ba/Feb96.html |date=2010-12-31 }}, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania; from Breastfeeding Abstracts. February 1996, Volume 15, Number 3, pp. 17–18.</ref>

====Platinum toxicity====
[[File:Platinum crystals.jpg|thumb|275px|Platinum toxicity: [[platinum]] metal is a [[catalyst]] used to make [[silicone]] breast implants, and a suspected cause of tissue ionization in women with silicone-gel prosthetic breasts.]]
The industrial manufacture of silicone breast prostheses employs the metallic element [[platinum]] (Pt, 78) as a [[catalyst]] for chemically transforming liquid [[silicone oil]] into viscous silicone gel, the [[elastomer]] material for making breast-implant shells.<ref name="RinzlerCarol">Rinzler, Carol Ann (2009) ''The encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery'' New York:Facts on File, p.23.</ref> Occasionally, [[radioactive tracer|trace quantities]] of platinum leak from a prosthetic breast into the woman's body and accumulate in the [[bone marrow]], from where [[red blood cell]]s would deposit the trace-platinum upon [[nerve|nerve endings]] and consequently cause disorders of the [[nervous system]], such as blindness, deafness, and [[tic|nervous tics]] (involuntary muscle contractions).<ref name="RinzlerCarol" />

The FDA's review of the trace-platinum-toxicity data about the silicone-gel used for making prosthetic breasts said that the type of platinum used in modern silicone breast implants is not [[Ionization|ionized]] platinum, and so not a biological risk to women with such prosthetic breasts.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/platinum.html| title=FDA Backgrounder on Platinum in Silicone Breast Implants| publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513005704/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/platinum.html|archive-date=2007-05-13}}</ref> That there were no reports of trace-platinum-toxicity and no causal relation between the metal in the silicone-gel and the occurrence of trace-platinum-toxicity among women with silicone-gel prosthetic breasts.<ref name="arepelli2003">{{cite journal | author=Arepelli S | title=Allergic reactions to platinum in silicone breast implants | journal=Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants | year=2002 | pages=299–306 | pmid=12627791 | volume=12 | issue=4 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Bezabeh | first2=S | last3=Brown | first3=SL | doi=10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v12.i4.80}}</ref>

==Breast surgery procedures==
[[File:Mastectomie 02.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Breast reconstruction: the postoperative aspect of a right-breast cancer mastectomy for which the woman requires a primary breast-reconstruction with a prosthetic breast.]]

A breast-augmentation surgery for the implantation of a prosthetic breast has three therapeutic purposes:

# '''Primary reconstruction:''' to correct the breast hemisphere by repairing chest-and-breast tissues damaged by [[breast cancer]], by [[blunt trauma]] and [[penetrating trauma]], by a [[blast injury]], and the failed anatomic development of the chest, such as a [[tuberous breast]] deformity.
# '''Revision and reconstruction:''' to correct the unsuccessful outcome of a previous mammoplasty procedure.
# '''Primary augmentation:''' to enhance the aesthetic qualities of the breasts (cup-size, form, and texture).

The type of [[breast reconstruction]] approach is determined by the severity of the [[mastectomy]]. The type of breast-augmentation surgery is determined by the procedure for emplacing the prosthetic breasts, the type of surgical incision, the type and model of the prosthetic breast, and the location of the implant-pocket in the chest of the woman.

===Types of surgical incision===
To realise the emplacement of a prosthetic breast (saline-solution or silicone-gel) into the implant-pocket of the woman patient, plastic surgeons employ five types of [[surgical incision]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kearneymd.com/procedures/breast-enhancement/breast-augmentation/|title=Breast Augmentation|last=Kearney|first=Robert|date=14 January 2010|publisher=Robert Kearney MD FACS|access-date=6 May 2012}}</ref>
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Inframammary fold
| Latin =
| Image = Imframammary fold.jpg
| Caption = Cross section of the breast of an adult, female human
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}
# '''Inframammary incision:''' The plastic surgeon makes a long cut at the [[inframammary fold]] (IMF) — the bottom border of the breast — for maximal access to the interior of the breast hemisphere. The inframammary incision allows for the precise cutting of tissues in order to securely emplace the prosthetic breast into the implant-pocket cut into the chest muscle. Moreover, according to the [[human skin|skin-type]] of the woman, the emplacement of a prosthetic breast by way of an IMF-incision can result in noticeable surgical scars.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Spring 2008 |title=Minimal inframammary incision for breast augmentation |pmc=2690624 |last1=Fanous |first1=N. |last2=Tawilé |first2=C. |last3=Brousseau |first3=V. J. |journal=The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=14–17 |doi=10.1177/229255030801600109 |pmid=19554159 }}</ref>
# '''Periareolar incision:''' The surgeon makes a short incision (5.0 cm.) along the ''areolar periphery'' (outside border of the areola) which allows for the symmetrical adjustment of the position of the inframammary fold (IMF) of the augmented breast. The periareolar incision is made at the medial-half (bottom half) of the outside border of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) of the breast to be augmented. Given the narrow access allowed into the skin-envelope of the breast hemisphere, the short, five-centimetre length of the periareolar incision makes difficult the surgeon's emplacement of a voluminous breast-implant made of silicone gel. Moreover, as a surgical approach, the periareolar incision (cutting along the outside border of the NAC) allows the plastic surgeon to also do a [[mastopexy|breast-lift procedure]] that has been included to an initial, primary [[mammoplasty]] procedure. In the therapeutic long term, the emplacement of a prosthetic breast through a periareolar incision tends to a greater rate of incidence of [[capsular contracture]], and also risks severing the [[Lactiferous duct|breastmilk duct]]s and the [[nerve]]s of the NAC, which would impede [[breastfeeding]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 2021 |title=The Periareolar Approach: All Seasons Technique for Multiple Breast Conditions |pmc=8376345 |last1=Klinger |first1=M. |last2=Vinci |first2=V. |last3=Giannasi |first3=S. |last4=Bandi |first4=V. |last5=Veronesi |first5=A. |last6=Maione |first6=L. |last7=Catania |first7=B. |last8=Lisa |first8=A. |last9=Cornegliani |first9=G. |last10=Giaccone |first10=M. |last11=Siliprandi |first11=M. |last12=Battistini |first12=A. |last13=Barbera |first13=F. |last14=Tinterri |first14=C. |last15=Testori |first15=A. |last16=Caviggioli |first16=F. |last17=Klinger |first17=F. |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open |volume=9 |issue=7 |article-number=e3693 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003693 |pmid=34422516 }}</ref>
# '''Transaxillary incision:''' The plastic surgeon makes an incision at the axilla area (armpit) that allows ''tunnelling medially'' (cutting across) under the skin of the thorax — from the armpit to the bust area of the chest — in order to emplace the breast prosthesis into the implant-pocket of the breast to be augmented. The surgeon emplaces the prosthetic breast by cutting the cross-wise tunnel either bluntly (by hand) or mechanically (with an [[endoscope]]). The surgical approach of the transaxillary incision avoids cutting and scarring the skin envelope of the breast. The technical challenge is determining the ideal position of the prosthetic-breast within the implant-pocket in order to achieve a symmetrical breast hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 2014 |title=Transaxillary Endoscopic Breast Augmentation |pmc=4179347 |last1=Sim |first1=H. B. |journal=Archives of Plastic Surgery |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=458–465 |doi=10.5999/aps.2014.41.5.458 |pmid=25276635 }}</ref>
# '''Transumbilical incision:''' To realise an endoscopic TUBA procedure ([[trans-umbilical breast augmentation]]), the surgeon makes an incision at the navel to allow ''tunneling superiorly'' (cutting upwards) under the abdominal skin — from the waist to the chest — in order to emplace the saline prosthetic breast into the implant-pocket of the breast to be augmented. The endoscopic surgical approach of the TUBA incision avoids cutting and scarring the skin envelope of the breast.<ref name="johnson">{{Cite journal | last1 = Johnson | first1 = G. W. | last2 = Christ | first2 = J. E. | title = The Endoscopic Breast Augmentation: The Transumbilical Insertion of Saline-filled Breast Implants | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pages = 801–808 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8415961 | doi=10.1097/00006534-199392050-00004}}</ref>
# '''Transabdominal incision:''' To realise an endoscopic TABA procedure (transabdominal breast augmentation), the plastic surgeon makes an incision at the navel that will allow ''tunneling superiorly'' (cutting upwards) under the abdominal skin — from the waist to the chest — in order to emplace the prosthetic breast into the bluntly-cut implant-pocket of the breast to be augmented, whilst the patient simultaneously undergoes an [[abdominoplasty]] procedure.<ref name="TABA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wallach | first1 = S. G. | title = Maximizing the Use of the Abdominoplasty Incision | doi = 10.1097/01.PRS.0000091422.11191.1A | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 113 | issue = 1 | pages = 411–417; discussion 417 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14707667 | s2cid = 44430032 }}</ref>

===Implant-pocket placement===
The four surgical approaches for the emplacement of a prosthetic breast into the implant-pocket are described in anatomical relation to the [[pectoralis major muscle]], the major muscle of the chest.

# '''Subglandular implant-pocket:''' The plastic surgeon emplaces the breast implant to the [[retromammary space]] — between the [[Mammary gland|breast tissue]] and the [[pectoralis major muscle]] — which is the orientation that most approximates the normal plane of the breast. Although this surgical approach to emplacing a prosthetic breast yields the most aesthetic results, in women with a small volume of soft-tissue in the breast, the subglandular emplacement of the implant is likelier to ripple and wrinkle the skin-envelope of the breast.
# '''Subfascial implant-pocket:''' The surgeon emplaces the prosthetic breast beneath the [[fascia]] (the membrane that covers and encloses the pectoralis major muscle) to augment the size and volume of the breast hemisphere, for subsequent contouring and anatomic symmetry.<ref name="Graf">{{cite journal | author=Graf RM | title=Subfascial Breast Implant: A New Procedure | journal= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2003 | pages=904–908 | volume=111 | issue=2 | pmid=12560720 | doi=10.1097/01.PRS.0000041601.59651.15 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Bernardes | first2=Afranio | last3=Rippel | first3=Ronald | last4=Araujo | first4=Luiz Roberto R. | last5=Damasio | first5=Rosana Cristina Costa | last6=Auersvald | first6=Andre}}</ref>
# '''Subpectoral implant-pocket:''' In this dual-plane surgical approach, the surgeon emplaces the breast implant beneath the pectoralis major muscle (after partially cutting the inferior attachments of that muscle) with or without the partial cutting of the subglandular plane of the breast. Resultantly, the upper-half of the breast-implant is partially beneath the pectoralis major muscle, while the lower-half of the implant is in the subglandular plane of the breast being augmented. This emplacement technique achieves maximal coverage of the upper-half of the breast implant, whilst allowing the maximal expansion of the lower-half of the implant to achieve maximal breast-volume; however, there exists the risk of ''animation deformity'', the breast-implant moving in place beneath the subpectoral plane.<ref name="Tebbettsdual">{{cite journal | author=Tebbetts T | s2cid=33418455| title=A System for Breast Implant Selection Based on Patient Tissue Characteristics and Implant-soft tissue Dynamics| journal= Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2002 | pages=1396–1409 | volume=109 | issue=4 | pmid=11964998 | doi=10.1097/00006534-200204010-00030}}</ref>
# '''Submuscular pocket:''' The plastic surgeon emplaces the prosthetic breast beneath the pectoralis major muscle without cutting the inferior origin of that muscle. The total coverage of the prosthetic breast can be achieved by releasing the lateral muscles of the chest wall (either the [[serratus muscle]] or the [[pectoralis minor muscle]]) and then attach those lateral muscles to the pectoralis major muscle to augment the breast.

===Post-surgical recovery===
The [[surgery|surgical]] [[scar]]s of a breast augmentation [[mammoplasty]] heal at 6-weeks post-operative, and fade within several months, according to the skin type of the woman. Depending upon the daily physical activity the woman might require, the augmentation mammoplasty patient usually resumes her normal life activities at about 1-week post-operative. The woman who underwent submuscular implantation (beneath the [[pectoralis major]] muscles) usually has a longer post–operative convalescence, and experiences more pain, because of the healing of the deep-tissue cuts into the chest muscles for the breast augmentation. The patient usually does not exercise or engage in strenuous physical activities for about six weeks. Moreover, during the initial convalescence, the patient is encouraged to regularly exercise (flex and move) her arms to alleviate pain and discomfort; and, as required, [[analgesic]] medication catheters for alleviating pain.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pacik | first1 = P. | last2 = Nelson | first2 = C. | last3 = Werner | first3 = C. | doi = 10.1016/j.asj.2008.02.001 | title = Pain Control in Augmentation Mammaplasty: Safety and Efficacy of Indwelling Catheters in 644 Consecutive Patients | journal = Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 279–284 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19083538 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pacik | first1 = P. | last2 = Nelson | first2 = C. | last3 = Werner | first3 = C. | doi = 10.1016/j.asj.2008.09.001 | title = Pain Control in Augmentation Mammaplasty Using Indwelling Catheters in 687 Consecutive Patients: Data Analysis | journal = Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 631–641 | year = 2008 | pmid = 19083591 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Medical complications===
The emplacement of a prosthetic breast presents the risks of medical complication usual to undergoing surgery, such as: an adverse reaction to [[anesthesia]], a [[breast hematoma]] (post-operative bleeding), a [[seroma]] (fluid accumulation), and infection of the surgical wound.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complications and Risks of Mammoplasty {{!}} What to do? |url=https://drzykov.com/articles/complications-mammoplasty.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=drzykov.com |language=en}}</ref> The medical complications of breast augmentation include: pain in the breast, altered tactile sensation, wrinkling and asymmetry of the breast hemisphere, thinning of the breast skin, impeded breastfeeding functions, and [[symmastia]], the ''bread-loafing'' of the bust, which condition elevates the natural plane (cleavage) between the breast hemispheres.

The functional complications of the prosthetic breast — [[capsular contracture]] and capsular rupture — are managed with periodic, preventative physical examinations and [[MRI]] examinations. Medical complications from the emplacement surgery and complications ([[scar|scarring]]) from the application of [[Tissue expansion|tissue expanders]] (place-holder prosthetics) occur in approximately six to seven per cent (6–7%) of breast-augmentation patients.
<ref name = AUG_2006 /><ref name=MMG_2006>{{cite web|title=Important Information for Augmentation Patients About Mentor MemoryGel Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants |url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf3/p030053d.pdf |date=2006-11-03 |work=fda.gov |access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308085812/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf3/p030053d.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=FDA_2004d>{{cite web|title=Saline-Filled Breast Implant Surgery: Making An Informed Decision (Mentor Corporation) |work=FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook – 2004 |url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/labeling/mentor_patient_labeling_5900.html |date=2004-01-13 |access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126155432/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/labeling/mentor_patient_labeling_5900.html |archive-date=November 26, 2006 }}</ref> Statistically, twenty per cent (20%) of women with prosthetic breasts for aesthetic enhancement, and fifty per cent (50%) of women with prosthetic breasts for breast reconstruction, required the explantation of their failed breast-prostheses at the ten-year mark.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110625013310/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm260235.htm FDA provides updated safety data on silicone gel-filled breast implants]. Fda.gov (2011-06-22). Retrieved on 2012-07-15.</ref> In 2019, upon identification of a causal relation between Allergan Biocell breast prostheses (with a textured surface) and an immune-system cancer [anaplastic, large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)], the FDA recalled every model of prosthetic breast made by the Allergan Biocell company.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Health|first=Center for Devices and Radiological|date=2019-12-20|title=Allergan Recalls Natrelle Biocell Textured Breast Implants Due to Risk of BIA-ALCL Cancer|url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/medical-device-recalls/allergan-recalls-natrelle-biocell-textured-breast-implants-due-risk-bia-alcl-cancer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924131504/https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/medical-device-recalls/allergan-recalls-natrelle-biocell-textured-breast-implants-due-risk-bia-alcl-cancer|archive-date=September 24, 2019|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref>

===Rupture of the prosthetic breast===
Because the prosthetic breast is an inorganic foreign object in the body of the woman, her [[immune system]] defensively responds by [[capsular contracture|encapsulating]] the breast prosthesis (saline solution or silicone gel) in a hard-shell capsule of [[collagen|fibrous collagen]].<ref name = FDA_2004c>{{cite web | title = Study of Rupture of Silicone Gel-filled Breast Implants (MRI Component) | work = FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 | url = https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/diseases.html | date = 2000-05-22 | access-date = 2007-05-04}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In time, the body's continual thickening of the fibrous capsule exerts mechanical compression forces upon the prosthetic breast that cause two ruptures that will leak filler-material: (i) the '''intracapsular rupture''' of the prosthesis, wherein the leaked filler-material remains within the fibrous capsule that contains the ruptured prosthetic breast, and (ii) the '''extracapsular rupture''' of the prosthesis, wherein the filler-material leaks out of the ruptured fibrous capsule and into the implant-pocket, from where that leaked filler-material will migrate into the thorax of the woman.<ref name="Holmich2004">{{cite journal| author=Holmich LR |title= Untreated Silicone Breast Implant Rupture | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery| year=2004|pages=204–214|volume=114 | issue=1 |pmid= 15220594 |doi= 10.1097/01.PRS.0000128821.87939.B5|name-list-style=vanc| display-authors=1| last2=Vejborg| first2=Ilse M.| last3=Conrad| first3=Carsten| last4=Sletting| first4=Susanne| last5=h??Ier-Madsen| first5=Mimi| last6=Fryzek| first6=Jon P.| last7=McLaughlin| first7=Joseph K.| last8=Kj??Ller| first8=Kim| last9=Wiik| first9=Allan |s2cid= 25947224 }}</ref>

As a medical-device failure, the rupture of a breast implant usually is not immediately noticed by or is evident to the woman, because the prosthetic filler-material — saline solution or silicone gel — is biologically inert and is not absorbed by her body, and thus causes her no immediate sickness. The migration of the filler-material that has leaked from the breast-implant into the woman's thorax usually provokes medical complications in the pectoral area (the bust) area and in the axillary area (the armpit), and occur are as [[granulomas]] (inflamed nodules) and as [[lymphadenopathy]] (enlarged [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] in the armpit).<ref name="Katzin 2005">{{cite journal |author=Katzin |title=Pathology of Lymph Nodes From Patients With Breast Implants: A Histologic and Spectroscopic Evaluation |journal=American Journal of Surgical Pathology |year=2001 |pages=506–11 |volume=29 |issue=4 |url=http://www.ajsp.com/pt/re/ajsp/abstract.00000478-200504000-00013.htm;jsessionid=G3QMCQKJ6hM5VsXLk60GQByjJfkSq7rzMMVZwKbyvpwxmmZXrQpK!-1734750035!-949856144!8091!-1 |pmid=15767806 |author2=William E |author3=Ceneno |author4=Jose A |author5=Feng |author6=Lu-Jean |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000155145.60670.e4 |s2cid=31982669 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524051708/http://www.ajsp.com/pt/re/ajsp/abstract.00000478-200504000-00013.htm%3Bjsessionid%3DG3QMCQKJ6hM5VsXLk60GQByjJfkSq7rzMMVZwKbyvpwxmmZXrQpK%21-1734750035%21-949856144%218091%21-1 |archive-date=2009-05-24 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Image:Ruptured implant.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Medical-device failure: The capsular contraction that ruptured a prosthetic breast is resolved by the surgical explantation of the red fibrous-capsule (left), the ruptured envelope (center), and the transparent silicone-gel filler material (right) that leaked into the thorax of the woman.]]

; The mechanisms of breast-implant rupture are:
* Damage during the emplacement surgery
* Damage during a thoracic surgery
* Chemical degradation of the silicone shell of the prosthesis
* Trauma: [[blunt trauma]], [[penetrating trauma]], [[blast injury|blast trauma]]
* Mechanical pressure, e.g. [[capsular contracture]] and [[Mammography|mammogram breast examination]]<ref name="FDA_2004b">{{cite web | title = Local Complications | work = FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 | url = https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/localcomplications.html | date = 2004-06-08 | access-date = 2007-05-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513003957/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/localcomplications.html | archive-date = 2007-05-13}}</ref>

As a [[Medical device|Class III medical device]], the breast implant is an industrial product that eventually fails because of age and design flaws of material and manufacture; thus the ''rupture-and-deflation'' of a prosthetic breast is a medical-device failure resolved with the surgical explantation and replacement of the failed prosthetic breast with a new model of prosthetic breast.<ref name="Brown2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brown SL, Middleton MS, Berg WA, Soo MS, Pennello G | s2cid=26355174 | title=Prevalence of Rupture of Silicone gel Breast Implants Revealed on MR Imaging in a Population of Women in Birmingham, Alabama | journal= American Journal of Roentgenology | year=2000 | pages=1057–1064 | volume=175 | issue=4 | pmid=11000165 | doi=10.2214/ajr.175.4.1751057}}</ref> In that light, the Food and Drug Administration informed the women of the U.S. that breast implants are medical devices of finite shelf-life that wear out and fail. That the longer a woman has breast implants in her body — either saline solution or silicone gel — the greater the statistical likelihood of her experiencing the medical complications of the rupture-and-deflation failure of her prosthetic breasts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/breast-implants-safe-but-not-for-life-us-experts-2303085.html|title=Breast Implants Safe, but not for Life: US experts|date=June 25, 2011|website=The Independent}}</ref>

For Second-generation prosthetic breasts (silicone shell, single-lumen) designed in the 1970s, the rupture-deflation defect occurred at the rate of eight to fifteen per cent (8–15%) at the ten-year mark after the surgery; which occurred among fifteen to thirty per cent (15–30%) of the cohort of mammoplasty patients.<ref>[http://www.claripacs.com/case/CL0335 MRI of a ruptured silicone breast implant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904215236/http://www.claripacs.com/case/CL0335 |date=2017-09-04 }} 2013-04-05</ref><ref name="Holmich2003">{{cite journal | author=Holmich LR|title=Incidence of Silicone Breast Implant Rupture| journal=Arch. Surg. | year=2003|pages=801–806| volume=138 | issue=7 | pmid=12860765|doi=10.1001/archsurg.138.7.801 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Friis | first2=S | last3=Fryzek | first3=JP | last4=Vejborg | first4=IM | last5=Conrad | first5=C | last6=Sletting | first6=S | last7=Kjøller | first7=K | last8=McLaughlin | first8=JK | last9=Olsen | first9=JH| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Heden2006">{{cite journal | author=Heden P|title=Prevalence of Rupture in Inamed Silicone Breast Implants| journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|year=2006 | pages=303–308| volume=118 | issue=2|pmid=16874191|doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000233471.58039.30 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Nava | first2=Maurizio B. | last3=Van Tetering | first3=Joost P. B. | last4=Magalon | first4=Guy | last5=Fourie | first5=Le Roux | last6=Brenner | first6=R James | last7=Lindsey | first7=Laura E. | last8=Murphy | first8=Diane K. | last9=Walker | first9=Patricia S.|s2cid=30442865}}</ref><ref name="Collis2005">{{cite web | url=https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4101b1_Mentor-Briefing%20doc-supplement.DOC | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308085809/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4101b1_Mentor-Briefing%20doc-supplement.DOC | archive-date=March 8, 2008 | title=FDA summary of clinical issues (MS Word document)| website=Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> The study ''Safety and Effectiveness of Mentor's MemoryGel Implants at 6 Years'' (2009) reported a medical-device rate of failure of one-point-one per cent (1.1%) at the six-year mark after the surgery.<ref name="cunningham2009">{{cite journal | author=Cunningham, B | title=Safety and effectiveness of Mentor's MemoryGel implants at 6 years| journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2009 | pages=440–444| volume=33 | issue=3 | pmid=19437068 | doi=10.1007/s00266-009-9364-6 | display-authors=1 | last2=McCue | first2=Jonathan| s2cid=25722841}}</ref> Moreover, the data for failed breast prostheses indicated a rupture-and-deflation rate of one-point-zero per cent (1.0%) at the six-year, median age of the medical device.<ref name="Heden">{{cite journal | author=Heden P | title=Style 410 Cohesive Silicone Breast Implants: Safety and Effectiveness at 5 to 9 years after Implantation| journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2006 | pages=1281–1287| volume=118 | issue=6 | pmid=17051096 | doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000239457.17721.5d |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Bon?? | first2=Beate | last3=Murphy | first3=Diane K. | last4=Slicton | first4=Araceli | last5=Walker | first5=Patricia S.| s2cid=34380204}}</ref>

Regarding the detection of rupture-and-deflation defects, ''The Diagnosis of Silicone Breast-implant Rupture: Clinical Findings Compared with Findings at Magnetic Resonance Imaging'' (2005) indicated that, in women without the symptoms of a medical-device failure, the physician's manual examination identified and confirmed only thirty per cent (30%) of breast-implant ruptures, whereas MRI examinations detected eighty-six per cent (86%) of breast-implant ruptures.<ref name="Holmich2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Kjoller K, Breiting VB, Jorgensen A, Krag C, McLaughlin JK | title= The Diagnosis of Silicone Breast-implant Rupture: Clinical Findings Compared with Findings at Magnetic Resonance Imaging | journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery | year=2005 | pages=583–589 | volume=54 | issue=6 | pmid=15900139 | doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000164470.76432.4f| s2cid= 39525474 }}</ref><ref name="song2011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Song JW, Kim HM, Bellfi LT, Chung KC | title= The Effect of Study design Biases on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Silicone Breast Implant Ruptures: a Meta-analysis | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2011 | pages=1029–1044 | volume=127 | issue=3 | pmid=21364405 | doi=10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182043630 | pmc=3080104}}</ref> Consequently, the FDA recommended that women schedule an MRI examination of their prosthetic breasts to detect rupture-and-leakage defects, at the three-year mark after the surgery; and afterwards schedule a defect-detection MRI examination every two years: (i) for the woman with a suspected breast-implant rupture; and (ii) for the confirmation of [[Mammography|mammographic]] and [[Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] studies that indicate the presence of a ruptured breast implant.<ref name = AUG_2006/><ref name = Canada_2005 />

Regarding the detection-and-confirmation of a failed breast-implant, the study ''Natrelle Saline-filled Breast Implants: a Prospective 10-year Study'' (2009) reported a rupture-and-deflation rate of three to five per cent (3–5%) at the three-year mark, and a rupture-and-deflation rate of seven to ten per cent (7–10%) at the ten-year mark after the surgery for breast augmentation.<ref name="Walker2009">{{cite journal | author=Walker PS | title=Natrelle Saline-filled Breast Implants: a Prospective 10-year Study | journal= Aesthetic Surgery Journal| year=2009 | pages=19–25| volume=29 | issue=1 | pmid=19233001 | doi=10.1016/j.asj.2008.10.001 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Walls | first2=Beth | last3=Murphy | first3=Diane K.| doi-access=free }}</ref> The study ''Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4,761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients'' reported that overfilling the prosthetic breast with saline solution (by approx. 10–13%) reduced the rate of rupture-and-deflation to one-point-eighty-three per cent (1.83%) at the eight-year mark after the surgery.<ref name="Eisenberg 2021">{{cite journal | author=Eisenberg, TS| title= Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-Filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients | journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | year=2021| volume= 45 | issue= 5 | pages= 1991–1999 | doi= 10.1007/s00266-021-02198-3 | pmid= 33712871 | pmc= 8481168 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Capsular contracture===
{{Main|Capsular contracture}}
[[Image:Capsular fibrosis.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Medical-device failure: a Baker-scale Grade IV capsular contraction of the capsular fibrosis enclosing a silicone-gel prosthetic breast that was implanted below the right mammary gland of the woman.]]
The human body's [[immune response]] to a surgically-implanted foreign object ([[breast implant|prosthetic breast]], [[Pacemaker|cardiac pacemaker]], orthopedic [[prosthesis]]) is to biologically isolate the foreign object with a capsule of tightly-woven [[collagen]] fibres. Afterwards, the [[capsular contracture]] occurs over time when the thickened, collagen-fibre capsule has compressed inwards, against the breast-implant with great mechanical pressure that deforms and breaks the implant, and so disfigures the breast; the causes of capsular contracture include bacterial contamination, shell-rupture of the medical device, leakage of the prosthetic filler-material, and [[hematoma]].

The prosthetic-breast implantation surgeries that have a low-rate of capsular contractures include surgical approaches that feature the submuscular emplacement of the breast-implant and the use of breast implants with a textured surface;<ref name="Barnsley2006">{{cite journal | author=Barnsley GP| title= Textured surface Breast Implants in the Prevention of Capsular Contracture among Breast Augmentation Patients: a Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2006 | pages=2182–2190| volume=117 | issue=7 | pmid=16772915| doi= 10.1097/01.prs.0000218184.47372.d5 | first2=LJ | first3=SE | last2=Sigurdson | last3=Barnsley| s2cid= 35420582 }}</ref> limited handling of the breast implants before the surgery, limited contact with and handling of the skin of the implant-pocket, and irrigation of the surgical site with antibiotic solutions.<ref name="Mladick1993">{{cite journal | author=Mladick RA| title= "No-touch" Submuscular Saline Breast Augmentation Technique | journal=Journal of Aesthetic Surgery | year=1993 | pages=183–192| volume=17 | issue=3 | pmid= 8213311| doi= 10.1007/BF00636260 | s2cid= 39767802 }}</ref><ref name="Adams2006">{{cite journal | author=Adams WP jr.| title= Enhancing Patient Outcomes in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery using Triple Antibiotic Breast Irrigation: Six-year Prospective Clinical Study | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=2006 | pages=30–6 | volume=117 | issue=1 | pmid=16404244 | doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000185671.51993.7e | last2=Rios | first2=Jose L. | last3=Smith | first3=Sharon J. | s2cid= 35238465 }}</ref>

To correct a capsular contraction, the plastic surgeon realises an open capsulotomy procedure to loosen and release the collagen-fibre capsule from the implant-pocket, for removal and replacement with a new model of prosthetic breast. Moreover, non-surgical therapies for treating collagen-fibre capsules include massage, external [[medical ultrasound|ultrasonic therapy]]<ref name="Planas2001">{{cite journal | author=Planas J| title= Five-year Experience on Ultrasonic Treatment of Breast Contractures | journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | year=2001| pages=89–93 | volume=25 | issue=2 | pmid=11349308| doi= 10.1007/s002660010102 | first2=V | first3=G | last2=Cervelli | last3=Planas| s2cid= 2784003 }}</ref>, pharmaceutic therapy with [[leukotriene antagonist|leukotriene pathway inhibitor]] medications<ref name="Schlesinger2002">{{cite journal |author1=Schlesinger SL |author2=wt al | title= Zafirlukast (Accolate): A New Treatment for Capsular Contracture | journal=Aesthetic Plast. Surg. | year=2002| pages=329–36| volume=22 | issue=4 | doi=10.1067/maj.2002.126753 | pmid=19331987| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Scuderi">{{cite journal | author=Scuderi N| title= The Effects of Zafirlukast on Capsular Contracture: Preliminary Report| journal=Aesthetic Plast. Surg. | year=2006| pages=513–520 | volume=30 | issue=5 | pmid=16977359| doi= 10.1007/s00266-006-0038-3 |name-list-style=vanc | display-authors=1 | last2=Mazzocchi | first2=Marco | last3=Fioramonti | first3=Paolo | last4=Bistoni | first4=Giovanni| s2cid= 251008}}</ref>, and Diapulse therapy ([[Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy]], PEMFT).<ref name="Silver1982">{{cite journal | author=Silver H| title= Reduction of Capsular Contracture with Two-stage Augmentation Mammaplasty and Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy (Diapulse therapy) | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | year=1982| pages=802–805 | volume=69 | issue=5 | pmid=7071225| doi= 10.1097/00006534-198205000-00013| s2cid= 8451166 }}</ref>

====Revision surgery====
After a breast-augmentation surgery, the patient faces ''the possibility'' of a medical complication arising from the physical and the physiological changes undergone by the cut tissues of the body (chest muscles, underlying soft tissues, skin-envelope of the breast hemisphere), thus the [[surgical wound]]s are greatly susceptible to external contamination, bacterial infection, and physical damage — especially in the cases of women who underwent a breast-enlargement surgery whilst also undergoing scheduled [[radiation therapy]].<ref name = FDA_2004b /> A woman with [[breast cancer]] usually undergoes a revision surgery to re-establish the symmetry between the nipple-areola complex of each breast and so recreate the natural appearance of her bust (size, form, feel). The rate of revision surgeries was three-point-zero per cent (3.0%) at the seven-year mark, compared to the re-operation rate of twenty per cent (20%) at the three-year mark.<ref name="Tebbets2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tebbetts | first1 = J. B. | title = "Out points" Criteria for Breast Implant Removal without Replacement and Criteria to Minimize Reoperations following Breast Augmentation | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 114 | issue = 5 | pages = 1258–1262 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15457046 | doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000136802.91357.cf}}</ref><ref name="Tebbets2">{{Cite journal | last1 = Tebbetts | first1 = J. B. | s2cid = 27630646 | title = Achieving a Zero Percent Reoperation Rate at 3 Years in a 50-Consecutive-Case Augmentation Mammaplasty Premarket Approval Study | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000239602.99867.07 | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 118 | issue = 6 | pages = 1453–1457 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17051118 }}</ref>

The therapeutic indications for a re-operation (revision surgery) of the augmented breast are: [[medical complications]], [[capsular contracture]], shell-rupture of the [[medical device]], leakage of the [[silicone|silicone-gel]] filler material, and the rupture-and-deflation of the [[breast implant|prosthetic breast]].<ref name = FDA_2004b />

====Systemic sickness====
Since the 1990s, reviews of studies for causal relations between silicone-gel prosthetic breasts and [[systemic disease]] reported no causal relation to the occurrences of either systemic or autoimmune diseases; nonetheless, many women reported suffering [[neurology|neurological]] and [[rheumatology|rheumatological]] illnesses caused by failures of their prosthetic breasts.<ref name=Canada_2005>{{cite web|title=Expert Advisory Panel on Breast Implants: Record of Proceedings|publisher=HealthCanada|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/md-im/activit/sci-consult/implant-breast-mammaire/eapbi_rop_gceim_crd_2005-09-29_e.html|date=2005-09-29|access-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107040623/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/md-im/activit/sci-consult/implant-breast-mammaire/eapbi_rop_gceim_crd_2005-09-29_e.html|archive-date=2007-11-07}}</ref><ref name=BIIB_2001>{{cite book|author=Therapeutic Goods Administration|title=Breast Implant Information Booklet|edition=4th|publisher=Australian Government|year=2001|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/breasti4.pdf|isbn=978-0-642-73579-9|access-date=2011-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101081442/http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/breasti4.pdf|archive-date=2007-01-01}}</ref><ref name=EQUAM_2000>{{cite web|author=European Committee on Quality Assurance and Medical Devices in Plastic Surgery | title=Consensus Declaration on Breast Implants|url=http://www.secpre.org/pdf/equam.pdf|date=2000-06-23|access-date=2007-05-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061230061944/http://www.secpre.org/pdf/equam.pdf |archive-date = December 30, 2006}}</ref><ref name=UK_1998>{{cite web|title=Silicone Gel Breast Implant Report Launched - No Epidemiological Evidence For Link With Connective Tissue Disease - Independent Review Group|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Pressreleases/DH_4024791|date=1998-07-13|access-date=2007-05-04}}</ref> The study ''Long-term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants'' (2004), reported that in relation to women of the general population, women with prosthetic breasts did not have a greater rate of incidence and diagnosis of [[autoimmune disease]]; that their rate of incidence for musculoskeletal disease was lower than the rate of incidence among women who had undergone other types of cosmetic surgery.<ref name="Breiting2004">{{cite journal|vauthors=Breiting VB, Holmich LR, Brandt B, Fryzek JP, Wolthers MS, Kjoller K, McLaughlin JK, Wiik A, Friis S |title=Long-term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |year=2004|pages=217–226 |volume=114|pmid=15220596|doi=10.1097/01.PRS.0000128823.77637.8A|issue=1|s2cid=20584928}}</ref><ref name="Kjoller2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kjoller K, Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Jacobsen PH, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Henriksen TF, Hoier-Madsen M, Wiik A, Olsen JH |title=Self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among Danish women with cosmetic breast implants|journal= Annals of Plastic Surgery|year=2004|pages=1–7|volume=52 | pmid= 14676691|doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000101930.75241.55 | issue=1|s2cid=33639882}}</ref>

[[Image:BreastImplant09.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Prosthetic breasts: the chest X-ray image of a woman with bilateral breast prostheses shows that the implanted prostheses are radiographically opaque, and are foreign objects in her body.]]

Follow-up [[Longitudinal study|longitudinal studies]] of women with prosthetic breasts indicated no causal relation between the presence of a breast prosthesis and the occurrence of either a systemic disease or an autoimmune disease.<ref name="Fryzek2007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fryzek JP, Holmich L, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Tarone RE, Henriksen T, Kjoller K, Friis S |title=A Nationwide Study of Connective Tissue Disease and Other Rheumatic Conditions Among Danish Women With Long-Term Cosmetic Breast Implantation|journal=Annals of Epidemiology |year=2007|pmid=17321754|doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.11.001|volume=17|pages=374–379|issue=5}}</ref> European and North American studies reported that women who had undergone an augmentation mammoplasty tended to be healthier than the general population; that plastic surgery patients had a lower [[standardized mortality ratio]] than did other types of surgery patient; and that women with prosthetic breasts faced a greater rate of incidence for [[lung cancer]] than did other types of plastic-surgery patient.

Moreover, because only the study ''Long-term Cancer Risk among Swedish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants: an Update of a Nationwide Study'' (2006) controlled for [[tobacco smoking]], the data were insufficient to establish verifiable statistical differences between smokers and non-smokers and the greater incidence of death by lung cancer for women with prosthetic breasts.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Murray MC, Colton T, Hoover RN |title=Mortality Rates Among Augmentation Mammoplasty patients: an update|journal=Epidemiology|year=2006|pages=162–9|volume=17|issue=2|pmid=16477256|doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000197056.84629.19|s2cid=22285852|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Fryzek JP, Ye W, Tarone RE, Nyren O |title=Long-term Cancer Risk Among Swedish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants: an Update of a Nationwide Study| journal=J Natl Cancer Inst|year=2006|pages=557–60|volume=98|issue=8|pmid=16622125|doi=10.1093/jnci/djj134|doi-access=free}}</ref> The long-term study of 25,000 women, ''Mortality among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants'' (2006), reported that breast prostheses do not directly increase mortality in women.<ref name="Villenueve2006">{{cite journal|author=Villenueve PJ|title=Mortality among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|date=June 2006|pmid=16777929|doi=10.1093/aje/kwj214|volume=164|pages=334–341|issue=4|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=1|last2=Holowaty|first2=EJ|last3=Brisson|first3=J|last4=Xie|first4=L|last5=Ugnat|first5=AM|last6=Latulippe|first6=L|last7=Mao|first7=Y |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The study ''Silicone-gel Breast Implant Rupture, Extracapsular Silicone, and Health Status in a Population of Women'' (2001) reported an increased rate of incidence of [[fibromyalgia]] among women who had suffered a [[capsular contracture]] that leaked silicone-gel, than among women whose prosthetic breasts had neither ruptured nor leaked.<ref name="Brown2001">{{cite journal|vauthors=Brown SL, Pennello G, Berg WA, Soo MS, Middleton MS |title=Silicone gel Breast Implant Rupture, Extracapsular Silicone, and Health Status in a Population of Women|journal=Journal of Rheumatology|year=2001|pages=996–1003|volume=28|issue=5|pmid=11361228 |url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/extracapstudy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605000700/http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/extracapstudy.html |archive-date=June 5, 2001 }}</ref> That study was criticized as methodologically flawed, and had presented no evidence of a causal relation between the presence of a prosthetic breast and the occurrence of systemic disease. Upon investigation, the FDA concluded that the [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] evidence in the medical literature does not support an association between fibromyalgia and breast implants.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK |title=Breast Implants and Fibromyalgia: a Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence|journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery|year=2004|pages=284–287|volume=52|issue=3|pmid=15156983|doi=10.1097/01.sap.0000116024.18713.28|s2cid=19370286}}</ref><ref name=FDA_2004>{{cite web|title=Diseases|work=FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004|url=https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/diseases.html|date=2004-06-08|access-date=2007-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609134559/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/breastimplants/handbook2004/diseases.html|archive-date=2007-06-09}}</ref> Likewise, the review study, ''Silicone Breast implants and Connective tissue Disease: No Association'' (2011) reported that the scientific literature does not support any claims about a causal relation between prosthetic breasts and connective-tissue disease.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lipworth L, Holmich LR, McLaughlin JK |title=Silicone Breast implants and Connective tissue Disease: No Association|journal=Semin Immunopathol|year=2011|pages=287–294|volume=33|issue=3|pmid=21369953|doi=10.1007/s00281-010-0238-4|s2cid=22297654}}</ref>

==Fat-graft breast augmentation==
[[File:Dr. Placik Chicago Breast Fat Grafting 19097.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Fat-graft breast augmentation: the pre-procedural aspects (left) and the post-procedural aspects (right) of breasts enlarged and contoured with autologous fat grafts]]
Breast augmentation with fat-grafts (adipocyte tissue) harvested from the body of the patient (autologous fat) is indicated for women requiring [[breast reconstruction]], the surgical correction of a [[congenital defect]], and the æsthetic enhancement of the bust.

* post-mastectomy re-creation of the breast(s); trauma damage (blunt, penetrating), disease ([[breast cancer]]), and explantation deformity (empty breast-implant socket).
* congenital defect correction: [[micromastia]], [[tuberous breast deformity]], and [[Poland Syndrome|Poland's syndrome]].
* primary augmentation: the aesthetic enhancement (contouring) of the size, form, and feel of the breasts.

The application of the adipose fat tissue as autologous filler for injection to correct bodily defects and for breast augmentation was developed by Melvin Bircoll by way of the fat-injection method.<ref>Bircoll M. Autologous Fat Transplantation (presentation) The Asian Congress of Plastic Surgery, February 1982</ref><ref>Bircoll MJ (1984) New Frontiers in Suction Lipectomy (presentation) Second Asian Congress of Plastic Surgery, Pattiya, Thailand, February</ref> In 1987, the surgeon Eduardo Krulig injected fat-grafts with a syringe and a blunt-tip needle, and also used a disposable fat trap to facilitate the collection of body fat and to ensure the sterility of the harvested adipocyte tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krulig |first1=Eduardo |title=Lipo-injection |journal=American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |year=1987 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=123–9|doi=10.1177/074880688700400206 }}</ref><ref>[[#Schiffman|Schiffman]], p. 4.</ref>

The doctors J. Newman and J. Levin designed a lipo-injector gun with a gear-driven plunger for the even injection of autologous fat-tissue to the breast-implant pocket.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Newman J, Levin J |title=Facial Lipo-transplant Surgery|journal= American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery|year= 1987|volume= 4|issue=2|pages=131–140|doi=10.1177/074880688700400207|s2cid=57412119}}</ref> The design of the lipo-injector gun featured a ratchet-gear for accurately emplacing the fat-grafts to the breast-implant pocket; the trigger action injected 0.1 cm3 of filler.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Agris J. |title=Autologous Fat Transplantation: A Three-year Study|journal= American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |year=1987|volume= 4|issue=2|pages= 95–102|doi=10.1177/074880688700400203|s2cid=79454414}}</ref> Non-surgical, fat-graft augmentations of the breast employs adipocyte fat from elsewhere in the body of the woman (up to 300 ml of body fat) with three injections of equal volume, is injected to the subpectoral space and to the intrapectoral space of the [[pectoralis major muscle]], and to the submammary space in order to achieve a breast of natural appearance and contour.<ref>[[#Schiffman|Schiffman]], p. 226.</ref>

The study ''Radiological Evaluation of Breasts Reconstructed with Lipo-modeling'' (2005) indicates that the therapeutic efficacy of fat-graft breast reconstruction in the treatment of [[radiation therapy]] damage to the chest, the incidental reduction of [[capsular contracture]], and the improved coverage of the breast implants. In fat-graft breast augmentation procedures, there is the risk that the [[Adipose tissue|adipocyte tissue]] can become [[necrosis|necrotic]], undergo [[metastatic calcification]], develop cysts, and agglomerate into palpable lumps. Although the cause of metastatic calcification is unknown, the post-procedure biological changes occurred to the fat-graft tissue resemble the tissue changes usual to breast surgery procedures, such as [[breast reduction|reduction mammoplasty]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Pierrefeu-Lagrange A. C. |author2=Delay E. |author3=Guerin N.|display-authors=et al | year = 2005 | title = Radiological Evaluation of Breasts Reconstructed with Lipo-modeling (in French) | journal = Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthétique | volume = 51 | issue = 1|pages=18–28 | doi=10.1016/j.anplas.2005.10.001|pmid=16338046 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Rigotti G. |author2=Marchi A. |author3=Galiè M.|display-authors=et al | year = 2007| title = Clinical Treatment of Radiotherapy Tissue Damages by Lipoaspirates Transplant: A Healing Process Mediated by Adipose-derived Stem cells (ASCS) | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 119| issue = 5| pages = 1409–22; discussion 1423–4| doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000256047.47909.71| pmid = 17415234|s2cid=24897504 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Massiha H | year = 2002 | title = Scar-tissue Flaps for the Correction of Post-implant Breast Rippling | journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery | volume = 48 | issue = 5| pages = 505–7 | doi=10.1097/00000637-200205000-00009| pmid = 11981190 | s2cid = 31590174 }}</ref>

The pre-procedure mammograms were negative for the presence of the malignant neoplasms of [[breast cancer]]. In the 17-patient cohort, two women developed [[breast cancer]] after the breast augmentation: one woman at 12 months and the second woman at 92 months.<ref name=Coleman>{{Cite journal | last1 = Coleman | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Saboeiro | first2 = A. P. | s2cid = 1950274 | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000252001.59162.c9 | title = Fat Grafting to the Breast Revisited: Safety and Efficacy | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 119 | issue = 3 | pages = 775–785; discussion 785–7 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17312477 }}</ref> Further, the study ''Cell-assisted Lipotransfer for Cosmetic Breast Augmentation: Supportive Use of Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells'' (2007), in a 40-woman cohort, the inclusion of adipose [[stem cells]] in the grafts of adipocyte fat increased the rate of the corrective success of the autologous fat-grafting procedure.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yoshimura | first1 = K. | last2 = Sato | first2 = K. | last3 = Aoi | first3 = N. | last4 = Kurita | first4 = M. | last5 = Hirohi | first5 = T. | last6 = Harii | first6 = K. | doi = 10.1007/s00266-007-9019-4 | title = Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer for Cosmetic Breast Augmentation: Supportive Use of Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells | journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–55; discussion 56–7 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17763894 | pmc =2175019 }}</ref>

===Fat grafting techniques===
The centrifugal refinement of the harvested adipocyte tissues removes blood products and free [[lipids]] to produce autologous breast-filler. The injectable filler-fat is obtained by centrifuging the syringes with body-fat in order to separate the serum, blood, and liquid fat components by density, to produce refined, injection-quality body-fat.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Asken, S.|title=Autologous Fat Transplantation: Micro and Macro Techniques|journal= American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery |year=1987|volume= 4|issue=2|pages=111–121|doi=10.1177/074880688700400205|s2cid=79451948}}</ref> For facial injection quality, the fat-filled syringes are centrifuged for 1.0 minute at 2,000 RPM.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Toledo | first1 = L. S. | title = Syringe liposculpture: A two-year experience | journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 321–326 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1950806| doi = 10.1007/BF02273880 | s2cid = 33827789 }}</ref> Moreover, centrifugation at 10,000 RPM for 10 minutes produces a ''collagen graft'', the [[Histology|histologic]] composition of which is cellular residues, [[collagen]] fibres, and 5.0 percent intact fat cells. Because the woman's body absorbs some of the fat grafts, the breasts retain their contours and volumes for 18–24 months.<ref>Uebel, C.O. (1992) "Facial Sculpture with Centrifuged fat Collagen", pp. 749–752 in Hinder, V.T. (Ed.) ''Plastic Surgery'' Vol. II. Amsterdam Excerpta Medica</ref><ref>[[#Schiffman|Schiffman]], p. 5.</ref>

[[File:20845 Dr. Placik Chicago Arlington Heights Illinois Fat Grafting Breasts.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Fat-graft breast augmentation: the pre-operative aspects (left) and the post-operative aspects (right) of a large-volume non-surgical augmentation]]

The study ''Fat Grafting to the Breast Revisited: Safety and Efficacy'' (2007) indicates that the autologous fat was harvested by liposuction with a 10-ml. syringe attached to a two-hole Coleman harvesting [[cannula]]; after centrifugation, the refined breast filler-fat was transferred to 3-ml. syringes. Blunt infiltration cannulas were used to inject the body-fat through 2-mm. incisions; the blunt cannula injection method allowed greater dispersion of small aliquots (equal measures) of body-fat, and reduced the possibility of intravascular fat injection. The 2-mm. incisions were positioned to allow the injection of the fat-grafts from two injection sites; a 0.2 ml fat volume was injected with each withdrawal of the cannula.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Coleman | first1 = S. | title = Avoidance of arterial occlusion from injection of soft tissue fillers | doi = 10.1067/maj.2002.129625 | journal = Aesthetic Surgery Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 6 | pages = 555–557 | year = 2002 | pmid = 19332014 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The breast-contours were realized by layering the fat-grafts at different levels within the breast hemisphere. The fat-graft injection technique allows the plastic surgeon to accurately define the contour of the breast — from the chest wall to the breast-skin envelope— with subcutaneous fat-grafts to the superficial planes of the breast. The greater control in sculpting the contour of the breast is unlike the global augmentation realised with an implant below the breast or below the pectoralis major muscle, respectively expanding the [[retromammary space]] and the retropectoral space. The greatest proportion of the grafted fat usually is infiltrated to the pectoralis major muscle, then to the retropectoral space, and to the prepectoral space (before and behind the pectoralis major muscle). Moreover, fat-grafting to the breast [[parenchyma]] increases the degree of projection of the [[Cleavage (breasts)|bust]].<ref name=Coleman/>

====Fat-graft injection====
The biologic survival of autologous fat [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] depends upon the correct handling of the fat graft, of its careful washing (refinement) to remove extraneous blood cells, and of the controlled, blunt-cannula injection (emplacement) of the refined fat-tissue grafts to an adequately [[Circulatory system|vascularized]] recipient site. Because the body resorbs some of the injected fat grafts (volume loss), compensative over-filling aids in obtaining a satisfactory breast outcome for the patient; thus the transplantation of large-volume fat grafts greater than required, because only 25–50 percent of the fat graft survives at 1-year post-transplantation.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Guerney C.E. | year = 1938 | title = Experimental Study of the Behavior of Free fat Transplants | journal = Surgery | volume = 3 | pages = 679–692 }}</ref>

The correct technique maximizes fat graft survival by minimizing [[Cell (biology)|cellular]] trauma during the liposuction harvesting and the centrifugal refinement, and by injecting the fat in small aliquots (equal measures), not clumps (too-large measures). Injecting minimal-volume aliquots with each pass of the [[cannula]] maximizes the surface area contact, between the grafted fat-tissue and the recipient breast-tissue, because proximity to a vascular system ([[Circulatory system|blood supply]]) encourages [[Histology|histologic]] survival and minimizes the potential for fat necrosis.<ref name=Coleman/> Transplanted autologous fat tissue undergoes histologic changes like those undergone by a bone transplant; if the body accepts the fat-tissue graft, it is replaced with new fat tissue, if the fat-graft dies it is replaced by [[Fibrous connective tissue|fibrous tissue]]. New fat tissue is generated by the activity of a large, wandering [[Histiocyte|histocyte]]-type [[Cell (biology)|cell]], which ingests fat and then becomes a fat cell.<ref>Neuhof H. (1923) ''The Transplantation of Tissues'' New York:D. Appleton p. 74</ref> When the breast-filler fat is injected to the breasts in clumps (too-large measures), fat cells emplaced too distant from blood vessels might die, which can lead to fat tissue necrosis, causing lumps, calcifications, and the eventual formation of liponecrotic cysts.

[[File:21327 Dr. Placik Chicago Arlington Heights IL Breast AUgmentation Fat Grafting.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Fat-graft breast augmentation: the pre-operative aspects (left) and the post-operative aspects (right) of a medium-volume non-surgical augmentation]]

The operating room time required to harvest, refine, and emplace fat to the breasts is greater than the usual 2-hour OR time; the usual infiltration time was approximately 2 hours for the first 100 cm3 volume, and approximately 45 minutes for injecting each additional 100 cm3 volume of breast-filler fat. The technique for injecting fat grafts for breast augmentation allows the plastic surgeon great control in sculpting the breasts to the required contour, especially in the correction of [[tuberous breast deformity]]. In which case, no fat-graft is emplaced beneath the nipple-areola complex (NAC), and the skin envelope of the breast is selectively expanded (contoured) with subcutaneously emplaced body-fat, immediately beneath the skin. Such controlled contouring selectively increased the proportional volume of the breast in relation to the size of the nipple-areola complex, and thus created a breast of natural form and appearance; greater verisimilitude than is achieved solely with breast implants. The fat-corrected, breast-implant deformities, were inadequate soft-tissue coverage of the implant(s) and [[capsular contracture]], achieved with subcutaneous fat-grafts that hid the implant-device edges and wrinkles, and decreased the palpability of the underlying breast implant. Furthermore, grafting autologous fat around the breast implant can result in softening the breast capsule.<ref>Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M. et al. Clinical Treatment of Radiotherapy Tissue Damages by Lipoaspirates Transplant: a Healing Process Mediated by Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCS). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (accepted for publication).</ref>

====External tissue expansion====
The successful outcome of fat-graft breast augmentation is enhanced by achieving a pre-expanded recipient site to create the breast-tissue [[Matrix (biology)|matrix]] that will receive grafts of autologous adipocyte fat. The recipient site is expanded with an external vacuum tissue-expander applied upon each breast. The biological effect of negative pressure ([[vacuum]]) expansion upon [[soft tissues]] derives from the ability of soft tissues to grow when subjected to controlled, distractive, mechanical forces. (see [[distraction osteogenesis]]) The study reported the technical effectiveness of recipient-site pre-expansion. In a single-group study, 17 healthy women (aged 18–40 years) wore a brassiere-like vacuum system that applied a 20-mmHg vacuum (controlled, mechanical, distraction force) to each breast for 10–12 hours daily for 10 weeks. Pre- and post-procedure, the breast volume (size) was periodically measured; likewise, a magnetic resonance image ([[MRI]]) of the breast-tissue architecture and water density was taken during the same phase of the patient's [[menstrual cycle]]; of the 17-woman study group, 12 completed the study, and 5 withdrew, because of non-compliance with the [[clinical trial protocol]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Khouri | first1 = R. K. | last2 = Schlenz | first2 = I. | last3 = Murphy | first3 = B. J. | last4 = Baker | first4 = T. J. | title = Nonsurgical breast enlargement using an external soft-tissue expansion system | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 105 | issue = 7 | pages = 2500–2512; discussion 2512–4 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10845308 | doi=10.1097/00006534-200006000-00032| s2cid = 12772558 }}</ref>

The breast volume (size) of all 17 women increased throughout the 10-week treatment period, the greatest increment was at week 10 (final treatment){{snd}}the average volume increase was 98+/–67 percent over the initial breast-size measures. Incidences of partial recoil occurred at 1-week post-procedure, with no further, significant, breast volume decrease afterwards, nor at the follow-up treatment at 30-weeks post-procedure. The stable, long-term increase in breast size was 55 percent (range 15–115%). The MRI visualizations of the breasts showed no [[edema]], and confirmed the proportionate enlargement of the adipose and glandular components of the breast-tissue [[Matrix (biology)|matrices]]. Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in body weight occurred during the study, and [[self-esteem]] questionnaire scores improved from the initial-measure scores.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Because external vacuum expansion of the recipient-site tissues permits injecting large-volume fat grafts (+300 cc) to correct defects and enhance the bust, the [[Histology|histologic]] viability of the breast filler (adipocyte fat) and its volume must be monitored and maintained. The long-term, volume maintenance data reported in ''Breast Augmentation using Pre-expansion and Autologous Fat Transplantation: a Clinical Radiological Study'' (2010) indicate the technical effectiveness of external tissue expansion of the recipient site for a 25-patient study group, who had 46 breasts augmented with fat grafts. The indications included [[micromastia]] (underdevelopment), explantation deformity (empty implant pocket), and congenital defects ([[tuberous breast deformity]], [[Poland syndrome|Poland's syndrome]]).<ref name="Del Vecchio D pp. 68"/>

Pre-procedure, every patient used external vacuum expansion of the recipient-site tissues to create a breast tissue matrix to be injected with autologous fat grafts of adipocyte tissue, refined via low G-force centrifugation. Pre- and post-procedure, the breast volumes were measured; the patients underwent pre-procedure and 6-month post-procedure MRI and [[X-ray computed tomography|3D volumetric imaging]] examinations. At six months post-procedure, each woman had a significant increase in breast volume, ranging 60–200 percent, per the MRI (n=12) examinations. The size, form, and feel of the breasts was natural; post-procedure MRI examinations revealed no oil [[cysts]] or [[Breast diseases|abnormality]] ([[neoplasm]]) in the fat-augmented breasts. Moreover, given the sensitive, biologic nature of breast tissue, periodic MRI and 3-D volumetric imaging examinations are required to monitor the breast-tissue viability and the maintenance of the large volume (+300 cc) fat grafts.<ref name="Del Vecchio D pp. 68"/>

===Post-mastectomy procedures===
Surgical post-mastectomy [[breast reconstruction]] requires general anaesthesia, cuts the chest muscles, produces new scars, and requires a long post-surgical recovery for the patient. The surgical emplacement of breast implant devices (saline or silicone) introduces a foreign object to the patient's body (see [[capsular contracture]]). The [[TRAM flap]] (Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous flap) procedure reconstructs the breast using an autologous flap of abdominal, cutaneous, and muscle tissues. The latissimus myocutaneous flap employs skin fat and muscle harvested from the back, and a breast implant. The [[DIEP flap]] (Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforators) procedure uses an autologous flap of abdominal skin and fat tissue.<ref name="Khouri RK 2010">Khouri RK (2010) Non-surgical breast reconstruction with autologous fat-grafts</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2024}}

====Post-mastectomy fat-graft reconstruction====
The reconstruction of the breast(s) with grafts of autologous fat is a non-implant alternative to further surgery after a breast cancer surgery, be it a [[lumpectomy]] or a breast removal{{snd}}simple (total) mastectomy, radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, and [[Nipple delay|subcutaneous (nipple sparing) mastectomy]]. The breast is reconstructed by first applying external tissue expansion to the recipient-site tissues ([[adipose]], [[gland]]ular) to create a breast-tissue matrix that can be injected with autologous fat grafts (adipocyte tissue); the reconstructed breast has a natural form, look, and feel, and is generally sensate throughout and in the nipple-areola complex (NAC).<ref name="Khouri RK 2010" /> The reconstruction of breasts with fat grafts requires a three-month treatment period{{snd}}begun after 3–5 weeks of external vacuum expansion of the recipient-site tissues. The autologous breast-filler fat is harvested by liposuction from the patient's body (buttocks, thighs, abdomen), is refined and then is injected (grafted) to the breast-tissue matrices (recipient sites), where the fat will thrive.

One method of non-implant breast reconstruction is initiated at the concluding steps of the breast cancer surgery, wherein the [[Oncology|oncological]] surgeon is joined by the reconstructive plastic surgeon, who immediately begins harvesting, refining, and seeding (injecting) fat grafts to the post-mastectomy recipient site. After that initial post-mastectomy fat-graft seeding in the operating room, the patient leaves hospital with a slight breast mound that has been seeded to become the foundation tissue matrix for the breast reconstruction. Then, after 3–5 weeks of continual external vacuum expansion of the breast mound (seeded recipient-site){{snd}}to promote the [[Histology|histologic]] regeneration of the extant tissues ([[adipose|fat]], [[gland]]ular) via increased blood circulation to the mastectomy scar (suture site){{snd}}the patient formally undergoes the first fat-grafting session for the reconstruction of her breasts. The external vacuum expansion of the breast mound created an adequate, [[Circulatory system|vascularised]], breast-tissue matrix to which the autologous fat is injected; and, per the patient, such reconstruction affords almost-normal sensation throughout the breast and the nipple-areola complex. Patient recovery from non-surgical fat graft breast reconstruction permits her to resume normal life activities at 3-days post-procedure.<ref name="Khouri RK 2010" />

====Tissue engineering====
=====The breast mound=====
The breast-tissue matrix consists of engineered tissues of complex, implanted, biocompatible scaffolds seeded with the appropriate cells. The ''in-situ'' creation of a tissue matrix in the breast mound is begun with the external vacuum expansion of the mastectomy defect tissues (recipient site), for subsequent seeding (injecting) with autologous fat grafts of adipocyte tissue. A 2010 study, reported that serial fat-grafting to a pre-expanded recipient site achieved (with a few 2-mm incisions and minimally invasive blunt-cannula injection procedures), a non-implant outcome equivalent to a surgical breast reconstruction by [[DIEP flap|autologous-flap]] procedure. Technically, the external vacuum expansion of the recipient-site tissues created a skin envelope as it stretched the mastectomy scar, and so generated a fertile breast-tissue matrix to which were injected large-volume fat grafts (150–600 ml) to create a breast of natural form, look, and feel.<ref name="ReferenceC">Khouri RK, Cardoso E, Marchi A, Rigotti G. (2010) [https://www.miamibreastcenter.com/reconstruction/tissue-engineering-breast-autologous-fat-grafting Tissue Engineering a Breast Mound by External expansion & Autologous fat Grafting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408081617/http://www.miamibreastcenter.com/reconstruction/tissue-engineering-breast-autologous-fat-grafting |date=2015-04-08 }}. miamibreastcenter.com</ref>

The fat graft breast reconstructions for 33 women (47 breasts, 14 irradiated), whose clinical statuses ranged from zero days to 30 years post-mastectomy, began with the pre-expansion of the breast mound (recipient site) with an external vacuum tissue-expander for 10 hours daily, for 10–30 days before the first grafting of autologous fat. The breast mound expansion was adequate when the mastectomy scar tissues stretched to create a 200–300 ml recipient matrix (skin envelope), that received a fat-suspension volume of 150–600 ml in each grafting session.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

At one week post-procedure, the patients resumed using the external vacuum tissue-expander for 10 hours daily, until the next fat grafting session; 2–5 outpatient procedures, 6–16 weeks apart, were required until the plastic surgeon and the patient were satisfied with the volume, form, and feel of the reconstructed breasts. The follow-up mammogram and [[MRI]] examinations found neither defects (necrosis) nor abnormalities ([[Breast diseases|neoplasms]]). At six months post-procedure, the reconstructed breasts had a natural form, look, and feel, and the stable breast-volumes ranged 300–600 ml per breast. The post-procedure mammographies indicated normal, fatty breasts with well-vascularized fat, and few, scattered, benign oil cysts. The occurred complications included [[pneumothorax]] and transient cysts.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

=====Explantation deformity=====
The autologous fat graft replacement of breast implants (saline and silicone) resolves [[Complications (medical)|medical complications]] such as: [[capsular contracture]], implant shell rupture, filler leakage (silent rupture), device deflation, and silicone-induced [[granulomas]], which are medical conditions usually requiring re-operation and explantation (breast implant removal). The patient then has the option of surgical or non-implant breast corrections, either replacement of the explanted breast implants or fat-graft breast augmentation. Moreover, because fat-grafts are biologically sensitive, they cannot survive in the empty implantation pocket, instead, they are injected to and diffused within the breast-tissue matrix (recipient site), replacing approximately 50% of the volume of the removed implant{{snd}}as permanent breast augmentation. The outcome of the explantation correction is a bust of natural appearance; breasts of volume, form, and feel, that{{snd}}although approximately 50% smaller than the explanted breast size{{snd}}are larger than the original breast size, pre-procedure.

=====Breast augmentation=====
The outcome of a breast augmentation with fat-graft injections depends upon proper patient selection, preparation, and correct technique for recipient site expansion, and the harvesting, refining, and injecting of the autologous breast filler fat. Technical success follows the adequate external vacuum expansion of the recipient-site tissues (matrix) before the injection of large-volume grafts (220–650 cc) of autologous fat to the breasts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaimedicalvacation.com/cal-stem-cell-breast/ |title=Autologous cell enriched breast lipotransfer | access-date=2012-07-07}}</ref> After harvesting by liposuction, the breast-filler fat was obtained by low G-force syringe centrifugation of the harvested fat to separate it, by density, from the crystalloid component. The refined breast filler then was injected to the pre-expanded recipient site; post-procedure, the patient resumed continual vacuum expansion therapy upon the injected breast, until the next fat grafting session. The mean operating room (OR) time was 2-hours, and there occurred no incidences of [[infection]], cysts, [[seroma]], [[hematoma]], or tissue necrosis.<ref name="Del Vecchio D pp. 68">{{Cite journal | last1 = Del Vecchio | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Bucky | first2 = L. P. | s2cid = 205969440 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182050a64 | title = Breast Augmentation Using Preexpansion and Autologous Fat Transplantation: A Clinical Radiographic Study | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 127 | issue = 6 | pages = 2441–2450 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21311393 }}</ref>

The breast-volume data reported in ''Breast Augmentation with Autologous Fat Grafting: A Clinical Radiological Study'' (2010) indicated a mean increase of 1.2 times the initial breast volume, at six months post-procedure. In a two-year period, 25 patients underwent breast augmentation by fat graft injection; at three weeks pre-procedure, before the fat grafting to the breast-tissue matrix (recipient site), the patients were photographed, and examined via intravenous contrast [[MRI]] or [[X-ray computed tomography|3-D volumetric imaging]], or both. The breast-filler fat was harvested by liposuction (abdomen, buttocks, thighs), and yielded fat-graft volumes of 220–650 cm3 per breast. At six months post-procedure, the follow-up treatment included photographs, intravenous contrast MRI or 3-D volumetric imaging, or both. Each woman had an increased breast volume of 250 cm3 per breast, a mean volume increase confirmed by quantitative MRI analysis. The mean increase in breast volume was 1.2 times the initial breast volume measurements; the statistical difference between the pre-procedure and the six-month post-procedure breast volumes was (P< 00.0000007); the percentage increase basis of the breast volume was 60–80% of the initial, pre-procedure breast volume.<ref name="Del Vecchio D pp. 68"/>

==Medical complications and limitations==
The Chinese study ''Breast Augmentation by Autologous Fat-injection Grafting: Management and Clinical analysis of Complications'' (2009) reported a reduced incidence of medical complications with strict control of the rate of injection (cm3/min) of the volume of breast-filler by injecting the fat-grafts in even layers within the breast-tissue matrix. The small (2-mm.) incision and blunt-[[cannula]] injections reduce the possibility of damaging the underlying structures of the breast (milk ducts, blood vessels, nerves). Injected fat-tissue grafts that do not establish an [[Angiogenesis|adequate blood supply]] can undergo [[necrosis]] from [[Ischemia|lack of oxygen]] and result in oil cysts that will become calcified.<ref name="Ørholt">{{cite journal |last1=Ørholt |first1=Mathias |last2=Larsen |first2=Andreas |last3=Hemmingsen |first3=Mathilde N. |last4=Mirian |first4=Christian |last5=Zocchi |first5=Michele L. |last6=Vester-Glowinski |first6=Peter V. |last7=Herly |first7=Mikkel |title=Complications after Breast Augmentation with Fat Grafting: A Systematic Review |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |date=March 2020 |volume=145 |issue=3 |pages=530e–537e |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000006569 |pmid=32097306 |issn=1529-4242 |quote=The most frequent radiologic change after fat grafting was oil cysts (6.5 percent; 95 percent CI, 3.7 to 9.2 percent) followed by calcifications (4.5 percent; 95 percent CI, 2.1 to 6.9 percent).}}</ref>

The medical complications (sclerotic lesions, and [[breast disease]]) occurred to the 17-patient group were identified and located with [[X-ray computed tomography]] and MRI visualizations of the breast tissues. The sclerotic lesion was excised and the liquefied fat was evacuated; the excised samples indicated biological changes in the intramammary fat grafts, such as fat necrosis, fat calcification, fat [[Hyaline|hyalinization]], and [[fibroplasia]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mu | first1 = D. L. | last2 = Luan | first2 = J. | last3 = Mu | first3 = L. | last4 = Xin | first4 = M. Q. | title = Breast Augmentation by Autologous Fat Injection Grafting | doi = 10.1097/SAP.0b013e318189a98a | journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 124–127 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19574890 | s2cid = 25002384 }}</ref>
===Technical limitations===
When the patient's body has insufficient adipocyte tissue to harvest as injectable breast filler, a combination of fat grafting and breast implants might provide the desired outcome. Although non-surgical breast augmentation with fat graft injections is not associated with implant-related medical complications (filler leakage, deflation, visibility, palpability, [[capsular contracture]]), the achievable breast volumes are physically limited; the large-volume, global bust augmentations realised with breast implants are not possible with the method of structural fat grafting. Global breast augmentation contrasts with the controlled breast augmentation of fat-graft injection, in the degree of control that the plastic surgeon has in achieving the desired breast contour and volume. The controlled augmentation is realised by infiltrating and diffusing the fat grafts throughout the breast; and it is feather-layered into the adjacent pectoral areas until achieving the desired outcome of breast volume and contour. Nonetheless, the physical fullness-of-breast achieved with injected fat-grafts does not visually translate into the type of buxom fullness achieved with breast implants; hence, patients who had plentiful fat-tissue to harvest attained a maximum breast augmentation of one bra cup size in one session of fat grafting to the breast.<ref name=Coleman/>

====Therapy====
Breast augmentation via autologous fat grafts allows the [[Oncology|oncological]] breast surgeon to consider conservative breast surgery procedures that usually are precluded by the presence of alloplastic [[breast implants]], e.g. [[lumpectomy]], if cancer is detected in an implant-augmented breast. In previously augmented patients, aesthetic outcomes cannot be ensured without removing the implant and performing mastectomy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Karanas | first1 = Y. L. | last2 = Leong | first2 = D. S. | last3 = Da Lio | first3 = A. | last4 = Waldron | first4 = K. | last5 = Watson | first5 = J. P. | last6 = Chang | first6 = H. | last7 = Shaw | first7 = W. W. | doi = 10.1097/01.PRS.0000046667.56931.E1 | title = Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer in Previously Augmented Patients | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 111 | issue = 3 | pages = 1078–1083; discussion 1083–6 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12621177 | s2cid = 46131412 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Handel | first1 = N. | last2 = Lewinsky | first2 = B. | last3 = Jensen | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Silverstein | first4 = M. J. | title = Breast conservation therapy after augmentation mammaplasty: Is it appropriate? | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 1216–1224 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8942907 | doi=10.1097/00006534-199612000-00015| s2cid = 45313894 }}</ref> Moreover, [[radiotherapy]] treatment is critical to reducing cancerous recurrence and to the maximal conservation of breast tissue; yet, radiotherapy of an implant-augmented breast much increases the incidence of [[Complications (medical)|medical complications]]{{snd}}[[capsular contracture]], infection, extrusion, and poor cosmetic outcome.<ref name="Coleman" />

====Post-cancer breast reconstruction====

After mastectomy, [[Free flap breast reconstruction|surgical breast reconstruction]] with autogenous [[TRAM flap|skin flaps]] and with breast implants can produce subtle deformities and deficiencies resultant from such global breast augmentation, thus the [[breast reconstruction]] is incomplete. In which case, fat graft injection can provide the missing coverage and fullness, and might relax the [[capsular contracture|breast capsule]]. The fat can be injected as either large grafts or as small grafts, as required to correct difficult axillary deficiencies, improper breast contour, visible implant edges, capsular contracture, and tissue damage consequent to radiation therapy.<ref name=Coleman/>

==The patient==
{{Further|Body dysmorphic disorder|Body image|Beauty}}
===Psychology===
The psychological studies ''Body Image Concerns of Breast Augmentation Patients'' (2003) and ''Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery'' (2006) indicate that women who seek breast-augmentation surgery usually have a mental-health background that features treatments of [[psychotherapy]], who suffer many occurrences low [[self-esteem]] and of [[Depression (mood)|psychological depression]], in comparison with the general population of women. Moreover, women who sought breast augmentation also suffered [[body dysmorphia]], which is an extreme dissatisfaction and preoccupation with perceived physical defects in her personal appearance, which misperceptions often lead to significant impairment of her mental ability to function socially.

Post-operative patient surveys about the mental health and the quality of life of the women, reported improved physical health, physical appearance, social life, self-confidence, self-esteem, and satisfaction [[sexual attraction|sexual functioning]]. Furthermore, most of the women reported long-term satisfaction with their breast implants; some despite having had medical complications that required surgical revision, either corrective or aesthetic. In Denmark, 8.0 percent of breast augmentation patients had a pre-operative history of psychiatric hospitalization.<ref name="Brinton2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brinton L, Brown S, Colton T, Burich M, Lubin J |title = Characteristics of a Population of Women with Breast Implants Compared with Women Seeking other Types of Plastic Surgery|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume = 105|issue=3|pages=919–927|year=2000|pmid=10724251|doi=10.1097/00006534-200003000-00014|s2cid = 32599107|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1234820}}</ref><ref name="Jacobsen PH 2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jacobsen | first1 = P. H. | last2 = Hölmich | first2 = L. R. | last3 = McLaughlin | first3 = J. K. | last4 = Johansen | first4 = C. | last5 = Olsen | first5 = J. H. | last6 = Kjøller | first6 = K. | last7 = Friis | first7 = S. | title = Mortality and Suicide Among Danish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants | doi = 10.1001/archinte.164.22.2450 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 22 | pages = 2450–2455 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15596635 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Young1994">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/00006534-199412000-00009 | last1 = Young | first1 = V. L. | last2 = Nemecek | first2 = J. R. | last3 = Nemecek | first3 = D. A. | title = The efficacy of breast augmentation: Breast size increase, patient satisfaction, and psychological effects | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 94 | issue = 7 | pages = 958–969 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7972484| s2cid = 753343 }}</ref><ref name="Crerand 2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Crerand | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Franklin | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Sarwer | first3 = D. B. | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000242500.28431.24 | title = Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 118 | issue = 7 | pages = 167e–180e | year = 2006 | pmid = 17102719 | s2cid = 8925060 }}</ref><ref name="Sarwer2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Sarwer | first1 = D. B. | last2 = Larossa | first2 = D. | last3 = Bartlett | first3 = S. P. | last4 = Low | first4 = D. W. | last5 = Bucky | first5 = L. P. | last6 = Whitaker | first6 = L. A. | doi = 10.1097/01.PRS.0000066005.07796.51 | title = Body Image Concerns of Breast Augmentation Patients | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 112 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–90 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12832880 | s2cid = 45574374 }}</ref><ref name="chahraoui2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chahraoui | first1 = K. | last2 = Danino | first2 = A. | last3 = Frachebois | first3 = C. | last4 = Clerc | first4 = A. S. | last5 = Malka | first5 = G. | title = Chirurgie esthétique et qualité de vie subjective avant et quatre mois après l'opération | doi = 10.1016/j.anplas.2005.07.010 | journal = Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthétique | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 207–210 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16181718 }}</ref><ref name="Cash2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cash | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Duel | first2 = L. A. | last3 = Perkins | first3 = L. L. | title = Women's psychosocial outcomes of breast augmentation with silicone gel-filled implants: A 2-year prospective study | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 109 | issue = 6 | pages = 2112–2121; discussion 2121–3 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11994621 | doi=10.1097/00006534-200205000-00049}}</ref><ref name="Haas2007">{{Cite journal | last1 = Figueroa-Haas | first1 = C. L. | title = Effect of breast augmentation mammoplasty on self-esteem and sexuality: A quantitative analysis | journal = Plastic Surgical Nursing | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–36 | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1097/01.PSN.0000264159.30505.c9 | pmid = 17356451 | s2cid = 23169107 }}</ref><ref name=AUG_2006>{{cite web | title=Important Information for Women About Breast Augmentation with Inamed Silicone Gel-Filled Implants | website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] | year=2006 | url = https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf2/P020056d.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070103050703/https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf2/P020056d.pdf | archive-date=2007-01-03 | access-date=2007-05-04 }}</ref><ref name="HandelN">{{Cite journal | last1 = Handel | first1 = N. | last2 = Cordray | first2 = T. | last3 = Gutierrez | first3 = J. | last4 = Jensen | first4 = J. A. | s2cid = 15228702 | title = A Long-Term Study of Outcomes, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction with Breast Implants | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000201457.00772.1d | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | pages = 757–767; discussion 767–72 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16525261 }}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=January 2023}}

===Women bodybuilders===
The Cosmeticsurgery.com article ''They Need Bosoms, too{{snd}}Women Weight Lifters'' (2013) reported that women weight-lifters have resorted to breast augmentation surgery to maintain a feminine physique, and so compensate for the loss of breast mass consequent to the increased lean-body mass and decreased body-fat consequent to [[Female bodybuilding|lifting weights]].<ref>[http://www.cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~83/ They Need Bosoms, too – Women Weight Lifters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022170805/http://www.cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~83/ |date=2016-10-22 }}, ''Cosmeticsurgery.com''</ref>

===Mental health===
The [[longitudinal study]] ''Excess Mortality from Suicide and other External Causes of Death Among Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants'' (2007), reported that women who sought breast implants are almost 3.0 times as likely to commit suicide as are women who have not sought breast implants. Compared to the standard suicide-rate for women of the general populace, the suicide-rate for women with augmented breasts remained alike until 10-years post-implantation, yet it increased to 4.5 times greater at the 11-year mark, and so remained until the 19-year mark, when it increased to 6.0 times greater at 20-years post-implantation. Moreover, additional to the suicide risk, women with [[breast implant]]s also faced a trebled death risk from [[alcoholism]] and drugs abuse (prescription and recreational).<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSN0836919020070808?rpc=22&sp=true | work=Reuters | title=Breast Implants Linked with Suicide in Study | date=2007-08-08}}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-08-06-breast-implants_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Breast Implants Linked to Higher Suicide Rates | first=Anita | last=Manning | date=2007-08-06 | access-date=2010-04-26}}</ref> Although seven studies have statistically connected a woman's undergoing a breast augmentation procedure to a greater suicide rate, the research indicates that augmentation<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-03-15 |title=Characteristics of Women Who Have Had Cosmetic Breast Implants That Could Be Associated with Increased Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review, Proposing a Suicide Prevention Model |pmc=4366693 |last1=Manoloudakis |first1=N. |last2=Labiris |first2=G. |last3=Karakitsou |first3=N. |last4=Kim |first4=J. B. |last5=Sheena |first5=Y. |last6=Niakas |first6=D. |journal=Archives of Plastic Surgery |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=131–142 |doi=10.5999/aps.2015.42.2.131 |pmid=25798383 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarwer |first1=David B. |last2=Brown |first2=Gregory K. |last3=Evans |first3=Dwight L. |date=July 2007 |title=Cosmetic breast augmentation and suicide |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=7 |pages=1006–1013 |doi=10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1006 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=17606650}}</ref> surgery does not increase the suicide rate; and that, in the first instance, it is the [[psychopathology|psychopathologically]] inclined woman who is likelier to undergo breast augmentation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Brinton | first1 = L. A. | last2 = Lubin | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Burich | first3 = M. C. | last4 = Colton | first4 = T. | last5 = Hoover | first5 = R. N. | title = Mortality among augmentation mammoplasty patients | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 321–326 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11337605 | doi=10.1097/00001648-200105000-00012| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Koot | first1 = V. C. M. | last2 = Peeters | first2 = P. H. | last3 = Granath | first3 = F. | last4 = Grobbee | first4 = D. E. | last5 = Nyren | first5 = O. | title = Total and cause specific mortality among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: Prospective study | doi = 10.1136/bmj.326.7388.527 | journal = BMJ | volume = 326 | issue = 7388 | pages = 527–528 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12623911 | pmc =150462 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pukkala | first1 = E. | last2 = Kulmala | first2 = I. | last3 = Hovi | first3 = S. L. | last4 = Hemminki | first4 = E. | last5 = Keskimäki | first5 = I. | last6 = Lipworth | first6 = L. | last7 = Boice | first7 = J. D. | last8 = McLaughlin | first8 = J. K. | last9 = McLaughlin | doi = 10.1097/01.sap.0000080407.97677.A5 | first9 = J. K. | title = Causes of Death Among Finnish Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants, 1971–2001 | journal = Annals of Plastic Surgery | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 339–342; discussion 342–4 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14520056 | s2cid = 34929987 }}</ref><ref name="Villenueve2006" /><ref name="pmid16477256">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brinton | first1 = L. A. | last2 = Lubin | first2 = J. H. | last3 = Murray | first3 = M. C. | last4 = Colton | first4 = T. | last5 = Hoover | first5 = R. N. | title = Mortality Rates Among Augmentation Mammoplasty Patients | doi = 10.1097/01.ede.0000197056.84629.19 | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–169 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16477256 | s2cid = 22285852 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>National Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2006. Arlington Heights, Illinois, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2007</ref>

Moreover, the study ''Effect of Breast Augmentation Mammoplasty on Self-Esteem and Sexuality: A Quantitative Analysis'' (2007), reported that the women attributed their improved self-esteem, self-image, and increased, satisfactory sexual functioning to having undergone breast augmentation; the cohort, aged 21–57 years, averaged post-operative self-esteem increases ranging from 20.7 to 24.9 points on the 30-point [[Rosenberg self-esteem scale]], which data supported the 78.6 percent increase in the woman's [[libido]], relative to her pre-operative level of libido. Therefore, before agreeing to any surgical procedure, the plastic surgeon evaluates and considers the woman's [[mental health]] to determine if breast implants can positively affect her self-esteem and [[sexual function]]ing.<ref>Nauert, Rick. (2007-03-23) [http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/03/23/plastic-surgery-helps-self-esteem/703.html Plastic Surgery Helps Self-Esteem | Psych Central News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619034928/http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/03/23/plastic-surgery-helps-self-esteem/703.html |date=2010-06-19 }}. Psychcentral.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-15.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|ref=Schiffman|author=Schiffman MA|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-HYbvHxcKcC&pg=PA3 |title=Autologous Fat Transfer: Art, Science, and Clinical Practice|publisher= Springer |place=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-642-00472-8}}
* {{cite book|ref=Mary White Stewart|author=Mary White Stewart MD|year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/siliconespillsbr0000stew|title=Silicone Spills: Breast Implants on Trial|publisher=Praeger|place=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-0-275-96359-0|url-access=registration}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Breast surgery]]
[[Category:Cosmetic surgery]]

[[fr:Mammoplastie#Augmentation mammaire et prothèses]]

M. Vincent

2026-03-11T04:21:48Z

JacksonKuester2: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Tamil Nadu politician|M. Vincent (Tamil Nadu politician)}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Vincent
| image = M Vincent MLA.jpg

| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2016|06|02|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jameela Prakasam]]
| successor =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|05|31|df=yes}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|Christian College, Kattakada|[[Kerala Law Academy|Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| education = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[Economics]]|[[Bachelor of Laws]]}}
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Subha Vincent|2002}}
| children = 3
}}

{{Indian name|Vincent|Michaelpillai}}'''Michaelpillai Vincent''' (മൈക്കിൾപ്പിള്ളൈ വിൻസെന്റ്) (born 31 May 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and [[Indian National Congress]]. Born to Michael Pillai and Phillis, Vincent represents the [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam constituency]].

== Education ==
M. Vincent has a degree from [[Kerala Law Academy|Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]. Prior to that he had completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[Economics]] from Christian College, Kattakada.

== Political career ==

His first foray into politics was as a student of 8th grade in 1982 and 10th grade in 1984 as class leader in HSS, Balaramapuram which led to the first political position in the year 1994 as the Unit Secretary of Kerala Students Union. In the year 1995, he became the Taluk General Secretary of KSU and later in 1996 he was the KSU [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] General Secretary and was chosen as the member of Nemom Block Panchayat simultaneously.

[[File:M.Vincent MLA.jpg|thumb|414x414px|M. Vincent MLA]]

In 2002, M. Vincent was elected as the Indian Youth Congress State General Secretary. Later in October, 2008 he was selected as the Thiruvananthapuram District D.C.C General Secretary. In December, 2012 Vincent became the KPCC Secretary.

M. Vincent was elected as the MLA of [[Kovalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kovalam constituency]] in 2016 with 60,268 votes. Since December 2017, he is the General Council Member of Agricultural University and also a senate member of the [[University of Kerala]] from December 2018.

== Achievements ==
M Vincent has accomplished a lot within 5 years of his term as the MLA of Kovalam Constituency. Within the 5-year time frame, he has risen to the needs of his people with MLA's fund. Roads were constructed for Rs.8.06 crores, high mast and mini-mast lights placed for Rs. 3.45 crores, various projects for drinking water facilities were conducted for Rs.79 lakhs, waiting sheds were built for Rs.71 lakhs, ambulances were provided for all the panchayats and PHC's for Rs.92 lakhs, ponds were renovated for Rs.24.60 lakhs, donations were provided for a lot of dairy co-operative societies for Rs.4.48 lakhs, welfare of fishermen was met for Rs. 8 crores, hospitals were renovated for Rs.90 crores. MLA's fund has also met the needs of various schools as he has donated school buses for Rs.1.89 crores, kitchens were for Rs.98 lakhs, restrooms were constructed for Rs.76 lakhs, smart classrooms and computer labs were built for Rs.25.82 lakhs, buildings for schools and anganwadis were established for Rs. 1.87 crores.

M Vincent is also actively helping the Balarampuram handloom workers for getting a better visibility across the world.

== Personal life ==
M. Vincent married Subha Vincent on 28 October 2002 and has three children – Adithyan, Abhijith, and Aadhy. Apart from politics, he is passionate about cricket and reading.

== References ==

# http://www.kau.edu/people/shri-m-vincent-m-l
# https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/tharoor-accepts-kaitharichallange-to-revive-sector-in-balaramapuram/articleshow/78987051.cms
#https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/nov/04/kaitharichallenge-to-aid-balaramapuram-weavers-2218925.html
# https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/06/kovalam-mla-vincent-s-house-viral-in-social-media.html
# https://www.thenationwide.in/kerala/after-serving-five-years-as-kerala-mla-all-that-vincent-owns-is-a-small-650-square-feet-house
# https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thiruvananthapuram/kovalam-mla-m-vincent-responds-on-the-viral-video-on-his-house/articleshow/80188246.cms

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vincent, M.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2021–2026]]

Anashua Majumdar

2026-03-11T00:16:38Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Cleanup biography|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anusuya Majumdar
| image = Infobox_picture_for_article_on_Bengali_actress_Anashua_Majumdar.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Anusuya Majumdar
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Loreto College, Kolkata]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Subrata Majumder
| citizenship = Indian
}}
'''Anashua Majumdar''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language films, TV shows and theater.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veteran actress Anashua Majumdar tests positive for COVID-19 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/veteran-actress-anasua-majumdar-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82324036.cms |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Anashua Majumdar opts out of three TV shows - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-anashua-majumdar-opts-out-of-three-tv-shows/articleshow/77106652.cms |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=22 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2022 |title=Anashua Majumdar: বয়স ছুঁয়েছে সাতের ঘর! মনে-প্রাণে আজও পর্দাতেই বাঁচতে চান অভিনেত্রী অনুসূয়া মজুমদার |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/anashua-majumdar-still-want-to-live-with-work-and-acting-act/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810123543/https://thebengalichronicle.com/anashua-majumdar-still-want-to-live-with-work-and-acting-act/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Films should be listed in chronological order, not in reverse chronological order|date=December 2024}}

* ''[[Shontaan]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Raktabeej]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Byadh]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Gotro]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Maati (film)|Maati]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Gangster (2016 film)|Gangster]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Kagojer Nouka]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Mrs. Sen]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bhalo Theko]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Pashanda Pandit]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Tahader Katha]]'' (1993)
* ''[[City of Joy (1992 film)|City of Joy]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mahaprithibi]]'' (1991)

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#F5F5F5;"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Channel
! Character
!Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''Shyaola''|| [[Zee Bangla]] || Kamalika Sinha Roy
|
|-
| 2008 || ''Mohona'' || [[Zee Bangla]] ||
|
|-
| 2006 - 2009 || ''Rani Kahini''|| [[Zee Bangla]] || Miss
|
|-
| 2009 - 2012 || ''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]''|| [[Star Jalsha]] || Niharika
|
|-
| 2009 - 2013 || ''[[Binni Dhaner Khoi]]'' || [[Colors Bangla]] || Anwara Bibi
|
|-
| 2013 - 2014 || ''Sokhi'' || rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]] || Rama Sanyal
|
|-
| 2013 - 2015 || ''[[Jol Nupur]]'' || Radharani
|
|-
| 2014 - 2016 || ''[[Tumi Robe Nirobe (2015 series)|Tumi Robe Nirobe]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]] || Jaya
|
|-
| 2015 - 2016 || ''[[Kojagori]]'' || Rashmoni Mitra
|
|-
| 2015 - 2016 || ''Chokher Tara Tui'' || rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]] || Umrao Jaan
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ichche Nodee]]'' || Malobika's Mother
|
|-
| 2016 - 2017 || ''[[Ei Chheleta Bhelbheleta]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Jaan
|
|-
| 2016 - 2018 || ''[[Kusum Dola]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]] || Nayan Mani
|
|-
|| 2017 - 2018 || ''Kundo Phooler Mala''|| Angshu's step-mother
|
|-
| 2017 - 2018 || ''[[Andarmahal]]'' || [[Zee Bangla]] || Kundanandini Bose
|
|-
| 2017 || ''Gachkouto'' || [[Colors Bangla]] || Chitra
|
|-
| 2019 - 2020 || ''[[Mohor (TV series)|Mohor]]'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || |Malobika Roy chowdhury
|(later replaced by [[Moumita Gupta]])
|-
|2020
|''[[Jiyon Kathi]]''
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Kora Pakhi]]''
| rowspan="5" |[[Star Jalsha]]
|Radharani Banerjee
|(later replaced by [[Moumita Gupta]])
|-
|2020 - 2021
|''[[Desher Maati]]''
|Sharmila Mukherjee
|
|-
|2022 - 2023
|''[[Ekka Dokka]]''
|Binodini Sengupta
|
|-
|2023 - 2024
|''Jol Thoi Thoi Bhalobasha''
|Kojagori's mother in law
|
|-
|2025–Present
|''[[Chirosakha]]''
|Lokkhimoni ; Kamalini's mother in law
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611435}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Anusuya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Loreto College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)

2026-03-08T14:01:37Z

JacksonKuester2: made a stub - done

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Co-operation}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय सहकार विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Co-operation [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}
The '''Ministry of Co-operation''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage {{!}} Department of Co-Operation, Marketing and Textiles, Maharashtra {{!}} Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India |url=https://mahasahakar.maharashtra.gov.in/en/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Explained: Why a Ministry of Cooperation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-a-cooperation-ministry-7395784/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet-level]] minister. '''[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]''' is the current Minister of Co-operation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-25 |title=Maharashtra govt will strengthen cooperative societies in rural areas: Minister |url=https://theprint.in/india/maharashtra-govt-will-strengthen-cooperative-societies-in-rural-areas-minister/2418894/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250721071531/https://theprint.in/india/maharashtra-govt-will-strengthen-cooperative-societies-in-rural-areas-minister/2418894/ |archive-date=2025-07-21 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Co-operation}} '''मंत्री सहकार विभाग'''
| image =
| incumbent = [[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = *'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor = * '''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''
(2023- 2024)
| deputy = * '''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December
2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Co-operation
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Bharde|Balasaheb Shivram Bharde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 224]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
| '''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa Constituency No. 239]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|23 February}} 1976
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1976|02|23}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|23 February}} 1976
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1976|02|23|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur Constituency No. 09]]- [[Dhule District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''Narayan Dnyandev Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kolhapur Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shalini Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon Constituency No. 257]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Abhaysinh Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara Constituency No. 262]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Abhaysinh Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara Constituency No. 262]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Jaiprakash Mundada]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath Constituency No. 92]]- [[Hingoli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Jaiprakash Mundada]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath Constituency No. 92]]- [[Hingoli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Pawar and Vikramsinh Patankar.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Vikramsinh Patankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 14 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Harshvardhan Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Guardian Minister, Maharashtra, Shri Chandrakantdada Patil addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Gadhinglaj, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra on November 06, 2015.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Chandrakant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Pune Graduates Constituency No. 05 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:subhash-deshmukh2.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Atul Save]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[File:Dilip Walse Patil.png|80px]]
|'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon Constituency No. 196]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21|}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Co-operation
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:240916-vishwajeet-kadam.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vishwajeet Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
| +
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Atul Save]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha Constituency No. 47]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Babasaheb Mohanrao Patil]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Yogendra Singh Yadav

2026-03-06T17:37:19Z

JacksonKuester2: added references

{{short description|Recipient of Param Vir Chakra(born 10 May 1980)}}
{{for|the politician|Yogendra Yadav}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] ([[Subedar Major]])
| name = Yogendra Singh Yadav
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = File:Sub Maj & Hony Capt Yogendra Singh Yadav, PVC.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Official portrait of Captain Yadav in 2021 wearing PVC
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twdi.in/node/506|title=Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav, PVC|work=twdi.in|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327003059/http://twdi.in/node/506|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bulandshahr district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| serviceyears = 27 December 1996 - 31 December 2021
| rank = [[File: Captain of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] [[File:Subedar Major - Risaldar Major of the Indian Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar Major]]
| service_number = 2690572K
| other_names =
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]] [[Yash Bharati]]
| unit = [[File:Grenadiers Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[The Grenadiers|18th Grenadiers]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| alma_mater = Government High School, Aurangabad Ahir, Bulandshahar
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Kargil War]]
** [[Battle of Tiger Hill]]
** [[Battle of Tololing]]
{{tree list/end}}
| employer =
| occupation =
| home_town =
| title =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

[[Subedar Major]]<ref name=youtube>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPLXjzP60L4|url-status=dead|title=Yogendra Singh Yadav is shown to be a Subedar Major|website=[[YouTube]]|year=2017|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915041019/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=aPLXjzP60L4}}</ref> and [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] '''Yogendra Singh Yadav''' [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] (born 10 May 1980) is a retired Indian military officer, who was awarded India's highest military award, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his actions during the [[Kargil War]]. He is the youngest recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]] to date, having received it at the age of 19.<ref name="Major General Ian Cardozo">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 | title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle | publisher=Roli Books Private Limited | author=Major General Ian Cardozo | year=2003 | pages=The Last Ghatak | isbn=9789351940296}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/yogender-singh-yadav|title=YOGENDER SINGH YADAV {{!}} Gallantry Awards|website=gallantryawards.gov.in|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091151/http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/yogender-singh-yadav|archive-date=16 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Yadav was born in a [[Yadav]] family on 10 May 1980<ref name="Major General Ian Cardozo"/> in Aurangabad Ahir, [[Bulandshahr]] District, [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="googlebook1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&pg=PA45 | title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India (Google eBook) | publisher=Lancer Publishers | date=1 January 2006 | author=S. D. S. Yadava | pages=47 | isbn=9788170622161}}</ref> His father Karan Singh Yadav served in the [[Kumaon Regiment]], participating in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]] Indo-Pakistan wars.<ref name="Major General Ian Cardozo"/> His elder brother Jitendra Singh Yadav also serving in [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery of Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=17 गोलियां लगने के बाद भी इस परमवीर ने मौत को दी मात, नाम है- योगेंद्र सिंह यादव - |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-yogendra-singh-yadav-recalls-the-battle-of-tiger-hill-in-kargil-war-18301261.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Yadav joined the Indian Army at 16 years and five months of age.<ref name="TLG">{{cite book|last1=Cardozo|first1=Major General Ian|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|date=2003|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=9789351940296|page=The Last Ghatak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Career==
===Kargil War===
{{Main|Battle of Tiger Hill}}

[[File:Subedar_Yogendra_Singh_Yoginder.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Portrait of [[Havildar]] Yadav]]
Yadav enlisted with the [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]], and part of the [[Ghatak Force]] commando platoon, tasked to capture three strategic bunkers on [[Tiger Hill, Kargil|Tiger Hill]] in the early morning hours of 4 July 1999. The bunkers were situated at the top of a vertical, snow-covered, {{cvt|1000|ft}} cliff face. Yadav volunteered to lead the assault, climbed the cliff face, and installed ropes that would allow further assaults on the feature. Halfway up, machine gun and rocket fire came from an enemy bunker, killing the platoon commander and two others. In spite of being hit by multiple bullets in his groin and shoulder, Yadav climbed the remaining {{convert|60|ft}} and reached the top. Though severely injured, he crawled to the first bunker and lobbed a grenade, killing four Pakistani soldiers and neutralizing enemy fire. This gave the rest of the platoon the opportunity to climb up the cliff face<ref name="Indian army">{{cite web | title = Profile on Yadav on the Indian Army website | url = http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_7.htm | access-date = 18 August 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060813191311/http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_7.htm |archive-date = 13 August 2006}}</ref> bunker along with two of his fellow soldiers and engaged in hand-to-hand combat, killing four Pakistani soldiers. The platoon subsequently succeeded in capturing Tiger Hill. Though Yadav was hit by 17 bullets he played a major role in its capture.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgEWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT210| title= The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories| work= History | publisher= [[Penguin Books]] |year= 2006 | author= Rachana Bhatt | pages=YSY| isbn= 9789351188056}}</ref>

The Param Vir Chakra was announced for Yadav [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]], but it was soon discovered that he was recuperating in a hospital, and it was his [[namesake]] who had been slain in the mission.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|date = 17 August 1999|work = [[Rediff.com]]|title = Army orders inquiry into PVC blunder|url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/17pvc.htm|access-date = 30 November 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050620/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/aug/17pvc.htm|archive-date = 3 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Later career===
Yadav was conferred the honorary rank of Captain by the President of India on [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] of 2021. [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Rajeev Sirohi, Military Secretary and Colonel of the Regiment of the Grenadiers, presented the rank badges. He retired from army on 31 December 2021 in the [[Captain|Honorary Captain]] rank with a traditional send-off.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Utkarsh|title=Param Vir Chakra awardee Kargil hero Yogendra Singh Yadav retires|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/param-vir-chakra-awardee-kargil-hero-yogendra-singh-yadav-retires/20220101.htm|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

After retirement, Yadav joined the advisory board of udChalo, a consumer technology company serving armed forces personnel.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/param-vir-chakra-awardee-joins-udchalo-advisory-board/article38287268.ece|title = Param Vir Chakra awardee joins udChalo advisory board|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 18 January 2022}}</ref>

==Param Vir Chakra Citation & Other Medals...==
The [[Param Vir Chakra]] citation on the official [[Indian Army]] website reads as follows:
{{Blockquote|
Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav was part of the leading team of Ghatak Platoon tasked to capture Tiger Hill on the night of 3/4 July 1999. The approach to the top was steep, snow bound and rocky. Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav, unmindful of the risk involved, volunteered to be in the lead and fixed rope of his team to climb up. On seeing the team, the enemy opened intense automatic grenade, rocket and artillery fire killing the commander and two of his colleagues and the platoon was stalled. Realising the gravity of the situation, Grenadier Yadav crawled up to the enemy position to silence it and in the process sustained multiple injuries. Unmindful of his injuries and in the hail of enemy bullets, Grenadier Yadav continued climbing towards the enemy positions. Lobbing grenades and continuously firing from his weapon, he killed four enemy soldiers in close combat and silenced the automatic fire. Despite multiple injuries, he refused to be evacuated and continued the charge. Inspired by his gallant act, the platoon charged on to the other positions with renewed punch and captured Tiger Hill Top.

Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav displayed the most conspicuous courage, indomitable gallantry, grit and determination under extreme adverse circumstances.<ref name=PVC>{{citation|url=http://www.indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=NCvnix4zLfQhf90l3OuEBw%3d%3d&ParentID=1tHir3NYQjroCJ9AgypEwg%3d%3d|accessdate=28 August 2014|title=The Param Vir Chakra Winners (PVC) |publisher=Official Website of the Indian Army}} "Profile" and "Citation" tabs.</ref>}}

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:Wound_Medal-India.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[Param Vir Chakra]]
|[[Wound Medal (India)|Wound Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|-
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[High Altitude Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|- children
|
|[[Grenadier]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|27 December 1996
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:India-Army-OR-6.svg|35px]]
|[[Havildar]]
|Indian Army
|26 January 2000
Directly promoted to the rank of Havildar for receiving [[Param Vir Chakra]]
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Naib_Subedar_-_Naib_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]|| [[Naib Subedar]]|| Indian Army||
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Subedar]]|| Indian Army ||
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Subedar_Major_-_Risaldar_Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]]|| Indian Army ||
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File: Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]
|[[Lieutenant|Honorary Lieutenant]]
|Indian Army
|26 January 2021
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]]
|[[Captain|Honorary Captain]]
|Indian Army
|15 August 2021
|-
|}

==Portrayal in film and media==
In the 2004 Hindi-language film [[Lakshya (2004 film)|''Lakshya'']] (based on the Battle of Tiger Hill), the actions of the fictional war hero Karan Shergill (played by [[Hrithik Roshan]]) is a screen adaptation depicting the heroic deeds of Yadav's platoon, among others. It provides a detailed description of their arduous journey to capture the strategically placed bunkers on Tiger Hill.<ref name="TBI">{{cite news|title=10 Army Heroes and Their Extra Ordinary Tales of Bravery|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/40239/indian-army-heroes/|access-date=9 March 2016|work=TBI Team|agency=The Better India|publisher=thebetterindia.com|date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927052531/http://www.thebetterindia.com/40239/indian-army-heroes/|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The assault led by another Ghatak Platoon unit from the same regiment on [[Battle of Tololing|Tololing]] was adapted as one of the prominent battle scenes in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[LOC Kargil]]''. [[Manoj Bajpai]] portrayed the role of Yadav in the film.

==Other honours==
He joined the show [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] in 2020 on a special invitation from [[Amitabh Bachchan]], along with fellow [[Param Vir Chakra]] recipient [[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Subedar Sanjay Kumar]]. He donated the entire amount (₹2.5 million) won to the Army Welfare Fund.
In the year 2015, he was awarded the state's highest award [[Yash Bharti]] by [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] for his service towards the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-12063610.html|title=यश भारती सम्मान से 56 हस्तियां अलंकृत 12063610|publisher=jagran.com|language=hi}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Sanjay Kumar, PVC]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cracked.com/article_17019_5-real-life-soldiers-who-make-rambo-look-like-pussy.html 5 Real Life Soldiers Who Make Rambo Look Like a Pussy]
*[http://www.thebetterindia.com/40239/indian-army-heroes/ 10 Army Heroes and Their Extra Ordinary Tales of Bravery]

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Yogendra Singh}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People of the Kargil War]]
[[Category:People from Bulandshahr district]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]

Abhijaan (2022 film)

2026-03-04T00:15:07Z

JacksonKuester2: Added a page

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Parambrata Chatterjee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhijaan
| image = Abhijaan 2022 poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
| writer = Padmanabha Dasgupta Dr. Subhendu Sen
| based_on =
| producer = [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] Navratan Jhawar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Sumit Chowdhury
| music = [[Prabuddha Banerjee]]
| studio = Roadshow Films Ratnashree Nirman
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|04|14}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Abhijaan''''' ({{Translation|''The Journey''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[biographical film]] directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=A biopic? A documentary? What is certain is that 'Abhijaan' is a tribute to Soumitra Chatterjee |url=https://scroll.in/reel/990709/a-biopic-a-documentary-what-is-certain-is-that-abhijaan-is-a-tribute-to-soumitra-chatterjee |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is based on the life and works of legendary actor and Bengali icon [[Soumitra Chatterjee]].<ref name=":02"/> The central character of [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] is played by [[Jisshu Sengupta]]<ref name=":02"/> along with a supporting cast of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]], [[Qaushiq Mukherjee|Q]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Debshankar Haldar]], [[Sohini Sengupta]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Tridha Choudhury]] and [[Parambrata Chatterjee]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2022}}
Dr. Sanjay Sen, a practicing [[Oncology|oncologist]], arrives in [[Kolkata]] to fulfil his long-standing dream of archiving the life of legendary actor Soumitra Chatterjee, with the aim of making a film about him. At first, Soumitra turns him down but eventually agrees. The film explores his journey in cinema and his contributions to Bengali film and theater. The story is told through an interview where Parambrata Chatterjee (playing a fictional version of himself) talks with an older Soumitra Chatterjee. Jisshu Sengupta plays Soumitra in his younger years, while the real Soumitra appears in some parts. Through their conversation, the film explores Soumitra's struggles, his thoughts on [[art]] and life, and how his connection to cinema changed over time.

== Cast ==

* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as young [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Abhijaan Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/abhijaan/movieshow/90817832.cms |access-date=2022-04-23}}</ref>
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as himself <ref name=":1" />
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Dr. Sanjay Sen <ref name=":1" />
* [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]] as young Deepa Chatterjee
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Poulami Chatterjee <ref name=":1" />
* [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]] as [[Satyajit Ray]]
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Uttam Kumar]]
* [[Paoli Dam]] as [[Suchitra Sen]]
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as [[Rabi Ghosh]]
* [[Debshankar Haldar]] as [[Sisir Bhaduri]]
* [[Tridha Choudhury]] as [[Sharmila Tagore]]
* [[Tuhina Das]] as [[Waheeda Rehman]]
* [[Samadarshi Dutta]] as [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
* [[Anindita Bose]] as [[Aparna Sen]]
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as [[Tanuja]]
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as [[Chhabi Biswas]]
* Padmanabha Dasgupta as [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as [[Santosh Dutta]]
* [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]]
* [[Tanusree Chakraborty]]

== Production ==
The shooting started from February 2020 and halted suddenly due to COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=Jan 30, 2020 |title=The Shoot Of Abhijan-Biopic On Soumitra Chatterjee Starts Next Month |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/the-shoot-of-abhijan-biopic-on-soumitra-chatterjee-starts-next-month/5e32bbbd8ee95c626732c2d8 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=[[SpotboyE]] |language=en}}</ref> The shooting resumed from 14 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Parambrata Chatterjee resumes shooting for Abhijaan with Soumitra Chatterjee, Jisshu Sengupta |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/jul/16/26413/parambrata-chatterjee-resumes-shooting-for-abhijaan-with-soumitra-chatterjee-jisshu-sengupta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423084558/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/jul/16/26413/parambrata-chatterjee-resumes-shooting-for-abhijaan-with-soumitra-chatterjee-jisshu-sengupta |url-status=live |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The shooting was wrapped up on 23 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 24, 2020 |title=Parambrata wraps up 'Abhijaan' shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/parambrata-wraps-up-abhijaan-shoot/articleshow/78291727.cms |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film released theatrically on 14 April 2022 coinciding Poila Baisakh.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Abhijaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/previews/abhijaan/articleshow/90846030.cms |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The Times of India |date=14 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In ''[[The Times Of India|The Times of India]]'', Jaya Biswas gave a positive review stating the film "A well-crafted tribute to an artiste by an artiste".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Jaya |title=Abhijaan Movie Review : A well-crafted tribute to an artiste by an artiste |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/abhijaan/movie-review/90878412.cms |access-date=2023-09-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In ''[[Film Companion]]'', Sankhayan Ghosh wrote "The film is held together by feeling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |date=2022-04-16 |title=Abhijaan Review: Soumitra Chatterjee Anchors This Affecting, If Surface-Level, Biographical Film |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/abhijaan-movie-review-soumitra-chatterjee-satyajit-ray-anchors-this-affecting-if-surface-level-biographical-film |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 3:15
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tomaro Asimey
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:15
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Durnibar Saha
| music1 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13224254}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|abhijaan}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2020s biographical films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language biographical films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Petta Rap

2026-03-03T03:36:12Z

JacksonKuester2: Post

{{short description|Indian musical film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Petta Rap
| image = Petta Rap (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. J. Sinu
| producer = Jobi. P. Sam
| writer = Dinil P. K
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Vedhika]] [[Bagavathi Perumal]] [[Ramesh Thilak]] [[Vivek Prasanna]]
| narrator =
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| editing = Nishad Yusuf
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar
| studio = Blue Hill Films Blue Hill Nael Communication
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|09|27}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Petta Rap''''' ({{Translation|Hood rap}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[musical film|musical]] [[action comedy film]] directed by S. J. Sinu and produced by Jobi. P. Sam. The film stars [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Vedhika]], alongside [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Ramesh Thilak]] and [[Vivek Prasanna]]. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Jithu Damodar and Nishad Yusuf.<ref name="VJS">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title='Petta Rap' Teaser: Prabhu Deva sings, dances and fights in the musical actioner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petta-rap-teaser-prabhu-deva-sings-dances-and-fights-in-the-musical-actioner/article68320026.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081226/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petta-rap-teaser-prabhu-deva-sings-dances-and-fights-in-the-musical-actioner/article68320026.ece |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Siju">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Petta Rap Teaser: Prabhu Deva plays himself in this thrilling dance ride! Watch |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/petta-rap-teaser-prabhu-deva-plays-himself-in-this-thrilling-dance-ride-watch/b2736828c0505/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704180112/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/petta-rap-teaser-prabhu-deva-plays-himself-in-this-thrilling-dance-ride-watch/b2736828c0505/ |archive-date=4 July 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=Desi Martini}}</ref>

''Petta Rap'' released in theatres worldwide on 27 September 2024 to mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and audiences alike, eventually becoming a [[Box-office bomb|box-office disappointment]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2024 |title=പ്രഭുദേവ ചിത്രം 'പേട്ടറാപ്പ് സെപ്റ്റംബർ 27ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/09/01/peta-rap-movie-release-date-prabhu-deva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902052235/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/09/01/peta-rap-movie-release-date-prabhu-deva.html |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=2 September 2024 |work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bala is a middle-class young man with dreams larger than his reality. Working as a junior artist in Tamil cinema, he aspires to become a major action hero, inspired since childhood by legendary stars and their iconic performances. His life revolves around this dream, but circumstances constantly test his resolve.

Parallel to Bala’s struggles is Janaki, also known as Jeni, his former classmate who once harbored feelings for him. After a heartbreak caused by Bala’s unrequited love, she reinvents herself and emerges as a successful pop singer. Fate reunites them years later under dramatic circumstances when Jeni accidentally injures the brother of a powerful gangster while defending herself. At the same time, Bala collides with the gangster’s car, sparking a violent confrontation that he miraculously survives, demonstrating his courage and resilience.

Despite his bravery, Bala’s life begins to unravel. He loses key industry opportunities after clashing with a film’s lead actor on set and is subsequently blacklisted. Feeling the weight of failure, he contemplates ending his life but decides instead to live one last time with reckless abandon, selling family heirlooms to fund a final spree.

In the midst of this turmoil, Bala encounters Jeni again at a wedding reception. Their reunion reignites old emotions and memories, forcing both of them to confront the choices that shaped their lives. The film follows Bala’s journey as he struggles with despair, rediscovers his passion through dance and music, and seeks redemption.

The narrative moves between past and present, tracing Bala and Jeni’s shared history, their separation, and the challenges they face in pursuing love and ambition. Throughout the story, Bala grapples with his failures, rekindles his dreams, and ultimately confronts the possibility of hope and new beginnings.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Prabhu Deva]] in [[dual role]] as
** Balasubramaniam
** Himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Vedhika]] as Janaki
*[[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Kamal
*[[Ramesh Thilak]]as Balu's friend
*[[Vivek Prasanna]] as Balu's friend
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Bala's father
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Veeramani
*[[Mime Gopi]] as King Kumar
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Kasimedu Michael
*[[Rajeev Pillai]] as Guna
*[[Vaiyapuri]] as Janaki's uncle
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Fight Master (cameo appearance)
*[[Perarasu]] as Himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Kala Master]] as Herself (cameo appearance)
*[[Sridhar (choreographer)|Sridhar]] as Himself (cameo appearance)
*[[Sunny Leone]] as special appearance in song "Vechi Seyyuthey"
}}

==Production==
S. J. Sinu, known for films like ''[[Djibouti (film)|Djibouti]]'' (2021) and ''Theru'' (2023) announced his Tamil directorial debut with [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Vedhika]] in lead roles.<ref name=Siju/><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Prabhudheva's upcoming musical actioner titled 'Petta Rap' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhudhevas-upcoming-musical-actioner-titled-petta-rap/article66919061.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004125959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhudhevas-upcoming-musical-actioner-titled-petta-rap/article66919061.ece |archive-date=4 October 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The makers also signed [[Sunny Leone]] in a cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=Sunny Leone to feature in 'Petta Rap' dance number with Prabhudeva! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-leone-feature-petta-rap-dance-number-prabhudeva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826141611/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-leone-feature-petta-rap-dance-number-prabhudeva/ |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film started filming on 15 June 2023 at [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and was wrapped up on 21 February 2024.<ref name="PD">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2023 |title=Prabhudheva & Vedhika star in a musical action movie titled Petta Rap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudheva-vedhika-star-in-a-musical-action-movie-titled-petta-rap/articleshow/100667491.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudheva-vedhika-star-in-a-musical-action-movie-titled-petta-rap/articleshow/100667491.cms |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=ആടിത്തകർക്കാൻ 'പേട്ട റാപ്', പ്രഭുദേവ–എസ്.ജെ. സിനു ചിത്രം തുടങ്ങി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/06/01/petta-rap-movie-prabhudeva-sj-sinu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826141614/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/06/01/petta-rap-movie-prabhudeva-sj-sinu.html |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Prabhudeva's Petta Rap shooting wrapped up completely |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudevas-petta-rap-shooting-wrapped-up-completely/articleshow/107886329.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudevas-petta-rap-shooting-wrapped-up-completely/articleshow/107886329.cms |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was titled ''Petta Rap'' which carries the tagline ''Sing, Action, Dance Repeat''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=Petta Rap - First Look of Prabhu Deva-starrer to be out on Valentine's Day! Here's more about the musical actioner |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/petta-rap-first-look-of-prabhu-deva-starrer-to-be-out-on-valentines-day-heres-more-about-the-musical-actioner/0c945b5f88948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081226/https://www.ottplay.com/news/petta-rap-first-look-of-prabhu-deva-starrer-to-be-out-on-valentines-day-heres-more-about-the-musical-actioner/0c945b5f88948 |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=Ottplay}}</ref> The film's title is inspired by a song from Prabhu Deva's 1994 film ''[[Kaadhalan]]'', in which the music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. The song has been remixed for this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2017 |title=The man who sang Pettai Rap |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Aug/17/the-man-who-sang-pettai-rap-1644086.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081226/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Aug/17/the-man-who-sang-pettai-rap-1644086.html |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Petta Rap
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 March 2023
| recorded = 2023
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=39}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Teenz]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Baby and Baby]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[D. Imman]], which consists of 9 songs. The first single "Athirattum Dum" was released on 5 July 2024, while the second single "Aaraathi Aaraathi" was released on 17 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2024 |title=ഹൈവോൾട്ടേജ് ഡാൻസുമായി പ്രഭുദേവയും വേദികയും: പേട്ടറാപ്പ് ഫസ്റ്റ്ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/02/17/petta-rap-first-look-of-prabhu-deva-starrer-to-be-out-on-valentines-day.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826140109/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/02/17/petta-rap-first-look-of-prabhu-deva-starrer-to-be-out-on-valentines-day.html |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title='Athirattum Dum Dum Dum' song from Petta Rap to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/04/athirattum-dum-dum-dum-song-from-petta-rap-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826134606/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/04/athirattum-dum-dum-dum-song-from-petta-rap-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title='Aaraathi Aaraathi' song from Petta Rap to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/16/aaraathi-aaraathi-song-from-petta-rap-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826081227/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jul/16/aaraathi-aaraathi-song-from-petta-rap-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |publisher=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Athirattum Dum (Happy Wedding)
| lyrics1 = Viveka
| extra1 = D.Imman [[Deepthi Suresh]]
| length1 = 3:53
| title2 = Aaraathi Aaraathi
| lyrics2 = Mani Amudhavan
| extra2 = Pavithra Chari
| length2 = 2:26
| title3 = Dance Dance
| lyrics3 = D.Imman
| extra3 = D.Imman
| length3 = 2:16
| title4 = Fly Higher
| lyrics4 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra4 = Tanya Shanker
| length4 = 2:22
| title5 = Lika Lika
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| extra5 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]] [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Pogaathey
| lyrics6 = [[Parvathy (lyricist)|Parvathy Meera]]
| extra6 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length6 = 4:17
| title7 = Random Groove- Music Theme
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 =
| length7 = 0:32
| title8 = Vechi Seyyuthey
| lyrics8 = Viveka
| extra8 = [[Neha Bhasin]], Mc Rude
| length8 = 3:49
| title9 = You Are My Hero
| lyrics9 = Viveka
| extra9 = Manoj Krishna
| length9 = 4:17
| total_length = 23:39
}}

== Reception ==
Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Just like how Bala crashes into a random wedding after drinking like a fish, Petta Rap too takes illogical detours that bring no value to the story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-09-27 |title=Petta Rap Movie Review: Prabhu Deva is miscast in this dreary musical drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/27/petta-rap-movie-review-prabhu-deva-is-miscast-in-this-dreary-musical-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927181438/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Sep/27/petta-rap-movie-review-prabhu-deva-is-miscast-in-this-dreary-musical-drama |archive-date=2024-09-27 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 2/5 stars and wrote "Petta Rap leaves you wondering how its makers depended only on Prabhu Deva's dance and reference to Kaadhalan to pull off a mediocre story and unengaging screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=2024-09-28 |title=Petta Rap Movie Review : A mediocre story and unengaging screenplay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/petta-rap/movie-review/113756737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928150844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/petta-rap/movie-review/113756737.cms |archive-date=2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|26887171}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]

Mandsaur Assembly constituency

2026-03-01T04:01:32Z

JacksonKuester2: made a details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandsaur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 224
| map_image = 224-Mandsaur.svg
| mla = [[Vipin Jain]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Yashpal Singh Sisodiya
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandsaur district|Mandsaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
| reservation = None
}}
'''Mandsaur''' is one of the [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]], in [[Mandsaur district]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It is one of the 8 assembly segments of [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Former CM Sunder Lal Patwa had represented Mandsour Vidhan Sabha seat in the past. Jawad seat, a borough of another former CM Sakhlecha, is also part of this region.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shyam Sunder Patidar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| T. Mohan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jan Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Shyam Sunder Patidar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shyam Sunder Patidar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Kailash Chawla
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Navkrishna Patil
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Om Prakash Purohit
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="3" |Yashpal Singh Sisodiya
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Vipin Jain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandsaur<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vipin Jain
|votes = {{formatnum:105316}}
|percentage = 49.43
|change = +6.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Yashpalsingh Sisodiya
|votes = {{formatnum:103267}}
|percentage = 48.47
|change = -4.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1530}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2049}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = -8.44
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213046}}
|percentage = 81.82
|change = +2.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandsaur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yashpal Singh Sisodiya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:102626}}
|percentage = 52.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Nahata
|votes = {{formatnum:84256}}
|percentage = 43.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Sunil Bansal
|votes = {{formatnum:2543}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1815}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18370}}
|percentage = 9.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195415}}
|percentage = 79.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
* Yashpal Singh Sisodiya (BJP) : 60,013 votes<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2008|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Mahendra Singh Gurjar (INC) : 58,328

===1985===
* Shyam Sundar Patidar (INC) : 29,717 votes
* Manoharlal Basantilal Jain (BJP) : 23,926

===1977===
* Sunderlal Patwa (JNP) : 29,271 votes<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1977|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Dhansukhlal Nandlal Bhachawat (INC) : 20,088

===1972===
* Shyam Sunder Patidar (INC) : 27,779 votes<ref name="election1972">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1972|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* Kishore Singh (Jana Sangh) : 19,262

===1967===
* T. Mohan Singh (BJS) : 17,171 votes<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1967|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
* S. Patidar (INC) : 11,083

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.08|75.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur district]]

Speleothem

2026-02-27T07:19:26Z

JacksonKuester2: Content updated and refined

{{short description|Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water}}
{{For|secondary deposits, derived from concrete, lime, or mortar, outside the cave environment|Calthemite}}
[[File:labeled speleothems.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Cave labeled with the six most common types of speleothems: [[flowstone]], [[Stalagnate|columns]], drapery, [[stalagmite]]s, [[stalactite]]s and [[soda straw|straws]]]]
A '''speleothem''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|p|iː|l|i|ə|θ|ɛ|m}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|σπήλαιον}}'' ({{grc-transl|σπήλαιον}})|cave||''{{wikt-lang|grc|θέμα}}'' ({{grc-transl|θέμα}})|deposit}}) is a [[geological formation]] made by [[mineral]] [[deposition (geology)|deposits]] that accumulate over time in natural [[cave]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=W. B. |date=2019 |chapter=Speleothems |url =https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128141243001175 |title =Encyclopedia of Caves |language=en |pages =1006–17 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00117-5 |isbn=9780128141243|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They can take a variety of forms, depending on their depositional history and environment. Common forms include [[Stalagmite|stalagmites]], [[Stalactite|stalactites]], and [[Flowstone|flowstones]].

Speleothems most commonly form in [[calcareous]] caves due to carbonate dissolution reactions. Their chemical composition, gradual growth, and preservation in caves make them useful [[paleoclimatology|paleoclimatic]] proxies.

==Chemical and physical characteristics==
More than 300 variations of cave mineral deposits have been identified.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=White |first=William |date=2016 |title=Chemistry and karst |journal=Acta Carsologica |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |doi=10.3986/ac.v44i3.1896 |issn=0583-6050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The vast majority of speleothems are calcareous, composed of [[calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) minerals ([[calcite]] or [[aragonite]]). Less commonly, speleothems are made of [[calcium sulfate]] ([[gypsum]] or [[mirabilite]]) or [[opal]].<ref name=":2" /> Speleothems of pure calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate are translucent and colorless. The presence of [[iron oxide]] or [[copper]] provides a reddish brown color. The presence of [[manganese oxide]] can create darker colors such as black or dark brown. Speleothems can also be brown due to the presence of mud and [[silt]].<ref name=":2" />

Many factors impact the shape and color of speleothems, including the chemical composition of the rock and water, water seepage rate, water flow direction, cave temperature, cave humidity, air currents, aboveground climate, and aboveground plant cover. Weaker flows and short travel distances form narrower stalagmites, while heavier flow and a greater fall distance tend to form broader ones.

==Formation processes==
Most cave chemistry involves [[calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) containing rocks such as [[limestone]] or [[dolomite (rock)|dolomite]], composed of [[calcite]] or [[aragonite]] minerals. Carbonate minerals are more [[solubility|soluble]] in the presence of higher [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) and lower temperatures. Calcareous speleothems form via carbonate dissolution reactions whereby rainwater reacts with soil CO2 to create weakly acidic water via the reaction:<ref>{{cite book |last=J. |first=Fairchild, Ian |title=Speleothem science: from process to past environments |date=2012 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-9620-8 |oclc=813621194}}</ref>
:H2O + CO2 → [[carbonic acid|H2CO3]]

As the acidic water travels through the calcium carbonate bedrock from the surface to the cave ceiling, it dissolves the bedrock via the reaction:
:CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca2+ + 2 HCO3−

When the solution reaches a cave, the lower [[pCO2|pCO2]] in the cave drives the [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] of CaCO3 via the reaction:
:Ca2+ + 2 HCO3− → CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

Over time, the accumulation of these precipitates form dripstones ([[stalagmite]]s, [[stalactite]]s), and [[flowstone]]s, two of the major types of speleothems.

==Climate proxies==
Speleothem transects can provide paleoclimate records similar to those from [[ice core]]s or [[Dendrochronology|tree rings]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=Raymond S. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123869135000089 |title=Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary |date=2015 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-386913-5 |pages=291–318 |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-386913-5.00008-9}}</ref> Slow geometrical growth and incorporation of radioactive elements enables speleothems to be accurately and precisely dated over much of the late [[Quaternary]] by [[radiocarbon dating]] and [[uranium-thorium dating]], as long as the cave is a closed system and the speleothem has not undergone [[recrystallization (geology)|recrystallization.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=David A. |last2=Dorale |first2=Jeffrey A. |date=2003 |title=Uranium-series Chronology and Environmental Applications of Speleothems |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=407–460 |bibcode=2003RvMG...52..407R |doi=10.2113/0520407 |issn=1529-6466}}</ref> Oxygen ([[Δ18O|δ18O]]) and carbon ([[Δ13C|δ13C]]) stable isotopes are used to track variation in rainfall temperature, precipitation, and vegetation changes over the past ~500,000 years.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Fairchild |first1=Ian J. |last2=Smith |first2=Claire L. |last3=Baker |first3=Andy |last4=Fuller |first4=Lisa |last5=Spötl |first5=Christoph |last6=Mattey |first6=Dave |last7=McDermott |first7=Frank |last8=E.I.M.F. |date=2006 |title=Modification and preservation of environmental signals in speleothems |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/2918999/Fairchild_et_al_ESR_2006_pre-print.pdf |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |series=ISOtopes in PALaeoenvironmental reconstruction (ISOPAL) |volume=75 |issue=1–4 |pages=105–153 |bibcode=2006ESRv...75..105F |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.08.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hendy |first=C. H |date=1971 |title=The isotopic geochemistry of speleothems–I. The calculation of the effects of different modes of formation on the isotopic composition of speleothems and their applicability as palaeoclimatic indicators |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=801–824 |bibcode=1971GeCoA..35..801H |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(71)90127-X}}</ref> The Mg/Ca proxy has likewise been used as a moisture indicator, although its reliability as a palaeohygrometer can be affected by cave ventilation during dry seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ronay |first1=Elli R. |last2=Breitenbach |first2=Sebastian F. M. |last3=Oster |first3=Jessica L. |date=25 March 2019 |title=Sensitivity of speleothem records in the Indian Summer Monsoon region to dry season infiltration |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5091 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-41630-2 |issn=2045-2322 |doi-access=free |pmid=30911101 |pmc=6434041 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.5091R }}</ref> Variations in precipitation alter the width of speleothem rings: close rings indicates little rainfall, wider spacing indicates heavier rainfall, and denser rings indicate higher moisture. Drip rate counting and trace element analysis of the water drops record short-term climate variations, such as [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) climate events.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McDonald |first1=Janece |last2=Drysdale |first2=Russell |last3=Hill |first3=David |date=2004 |title=The 2002–2003 El Niño recorded in Australian cave drip waters: Implications for reconstructing rainfall histories using stalagmites |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=31 |issue=22 |pages=L22202 |bibcode=2004GeoRL..3122202M |doi=10.1029/2004gl020859 |issn=1944-8007 |doi-access=free|hdl=1959.13/29201 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Exceptionally, climate proxy data from the early [[Permian]] period have been retrieved from speleothems dated to 289 million years ago sourced from infilled caves exposed by quarrying at the [[Richards Spur]] locality in Oklahoma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Woodhead |first1=Jon |last2=Reisz |first2=Robert |last3=Fox |first3=David |last4=Drysdale |first4=Russell |last5=Hellstrom |first5=John |last6=Maas |first6=Roland |last7=Cheng |first7=Hai |last8=Edwards |first8=R. Lawrence |date=2010-05-01 |title=Speleothem climate records from deep time? Exploring the potential with an example from the Permian |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215768326 |journal=Geology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=455–458 |doi=10.1130/G30354.1 |bibcode=2010Geo....38..455W |issn=0091-7613 |hdl=1959.13/931960 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

==Types and categories==
[[File:Tropfsteine.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Types of speleothem: 
(A) Stalactite
(B) Soda straws
(C) Stalagmites
(D) Coned stalagmite
(E) Stalagnate or column
(F) Drapery
(G) Drapery
(H) Helictites
(I) Moonmilk
(J) Sinter pool, rimstone
(K) Calcite crystals
(L) Sinter terrace
(M) Karst
(N) Body of water
(O) Shield
(P) Cave clouds
(Q) Cave pearls
(R) Tower cones
(S) Shelfstones
(T) Baldacchino canopy
(U) Bottlebrush stalactite
(V) Conulite
(W) Flowstone
(X) Trays
(Y) Calcite rafts
(Z) Cave popcorn or coralloids
(AA) Frostworks
(AB) Flowstone
(AC) Splattermite
(AD) Speleoseismites
(AE) Boxworks
(AF) Oriented stalactite
(AG) collapsed rubble
(AH) popcorn]]

Speleothems take various forms, depending on whether the water drips, seeps, condenses, flows, or ponds. Many speleothems are named for their resemblance to man-made or natural objects. Types of speleothems include:<ref name="Hill&Forti1997">Hill, C A, and Forti, P, (1997). Cave Minerals of the World, (2nd edition). [Huntsville, Alabama: National Speleological Society Inc.] pp. 217, 225</ref><ref>White, W. B., Culver, D. C., & Pipan, T. (Eds.). (2019). Encyclopedia of caves (3rd ed.). Academic Press. </ref>
* '''Dripstone''' is calcium carbonate in the form of stalactites or stalagmites
** [[Stalactite]]s are pointed pendants hanging from the cave ceiling, from which they grow
*** [[Soda straw]]s are very thin but long stalactites with an elongated cylindrical shape rather than the usual more conical shape of stalactites
**[[Stalagmite]]s are the "ground-up" counterparts of stalactites, often blunt mounds
*** Broomstick stalagmites are tall and maintain a near constant diameter throughout their length
*** Totem pole stalagmites are also tall and shaped like their namesakes
*** Fried egg stalagmites are small, typically wider than they are tall
*** [[Stalagnate]] results when stalactites and stalagmites meet or when stalactites reach the floor of the cave
**[[Conulites]] also called 'Mud cups', are ice cream cone-shaped formations that form when water drips into soft sediment
**Cave Rings form when drops splash off a stalagmite and land around it, creating a nearly perfect ring
* '''[[Helictite]]s''' grow from hydrostatic pressure forcing water through pores in both the bedrock and a cave crust, this pattern deposits calcite at its edge, maintaining a central capillary canal allowing it to grow from the ceiling, walls, or floor in gravity-defying structures.
** Include forms known as ribbon helictites, saws, rods, butterflies, hands, curly-fries, and "clumps of worms"
*** Chandeliers are complex clusters of ceiling decorations
*** Ribbon stalactites, or simply "ribbons", are shaped accordingly
* '''[[Flowstone]]''' is sheet like and found on cave floors and walls
** [[Cave Draperies]] or curtains are thin, wavy sheets of calcite hanging downward, often extending off of a stalactite and ending in one.
*** Bacon is a drapery with variously colored bands within the sheet
** [[Rimstone|Rimstone dams]], or gours, occur at stream ripples and form barriers that may contain water [[File:Rainbow rimstone.jpg|thumb|Rimstone with odd color, in Bristol Caverns, TN]]
**[[Cave Cups]] grow in supersaturated pools from the tip up
**[[Cave Hoods]] form when a flowstone (or coating/crust) is deposited on a soft sediment that is subsequently washed away, leaving the formation free-standing.
* '''Miscellaneous Formations''' all formations that do not fit nicely into other categories.
**[[Cave shield]]s are flat, rounded formations that grow at all angles depending on the bedrock. They grow from a medial capillary crack. They can have stalagmites growing from the bottom
**Cave Folia grow when a fluctuating pool leaves calcite (or mud) on a ceiling or wall; the continued fluctuation allows for more growth.
**Cave Caps are small formations often found covering pebbles in a cave.
**Cave Coatings cover walls in thin calcite deposits and allow for the formation of other speleothems
***Cave Blisters look like small white bubbles on the coating of cave walls
**Cave Crusts mainly cover the floors of caves and often contain magnesium and manganese
**Geysernites form in the same way geysers form, from hydrothermal waters
**Pool Fingers are stalactitic formations that form in pools of water
**Calcite Boxwork: these grow in cracks in a wall, then continue out into the cave, preserving the pattern of cracks
**[[Spar (mineralogy)|Crystal spar]]s are large crystal formations where individual crystals can be seen by the naked eye. They are often found near or in cave pools
*** [[Dogtooth spar]]s are a type of spar consisting of calcite
** [[Frostwork]] are needle-like ([[Acicular (crystal habit)|Acicular]]) growths of calcite or aragonite
** [[Moonmilk]] is white and when wet has the texture of cream cheese, when dry it is powdery
***Cave Balloons form when gas or liquid comes out of the wall behind wet moonmilk deposits
** [[Anthodite]]s are flower-like clusters of aragonite crystals
** ''Cryogenic'' calcite crystals are loose grains of calcite found on the floors of caves formed by segregation of solutes during freezing of water.
** [[Cave popcorn]], also known as "coralloids" or "cave coral", are small, knobby clusters of calcite
** [[Cave pearl]]s are the result of water dripping from high above, causing small "seed" crystals to turn over so often that they form into near-perfect spheres of calcium carbonate
** [[Snottite]]s are colonies of predominantly sulfur [[Redox|oxidizing]] bacteria and have the consistency of "snot", or mucus
** [[Calcite rafts]] are thin accumulations of calcite that appear on the surface of cave pools
***Cave Cones grow when water drops into a pool in one place and 'kills' Calcite Rafts, forcing them to settle on the bottom of the pool
** [[Hells Bells (cave formations)|Hells Bells]], a particular speleothem found in the El Zapote [[cenote]] of [[Yucatan]] in the form of submerged, bell-like shapes
** [[Lava tubes]] contain speleothems composed of sulfates, mirabilite or opal. When the lava cools, precipitation occurs.
* '''[[Speleogen]]s''' (technically distinct from speleothems) are formations within caves that are created by the removal of [[bedrock]], rather than as secondary deposits. These include:[[File:Scallops (River Hall, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 5 (40415175082).jpg|thumb|Scallops in [[Mammoth Cave]]]]
** pendants
** Pinnacles<ref>Speleogens. National Speleological Society. (2023d, July 21). https://caves.org/virtualcave/speleogens/ </ref>
** [[Scalloping (cave feature)|Scallops]]
** Boneyard
** [[Boxwork]]

==Calthemites==
The usual definition of speleothem excludes [[secondary mineral]] deposits derived from [[concrete]], [[lime (material)|lime]], [[mortar (masonry)|mortar]], or other calcareous material (e.g. limestone and dolomite) outside the cave environment or in artificial caves (e.g. mines, tunnels), which can have similar shapes and forms as speleothems. Such secondary deposits in man-made structures are termed [[calthemite]]s. Calthemites are often associated with [[concrete degradation]], or due to [[leaching (chemistry)|leaching]] of lime, mortar, or other calcareous material.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:HallOfTheMountainKings.jpg|Various formations in the [[Ogof Craig a Ffynnon|Hall of the Mountain Kings, Ogof Craig a Ffynnon]], [[South Wales]], [[Great Britain]]
File:NaturalBridgeCaverns6.jpg|Stalactites and columns in [[Natural Bridge Caverns]], [[Texas]]
File:NaturalBridgeCaverns7.jpg|More formations in [[Natural Bridge Caverns]], [[Texas]]
File:Kl 0005356.jpg|Cave curtain formation in the [[Marble Arch Caves]], [[County Fermanagh]], [[Northern Ireland]]
File:CaliforniaCaveFormation.jpg|[[California Caverns]], Calaveras County, California; one of many caverns located in the [[Sierra Foothills]] of California
File:Dripstone column in Biserujka Cave, Dobrinj, Island of Krk.jpg|Stalagnates (columns) in the cave [[Biserujka]], [[Dobrinj]], [[Island]] [[Krk]], [[Croatia]]
File:Druipsteen3.jpg|Various formations in the cave of Remouchamps, [[Aywaille]], [[Belgium]]
File:Zuil.jpg|Stalagnate (column) in the cave of Remouchamps, [[Aywaille]], [[Belgium]]
File:Cave pearls.jpg|Image of Cave Pearl formation
File:Flowstone in Mammoth Cave, KY.jpg|Image of flowstone in Mammoth Cave, KY
File:Rimstone with scale.jpg|Rimstone with scale
File:Rimstone and subaq coral.jpg|rimstone pool with subaques coralloids and aragonite
File:Pool spar.jpg|Pool spar with 10cm scale
File:Cave bacon with sawtooth.jpg|Cave Bacon with sawtooth pattern. (10cm scale)
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Petrifying well]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary | speleothem}}
{{Commons category|Speleothems}}
* [http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave/ The Virtual Cave: an online guide to speleothems]
* [http://mindraw.web.ru/cristall17.htm Mineral aggregates from carst caves, formed in capillary film solutions]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130123003018/http://www.nature.nps.gov:80/geology/caves/photo_speleothems.htm Gallery of speleothems] from [[National Park Service|NPS]] Cave and Karst Program (archived on 23 January 2013)

{{Caves}}

[[Category:Calcium minerals]]
[[Category:Dinaric Alps]]
[[Category:Dinaric karst formations]]
[[Category:Incremental dating]]
[[Category:Karst formations]]
[[Category:Karst]]
[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]
[[Category:Speleothems]]

Mundakkal Beach

2026-02-27T07:09:54Z

JacksonKuester2: made a post

{{Short description|Tourism beach in Kollam, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Mundakkal Beach മുണ്ടയ്ക്കല്‍ ബീച്ച്
| other_name =
| image = Dredger ship "Hansitha" at Kollam Mundakkal coast, July 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A dredger ship washed up on the Mundakkal beach
| pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Mundakkal]], [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|8|51|46.5|N|76|36|21.7|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length = 350+ m
| formed_by =
| type = Beach
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 = '''Low'''
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 = [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station|Bus Station]] {{rint|bus}} - 4.7 km, [[Kollam Junction railway station|Railway Station]] {{rint|rail}} - 3.9 km, [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|Ferry Terminal]] {{rint|ferry}} - 4.7 km
| embedded = {{succession links|left=[[Thanni Beach]]|right=[[Kollam Beach]]}}
}}
'''Mundakkal Beach''' (Malayalam : മുണ്ടയ്ക്കല്‍ ബീച്ച്), is a beach in the city of [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]. The beach is situated at [[Mundakkal]], a neighbourhood that is a local cashew processing hub. On 21 June 2016 the dredger ship ''Hansitha'' washed up on the shore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Dredger-on-Mundakkal-beach-gets-many-visitors/article14404722.ece |title=Dredger on Mundakkal beach gets many visitors |publisher=The Hindu |date=27 June 2016| access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> Scrapping of the dredger ship started on 18 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/scrapping-of-dredger-hansita-begins/article19883501.ece |title=Scrapping of dredger Hansita begins |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 October 2017| access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> The beach is also known as 'Mundakkal Papanasham Beach'. Devotees believe that a dip in the waters of Mundakkal Papanasham Beach will wash off all the sins in one's life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thousands-offer-karkkidaka-vavu-bali/article4998212.ece |title=Thousands offer Karkkidaka Vavu Bali |publisher=The Hindu |date=7 August 2013| access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

==Location==
Mundakkal Beach is situated on the side of [[Kollam-Paravur Coastal Road]]. The beach is about 4 km away from [[Chinnakada]] and 11.2 km away from [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/paravurkollam-coastal-road-opened-to-traffic/article8027887.ece |title=Paravur-Kollam coastal road opened to traffic |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

==Importance==
The beach is now one of the prime tourism spots in [[Kollam]] city due to the arrival of the dredger ship, 'Hansitha', to the shore. The ship was lying anchored 3 nautical miles off the Kollam coast since November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dredger-that-washed-ashore-in-kollam-to-be-moved-to-sea-2900550/ |title=Dredger that washed ashore in Kollam to be moved to sea |publisher=Indian Express |date=8 July 2016| access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> Due to heavy waves, the unoccupied ship washed ashore on the Mundakkal beach in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dredger-that-washed-ashore-in-kollam-to-be-moved-to-sea-2900550/ |title=Dredger that washed ashore in Kollam to be moved to sea |publisher=Indian Express |date=8 July 2016| access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

The beach is also an important location for annual ‘balitharpanam’ ritual. As per [[Hindu]] beliefs, the ritual performed on the new moon day in the Malayalam month of Karkidakom will appease the spirits of their forefathers and bring good fortune in the year ahead. Thousands of devotees, including women and children, offer ‘bali' on the banks of [[Thirumullavaram Beach]] and Mundakkal Beach that day every year, along with the other famous beaches and river banks in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Hundreds-offer-lsquoKarkkidaka-vavu-bali/article16126127.ece |title=Hundreds offer 'Karkkidaka vavu bali' |publisher=The Hindu |date=10 August 2010| access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="110">
File:Dredger Hansitha at Kollam coast, Aug 2014.jpg|Dredgre 'Hansitha' before reaching the shores during August 2014
File:Mundakkal Coast, Oct 2016.jpg|A distant view of the beach
File:Dredger "Hansitha" at Kollam(Quilon) coast, Jul 2016.jpg|Dredger "Hansitha" during Jul 2016.jpg
File:Dredger 'Hansitha' at Mundakkal Coast in Kollam city, July 2016.jpg|Side view of 'Hansitha'
File:Hansitha at Mundakkal Coast in Kollam, July 2016.jpg|Children playing near 'Hansitha' at Mundakkal coast
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mundakkal Beach}}

{{Kollam}}
{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Beaches of Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Beaches of Kollam]]

Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur

2026-02-26T15:52:05Z

JacksonKuester2: made new entry - done

{{Short description|Sultan of Bijapur from 1627 to 1656}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mohammed Adil Shah
| title = [[Sultan]] [[Shah]]
| succession = 7th [[Adil Shahi|Sultan of Bijapur]]
| image = Muhammad Adil Shah II with courtiers and attendants.jpg
| caption = Muhammad Adil Shah with courtiers and attendants
| reign = 12 September 1627 – 4 November 1656
| full name = Mohammed Adil Shah Ghazi
| predecessor = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]
| successor = [[Ali Adil Shah II]]
| spouse = {{ubl|Taj Jahan Begum {{small|(daughter of Abdur Rahman Quadri)}}|[[Khadija Sultana]] {{small|(daughter of [[Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah]])}}|Uroos Begum : daughter of Nawab Mustafa Khan also known as Khan Baba
}}
| issue = [[Ali Adil Shah II]]
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Adil Shahi|Adil Shahi Empire]]
| father = [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]
| mother = Taaj Sultana or Badi Sahiba
| birth_date = 1612
| birth_place = [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1656|11|04|1612|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Gol Gumbaz]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>NATURE OF FACTIONALISM IN THE ADIL SHAHI SULTANATE OF BIJAPUR Kiran Sampatrao Jadhav Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 78 (2017), Published By: Indian History Congress.</ref>
}}

'''Mohammed Adil Shah''' (1612 – 4 November 1656) was the seventh sultan of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]], ascending the throne in 1627. During his reign, he assisted the Mughals with their campaigns against the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar Sultanate]] and signed a peace treaty with them in 1636. He died in 1656 and was buried in the [[Gol Gumbaz]].

==Rule==
[[File:Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur and African courtiers, ca, 1640.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah of Bijapur and African courtiers, ca, 1640]]
Although Darvesh Padshah was Ibrahim's eldest son, Mohammed Adil Shah was raised to the throne in 1627 on his father's death, at the age of fifteen.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cousens|first=Henry|title=Bijapur and its Architectural Remains|publisher=|year=1916|isbn=|location=|pages=14}}</ref>

Mohammed Adil Shah of Bijapur partnered with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in their conquest of [[Ahmednagar]]. Mohammed maintained friendly relations with [[Shah Jahan]] and made a peace treaty of 1636, after the extinction of [[Ahmednagar]]. By a [[firman]] of [[Shah Jahan]], he got assurances for the end of Mughal aggression against [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and due to his good relations with the Mughals, [[Shah Jahan]] formally recognized Muhammad's sovereignty and bestowed upon him the title of [[Shah]] in 1648, the only ruler of Bijapur to receive such recognition from the Mughals.

The Treaty of 1636 with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] sealed the expansion of Bijapur in the north. So, Mohammed Adil Shah extended his dominations westwards into [[Konkan]], [[Pune]], Dhabul (present [[Mumbai]]), southwards into [[Mysore]], and eastwards into [[Karnataka]], present south [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. During his reign, the kingdom attained its greatest extent, power and magnificence, and his dominions stretched from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the [[Bay of Bengal]].

Besides territorial expansions, Bijapur also attained peace and prosperity during Mohammed's reign. His kingdom yielded an annual revenue of seven crore eighty four lakh rupees, besides the five and half crores of tributes that were from vassal rulers and [[zamindar]]s. Cultural activities like poetry, painting and architecture also received a great impetus. Mohammed Adil Shah did his best to emulate the glorious traditions left to him by his versatile [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II|father]]. Diffusion of general education and religious teachings were one of his chief concerns, and he did his utmost to improve the socio-economic and educational standards of the people.

Mohammed continued his father's patronage of the arts, though on a lesser scale. He introduced [[fresco painting]]s and portraits, the examples of which are the walls of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Asar Mahal]], pavilion at Kumatgi and [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Sat Manzil]].

==The Marathas' insurgency==
{{Further|The Maratha rebellion}}
Mohammed Adil Shah along with Golconda sultan was responsible for dissolution of already decaying [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. This made him the most powerful ruler of Deccan region for a while. But as fate would always have its turn, Marathas inspired by Vijayanagar's history of valour launched a series of battles and started capturing Bijapur terroritories during very same Muhamad's reign. Mohammad's reign witnessed the revolt of the [[Maratha]] general [[Shahaji Bhosale]] and then, the rise of his son, [[Shivaji]] to eminence and his founding of an independent [[Maratha kingdom]], which was initially carved out of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]]. Muhammed failed to check the rise of [[Marathas]] to independence and finally large part of Deccan region came under Maratha influence with defeat of Bijapur Sultanate.

==Death==
[[File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|thumb|[[Gol Gumbaz]], the tomb of Adil Shah. The dome of Gol Gumbaz is the second largest in the world]]
After an extended illness, Mohammad died and was succeeded by his son [[Ali Adil Shah II]].<ref>[[John F. Richards]], ''The Mughal Empire'', (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 157.</ref>

==Tomb==
{{anchor|mausoleum}}
He was buried in the [[Gol Gumbaz]], near the tomb of his spiritual teacher Hashimpeer Dastageer. Hashimpeer arrived in Bijapur at the rule of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Hashimpeer influenced the rulers of Bijapur to give up their un-Islamic and heretic practices. Gol Gumbaz, located near the shrine of Hashimpeer, owes its completion to the 10 years of life that Hashimpeer granted to his disciple Adil Shah.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The dome of the Gol Gumbaz is the second largest in the world, 44 m (124 ft) in diameter.<ref>''Utilizing Ready Mix Concrete and Mortar: Proceedings of the International Conference'', ed.Ravindra K. Dhir and Mukesh C. Limbachiya, (Thomas Telford Publishing, 1999), 212.</ref> The [[Gol Gumbaz]] complex includes a mosque, a Naqqar Khana (a hall for the trumpeters, now it is used as museum) and the ruins of guest houses.

==See also==
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Daulat Khan (Reagent)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of Adil Shahi Emperors|Adil Shahi Rulers of Bijapur]]|before=[[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]|after=[[Ali Adil Shah II]]|years=1627–1656}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammed Adil Shah}}
[[Category:1656 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Sultans of Bijapur]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]

Kashmir Valley

2026-02-13T22:57:30Z

JacksonKuester2: refined content per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Valley in Jammu & Kashmir, India}}
{{About|the geographic area|the administrative division governing the area|Kashmir division}}
{{Other uses|Kashmir (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox valley
| name = Kashmir valley
|other_name=Vale of Kashmir
| photo = Kashmir-sat-nasa.jpg
| photo_size = 235
| photo_caption = [[Satellite imagery]] of the Kashmir Valley, showcasing the snow-capped peaks of the [[Pir Panjal Range]] (left in image; southwest in compass) and the [[Great Himalayas]] (right in image; northeast in compass) flanking it on either side
| length = {{convert|83|mi|km}}
| width = {{convert|20|mi|km}}
| direction = Northwest-Southeast
| coordinates =
| map =
| map_image = Geological map of Kashmir Valley.jpg
| map_caption = A 1938 geological map of the Kashmir Valley
| location = [[South Asia]]
| country = Administered by [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir"/>
| state = Union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_km2 = 15,520.3
| area_note =
| map_size = 180
| river = [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]]
}}

The '''Kashmir Valley''', also known as the '''Vale of Kashmir''', is an [[intermontane]] valley in the northern part of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="britannica-jammu-kashmir">(a) {{citation |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |editor=Encyclopaedia Britannia |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617074549/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |url-status=live }} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";

(b) {{citation |title=Encyclopedia Americana |page=328 |year=2006 |chapter=Kashmir |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 |publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing |isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6 }} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref> The valley is surrounded by the ranges of the [[Himalaya]]s, bounded on the southwest by the [[Pir Panjal Range]] and on the northeast by the [[Great Himalaya|Greater Himalaya]]n Range. It is approximately {{cvt|135|km}} long and {{cvt|32|km}} wide, and drained by the [[Jhelum River]].<ref>{{citation|title=Vale of Kashmir|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=11 March 2021|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vale-of-Kashmir|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=4 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804074900/https://www.britannica.com/place/Vale-of-Kashmir|url-status=live}}</ref> It falls entirely within the [[Kashmir Division]] of Jammu and Kashmir.

==Geography==
The Kashmir Valley lies between latitude [[33rd parallel north|33°]] and [[35th parallel north|35°N]], and longitude [[73rd meridian east|73°]] and [[76th meridian east|76°E]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=TOURISM POTENTIAL IN ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF TOURISM IN KASHMIR VALLEY|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144510723.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=core.ac.uk|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025020027/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144510723.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and covers {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809150759/https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|url-status=live}}</ref> It is bounded by sub-ranges of the [[Western Himalayas]]: the [[Great Himalayas]] bound it in the northeast and separate it from the [[Tibetan Plateau]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809150802/https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|url-status=live}}</ref> whereas the [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the [[Lesser Himalayas]] bounds it on the west and the south, and separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]].<ref name=wani-pp>{{citation|last=Wani|first=Rashid A.|title=Climate Change and Biodiversity: Proceedings of the IGU Rohtak Conference, Volume 1 |editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Mehtab|editor2-last=Singh|editor2-first=R. B. |editor3-last=Hassan|editor3-first=M. I.|series=Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences|chapter=Historical Temporal Trends of Climatic Variables Over Kashmir Valley and Discharge Response to Climate Variability in Upper Jhelum Catchment|pages=104–105|publisher=Springer Japan|year=2014|isbn=978-4-431-54837-9|doi=10.1007/978-4-431-54838-6_8|quote=The valley of Kashmir was formed by folding and faulting as the Himalayan mountain chain was thrust between the Indian subcontinent and the rest of Asia. The valley runs northwest to southeast along the strike of the mountain chain and is drained by the river Jhelum which cuts through the Pir Pinjal at the Baramullah gap. This structural basin is 135 km in length with a maximum width of 40 km and ranges in altitude from 5,200 to 6,000 ft above sea level. Its floor stands 1,600 m above sea level in the Jhelum flood plain. It covers an area of about 4,865 km square. The valley is accessible from the Punjab plain through two famous passes; the Pir Panjal pass (3,494 m) and Banihal pass (2,832 m).}}</ref> The valley has an average elevation of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1"/> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802011319/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major river which acts a drainage for whole Kashmir Valley, before exiting the Kashmir Valley through Uri gorge the Jhelum River falls into [[Wular Lake]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baramulla.nic.in/tourist-place/wular-lake/ |title=Wular Lake}}</ref> second largest freshwater lake in Asia. Before entering Wular Lake Srinagar city and Sonawari lies on its banks and after leaving Wular Lake Sopore and Baramulla towns lies on its banks. It originates at [[Verinag]]; and then fed by a large number of glacier fed rivers and streams [[Lidder River|Lidder]], [[Sind River|Sind]] and Doodh Ganga rivers are its major tributaries. Unlike other areas of [[Kashmir|Kashmir region]], the Kashmir Valley is densely populated owing to the availability of a large expanse of fertile flat land.

==Climate==
The Kashmir Valley has a moderate climate, which is largely defined by its geographic location, with the towering [[Karakoram|Karakoram Range]] in the north, [[Pir Panjal Range]] in the south and west, and [[Zanskar|Zanskar Range]] in the east.<ref name="Kashmir surrounded">{{cite book | author=Sharad Singh Negi | title=Geo-botany of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy-1AAAAIAAJ |year=1986 | publisher=Periodical Expert Book Agency, 1986 | isbn= 9788171360055| page=58–}}</ref> It can be generally described as cool in the spring and autumn, mild in the summer and cold in the winter. As a large valley with significant differences in geo-location among various districts, the weather is often cooler in the hilly areas compared to the flat lower parts.

Summer is usually mild and fairly dry, but relative humidity is generally high and the nights are cool. Precipitation occurs throughout the year and no month is particularly dry. The hottest month is July (mean minimum temperature 16 °C, mean maximum temperature 32 °C) and the coldest are December–January (mean minimum temperature −15 °C, mean maximum temperature 0 °C).

The Kashmir Valley enjoys a moderate climate but weather conditions are unpredictable. The record high temperature is 37.8 °C<ref>{{Cite web |last=KO |date=2022-06-30 |title=No Respite in Sight, Kashmir Swelters in Intense Heat Wave |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/06/30/no-respite-in-sight-kashmir-swelters-in-intense-heat-wave/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> and the record low is −18 °C. On 5 and 6 January 2012, after years of relatively little snow, a wave of heavy snow and low temperatures ([[winter storm]]) shocked the valley covering it in a thick layer of snow and ice.

The Valley has seen an increase in relative humidity and annual precipitation in the last few years. This is most likely because of the commercial afforestation projects which also include expanding parks and green cover.
{{climate chart
| Srinagar
| −2 | 7 | 48
| −0.7 | 8.2 | 68
| 3.4 | 14.1 | 121
| 7.9 | 20.5 | 85
| 10.8 | 24.5 | 68
| 14.9 | 29.6 | 39
| 18.1 | 30.1 | 62
| 17.5 | 29.6 | 76
| 12.1 | 27.4 | 28
| 5.8 | 22.4 | 33
| 0.9 | 15.1 | 28
| −1.5 | 8.2 | 54
| source = HKO <ref name = HKO>{{cite web
| url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/srinagar_e.htm
| title = Climatological Information for Srinagar, India
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
| access-date = 2012-06-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406095303/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/srinagar_e.htm
| archive-date = 6 April 2012
| url-status = live
}}</ref> }}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[Kashmir Division]], the administrative division of India covering the Kashmir Valley.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://kashmirdivision.nic.in/ Kashmir Division Administration]
* [https://www.facebook.com/divisionalcommissioner.kashmir Kashmir Divisional Commissioner]
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312921/Vale-of-Kashmir Vale of Kashmir]
*{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|34.0333|N|74.6667|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Valleys of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:River valleys of India]]
[[Category:Kashmir Division| ]]

Yashadamini Puraskar

2026-01-18T06:30:48Z

JacksonKuester2: basic updated details based on references and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Award for women achievers in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{update|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Yashadamini Puraskar
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| awarded_for =
| presenter = [[Government of Goa]]
| country = India
| location =
| reward = {{INRConvert|10000}}
| eligibility =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 44 (2013)
| year = 2001
| year2 =
| previous = [[Gomant Vibhushan]]
| next = [[Yuva Srujan Puraskar]]
| website =
}}

The '''Yashadamini Puraskar''' is awarded by the [[Government of Goa]] state in ([[India]]). It is an annual award conferred by the Directorate of Women & Child Development of the [[Government of Goa]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Women-Child-Development-Citizen-Charter.pdf |title=Citizen's Charter |date=2012 |website=Directorate of Women & Child Development of the [[Government of Goa]]}}</ref> The award was established in 2001.<ref name="auto6">{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/yashadamini-award-conferred-on-8-women/30210.html |title=Yashadamini Award conferred on 8 women |date=8 July 2009 |newspaper=[[O Heraldo]] |place=Panaji |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025822/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/yashadamini-award-conferred-on-8-women/30210.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Description==
The award aims to encourage women in different fields. It is awarded to the women who have made a mark in various fields, such as sports, education, art and culture, social work, cooperative movement, women empowerment, teaching and other professions, etc.<ref name="auto2"/>

The prize consists of a cash award of [[Indian rupee|Rupees]] Ten Thousand and a silver [[salver]].<ref name="auto2"/>

==List of awardees==
Following are some of the awardees of the Yashadamini Puraskar:
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:100%"
|+
! Year
! Awardee
|-
| 2001
| [[Norma Alvares]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.awbi.org/awbi-pdf/ac_jan_14_june_16.pdf |title=A revolutionary Step |access-date=2023-09-03 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083151/http://www.awbi.org/awbi-pdf/ac_jan_14_june_16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[Phyllis Faria]]<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://domnicfernandes.blogspot.com/2010/10/sacred-heart-of-jesus-high-schools-and_16.html
|title=Domnic Fernandes Anjuna Goa: THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS HIGH SCHOOLS AND THEIR FOUNDERS - Part 2
|date=16 October 2010
}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| Meena Kakodkar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.katha.org/ya-lvl3-easyreaders.html |title=Katha |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206164122/http://www.katha.org/ya-lvl3-easyreaders.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[Sanyogita Rane]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/mygoaweekly/docs/my_goa_14_jan_2017|title=My goa 14 jan 2017 by MyGoa - Issuu|website=issuu.com|date=13 January 2017|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227074021/https://issuu.com/mygoaweekly/docs/my_goa_14_jan_2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2003
| Auda Viegas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/152593/14/12_chapter%205.pdf |title=Chapter 5 - EMERGENCE OF WOMEN AS LEADERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN|access-date=2023-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theneutralview.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/TNV-22-Sept.pdf |title=Kavita Nakhawa's Fashion Studio |website=theneutralview.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224101207/http://theneutralview.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/TNV-22-Sept.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| Sudha Amonkar<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-news-goanet.org/2004-September/006834.html|title=[Goanet-news]03 SEPT 2004: GOACOM DAILY NEWS CLIPPINGS|website=lists.goanet.org}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| Dr. Lalana Bakhale<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Precila Dias<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Dr. Judith D'Costa<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Amita Nayak Salatry<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Celsa Antao<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Shalini Gaude<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2004
| Leena Pednekar<ref name="auto5"/>
|-
| 2006
| Angela Naik<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/15/independence-day-parade-held-amid-heavy-downpour-in-goa-1155643444.html|title=Independence Day parade held amid heavy downpour in Goa|date=15 August 2006|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| Dr. [[Nishtha Desai]]<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.childrightsgoa.org/index.php/about-crg/milestones-and-awards/ |title=Milestones and Awards – Children's Rights in Goa |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224015318/http://www.childrightsgoa.org/index.php/about-crg/milestones-and-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| Jyoti Kunkolienkar<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2009
| Vimal Dinanath Dabholkar<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Anita Kundatkar<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Monica Lobo Dourado<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Claudia Vaz<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Manisha Naik<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Amol Krishna Morajkar<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| Nelly Rodrigues<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
| 2009
| [[Jayanti Naik]]<ref name="auto6"/>
|-
|2010
| Steffi Cardozo<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/yashadamini-award-for-steffi/06347.html |title=Yashadamini award for Steffi |date= March 2010 |newspaper=[[O Heraldo]] |place=Panaji |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052941/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/yashadamini-award-for-steffi/06347.html |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| Krishni Walke<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/women-achievers-awarded-for-contribution-to-society/articleshow/7659152.cms|title=Women achievers awarded for contribution to society | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 March 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|2011
| Seema Pednekar<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Aparnadevi Rane Sardesai<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Priyanka Rane<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Roopa Kerkar<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Gulab Vernekar<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Ashwini Zambaulikar<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Sachika Almeida<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2011
| Pushpal Dhaimodkar<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|2012
| Shubhalaxmi Mandrekar<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/several-programmes-to-mark-womens-day-in-goa/article4487013.ece|title=Several programmes to mark Women's Day in Goa|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|2012
| Malini Chari<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2012
| Deeplaxmi Kumar Avati<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2012
| Sumedha Kamat Dessai<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2012
| Meghana Kurundwadkar<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2012
| Vijaya Sheldekar<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2012
| Suhasini Prabhugaonkar<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|2013
| Ana Pinto<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/gvuk_files/parrikar_interview_2.pdf |title=This term I will prove myself, says Parrikar |website=www.goanvoice.org.uk |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223074612/http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/gvuk_files/parrikar_interview_2.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2013
| Mangala More<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|2013
|Shilpa Jagganath Bhosle<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/yashodamini-awards-presented/article4490770.ece|title=Yashodamini awards presented|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/YASHADAMINI%20PURASKAR%202015.pdf Announcement for award in 2015]
* [https://www.dwcd.goa.gov.in Directorate of Women and Child Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608152421/https://dwcd.goa.gov.in/ |date=8 June 2023 }}

[[Category:Government of Goa]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2001]]
[[Category:Society of Goa]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Goa]]

Official languages of Puducherry

2026-01-05T21:16:47Z

JacksonKuester2: Done - done

{{Short description|Official language of Puducherry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
The '''official standing of languages in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]''' is governed by the 1963 assembly resolution to continue French as official language and the subsequent ''Pondicherry Official Language Act, 1965'' which states under the heading "Official language of the Union territory" that [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the language to be used for all or any official purposes in the Union Territory, while [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] may be used in [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]] and [[Yanam]] respectively. The Act also stipulates that [[Indian English|English]] may be used for any of the official purposes of the Union territory.

An official mention in [[Rajya Sabha]] Parliamentary debates during 2006 confirmed that the five official languages of Puducherry are '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''', '''[[English language|English]]''', '''[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]''', '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' and '''[[French language|French]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsNAQAAMAAJ |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Volume 208, Issues 18-19 |author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha |date=2006|page=263 |website=www.gstcouncil.gov.in |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

== 1956 Treaty of Cession ==
[[French language|French]] was the [[official language]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] under the Treaty of Cession 1956. French was also the official language of the ''Établissements français dans l'Inde'' ([[French India]]) and it remained as [[de jure]] official language of Pondicherry U.T by the ''' ''Article XXVIII'' of [[Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India|Traité de Cession]]''' which states that,
* {{lang|fr|Le français restera langue officielle des Établissements aussi longtemps que les répresentants élus de la population n'auront pas pris une décision différente}} - The French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise).

While the Official Gazette of Puducherry has a trilingual heading (in English, Tamil and French), it is published exclusively in English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/sgst-notification/PUD-(R)-(18)-9.pdf |title=La Gazette de L'État de Poudouchéry The Gazette of Puducherry |author= |date=25 January 2018 |website=www.gstcouncil.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=30 June 2022 |quote=}}</ref>

== 1963 Resolution by Representative Assembly ==
{{see|Pondicherry Representative Assembly}}
The de jure transfer of [[French establishments in India]] was on 16 August 1962. Then [[Second Pondicherry Representative Assembly]] had passed resolution by vote in May 1963 to express its desire to continue the official status of the French language.<ref name="1963assemblyresolution">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHeDwAAQBAJ|title=The Legacy of French Rule in India (1674-1954): An investigation of a process of Creolization|author= Animesh Rai|publisher= Institut français de Pondichéry|year=2020|isbn=9791036549892 }}</ref>{{rp|151–152}} However, the same resolution expressed its want of the maternal languages spoken in the union territory to be considered along with Hindi and English as associative languages to French for all official and practical purposes.

==Union Territories Act, 1963==
For laying down the rules and regulations related to the union territories of India the act was passed in 1963.<ref name="1963Act">{{cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/GovernmentUnionterritoriesAct1963_2.pdf |title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> This act once again reconfirmed the assembly resolution<ref name=1963assemblyresolution/> that French shall continue to be used as an official language in Puduchuerry unless its legislative assembly does not decide otherwise.

==Pondicherry Official Language Act, 1965==
Considering the 1963 assembly resolution and 1963 act, the new additional official languages were recognized by The Pondicherry Official Language Act, 1965 (Act No. 3 of 1965).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/pondicherry/history |title=History of DISTRICT COURT OF PUDUCHERRY |access-date=2020-06-12 }}</ref> This act established that "''the Tamil language shall [...] be the language to be used for all or any of the official purposes of the Union Territory''. It states that ''Provided that the Administrator may by like Notification, direct that in the case of Mahe area, the Malayalam language, and in the case of Yanam area, the Telugu language may be used for such official purposes and subject to such conditions as may be specified in such notification''". Finally, it states that "''Notwithstanding anything contained in section 3, and from the commencement of this Act, the English language may be used for all or any of the official purposes of the Union Territory''".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911084318/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/puducherry/1965/1965Pondicherry3.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-11 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

During the early twentieth century, Tamil gained equal status alongside the existing French language. After the merger with India, Telugu and Malayalam also obtained the same status although with some restrictions. Though the status of each languages varies with respect to each district, when communicating in between districts of different languages, generally English is used for convenience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sabt.org.in/npmb-india/downloads/travel-info.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145006/http://sabt.org.in/npmb-india/downloads/travel-info.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/pondicherry/history|title=History (Pondicherry)|publisher=District Courts of Pondicherry|accessdate=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195506/http://ecourts.gov.in/pondicherry/history|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The three official languages are:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/English-to-continue-as-link-language-in-Puducherry-Court/articleshow/42400463.cms|title=English to continue as link language in Puducherry: Court|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 September 2014}}</ref>
#[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Language used by the union territory government, especially used when communicating within and between the Tamil majority districts of ([[Pondicherry district|Pondicherry]] and [[Karikal district|Karaikal]]) along with issuing official decrees.
#[[Telugu language|Telugu]]: Used when communicating within Telugu district [[Yanam district|Yanam]].
#[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: Used when communicating within Malayalam district [[Mahé district|Mahé]].

==Demographics==
In 2011, the number of people speaking in each official languages was:<ref>{{Cite web | title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Puducherry - 2011 | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10218 | access-date=2025-04-07 | website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
*'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''': 1,100,976 (In the Pondicherry and Karikal districts)
*'''[[Telugu people|Telugu]]''': 74,347 (In the Yanam district)
*'''[[Malayalam]]''': 47,973 (In the Mahe district)
*'''[[French language|French]]''': Likely around 300

==See also==
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Government of Puducherry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.py.gov.in/ Pondicherry official website]

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Puducherry]]

Mohini Bhasmasur

2026-01-01T21:26:42Z

JacksonKuester2: made a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mohini Bhasmasur
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke|Dadasaheb Phalke]]
| producer = Dadasaheb Phalke
| writer = Dadasaheb Phalke
| story =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kamlabai Gokhale]]|[[Durgabai Kamat]]}}
| music =
| cinematography = Dadasaheb Phalke
| editing =
| distributor = Dadasaheb Phalke
| released = {{Film date|1913|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Silent film]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s
| budget =
}}
'''''Mohini Bhasmasur''''' is a 1913 [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythological]] film directed by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] and starring [[Kamlabai Gokhale]] and [[Durgabai Kamat]]. It is India's and Phalke's second full-length feature film. ''Mohini Bhasmasur'' is the first Indian film to have a female actor. In ''[[Raja Harischandra]]'', India's and Phalke's first film, the role of the female was played by [[Anna Salunke]], a male.<ref name="Ganti2004">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook To Popular Hindi Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant|url-access=registration|accessdate=1 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-28853-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/bollywoodguidebo0000gant/page/206 206]}}</ref><ref name="Dwyer2006">{{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Rachel|title=Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qjKJ0yk-gQC&pg=PA23|accessdate=1 April 2013|date=30 August 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-08865-4|page=23}}</ref>

==Plot==
The plot of the film revolves round the theme of the Hindu mythological story of [[Mohini]] and [[Bhasmasur]](a) ("ash-demon"), an [[asura]] (demon). The god [[Shiva]] grants Bhasmasura the power to turn anyone into ashes by touching their head. The demon decides to try the power on Shiva himself. Shiva runs terrified. The god [[Vishnu]], witnessing the unfortunate turn of events, transforms into the seductress [[Mohini]] and enchants Bhasmasura. Bhasmasura asks her to marry him. Mohini agrees, but only on the condition that Bhasmasura follows her move for move in a dance. In the course of the dance, she places her hand on her head. Bhasmasura mimics the action, and in turn, reduces himself to ashes.

The film was of {{Convert|32554|ft}} length.<ref name="VāṭaveTrust2004">{{cite book|author1=Bāpū Vāṭave|author2=National Book Trust|title=Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTZnAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-4319-6}}</ref>

==Cast==
[[File:Kamalabai Gokhale.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kamlabai Gokhale]] who played the lead role as [[Mohini]] in the film Mohini Bhasmasur]]
''Mohini Bhasmasur'' was the first Indian film to cast a female in the woman's role. [[Kamlabai Gokhale]] (1900–1998), then called as Kamla Kamat, a Marathi stage actress, was cast as the heroine [[Mohini]] and [[Durgabai Kamat]] her mother played the role of [[Parvati]]. Kamala was only 13 years old at the time.<ref name="Dwyer2006"/><ref name=Mohini/><ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{cite book|author=S. B. Bhattacherje|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events and Dates: 6th Revised Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA178|accessdate=3 April 2013|date=1 May 2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7|pages=A 168 and A 179}}</ref> However, in an era where women in performing arts were compared to prostitutes,<ref name="Thoraval2000"/> this did not set a trend and male actors continued to perform female roles in cinema for years.

==Production==
''Mohini Bhasmasur'' was the second feature film on a Hindu mythological theme in black and white of the [[Silent film|silent movie era]] produced and directed by [[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]] (1870–1944), popularly known as [[Dadasaheb Phalke]]. He was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, costume-designer, editor, processor, printer, developer, projectionist and distributor all rolled in one, known as the father of Indian cinema, and his first film was ''Raja Harishchandra'', which released on 3 May 1913.<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia Of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT626|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|pages=626–}}</ref> Soon after, ''Mohini Bhasmasur'' was screened for the first time in November 1913.<ref name="Kharela2002">{{cite book|author=Paraśurāma Kharela|title=Sight, Sound & Pulse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlRiAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=2002|publisher=Nepal Press Institute with the support of DANIDA}}</ref> A one-minute short comedy film ''Pithache Panje'' (Dough Claws) was released as a "side attraction" with the film.<ref name="Narwekar2005">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena meena deeka: the story of Hindi film comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-lkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Rupa & Co.|isbn=9788129108593}}</ref>

Phalke produced four films in succession under the banner "Production Company" including ''Mohini Bhasmasur'', ''Savitri Satyavan'' (1914), ''[[Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1917) and ''[[Lanka Dahan]]'' (1917).<ref name=Mohini>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253250/|title= Mohini Bhasmasur(1913)|accessdate=2 April 2013|publisher=Internet Movie data Base, Imdb.com}}</ref> His wife Saraswati Phalke was the woman behind the scene who was the manager and technical assistant to her husband in film making. Phalke was inspired into film making after he watched the movie "Life of Christ" in 1910. This led him to [[London]] for training in [[filmography]] under [[Cecil Hepworth]] of [[Walton Studios]], in 1912. He had bought the camera Williamson make for his film production, which he used for his first five Phalke Films.<ref name=Tribe>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000430/spectrum/main2.htm#2|title=Dadasaheb Phalke (1870–1944) |date=30 April 2000|accessdate=3 April 2013|publisher=Spectrum of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="Tmh2007">{{cite book|author=Tmh|title=Tmh General Knowledge Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFqw4J3YzccC&pg=SA6-PA142|accessdate=1 April 2013|date=1 March 2007|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-061999-9|pages=6–}}</ref> In creating the mythological themes for his films, Phalke was influenced by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], the famous painter of mythological themes. He also introduced the screen play format for the film and rehearsed his actors before recording the scenes.<ref name="AdlePalat2005">{{cite book|author1=Chahryar Adle|author2=Madhavan K.. Palat|author3=Anara Tabyshalieva|title=Towards the Contemporary Period: From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&pg=PA804|accessdate=1 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103985-0|pages=804–}}</ref> Departing from "[[declamatory]]" style of [[Sanskrit drama]] (where mythological themes were prevalent), Phalke used ''nataka'' (folk theater) dividing the screenplay into acts.<ref name="Thoraval2000">{{cite book|author=Yves Thoraval|title=The cinemas of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=1 February 2000|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0-333-93410-4|pages = 7, 347}}</ref> Most of ''Mohini Bhasmasur'' was shot in the open countryside.<ref name="Thoraval2000"/> The scene where Bhasmasur keeps his hand on his head and reduces to ashes, Phalke shot with the actor and then retracted the film and shot some spoilt film being burnt in the actor's position, giving the effect of Bhasmasur burning.<ref name="VāṭaveTrust2004"/>

Phalke's first three films were created in eight months together without a film studio, by hand-driven machines and using a crew who had no prior film experience.<ref name="Chakravarty1993">{{cite book |author=Chakravarty |first=Sumita S. |author-link=Sumita S. Chakravarty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&pg=PA37 |title=National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema: 1947–1987 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-292-78985-2 |page=37 |accessdate=3 April 2013}}</ref> All three films were highly successful and Phalke was able to pay off his debts, which he had acquired to make the films.<ref name="Purohit1988">{{cite book|author=Vinayak Purohit|title=Arts of Transitional India, Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae1Zrmz6ETwC&pg=PA948|accessdate=3 April 2013|year=1988|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-138-4|page=948}}</ref> They were shown by Phalke in London, in 1914.<ref name="Ganti2004"/>

==First dance number==
Kamala who was a stage actress performed the first dance number in the role of a heroine in [[Indian cinema]]. In the dance item, she played the role of Mohini enticing Bhasmasura, the demon or [[asura]], with her seductive dancing to bring about his death. Phalke was the [[choreographer]] of the dance item and he had been inspired by Hindu temple sculptures, Buddhist murals in the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[devadasi]] (temple-dancer) tradition and dancing (see [[Lavani]]) from the [[Tamasha]] folk form.<ref name="GokulsingDissayanake2004">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=Wimal Dissayanake|title=Indian popular cinema: a narrative of cultural change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_plssuFIar8C&pg=PA105|accessdate=1 April 2013|year=2004|publisher=Trentham Books|isbn=978-1-85856-329-9|pages=105–}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0253250}}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:1913 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dadasaheb Phalke]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:1913 Indian films]]

Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)

2025-12-30T09:59:08Z

JacksonKuester2: made new data

{{Short description|Historical ruling family in India}}
{{Other uses|Mitra dynasty (disambiguation){{!}}Mitra dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{South Asia in 50 CE|right|{{center|Approximate location of the Mitra dynasty, in the 1st century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (e)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>}}}}
'''Mitra dynasty of Kosambi''' was centered on the city of [[Kosambi]] at the [[Vatsa]] region. Its capital Kosambi was among the most important trade centers in the ancient India. The dynasty also likely controlled territory in nearby regions such as [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].

Many of its rulers bear the suffix "-''mitra''" in their names.<ref name="Olivelle2006">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA85|date=13 July 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|page=85}}</ref> However, it is disputed how many kings the dynasty was composed of. [[Dhanabhuti]], who is known for [[Bharhut inscriptions]], may have been related to the Mitra dynasty. A number of different, and possibly, related [[Mitra dynasty (disambiguation)|Mitra dynasties]] existed in the northern India, and it is possible that they all can trace their lineage back into the royal house of the [[Shunga Empire]].

Common symbols in the coinage of the Mitra dynasty include the tree-in-railing and the [[Ujjain]] symbol. Bull is a common animal to appear on the coinage.

The Mitra dynasty was ended when [[Samudragupta]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] annexed Kosambi in the middle of the 4th century CE.

==Possible origins==
The [[Vatsa|Vatsa region]] and its capital [[Kosambi]] was among the most important trade centres in [[ancient India]]. After the Mauryas and Shungas lost control of the area, Kosambi established itself as a solid independent civic centre. A large number of coins from Kosambi is known. The initial coinage was based on locally modified variants of the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]][[Shunga Empire|-Shunga]] style [[Casting (metalworking)|cast]] copper coins, and a few of the coins were inscribed with the city's name. Later coinage evolved to portray a more independent iconography, and they began to be inscribed with the names of rulers. This is an indication that the city's local government transitioned into a [[monarchy]]. The bull was a common symbol when the coinage minted by the city evolved to have a more robust local character.<ref name="Pieper2013">{{cite book|author=Wilfried Pieper|title=Ancient Indian Coins Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdLvjgEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Classical Numismatic Group|isbn=978-0-9837652-6-4|pages=95–96, 98}}</ref>

It is likely that the Mitra dynasty started its independent rule in Vatsa after the [[Maurya Empire]],<ref name="Conference1988">{{cite book|author=Indian History and Culture Society. Conference|title=Studies in Indian History and Culture: Anthology of Papers Presented at the 10th Annual Conference of Indian History and Culture Society Held at Bharat Kala Bhavan, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, During December 23-25, 1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYJDAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=The Bhavan|page=107}}</ref> or the collapse of the [[Shunga Empire]], allowed various petty states to emerge in the Northern [[India]].<ref name="Pandey_1967"/><ref name="Mitchiner1978">{{cite book|author=Michael Mitchiner|title=The ancient & classical world, 600 B.C.–A.D. 650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Hawkins Publications; distributed by B. A. Seaby|isbn=978-0-904173-16-1|page=577}}</ref>

There were possibly five different contemporary dynasties identifiable with the suffix "-''mitra''". These various Mitra dynasties may have shared a link with the Shunga dynasty, as many of its rulers' names also ended with "''-mitra''". It is possible that the Shungas may have used a similar method of governing provinces as the preceding [[Maurya Empire]] had done. Princes with royal blood would have been sent to govern the provinces, and after the central power had weakened they would have established their own dynasties. Some numismatic evidence for the possible connection between Mitras and the Shunga dynasty descending from [[Pushyamitra]] has been found.<ref name="Pandey_1967">{{Cite journal|author=Pandey, M. S.|title = The Origin and Territorial Extension of the Mitra Kings|year=1967|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=29|pages=74–76|jstor = 44155471}}</ref>

There were, possibly linked, Mitra dynasties ruling in Panchala, [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mathura]], Ayodhya and also possibly at Magadha.<ref name="Pandey_1967"/><ref name="Bajpai2004">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|pages=37–41, 45}}</ref>

==Expansion==

During the time period stretching from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE, the Mitras of Kosambi appear to have extended their hegemony over [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (including [[Pataliputra]]), and possibly [[Kannauj]] as well. Inscriptions and coins of the Mitra dynasty are known from various parts of [[Bihar]].<ref name="Bajpai2004"/>

Brhaspatimitra has been called ''Magadharaja'', a king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], in [[Minor Inscriptions of Kharavela|Kharavela's Hathigumpha inscription]] (that is related to [[Hathigumpha inscription]]). If the Brhaspatimitra mentioned in the inscription is the same king as the Brhaspatimitra of Mitra dynasty, then that would mean that the dynasty held a considerable influence in the region surrounding Kosambi. It is worth to note that there is numismatic evidence to support this theory, as Magadha is not known to not have produced any typical regional coinage unlike the contemporary Kosambi, [[Mathura]] or [[Panchala]].<ref name="Bajpai2004"/>

==Conquest by the Gupta Empire==
{{Further|Allahabad pillar}}
[[File:South Asia historical AD375 EN.svg|thumb|Possible extent of the [[Gupta Empire]] near the end of [[Samudragupta]]'s reign. Prayaga, on the map, is an alternate name for the city of Kosambi.]]
[[File:Maharaja Sri Gupta inscription on the Allahabad pillar Samudragupta inscription.jpg|thumb|Gupta script inscription "Maharaja Sri Gupta" (Great King, Lord Gupta"), mentioning the first ruler of the dynasty king Gupta. Inscription by [[Samudragupta]] on the [[Allahabad pillar]], where Samudragupta presents king Gupta as his great-grandfather. Dated circa 350 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403}}</ref>]]

[[Samudragupta]] (r. c. 335–375 CE<ref name="Thorpe2009"/>) of the [[Gupta Empire]] appears to have ended the Mitra dynasty of Kosambi during his conquests in the middle of the 4th century CE.<ref name="Bajpai2004"/> While the pillar was originally erected by [[Ashoka]], Samudragupta later added his own inscription on the same pillar. [[Harisena]], a poet and a high-ranking military commander in Samudragupta's army, was the author of the inscriptions.<ref name="Thorpe2009">{{cite book|author=Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&pg=RA2-PA48|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2133-9|page=248}}</ref>

According to the theory proposed by 19th-century archaeologists, and supported by Indian scholars such as Upinder Singh, the Allahabad pillar came from somewhere else, probably Kosambi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA327 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=327}}</ref> The [[Edicts of Ashoka]] suggest that the pillar was first erected at Kosambi, some 50 kilometers west of its current location. It was moved to Allahabad much later when the region came under Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=C.S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Amalananda |author-link2=Amalananda Ghosh |date=October 1935 |title=A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=697–706 |jstor=25201233}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka|date=1879|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693/page/n55 37]–38|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693}}</ref> The presence of another broken pillar at Kosambi near the ruins of the Ghoshitarama monastery<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=25.344268&lon=81.386746&z=18&m=b&show=/664259/Ashoka-Pillar | title=Ashoka Pillar Kaushambi (Excavation site of ancient ruins) | publisher=Wikimapia | access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> has led some to believe that the Allahabad pillar might have been one of a pair, not unlike the ones discovered at [[Rampurva]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Buddhist Architecture|last = Le|first = Huu Phuoc|publisher = Grafikol|year = 2010|isbn = 978-0984404308|pages = 39|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC}}</ref>

==List of kings==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Native ([[Prakrit]]) name
! [[Sanskrit]] form (if relevant)
! Notes
! class=unsortable|
|-
|[[Agaraju]]
|Agarāju
|'''N/A'''
|Possibly one of the earlier kings in the dynasty
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="Pieper2013"/>
|-
|Agnimitra
|Agimita
|Agnimitra
|Succeeded by his sons Jyesthamitra and Vasumitra (Sumitra)
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="(India)Krishnan1965">{{cite book|author1=Madhya Pradesh (India)|author2=V. S. Krishnan|title=Madhya Pradesh: Raisen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSULAQAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Government Central Press|page=25}}</ref>
|-
|Asvaghosa
|Aśvaghoṣa
|'''N/A'''
|
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/>
|-
|[[Brhaspatimitra]]
|Bahasatimita
|Bṛhaspatimitra / Bahasatimitra
|Possibly held the title ''Magadharaja'', a king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="Bajpai2004"/>
|-
|Devamitra
|(Devamita?)
|Devamitra
|Disputed: K.D. Bajpai assigns him to the Mitra dynasty of Ayodhya
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref>{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA96|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|page=96}}</ref>
|-
|Jyesthamitra
|Jeṣamita
|Jyeṣṭhamitra
|Succeeded his father Agnimitra. Ruled between c. 140–133 BCE. His brother Vasumitra (Sumitra) rose to the throne after him.
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="(India)Krishnan1965"/>
|-
|Prajapatimitra
|Pajāpatimita
|Prajāpatimitra
|
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/>
|-
|Prausthamitra
|Pothamita
|Prauṣṭhamitra
|
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/>
|-
|[[Radhamitra]]
|Rādhāmita
|Rādhāmitra
|Known for his unusual hexagonal coins, and possibly one of the earliest kings in the dynasty
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="BopearachchiPieper1998"/>
|-
|[[Sarpamitra]]
|Sapamita
|Sarpamitra
|He may have ruled somewhere around the 1st century BCE or the 1st century CE.
|<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="Gyani">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.78739|title=The Journal Of The Numismatic Society Of India Vol 3 & 4|date=25 March 1941|via=Internet Archive|pages=135–136}}</ref>
|}

===Disputed kings===
[[File:Bharhut princely portrait.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Dhanabhuti]]]]

The exact number of kings in the dynasty has been disputed to be between seven and twenty-five different kings.<ref name="Mitchiner1978"/><ref name="Pieper2013"/><ref>{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|page=42}}</ref>

Another opinion is that some of the Mitras of Kannauj actually belonged to the house of Kosambi, and that there were actually no long-lived separate Mitra dynasty at [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. K. D. Bajpai holds that the first Mitra ruler of Kosambi was Sungavarma (Sugavamasa). Sungavarma's name includes the epithet ''Sunga'', and that makes it possible to link him with the ruling dynasty of the Shunga Empire. Furthermore, Bajpai argues that Angaraja, [[Dhanabhuti]] and Visvadeva were also part of the Mitras of Kosambi. Their names appear in the [[Bharhut inscriptions]]. They would be probable descendants of king Sungavarma. The kings of Kosambi lent their patronage for the [[stupa]] of Bharhut, which would have been within the territory they controlled.<ref name="Bajpai2004"/>

A genealogy constructed from the Bharhut inscriptions would link the above-mentioned kings to the Mitra dynasty so that Visvadeva would be father of Agaraju. Dhanabhuti would be Agaraju's son.<ref name="Bajpai2004"/>

==Coins of Mitra dynasty==

Most rulers of the Mitra dynasty of Kosambi, except [[Radhamitra]], have the symbol known as the tree-in-railing in their coins. Another common symbol is the [[Ujjain]] symbol.<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jVmAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan|page=188}}</ref> [[Bull]] is a common animal to appear on the coinage of Kosambi of the era.<ref name="Pieper2013"/>

Some of the coins of Radhamitra are known for their unusual [[hexagon]]al shape. They were manufactured by [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]], but they were made to closely resemble [[punch-marked coins]]. The civic coinage of Vatsa is known for their wide innovation in shapes of coins.<ref name="Olivelle2006"/><ref name="BopearachchiPieper1998">{{cite book|author1=Osmund Bopearachchi|author2=Wilfried Pieper|title=Ancient Indian coins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UVmAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Brepols|isbn=978-2-503-50730-9|pages=55, 57, 154}}</ref>

The symbols in one of Radhamitra's series of coins make a clear connection with other rulers of Kosambi such as Asvaghosa, [[Brhaspatimitra]], Agnimitra, [[Sarpamitra]], Prajapatimitra, Jyesthamitra and Prausthamitra. The coins cast by these rulers portray similar symbols in obverse and reverse sides of their coins. However, the exact chronology of these coins has not been extensively and conclusively studied yet. The civic coinage has been thought to precede the nominative coinage of the kings.<ref name="Olivelle2006"/>

==See also==
*[[Udayana (king)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

The Magic Of Shiri

2025-12-29T17:39:07Z

JacksonKuester2: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Magic Of Shiri.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Sanchit Gupta Priyadarshee Srivastava
| director = [[Birsa Dasgupta]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]]
* [[Namit Das]]
* [[Darshan Jariwala]]
* Nishank Verma
* [[Parmeet Sethi]]
}}
| music = Diptarka Bose
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
| location =
| cinematography = Shubhankar Bhar
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 26-33 minutes
| company = [[Jio Studios]]
| network = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|11|14}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''The Magic Of Shiri''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series directed by [[Birsa Dasgupta]] and written by Sanchit Gupta and Priyadarshee Srivastava. Produced by [[Jyoti Deshpande]] and Tanveer Bookwala under [[Jio Studios]], it stars [[Divyanka Tripathi]], [[Jaaved Jaaferi]], [[Namit Das]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], Nishank Verma and [[Parmeet Sethi]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The Magic of Shiri coming soon | website=The Tribune | date=5 July 2023 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/the-magic-of-shiri-coming-soon-522974/}}</ref> The series was premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 14 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Vasudevan | first=Aishwarya | title=The Magic of Shiri: Divyanka Tripathi's JioCinema series ready to launch after a year-long delay? | website=OTTPlay | date=28 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-magic-of-shiri-divyanka-tripathi-jiocinema-series-release-date/c088db07f1878}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya]] as Shiri Shroff/ Shiri Dutt
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Jadugar Salim
* [[Namit Das]] as Naveen Shroff
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Jigar Shroff
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Ranveer Dutt/RD
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Harleen <ref>{{cite web |title=The Magic Of Shiri Trailer: Divyanka Tripathi Tries To Mix Magic With Mundane |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/the-magic-of-shiri-trailer-divyanka-tripathi-tries-to-mix-magic-with-mundane-9120602.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* Nishank Verma as Aakash Khanna
* Anngad Raaj as Sonu
* Pitobash as Bilal/Viktor

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Jio Studios]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Frater | first=Patrick | title=India's Jio Studios Unveils Content Slate of 100-Titles | website=Variety | date=13 April 2023 | url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/india-jio-studios-content-slate-1235582254/}}</ref> The teaser of the series was released on 3 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Magic Of Shiri teaser: Divyanka Tripathi to cast a spell in web series | website=The Indian Express | date=3 July 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-magic-of-shiri-teaser-out-divyanka-tripathi-to-cast-a-spell-in-new-web-series-8699229/}}</ref> Subsequently, the official trailer was released on 6 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kohrra, The Magic Of Shiri, Padmini, Poisoned | website=Telegraph India | date=6 July 2023 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kohrra-the-magic-of-shiri-padmini-poisoned-the-dirty-truth-about-your-food-new-teasers-and-trailers/cid/1950259}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was initially scheduled to release on 13 July 2023,<ref>{{cite web | title=The Magic of Shiri set to stream on JioCinema | website=The Tribune | date=9 July 2023 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/the-magic-of-shiri-set-to-stream-on-jiocinema-524142/}}</ref> but was delayed<ref>{{cite web | title=Divyanka Tripathi's The Magic of Shiri release delayed amid reports of objections from Jain community | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 July 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/divyanka-tripathi-the-magic-of-shiri-release-delayed-objections-from-jain-community-101689242104537.html}}</ref> and released on 15 November 2024 on [[JioCinema|Jio cinema]]

== Reception ==
Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sarkar | first=Arpita | title=The Magic of Shiri Review: Divyanka Tripathi's series highlights women power | website=OTTPlay | date=14 November 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/the-magic-of-shiri-review-divyanka-tripathi-and-jaaved-jaaferis-series-offers-a-women-centric-narrative-that-resonates-with-real-world-challanges/f908f01cc4697}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/the-magic-of-shiri/4052356 ''The Magic Of Shiri''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magic Of Shiri}}
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council

2025-12-11T18:25:19Z

JacksonKuester2: Added

{{Short description|District in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council
| house_type = Autonomous District Council
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = Emblem of Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council.png
| coa_res =
| leader1_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader1 = Tankeswar Rabha
| party1 = [[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha|RHJM]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
| party3 =
| election3 =
| members = '''40 Councillors''' (36 Elected + 4 Nominated)
| structure1 = India Rabha Hasong, Assam Autonomous Council Election 2025.svg
| structure1_res = 275px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (33)'''
*{{colorbox|#B7032E}} [[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha|RHJM]] (27)
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6)
'''Opposition (1)'''
*{{colorbox|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)
'''Others (2)'''
*{{colorbox|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
'''Nominated (4)'''
*{{Color box|#000000}} [[Candidate|NOM]] (4)
| voting_system1 =
| last_election1 = 2 April 2025
| next_election2 = 2030
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Dudhnoi]], [[Assam]]
| website = {{url|https://rhac.assam.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council (RHAC)''' was constituted by the Government of [[Assam]] in 1995. It was constituted for development in the areas of economic, educational, socio-cultural and ethnic identity of [[Rabha people]] residing in the council area. RHAC has different tribes such as Rabha, [[Bodo people|Bodo]], [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Hajong people|Hajong]] etc. The majority of the population in RHAC is Rabha. Currently the RHAC head office is located at [[Dudhnoi]], Assam. The current chief of the RHAC is Tankeswar Rabha.

The '''RHAC''' region spans the southern bank of the mighty Brahmaputra River, extending from Jayramkuchi in Lakhipur Rev. Circle of Goalpara District to Lakhara in Palashbari Rev. Circle of Kamrup District, and from the southern bank of the Brahmaputra to the Assam border with Meghalaya (Garo Hills).

The '''RHAC''' region spans significant portions of Kamrup and Goalpara Districts, encompassing an approximate area of 6,000 square kilometers. Initially, the council area comprised 306 villages across these districts.

However, according to Government Notification No. TAD/BC/135/2005/10 dated May 17, 2005, the council's jurisdiction now spans 779 villages with a total population of 553,868 individuals. Among these, 329,671 belong to Scheduled Tribes, 15,756 to Scheduled Castes, and the remaining 208,443 are from General Castes.

==Aims and Objectives==
The primary aim of the R.H.A.C (Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council) is to operate autonomously within the framework of the Indian constitution, striving for the advancement of the social, economic, educational, and cultural aspects of the Rabha, ST and other ethnic populace in the state.

The Council diligently works to preserve and promote these fundamental traits of the Rabha, ST and other ethnic community, seeking to comprehensively address the community's needs and expectations. Each proposed development scheme is tailored to elevate the community, aiming to bridge the gap between their needs and the broader national context.

Focused on reducing poverty levels and enhancing the overall well-being of Rabha, ST and other ethnic community members, the Council acknowledges the potential for more targeted, locally-focussed projects at the grassroots level, complementing the initiatives of the state and central governments.

==History==
The Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council (RHAC) has been constituted with its headquarters at [[Dudhnoi|Dudhnai]] town.<ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov0213/at05 Rabha Council Act challenged in SC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002627/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=nov0213%2Fat05 |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The Assam Tribune''</ref> The jurisdiction of this council extends up to [[Rani, Kamrup|Rani]] area of [[Kamrup district]] and embraces almost the entire district of [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]. The autonomous council has been created to fulfill the longstanding demands of the Rabha people of the area.

The first elections was held in 2013 to constitute the General Council.

Since its inception, the RHAC has encountered a multitude of significant challenges, resembling a newborn finding its way through unfamiliar terrain. Initially without a dedicated building for offices and essential facilities, the Council has steadily progressed to meet the needs and dreams of both the Rabha people and other communities living within its jurisdiction.

Initially, the Council encompassed 306 Revenue Villages with an estimated population of 350,000. However, its jurisdiction expanded to 779 Revenue Villages following Government Notification No. TAD/BC/135/2005/10, dated May 17, 2005. It's important to note that during its early period, there was no single window system for approving and disbursing funds to the Council, a system that was established in 2003-04.

It's noteworthy that despite the noticeably meagre flow of funds to the RHAC, which falls short of meeting the needs and aspirations of its people, the Council has persistently forged ahead. Initially, the Council was governed by government-nominated members. However, after the democratic election conducted in 2013, elected members took charge, leading to a gradual increase in the Council's fund allocation to a more reasonable status.

This Council comprises 34 major departments, each responsible for implementing genuinely need-based developmental schemes. These departments cover areas such as Education, Agriculture, Rural Roads & Bridges, Health & Family Welfare, Sports & Youth Welfare, Panchayat & Rural Development, PHE (Drinking Water), Tribal Welfare, Tourism, Social Welfare, Handloom & Textiles, Sericulture, Minor Irrigation, Cultural Affairs, and more.

The Tribal community, including the RHAC, faces significant educational backwardness, evident in the poor infrastructure of school buildings and related facilities. However, whenever the RHAC has had the opportunity to enhance the field of education, it has consistently seized it. Efforts have been made through provisions like Teaching Learning Materials (TLM), school building construction, and additional classroom construction, all aimed at advancing the educational sector.

The vast southern region of the Council area, nearly the entire foothills bordering Assam and Meghalaya, remains largely inaccessible by roads or any means of communication. Additionally, village roads in other areas are in a deplorable state, necessitating their improvement, renovation, or reconstruction. Recognizing the pivotal role of communication in fostering rapid development, the RHAC is giving utmost priority to taking necessary actions in this regard.

Understanding that an efficient communication system is vital for progress, a significant portion of the allocated budget is dedicated to the development of Rural Roads & Bridges. Initially, due to limited budgetary allocations, less attention was directed toward this sector. However, the Council has shifted its focus towards communication in recent times. As a result, numerous concrete roads have been improved and constructed, significantly enhancing the communication infrastructure compared to earlier times.

Within the RHAC area, numerous remote regions pose significant challenges in accessing medical facilities. Consequently, the Council has taken measures to address these issues by deploying multiple ambulances, ensuring better healthcare access for villagers in remote areas. Moreover, the Council consistently endeavors to improve the infrastructure of Mini Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Health Sub-Centers, First Referral Units (FRUs), and Community Health Centers (CHCs), aiming to cater to the healthcare needs of the people within the RHAC more effectively.

The people of RHAC predominantly rely on agriculture, and to cater to their interests, the Council has initiated numerous beneficial schemes aimed at uplifting the Tribal community. The RHAC area holds immense potential for diverse agricultural activities. Recognizing this potential, the Council has implemented various agricultural and allied sector schemes beneficial to the people, aimed at fostering economic upliftment.

Recognizing that Sports & Youth are fundamental drivers for enhancing development in the area, communities, and the state, the RHAC consistently focuses on implementing various beneficial schemes for the youth of RHAC and the sports sector. This includes conducting extensive sports training programs encompassing football, volleyball, martial arts, and more. Additionally, the Council encourages participation in National/State Level sports events and endeavours to develop the sports field to foster a thriving sports culture.

Within the Tribal Welfare Department, the Council implements diverse developmental schemes aimed at benefiting tribal communities alongside other ethnic groups within RHAC. These initiatives encompass infrastructural development, the construction of various Community Development Centers, and offering one-time scholarships for ST Students, among other supportive measures for Tribal Organizations.

This Council has recently introduced several special schemes aimed at recognizing and encouraging achievements in various sectors within RHAC. These schemes include awards in categories such as Agriculture, Education, Sports, Peace & Integrity, Youth, Women Empowerment, Sangbadikota, Sericulture activities, Entrepreneurship, and more. Their goal is to motivate and acknowledge the contributions of individuals within the RHAC community across diverse fields.

The construction of a permanent Secretariat Building, a longstanding aspiration of the RHAC community, is finally underway, thanks to the support and grace of the people. The building, a G + 1 structure, is in progress and will soon become a significant asset for the Council in the upcoming year.
<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/assam-tribal-council-polls-today-amid-bandh-call/ Assam tribal council polls today amid bandh call], ''Indian Express''</ref>

==Current members==
Constituencies under Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council are as follows. The next election to the council is scheduled on 2 April 2025 with results on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/assam-state-election-commission-announces-poll-dates-for-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council20250307152153/|title=Assam State Election Commission announces poll dates for Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|work=ANI|accessdate=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/notification/notification-regarding-election-schedule-of-rhac-election-2025|title=Notification regarding Election Schedule of RHAC Election, 2025|work=SEC Assam|accessdate=7 March 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#B7032E; color:white" colspan=7|Chief Executive Councillor: Tankeshwar Rabha
|-
!style="background-color:#B7032E; color:white" colspan=7|Chairman: Sonaram Rabha
|-
!style="background-color:#B7032E; color:white" colspan=7|Deputy Chairman: Alaka Rabha
|-
! District
! Ward No.
! Constituency
! Name of Councillor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rhac.assam.gov.in/about-us/councellors-constituency|title=List of councillors: Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|work=Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|accessdate=27 September 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/results/rhace-result-2025|title=Election Results: Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|work=Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council|accessdate=27 September 2025}}</ref>
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=20| [[Goalpara district]]
| 1 || Dhupdhara || Anadi Sarkar || bgcolor=#B7032E|
|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 2 || Kothakuthi || Bhairab Kachari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 3 || Dhanubhanga || Phanindra Rabha || rowspan=2 bgcolor=#B7032E|
|rowspan=2|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 4 || Rangjuli || Manidipa Rabha
|
|-
| 5 || Kushdhowa Darranggiri || Parama Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 6 || North Dudhnoi || Ujjwala Brahma || rowspan=9 bgcolor=#B7032E|
|rowspan=9|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 7 || South Dudhnoi || Tankeshwar Rabha
|
|-
| 8 || Bandarshi || Divanitha Marak
|
|-
| 9 || Majjakhilli || Prabodh Rabha
|
|-
| 10 || Salpara || Alaka Rabha
|
|-
| 11 || Habraghat || Pratap Rabha
|
|-
| 12 || Dirmajakhili || Jiban Rabha
|
|-
| 13 || Pub Ajagar || Bhulai Bala Rabha
|
|-
| 14 || Jinari || Deban Momin
|
|-
| 15 || Agia || Suchitra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 16 || Dwarka || Modit Rabha || {{Party name with color|Independent}}<ref name="Independent councillors RHAC">{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rabha-development-council-to-be-formed-by-august-assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma|title=Rabha Development Council to be Formed by August: Assam CM Himanta Biswa Sarma|work=Sentinel Assam|accessdate=14 April 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
| 17 ||| Bardamal Kalyanpur || Legen Chandra Rabha || rowspan=3 bgcolor=#B7032E|
|rowspan=3|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 18 || Dariduri || Jonali Rabha
|
|-
| 19 || Dodan || Dibakar Rabha
|
|-
| 20 || Joyramkuchi || Premajuli Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan=16| [[Kamrup district]]
| 21 || Jarihat || Ashok Rabha || bgcolor=#B7032E|
|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 22 || Bondapara || Meghali Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 23 || Khalihakoth || Nagarmall Swargiyari || bgcolor=#B7032E|
|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 24 || Luki || Rellina Sangma || {{Party name with color|Independent}}<ref name="Independent councillors RHAC"/>
|
|-
| 25 || Hahim || Sonaram Rabha || rowspan=5 bgcolor=#B7032E|
|rowspan=5|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 26 || Jongakhuli || Arjun Chhetri
|
|-
| 27 || Boko || Sumit Rabha
|
|-
| 28 || Uttar Bongaon || Aditya Rabha
|
|-
| 29 || Dakshin Bongaon || Minati Boro
|
|-
| 30 || Bamunigaon || Ajit Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 31 || Gobardhan || Jyotish Chandra Rabha || rowspan=4 bgcolor=#B7032E|
|rowspan=4|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
| 32 || Pantan || Ramakanta Rabha
|
|-
| 33 || Kulsi || Rashmi Bala Rabha
|
|-
| 34 || Chandubi || Nripen Chandra Rabha
|
|-
| 35 || Silputa || Kamaleshwar Rabha || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 36 || Rani || Pushpanjali Boro || bgcolor=#B7032E|
|[[Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha]]
|
|-
! rowspan=4| ''None''
| 37 || rowspan=4|Nominated || rowspan=4|'''TBA''' || rowspan=4 style="background-color:#000000"|
| rowspan=4|[[Candidate|Nominated]]
|
|-
| 38
|
|-
| 39
|
|-
| 40
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Rabha people]]
* [[Rabha language]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130701235428/http://goalpara.gov.in/rabha_hasong.htm goalpara.gov.in/rabha_hasong.htm]

{{Assam}}
{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Goalpara district]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Assam]]

Bhongir

2025-11-28T00:18:09Z

JacksonKuester2: fixed issues

{{Short description|Settlement in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhongir
|native_name = భువనగిరి Bhuvanagiri
|native_name_lang = Telugu
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1/2/1
| image1 =BHONGIR FORT.jpg{{!}} Bhongir Fort
| image2 = Bhongir Bus Stand.jpg {{!}} Bhongir Bus Station
| image3 = Clouds from Top.jpg {{!}} Bhongir fort view
| image4 = Bhongir Fort remants.jpg {{!}} Bhongir fort
| image5 = Aerial view of Bhongir town.jpg {{!}} Bhongir }}
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': Bhongir Fort, Bus Station, Remnants of Bhongir fort, City View from the fort and stairway on Bhongir fort
| nickname =
| pushpin_map_alt = A map showing the location of BBhongir in Telangana, India.
| pushpin_map_caption = Bhongir in Telangana##Bhongir, Telangana in India##Bhongir, India in Asia ##Bhongir, India in World
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|17.51|N|78.89|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District HQ]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongir, Telangana]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 11 Century
| Founder =
| named_for = [[Vikramaditya VI|Tribhuvana Malla Vikramaditya VI]] (King of Fort)
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Bhongir Municipality]](4th Oldest in T.S)
| leader_title = MLA Bhongir-94
| leader_name = [[Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy|Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy (2023-Present)-Congress]]
| leader_title1 = MP Bhongir-14
| leader_name1 = [[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy|Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy(2024-Present)-Congress]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Nalgonda|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2808_PART_B_DCHB_NALGONDA.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=8 February 2016|page=13,52}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 76.537
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 430
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2018|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=615944|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 53339
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Telangana by population|35th in Telangana]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ,
| population_demonym = Bhongir wala
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508116, 508117
| area_codes = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-08685]]
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|TG-30 (previously TS-30(2017-2024), TS-05(2014-2017) and AP-24(Before 2014)]]
| website = {{URL|https://bhongirmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhongir''', also known as '''Bhuvanagiri''' or '''Bhongiri''',<ref>{{cite web | title=Bhongiri Municipality | website=telangana.gov.in| url=https://bhongirmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ | access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> is a city and a district headquarters of the [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] and part of the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name="census" />

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2025}}
[[Bhongir Fort]] is in Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri District it was built in the 10th century on an isolated monolithic rock by the [[Western Chalukyas|Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Vikramaditya VI|Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI]] and was thus named after him as '''Tribhuvanagiri'''.This name gradually became '''Bhuvanagiri''' and subsequently '''Bhongir'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/09/stories/2004100900470100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041014044106/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/09/stories/2004100900470100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Bhongir Fort is a shutterbug's paradise|date=9 October 2004}}</ref>
At the foot of the fortified rocks 609.6 meters above the sea levels stands the town of Bhongir, the fort was considered practically impregnable by invading armies. The fort is associated with the rule of [[Rudrama Devi|Queen Rudramadevi]] and her grandson Prataparudra II

Bhongir Fort is one of the most prominent places in the Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District.
In the 10th century the cities of Bhuvanagiri Durgam and Bhuvanagiri existed. As king of the Chalukya dynasty, Rajayagiri was looking for a fort on the Mallanna Gutta.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Impressed by the beauty of the mountain, King Rajagiri built a khilla (Quila) at the fort.{{according to whom|date=April 2025}} When King Inamuliku gave Bonaiyah, who had shown a wonderful place he gently rejected them and requested that his name and the name of his wife Giramma built together.{{according to whom|date=April 2025}} Legend has it that the city the king built on their names is today cultured in Bhuvanagiri.
Bhuvanagiri fort was long time ruled by Qutub Shahi. Later, when the Mughals invaded Golconda in 1687, they came to power. Sarvai Papanna who was born in Telangana to a common kalu Geetha family won the Orugallu in 1708 and later took over Bhuvanagiri.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
Bhongir fort is an ancient monument built on a monolithic rock fortress, about 47 km from the city of Hyderabad. The hill is 184.5m high from road level it is one of the highest mountains in Deccan plateau.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The mountain is an oval monolithic mountain and from the south it looks like a tortoise and a sleeping elephant from the western side travelling on the NH163.{{according to whom|date=April 2025}} Bhuvanagiri fort is said to have been built during the reign of Mugla Vikramaditya, the 6th triangular dynasty of the western Chalukya dynasty. It is named after him as the Bhuvanagiri fort.
The hill has southbound and south-eastern passageways. The current route starts from the southwest. Bhuvanagiri Fort is the first steel gateway. It is said that the Nizam built it at his own expense.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The entrance resembles that of Fateh Darwaza, the first gate of Balahisar in Golconda Fort. Tall walls and spacious rooms are visible in the architecture.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
There is also a local perception of the Hillock in Bhongir that it resembles a sleeping elephant.{{according to whom|date=April 2025}}

== Administration ==
The town was constituted as a city Municipality in the year 1910 (fourth oldest in Telangana). Subsequently, it constituted a Municipality in the year 1952, and recently as per the Government orders 3 ''gram panchayats'' namely [[Raigiri]] (North East), [[Pagidipalli]] (West) & [[Bommaipally]] (South) have been merged in Bhongir Municipality and town having spread over 76.537 km2. The famous [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadagirigutta|Lord Yadadri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple]] is located at 13 km from Bhongir.

[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]] came into existence in 2008 as per the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Act of 2002]].

*[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]] is the present [[Member of parliament|MP]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/AlphabeticalList.aspx | title=Members : Lok Sabha }}</ref>
*[[Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy|Kumbam Anil Kumar Reddy -Indian National Congress]] is the present [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/legislature/MLAs | title=Telangana State Portal MLAs }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bhongir is located at {{Coord|17.5108|N|78.8889|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Bhongir.html|title=Bhongir at Fallingrain.com|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|329|m}}.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bhongir had a population of 53,339.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ap_towns.pdf|title=Alphabetical list of towns and their population |work=censusindia.gov.in|date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bhongir has an average literacy rate of 70%, less than the national average of 74.04%; with male literacy of 78% and female literacy of 61%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

As of 2012/2022 India. Bhongir Mandal population in 2022 is 132,529. According to the 2011 census of India, the Total Bhongir population is 103,538 people living in this Mandal, of which 52,720 are male and 50,818 are female. The population of Bhongir in 2021 is 128,387 Literate people are 66,957 out of 38,396 are male and 28,561 are female. Total workers are 44,778 depending on multi-skills out of which 28,234 are men and 16,544 are women. A total of 5,476 Cultivators are dependent on agriculture farming out of 3,577 are cultivated by men and 1,899 are women. 9,474 people work in agricultural land as labour in Bhongir, men are 3,775 and 5,699 are women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Telangana/Nalgonda/Bhuvanagiri#:~:text=Population+of+Bhuvanagiri+in+2021,men+and+16,544+are+women.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331054806/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Telangana/Nalgonda/Bhuvanagiri#:~:text=Population+of+Bhuvanagiri+in+2021,men+and+16,544+are+women.|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 March 2014|title=Bhuvanagiri Population 2023/2024, Mandal Village List in Nalgonda, Telangana|website=www.indiagrowing.com|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref>

== Transport ==
===Airports===
*Nearest Airport: [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|RGIA Hyderabad(Shamshabad)]]

===Rail Connectivity===
The Railway Line comes under the South Central Railway & Secunderabad Division

* Nearest Railway Station: [[Bhongir railway station]] - 2.5 km -(Proposed MMTS Railway extension up to Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District)
* Nearest Railway Division(All Trains): [[Secunderabad railway division]]-47 km, [[Charlapalli railway station]]-34 km
* Nearest MMTS Railway Station: [[Ghatkesar railway station]] -23 km
* Nearest Metro Railway Station: [[Uppal metro station]]-38 km

Infrastructure development undertaken by MoR proposing a new railway line for construction of MMTS Phase II project up to Yadadri(Raigir) & [[Bhongir railway station]] for 33 km with an estimated cost of 412 crores proposed for construction.

===Road Connectivity===

*Nearest Bus station: Bhuvanagiri. It is owned by the [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] ([[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TGSRTC]])
*Bhongir is well connected through NH163. Surrounded mandals and villages through state highways and primary roads.
*The major Urban centres are connecting via Bhongir is Nalgonda, Suryapet, Warangal, Siddipet are within the 100 km. Bhongir is well connected to other parts of the Districts in Telangana and Neighbourhood States with extensive rail and road connectivity.
*There are regular buses from [[Jubilee Bus Station|JBS Secunderabad]] located within the 47 km from Bhongir Destination and [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station|MGBS Hyderabad]] located 48 km from Bhuvanagiri Destination, it is well connected from other major cities of the country to Bhuvanagiri District.
*Auto facilities are available from the Bhongir Bus Station to Bhongir Fort is connects from the Primary Roads from NH163.

== Economy ==
=== Theatres ===
There are five movie theatres in Bhongir, including the following:
Currently, after Covid, Only two of them are running in Bhongir Town.
* Vasundhara Theatre
* Bhadradri Theatre
* Omkar h 70mm A/c <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas in Bhuvanagiri - Cinema Halls and Movie Theatre Near You in Bhuvanagiri |url=https://paytm.com/movies/bhuvanagiri/cinema-halls-and-movie-theatre |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=Paytm |language=en}}</ref>(closed)
* KJR Theatre(Bharat Theatre-Closed)
* Neelagiri (Closed)
* Nearest Multiplex Theatre and Shopping mall are at MJR Asian Cine Square, Narapally, Hyderabad is around 25 km.

== Notable Persons ==
Notable persons from the town are [[Raavi Narayana Reddy]], [[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]], [[Belli Lalitha]], and [[Prathyusha|Pratyusha]]{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Education ==
=== Rock Climbing School (RCSB) ===
Rock Climbing School at [[Bhongir Fort]] is the training centre for rock climbing.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/calling-all-rockclimbing-aficionados/article5199287.ece] ''The Hindu'' 4 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Its-the-climb/2013/10/10/article1827717.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110081752/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Its-the-climb/2013/10/10/article1827717.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2013|title=It's the climb!|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of towns in India by population]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]

1953 in India

2025-10-23T06:11:48Z

JacksonKuester2: general enhance layout based on references and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{RefImprove|date=March 2023}}{{Year in India|1953}}
Events in the year '''1953 in the Republic of India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[President of India]] – [[Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
* [[Vice President of India]] - [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
* [[Chief Justice of India]] – [[M. Patanjali Sastri]]

===Governors===
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] – [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
* [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]] – [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
* [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]] – [[R. R. Diwakar]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] – [[Raja Maharaj Singh|Raja Sir Maharaj Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Odisha]] – [[Fazal Ali]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]] (until 11 March), [[Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh]] (starting 11 March)
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] – [[Man Singh|Maharaj Man Singh II]]
* [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] – [[Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]
* [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] – [[Harendra Coomar Mookerjee]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}116,067 million
* 15 June – [[Indian Airlines]] created.
* [[Air India]] [[nationalisation|nationalised]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2017 |title=Air India: Air India was at its peak during the JRD Tata times: Jitendra Bhargava, Former ED, Air India |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/air-india-was-at-its-peak-during-the-jrd-tata-times-jitendra-bhargava-former-ed-air-india/articleshow/59252990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729005531/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/air-india-was-at-its-peak-during-the-jrd-tata-times-jitendra-bhargava-former-ed-air-india/articleshow/59252990.cms |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* 18 June - [[C. Rajagopalachari]] introduced [[Modified Scheme of Elementary Education 1953|Modified Scheme of Elementary Education]] in [[Madras State]]. The scheme was widely criticised and opposed due to [[Casteism]] ingrained in it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-15 |title=Those Were The Days: How Rajaji’s ‘kula kalvi thittam’ became a controversial education reform |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/12/15013004/1203824/Those-Were-The-Days-How-Rajajis-kula-kalvi-thittam-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927152855/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/12/15013004/1203824/Those-Were-The-Days-How-Rajajis-kula-kalvi-thittam-.vpf |archive-date=2020-09-27 |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=dtNext.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 15 July - [[Kallakudi demonstration]] in Tamilnadu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panneerselvan |first=A. S. |date=2021-03-23 |title=How the Kallakudi agitation became a turning point in Karunanidhi’s political life |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-kallakudi-agitation-became-turning-point-karunanidhi-s-political-life-145744 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 8 August - [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and his government dismissed by Sadr-e-Riyasat [[Karan Singh]].
* 15 September - Police firing against labourers at [[Mattancherry]] for protesting against the chappa system, an early work-guarantee scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-16 |title=Chappa redux: Working class heroes of west Kochi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/chappa-redux-working-class-heroes-of-west-kochi/articleshow/48982526.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 1 October – [[Andhra State]] was formed carving [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking regions out of erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THE ANDHRA STATE ACT,1953 |url=http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a46.html |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816123339/http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a46.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Law==
* [[Government of India]] sets up first [[Backward classes]] commission headed by [[Kaka Kalelkar]].

==Births==
*7 January – [[K. Bhagyaraj]], director, actor, script-writer and producer
* 1 April – [[Hari Chand]], long-distance runner
* 8 May, [[Devi Prasad Shetty]], top India's leading heart surgeon and social entrepreneur
* 15 May – [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]], politician and former member of parliament from [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati]].
* 27 May – [[Ranjit Sinha]], police officer (died 2021)
* 15 June – [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]], politician and member of parliament from [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]].
* 11 July – [[Suresh Prabhu]], Politician, [[Railway Minister]] since 2014.
*24 July {{ndash}} [[Srividya]], actress (died 2006).
*30 August – [[Avinash Balkrishna Patwardhan]], engineer, author and [[Indian classical music]] researcher,
*8 December – [[Manobala]], director, actor, producer and comedian.

==Deaths==
*22 November – [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], historian, biographer, [[littérateur]] and scholar of [[Islam]] (born 1884).
*10 December – [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], [[Ulema|Islamic scholar]] who translated the [[Qur'an]] into English (born 1872).

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 1953]]

== References ==
<references />{{Years in India}}
{{Year in Asia|1953}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1953 In India}}
[[Category:1953 in India| ]]
[[Category:1953 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]
[[Category:1950s in India]]
[[Category:1953 in Asia]]

India On Track FC

2025-10-03T22:52:09Z

JacksonKuester2: put up new post...

{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = India On Track
| image = India_On_Track_FC_logo.png
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = India On Track Football Club
| short name = IOT
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}}
| ground = Neville D'souza Ground
| capacity =
| owner = Gaurav Modwel<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-15 |title=Mumbai football club IOT FC makes history, goes 1000 days unbeaten in local league |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/mumbai-football-club-iot-fc-makes-history-goes-1000-765 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=www.newkerala.com}}</ref>
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Yash Shah<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=IOT FC Head Coach Yash Shah: Mumbai Premier League promotion feels euphoric and relieved |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/iot-fc-head-coach-yash-shah-mumbai-premier-league-promotion-feels-euphoric-and-relieving/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=www.footballcounter.com |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615101816/https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/iot-fc-head-coach-yash-shah-mumbai-premier-league-promotion-feels-euphoric-and-relieving/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| league = [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]]
| position = [[Mumbai Premier League]], champions
| current =
| pattern_la1 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b1 = _vneckwhite
| pattern_b3 = _roundneck
| pattern_ra1 = _whiteborder
| leftarm1 = FF0000
| leftarm3 = 800000
| body1 = FF0000
| body3 = 800000
| rightarm1 = FF0000
| rightarm3 = 800000
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| shorts3 = 000000
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 = _redborder
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 = _redborder
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
| socks3 = 000000
| website = https://indiaontrack.in
}}

'''India On Track F.C.''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. The club competes in the [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]. India On Track Football Club has achieved 5 consecutive promotions, starting from the lowest tier in 2018.

==History==
India On Track F.C. is a [[subsidiary]] of '''India On Track''', a [[sports management]] company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-21 |title=India On Track: Champions of Mumbai 2024-25 |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/india-on-track_india-on-track-fc-champions-of-mumbai-2024-activity-7319999573563785216-Con4 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=[[LinkedIn]]}}</ref> IOT's ''International Football Development Programme (IFDP)''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiaontrack.in/ifdp/ | title=IFDP }}</ref> has produced players like [[Kajol D'Souza]] and [[Jay Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-30 |title=Redefining Mumbai Football: The unique approach of India On Track FC |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/redefining-mumbai-football-the-unique-approach-of-india-on-track-fc/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=www.footballcounter.com |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910102439/https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/redefining-mumbai-football-the-unique-approach-of-india-on-track-fc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The club was established in 2018 and began its first competitive season in the [[Mumbai Football League#Third Division Championship|Third Division Championship]]. Since its inception, the club has won a championship title in [[Mumbai Football League#First Division Championshipp|First Division Championship]] (2022–2023) and was runners-up in the [[2023–24 Mumbai Super League]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-15 |title=Mumbai Football: IOT FC Joins Select Clubs |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/mumbai-football-iot-fc-joins-select-clubs |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> India On Track F.C. went unbeaten for 1083<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-15 |title=Mumbai football club IOT FC makes history, goes 1000 days unbeaten in local league |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1262537 |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=daijiworld.com}}</ref> days, before the [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League]] season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-06 |title=Mumbay FC stuns IoT FC in a Stoppage-Time Thriller, blows the MPL Title race wide open |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbay-fc-stuns-iot-fc-in-a-stoppage-time-thriller-blows-the-mpl-title-race-wide-open/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=www.footballcounter.com}}</ref> On the final day of the season, India On Track beat [[MYJ-GMSC]] to become champions and qualify for the [[I-League 3]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=Mumbai Premier League: IOT crowned Champions on final day title decider against MYJ-GM |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-iot-crowned-champions-in-final-day-title-decider-against-myj-gm/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=www.footballcounter.com}}</ref>

==Seasons overview==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season !! League !! Division !! Position
|-
| 2019–20 || MFL || Division 3 || 4th
|-
| 2021–22 || MFL || Division 2 || 4th
|-
| 2022–23 || MFL || Division 1 || 1st
|-
| [[2023–24 Mumbai Super League|2023–24]] || MFL || Mumbai Super League || 2nd
|-
| [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]] || MFL || [[Mumbai Premier League]] || 1st
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Statistics
|-
! Season !! GP !! W !! D !! L !! GF!! GA !! GD !! Win %
|-
| 2022–23 || 12 || 11 || 1 || 0 || 31 || 6 || 25 || 91.6 %
|-
| [[2023–24 Mumbai Super League|2023–24]] || 17 || 12 || 5 || 0 || 46 || 8 || 38 || 70.5 %
|-
| [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]]|| 17 || 12 || 4 || 1 || 43 || 9 || 34 || 70.5 %
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
* '''[[Mumbai Premier League]]'''
** Champions: [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=India On Track FC stun MYJ-GMSC to win Mumbai Premier League |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/football/article/india-on-track-fc-stun-myj-gmsc-to-win-mumbai-premier-league-23519052 |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=[[Mid-day]]}}</ref>
* '''[[2023–24 Mumbai Super League|MFA Super Division]]'''
** Runners up: 2023–24<ref name=":0" />
* '''[[Mumbai Football League#First Division Championship|MFA First Division]]'''
** Champions: 2022–23<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-01 |title=India On Track are crowned Champions of MFA First (Private) Division League 2022-23 🏆 |url=https://www.instagram.com/officialmfa83/p/Cuo_bl9Iw1W/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''From grassroots to elite''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-10 |title=From grassroots to elite, Mumbai's IOT FC for record-breaking journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/from-grassroots-to-elite-mumbais-iot-fc-for-record-breaking-journey/articleshow/115144417.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* ''IOT FC's incredible journey''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-10 |title=IOT FC's incredible journey: Four consecutive promotions in Mumbai Football League |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/iot-fcs-incredible-journey-four-consecutive-promotions-in-mumbai-football-league/articleshow/115144095.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2018]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Sayajigunj Assembly constituency

2025-09-21T22:33:17Z

JacksonKuester2: made

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sayajigunj
| mla = Keyur Narayandas Rokadia
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established =
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:301098}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 142
}}

'''Sayajigunj''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vadodara Taluka (Part) – [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 7, 10, Undera (OG) 11, Karodiya (OG) 12.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
*2002 - Jitendra Sukhadiya, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2007 - Jitendra Sukhadiya, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - Jitendra Sukhadiya, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Jitendra Sukhadia]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Keyur Rokadia|Keyur Narayandas Rokadia]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Sayajigunj Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Keyur Rokadia]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=122066|percentage=68.45|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ami Rawat|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38053|percentage=21.34|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Swejal Vyas|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=13080|percentage=7.33|change=-}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=47.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:298284}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Sayajigunj<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Ratilal Sukhadia (Jitubhai)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 99,957
|percentage = 54.03
|change = -12.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narendra Ravat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,825
|percentage = 22.07
|change = -8.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajesh Ayare
|party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
|votes = 40,665
|percentage = 21.98
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,132
|percentage = 31.96
|change = -3.99
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,85,011
|percentage = 67.71
|change = -1.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Sukhadiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 107358
|percentage = 66.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kiritbhai Joshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49121
|percentage = 30.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 58237
|percentage = 35.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 162016
|percentage = 69.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Sukhadiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,65,482
|percentage = 61.61
|change = -8.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rameshbhai Prajapati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 89,541
|percentage = 33.33
|change = +5.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 28.28
|change = -13.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,68,616
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jitendra Sukhadiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,80,066
|percentage = 69.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dalsukhbhai Prajapati
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72436
|percentage = 27.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 41.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,59,446
|percentage = 58.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vadodara district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.31|73.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

Mr India 2014

2025-09-12T03:04:23Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{Infobox beauty pageant
| photo =
| caption = Mr India 2014
| winner = '''[[Prateik Jain]]''' [[Bangalore]]
| venue = D'Bell, Parel, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| date = 8 May 2014
| placements = 5
| entrants = 14
| broadcaster = [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]
| before = 2013
| next = [[Mr India 2015|2015]]
}}

'''Provogue MensXP Mr India World 2014''' was a pageant held in [[Mumbai]] on May 8, 2014. Fourteen contestants from all over [[India]] were chosen as finalists to compete in the main event in Mumbai. 25 years old [[Prateik Jain]] from [[Bangalore]] was declared ''Provogue MensXP Mr India World 2014''. 25 years old [[Puneet Beniwal]] from [[New Delhi]] was declared 1st Runner Up and 23 years old [[Bharat Raj]] from [[Chennai]] was declared 2nd Runner Up.<ref>{{cite web|title=PROVOGUE MENSXP MR. INDIA WORLD 2014 WINNERS ANNOUNCED|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/archives/Provogue-MensXP-Mr-India-World-2014-winners-announced/articleshow/34838767.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref>

==Final results==
;Color key
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} Declared as Winner
* {{Color box|#FFF83B|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up
* {{Color box|khaki|border=darkgray}} Ended as one of the Finalists or Semi-finalists
* {{Color box|#fadadd|border=darkgray}} Unplaced
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
! style="width:280px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Final Results
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|Candidate
! style="width:250px;background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"|International Placements
|-style="background:khaki; text-align:center; font-weight: bold"
| Mister India World 2014
|
* '''[[Prateik Jain]]'''
| Top 10
|-
! 1st Runner-up
|
* [[Puneet Beniwal]]
|-
! 2nd Runner-up
|
* Bharat Raj
|-
! Top 5
|
* Pankaj Mundra
* Karthik S Shivayanmath
|}

==Special awards==
* ''Special Awards Mr World India 2014'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Mr India World Special awards|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/photos/provogue-mensxp-mr-india-world-2014-top-five-and-sub-contest-winners/eventshow/34843853.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Special Award
!contestant
|-
|'''Provogue MenxXP Mr Iron Man'''
|[[Prateik Jain]]
|-
|'''Provogue MensXP Mr Taleanted'''
|Pankaj Mundra
|-
|}

==Judges==
* [[Arjun Rampal]]
* [[Arjan Bajwa]]
* [[Manish Malhotra]]
* [[Rocky S]]
* [[Elli Avram]]

==Finalists==
* Fourteen finalists were shortlisted from all over [[India]] to compete in the main event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr India 2014 Contestants|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Contestants/Mr-India/photolist/34771939.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Contestant
!Age
!City
|-
|Abhijeet Singh
|26
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|-
|Arjun Kumar
|23
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Atul Kumar Tripathi
|26
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|'''[[Bharat Raj]]'''
|23
|[[Chennai]]
|-
|Gurfateh Singh
|18
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Huzefa Talib
|26
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|Karthik S Shivayanmath
|25
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|Karan Kharas
|21
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Monik Gupta
|26
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Pankaj Mundra
|23
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|'''[[Prateik Jain]]'''
|25
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|'''[[Puneet Beniwal]]'''
|25
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|Sahil Shah
|24
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Swapnil Kulkarni
|25
|[[Pune]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mr India World}}

[[Category:2014 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]

Mani Singh Wala

2025-08-25T09:10:19Z

JacksonKuester2: made new bio

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mani Singh Wala
| native_name = ਮਾਨੀ ਸਿੰਘ ਵਾਲਾ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.694999|N|74.593973|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151212
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]|
}}
'''Mani Singh Wala''' is a village located in [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]] district of [[Punjab, India]].

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has population of 2529 of which 1335 are males while 1194 were females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Singhwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35493-mani-singhwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is about 553 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Singhwala (46) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/mani-singhwala-46-002420354930/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Singhwala (46) Village (Pincode: 151212), Faridkot, Faridkot {{!}} Punjab {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/35493 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Bansi Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:38:43Z

JacksonKuester2: Added stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Bansi''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Bansi]] in the [[Siddharthnagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bansi
| constituency_no = 304
| map_image = 304-Bansi.svg
| mla = [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = Lal Ji Yadav
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
}}
Bansi is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lok Sabha constituency of Domariyaganj]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 304 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Maharajganj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/maharajganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Prabhu Dayal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Madhav Prasad Tripathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Harish Chandra Srivastava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Deena Nath
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Harish Chandra Srivastava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Lal Ji Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2022 General Elections: Bansi<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24304.htm?ac=304|title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84596}}
|percentage = 44.82
|change = +2.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Naveen
|votes = {{formatnum:64256}}
|percentage = 34.04
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radheshyam
|votes = {{formatnum:22071}}
|percentage = 11.69
|change = -7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sabka Dal United
|candidate = Shakuntala
|votes = {{formatnum:4049}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change = +0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Saimuhammad
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:3443}}
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kiran Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:2931}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2080}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1598}}
|percentage = 0.85
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20340}}
|percentage = 10.78
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188754}}
|percentage = 49.51
|change = -1.26
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Jai Pratap Singh''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Lal ji''' by a margin of 18,942 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bansi.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Bansi<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77548}}
|percentage = 42.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lal Ji Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:58606}}
|percentage = 31.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lal Chandra Nishad
|votes = {{formatnum:35425}}
|percentage = 19.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramsuresh
|party = Sabka Dal United
|votes = {{formatnum:2391}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Kiran
|votes = {{formatnum:2304}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mo. Umar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2019}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1641}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18942}}
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184514}}
|percentage = 50.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}14.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bansi<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|votes = 47,323
|percentage = 28.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lal Ji Yadav
|votes = 44,429
|percentage = 26.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|votes = 36,412
|percentage = 21.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Maulana Mohd Sarvar
|votes = 14,214
|percentage = 8.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ishwar Chandra Shukla
|votes = 12,067
|percentage = 7.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 Candidates
|votes = 13,946
|percentage = 8.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,894
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,68,391
|percentage = 52.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=2007 General Elections: Bansi<ref name="election2012-1">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lal Ji Yadav
|votes = 38,648
|percentage = 32.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jai Pratap Singh]]
|votes = 36,134
|percentage = 30.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = GOPAL JI MISHRA
|votes = 19,788
|percentage = 16.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = KAMALA SAHANI
|votes = 6,748
|percentage = 5.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 Candidates
|votes = 16974
|percentage = 14.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,894
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,18,292
|percentage = 52.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
{{coord|27.18|82.93|display=title}}

George Francis (photographer)

2025-07-14T17:04:21Z

JacksonKuester2: started first article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian motorsport photographer and journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''George Francis''' (25 October 1961 to 11 April 2019) was an Indian motorsports photographer and journalist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIP George Francis |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/george-francis-setting-the-standard-for-indian-motorsport-photojournalism-412327 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> After a few years at the ''[[Indian Express]]'', he quit active journalism to focus full time on motorsports and started his own company called Scorp News in October 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Team Evo |date=2019-04-12 |title=Ace motorsport photographer George Francis passes away in Chennai |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-photographer-george-francis-passes-away |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Evo India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Francis was born in [[Wayanad district|Waynad]] district of [[Kerala]] to KC Francis and Ammini Francis. He did his schooling in CSI St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, [[Vepery]], Chennai.

== Motorsport career ==
Francis was one of the few motorsports photographers who photographed [[Cholavaram|Sholavaram]] races. He first covered a [[Sholavaram]] race in 1984 and soon became a regular photographer at every motorsport event in India. As a freelancer, he contributed photos and articles to all the prominent publications in India including the top newspapers. During a career spanning over three decades he covered every discipline of motorsport including roar racing, rallying, motocross and supercross, karting. Some of the major cross-country rallies he covered included the great Himalayan Rally, London-Sydney Rally, Desert Storm, Dakshin Dare, [[Indian Grand Prix]] races, [[Indian National Rally Championship]], MRF Mogrip Supercross Nationals and Indian Racing Championships. [[MRF Challenge]] at the [[Madras Motor Race Track]] (MMRT) now [[Madras International Circuit]] in February 2019 was his last assignment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering George Francis |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-george-francis/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

After a brief illness, George Francis passed away in [[Chennai]] on 11 April 2019. He is survived by his wife Jessie George and son Mario George.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-11 |title=Francis passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/francis-passes-away/article26809379.ece |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Francis, George}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Photographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Motoring writers]]
[[Category:Indian sportswriters]]
[[Category:Indian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Indian motorsport people]]
[[Category:Photojournalists]]
[[Category:Sports photographers]]

A. Q. M. Bazlul Karim

2025-06-20T06:55:11Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{short description|Bangladeshi educationist and soil scientist (1920–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Q. M. Bazlul Karim
| native_name = এ. কিউ. এম. বজলুল করিম
| image =
| caption =
| office = 1st Chairman of [[Bangladesh Public Service Commission]]
| termstart = 15 May 1972
| termend = 14 December 1977
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = Mohiuddin Ahmed
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|2|1}}
| birth_place = Kalma village, [[Lohajang Upazila]], [[Munshiganj District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| nationality =
| education = Ph.D.
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Imperial College London]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|7|6|1920|2|1}}
| occupation =
| president = {{ubl|Abu Sayeed Chowdhury|[[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]|[[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]|[[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]]|[[Ziaur Rahman]]}}
| appointer = [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
}}
'''AQM Bazlul Karim''' (1920–1998) was a Bangladeshi [[educationist]] and [[Soil science|soil scientist]].

==Early life and education==
Karim was born on 1 February 1920 in Kalma village in [[Lohajang Upazila]], [[Munshiganj District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Munni |first=Tanzina Khan |date=3 August 2014 |title=Karim, AQM Bazlul |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Karim,_AQM_Bazlul |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Banglapedia]] |language=en}}</ref> He passed SSC, and HSC in1936 and 1938 respectively.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his BSc examinations in 1940.<ref name=":0" /> He did his MSc degree in 1942 from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in Chemistry.<ref name=":0" />

In 1945, he started his PhD in [[agricultural chemistry]] at [[Imperial College London]] and finished in 1948.<ref name=":0" /> His thesis was Residual effect of fertilisers on the growth and yield of potatoes.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Karim became a civil servant in [[Calcutta]] under the Bengal Ministry of Food.<ref name=":0" /> He joined Jadabpur College as a lecturer.<ref name=":0" /> He was appointed a gazetted officer in the chemical standardization laboratory of the Bengal Ministry of Food and Drug.<ref name=":0" />

In 1949, Karim joined the Department of Soil Science in [[University of Dhaka]] as senior Lecturer.<ref name=":0" /> He worked with [[M Osman Ghani]] and [[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]. In 1952, he was appointed reader.<ref name=":0" /> He joined the Department of Soil Science and [[Botany]] in [[University of California, Davis|Davis Campus of the University of California]], Barkley as a visiting faculty following an offer by American Academy of Sciences.<ref name=":0" />

In 1961, Karim returned from the United States and was appointed head of Soil Science Department of the University of Dhaka.<ref name=":0" /> In 1962, he was promoted to Professor. From 1967 to 1969, he worked as Director General Soil Survey of Pakistan project.<ref name=":0" />

Karim was appointed the first chairman of the [[Bangladesh Public Service Commission]] after the [[Independence of Bangladesh]] in July 1972.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Partha Pratim |date=2021-06-14 |title=The republic of BUREAUCRATS! |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/the-republic-bureaucrats-2110361 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> He served a five year term after which he returned to the University of Dhaka. He retired from the university on 30 June 1982.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
* President's Gold Medal (1974)<ref name=":0" />
* Sher-e-Bangla Gold Medal (1982)<ref name=":0" />
* Atish Dipankar Gold Medal (1984)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1999), posthumously.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Personal life and death==
Karim died on 6 September 1998.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, A. Q. M. Bazlul}}
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:People from Munshiganj District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi soil scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi emigrants to England]]

Party Till I Die

2025-06-04T05:32:38Z

JacksonKuester2: Done

{{Short description|2024 Indian television series}}
{{about||the Kim Patras song|Turn Off the Light (mixtape)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Party Till I Die (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = Akhilesh Vats
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Avneet Kaur]]
* [[Vishal Jethwa]]
}}
| music = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 6 
| producer =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 18–28 mins
| company = Rusk Studios
| network = [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|12|24|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''Party Till I Die''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romance]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series starring [[Avneet Kaur]] and [[Vishal Jethwa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Reasons to Watch Party Till I Die This Holiday Season |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/5-reasons-to-watch-party-till-i-die-this-holiday-season-a475/ |website=Lokmat Times |date=24 December 2024 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226162805/https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/5-reasons-to-watch-party-till-i-die-this-holiday-season-a475/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on 24 December 2024 on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What's streaming |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/whats-streaming-9/ |website=The Tribune |date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Avneet Kaur]]
* [[Vishal Jethwa]]
* Binita Budathoki
* Sanya Sagar
* Shalaka Aapte
* Ansh Pandey
* Yatin Mehta
* Manav Soneji

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon MX Player announces new thriller 'Party Till I Die,' streaming for free from December 24 |url=https://mediabrief.com/amazon-mx-players-new-thriller-party-till-i-die/ |website=MediaBrief |date=20 December 2024}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 20 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer of 'Party Till I Die' offers a glimpse into the dark story of survival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/trailer-of-party-till-i-die-offers-a-glimpse-into-the-dark-story-of-survival/articleshow/116495742.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 December 2024 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306162747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/trailer-of-party-till-i-die-offers-a-glimpse-into-the-dark-story-of-survival/articleshow/116495742.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was made available to stream on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]] on 24 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party Till I Die OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Avneet Kaur, Vishal Jethwa's Show Online |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/party-till-i-die-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-avneet-kaur-vishal-jethwas-show-online |website=Free Press Journal |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[ABP News]]'' and ''[[Punjab Kesari]]'' reviewed the series.<ref>{{cite web | title='Party Till I Die' Review: Avneet Kaur And Vishal Jethwa Shine In Goa-Set Murder Mystery | url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/party-till-i-die-review-avneet-kaur-and-vishal-jethwa-shine-in-goa-set-murder-mystery-on-mx-player-1740771 | website=ABP Live | date=30 December 2024 | access-date=9 May 2025 | archive-date=14 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114131955/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/party-till-i-die-review-avneet-kaur-and-vishal-jethwa-shine-in-goa-set-murder-mystery-on-mx-player-1740771 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Review: मर्डर, मिस्ट्री और थ्रिल का शानदार मिश्रण है पार्टी टिल आई डाई वेब सीरीज | url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/party-till-i-die-hindi-review-2082416 | website=punjabkesari | language=hi | date=30 December 2024 | access-date=9 May 2025 | archive-date=31 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231053221/https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/party-till-i-die-hindi-review-2082416 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee / Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2025
| [[OTTPlay|OTTPlay Awards]]
| Rising Star of the Year
| Avneet Kaur
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=OTTPlay Awards 2025 full list of winners: Here's who won Best Film, Series Actor and Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ottplay-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-heres-who-won-best-film-series-actor-and-actress-101742704307741.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=35071597}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0SEHRSGESVEQTUGGW0G7QJJFQG ''Party Till I Die''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Avial (band)

2025-05-04T15:52:52Z

JacksonKuester2: Added a entry

{{Short description|Indian alternative rock band}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Avial
| image = File:Avial at Amphitheatre (Qatar).jpg
| caption = Avial getting ready to perform at Amphitheatre Katara Cultural Village, Doha (Qatar) in 2020
| landscape = Yes
| origin = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala, India]]
| genre = [[Alternative rock]] 
| years_active = 2003–present
| current_members = Tony John [[Rex Vijayan]] Mithun Puthanveetil Binny Isaac
| past_members = Anandraj Benjamin Paul Naresh Kamath [[John P. Varkey]] C.I. Joffy
}}

'''Avial''' are an Indian [[alternative rock]] band formed in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India in 2003, and known for their [[Malayalam]] lyrics. The band initially included lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul, guitarist [[Rex Vijayan]], [[turntablism|turntablist]] and backing vocalist Tony John, bassist Naresh Kamath and drummer Mithun Puthanveetil. Avial had their first breakthrough with the 2003 single "Nada Nada". They are known for pioneering what they call "Alternative Malayali rock", which is the style of combining Malayalam lyrics and rock music. Their eponymous album got them six out of seven Jack Daniels Rock Awards and Footprints Young Achiever's Award in 2008. The band was praised for achieving mainstream success despite singing in their native language.

After the departure of Paul and Kamath in 2008, John took over the vocals. Later Binny Isaac joined as bassist. Their debut album covers social issues, consisting of folk songs and poems. In 2009, they collaborated with the Italian band A67 for the song "Chi Me Sape" ("Who Knows Me Knows It"). They composed the singles "Aana Kallan" and "Chillane" for the Malayalam films ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'' (2011) and ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]'' (2012). They also did three songs for the movie [[Second Show]] (2012)

==History==

===2003–2008===
[[File:Rex Vijayan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rex Vijayan]] performing live in 2019]][[Rex Vijayan]] was the guitarist from the progressive rock band [[Motherjane]] in [[Kochi]] for five years. He met Tony John, then band-member of Jigsaw Puzzle, which also included Anandraj Benjamin Paul and [[John P. Varkey]]. Vijayan, Tony John and Naresh Kamath were, for a brief period, part of a dance-music troupe by Daksha Sheth Dance Company in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name=RMM>{{cite journal|title=Avial|journal=The Record Music Magazine|date=December 2007|url=http://www.therecordmag.com/dec2007/avial.htm|accessdate=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207112740/http://therecordmag.com/dec2007/avial.htm|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=THM. /><ref name=THMalhotra/> John showed Vijayan a version of the song "Nada Nada". He liked its [[Malayalam]] lyrics and they decided to perfect it.<ref name=THElias>{{cite news|last1=Elias|first1=Esther|title=...King of Six Strings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/king-of-six-strings/article5273596.ece|accessdate=12 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Avial was formed in 2003 with lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul, [[turntablism|turntablist]] and backing vocalist Tony John, guitarist Rex Vijayan, bassist Naresh Kamath and drummer Mithun Puthanveetil. The band was named after the south Indian dish ''[[avial]]'', which is traditionally part of [[Sadya]], made with a mixture of various vegetables.<ref name=TDas>{{cite news |title=Avial Band – Soundsurf |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080228/jsp/entertainment/story_8958889.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912071220/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080228/jsp/entertainment/story_8958889.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |accessdate=12 May 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|author=Arka Das|date=28 February 2008}}</ref> Vijayan thought of the name with they representing a combination of various influences with their music, just like how ''avial'' is a dish blended with assorted ingredients, being the official explanation.<ref name=THMehar />

"Nada Nada" was originally written by Engandiyur Chandrashekaran and John P. Varkey. The band first composed it in English for an album which they did not promote commercially. John said, "Till then we used to play only English songs. Later when we realised that the big names of rock music drew inspiration from the songs of the soil, we turned to Malayalam lyrics."<ref name=THM.>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=Athira|title=Rock evolution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rock-evolution/article5867043.ece|accessdate=27 June 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> They practised in John's home studio in [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram]] with new instrumentation and its original Malayalam lyrics. Vijayan is from [[Kollam]] while Puthanveetil is [[Kannur]]-based. Film-maker Pradeep Kalipurayath, creative head at Poorman Productions helped them shoot the song video and they uploaded it to YouTube in addition to releasing it in SS Music in 2003. Unsure whether it would get good reception and about singing in Malayalam, they waited for a year to begin recording their debut album ''Avial''. "Nada Nada" went [[viral video|viral]] on YouTube and was well received.<ref name=THMehar>{{cite news|last1=Mehar|first1=Rakesh|title=Raw and out there|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/05/stories/2008030550560100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123904/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/05/stories/2008030550560100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2011|accessdate=12 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=THK. /><ref name=THSathyendran /><ref name=THSathyendran2 />
[[File:Ridermaniagoa.jpg|thumb|Avial after their Performance at Ridermania 2019 shot by Meghanadan.]]

The band spent a year finding a record label and Mumbai-based Naresh Kamath got them a deal with Phat Phish Records from the city. "Karukara" from ''Avial'' is a poem by [[Kavalam Narayana Panikkar]] from the Malayalam film ''Kummatti'', while the rest of the songs were written by people known to them. They combined "Karukura" with heavy guitar riffs and bass lines.<ref name=Gibson/> Sudhi Velamanoor wrote the songs "Aadu Pambe" and "Ettam pattu", in addition to contributions by lyricist P. B. Gireesh. Singer Aparnasree provided supporting vocals in two songs. A new version of "Nada Nada" was also in the album.<ref name=THM./>

''Avial'' was completed in 2008 and they launched it at [[Bandra]] Amphitheatre; [[MTV]] released their music video.<ref name=THK. /> Their first live show was in March 2008 at the East Wind festival in New Delhi.<ref name=THMalhotra>{{cite news|last1=Malhotra|first1=Aps|title=Singing the songs of concern|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/singing-the-songs-of-concern/article1408947.ece|accessdate=13 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=1 March 2008}}</ref> Prior to this, lead vocalist Anandraj Benjamin Paul migrated to the US with his wife, which led to John replacing him; bassist Naresh Kamath left because of being originally from the fusion band [[Kailasa (band)|Kailasa]] with Binny Issac taking his place.<ref name=RSISuhasini>{{cite journal|last1=Suhasini|first1=Lalitha|title=What the hell happened to Avial?|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/what-the-hell-happened-to-avial/|journal=Rolling Stone India|accessdate=9 May 2014|date=21 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313021723/http://rollingstoneindia.com/what-the-hell-happened-to-avial/|archivedate=13 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The album sold over 45,000 copies, despite being entirely in Malayalam.<ref name=THSathyendran2>{{cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita|title=Home Made|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/home-made/article638780.ece|accessdate=2 July 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 July 2009}}</ref> They received six of the seven Jack Daniels Rock Awards in 2008 including song of the year, album of the year and band of the year in popular and critics' categories as well as the Footprints Young Achiever's Award.{{cn|date=April 2020}} John said, "Language is really not an issue because the sound speaks for us. It is only the sound that matters."<ref name=THMehar />

===2009–present===
[[File:Tony John.jpg|thumb|Tony John at Doha 2020]]Avial performed live shows in cities across India as well as some internationally. They were the only Indian band chosen to perform at the Sakifo ([[Reunion Island]]s) [[Fête de la Musique|World Music Festival]] held in Mauritius in 2008 with 40 other rock bands.<ref name=NIE>{{cite news|title=Avial: Perfect blend of south and north|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article205089.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article205089.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|accessdate=11 July 2014|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 August 2010}}</ref> Record label Phat Phish Records and [[Doordarshan]] were co-hosting a reality show for rock bands, along with the musician [[A.R. Rahman]]. Avial was invited to perform at their opening press meet. During the press meet, Rahman praised the band and their song "Nada Nada".<ref name=TOIKurian>{{cite news| title=Get a taste of The Avial| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Get-a-taste-of-The-Avial/articleshow/9648999.cms|date=18 August 2011|author=Shiba Kurian|access-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516182217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Get-a-taste-of-The-Avial/articleshow/9648999.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=16 May 2014| newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2008 concert was primarily a fund-raiser for the victims affected by the Bihar floods. [[Farhan Akhtar]], a director-actor in the Hindi film industry, organised the concert.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Rock for Bihar flood relief with Farhan and Company|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rock-for-Bihar-flood-relief-with-Farhan-and-Company/articleshow/3649732.cms|accessdate=13 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, an Italian five-piece act named A67 approached Avial through MySpace.<ref name=THK./> This led to their one-song collaboration "Chi Me Sape" ("Who Knows Me Knows It"). Guitarist Vijayan used the [[sitar]] for this song. In 2010, they performed at Kyra Theatre, Bangalore. The band signed a deal with [[Converse (shoe company)|Converse]] shoes to promote their music.<ref name=THSathyendran2 /> They have relied on YouTube and Myspace to promote their work.<ref name=THK./> In 2010, Avial performed at the annual college fest "Zodiac" of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] and at [[Autumn Muse]], the annual cultural festival of [[St. John's Medical College]], Bangalore on 14 August 2010, opening with their new track "Ayyo!"; they also performed in [[Madras Christian College]]. In "Ayyo!", Vijayan plays the [[mandolin]]; they released its teaser in 2011.<ref name=Gibson/><ref name=nh72>{{cite journal|title=Avial Release Album Teaser – 'Ayyo'|journal=NH7.in|date=4 January 2012|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/01/04/avial-release-album-teaser-ayyo/|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

Avial composed the song "Aana Kallan" in the 2011 Malayalam film ''[[Salt N' Pepper]]'', launching it in the music club Blue Frog in [[South Mumbai]]. "Aana Kallan" is a folk song and its lyrics were modified by Saju Sreenivasan. John said about them actually performing it in the film, "We wanted to try something different. This song is more or less like a teaser for our second album. Whereas the first album was total rock, the second will be an avial (mix) of styles with more focus on melody."<ref name=THSathyendran/> During an interview in 2011, regarding their second album, John said, "We have planned eight to 10 songs for the album and we're actually progressing at a good pace." The album will be their first one featuring him on lead vocals.<ref name=THSathyendran>{{cite news|last1=Sathyendran|first1=Nita|title=Rock on, Avial|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/09/stories/2011060951900400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614135113/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/06/09/stories/2011060951900400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref> In April 2012, Avial performed at the "Music, Arts and Dance" festival in [[Ooty]].<ref name=RSISuhasini/> They composed a track titled "Chillane" ("Broken") for the 2012 film ''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''. In the same year, they released a music video of the song "SuprabathaKali" to mark the launch of ''[[The Times of India]]'' English newspaper in Kerala; they were chosen because of their fusion of "English rock" and Malayalam.<ref name=FPRangaswami>{{cite news|title=The Times of India steps up Kerala war with music video|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/the-times-of-india-steps-up-kerala-war-with-music-video-206000.html |author=Anant Rangaswami|accessdate=13 May 2014|newspaper=Firstpost|date=7 February 2012}}</ref> In March 2014, they performed at the second edition of Indie March at Counter Culture, Bangalore along with two other bands; this was their third show there.<ref name=NIEChandy>{{cite news|last1=Chandy |first1=Susanna |title=The indie calling |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/the-indie-calling/bangalore/8330 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180314/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/the-indie-calling/bangalore/8330 |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> In September 2014, they performed live at [[Festember]] at the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metalbase.in/2015/09/14/festember15-is-here-to-win-your-heart-yet-again/ |title=Festember'15 is here to win your heart yet again |date=14 September 2015 |publisher=metalbase.in |accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

==Musical style, image and themes==

[[File:Mithun Puthenveetil.jpg|thumb|left|Mithun Puthenveetil Performing in Doha]]The band refer to their style as "Alternative Malayali rock".<ref name=TDas/> John commented on their mixture of Malayalam lyrics and rock music, "This was a major challenge to us as that would not be liked by the younger generation when it came to the language and the old when it came to rock music."<ref name=TOIKurian/> Vijayan said, "When we toured worldwide to audiences who knew no Malayalam but loved us, I realised that language wasn't what stopped Malayalam music from becoming mainstream, it was a matter of presenting it right."<ref name=THElias/> On [[alternative rock]], Vijayan commented, "...Unlike glam rock, hard rock or heavy metal, it does not begin with an intro, followed by the song, the chorus, the guitar solo and the likes. Avial swears by the mantra of alternative rock which allows us the freedom to gel rustic Malayalam with funky rock."<ref name=THSathyendran2 /> Their influences vary from classic rock band [[Led Zeppelin]] to alternative rock band [[Incubus (band)|Incubus]].<ref name=THK.>{{cite news|first1=Jayaram|last1=K. |title = Eclectic mixture of music and style Music|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/09/stories/2008020951290400.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080213225721/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/09/stories/2008020951290400.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 13 February 2008|date = 9 February 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 3 July 2009}}</ref> John said, "Over the years, we've been listening to everything from the 70s, 80s and 90s, and our music is a mix of everything we've ever heard. There are just too many influences to name."<ref name=THMehar/>

John is known for performing on-stage in concerts dressed in a ''[[lungi]]'' which the other band members admit trying but found playing their instruments uncomfortable.<ref name=THSathyendran2 /> The band covers a variety of themes. "Aadu Pambe" is about the culture of tribals and their exploitation,<ref name=THM./> "Aranda" mourns the present condition of the world while "Chekele", "Karukara" and "Arikurukan" are folk songs.<ref name=THK./> "Chekele" is about a farmer and his wife whose crops have been destroyed in a flood.<ref name=OLRao>{{cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Nitya|title=Smokin' Gudugud|journal=Outlook|date=3 November 2008|volume=48|page=74|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Smokin-Gudugud/238822|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> Their single "Aana Kallan" is a modified version of a folk song, which is about the fraud [[swami]]s and liars, with elements of jazz, melody and funk—a lighter style compared to their first album.<ref name=THSathyendran/><ref name=Gibson>{{cite web|last1=Sodhi |first1=Amanda |title=Rex Vijayan Talks Avial, Guitars and Upcoming Album |url=http://gibsonguitar.in/news-lifestyle/features/hi-in/rex-vijayan-talks-avial-guitars-and-upcoming.aspx |publisher=Gibson Guitar Corporation |accessdate=11 July 2014 |date=4 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415004738/http://www.gibsonguitar.in/News-Lifestyle/Features/hi-in/Rex-Vijayan-Talks-Avial-Guitars-and-Upcoming.aspx |archivedate=15 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:BinnyJohn Aviyal Base Guitarist.jpg|thumb|Binni Issac Performing during their show at the Xu, Leela Palace, Bangalore, after completing 10 years of Avial Band.]]
[[Rex Vijayan]] is endorsed by [[Gibson guitars]] among other guitarists from India.<ref name=THSathyendran2 /> The band is known as the pioneers of their style of "alternative Malayalam rock".<ref name=THPraveen>{{cite news|last1=Praveen|first1=S.R.|title=As metallic strains rock the music world|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/as-metallic-strains-rock-the-music-world/article5984570.ece|accessdate=12 July 2014|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2014}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' said, "In singing in Malayalam, however, Avial proves more than anything else that language isn't really a barrier for good music."<ref name=THMehar /> Their performance at Kyra Theatre, Bangalore was nominated in ''[[NH7 (webzine)|NH7.in]]''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> list "The Indiecision '10: Best Gig Indian" among four other bands saying, "On home-ish turf, the Mallu band's act becomes a colossal monster fuelled by the undying, unequivocal support of an adoring audience."<ref name=nh7>{{cite journal|title=The Indiecision '10: Best Gig Indian|journal=NH7.in|date=22 December 2010|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2010/12/22/the-indiecision-10-best-gig-indian/|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The album ''Avial'' was also in their "Top 25 Albums of The 2000s", they commented, "It didn't matter that the songs had spent so many years in the cans – the band's sound, a brand of classic rock, garnished with elements of metal and electronica was fresh enough, but the vocals, sung in Malayalam further distinguished them from anything else around."<ref name=nh73>{{cite journal|title=Top 25 Albums of the 2000s: 15-06|journal=NH7.in|date=25 November 2009|url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2009/11/25/top-25-albums-of-the-2000s-15-06/|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

Kerala-based thrash metal band [[The Down Troddence]] cited Avial as their main influence and inspiration.<ref name=IMRDavid>{{cite web|last1=David|first1=Arjun|title=Interview: Munz(The Down Troddence)|url=http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/interviews/Interview-MunzThe-Down-Troddence.html|publisher=IMR|accessdate=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718022115/http://www.indianmusicrevolution.com/interviews/Interview-MunzThe-Down-Troddence.html|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]'' praised John's on-stage attitude and traditional attire. They commented, "John would only speak in Malayalam wearing his identity with a cool arrogance, and the audience shared his pride."<ref name="RSISuhasini"/> However, they noted his "vocal flaws" after Paul's departure as lead vocalist during their first performance at Blue Frog, South Mumbai in 2011. They further said that none of John's flaws are present in the album or in any studio recording. They summed up the band as, "[Avial] will always be the band that shunned all norms – they released an all-Malayalam album as their debut and turned to their roots for lyrical and musical inspiration."<ref name="RSISuhasini"/>

==Band members==
;Current members
* [[Rex Vijayan]] – guitars, synthesiser (2003–present)
* Tony John – lead vocals, turntables (2003–present)
* Mithun Puthanveetil – drums (2008–present)
* Binny Isaac – bass (2008–present)

;Former members
* Anandraj Benjamin Paul – lead vocals (2003–2008)
* Naresh Kamath – bass (2003–2008)
* C.I. Joffy – Drums (2003–2008)
* [[John P. Varkey]] – guitar, songwriter (mid 90s)

==Discography==

===Studio albums===

====''Avial (2008)''====
{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Avial
| type = studio
| artist = Avial
| cover = Avial- First Album Cover 1.jpg
| alt =
| released = 8 February 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Alternative rock]]
| length = 40:52
| label = [[Phat Phish Records|Phat Phish]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

This was their first studio-album ''Avial'', released on 8 February 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avial |url=http://www.reverbnation.com/avialtheband |publisher=[[ReverbNation]]|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{tracklist
| title1 = Nada Nada Remix
| writer1 = Engandiyur Chandrashekaran/John P. Varkey
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Chekkele
| writer2 = Traditional
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Njan Aara
| writer3 = Avial/[[John P. Varkey]]/P. B. Gireesh
| length3 = 5:33
| title4 = Arikuruka
| writer4 = Engandiyur Chandrashekaran/Traditional
| length4 = 3:43
| title5 = Aranda
| writer5 = P. B. Gireesh
| length5 = 3:57
| title6 = Karukare (feat. [[Aparna Sree]])
| writer6 = [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
| length6 = 6:21
| title7 = Aadu pambe (feat. [[Aparna Sree]])
| writer7 = Avial/Sudhi Velamanoor
| length7 = 5:22
| title8 = Ettam paattu
| writer8 = Avial/Sudhi Velamanoor
| length8 = 5:49
|all_writing=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|total_length=}}

===Singles===
{{tracklist
| title1 = Aanakallan
| writer1 =
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Ayyo!
| writer2 = Engandiyur Chandrashekaran
| length2 = 2:56
| title3 = Thithithara
| writer3 = Engandiyur Chandrashekaran
| length3 = 2:46
|title4=Arambath|Length4=4:22|length4=4:22}}

==See also==
*[[Indian rock]]
*[[Kryptos (band)]]
*[[Bhayanak Maut]]
*[[Demonic Resurrection]]
*[[Nicotine (band)]]
*[[Inner Sanctum (band)]]
*[[Agam (band)|Agam]]
*[[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]
*[[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]]
*[[Pentagram (Indian band)|Pentagram]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://avialofficial.com/}}
*[http://rollingstoneindia.com/pics-avial-live-at-blue-frog-delhi-may-23rd-2012/ Pics: Avial Live at Blue Frog Delhi – May 23rd, 2012], from ''Rolling Stone India''
*[http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/11/29/in-pictures-avial-counterculture-bangalore-2/ In Pictures: Avial @ CounterCulture, Bangalore], from ''NH7.in''
* {{discogs artist|Avial}}
* {{imdb name|4921586}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2003]]
[[Category:Music bands from Kerala]]

Indian locomotive class WM

2025-05-04T06:02:42Z

JacksonKuester2: enhance page additionally and corrected details to improve readability

{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian WM
| powertype = Steam
| image = WM works photo, 1942 (1).jpg
| alt = Vulcan Foundry works photo of EIR no. 2211.
| caption = [[Vulcan Foundry]] works photo of [[East Indian Railway|EIR]] no. 2211.
| designer =
| builder = {{unbulleted list|[[Vulcan Foundry]] (40 (+4 ex [[Indian locomotive class WV|WV]]))|[[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]] (30)}}
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1939, 1951, 1953, 1954
| totalproduction = {{unbulleted list|70 new|4 ex [[Indian locomotive class WV|WV]]}}
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = {{whyte|2-6-4|T}}
| uicclass = 1′C2′h2t
| gauge = {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| leadingdiameter = 
| driverdiameter = {{convert|5|ft|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter = 
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| length = 
| width =
| height =
| axleload = {{convert|16.25|LT|t ST}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|96.6|LT|t ST}}
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = {{convert|6.5|LT|t ST}}
| watercap = {{convert|3000|impgal|abbr=on}}
| sandcap =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|210|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea = {{convert|24.6|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| totalsurface = {{convert|965|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| superheatertype = AX pattern (21 A-type elements)
| superheaterarea = {{convert|230|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|16|x|28|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = 
| valvetravel = 
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput = 
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|19100|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion = 5.68
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass = 70 + 4
| fleetnumbers = 13000–13073
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits =
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition =
| notes = {{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=23}}<ref name=vulcan-brochure>{{cite web|url=http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/photographs/locomotives/Publicity/Indian%20WM.pdf |title=Indian Railways 5 ft. 6 in. Gauge 1952 2-6-4T (WM) brochure |publisher=[[Vulcan Foundry]] |access-date=11 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019192642/http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/photographs/locomotives/Publicity/Indian%20WM.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=vulcan-magazine>{{cite journal
|date=December 1951
|title=Indian Government Railways Thirty 2-6-4 Type, "WM" Class Side Tank Locomotives 5 ft. 6 in. Gauge
|journal=Vulcan Magazine
|volume=2
|issue=4
|pages=16–17
|publisher=[[Vulcan Foundry]]
|url=http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/magazine/Vol2_no4_1951/page_16.jpg
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030130539/http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/magazine/Vol2_no4_1951/page_16.jpg
|archive-date=30 October 2013
|access-date=11 July 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
}}

The '''Indian locomotive class WM''' was a class of {{whyte|2-6-4|T}} [[tank locomotive]]s used on {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] lines in India from 1942.<ref name=vulcan-brochure/><ref name=Hughes-SII-21>[[#Hughes-SII|Hughes 1976]], p. 21.</ref><ref name=Marshall-IBGSR-88>[[#Marshall-IBGSR|Marshall 2009]], pp. 88.</ref> A total of 70 of them were delivered new, and another four were converted from existing [[Indian locomotive class WV|class WV]] engines.{{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=23}}

The ten prototypes of the WM class, the first 30 production units, and the four WV class locomotives that were later converted to WMs, were built by [[Vulcan Foundry]] in [[Newton-le-Willows]], [[Lancashire]], England. The remaining 30 WM class engines were built by [[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]] in [[North East England]].{{sfn|Hughes|1996|p=23}}

==Class table==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Table of orders and numbers
! Year !! Manufacturer !! Serial Nos. !! Qty !! First Nos. !! All-India Nos. !! Notes
|-
| 1939 || [[Vulcan Foundry|Vulcan]] || 4795-4804 || 10 || 2210-2214 (EIR) 2300-2304 (GIPR) || 13000–13009 || Prototypes
|-
| 1951 || [[Vulcan Foundry|Vulcan]] || 6096-6125 || 30 || 9001-9030 || 13010–13039 ||
|-
| 1953-1954 || [[Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns]] || 7706-7735 || 30 || 9301-9369 || 13040–13069 ||
|-
| 1939 || [[Vulcan Foundry|Vulcan]] || 4787-4790 || 4 || 26954-26957 || 13070–13073 || Converted from WV
|-
|}

==See also==

*{{section link|Rail transport in India|History}}
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-SII}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
*{{Marshall-IBGSR}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1942]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India|WM]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:2-6-4T locomotives]]
[[Category:1′C2′ h2t locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Scrapped locomotives]]

Suja Rathore of Marwar

2025-05-01T02:28:22Z

JacksonKuester2: improved article

#REDIRECT [[Rao Suja]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kekri, Rajasthan

2025-04-26T10:04:19Z

JacksonKuester2:

{{refimprove|date=March 2025}}

{{Other uses|Kekri (disambiguation){{!}}Kekri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kekri
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.97|N|75.15|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kekri district|Kekri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 347
| population_footnotes = <ref name='census2011'>{{cite web | url=http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/PE_DATA.html | title=Rajasthan Census 2011| location=[[Rajasthan]] | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Rajasthan | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302011255/http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/PE_DATA.html | archive-date=2014-03-02 | access-date=2014-03-29 }}</ref>
| population_total = 202758
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban = 41890
| population_rural = 160868
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Languages of India|Spoken]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 305404
| area_code = 01467
| registration_plate = RJ-48
| website = https://kekri.rajasthan.gov.in/
}}
'''Kekri''' is a city in [[Ajmer district]] of the Indian state of Rajasthan.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kekri district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kekri|Kekri]]
[[Category:Kekri district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kekri district]]

Trilok Jamwal

2025-02-28T14:35:19Z

JacksonKuester2: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Trilok Jamwal''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trilok Jamwal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BILASPUR(BILASPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/himachalpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=225 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur Assembly constituency]] in [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]]. He won the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Bilaspur Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Trilok Jamwal wins by 276 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/bilaspur-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15351981.htm |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Himachal Pradesh election results 2022 LIVE: Check full list of constituency-wise winners/leading |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-won-lost-leading-and-trailing-candidates-article-96070701 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jamwal is from [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], Himachal Pradesh. He is the son of Bhup Chand Jamwal. He completed his MCom in 1997 at [[Himachal Pradesh University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jamwal won from Bilaspur Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 30,988 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bumber Thakur of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 276 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilaspur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Trilok Jamwal Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/bilaspur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562555.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Bilaspur Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Trilok Jamwal Wins From Bilaspur , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bilaspur-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-result-news-1568270 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamwal, Trilok}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]

Teen Do Paanch

2025-01-13T03:33:26Z

JacksonKuester2: made

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| based_on =
| writer = Mehran Amrohi, Shruti Varma, Nishant Chaturvedi and Amitabh Varma
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Amitabh Varma
| starring = [[Shreyas Talpade]] [[Bidita Bag]] Brijendra Kala Shantanu Anam Akashdeep Arora [[Sheeba Chadhdha]] [[Akhilendra Mishra]] [[Raj Singh bhamrah]]
| narrator =
| music = Amitabh S Varma [[Kamlesh Shamania]] [[Adrijo]] '''Lyrics''': [[Amitabh varma]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Faqhrul Husaini Mehran Amrohi
| editor = Suraj Gunjal
| cinematography = Ankit Arya
| runtime = 10-15 minutes
| budget =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|05|07|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|05|19|df=y}}
}}
''''' Teen Do Paanch ''''' is an Indian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-to-play-a-father-in-teen-do-paanch/ar-BB1gtwYy?ocid=BingNewsSearch |title=Shreyas Talpade to play a father in 'Teen Do Paanch |publisher=Glamsham.com |accessdate=2021-05-07}}</ref> miniseries produced by Smiley Films. It features [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Vishal and Bidita Bag as Priyanka as an urban couple lives in [[Delhi NCR]] ([[New Okhla]]). They want to have a kid but could not conceive after 7 years of married life so they opt for adoption but their lives turn upside down when they end up adopting three kids.Now a couple who wanted one child in their life has three. And after couple of months, excitement or the shock becomes double when the come to know Priyanka is also pregnant. She delivers twins. Now this couple has five kids.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2021/05/shreyas-talpade-to-portray-the-role-of-a-father-in-teen-do-paanch/|title=Shreyas Talpade to portray the role of a father in Teen Do Paanch|accessdate=2021-05-07}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actress-bidita-bag-to-share-screen-space-with-shreyas-talpade-in-teen-do-paanch/articleshow/70356997.cms]</ref>

==Plot==
A couple Vishal and Priyanka is in their 30’s, reside in Noida. Both are educated and professionals. But since some time Priyanka has left her job to low down the city stress level, as they want to conceive a baby now. Despite having a good health they do not conceive and finally plan to adopt a baby. They go to an orphanage, finalize a baby girl of 4 years and start getting the paperwork done. But they soon come to know that they can’t adopt that baby girl as this girl is one baby out of a triplet and as they have already lost their parents, now orphanage doesn’t want them to get separated furthermore. So they will give this child to a couple who will take all three together otherwise the orphanage can take care of them. Vishal has to bow down in front of priyanka's wish and ends up adopting all three. Now a couple who wanted one child in their life has three. The story doesn’t end here. After couple of months, the excitement or the shock becomes double when they come to know that Priyanka is pregnant. She delivers twins. Now this couple has five kids. How these five kids make them go through all the lows and highs is the fun filled story of our film "Teen Do Paanch". Do they continue to live with the adopted kids? Or Do the three adopted ones go? This is what forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Vishal Sahu
* [[Bidita Bag]] as Priyanka Sahu
* [[Shantanu Anam]] Kartik
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Gambhir
* [[Akashdeep Arora]] as Sushant
* [[Sheeba Chadhdha]] as Priyanka's Mother
* [[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Madhav Sahu
* [[Lovleen Mishra]] as Vishal's Mother
* [[Shanaya Rai]] as Divya
* [[Rannanjay Pratap Singh]] as Ajay
* [[Ransh Mathur]] as Aalok
*Priya Gupta as Kanchan
*Raj Singh Bhamrah as Chemist

==Production==
Shooting of the mini-series took place in [[Noida]] [[Gautam Budh Nagar]], Uttar Pradesh in 2019 and post production was completed in spring 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/shreyas-talpade-to-play-father-to-3-kids-in-teen-do-paanch-2124708.html|title=Shreyas Talpade to play father to 3 kids in 'Teen Do Paanch'|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=15 July 2021}}</ref>
The film was noted as a shift in the acting career of [[Bidita Bag]], who was so far "best known for tough characters in [[The Sholay Girl]], ''[[Babumoshai Bandookbaaz]]'', and ''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]''" and thus "had a change of pace. The actress was recently seen in the comedy-drama ''Teen Do Paanch ''alongside Shreyas Talpade", which showed her wish of making more commercial films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-22 |title=Teen Do Paanch's Bidita Bag Says After Socio-Political Cinema She Wants To Do Commercial Films |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/web-series/exclusive-teen-do-paanch-s-bidita-bag-says-after-socio-political-cinema-wants-to-do-commercial-films-314211.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was made available on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney+Hotsar]] in May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=11 new Indian movies & shows releasing on Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar & more in May 2021 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/upcoming-new-indian-movies-shows-releasing-on-netflix-amazon-prime-video-disney-hotstar-more-in-may-2021/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Reception==

The miniseries was panned in a review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', titled "''Teen Do Paanch season 1'' (...) : an inept take on adoption with poor performances and weak script".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Teen Do Paanch Season 1 Review : An inept take on adoption with poor performances and weak script |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/teen-do-paanch/season-1/seasonreview/82550327.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Another review was less negative but insisted nonetheless on the forthcomings induced by the format chosen: "There is no denying that'' Teen Do Paanch'' would have worked better as a feature film. Watching over a dozen episodes of 10 minutes each can be a little exasperating."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Murtaza Ali |title='Teen Do Paanch' Review: The realistic performances of Bidita Bag and Shreyas Talpade make it memorable despite shortcomings |url=https://www.apotpourriofvestiges.com/2021/05/teen-do-paanch-review-realistic.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=A Potpourri of Vestiges}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14545220}}

[[Category:Indian television series]]

Sir M. Visveshwaraya metro station

2024-08-04T10:30:16Z

JacksonKuester2: quick fixed lead for accuracy and fixed typos after review

#REDIRECT [[Sir M. Visveshwaraya station, Central College metro station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Peddamunigal

2024-05-12T14:27:33Z

JacksonKuester2: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{inline|date=January 2019}}
{{one source|date=February 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Peddamunigal
| image =
| alt = Peddamunigal [[Chandampet(M)]]
| caption = Sri Tulja Bhavani Temple
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5785877|79.0705561|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Amba Mai
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nalgonda]]|
|location = Peddamunigal
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Tulja Bhavani]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian Architecture|Dravidian]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Peddamunigal,''' also known as '''Munigal''', is a Hindu temple situated on the banks of the [[Krishna River]] back of [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]]. and surrounded with [[Nallamala Forest]] in [[Nalgonda]] district of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Telangana]]. The Temple is said to be an abode of [[Bhavani]].

[[Tuljapur]] is situated in [[Osmanabad district]] and is well known for [[Krishna|Lord Shri]]. It is located on the hill of "Bala ghat," Tuljabhavani. The former name of Tuljapur was Chinchpur.

== Legend ==
Lord [[Bhavani|Tuljabhavani]] is a popular deity and also a family deity (Kul-daiwatall) across India. She is described as the impressive and formidable Goddess in [[Hindu]] [[Puranas]], who is known to combat demons and evil forces and maintain the moral order and righteousness in the universe.

The temple is mentioned in the "skanda puran". A sage known as Kardabh had a wife Anubuti who performed a penance at the banks of [[Mandakini River|Mandakini river]] for Bhavani mata to look after her infant child after the sage's death. While performing the penance, the demon known as Kukur tried to disturb her penance during which Mata Bhavani came to the aid of Anubuti and killed the demon.. From that day onwards the Goddess Bhavani came to be known as Tulja Bhavani. The same place is today known as Tuljapur. Nizam or Adhilshah both were not interfaced in religious Approximately 5000 people lived in Tuljapur around 1920.

==History ==
People of Peddamunigal started worshipping the goddess Bhavani in the early 1900s in a small hut built with cloth (Paal in native [[Lambada]] language). After few years Kethavath Hema Saukaar and the local people of the village came to a consensus and appointed a family to serve the goddess. Since then this family is called the Bhagath family. The Temple was constructed in the mid-1950s by [[Kethavath Chandru Naik]] with the cooperation of locals and the people of nearby villages. Daily prayers are performed to the goddess Bhavani by the Bhakath family.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Priests (Bhakaths)
|-
! Name !! From !! To
|-
| Laskar Bhagath || Early 1950s ||
|-
| Chandu Bhagath || 1980 ||1995
|-
| Laskar Bhagath (Jeevan) || 1995 ||Current
|}

===Tulja Yaadi Jaatara --2016 ===
Allegedly, approximately 10,000 animal sacrifices happened to goddess Bhavani in the year 2016. The number of animal sacrifices have been increasing each year since 1985. People believe that by offering these sacrifices to the goddess Bhavani, she grants her devotees wishes of health and wealth.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Month !! Dates !! Reference
|-
| 2016 || October || 10 – 11 || Dassara(Oct 10), Salendra(Oct 11)
|}

==Transport==
Peddamunigal is about 130 km (approx. 85 miles) from Hyderabad by Road. The nearest [[railway station]] is [[Nalgonda]] (about 60 km) for passenger trains. The nearest [[bus station]] is [[Deverakonda]] (about 30 km) for buses

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.tuljabhavani.in/}}
* [http://www.villagedata.in/andhra-pradesh/nalgonda/chandam-pet/peddamunigal Village data]

{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nalgonda district]]

P. K. Kodiyan

2024-04-21T17:21:21Z

JacksonKuester2: New - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
''' P.K. Kodiyan''' (September 22, 1923 - October 28, 2001) was an Indian politician and a leader of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). He was a member of the [[2nd Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]] constituency and [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] & [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]] Lok Sabha representing the [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1220.htm|title=Members Bioprofile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cpi-leader-kodiyan-master-dead/articleshow/902297397.cms|title = CPI leader Kodiyan Master dead | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/adoor-lok-sabha#1980|title = Adoor Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodiyan, P.K.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}