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Grace Antony

2026-05-05T10:14:15Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added First Article W/ Infobox

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Grace Antony
| image =
| caption = Grace Antony in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mulanthuruthy]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Actor|Actress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aby Tom Cyriac]]|2025}}
| alma_mater = [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
| yearsactive = 2016–present
| known_for = ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
}}

'''Grace Antony''' aka Mary Gracy is an Indian actress, model and classical dancer who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. Her debut film was ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.edexlive.com/live-story/2017/jul/26/did-you-know-that-this-bubbly-girl-from-happy-wedding-is-a-talented-dancer-and-theater-artist-892.html |date=26 July 2017 |title=Did you know that this bubbly girl from Happy Wedding is a talented dancer and theater artist? |author=Mathew Joy Mathew |work=Edex Live |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130080601/https://www.edexlive.com/live-story/2017/jul/26/did-you-know-that-this-bubbly-girl-from-happy-wedding-is-a-talented-dancer-and-theater-artist-892.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Grace Antony married music composer [[Aby Tom Cyriac]] on 9 September 2025 in a private ceremony at the Our Lady of Dolours Roman Catholic Church, Thuthiyoor, Kerala, after being in a relationship for nine years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Antony marries music composer Aby Tom Cyriac after 9 years in Kerala: 'No sounds, no lights, no crowds' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antony-marries-music-composer-aby-tom-cyriac-after-9-years-in-kerala-no-sounds-no-lights-no-crowds/articleshow/123793064.cms |website=The Times of India |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
She rose to fame after her performance in the Mollywood hit film ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]] (2019).''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/grace-antony-actress-kumbalangi-nights-soubin-shahir-fahadh-faasil-shane-nigam-1.3575291 |title='ഏത് ടൈപ്പ് ചേട്ടനായാലും മര്യാദയ്ക്ക് സംസാരിക്കണം'; ഷമ്മിയെ മലർത്തിയടിച്ച ആ ഡയലോഗ് |first=സൂരജ് |last=സുകുമാരന്‍ |website=Mathrubhumi |date=16 February 2019 |language=ml |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208035207/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/grace-antony-actress-kumbalangi-nights-soubin-shahir-fahadh-faasil-shane-nigam-1.3575291 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2019/02/12/chat-with-grace-antony-kumbalangi-nights-simy.html |title=ആ 'മാസ് ഡയലോഗ്' അറിയാതെ വന്നതാണ്: ഷമ്മിയെ വിറപ്പിച്ച സിമി പറയുന്നു |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |first=ലക്ഷ്മി |last=വിജയൻ |date=3 March 2020}}</ref> She achieved further critical and commercial success for her lead roles in films like ''[[Thamaasha]]'' (2019),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/draped-in-hijab-shawl-grace-antony-looks-graceful/articleshow/69197412.cms |title=Draped in Hijab shawl, Grace Antony looks graceful |work=The Times of India |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510092016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/draped-in-hijab-shawl-grace-antony-looks-graceful/articleshow/69197412.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Halal Love Story|''Halal'' ''love'' ''story'']] (2020),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grace-antonys-suhara-is-the-scene-stealer-in-halal-love-story/article32960849.ece |title=Grace Antony steals the show as Suhara in 'Halal Love Story' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 October 2020 |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy}}</ref> ''[[Saajan Bakery Since 1962]]'' (2021), ''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]'' (2021), [[Rorschach (film)|''Rorschach'']] (2022) and ''[[Appan (film)|Appan]]'' (2022).

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*Note: All films are in [[Malayalam]], unless otherwise noted.
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2016||''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Teena||Debut||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017||''[[Lakshyam (2017 film)|Lakshyam]]'' ||Shalini's friend|| ||
|-
|''[[Matchbox (2017 film)|Matchbox]]''||Geethu|| ||
|-
|''[[Kambhoji (film)|Kambhoji]]'' || Kunjolu || ||
|-
|''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'' || Pallan's wife || ||
|-
|Rowspan=3|2019
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''||Simi|| ||<ref name="G 2019">{{cite web |last=R.G |first=Anjana |title='Kumbalangi Nights' changed my life, says Grace Antony |website=Mathrubhumi |date=10 June 2019 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/-kumbalangi-nights-changed-my-life-says-grace-antony-movie-1.3860740 |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610114933/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/-kumbalangi-nights-changed-my-life-says-grace-antony-movie-1.3860740 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Vidya 2019">{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Vidya |title=All set to make it big |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=2 February 2019 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/020219/all-set-to-make-it-big.html |access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thamaasha]]''|| Safiya|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/12/grace-antony-to-star-in-vinay-forrts-next-1963160.html |title=Grace Antony to star in Vinay Forrt's next|date=12 April 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kumbalangi-nights-fame-grace-antonys-next-with-vinay-fort/articleshow/68797158.cms |title=Kumbalangi Nights' fame Grace Antony's next with Vinay Fort - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]'' || Sheeba|| ||{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

|-
|Rowspan=1|2020
|''[[Halal Love Story]]''|| Suhara|| |OTT release through [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Malayalam |first1=Samayam |title=വൻ താരനിരയുമായി 'ഹലാല്‍ ലവ് സ്റ്റോറി'; പുത്തൻ പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത് വിട്ട് ടീം: ഇത് പൊളിക്കുമെന്ന് പ്രേക്ഷകർ! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/sudani-from-nigeria-director-zakariya-mohammeds-next-movie-halal-love-story-second-look-poster-released/articleshow/74497565.cms |access-date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Samayam |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Sajan Bakery Since 1962]]''||Mary|| ||
|-
|''[[Kanakam Kaamini Kalaham]]''|| Haripriya|| OTT release through [[Disney+ Hotstar]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antony-had-a-fun-time-shooting-kanakam-kamini-kalaham/articleshow/79810370.cms |title=Grace Antony had a funtime shooting Kanakam Kamini Kalaham |work=The Times of India |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621063138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/grace-antony-had-a-fun-time-shooting-kanakam-kamini-kalaham/articleshow/79810370.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanakam Kamini Kalaham Official Teaser: Nivin Pauly, Grace Antony, Vinay Fort Are Ready To Put Up an Entertaining Show |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kanakam-kamini-kalaham-official-teaser-132211772.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-IN |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719074001/https://in.news.yahoo.com/kanakam-kamini-kalaham-official-teaser-132211772.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]''||Christina|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/17/sharafudheen-grace-antonys-next-pathrosinte-padappukal-is-a-comedy-2264960.html |title=Sharafudheen, Grace Antony's next 'Pathrosinte Padappukal' is a comedy|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|''Chattambi''
| Sicily
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi, Chemban Vinod and Grace Antony star in Abhilash S Kumar's Chattambi, written by Don Palathara |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sreenath-bhasi-chemban-vinod-and-grace-antony-star-in-abhilash-s-kumars-chattambi-written-by-don-palathara/e838bd79a4823 |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201133433/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sreenath-bhasi-chemban-vinod-and-grace-antony-star-in-abhilash-s-kumars-chattambi-written-by-don-palathara/e838bd79a4823 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]''
|Sujatha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mammootty - Nissam Basheer film shoot progresses in Athirappilly, see pics - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammootty-nissam-basheer-film-shoot-progresses-in-athirappilly-see-pics/articleshow/90843115.cms |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Appan (film)|Appan]]''|| Molykutty|| OTT release through [[SonyLIV]] || Sunny Wayne-Maju's dark comedy delves into parent-child conflicts |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appan trailer: Sunny Wayne-Maju's dark comedy delves into parent-child conflicts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/18/appan-trailer-sunny-wayne-majus-dark-comedy-delves-into-parent-child-conflicts-2396740.html |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109135728/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/18/appan-trailer-sunny-wayne-majus-dark-comedy-delves-into-parent-child-conflicts-2396740.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night (2022 film)|Saturday Night]]'' || Susan Maria Paul || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2022 |title=Saturday Night |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/saturday-night/articleshow/95280765.cms |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''Padachone Ingalu Kaatholee'' || Sakhav Indhu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=padachone ingalu katholi movie pack up: Sreenath Bhasi, Grace Antony and Ann Sheetal 'Padachone Ingal Katholi' Complete – sreenath bhasi, ann seethal and grace antony starrer padachone ingalu katholi movie pack up |url=https://time.news/padachone-ingalu-katholi-movie-pack-up-sreenath-bhasi-grace-antony-and-ann-sheetal-padachone-ingal-katholi-complete-sreenath-bhasi-ann-seethal-and-grace-antony-starrer-padachone-ingalu-katholi/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |website=Time News |language=en-US |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409220246/https://time.news/padachone-ingalu-katholi-movie-pack-up-sreenath-bhasi-grace-antony-and-ann-sheetal-padachone-ingal-katholi-complete-sreenath-bhasi-ann-seethal-and-grace-antony-starrer-padachone-ingalu-katholi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Vivekanandan Viralanu]]'' || Diana || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Shine Tom Chacko to play the lead in Kamal's 'Vivekanandan Viralaanu' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shine-tom-chacko-to-play-the-lead-in-kamals-vivekanandan-viralaanu/article66972672.ece |access-date=15 June 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nunakuzhi]]'' || Rashmita Ranjith || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nunakkuzhi-malayalam-movie-shooting-started-jeethu-joseph-and-basil-joseph-grace-antony-1.9049028 |script-title=ml:'നുണക്കുഴി'യുമായി ബേസിലും ജീത്തു ജോസഫും; ചിത്രീകരണം ആരംഭിച്ചു |language=ml |trans-title=Nunakkuzhi Movie, Nunakkuzhi Casts, Jeethu Joseph, Basil Joseph, Grace Antony |website=mathrubhumi.com |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810062403/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nunakkuzhi-malayalam-movie-shooting-started-jeethu-joseph-and-basil-joseph-grace-antony-1.9049028 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extra Decent]]'' || Nishima || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Suraj Venjaramoodu's ED - Extra Decent |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/08/its-a-wrap-for-suraj-venjaramoodus-ed-extra-decent |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Paranthu Po]]'' || Glory || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-23 |title=Aju Varghese makes his Tamil debut with Ram's Paranthu Po |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/aju-varghese-makes-his-tamil-debut-with-rams-paranthu-po |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]'' ||Anju || || <ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=Patriot Movie |author-link= |user=patriot.movie |postid=DVnJ1RxDHVZ |date=7 March 2026 |title=Grace Antony in Patriot In Cinemas Worldwide from April 23 , 2026 #GraceAntony #HappyWomensDay #Patriot #CharacterReveal |script-title= |trans-title= |language= |location= |access-date=7 April 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]'' || Lillykutty||[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagendrans-honeymoons-first-look-of-suraj-venjaramoodus-web-series-with-nithin-renji-panicker-out/article68206872.ece |title='Nagendran's Honeymoons': First look of Suraj Venjaramoodu's web series with Nithin Renji Panicker out |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 May 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523154738/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagendrans-honeymoons-first-look-of-suraj-venjaramoodus-web-series-with-nithin-renji-panicker-out/article68206872.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! style="width:100px" | Title
! Role
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2020
| ''K-nowledge''
| Directorial Debut
| Released on
[[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grace-antony-turns-director-with-short-film-k-nowledge-which-was-completed-during-the-lockdown/article31951722.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Grace Antony turns director with short film K-nowledge |date=30 June 2020 |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy}}</ref>
|}

===Dubbing===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! style="width:100px" | Title
! Language
! Dubbed For
! Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Malaikottai Vaaliban]]''
| Malayalam
| [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2024 |title=Actress Rachana Narayanankutty Gives A Shout Out To Mohanlal's Malaikottai Vaaliban |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-rachana-narayanankutty-gives-a-shout-out-to-mohanlals-malaikottai-vaaliban-8765230.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxofficebudget.com/malaikottai-vaaliban-box-office-collection-day-13/ | title=Malaikottai Vaaliban Box Office Collection Day 13, Trailer, Cast, Budget | date=6 February 2024 | access-date=10 April 2024 | archive-date=13 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813121559/https://boxofficebudget.com/malaikottai-vaaliban-box-office-collection-day-13/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10251235}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antony, Grace}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Hanif Kureshi

2026-04-30T12:44:47Z

JacksonCazaly4: Adding some pg v1.

{{Short description|Indian street artist and designer (1982–2024)}}
{{About|Indian artist and designer|the British playwright and screenwriter|Hanif Kureishi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Hanif Kureshi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1982|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palitana]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|09|22|1982|10|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| known_for = Street typography St+art India Foundation Guerrilla Art & Design
| notable_works = HandpaintedType ''Time Changes Everything''
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
| image = Hanif Kureshi 2023.png
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Kureshi in 2023
| alt = Half-length portrait of Kureshi speaking in front of a red building and some trees
| style = [[Street art]]
}}

'''Hanif Kureshi ''' (12 October 1982 – 22 September 2024), also known by the graffiti name ''Daku'', was an Indian artist, designer, and advertising professional. Kureshi was a pioneering figure in India's [[street art]] movement, helping to transform urban spaces into public canvases and bringing art out of the museums to the wider public in India.

Kureshi's early childhood experiences with hand-painted signage led to his lifelong interest in [[typography]] and street art, with his first apprenticeship with local painters creating hand-painted [[Vehicle registration plates|license plates]]. He studied art at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, later pursuing a career in advertising. He started working as a [[graffiti artist]] in the late 2000s, moving on to large-scale street art and [[murals]], often collaborating with artists from around the world.

After seeing the impact of modern digital design and printing replacing the local artists of his youth, he started the ''HandpaintedType'' project as an attempt to preserve typographic practices and styles unique to Indian street sign painters and provide them with an income stream. Kureshi went on to co-found the St+art India Foundation to help popularise street art throughout the country, with notable work produced in the [[Lodhi Art District]] in Delhi, the [[Sassoon Docks|Sassoon Dock]] art project in [[Mumbai]], and the [[Bangalore Metro]].

== Early life ==
Kureshi was born on 12 October 1982<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Sadaf |date=24 September 2024 |title=Remembering Hanif Kureshi, the artist who breathed life into Mumbai's streets |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/remembering-hanif-kureshi-the-artist-who-breathed-life-into-mumbais-streets |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924222411/https://www.vogue.in/content/remembering-hanif-kureshi-the-artist-who-breathed-life-into-mumbais-streets |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Palitana]], a town in the [[Bhavnagar district]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="lm">{{Cite news |last=Ojha |first=Abhilasha |date=26 September 2024 |title=Hanif Kureshi - Bringing Art Out into the Open |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/hanif-kureshi-obituary-legacy-bringing-art-out-into-the-streets-daku-typography-11727320361957.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927115304/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/hanif-kureshi-obituary-legacy-bringing-art-out-into-the-streets-daku-typography-11727320361957.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He first began working with street painters during his school vacations.<ref name="hpt">Kureshi, Hanif (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190831231536/https://handpaintedtype.com/#contact "Contribute"]. HandPaintedType.</ref> He apprenticed with local painters who specialised in hand-painted [[Vehicle registration plates of India|licence plates]].<ref name="ted">Kureshi, Hanif (4 October 2019). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9mvZlv5-x8 "Reclaiming Streets, One Wall at a Time"]. TEDxIITHyderabad. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref> Encouraged by his father, he decided to become an artist himself,<ref name="hpt"/> graduating with a degree in arts from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Drishya |date=24 September 2024 |title=A One-Man Revolution: The Artistic Legacy Of The Late Hanif Kureshi |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/a-one-man-revolution-the-artistic-legacy-of-the-late-hanif-kureshi |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Homegrown |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925014511/https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/a-one-man-revolution-the-artistic-legacy-of-the-late-hanif-kureshi |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=Graffiti artist Daku's latest mural is a take on Chennai's water crisis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/graffiti-artist-dakus-latest-mural-a-take-on-chennais-water-crisis-7241221/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821081551/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/graffiti-artist-dakus-latest-mural-a-take-on-chennais-water-crisis-7241221/ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Hanif Kureshi's art created a bridge between the street and the people |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/hanif-kureshis-art-created-a-bridge-between-the-street-and-the-people-9584626/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926140717/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/hanif-kureshis-art-created-a-bridge-between-the-street-and-the-people-9584626/ |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |title=Hanif Kureshi (1982–2024): A Trailblazer In The Indian Public Art Movement |url=https://www.designpataki.com/dp-cult/hanif-kureshi-1982-2024-a-trailblazer-in-the-indian-public-art-movement/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Design Pataki |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926031434/https://www.designpataki.com/dp-cult/hanif-kureshi-1982-2024-a-trailblazer-in-the-indian-public-art-movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Kureshi began his professional career in advertising, starting with the [[advertising agency]] [[Ogilvy & Mather]] in 2003 where he went on to become a senior art director.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Former adman and street art pioneer Hanif Kureshi passes away |url=https://www.afaqs.com/obituary/former-adman-and-street-art-pioneer-hanif-kureshi-passes-away-7091082 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925064700/https://www.afaqs.com/obituary/former-adman-and-street-art-pioneer-hanif-kureshi-passes-away-7091082 |url-status=live }}</ref> He later moved to the advertising agency [[Wieden+Kennedy]] in 2008 where he became a senior creative. That same year, he first began working as a graffiti artist on the streets<ref name="sk1">Khurana, Sanchita (4 October 2024). "Death of a Daku: How Hanif Kureshi radically altered the Indian street". [[Frontline (magazine)|''Frontline'']]. {{ISSN|0970-1710}}.</ref> using the [[pseudonym]] ''Daku'' ({{Translation|Bandit}}).<ref name=":5" /> In 2011, while still at the agency,<ref name="ted"/> Kureshi started the ''HandpaintedType'' project<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Gowri |date=25 September 2024 |title=Tribute {{!}} Remembering visionary artist Hanif Kureshi who took art to India's streets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/tribute-remembering-visionary-artist-hanif-kureshi-who-took-art-to-indias-streets/article68681498.ece |access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}
*{{Cite web |title=HandpaintedType |url=https://theindexproject.org/award/nominees/1102 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=theindexproject.org |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927080037/https://theindexproject.org/award/nominees/1102 |url-status=live }}</ref> as an attempt to preserve the typographic practices and styles of Indian street sign painters for future generations before they disappeared.{{refn|name=kureshi|group=note|[https://web.archive.org/web/20190831231536/https://handpaintedtype.com/#contribute Kureshi 2011]: "HandpaintedType is a project that is dedicated to preserving the typographic practice of street painters around India. These painters, with the advent of local DTP (Desktop Publishers) shops, are rapidly going out of business with many of them switching to the quicker, cheaper but uglier vinyls. Many painters have given up their practice altogether. The project involves documenting the typefaces of road side painters across India and digitizing it so that it serves as a resource for present and future generation...I felt that I should do something...before painters disappear from streets. I also thought it important to preserve this art form for future generations to understand and hopefully, appreciate."}}

''HandpaintedType'' documented the [[typeface]]s of at least 18 roadside painters in India, recording brief biographical data and producing at least two short documentary videos.<ref>Kureshi, Hanif (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190831231536/https://handpaintedtype.com/ "Painters"]. ''HandpaintedType''.
*Kureshi, Hanif (2011). [https://vimeo.com/42199150 "Painter Shabbu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917203302/https://vimeo.com/42199150 |date=17 September 2016 }}. ''Vimeo''. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
*Kureshi, Hanif (2011). [https://vimeo.com/22240175 "Painter Kureshi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118063620/http://vimeo.com/22240175 |date=18 January 2024 }}. ''Vimeo''. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</ref> Kureshi released an initial free, digitised street font to the public based on the project, followed by a later commercial release,<ref name="rey">Reynolds, Dan (September 25, 2011). [https://ilovetypography.com/2011/09/25/atypi-2011-reykjavik/ "ATypI 2011 Reykjavík"]. ''I Love Typography''. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</ref> whose proceeds were intended to provide a source of revenue for the traditional sign painters being displaced by [[digital printing]].<ref name="cnn">Haridasani, Alisha (18 February 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/style/article/street-art-india/index.html "How Delhi’s streets are being transformed one spray can at a time"]. CNN. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref> In 2011, Kureshi made several presentations to professional organisations about the data they collected, including one at the Typography Day conference in Ahmedabad followed by a larger, formal presentation at the 2011 [[ATypI]] typography conference in [[Reykjavík]].<ref name="rey"/> Following his stint at Wieden+Kennedy, Kureshi left the advertising world to focus on street art and sign painting.<ref name="lm"/>

=== St+art India Foundation ===
In 2013, Kureshi co-founded the St+art India Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |title=St+art India Foundation |url=https://www.festivalsfromindia.com/organiser/start-india-foundation/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Festivals From India |language=en-US}}</ref> along with Giulia Ambrogi, Thanish Thomas, Akshat Nauriyal, and investor Rajeev Bahl.<ref name="sk1"/> The foundation, whose name is a combination of "Street" and "Art" (pronounced "Start"),<ref name="ted"/> is a not-for-profit organisation dedicated to promoting street art across India. The foundation worked on transforming neighbourhoods through large-scale murals and street art installations.<ref name="ie">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2022 |title=How artwork gave Lodhi Colony fresh lease of life |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/how-artwork-gave-lodhi-colony-fresh-lease-of-life-8005886/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926031845/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/how-artwork-gave-lodhi-colony-fresh-lease-of-life-8005886/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the foundation's notable projects was the [[Lodhi Art District]] in Delhi, one of India's first open-air public art districts, which features over 60 murals created by national and international artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=24 September 2024 |title=Painting on the wall: Street artist Hanif Kureshi remembered for making art democratic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/painting-on-the-wall-street-artist-hanif-kureshi-remembered-for-making-art-democratic/article68679276.ece |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925013129/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/painting-on-the-wall-street-artist-hanif-kureshi-remembered-for-making-art-democratic/article68679276.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation went on to start seven art districts across the country; four are currently still active: Lodhi, Mahim in Mumbai, Nochi in Chennai, and Ukkadam in Coimbatore.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Artistic contributions ===
Kureshi's art blended traditional Indian aesthetics with modern public art practices.<ref name=":0" /> His murals often incorporated elements of Indian culture, including typographic works that played with regional languages and local traditions. His large-scale public art pieces can be seen in various Indian cities, including murals at the [[Bangalore Metro]], the [[Sassoon Docks|Sassoon Dock]] art project and the [[Churchgate railway station]] in Mumbai, and in the streets of [[Panaji]] in Goa.<ref name=":3" /> Some of his works were noted as a commentary on the socio-economic situation in the country including increasing wealth inequality, urban apathy, and an emerging water crisis in the country's major cities.<ref name=":5"/> His early works included stencilled art with provocative messages, often involving political activism.<ref name="dna">{{Cite news |last=Nair|first=Roshni|title=Street art breathes a new life into Mumbai |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-street-art-breathes-a-new-life-into-mumbai-2041757 |access-date=2024-09-28 |newspaper=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163449/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-street-art-breathes-a-new-life-into-mumbai-2041757 |url-status=live }}</ref> He addressed topics like moral and cultural policing<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-04 |last=Praveen|first=Priyanka|title=The dacoit of the art world |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/111116/the-dacoit-of-the-art-world.html |access-date=2024-09-28 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804134138/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/111116/the-dacoit-of-the-art-world.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> and urban issues involving garbage management.{{refn|name=khurana1|group=note|See Khurana, Sanchita (2024). [https://vernonpress.com/file/24985/f8bb0dd8d96b62f39e2d9cd6bdb2937f/1725538388.pdf "Cast(e)ing a Subversive 'Sensible': The Symbology of Cultural Resistance in Dalit Writing"]. In Tamanna Priya (Ed.) and Amrit Mishra (Ed.) ''Dalits and Dalit Lives in 21st Century India: Towards a New Politics''. Vernon Press. pp. 12-13. {{ISBN|9798881900366}}. {{OCLC|1455329869}}.}}

He collaborated with ''Crew 156'', their founding member [[JonOne]], and other artists such as Bond and Zine.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Parakala |first=Vangmayi |date=6 May 2016 |title=On 15 May, this art will disappear |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/H4VKicbDZlm32BrZZRCTzN/On-15-May-this-art-will-disappear.html |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023119/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/H4VKicbDZlm32BrZZRCTzN/On-15-May-this-art-will-disappear.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His earlier street work was considered more cynical and pseudonymous with him often using stealth to render graffiti and other street messaging, an approach that he moved away from in the latter part of his career.<ref name=":8" /> This had some calling him the "Banksy of India" referring to the pseudonymous English graffiti artist [[Banksy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-12 |title=India's 'Banksy' behind provocative graffiti |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30447979 |access-date=2024-09-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401120407/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30447979 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with the BBC as Daku, he stated that he respected Banksy's work but did not find comparisons "flattering" as he felt his work was "separate" and had "a very Indian aesthetic".<ref>Dhar, Govind (27 February 2014). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26319164 "Indian street art festival gives a facelift to Delhi"]. BBC News. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref>

In some of his art, particularly his time series, Kureshi experiments with light and shadow.<ref name="sk1"/> In ''Time Changes Everything'' (2015–2016), a typographical work created under his ''Daku'' pseudonym in Lodhi Colony, New Delhi, Kureshi plays with the notions of light, shadows, and time, emphasising the ever-changing and short-lived quality of both human life and street art. In the outdoor installation, a series of more than 70 words appears in black on three, forward-facing wall partitions on a building painted white. There is no colour, and the words are not painted with ink.<ref name=":8"/> The design first appears visible at around 9:30{{nbsp}}a.m. when sunlight begins casting shadows through horizontal, parallel sheets of metal facing down.<ref name=":8"/> At that time, various words start appearing on the wall and become most vivid at noon time.<ref name=":8"/> The words describe "time, motion and change", ideas Kureshi returns to in his art. He used [[SketchUp]] 3D modelling software and [[Google Maps]] to help plan the piece, estimating the Sun's movement to get the shadows just right so that people passing by could read the words.<ref name="cnn2">Majumdar, Roshni (12 May 2016). [https://www.cnn.com/style/article/daku-india-street-art/index.html "Indian street artist Daku reveals graffiti powered by the sun"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
*DAKU (2015-12-25/2016-02-28). [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/time-changes-everything/LwGILxM7-tWwVw ''Time Changes Everything'']. Lodhi Art District. Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref> Due to the orientation of the wall, from 15 May to 15 August the wall appears completely blank.<ref name=":8"/>

===Commercial work===
In 2019, Kureshi was creative director of two art projects, a mural project illustrated by Dattaraj M. Naik, and an embroidery installation by Johnson Kshetrimayum, both for the first [[Uniqlo]] store in India, located at the Ambience Mall, [[Vasant Kunj]] in New Delhi.<ref>Lamba, Charu (28 November 2019) "Decoding Strategy for the Indian Market UNIQLO'S". ''IMAGES Business of Fashion''. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref>

==Later exhibitions and death==
Kureshi's work was exhibited at international art events and venues, including the [[London Design Biennale]], [[Venice Biennale]], [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris, and the [[Triannale Design Museum]] in Milan.<ref name="aim">Sharma, Kamayani (January 2018). [https://www.artindiamag.com/wp-content/themes/art-india/archives-files/2017/Vol-21-Issue-4/index.html "In Full View"]. ''Art India Magazine ''21 (4). pp. 30-39. {{ISSN|0972-2947}}.
*[https://www.artindiamag.com/wp-content/themes/art-india/archives-files/2017/Vol-21-Issue-4/index.html "Contributors"]. ''Art India Magazine ''21 (4). pp. 30-39. p. 20. {{ISSN|0972-2947}}.
*[https://www.artindiamag.com/wp-content/themes/art-india/archives-files/2017/Vol-21-Issue-4/index.html "Where's our Banksy?"]. ''Art India Magazine ''21 (4). pp. 30-39. pp. 52-63. {{ISSN|0972-2947}}.</ref> In India, his work appeared at the India Art, Architecture and Design Biennale at the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi.<ref name="sin">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Amrita|title=Remembering Hanif Kureshi, the artist credited with popularising street art in India|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/10/30/remembering-hanif-kureshi-artist-credited-with-popularising-street-art-india|website=The Art Newspaper|access-date=11 November 2024|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112234818/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/10/30/remembering-hanif-kureshi-artist-credited-with-popularising-street-art-india|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2024, he held a solo exhibition at [[Wildstyle Gallery]] in Sweden;<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Hanif Kureshi, who popularised street art in India's neighbourhoods, passes away at 41 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/art-to-the-streets-artist-hanif-kureshi-passes-away-9583250/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> by that time, he had dealt with [[lung cancer]] for a year. He died with the disease in Goa on 22 September 2024 aged 41,<ref name=":0" /> leaving behind a wife Rutva and 5 year old son Bramha.<ref name=":5" />

==Selected works ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=23em|
*''Fuck'' (2011)<ref name="man">Mandal, Soaham (2015). [http://etd.lib.jnu.ac.in/TH25468.pdf ''The Pictures on the Walls: Understanding and Defining Street Art Narratives of Delhi''] (MPhil thesis). [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].</ref>
* ''Time Flies / Time Fades'', Kochi (2012)<ref name=":8" />
*''Stop Pretending'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Stop Promising'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Stop Raping'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Stop Shopping'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Stop Vandalism'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Stop Honking'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''Mat Do'' (2013)<ref name="man"/>
*''This is Not Street Art'' (2014)<ref name="man"/>
*India Art Fair
**''This is Commissioned Vandalism'' (2015)<ref name="sk1"/>
*WIP: The Street Art Show<ref>[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/_gUBUs6wfsJhKw "#WIP: The Street Art Show"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615085737/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/_gUBUs6wfsJhKw |date=15 June 2024 }}. [[Google Arts & Culture]]. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</ref>
**''Breathe'' (2015-2016)<ref>DAKU (2015-12-20/2016-03-10). [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/breathe/-wGhyr6p1HfGHw ''Breathe'']. [[Google Arts & Culture]]. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</ref>
* Lodhi Colony, New Delhi<ref name="sw">{{Cite web |last=Mukerji |first=Soumya |title=All the world's a graffiti wall: Hanif Kureshi, saint and bandit of urban Indian street art |url=https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-all-the-world-s-a-graffiti-wall-hanif-kureshi-saint-and-bandit-of-urban-indian-street-art |website=Stir World |access-date=27 September 2024 |language=English |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927100112/https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-all-the-world-s-a-graffiti-wall-hanif-kureshi-saint-and-bandit-of-urban-indian-street-art |url-status=live }}</ref>
**''Time Changes Everything'' (2015-2016)<ref name="cnn2"/>
**''We Love Dilli'' (2015-2016)<ref>Visualek, Fred and Sowat; Kureshi, Hanif (2015-12-25/2016-02-28). [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/we-love-delhi-fred-visualek-and-sowat-hanif-kureshi/owGQSTBUH3cKwQ?hl=en ''We Love Delhi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218142000/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/we-love-delhi-fred-visualek-and-sowat-hanif-kureshi/owGQSTBUH3cKwQ?hl=en |date=18 February 2024 }}. [[Google Arts & Culture]]. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</ref>
* Chakraview, London Design Biennale (2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Chakraview at London Design Biennale |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/inside-the-chakraview-indias-installation-at-the-london-design-biennale/ |others=Photographer: Vipul Sangoi |website=Architectural Digest India |access-date=27 September 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605031117/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/inside-the-chakraview-indias-installation-at-the-london-design-biennale/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Sassoon Dock Art Project, Mumbai
**''The Idea of Smell'' (2017)<ref name="sw"/>
* [[Swarovski]] Indian Mela, Austria<ref name="sw"/>
**''Life is Beautiful'' (2017)<ref>[https://outsidesuburbia.com/travel/europe/austria/swarovski-crystal-worlds/ "An Indian Summer Festival at Swarovski Crystal Worlds in Austria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521164808/https://outsidesuburbia.com/travel/europe/austria/swarovski-crystal-worlds/ |date=21 May 2024 }}. ''Outside Suburbia''. Retrieved November 14, 2024.</ref>
* Lodhi Colony, New Delhi<ref name="sw"/>
**''This Must Be The Place'' (2019)<ref>Hill, Georgia; Kureshi, Hanif (2019). [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/georgia-hill-hanif-kureshi-at-lodhi-art-district-georgia-hill-and-hanif-kureshi/nwFZVJs_DrwPag?hl=en ''This Must Be The Place''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218141938/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/georgia-hill-hanif-kureshi-at-lodhi-art-district-georgia-hill-and-hanif-kureshi/nwFZVJs_DrwPag?hl=en |date=18 February 2024 }}. [[Google Arts & Culture]]. Retrieved 14 November 2024.</ref>
* Panjim, Goa<ref>Staugaitis, Larua (January 15, 2019). [https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/01/theory-of-time-by-daku/ "Sunlight Casts Shadows of Phrases Exploring Theories of Time in a Street Art Installation by DAKU"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214194248/https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/01/theory-of-time-by-daku/ |date=14 February 2024 }}. ''Colossal''. Retrieved November 17, 2024.</ref>
**''Theory of Time'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staugaitis |first=Laura |date=2019-01-15 |title=Sunlight Casts Shadows of Phrases Exploring Theories of Time in a Street Art |url=https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/01/theory-of-time-by-daku/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214194248/https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2019/01/theory-of-time-by-daku/ |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Colossal |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Serendipity Arts Festival, Goa<ref name="sw"/>
**''Photobooth'' (2020)<ref name="xx">{{Cite web |title=Hanif Kureshi |url=https://xxlcollective.com/artist-hanif-kureshi |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=XXL Collective |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Chennai
**''Saurashtra'' (2020)<ref name="xx"/>
* Serendipity Arts Festival, Goa (2020)<ref name="xx"/>
* New Delhi
**''Friction at Kona'' (2020)<ref name="xx"/>
* Chandigarh
**''Bonjour India'' (2020)<ref name="xx"/>
*Kannagi Art District
**''Time Repeats'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-23 |title=Graffiti artist Daku's latest mural is a take on Chennai's water crisis |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/graffiti-artist-dakus-latest-mural-a-take-on-chennais-water-crisis-7241221/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821081551/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/graffiti-artist-dakus-latest-mural-a-take-on-chennais-water-crisis-7241221/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* India Art, Architecture and Design Biennale, Red Fort, Delhi
**''Cycle of Time'' (2023)<ref name=":5"/>
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading==
* {{Cite news |date=24 September 2024 |title=RIP Hanif Kureshi: Legacy lives on through Delhi's vibrant street art at Lodhi Colony's Art District |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/htcity-delhi-junction/rip-hanif-kureshi-legacy-lives-on-through-delhis-vibrant-street-art-at-lodhi-colonys-art-district-101727162338913.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}
*{{Cite web |last=Vasanthan |first=Sobhika |date=14 December 2023 |title=How Indian Artist DAKU Turned The Red Fort Into A Transient Canvas of Light & Shadow |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/how-indian-artist-daku-turned-the-red-fort-into-a-transient-canvas-of-light-shadow |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Homegrown |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927052646/https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/how-indian-artist-daku-turned-the-red-fort-into-a-transient-canvas-of-light-shadow |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |title=Artistic Visionary Hanif Kureshi Passes Away, Leaving Behind a Vibrant Legacy in Street Art. – Asia Art Council |url=https://asiaartcouncil.com/artistic-visionary-hanif-kureshi-passes-away-leaving-behind-a-vibrant-legacy-in-street-art/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Know More About Hanif Kureshi – IFP |url=https://ifp.world/creator/hanif-kureshi/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521214849/https://ifp.world/creator/hanif-kureshi/ |url-status=live }}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
;Videos
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcA72bZwZ9Y Hanif Kureshi: Reclaiming Public Spaces for Art and Social Change] (2023)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uH5zgcHgAR0 Sassoon Dock Art Project] (2018)
{{Authority control|qid=Q130349511}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kureshi, Hanif}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Street artists]]
[[Category:Guerrilla artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]

Sham Lal (journalist)

2026-04-30T00:46:53Z

JacksonCazaly4: Started First Bio Nd Citations - done

{{short description|Indian journalist and literary critic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sham Lal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1912
| death_date = 2007
| death_place = Delhi, India
| occupation = Literary critic, journalist
| known_for = Editor of ''The Times of India''
}}

'''Sham Lal''' (1912 – 23 February 2007, in [[Delhi]]) was an [[Demographics of India|Indian]] [[literary critic]] and journalist, who served as the editor of [[The Times of India]]. He wrote a column ''Life and Letters'' for several years for [[Hindustan Times]] and later [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tribute/1663653.cms |title=Sham Lal - A Tribute: India loses a literary jewel |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2007-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306025050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tribute/1663653.cms |archivedate=6 March 2007 }}</ref> [[Rudrangshu Mukherjee]] has described him as the most erudite newspaper editor in India.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.biblio-india.org/trib.asp?mp=MA07
| title = SCHOLAR-EDITOR - Sham Lal (1912-2007)
| author = Rudrangshu Mukherjee
| authorlink = Rudrangshu Mukherjee
| publisher = Biblio
| date = March–April 2007
| accessdate = 2009-03-21
}}</ref>

Sham worked with ''The Yashpal Times'' from 1934 to 1948. He joined ''The Times of India'' in 1950 as assistant editor. He later served as the editor from 1967 to 1978. After his retirement, he continued as a columnist for ''The Times of India''. In 1994, he moved his column to ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]''.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.newstodaynet.com/2007sud/feb07/260207.htm
| title = Sham Lal - A gas journalist
| author = V Sundaram
| publisher = News Today
| accessdate = 2007-10-20
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707063010/http://www.newstodaynet.com/2007sud/feb07/260207.htm  |archivedate = 2007-07-07}}</ref>

==Obituaries==
Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]], in a condolence message, remembered Mr. Sham Lal as a "great editor, a thoughtful writer and a voice of reason, liberal values and patriotism."<ref name="Veteran journalist Sham Lal dead">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/24/stories/2007022404481600.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070226223555/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/24/stories/2007022404481600.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2007-02-26
| title = Veteran journalist Sham Lal dead
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| accessdate = 2007-02-24
| location=Chennai, India
| date=2007-02-24
}}</ref> Describing him as a "media icon of my generation," Dr. Singh said: "Generations of his readers looked forward to reading his columns for his wit and wisdom and his erudition. I hope his inspiring example will continue to guide Indian journalism."<ref name="Veteran journalist Sham Lal dead"/> The former Prime Minister, [[H.D. Deve Gowda]], remembered Mr. Sham Lal as an intellectual giant who was passionate about all aspects of life, particularly art, films and books. "He was an institution in himself. His death has left a void difficult to fill and his contributions to Indian journalism will continue to educate and inspire generations of media persons."<ref name="Veteran journalist Sham Lal dead"/>

==Books==
Sham Lal has these books to his credit:

1. A Hundred Encounters [https://www.amazon.com/dp/8171676057]

2. Indian Realities [https://www.amazon.com/dp/8129111179]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040101020058/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/27/stories/2003112700310100.htm]
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031214/spectrum/book5.htm

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070227123929/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070225/asp/opinion/story_7436058.asp Obituary] in [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]
* http://www.biblio-india.org/trib.asp?mp=MA07 in Biblio: A Review of Books

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Sham}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Maha Metro

2026-04-27T02:20:48Z

JacksonCazaly4: created initial entry v1

{{short description|Metro rail corporation in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited
| logo =
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size = 100px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trade_name = Maha Metro
| type = [[Public sector]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor = Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Limited
| founded = 
| hq_location = Metro House, Bunglow No. 28/2, Anand Nagar, C. K. Naidu Road, Civil Lines
| hq_location_city = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact |url=http://www.mahametro.org/contact.html |website=Maha Metro |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235047/http://www.mahametro.org/contact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_served = Maharashtra
| key_people = Shravan Hardikar, [[Managing Director|MD]]
| industry = [[Public transport]]
| products =
| services = [[Nagpur Metro]] [[Pune Metro]] [[Nagpur broad-gauge Metro]] [[Greater Nashik Metro]] [[Thane Metro]]
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owners = {{ubl|[[Government of India|Govt of India]] (50%)|[[Government of Maharashtra|Govt of Maharashtra]] (50%)}}
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = {{URL|http://www.mahametro.org/|MahaMetro}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited''' ([[Trade name|operating as]] '''Maha Metro''') is a 50:50 [[Joint Venture|joint venture]] company of the [[Government of India]] and [[Government of Maharashtra]] headquartered in [[Nagpur]], India.
<ref name="THE HINDU">{{cite news |title=MAHA-METRO |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/Union-Cabinet-approves-phase-I-of-Pune-Metro-project/article16774421.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref>

The existing ''Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Limited (NMRCL)'' was reconstituted into Maha Metro for implementation of all [[Maharashtra]] state metro projects, except the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].<ref name="Nagpur Today">{{cite news|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpur-metro-will-make-pune-metro/10152359|title=नागपुर मेट्रो की बड़ी कामियाबी ,पुणे मेट्रो को साकार करेगी नागपुर मेट्रो|work=Nagpur Today|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

The project will be covered under the legal framework of the Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978; the Metro Railways (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002; and the Railways Act, 1989, as amended from time to time.

==Operation==
[[File:Nagpur-Metro.webp|thumb|left|[[Nagpur Metro]]]]
Maha Metro is responsible for all the metro rail projects in [[Maharashtra]] except the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area]]. It is the implementation authority for [[Nagpur Metro]] and [[Pune Metro]] projects, except lines that will be handled by the [[PMRDA]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=Pune metro rail project gets go-ahead from Centre|url=https://www.google.co.in/amp/m.timesofindia.com/city/pune/Pune-metro-rail-project-gets-go-ahead-from-Centre/amp_articleshow/55865879.cms|work=[[Times of India]] |date=8 December 2016 |access-date=11 December 2016 }}</ref>

The upcoming [[Greater Nasik Metro]] and [[Thane Metro]] will be also implemented and operated by Maha Metro.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nashik metro project on anvil; Maha Metro to be nodal agency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-metro-project-on-anvil-maha-metro-to-be-nodal-agency/articleshow/66899747.cms |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=Times of India |date=1 December 2018}}</ref>

== Systems ==
===Operational Systems===
{|class = "wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
|-
! rowspan="2"|System
! rowspan="2"|Locale
! rowspan="2"|State
! rowspan="2"|Service type
! rowspan="2"|Lines
! rowspan="2"|Stations
! colspan="4"|Length
! rowspan="2"|Opened
! rowspan="2"|Annual ridership (in millions)
|-
! Operational
! Under construction
! Planned
! OP+U/C+Planned
|-
| [[Nagpur Metro]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Rapid Transit]]
| 2
| [[List of Nagpur Metro stations|24]]
|{{convert|24.39|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| {{convert|17.30|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref name="MRG_Nagpur">{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nagpur-metro-information-map-updates/|title=Nagpur Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates|website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref>
| {{convert|48.30|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}<ref name="MRG_Nagpur" />
| {{Convert|89.99|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 8 March 2019<ref name="NGMopen">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1103633939569262592|title=Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi flags-off Nagpur Metro via video conferencing.pic.twitter.com/0n6ohgcok3|last=ANI|date=7 March 2019|website=@ANI|language=pt|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
| 4<ref name="URTreport">{{cite web|title=A comprehensive report on India's metro rail systems|url=https://indiainfrahub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Indian-Metro-Systems_A_Chandrorkar.pdf|publisher=Swarajyamag|author=Ashish Chandrorkar|date=19 February 2021|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831140650/https://indiainfrahub.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Indian-Metro-Systems_A_Chandrorkar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pune Metro]]
| {{Hlist|[[Pune]]|[[Pimpri Chinchwad]]|}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Rapid Transit]]
| 2*
| [[List of Pune Metro stations|28]]*
| {{convert|32.97|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}*
| {{convert|33.30|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}*<ref name="MRG_Pune">{{cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/pune-metro-information-map-updates/|title=Pune Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates|website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref>
| {{convert|13.87|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}*<ref name="MRG_Pune"/>
| {{Convert|45.12|km|mi|abbr=on}}*
| 6 March 2022<ref name="Pune_metro_inauguration">{{cite web |author=Sarang Dastane |date=Mar 4, 2022 |title=Pune: Metro for people on 2 routes after Sunday flag-off by PM Narendra Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-metro-for-people-on-2-routes-after-sunday-flag-off-by-pm-narendra-modi/articleshow/89980995.cms |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |–
|-
! Total
! colspan="2"|2
!
! 4
! 34
! {{convert|57.36|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! {{convert|50.60|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! {{convert|62.17|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
! {{convert|135.11|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
!colspan="1"|
! 4
|}

{{legend inline|1 = #DBD7D2|text = {{asterisk}}}} MahaMetro Only

===Systems in Development===
{{Updated|18 March 2025}}
{{legend inline|#BCFFC5|Under construction}} 
{{Legend inline|#B0E0E6|Approved}} 
{{legend inline|#FFFFBB|Proposed}}

{|class = "wikitable sortable"style="font-size:small"
|-
! System
! Locale
! State
! Service Type
! Lines
! Stations
! Length (Under Construction)
! Length (Planned)
! Construction began
! Planned Opening
|-
| style="background:#BCFFC5" |[[Thane Metro]] [[File:PUNE METRO LOGO.png|border|23x23px]]
| [[Thane]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Rapid Transit]]
| 1
| 22
| {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|
| 5 Oct 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2062435|title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates and lays foundation stone|publisher=Prime Minister's Office|date=5 October 2024|access-date=9 June 2025|archive-date=4 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504110729/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2062435|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
| 2029<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/web/20241104075915/http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2046082&reg=3&lang=1|title=Cabinet approves Thane integral Ring Metro Rail Project|publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau|date=16 August 2024|access-date=9 June 2025|archive-date=4 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104075915/https://pib.gov.in/web/20241104075915/http://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2046082&reg=3&lang=1|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBB;" |[[Nagpur broad-gauge Metro]] [[File:PUNE METRO LOGO.png|border|23x23px]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Commuter Rail]]
| 4<ref name="urbantransportnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/nagpur-broad-gauge-metro-project-information-tenders-routes-updates/|title=Nagpur Broad Gauge Metro: Project information, tenders, routes & updates|website=Urban Transport News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-14|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217123414/https://www.urbantransportnews.com/nagpur-broad-gauge-metro-project-information-tenders-routes-updates/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| TBD
|
| {{convert|268.63|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
| TBD
| TBD<ref name="Shah">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/railway-board-approves-dpr-of-rs-418-cr-nagpur-broad-gauge-metro/|title=Railway Board Approves DPR of Rs 418 cr Nagpur Broad Gauge Metro|last=Shah|first=Narendra|date=2019-11-30|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref name="Team">{{Cite web|author=|title=Maharashtra Government Clears Broad Gauge Metro Project|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2020/10/14/55379/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Live Nagpur|date=14 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBB;" | [[Greater Nashik Metro]] [[File:PUNE METRO LOGO.png|border|23x23px]]
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Trolleybus]]; [[Bus rapid transit]]
|2
|30
|
|{{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}
|TBD
|TBD
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rapid transit companies of India]]
[[Category:Nagpur Metro]]
[[Category:Companies based in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Government-owned railway companies]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Pune Metro]]

Kayea manii

2026-04-23T05:30:17Z

JacksonCazaly4: Adding the pg nd citations

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|status = CR
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |date=1998 |title=''Kayea manii'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T33492A9782529 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33492A9782529.en |access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Kayea
|species = manii
|authority = [[George King (botanist)|King]]
|synonyms = ''Mesua manii'' {{small|(King) [[Kosterm.]] (1969)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:428701-1 ''Kayea manii'' King]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Kayea manii''''' is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Calophyllaceae]] family. It is found only on [[South Andaman Island]] in [[India]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].<ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q118726838|from2=Q5487547}}

[[Category:Kayea|manii]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Critically endangered flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1894]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George King (botanist)]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Calophyllaceae-stub}}

Pallava script

2026-04-23T04:15:56Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Short description|Brahmic writing system}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = '''Pallava script'''
| type = [[Abugida]]
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu Language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani Language|Konkani]], [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[Old Khmer]], [[Old Malay]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Lao language|Lao]], [[Mon language|Mon]], [[Balinese language|Balinese]], etc.
| time = 4th century CE to Present<ref name="griffiths"/>
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] (debated)
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script|Brāhmī]]
| fam6 = [[Tamil-Brahmi]]
| sisters = [[Vatteluttu|Vattezhuthu]], [[Koleluttu|Kolezhuthu]]
| children = [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Mon-Burmese script|Mon-Burmese]], [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]], [[Cham script|Cham]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]]
| sample = Pallava aksharamala.png
| imagesize =
| caption = Pallava Script Chart in modern font
| iso15924 =
}}
{{brahmic}}

The '''Pallava script''', or '''Pallava Grantha''', named after the [[Pallava dynasty]] of [[South India|Southern India]] ([[Tamilakam]]) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. The Pallava script evolved from [[Tamil-Brahmi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy |date=1998 |page=40}}</ref> It was used to originally write [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] texts {{Spaced en dash}} the court languages of Pallavas, thus, it features glyphs to render the sounds of both languages. Both the [[Tamil script]] via the intermediate script/step called Chozha-Pallava-Script<ref name=":2">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?table=tamil-lex&page=148&display=utf8 University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, page 148: "{{lang|ta|அலியெழுத்து}} [ {{transliteration|ta|ISO|aliyeḻuttu}} ] n {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ali-y-eḻuttu}} . < {{lang|ta|அலி}}¹ +. 1. The letter {{lang|ta|ஃ}}, as being regarded as neither a vowel nor a consonant; {{lang|ta|ஆய்தம்}}. ({{lang|ta|வெண்பாப். முதன்மொ. 6, உரை.}}) 2. Consonants; {{lang|ta|மெய்யெ ழுத்து. (பிங்.).}}"]{{Dead link|date=July 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="griffiths2">{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Arlo |date=2014 |title=Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/6301451 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and [[Grantha script]] have originated from the Pallava script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/grantha.htm |title=Grantha alphabet |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref>

Pallava also [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|spread to Southeast Asia]] and evolved into scripts such as [[Balinese script|Balinese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm |title=Balinese alphabet |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> [[Baybayin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagalog|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tagalog.htm|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Javanese script|Javanese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm |title=Javanese alphabet |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kawi.htm |title=Kawi alphabet |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Khmer|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Tai Tham alphabet|Lanna]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Lanna alphabet|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lanna.htm|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Lao alphabet|Lao]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Lao|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/lao.htm|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Mon–Burmese script|Mon–Burmese]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mon.htm |title=Mon |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[New Tai Lue alphabet|New Tai Lue]],<ref>{{cite web|title=New Tai Lue script|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tailue.htm|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sundanese|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sundanese.php|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> and [[Thai alphabet|Thai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/thai.htm |title=Thai |access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> This script is the sister of the [[Vatteluttu script]] which was also used to write Tamil and Malayalam in the past.<ref name="coulmas">{{Cite book|last1=Coulmas|first1=Florian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems|year=1999|isbn=9780631214816|page=542|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref>

Epigrapher Arlo Griffiths argues that the name of the script is misleading as not all of the relevant scripts referred to have a connection with the Pallava dynasty. He instead advocates that these scripts be called '''Late Southern Brāhmī''' scripts.<ref name="griffiths">{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Arlo |url=https://www.academia.edu/6301451 |title=LOST KINGDOMS: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2014 |isbn=9781588395245 |location=New York |chapter=53-57}}</ref>

==History==
During the rule of the [[Pallavas]], the script accompanied priests, monks, scholars, and traders into [[Southeast Asia]]. Pallavas developed the Pallava script based on [[Tamil-Brahmi]]. The main characteristics of the newer script are aesthetically matched and fuller consonant glyphs, similarly visible in the writing systems of Chalukya,<ref>{{Cite web| title=Western Calukya script | year=690 | url=http://www.skyknowledge.com/burnell-plate4.gif | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215233625/http://www.skyknowledge.com/burnell-plate4.gif | archive-date=2011-02-15}}</ref> Kadamba, and Vengi at the time of Ikshvakus. Brahmi's design was slightly different from the scripts of Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras. Pallava script was the first significant development of Brahmi in India, combining rounded and rectangular strokes and adding typographical effects, and was suitable for civic and religious inscriptions.

It served as parent script for several modern-day-scripts, such as Chozha-Pallava-Script, which ultimately gave rise to [[Tamil script]] and also [[Grantha script]]. Once the Pallava dynasty was integrated via the conquest by [[Aditya I]] in 897 CE,<ref>{{citation |author=Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil |title=The Pallavas |page=83 |publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1995 - Art, Indic - 86 pages}}</ref> which laid the foundation for the future [[Chola Empire]] {{Spaced en dash}} the Chozha-Pallava was subsequently developed under that dynasty and replaced both the Pallava and Grantha scripts to write Tamil texts, whereas Grantha remained to be in usage for rendering [[Manipravalam]] texts.<ref name="New York, Springer">{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart |title=Print, folklore, and nationalism in colonial South India |publisher=New York, Springer |year=2006 |page=29 |quote=After about AD 1500, translations from Sanskrit did appear, and unassimilated words began to flood literary Malayalam; eventually a hybrid idiom (''manipravalam'') mixing Sanskrit and tamil words, and Sanskrit words with tamil inflections, was devised}}</ref> It also supplanted the [[Vatteluttu]], when the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Nadu]] in {{circa|850 CE}} was conquered by the Cholas as well.<ref name=":24">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar.'' Madras, Oxford University Press. 167–68.</ref> The Chozha-Pallava script resembled the same glyph developments like its counterpart Grantha script, but it didn't feature any foreign sounds from Sanskrit, thus, simplifying the script and ultimately becoming the modern-day Tamil script.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="griffiths2" />

''Kadamba-Pallava script''<ref name="skynowledge">{{cite web|url=http://www.skyknowledge.com/pallava.htm |title=Pallava script |publisher=Skyknowledge.com |date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2014-03-13}}</ref> evolved into early forms of [[Telugu-Kannada script|Kannada and Telugu scripts]]. Glyphs become more rounded and incorporate loops because of writing upon leaves and paper.<ref name="skynowledge" />

The script is not yet a part of [[Unicode]] but proposals have been made to include it. In 2018, Anshuman Pandey made a proposal.<ref name=":0">Pandey, Anshuman. (2018). ''[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18083-pallava.pdf Preliminary proposal to encode Pallava in Unicode]''.</ref>

==Characteristics==
The form shown here is based on examples from the 7th century CE. Letters labeled * have uncertain sound value, as they have little occurrence in Southeast Asia.

===Consonants===
[[File:Shukla Pallava.svg|thumb|right|The word "Pallava" written in modern Pallava font]]
Each consonant has an inherent /a/, which will be sounded if no vowel sign is attached. If two consonants follow one another without intervening vowel, the second consonant is made into a subscript form, and attached below the first.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! ka || kha || ga || gha || nga
|-
| [[File:Pallava Ka.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Kha.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Ga.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Gha.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Nga.svg|x40px]]
|-
! ca || cha ||ja ||jha* || ña
|-
|[[File:Pallava Ca.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Cha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ja.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Jha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Nya.svg|x40px]]
|-
! ṭa || ṭha* ||ḍa ||ḍha* ||ṇa
|-
|[[File:Pallava Tta.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ttha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Dda.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ddha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Nna.svg|x40px]]
|-
! ta ||tha || da || dha || na
|-
|[[File:Pallava Ta.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Tha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Da.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Dha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Na.svg|x40px]]
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| pa || pha || ba || bha || ma
|-
|[[File:Pallava Pa.svg|x40px]]||[[File:Pallava Pha.svg|x40px]]||[[File:Pallava Ba.svg|x40px]]||[[File:Pallava Bha.svg|x40px]]||[[File:Pallava Ma.svg|x40px]]
|-
! ya || ra || la || va ||
|-
|[[File:Pallava Ya.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ra.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava La.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Va.svg|x40px]]
|
|-
|śa || ṣa || sa || ha ||
|-
|[[File:Pallava Sha.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ssa.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Sa.svg|x40px]]
|[[File:Pallava Ha.svg|x40px]]
|
|}

===Independent Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
! a || ā || i || ī || u || e || o || ai* || au*
|-
| [[File:Pallava A.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Aa.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava I.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Ii.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava U.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava E.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava O.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Ai.svg|x40px]] || [[File:Pallava Au.svg|x40px]]
|}

==Examples==
{{gallery
|File:Huruf Pallawa.JPG|Kadamba-Pallava script
|File:India - Kanchipuram - 020 (2243370563) (cropped).jpg|Pallava script at the 8th century [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanatha temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]].
|File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Beschreven steen bij de onderneming Semplak Buitenzorg TMnr 60016469.jpg|The [[Ciaruteun inscription]], a 5th-century Pallava stone inscription discovered in [[Indonesia]]
|File:kutai Prasasti of Mulawarman.JPG|One of the oldest inscriptions discovered in [[Indonesia]], the [[Yūpa #Yūpa inscription in Indonesia|Yūpa inscriptions]] of King [[Mulavarman]], king of [[Kutai|Kutai Martadipura]] written in the [[4th century AD]]}}

==Unicode==
A proposal to encode the script in [[Unicode]] was submitted in 2018.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<references/>
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
*[[C. Sivarama Murti|Sivaramamurti, C]], ''Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Scripts.'' Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum. Chennai 1999

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Pallava script}}

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:4th-century introductions]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Pallava Empire]]

Akshardham metro station (Delhi Metro)

2026-04-22T05:43:28Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{about|the station on the Blue Line of Delhi Metro|the metro station with the same name on Ahmedabad Metro's Yellow Line|List of Ahmedabad Metro stations}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Akshardham
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = AkshardhamMetroStation.jpg
| address = Noida Link Rd, Patparganj, New Delhi, Delhi 110092
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|November|12}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = Average 17,076 /day 529,341 (Month of Jan)
| pass_year = 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|type=main|left=Yamuna Bank|right=Mayur Vihar-I}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Akshardham''' metro station is a [[Delhi Metro]] station on the Blue Line operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited. The station lies between [[Pandav Nagar]] on one side and the [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Mandir]] and the [[Commonwealth Games Village, Delhi|Commonwealth Games Village]] on the other. It was designed to be a complement of the Akshardham Mandir located nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.baps.org/news/2009/11/akdmetro/index.htm |title=News of BAPS - Inauguration of Akshardham metro station |access-date=28 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025515/http://www.baps.org/news/2009/11/akdmetro/index.htm |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> When it was completed on 12 November 2009, the station was the tallest metro station within the Delhi Metro system (the record is currently held by the [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station]] on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]]).<ref>{{cite news |last= Roy|first= Sidharatha|date=1 January 2020|title=Delhi: Metro station as tall as a 7-floor building|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-station-as-tall-as-a-7-floor-building/articleshow/73051811.cms|work= Times of India|access-date= 20 November 2021}}</ref> The station serves commuters travelling to the mandir and provided transport for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite news|date= 25 October 2009 |title=Akshardham Metro station pretty tall|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/akshardham-metro-station-pretty-tall/story-sxv2B9oz4FrT5Gbv0WIbUN.html |url-status= |work= Hindustan Times|location= New Delhi|access-date= 20 November 2021}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''South East bound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mayur Vihar-I}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Yamuna Bank}} '''''(Passengers heading towards [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]] may alight at the next station)'''''
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==
[[Cash machine|ATM]]s are available at Akshardham metro station are HDFC Bank, Punjab National Bank, Yes Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx|title = DMRC : ATM Details}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Transport}}}}
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Sakleshpur railway station

2026-04-18T20:35:44Z

JacksonCazaly4: Started First Post V1 - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sakleshpur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Rd, [[Sakleshpur]], [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.9454|75.7791|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|121|m|ft}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| line = [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks =
| parking =
| opened = 1979<ref>{{cite web |title=IR History: Part - V (1970 - 1995) |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |website=Indian Railways Fan Club |accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref>
| closed = 1996 (for gauge conversion)
| rebuilt = 2005
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SKLR
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Mysore}}
}}
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| electrified = Yes
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line|left=Donigal|to-left=Mangalore Central|right=Ballupete|to-right=Mysore Junction}}
| route_map = {{Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = India Karnataka#India
| map_dot_label = Sakleshpur station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Sakleshpur railway station''' (Station Code:SKLR) is a railway station located in [[Hassan district]], [[Karnataka]] state, India. It serves [[Sakleshpur]] town and nearby villages. Sakleshpura railway station is on [[Mangaluru]] to Hassan railway line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/south-western-railway-to-extend-partially-cancelled-trains-on-mangaluru-sector-up-to-sakleshpur/articleshow/65914418.cms|title=South Western Railway to extend partially cancelled trains on Mangaluru sector upto Sakleshpur|publisher=Times of India English daily newspaper|access-date= 18 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sakleshpur-subrahmanya-road-ghat-section-can-accommodate-more-trains-from-october/article32392567.ece|title=Sakleshpur-Subrahmanya Road Ghat section can accommodate more trains from October|publisher=The Hindu English daily newspaper|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref> Sakleshpur railway station comes under jurisdiction Mysuru division of [[South Western Railway zone]] (SWR) of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/Oct/03/signalling-project-on-sakaleshpur-subramanya-road-ghat-section-upgraded-clears-hurdles-for-more-trains-2205266.html|title=Signalling project on Sakaleshpur-Subramanya road ghat section upgraded, clears hurdles for more trains|publisher=TNIE, English daily newspaper|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref> The gauge conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge railway track from Hassan to Mangalore was financed by Hassan Mangalore Railway Development Company (HMRDC) a joint venture of Karnataka state government and Indian railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=718228|title=Hassan-Mangaluru railway line capacity enhanced more trains possible|publisher=Daiji World|access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1979]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2005]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Spencer Plaza

2026-04-17T14:38:17Z

JacksonCazaly4: Started Initial Entry Nd Citations

{{short description|Shopping mall in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Spencer Plaza
| native_name =
| image = Spencer_Plaza_from_Anna_Salai.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Spencer Plaza, a prominent landmark of Chennai
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| address = 769, Anna Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 002, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.061|N|80.261|E|display=ti}}
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = 1863

| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| building_type = Shopping mall and commercial offices
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = 8
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style = [[Modernism]]
| cost =
| floor_area = {{convert|530000|sqft|m2|-3|abbr=on}}<ref name="India's most stunning malls"/>
| architect = C.R. Narayana Rao & Co
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor = Tarapore & Co
| developer = Mangal Tirth
| owner =
| operator =
| references =
}}

'''Spencer Plaza''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா) is a shopping mall located on [[Anna Salai]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], and is one of the modern [[landmark]]s of the city. Originally built during the period of the [[British Raj]] and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest shopping mall in India<ref name="PlazaFailsToKeepUpWithTime"/> and was one of the biggest shopping malls in [[South Asia]] when it was built.<ref name="IndiaMallsInfo">{{cite web
| title = Spencer Plaza, Chennai
| publisher = IndiaMallsInfo.com
| url = http://www.indiamallsinfo.com/spencer-plaza-shopping-mall-mount-road-chennai.html
| access-date = 15 Dec 2011}}</ref> It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city, which were developed in the second half of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Nair
| first = Ramesh
| title = Realty on the rebound in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 December 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/article930315.ece
| access-date = 31 Jul 2012}}</ref> As of March 2010, it is the 11th largest mall in the country, with a gross leasable (retail) area of 530,000 sq ft.<ref name="India's most stunning malls">{{cite web
| title = India's most stunning malls
| publisher = Rediff Business
| url = http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-most-amazing-malls/20120409.htm
| access-date = 14 Apr 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Spencer Plaza was built in 1863–1864, established by Charles Durant and J. W. Spencer in Anna Salai, then known as Mount Road, in the [[Madras Presidency]]. The property originally belonged to Spencer & Co Ltd. Spencer & Co opened the first department store in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 1895. It had over 80 individual departments. After a few years, Eugene Oakshott, owner of Spencer's, shifted the department store to a new building, which was an example of [[Indo-Saracenic]] style of [[architecture]]. The building was designed by W. N. Pogson. In 1983, the original building was destroyed in a fire.

The present Spencer Plaza was constructed on the same site, measuring about 10 acres, and was opened in 1991.<ref name="PlazaFailsToKeepUpWithTime">{{cite news
| last = Ravikumar
| first = R.
| title = First mover fails to keep up with times
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 14 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/brandline/article2712366.ece
| access-date = 14 Dec 2011}}</ref> Spread across a million square feet built in three phases with parking space for 800 cars, the plaza is a major hangout for the people of Chennai. The mall was developed by Mangal Tirth Estate Limited in January 1993.<ref name="TNEBPullsPlug">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = TNEB pulls the plug on Spencer Plaza
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 15 June 2012
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/06/15&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00301&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083206/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2012/06/15&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00301&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| access-date = 15 Jun 2012}}</ref>

==Building==
[[File:Spencer Plaza at Night.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Spencer Plaza at night]]
The plaza is an eight-storey shopping-cum-office complex of approximately 1.068 million sq ft, consisting of nearly {{convert|600000|sqft}} of air-conditioned shopping units and {{convert|400000|sqft}} of office units. The shopping arcade is located on the ground, first and second floors in all three phases, and the office units are spread between the fourth and the seventh floors. The car parks are spread over the basement, ground, second and third floors, in addition to double basement parking lots in the third phase of the building.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Spencer Plaza: Technical Details
| publisher = Mangal Tirth
| url = http://www.mangaltirth.com/techdet.php
| access-date = 17 December 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref>

The first phase of the building consists of about 300,000 sq ft, including about 125,000 sq ft of centrally air-conditioned shopping space and 100,000 sq ft of office units together with about 75,000 sq ft of service areas. The second phase consists of about 400,000 sq ft, with a provision for about 600 cars at the basement, with shops with various sizes ranging from 300 sq ft to 2,000 sq ft. The third phase covers another 300,000 sq ft.<ref name="SpencersAutobiography"/> The theme of the third phase is based on colonnaded structure recreating the old Spencer's around a full-height atrium.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Spencer
| publisher = CRN.co.in
| url = http://www.crn.co.in/portfolio_details.asp?id=185&pid=4&hnam=Retail&xVal=-155
| access-date = 5 April 2014}}</ref>

There are over 700 shops in the plaza and over 22,000 people visit the plaza every day, with the number increasing to 40,000 on weekends and to 60,000 on festival days. The complex has three counters to keep track of footfalls. Over 20,000 two-wheelers check into the parking lot on weekends.<ref name="SpencersAutobiography"/>

===Technical and safety aspects===
[[File:Spencer Glass Roof.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Glass roof in the third phase of the mall]]
Being a high-rise building, the complex has a wet riser system and electronic fire alarm system installed. The underground sump has a storage capacity of {{convert|100,000|L}}. A ring main surrounds the building from the pump room. Five wet risers run from basement to the second floor and three run from the fourth floor to the seventh floor. These risers are located at strategic points in each floor. The pump room has three pumps, one jockey pump, one main pump with an electric motor and one main pump connected with a diesel engine. The electronic fire detection system comprises smoke detectors and manual call points located in various points in common areas in all floors, sub-stations, electrical rooms, A/C plant and so forth, which are connected to a centralised computer located at the enclosures of the chief security officer. There are also many portable fire extinguishers at each floor in different locations. The rear periphery of the building has fire escape stairs, with fire escape routes displayed with signboards at various points of the building. The car ramps can also be used as fire escape routes. The building has two entrances, one from Binny Road and another from Anna Salai, for fire engines.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Spencer Plaza: Salient Features of Fire Protection in Spencer Plaza
| publisher = Mangal Tirth
| url = http://www.mangaltirth.com/features.php
| access-date = 17 December 2011}}{{Dead link|date=February 2017}}</ref>

Fire safety includes a water capacity of 1.2 million litres, fire sprinklers, smoke and heat detection systems and fire extinguishers. The in-house fire department has six firemen per shift.<ref name="SpencersAutobiography">{{cite news
| last = Kamath
| first = Sudhish
| title = I'm Spencer, and here's my story
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 June 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/06/06/stories/2007060650040100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080110081029/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/06/06/stories/2007060650040100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 10 January 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 December 2011}}</ref>

==Shops==
[[File:Spencer exterior.JPG|thumb|left|220px|Phase II entrance]]
The mall hosts major anchor stores such as Westside (spread across 20,000 sq ft) and [[Landmark Bookstores|Landmark]] (40,000 sq ft), and several local and international brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Adidas]], [[Bata Shoes|Bata]], Regal, Health & Glow, Vummidiars, [[Van Heusen (brand)|Van Heusen]], Proline, Allen Solly, Florshaim shoes, Lipton, Louis Philippe, [[Titan Industries|Titan]], Levi's, [[Casio]], V.I.P. Luggage, Spencer & Co (40,000 sq ft on the ground, first and second floors), [[Timex watches|Timex Watch Showroom]], Swatch, Cookie Man, BPL (Profx), Color Plus, Navigator, Witco, [[Pantaloon Retail India|Pantaloons]] (26,000 sq ft), Arrow, [[Lee (jeans)|Lee]], Music World (now closed), Food World, [[HSBC]], [[ABN AMRO]], [[American Express]], [[Citibank]] (65,000 sq ft in second and third phases), First Flight<ref name="IndiaMallsInfo"/> and Du Bowl (16,000 sq ft).<ref>{{cite news
| title = Du Bowl centre comes up at Spencer Plaza
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 8 January 2003
| url = http://thehindubusinessline.in/2003/01/08/stories/2003010800261700.htm
| access-date = 16 Dec 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426053701/http://thehindubusinessline.in/2003/01/08/stories/2003010800261700.htm
| archive-date = 26 April 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> [[McDonald's]], the world's largest fast food chain, has established an outlet.

[[File:Spencers Plaza.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Inside Phase III]]
On 26 February 2004, the Sri Lanka Export Development Board (SLEDB) established a trade centre at the complex at a cost of {{INR}}17 million. The Sri Lanka Trade Centre is spread over 20,000 sq ft on the first floor at the third phase of the building.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Sri Lanka opens trade centre in Chennai
| newspaper = Business Standard
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 March 2004
| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sri-lanka-opens-trade-centre-in-chennai/184347/
| access-date = 17 Dec 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Sri Lanka Trade Centre opened in Chennai
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 27 February 2004
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/02/27/stories/2004022700621700.htm
| access-date = 17 Dec 2011}}</ref> Seventeen frontline [[Sri Lanka]]n companies display apparel, artificial flowers, confectionaries, footwear and leather products, gems and jewellery, herbal products, light engineering products, porcelain, tableware, [[Ceylon tea]] and toys.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Sri Lanka Shopping Mall @ Sri Lanka Trade Centre, Chennai
| publisher = Srilankabusiness.com
| url = http://www.srilankabusiness.com/announ/Chennai.htm
| access-date = 17 Dec 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Sri Lanka Trade Centre inaugurated in Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 February 2004
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022704651200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040422102441/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022704651200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 22 April 2004
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 17 Dec 2011}}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 4 September 2008, a fire erupted on the first floor of the building's first phase around 10:20 p.m. local time, perhaps due to a short circuit. A garment shop was burned in the incident. With the help of 12 water tenders and 9 fire tenders, the fire was extinguished within 30 minutes, and no casualties were reported. The firemen had easy access to the spot, mainly due to the setback space available inside the building.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Fire at Spencer Plaza
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 September 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090559790500.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080908012120/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090559790500.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 September 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 Dec 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Fire breaks out at Spencer Plaza
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 September 2008
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-05/chennai/27900753_1_fire-tenders-blaze-first-floor
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103114853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-05/chennai/27900753_1_fire-tenders-blaze-first-floor
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 16 Dec 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
* [http://www.spencerplaza.com/ Spencer Plaza e-commerce website]
* [http://www.mangaltirth.com/ Mangal Tirth official website]

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Chennai]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1985]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Chennai]]

Raopura Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:27Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added The Bio More To Come!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raopura
| mla = Balkrushna Khanderao Shukla (Balu Shukla)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:297989}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 144
}}

'''Raopura''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district. Rajendra Trivedi A.K.A. Rajubhai Vakil was elected the MLA in the 2017 Vidhansabha elections. He is currently the Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Vadodara Taluka (Part) – [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 1, 3, 8, Sama (OG) 14, Chhani (OG) 19.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party

|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=2| Yogesh Patel<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}

|-

|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Rajendra Trivedi]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=2|
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Balkrishna Khanderao Shukla|Balkrishna Khanderao Shukla (Balu Shukla)]]||
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Raopura Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Balkrishna Khanderao Shukla]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=119301|percentage=68.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Patel Sanjaybhai Ishwarbhai Sp(sanjay Patel)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38266|percentage=22.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hiren Rameshraoraje Shirke|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=10437|percentage=6.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=3183|percentage=1.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=46.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:295457}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Raopura<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajendra Trivedi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,07,225
|percentage = 58.64
|change = -2.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandrakant Shrivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,529
|percentage = 38.57
|change = +3.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 20.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,82,846
|percentage = 66.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajendra Trivedi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 99,263
|percentage = 61.14
|change = -6.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jayesh Thakkar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 57,728
|percentage = 35.56
|change = +8.89
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,535
|percentage = 25.58
|change = -15.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,348
|percentage = 68.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Yogesh Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 87,589
|percentage = 67.40
|change = -7.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Purnima Mehta
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 34,666
|percentage = 26.67
|change = +2.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Pawar
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 3,630
|percentage = 2.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dinesh Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,823
|percentage = 1.4
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Prakash Shah (GEB)
|party = IND
|votes = 1,527
|percentage = 1.17
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nilesh Patel
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 726
|percentage = 0.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 40.73
|change = -10.03
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,29,961
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Yogesh Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 95,863
|percentage = 75.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rameshbhai Ambalal Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,309
|percentage = 24.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41535
|percentage = 50.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,04,193
|percentage = 64.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.3|73.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Dina Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:16Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added Basic Entry V1 - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dina Nagar
| map_image = 5-Dina Nagar.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 5
| mla = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:192562}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Dina Nagar''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency covering [[Dina Nagar]] in [[Gurdaspur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jai Muni
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gian Chand
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|Jai Muni
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
|Krishna Kumar
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
|Roop Rani
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Sita Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=3| [[Aruna Chaudhary]]<ref name=election2017/>
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=3| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Dina Nagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Aruna Chaudhary]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes=51,133|percentage=36.60|change={{decrease}}19.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Shamsher Singh (politician)|Shamsher Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Punjab Election 2022: Complete List of AAP Candidates, Check Names HERE|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=www.india.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122030948/https://www.india.com/news/india/punjab-election-2022-complete-list-of-aap-candidates-check-names-announced-5198549/ |archive-date=22 January 2022 }}</ref>|votes=50,002|percentage=35.79|change={{increase}}27.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Renu Kashyap]]|votes=20,560|percentage=14.72|change={{decrease}}16.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kamaljeet Chawla|votes=15,534|percentage=11.12|change={{increase}}10.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kulwant Singh|votes=1,584|percentage=1.11|change={{decrease}}3.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=931|percentage=0.67|change={{decrease}}0.28}}
{{Election box majority|votes=1,131|percentage=0.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=139,708|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:192562}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Dina Nagar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/10|title= Dina Nagar Assembly election result, 2017|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|votes = 72,176
|percentage = 55.82
|change = {{increase}}2.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishan Dass
|votes = 40,259
|percentage = 31.14
|change = {{decrease}}11.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Joginder Singh
|votes = 10,258
|percentage = 7.93
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,231
|percentage = 0.95
|change = --
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,917
|percentage = 24.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 130,525
|percentage = 71.80
|change = {{decrease}}2.26
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:181776 }}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Dina Nagar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/10|title= Dina Nagar Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2012/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2012 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|votes = 65,993
|percentage = 52.91
|change = {{increase}}5.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishan Dass
|votes = 53,066
|percentage = 42.55
|change = {{decrease}}5.59
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,927
|percentage = 10.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 124,717
|percentage = 74.06
|change = {{increase}}1.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Dina Nagar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/10|title= Dina Nagar Assembly election result, 2007|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sita Ram
|votes = 49,173
|percentage = 48.14
|change = {{increase}}3.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|votes = 48,331
|percentage = 47.32
|change = {{decrease}}0.73
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 842
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 102,126
|percentage = 74.06
|change = {{increase}}8.96
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|32.14|75.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Kunjaban Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:31:01Z

JacksonCazaly4: Adding some pg initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kunjaban
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 20,929
| mla = Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kunjaban''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunjaban<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Bhattacharya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,033 |percentage=52.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanu Ghosh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,633 |percentage=41.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nepal Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=5.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,400 |percentage=10.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,427 |percentage=65.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,929 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.863|91.290|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Kamlakant Rajbhar

2026-04-10T04:02:56Z

JacksonCazaly4: Adding some info w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamlakant Rajbhar
| office1 = Member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Didarganj Assembly constituency|Didarganj Constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sukhdev Rajbhar]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|7|10}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Sukhdev Rajbhar
| mother = Sumitra Devi
| spouse = Mridu Rajbhar
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
}}
'''Kamlakant Rajbhar''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Didarganj Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla1">{{cite web |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/en/web/guest/member?memberId=12795 |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="upla2">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18350/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="on">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/kamlakant-rajbhar/ |title=Kamlakant Rajbhar, SP MLA from Didarganj |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="upla1"></ref><ref name="upla2"></ref><ref name="on"></ref>

==Early life==

Kamlakant Rajbhar was born on 10 July 1986 in [[Azamgarh]] to a [[Hindu]] [[Rajbhar]] family of Sukhdev Rajbhar and Sumitra Devi.<ref name="upla2"></ref> He married Mridu Rajbhar on 3 December 2007.<ref name="upla2"></ref>

==Education==

Kamlakant Rajbhar completed his education at [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]], Kanpur, with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4420 |title=Kamalkant(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- DIDARGANJ(AZAMGARH) |publisher=myneta.inf |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbhar, Kamlakant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Aneesha Cleetus

2026-04-06T14:43:13Z

JacksonCazaly4: put up first article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian basketball player (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

'''Aneesha Cleetus''' (born 11 October 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Aneesha Cleetus (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/249453-aneesha-cleetus |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Kerala]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a center. She plays for Kerala and [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] teams in the domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Women's Squad - KSEB |url=https://kseb.in/sbuarticledetail/eyJpdiI6IlI1cXhIRnJlQ1BnZVNEWHIzZUpaTXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTlliU2ZPN21zRDU2T2VMcHZ6Y1BYZz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzIyNjU3Nzk2ZjljMGVjMWJkNTJiZGI4MDY1NTAzN2I0ZWUxNjQzZTc3M2RiN2U3ZjEyMjE3NTQ4ZDcyN2UxMyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6IkVZNkFtdEt6d1hGSkRQQ3BVOVE2d1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZXM2VExPVzFFMFh1VS93YjlLQmZOdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZmE0MDIwN2VjMDAxZjhmZTIwM2FjNDNlNjI2MjIwOThiYjc2YTZlZjA2M2I2NGFkNGUwMWJjYmUwNTFjNjc0ZCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=kseb.in}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Cleetus is from [[Kottayam]], Kerala. In 2019, she made her senior India debut in FIBA Women's Olympic Pre-Qualifying Asian tournament.

In February 2025, she was part of the Indian team for the [[2025 SABA Women's Championship|3rd South Asian Basketball Association Women's Championship]] qualifiers at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreekala to lead Team India in SABA qualifiers, two other Keralites in squad |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2025/02/20/saba-qualifiers-three-kerala-basketball-players-india-squad-sreekala-captain.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=OnManorama.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Andre |date=23 February 2025 |title=Indian basketball team opens campaign with 113-32 win over Nepal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saba-women-championship-2025-basketball-india-vs-nepal-match-report |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> The Indian team played [[Maldives women's national football team results|Maldives]] and [[Nepal women's national football team|Nepal]] for a berth in the [[FIBA Women's Asia Cup|FIBA women's Asia Cup]] and she played both the matches, and the final against Maldives, at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Nepal |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624275/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624277/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA LiveStats - Final - India vs. Maldives |url=https://fibalivestats.dcd.shared.geniussports.com/u/FASIA/2624278/bs.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=geniussports.com}}</ref>

She was part of the Kerala team which bagged the silver medal at the [[National Games of India|National Games]] 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=NATIONAL GAMES {{!}} Punjab men, Kerala women enter basketball semifinals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games-punjab-men-kerala-women-enter-basketball-semifinals/article69159784.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also played the 74th Senior National Basketball Championship as part of the silver winning Kerala women team.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-12 |title=National Championships: Tamil Nadu men, Railway women retain National basketball titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball/article69092554.ece |access-date=2025-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is also part of the 3x3 games and is ranked 21 in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBA.Basketball - 3x3 Cups, Aneesha Cleetus |url=https://fiba3x3.com/2024/asiacup/teams/84b05e8c-c661-4494-9ea7-067043fa5bfc/players/49fa0671-1ab1-4cce-9bc4-62e7ebff5073 |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=FIBA3x3.com}}</ref> She was selected to play the 7th FIBA 3x3 Asia Cup in March 2024 at Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Aneesha, Sreekala, Pranav from Kerala to attend FIBA Asia Cup |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/news/malayalis-to-attend-fiba-asia-cup-in-singapore-1.9421824 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleetus, Aneesha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]

Dnyaneshwar Mhatre

2026-04-04T20:28:51Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added First Pg V1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 3 February 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2=
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| prime_minister3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency = [[Konkan]] Division
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
| father =
| party =[[BJP]]
| other_party=
| sibling =
}}
'''Dnyaneshwar Barku Mhatre''' is a politician from the state of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing the constituency of [[Konkan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=MLC Elections: BJP's Dnyaneshwar Mhatre wins Konkan seat, Congress sweeps Vidarbha region |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mlc-elections-bjps-dnyaneshwar-mhatre-wins-konkan-seat-congress-sweeps-vidarbha-region |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Free Press Journal | date=2 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=BJP leader Dnyaneshwar Mhatre wins Konkan teachers constituency in Maharashtra Legislative Council polls|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/bjp-leader-dnyaneshwar-mhatre-wins-konkan-teachers-constituency-in-maharashtra-legislative-council/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mhatre, Dnyaneshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Natural Ice Cream

2026-03-28T00:14:12Z

JacksonCazaly4: created initial article initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Short description|Indian ice cream brand}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Natural Ice Cream
| logo = Natural IceCream Logo.png
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = [[Ice cream]]
| currentowner = Kamaths Ourtimes Ice Creams Pvt. Ltd.
| producedby =
| country = India
| introduced = 1984<ref>{{cite news |last1=Divekar |first1=Aditi |title=Naturals Ice Cream plans expansion, steps out of its comfort zone |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/naturals-ice-cream-plans-expansion-steps-out-of-its-comfort-zone-119012201306_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets = India
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline = Taste the Original
| website = {{url|http://naturalicecreams.in}}
| module = {{Infobox company|embed=yes|
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|374|c}} (FY24)
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|45|c}} (FY24)<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamaths Ourtimes Ice Creams Private Limited |url=https://www.crisilratings.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/KamathsOurtimesIceCreamsPrivateLimited_February%2025_%202025_RR_363724.html |publisher=CRISIL |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Natural Ice Cream''', [[doing business as]] '''Naturals''', is an Indian [[ice cream]] brand owned by [[Mumbai]]-based Kamaths Ourtimes Ice Creams Pvt. Ltd.<ref name="Daijiworld 2011">{{cite web | title=Mumbai: Natural Ice Cream Eyes UAE, Southeast Asia Entry | website=[[Daijiworld Media]] | date=5 December 2011 | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=123844 | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> It was founded by Raghunandan Srinivas Kamath who opened his first store in Mumbai in 1984.<ref name="300crore"/><ref name="economictimes 2012">{{cite web | title=How Raghunandan Kamath made Natural Ice Cream a 50 crore business | website=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 January 2012 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-09/news/30607651_1_natural-ice-cream-pav-bhaji-fruit-vendor | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112043127/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-09/news/30607651_1_natural-ice-cream-pav-bhaji-fruit-vendor | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 January 2012 | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|author=Aziz, Nuzhat|date=16 July 2008|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/today-passion-fruit/story-CO2nA6fDGpu8SEBgdLEj4J.html|title=Today: Passion fruit|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Recipe-for-Success-Century-and-more-for-Kamath-natural-ice-cream-king "Recipe for Success: Century and more for Kamath, natural ice cream king"]. FNB News.</ref>

The chain recorded a retail turnover of {{INR}}374 crore in the financial year 2024, up from {{INR}}115 [[crore]]s in 2015.<ref name="300crore">{{cite news |last1=Karelia |first1=Gopi |title=Naturals Ice Cream: How a Fruit Vendor's Son Built a Rs 300 Crore Empire |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/258947/naturals-icecream-order-online-fruit-vendor-raghunandan-kamath-success-story/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=[[The Better India]] |date=20 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/zcQDb4RstMwepF5y8bdWsM/Natural-to-invest-Rs5075-crores-to-add-100-icecream-parlou.html|title=Natural to invest Rs50-75 crores to add 100 ice-cream parlours|author=Suneera Tandon|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> The ice creams are manufactured by Kamaths Ourtimes Ice Creams Pvt. Ltd. and retailed by its subsidiary company Kamaths Natural Retail Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rating Rationale - Kamaths Ourtimes Ice Creams Private Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/Kamaths_Ourtimes_Ice_Creams_Private_Limited_December_05_2019_RR.html |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=CRISIL}}</ref>

There was rebranding effort in 2017, which established the ‘Taste the Original’ tagline, aimed to set it apart from similar named brands popping up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/natural-ice-creams-looks-to-add-another-125-stores-in-next-five-years/1444980/|title=Natural Ice Creams looks to add another 125 stores in next five years|date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

==Market==
As of April 2022, the chain has 18 directly owned stores and 119 [[franchising|franchised]] stores across 11 states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shobha |title=Naturals ice cream brand looks to expand its presence in south India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/naturals-ice-cream-brand-looks-to-expand-its-presence-in-south-india/article65286658.ece |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The stores are present in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[West Bengal]],<ref name="businesstoday.in"/> [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]],<ref name="TEC 2014"/> [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=J |first1=Ikshaa |title=Mumbai’s iconic Naturals Ice Cream launches in Chennai on KNK road |url=https://www.thehindu.com/food/dining/mumbais-iconic-naturals-ice-cream-launches-in-chennai-on-knk-road/article69637108.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=30 May 2025}}</ref> [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Successful, naturally! |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/successful-naturally.html |access-date=25 December 2022 |work=The Week}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zomato.com/ahmedabad/natural-ice-cream-navrangpura|title=Natural Ice Cream|work=Zomato|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="TEC 2014">{{cite web | title=Ice-cream company Natural to open its first store in Delhi by Diwali | website=The Economic Times | date=22 July 2014 | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-22/news/51882402_1_first-store-vadilal-inventory-levels | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724004442/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-22/news/51882402_1_first-store-vadilal-inventory-levels | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 July 2014 | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> and [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/natural-ice-cream-to-open-first-store-in-delhi-on-oct-15/|title=Natural ice cream to open first store in Delhi on Oct 15|date=10 October 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Natural ice cream eyes 100 outlets, opens first store in Delhi | website=News18 | date=15 October 2014 | url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/natural-ice-cream-eyes-100-outlets-opens-first-store-in-delhi-720358.html | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-04/news/68017220_1_dairy-products-natural-ice-cream-delhi-ncr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410213555/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-04/news/68017220_1_dairy-products-natural-ice-cream-delhi-ncr|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2016|title=Food & Grocery retailer iOrderFresh inks strategic tie-up with Natural Ice Cream in Delhi NCR|work=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Business Standard News 2014">{{cite news | title=Natural Ice Cream enters Delhi, to go national | website=[[Business Standard]] | date=15 October 2014 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/natural-ice-cream-enters-delhi-to-go-national-114101500822_1.html | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref>

==Production and trade==
The brand's only production facility is situated in [[Charkop]], a suburb of [[Kandivali]] in Mumbai, India.<ref name="Business Standard News 2014"/> The company supplies to its stores every day.<ref name="businesstoday.in">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/reporters-diary/natural-ice-cream-success-story/story/15462.html|title=The story behind Natural Ice Cream's success|magazine=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> The company spends less than 1% of its sales revenues on advertising, relying mainly on word of mouth to attain revenues.<ref name="TEC 2014"/>

After two years of foundation of the company , the brand launched an experiential concept store in [[Juhu]] named Naturals Now, which serves freshly churned ice cream straight out of the churner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agronfoodprocessing.com/|title=Agro & Food Processing, India's first News portal for food industry|website=Agro & Food Processing}}</ref>

==Products==
Starting with around 10 flavours, Natural Ice Cream has 125 flavour options, of which 20 are offered throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/298360/this-ice-cream-company-conquered-mithai-loving-indians-with-figs-and-custard-apples/|title=This ice cream company conquered mithai-loving Indians with figs and custard apples|author=Madhok, Diksha|date=20 November 2014|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|accessdate=11 May 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329104702/http://qz.com/298360/this-ice-cream-company-conquered-mithai-loving-indians-with-figs-and-custard-apples/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The set of flavours change according to seasons. Some of the seasonal flavors include [[litchi]], fig, [[jackfruit]], Muskmelon and watermelon.<ref name="Nair 2015">{{cite web | last=Nair | first=Roshni | title=(Ice) cream of the crop | website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=1 February 2015 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-ice-cream-of-the-crop-2057147 | accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> A custard apple flavor is also purveyed by the brand.<ref name="Nair 2015"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/how-this-idea-has-changed-mumbai/story-M1zjz0DGm9TXGg43to2q4L.html|title=How this idea has changed Mumbai|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 July 2008 |accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oneindiaonepeople.com/raghunandan-s-kamath-the-ice-cream-man/|title=Raghunandan S. Kamath: The ice-cream man|work=One India One People Foundation|date=March 2015 |accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 2006, the brand received Corporation Bank's National SME's Excellence Award in the Food and Agro Industry.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120526143728/http://www.naturalicecreams.in/company/pictures/media13.pdf "National SMEs Excellence Awards"]. Naturalicecreams.in.</ref> In February 2009, a Natural Ice Cream store located in the [[Juhu]] [[Vile Parle|Ville Parle]] Development scheme placed in the ''[[Limca Book of Records]]'' for the largest ice cream slab, which weighed 3,000 kilograms.<ref name="daijiworld.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=57292|date=27 February 2009|title=Natural Ice Cream Enters Limca Book of Records|publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> The brand was awarded as Best in Customer Service - Regional Retailer Of the Year in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://retail.franchiseindia.com/retailer-customer-service-awards/awards_winners.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142749/http://retail.franchiseindia.com/retailer-customer-service-awards/awards_winners.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2016|title=Retailer Customer Service Awards 2013|publisher=|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://retail.franchiseindia.com/magazine/2013/june/Recognising-the-best-in-Customer-Service.m64-1-10/ "Recognising the best in Customer Service"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004513/http://retail.franchiseindia.com/magazine/2013/june/Recognising-the-best-in-Customer-Service.m64-1-10/ |date=2 February 2017 }}. Indian Retailer. June 2013.</ref> In 2014, the brand received the gold medal for most innovative ice cream flavour (cucumber) in the Great Indian Ice Cream Contest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/heres-the-scoop-on-some-exciting-new-ice-cream-flavours/15115080|title=Here's the scoop on some exciting new ice-cream flavours|date=25 February 2014|work=[[Mid-Day]]|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Natural Ice Cream was awarded for home grown concept in food service by Coca-Cola Golden Spoon Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/02/25/retail/coca-cola-golden-spoon-awards-2016/|title=Coca Cola Golden Spoon Awards 2016|author=Indiaretailing Bureau|date=25 February 2016|work=Indiaretailing.com|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> and also received IMAGES Most Admired Food Service Chain of the Year in the Ice-cream & Dessert Parlours category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafoodforum.com/award/|title=Awards|work=India Food Forum|accessdate=11 May 2016}}</ref> It was named as India’s Top 10 brand for customer experience in a [[KPMG]] survey.<ref name="300crore"/>

==See also==
* [[List of ice cream brands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://naturalicecreams.in}}

[[Category:Ice cream brands]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ice cream parlors]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Priyanka Singh

2026-03-26T21:52:13Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added New Bio W/ Refs!

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Singh
| image = Priyanka Singh at an award Function.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|05|09}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj, Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Composer}}
| spouse =
| children =
| years_active = 2008 –present
| awards = [[#Awards & accolades|See below]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|Western Fusion|Bhojpuri Folk|[[Ghazals]]|[[Bhajans]]|[[Indian classical music|Classical]]|[[Electronic music|Electronic]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
}}
| signature =
| other names =
| website = https://thepriyankasingh.com/
}}

'''Priyanka Singh''' (born 9 May 1990) is an Indian playback singer and performer who is mainly active in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] [[Cinema of India|cinema]]. She made her singing debut on the reality show ''Sur Sangram'' ''Season - 1'', broadcast on Mahua Channel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sursangram.com/sur-sangram-all-winners/ | title=Sur Sangram All Winners List | सुर संग्राम सभी विजेताओं की सूची | date=30 August 2024 }}</ref> She has sung more than two thousand songs in Bhojpuri, Hindi and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/video/priyanka-singh-assamese-modern-video-song-nidra/376227 | title=Priyanka Singh Song: प्रियंका सिंह का नया गाना निद्रा रिलीज, यूट्यूब पर वायरल हुआ वीडियो | date=8 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/article/priyanka-singh-known-as-lata-mangeshkar-of-gopalganj-know-bhojpuri-singer-biography/331115 | title=गोपालगंज की लता मंगेशकर के नाम से मशहूर हैं भोजपुरी सिंगर प्रियंका सिंह, इस रियलटी शो से मिली थी शोहरत | date=25 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Sharma | first1=Ajay | url=https://starwikibio.com/priyanka-singh-bhojpuri-singer/ | title=Priyanka Singh age Wiki Bio, image, husband, song, photo - StarWiKiBio | work=StarWiKiBio | date=24 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11gslqnqbz&hl=en-IN&q=Priyanka+Singh | title=Priyanka Singh - Google Search }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Priyanka Singh won several musical competitions before her television debut at 19.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/videos/top-videos/exclusive-interview-of-bhojpuri-singer-priyanka-singh/jh20200717195000625 | title=भोजपुरी गायिका प्रियंका सिंह से ईटीवी भारत की खास बातचीत | date=17 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Career==
Singh started her YouTube channel, named Priyanka Singh Official.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs0C0WzPPFK8xDgHJ-Kn5rQ | title=Priyanka Singh Official - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesnowbihar.com/bhojpuri-western-folk-fusion-priyanka-singh-singer/ | title=भोजपुरी गानों में वेस्टर्न फ्यूजन लाने वाली पहली गायिका सुश्री प्रियंका सिंह | date=23 October 2021 | access-date=20 August 2022 | archive-date=2 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202144413/https://timesnowbihar.com/bhojpuri-western-folk-fusion-priyanka-singh-singer/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, she sung "Chalakata Humaro Jawaniya ye Raja" with singer and actor Pawan Singh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/bhojpuri/chhalakata-hamro-jawaniya-full-song-pawan-singh-kajal-raghwani-superhit-song/videoshow/88238191.cms | title=मूड हो जाई फ्रेश... एक बार फेर सुनी 'छलकत हमरो जवनिया ये राजा' }}</ref>

Singh works with [[Bollywood]] music directors and film-makers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/trending-viral/article/bhojpuri-singer-priyanaka-singh-bekhyali-song-cover-version/435093 | title=Times Now Navbharat: Hindi News, हिन्दी समाचार, हिंदी न्यूज़, Latest Hindi News, Breaking News }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/video/priyanka-singh-bhojpuri-bolbum-song-mor-jogiya-sawan-geet-viral/301524 | title=Priyanka Singh Bhojpuri Bolbum Song: प्र‍ियंका स‍िंह के भोजपुरी गाने 'मोर जोगिया' ने मचाई धूम | date=6 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Recognition==

In 2019 and 2020, she performed in Mainpaat Mahotsav of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesnowbihar.com/4th-times-play-back-singer-award-priyanka-singh/ | title=चौथी बार सर्वश्रेष्ठ पार्शवगायिका का अवार्ड बिहार की बेटी प्रियंका सिंह को मिला | date=3 December 2021 | access-date=20 August 2022 | archive-date=13 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213064047/https://timesnowbihar.com/4th-times-play-back-singer-award-priyanka-singh/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/film/article/priyanka-singh-bags-best-female-playback-singer-award-at-ibfa-singapore/273067 | title=प्रियंका सिंह को मिला Ibfa का बेस्ट प्लेबैक सिंगर अवार्ड, बोलीं-ऐसे सम्मान से बढ़ता है हौसला | date=18 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/article/bhojpuri-singer-priyanka-singh-bags-best-female-playback-singer-award-for-bhojpuri-song-patar-patar-pan-ke-danti/375297 | title=Patar Patar Pan Ke Danti Song: प्रियंका सिंह को बेस्ट फीमेल प्लेबैक सिंगर का अवार्ड, इस भोजपुरी गाने के लिए मिला सम्‍मान | date=2 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Bhojpuri Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Song
! Film
! Composer
! Co-singer
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|"Daal De Kewadi Mein Killi"
| rowspan="4" |[[Balam Ji Love You]]
|
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|-
|"Body Jakad Gayil Ba"
|
|
|-
|"Adhaai Baje"
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|-
|"Tohre Kaaranwa Raat Bhar Jagal Rahile"
|
|-
|"''Lasar Fasar Bhail Ba Mizaj''"
|[[Channa Jor Garam]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2025
|"''Sautiniya"''
| rowspan="3" |[[Mere Husband Ki Shadi Hai]]
|
|Alka Jha, Om Jha
|-
|" ''Dil Ke Ghaat Par"''
|
|
|-
|"''Batiya Maan la Piya''"
|
|
|-
|"''Dil Ke Bhitariya''"
|[[Rishtey (2025 film)|Rishtey]]
|
|[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]
|-
|"''Ha Pagla Koi Deewan''"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jugal Master]]
|
|
|-
|"''Sonha Sonha''"
|
|Akshat Jha
|-
|"''SAATH SAATH CHALAB HAR KADAM"''
|[[Priya Beauty Parlour]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri musicians]]
[[Category:Singers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language singers]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Assamese-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Bhatenda

2026-03-25T23:50:33Z

JacksonCazaly4: put up new entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhatenda
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = [[West Bengal]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.632167|N|88.489344|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 22.632167,88.489344
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.1086
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,349
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700135
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03174
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-23, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-24, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-25, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rajarhat New Town (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajarhat New Town]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhatenda''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Rajarhat (community development block)|Rajarhat]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bidhannagar subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=520| height=400| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|22|36|0|N|88|28|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bidhannagar subdivision, North 24 Parganas''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: facilities Abbreviation: UEM - University of Engineering & Management Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|35|58|N|88|27|30|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ghuni | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ghuni]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|38|5|N|88|29|21|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2= Bhatenda| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhateda]] (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|36|48|N|88|29|39|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basina| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Basina, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|29|36|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Bishnupur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bishnupur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|36|40|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Chandpur |labela5= Champagachhi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chandpur Champagachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|35|55|N|88|27|58|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jatragachhi | numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jatragachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|38|14|N|88|28|23|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Raigachhi | numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Raigachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|37|5|N|88|28|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Rekjuani | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Rekjuani]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|36|16|N|88|27|8|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Sulanggari | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Sulanggari]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|34|48|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Bidhannagar| numbered10=M| mark-title10=[[Bidhannagar]] (M) | shape-color10= #800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Aliah University| numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[Aliah University]] (F) |shape-color11=#967117
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|33|42|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= St. Xavier's University| numbered12=F| mark-title12= [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color12=#967117
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|57|42|N|88|32|39|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= MAKAUT| numbered13=F| mark-title13= [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (F) |shape-color13=#967117
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|33|27|N|88|29|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= UEM| numbered14=F| mark-title14= [[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color14=#967117
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|40|N|88|29|7|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Amity University| numbered15=F| mark-title15= [[Amity University, Kolkata]] (F) |shape-color15=#967117
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|21|N|88|28|1|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Eco Park| numbered16=T|shape-color16= #74C365| mark-title16= [[New Town Eco Park]] (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|37|0|N|88|30|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Rajarhat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rajarhat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|35|30|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= New Town| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[New Town, Kolkata]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|38|0|N|88|32|40|E}} | label19= Bidyadhari |labela19 =River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Location===
Bhatenda is located at {{coord|22.632167|N|88.489344|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Rajarhat, a rural area earlier, adjacent to Kolkata, is being transformed into an upmarket satellite township, with modern business hubs, luxury real estate and eye-catching shopping malls. With enormous construction activity taking place all around, things are changing fast, leaving behind a description at any given point of time as outdated in no time.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/5472 | title = Politics of a Transformative Rural: Development, Dispossession and Changing Caste-Relations in West Bengal, India | journal= Ritanjan das| year = 2019 | publisher = Open edition journals, 21/2019 | doi = 10.4000/samaj.5472 |accessdate = 22 June 2021 | last1 = Das | first1 = Ritanjan | issue = 21 | s2cid = 203483548 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Bidhannagar subdivision consists of [[Bidhannagar|Bidhannagar Municipality]], Mahishbathan II Gram Panchayat and [[Rajarhat|Rajarhat-Gopalpur Municipality]] (subsequently merged to form [[Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation]] since 2015), including Nabadiganta Industrial Township (Bidhannagar Sector - V) and [[Rajarhat (Community development block)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC Profile|url=http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/bmc-profile|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807111508/http://www.bmcwbgov.in/index.php/about-us/bmc-profile|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Change of guard|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/change-of-guard/cid/1471266}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://north24parganas.gov.in/pdf/notice%20220615.pdf|title=Notification No. 401/MA/O/C4/1A-12/2012 dated 18 Jun 2015|access-date=11 May 2018|publisher=Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726060058/http://north24parganas.gov.in/pdf/notice%20220615.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhatenda had a total population of 6,349, of which 3,231 (51%) were males and 3,116 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 542. The total number of literate persons in Bhatenda was 5,419 (93.32% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1911_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, North Twnty Four Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 323767, pages 38-39|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, North Twenty Four Parganas'', 2011, Bhatenda covered an area of 1.1086 km2. The protected water-supply involved tap water from treated sources, tank, pond, lake. It had 639 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities, it had 4 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary schools, 3 senior secondary schools. The nearest college was 5 km away at Gopalpur. It had 3 recognised shorthand, typewriting and vocational training institutions. Among the social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/community hall, 1 public library. It had branch offices of 1 nationalised bank and 1 cooperative bank.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 16 June 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Rekjoani Rural Hospital at [[Rekjuani]] with 30 beds functions as the main medical facility in Rajarhat CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Tiger Nageswara Rao

2026-03-23T16:46:01Z

JacksonCazaly4: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|2023 film by Vamsee}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tiger Nageswara Rao
| image = Tiger Nageswara Rao (2023).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vamsee
| writer = Vamsee Srikanth Vissa
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Srikanth Vissa
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Abhishek Agarwal
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Anupam Kher]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Renu Desai]] [[Nupur Sanon]] [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] [[Hareesh Peradi]] [[Sudev Nair]] [[Murali Sharma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = Abhishek Agarwal Arts
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|10|20}}
| runtime = 182 minutes<ref name=r1>{{Cite web|title=Tiger Nageswara Rao & Its Lengthy Runtime!|url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/262876/tiger-nageswara-rao-its-lengthy-runtime#:~:text=%E2%80%9CTiger%20Nageswara%20Rao%E2%80%9D%20is%20set%20to%20run%20for%203%20hours,is%20usually%20against%20the%20trend.|url-status=live|website=Gulte.com| date=11 October 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013081910/https://www.gulte.com/movienews/262876/tiger-nageswara-rao-its-lengthy-runtime#:~:text=%E2%80%9CTiger%20Nageswara%20Rao%E2%80%9D%20is%20set%20to%20run%20for%203%20hours,is%20usually%20against%20the%20trend.}}{{Cite web|title=Shocking Runtime locked for Tiger Nageswara Rao?|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/shocking-runtime-locked-for-tiger-nageswara-rao.html|url-status=live|website=123telugu|date=11 October 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023|archive-date=13 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013081911/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/shocking-runtime-locked-for-tiger-nageswara-rao.html}}</ref> 157 minutes (trimmed version)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tiger-nageswara-rao-box-office-collection-day-2-ravi-teja-and-nupur-sanons-film-records-a-dip-mints-rs-11-crore-amid-reports-of-trimmed-cut-8994389/#:~:text=The%20filmmakers%20have%20reportedly%20trimmed,2%20hours%20and%2037%20minutes.|title=Tiger Nageswara Rao box office collection day 2: Ravi Teja and Nupur Sanon's film records a dip, mints Rs 11 crore amid reports of trimmed cut|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=22 October 2023|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022085420/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tiger-nageswara-rao-box-office-collection-day-2-ravi-teja-and-nupur-sanons-film-records-a-dip-mints-rs-11-crore-amid-reports-of-trimmed-cut-8994389/#:~:text=The%20filmmakers%20have%20reportedly%20trimmed,2%20hours%20and%2037%20minutes.|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|55}} crore<ref>{{cite news|title=Did Ravi Teja's 'Tiger Nageswara Rao' fetch a whopping Rs 55 crores in theatrical rights?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-fetch-a-whopping-rs-55-crores-in-theatrical-rights/articleshow/103801724.cms?from=mdr|website=[[The Times of India]]| date=20 September 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017103649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-ravi-tejas-tiger-nageswara-rao-fetch-a-whopping-rs-55-crores-in-theatrical-rights/articleshow/103801724.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = ₹48 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao Total WW Collections! |url=https://t2blive.com/tiger-nageswara-rao-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Tiger Nageswara Rao''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu-language period]] [[action film|action thriller film]] written and directed by Vamsee and produced by Abhishek Agarwal. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]] in the [[title role]] alongside [[Anupam Kher]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Nupur Sanon]], [[Renu Desai]] (in her comeback role), [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Sudev Nair]] and [[Murali Sharma]]. The music was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] with cinematography by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] and editing by [[R. Madhi]].

The film released worldwide theatrically on 20 October 2023 to mixed reviews from critics <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title='Tiger Nageswara Rao' movie review and release LIVE Updates: Tiger Nageswara Rao gets positive reviews from fans! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-box-office-collection-release-live-updates-tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-teja-nupur-sanon-john-abraham-karthik-sivakumar/liveblog/104557593.cms |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020070925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-box-office-collection-release-live-updates-tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-teja-nupur-sanon-john-abraham-karthik-sivakumar/liveblog/104557593.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and became a [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
[[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB Officer]] Raghavendra Rajput convenes a meeting with [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Viswanath Sastry, Delhi Police Commissioner Singh, VIP Security Officer Anuj Gupta, and the Prime Minister's personal security head Vikram Choudhary to discuss Tiger Nageswara Rao, a notorious thief who dominated Stuartpuram in the 1970s.

In 1956, a young Nagi lives in poverty under Yelamanda, a powerful gangster controlling Stuartpuram. When Yelamanda refuses to pay his father extra wages, Nagi and his father rob him. When his father urges him to return the money, Nagi kills him instead. Years later, Nagi is trained by Gajjala Prasad, the region's criminal mentor. Yelamanda becomes an MLA, with his younger brother Kasi running the local operations. During an auction, businessman Angee Seth asks for help stealing a tobacco consignment. Kasi refuses, but Nagi accepts and burns down the ship to retrieve it, earning notoriety.

Nagi develops a relationship with a prostitute, Jayavani, leading to a violent altercation with Circle Inspector Mouli, whom Nagi blinds in one eye. Later, Nagi meets a college student, Sara, and falls in love. When Kasi kidnaps Sara over her family's debts, Nagi rescues her, declaring his control over both her and Stuartpuram. However, when they plan to elope, Kasi and the police ambush them. Sara, humiliated, slaps Nagi and leaves, but accidentally dies after being hit by a train.

Nagi is later imprisoned for refusing to reveal the location of smuggled gold but escapes after 14 years, killing Yelamanda's men and Kasi in revenge. Soon after, Rajput receives a threat from Nagi claiming he will rob the PM's residence within 48 hours. During heightened security, Nagi disguises himself as the PM, successfully deceiving the team. The real PM orders Nagi to have an immediate encounter.

Rajput visits Prasad, who explains that Nagi, despite his crimes, worked to improve Stuartpuram. In flashbacks, Nagi defends a young boy mistreated for being from the village, vows to end the corrupt annual auctions, and encourages education through a local teacher. He also redistributes flood relief that Yelamanda intended to steal, earning villagers’ respect. Nagi plans to establish a tobacco factory to provide employment but lacks the necessary funds and government approval, prompting him to commit a gold heist.

When Kasi tortures Nagi's friends to learn the gold's location, Yaari finally reveals it after witnessing a woman named Manga's brutal death. Enraged, Nagi kills Kasi and impales Yelamanda. He later reconnects with his childhood friend Mani and marries her. However, Yelamanda survives and conspires with Mouli to eliminate Nagi. Mani becomes pregnant but is tortured by Mouli until social reformer [[Hemalatha Lavanam]] intervenes. Hemalatha persuades Nagi to reform himself before helping the village, promising to legalize the tobacco factory if he surrenders. Although Nagi refuses, her efforts begin transforming Stuartpuram.

As Mouli kills Nagi's friends, Hemalatha submits the factory permit, but Yelamanda tries to block it. Mani gives birth to twins while Nagi plans a bank robbery to fund the project. During the heist, Mouli's men ambush Nagi's group, killing his companion. Nagi is wounded but destroys his pursuers with explosives. Rajput petitions the PM to reconsider, and Hemalatha agrees to represent Nagi legally.

Meanwhile, Nagi's ally betrays him to Mouli in exchange for his life, leading to Nagi's capture. Jayavani realizes too late that she has helped hand over Nagi. At Yelamanda's factory, Yelamanda boasts that the tobacco project has been canceled. Still, a phone call informs him that he has been dismissed from his party and that the factory will proceed, recognizing Nagi's humanitarian efforts. After a brutal fight, Nagi strangles Yelamanda to death but is shot by Mouli, whom he manages to kill before dying. The villagers and Hemalatha arrive as Nagi, fatally wounded, entrusts his wife and children's future to her before succumbing to his wounds.

In the epilogue, it is revealed that the young Nagi killed his father as a child at the latter's own request, believing one death could save many lives. Rajput salutes Nagi's grave, declaring his legacy will live on. A young boy walking to school meets a man who turns out to be Nagi, symbolizing the continuation of his spirit.

The end credits display events from the life of the real Tiger Nageswara Rao.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Tiger Nageswara Rao "Nagi"
* [[Anupam Kher]] as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB Officer]] Raghavendra Rajput
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Mouli
* [[Murali Sharma]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Vishwanath Sastry
* [[Gayatri Bhardwaj]] as Mani, Nagi's wife
* [[Nupur Sanon]] as Sara, Nagi's love interest
* [[Renu Desai]] as [[Hemalatha Lavanam]], social reformer
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Yelamanda
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Kasi, Yelamanda’s younger brother
* [[Anukreethy Vas]] as Jayavani, Nagi's admirer and Jaya Rao’s love interest
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Gajjala Prasad, Nagi’s trainer
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Nagi’s father
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Angee Seth, businessman
* Jwala Koti as Yelamanda's right hand
* Kancharlapalem Kishore as Yaari, Nagi’s right-hand
* Praveen Dacharam as Jaya Rao, Nagi’s friend
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Schoolteacher
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]] as Mani's father
* Meesai Rajendranath as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Ponnu Saamy
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Besant Nagar Ravi
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In December 2017, Vamsee stated that he wanted to make a [[biographical film]] of Tiger Nageswara Rao, a thief who lived in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-21 |title=Stuartpuram thief Tiger Nageswara Rao's life to come alive on screen |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/stuartpuram-thief-tiger-nageswara-raos-life-to-come-alive-on-screen/articleshow/62181048.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104140902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/stuartpuram-thief-tiger-nageswara-raos-life-to-come-alive-on-screen/articleshow/62181048.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In early March 2018, [[Rana Daggubati]] was reported to portray the role of Tiger Nageswara Rao.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-06 |title=Rana Daggubati to do a biopic on Tiger Nageswara Rao? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-to-do-a-biopic-on-tiger-nageswara-rao/articleshow/63188709.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the sources were dismissed as in early June, [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] was reported to portray the role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-09 |title=Nani to play Tiger Nageswara Rao in upcoming biopic? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-to-play-tiger-nageswara-rao-in-upcoming-biopic/articleshow/64521626.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nani-to-play-tiger-nageswara-rao-in-upcoming-biopic/articleshow/64521626.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> but were later dismissed as in late April 2021, it was reported that Vamsee had met [[Ravi Teja]] in [[Hyderabad]], while Teja was filming for [[Khiladi (2022 film)|'' Khiladi'']] (2022), and narrated a script which impressed the actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-26 |title=Ravi Teja to team up with ''Kittu Unnadu Jagratha'' director Vamsi Krishna? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-to-team-up-with-kittu-unnadu-jagratha-director-vamsi-krishna/articleshow/82255505.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822124851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-to-team-up-with-kittu-unnadu-jagratha-director-vamsi-krishna/articleshow/82255505.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it was unclear whether it was the script of Tiger Nageswara Rao or a new script. On 3 November, a public announcement was made by[Abhishek Agarwal, who is producing the project under the banner Abhishek Agarwal Arts. The announcement further stated that the title is Tiger Nageswara Rao, confirming it to be the biological film, [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] would compose the score, while [[R. Madhi]] and [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] would handle the cinematography and editing, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-03 |title=GV Prakash on-board for Ravi Teja's period action film Tiger Nageswara Rao |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gv-prakash-on-board-for-ravi-tejas-period-action-film-tiger-nageswara-rao/articleshow/87504184.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103084238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gv-prakash-on-board-for-ravi-tejas-period-action-film-tiger-nageswara-rao/articleshow/87504184.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] of the film began on 2022 at a place of five acres near [[Shamshabad]] of [[Telangana]] and filming started in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Teja's 'Tiger Nageswara Rao': Massive Set Worth Rs 7 Crore Erected For The Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/massive-set-worth-rs-7-crore-erected-for-ravi-teja-s-tiger-nageswara-rao--news-191804 |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=16 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145009/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/massive-set-worth-rs-7-crore-erected-for-ravi-teja-s-tiger-nageswara-rao--news-191804 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao: Ravi Teja resumes filming for Vamsee's biographical film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tiger-nageswara-rao-ravi-teja-resumes-filming-for-vamsees-biographical-film/articleshow/101592439.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 August 2023 |date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tiger-nageswara-rao-ravi-teja-resumes-filming-for-vamsees-biographical-film/articleshow/101592439.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the shooting of the film, Ravi Teja was injured in an action scene and resumed filming after recovering from injury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Teja Injured On The Sets Of 'Tiger Nageswara Rao' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ravi-teja-injured-on-the-sets-of-tiger-nageswara-rao--news-202847 |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=16 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145015/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ravi-teja-injured-on-the-sets-of-tiger-nageswara-rao--news-202847 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nupur Sanon and [[Anupam Kher]] joined the filming in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Sanon joins pan India film 'Tiger Nageswara Rao' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/nupur-sanon-joins-pan-india-film-tiger-nageswara-rao/896948/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[ThePrint]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145018/https://theprint.in/feature/nupur-sanon-joins-pan-india-film-tiger-nageswara-rao/896948/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |title=Anupam Kher joins the cast of Ravi Teja's Tiger Nageswara Rao. First look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anupam-kher-joins-the-cast-of-ravi-teja-s-tiger-nageswara-rao-first-look-out-1982948-2022-08-02 |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145009/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anupam-kher-joins-the-cast-of-ravi-teja-s-tiger-nageswara-rao-first-look-out-1982948-2022-08-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film team wrapped off in July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Sanon Wraps Up Pan-India Film Tiger Nageswara Rao |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/nupur-sanon-wraps-up-pan-india-film-tiger-nageswara-rao-2636143.html |access-date=17 August 2023 |work=[[Zee News]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=16 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145009/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/nupur-sanon-wraps-up-pan-india-film-tiger-nageswara-rao-2636143.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The music of the film is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The first single titled "Ek Dum Ek Dum" was released on 5 September 2023. The second single titled "Veedu" was released on 21 September 2023. The third single titled "Icchesukuntaale" was released on 12 December 2023.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Tiger Nageswara Rao
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| released = 2023
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:14
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Japan (2023 film)|Japan]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Tiger Nageswara Rao
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Ek Dum Ek Dum
| single1date = 5 September 2023
| single2 = Veedu
| single2date = 21 September 2023
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ek Dum Ek Dum
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Veedu
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Anurag Kulkarni
| length2 = 3:18
| title3 = Icchesukuntaale
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra3 = Sinduri Vishal
| length3 = 4:36
}}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The film was released on 20 October 2023, along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, and Malayalam languages.

===Home media===
The film's digital rights were bought by [[Amazon Prime Video]] in all languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ravi-tejas-71st-film-titled-tiger-nageswara-rao-to-release-in-five-languages/6bafcdc7b1337|title=Ravi Teja's 71st film titled Tiger Nageswara Rao, to release in five languages|website=[[OTT Play]]|date=3 November 2021|access-date=28 August 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828135331/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ravi-tejas-71st-film-titled-tiger-nageswara-rao-to-release-in-five-languages/6bafcdc7b1337|url-status=live}}</ref> On the platform, the film was premiered on 17 November 2023 in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 November 2023 |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao out on OTT: Where to stream Ravi Teja's action drama online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tiger-nageswara-rao-out-on-ott-where-to-stream-ravi-tejas-action-drama-online/e483dcca22587 |website=ottplay.com}}</ref>

The Hindi version was trimmed to 144 minutes and released on YouTube, where it received high viewership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/trimmed-hindi-version-of-tiger-nageswara-rao-gets-solid-reach-on-youtube.html|title=Trimmed Hindi version of Tiger Nageswara Rao gets solid reach on YouTube|website=[[123Telugu.com]]|access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=20|count=5|average=6|ref=yes}}

Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "''Tiger Nageswara Rao'' has big ambitions, but the heart of the film is not in the right place. The result is a movie that is not convincing enough."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bandi |first=Raghu |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao movie review: This Ravi Teja-starrer is a middling affair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-this-ravi-teja-starrer-is-a-middling-affair-8992148/ |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "‘Tiger Nageswara Rao’ needed more punch to keep the audience glued to their seats throughout the film. Had the team concentrated on the film's pacing, it could have achieved the desired impact.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-tejas-film-drowns-due-to-overlong-script-2451670-2023-10-20 |title='Tiger Nageswara Rao' Review: Ravi Teja's film drowns due to overlong script - India Today |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133358/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-tejas-film-drowns-due-to-overlong-script-2451670-2023-10-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "Ravi Teja Starrer Loses Focus And Wanders All Over The Place".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-ravi-teja-starrer-loses-focus-and-wanders-all-over-the-place-8626599.html |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao Movie Review: Ravi Teja Starrer Loses Focus and Wanders All over the Place |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075738/https://www.news18.com/movies/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-ravi-teja-starrer-loses-focus-and-wanders-all-over-the-place-8626599.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film with 1.5/5 stars and wrote "presenting a sensitive subject in a commercial format without nuance results in Tiger Nageswara Rao ending up as a lousy film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-tejas-film-portrays-a-sensitive-subject-without-nuance |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao review: Ravi Teja's film portrays a sensitive subject without nuance |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075738/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-ravi-tejas-film-portrays-a-sensitive-subject-without-nuance |url-status=live }}</ref> Mayur Sanap of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film with 1/5 stars and wrote "Despite Ravi Teja's relentless energy, the drama is bogged down by the tedious emotional beats in its dramatic moments. In its final stretch, when the film wants you to be moved, you only feel exasperated.".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-exasperating/20231020.htm |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao Review: Exasperating! |access-date=20 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021075740/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tiger-nageswara-rao-review-exasperating/20231020.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie was reviewed by the Telugu newspaper ''[[Eenadu]]'' and they observed that, with the exception of a few scenes, the overall quality of the film falls short of expectations.<ref name="Eenadu">{{cite web |last1=Eenadu |first1=Eenadu |title=Tiger Nageswara Rao Movie Review: రివ్యూ: టైగర్‌ నాగేశ్వరరావు.. రవితేజ ఖాతాలో హిట్‌ పడిందా? |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/123194086 |website=EENADU |access-date=26 October 2023 |ref=Eenadu |language=te |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025193101/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/tiger-nageswara-rao-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/123194086 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt9688874}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]

Swami Sadananda

2026-03-20T17:37:15Z

JacksonCazaly4: Started The Article W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Hindu sage}}
{{for|the German Gaudiya Vaishnava|Sadananda Das}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Swami Sadananda
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| image = Swami Sadananda, direct disicple of Swami Vivekananda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Swami Sadananda, the direct monastic disciple of Swami Vivekananda
| birth_name = Sharat Chandra Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1865|01|06|}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1911|02|18|1865|01|06}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[India]]
| other_names = Gupta Maharaj
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Monk
| years_active =
| known_for = Spiritual work
| notable_works =
| style =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}
'''Swami Sadananda''' (6 January 1865 - 18 February 1911), born '''Sharat Chandra Gupta''', popularly known as '''Gupta Maharaj''' in the [[Ramakrishna Order]], was a direct monastic disciple of [[Swami Vivekananda]].<ref name="Life of Swami Vivekananda">{{cite book|last=Virajananda|first=Swami|title=Life of Swami Vivekananda by His Eastern and Western Disciples|date=1947|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788180902253|page=186}}</ref> He was the first disciple according to some sources.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banhatti|first=Gopal Shrinivas|title=Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda|date=1989|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi}}</ref> He took his monastic vows and joined [[Baranagar Math]] to serve the other disciples of [[Sri Ramakrishna]] in 1888–89 and subsequently joined the Belur Math when it was established.<Ref Name ="Life of Swami Vivekananda"/> He was one of the leaders of early [[Ramakrishna Mission]] in its relief work. One of his significant contributions was providing relief to the citizens of Calcutta during the plague epidemic of 1898–99.<ref name="Early History of Ramakrishna Movement">{{cite book|last=Prabhananda|first=Swami|title=The Early History of Ramakrishna Movement|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Chennai|isbn=817823226X|page=350}}</ref> He traveled to Japan in 1903. His later days were spent in company of [[Sister Nivedita]] as her protector and guide. His notable contribution in the later part of his life was preaching the message of Swami Vivekananda, especially among youth.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda">{{cite book|last=Abjajananda|first=Swami|title=Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda|date=2003|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|isbn=9788175052468|page=223}}</ref>

==Early years==
Sharat Chandra Gupta was born in Calcutta on 6 January 1865. In 1868, his parents migrated to Jaunpur, near Varanasi. His father's name was Jadunath Gupta. Being brought up in North India, Sharat Chandra developed proficiency in the Hindi and Urdu languages, although his mother tongue was Bengali. His elder brother Adharchandra Gupta had renounced worldly life and become a monk. Sharat Chandra possessed a strong physique and a generous nature.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> He accepted a job with the railways and was posted as a station master in Hathras railway station. There he first met the wandering monk who would become his guru.

==With Swami Vivekananda==
Sometime in September 1888 Swami Vivekananda, then an unknown itinerant monk, was travelling from Vrindavan to Haridwar and decided to take a train from Hathras. While he was waiting for the train, the station master of Hathras, Sharat Chandra Gupta, took notice of him and invited him to his quarters.<ref name="The Living Vedanta">{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Badrinath|title=Vivekananda The Living Vedanta|date=2006|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=9780143062097|page=123}}</ref>
In the words of [[Swami Virajananda]], Sharat Chandra was enchanted by Swami Vivekananda's fascinating appearance and particularly his "devilish eyes".<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda"/> Another account asserts that Sharat Chandra Gupta saw the monk sitting in a railway compartment and, being captivated by the bright eyes of the latter, entreated him to get down and be his guest as he had dreamed of those eyes.<ref>Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda, by Sister Christine, Advaita Ashrama, 3rd Edition, p 181</ref> When Swami Vivekananda had asked Sharat as to what he had to offer as food to the guest, the latter replied quoting from a Persian poem, "Oh Beloved, you have come to my house, I shall prepare the most delicious dish for you with the flesh of my heart."<ref name="Life of Swami Vivekananda"/> When Swami was about to take his leave, he initiated Sharat Chandra on the latter's request. Sharat Chanadra accompanied Swami Vivekananda in his journey, and together they traveled to Rishikesh. The journey was strenuous for Sharat Chandra and at one point Swami Vivekananda carried his belongings, including his heavy boots, which Sadananda remembered throughout his life.<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/reminiscences/146_sc.htm Reminiscences of Sister Christine]</ref> They had to give up the plan of further travel owing to illness and returned together to Hathras. From there, Swami Vivekananda went back to Baranagar monastery and Sharat Chandra Gupta resigned and joined the monastery seven months later.<ref name="Life of Swami Vivekananda" /> This time he got the company of Swami Vivekananda for twelve months. He took his monastic vows and was named as Swami Sadananda.
While Swami Vivekananda had been travelling all over India and abroad, Swami Sadananda, except for brief travels, stayed in the monastery in Calcutta. There is at least one letter addressed to Sadananda, from Ghazipur, in which Swami Vivekananda had enquired about Sadananda's spiritual practices and advised him on leading a pious life.<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_7/epistles_third_series/05_gupta.htm Letter to Sadananda from Ghazipur]</ref>
During his stay in America, Swami Vivekananda enquired about Sadananda in some of his letters written to his brother disciples.<ref name = "Letters of Swami Vivekananda">[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_6/epistles_second_series/045_brothers.htm Letter to the brother disciples in 1894]</ref>
In another letter where Swami Vivekananda narrated his vision for an organization, he wanted Swami Sadananda to become the librarian of the monastery.<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_7/epistles_third_series/32_dear.htm Letters of Swami Vivekananda 1896]</ref>
Swami Vivekananda returned to India in January 1897. Sadananda had gone to welcome him in Madras and was part of a vast crowd that had gathered. But his master still spotted him in the crowd and invited him to sit beside himself in the carriage.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />
In March 1897, Swami Vivekananda sent [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] to set up a monastery in Madras and Swami Sadananda was sent to assist him. Shortly after reaching Madras Sadananda was bitten by a dog but recovered from it.<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_8/epistles_fourth_series/090_shashi.htm Letters of Swami Vivekananda to Swami Ramakrishnananda 1897]</ref>
In 1897 Swami Sadananda joined Swami Vivekananda in his tour to Northern India. Swami Sadananda wrote an article in the issue of [[Brahmavadin]] in January 1898 describing Swami's visit to [[Khetri]]. He also traveled together with Swami Vivekananda and Sister Nivedita to Almora in 1898.
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Kashmir 1897.jpg|framed|right|With Swami Vivekananda in Kashmir. Sitting beside the Swami on the left is Sadananda]]
Sadananda was present in [[Belur Math]] when Swami Vivekananda died on 4 July 1902.
Swami Sadananda used to refer to himself as Vivekananda's dog, out of respect and love.<ref>[http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/national-youth-day-10-rarely-known-facts-about-swami-vivekanand-24784.html?page=5 Rarely Known Facts about Vivekananda]</ref>

==Monastic life==
Sadananda introduced the term Maharaj to address the monks, which became the accepted form of address in the Ramakrishna Order.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> Sadananda was deft in service. He served the other inmates of the monastery. He also served an ailing [[Balaram Bose]], the direct householder disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, when the latter was in his deathbed.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />
In April 1890 Sadananda went to Benares and stayed with Swami Vivekananda in the garden house of Pramadadas Mitra, living a life of austere spiritual practices. He also nursed back an ailing [[Swami Abhedananda]] and stayed with the latter in Jhusi, near Allahabad and studied and practised Vedanta under his tutelage.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abhedananda|first=Swami|title=My Life Story|publisher=Vedanta Math|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
In 1892 when the monastery was shifted to Alambazar and was renamed as [[Alambazar Math]] Swami Sadananda worked hard for managing the transition.
During the initial days, Swami Sadananda was much inconvenienced owing to his lack of knowledge in Bengali. However, [[Swami Saradananda]] helped him in overcoming his troubles with the language and the rigorous disciplines of a monastic life.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> Owing to recurring health problems he stayed for sometime with his parents and on recovering his health returned to Alambazar Math.
After Swami Vivekananda came back to India, Swami Sadananda was sent to Madras along with Swami Ramakrishnananda, and they stayed in the [[Vivekanandar Illam|Ice House]] of Biligiri. However, he came back and later traveled with Swami Vivekananda to Almora, probably because he did not prefer to stay in Madras.<ref>[http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_8/epistles_fourth_series/100_shashi.htm Letter of Swami Vivekananda to Swami Ramakrishnananda July 1897]</ref>
After returning to Calcutta from his Kashmir trip, Swami Vivekananda had deputed Swami Sadananda to the task of looking after Sister Nivedita. Swami Sadananda stayed in her house on Bosepara Lane in Baghbazar.<ref name="The Dedicated">{{cite book|last=Reymond|first=Lizelle|title=The Dedicated, A Biography of Nivedita|url=https://archive.org/details/dedicatedabiogra006956mbp|date=1953|publisher=John Day Company|location=New York|page=161}}</ref> According to the biographer of Sister Nivedita, this duty was entrusted upon Swami Sadananda because of his strict discipline resulting from his military background. In this account the biographer refers to Sadananda's activities as, ''He slept in a room which opened independently near the front entrance;he worked and ate his meals alone there;he looked after the plants;and as he worked he sang joyfully, "My Lord, I love thee, I adore thee." In the evening he insisted that Nivedita should stop her work and come down to the courtyard, and then he would tell her wonderful stories of the Ramayana.''<ref name="The Dedicated"/> Sadananda made her aware of the customs of India through the stories of Mahabharata, which he recounted to her. He was also instrumental in introducing Sister Nivedita to the general populace of Baghbazar and nearby areas, which facilitated her work and helped to gain the trust of the local people.<ref name="The Dedicated"/>
Swami Sadananda was also present at the time of death of [[Swami Yogananda]].<ref>[http://www.vivekananda.net/LettersOfNivedita.html Letters of Sister Nivedita]</ref>
Swami Vivekananda had entrusted him the responsibility of supervisor of the plague relief work, which started in March 1899 in Calcutta. Swami Vivekananda had drafted a plague manifesto, which Swami Sadananda and Sister Nivedita distributed to the greater part of the population of the affected city.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> He led a group of volunteer work, mostly youth, who were inspired by the ideals of Swami Vivekananda.<ref name="The Dedicated"/>
Swami Sadananda did not undertake any major work after Swami Vivekananda's death and remained a local guardian of Sister Nivedita and a preacher of his master's ideals, especially among the youth.

==Character==
According to Life of Swami Vivekananda by His Eastern and Western Disciples, Swami Sadananda's whole character may be summed up in three words, Sweetness, Sincerity and Manliness.<ref name="Life of Swami Vivekananda" />
Another characteristic trait of Swami Sadananda was his capacity to love and serve others and to solicit love from others.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />
Swami Sadananda was a daredevil, much in line with what Swami Vivekananda preferred his disciples to be. During his stay in Khetri with Swami Vivekananda, he mounted on an unruly horse and tamed it, which was much appreciated by Swami himself. Similarly, in Almora he once rode the most spirited horse and made it submissive.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />

===Service as ideal===
Swami Sadananda had adopted service as the primary means of worship, as directed by his master. He started his life of service by serving the monks and brother disciples of Swami Vivekananda in Baranagar and Alambazar monastery. He helped [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] in establishing the monastery of Ramakrishna order in Madras. His zeal to serve the poor was evident in his plague relief work in Calcutta. He helped [[Sister Nivedita]] in serving [[Gopaler Ma]], when the latter was ill.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> He also served Ramakrishna Mission in its plague relief work in Bhagalpur in 1904.

==Later Days==
After the demise of Swami Vivekananda, Swami Sadananda began devoting time towards preaching the former's ideals, especially among the youth. He traveled to Japan in 1903 together with Bramhachari Amulya (later [[Swami Shankarananda (Ramakrishna Mission)|Swami Shankarananda]]). He accompanied Sister Nivedita in some of her travels to Mumbai and South India in 1902. Sadananda helped Nivedita in running Vivekananda Students' Home for a year and took the young boys to trips to the Himalayas. In 1904, he, together with Sister Nivedita, [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Sister Christine]], [[Jadunath Sarkar]] etc. visited [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" /> Sadananda also went to Nalanda and Rajgir. Later he went to Bodh Gaya accompanying Mrs. [[Charlotte Sevier]].
In 1909, he stayed for sometime in the house of Sureswar Sen in Bishnupur, Bankura and inspired the family with the ideals of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda. The Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi also stayed several times in the house of Sureswar Sen. Sen's younger brother [[Basiswar Sen]], a renowned scientist, became a devoted follower of Swami Sadananda.
Sadananda was afflicted with diabetes and also suffered from asthma. He was confined to bed for around two years. The Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi came to visit him during his illness on 25 November 1910.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />

When Swami Sadananda was ill and was in his deathbed, Basiswar Sen and his cousin nursed him diligently.<ref>Boshi Sen - A Scientist and Karma Yogi by Hironmoy Mukherjee, Bulletin of Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 2009</ref>
Swami Sadananda died on 18 February 1911, in Calcutta. An article in [[Prabuddha Bharata]] was written as an obituary to him which stated, "There was no work so hard, no difficulty so insurmountable, no word of command so impracticable, that he could not carry into effect for the sake of Swami Vivekananda."

==Contribution==
Swami Sadananda played an important role in the early history of the Ramakrishna movement through his twin ideals of service and renunciation. He was one of the leaders of Ramakrishna Mission in rendering service to the poor and affected in the early days. He helped Swami Ramakrishnananda in establishing the [[Ramakrishna Math]] in Madras. Sadananda played a leading role in carrying out plague relief activities in Calcutta in 1898–99. As part of his efforts to eradicate the disease, he even cleaned the streets and slums along with a group of volunteers and coordinated the relief effort. He also rendered valuable service in the plague relief operations in Bhagalpur in 1904.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />
He also helped in shaping the ideals of Sister Nivedita and in her work to promote education among Indian women by familiarizing her with the traditional customs of India, by introducing her to the local people and by bringing the first three girls who joined her school.<ref name="The Dedicated"/> Sister Nivedita acknowledged in her letter to [[Sara Bull]] that Swami Sadananda was her greatest strength in her dealings with children of the school. She also acknowledged in a letter that whatever success she achieved, she owed it to the inspiration and strength of Swami Sadananda.<ref name="The Dedicated"/> He searched for and found several poor children for Nivedita's school. Even after Sister Nivedita formally relinquished her association with Ramakrishna Order owing to her political activities, Swami Sadananda remained to take care of her. Also, he took care of the students of the Vivekananda Students' Home, which Sister Nivedita had established, became the teacher and mentor of the students and took them out on field trips to the Himalayas.<ref name="Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda" />

==See also==
*[[Swami Achalananda]]
*[[Swami Bodhananda]]
*[[Swami Kalyanananda]]
*[[Swami Nischayananda]]
*[[Swami Prakashananda (Sushil Maharaj)|Swami Prakashananda]]
*[[Swami Shuddhananda]]
*[[Swami Swarupananda]]
*[[Swami Vimalananda]]
*[[Swami Virajananda]]

==External sources==
* Monastic Disciples of Swami Vivekananda, by Swami Abjajananda, published by Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, 2003, {{ISBN|9788175052468}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
சுவாமி சதானந்த சரஸ்வதி சென்னையில் உள்ள சுத்தானந்தா ஆசிரமத்தில் 2012 இல் இருந்து சேவை மற்றும் மாணவர்களுக்கான ஒழுக்கம் செய்ய கட்டுப்பாடு முன்னேற்றம் ஆகிய விஷயங்களை எடுத்துரைத்து கிராமப்புற மக்களின் நலனுக்காகவும் மத நல்லிணக்கத்திற்காகவும் சேவை செய்து வருகிறார்.
இவர் சென்னையில் உள்ள கிழக்கு கடற்கரைச் சாலை பகுதியில் உள்ள இளைஞர்களுக்கு எதிர்காலத்தின் செயல்பாடுகள் பற்றியும் வாழ்க்கை உயர்வு பற்றியும் பயிற்சி மற்றும் செயல் விளக்கங்களை கொடுத்து வருகிறார்.
மற்றும் சில தன்னார்வ தொண்டு நிறுவனங்களுடன் தொடர்பு ஏற்படுத்திக் கொண்டு மக்கள் சேவையில் தன்னுடைய முழு நேர பணியை அதில் செலவழிக்கின்றார்.
சுவாமி சதானந்த கொங்கு மண்டலத்தைச் சார்ந்தவர் இவர் அங்கு சுயமாக தொழில் செய்து வந்தார் இவருடைய பெற்றோரின் வேண்டுதல் படி 2016ல் துறவு மேற்கொண்டார்.
இவருடைய குருவான சுத்தானந்தா தயானந்தரின் சீடர் ஆவார் சுவாமி சுத்தானந்தா அவர்கள் ஒரிசாவை பூர்வீகமாக கொண்டவர்.
சுவாமி சதானந்தா 2014 இல் இந்தியா முழுவதும் தன்னுடைய இருசக்கர வாகனத்தால் 213 நாட்கள் அனைத்து விதமான நதிகள் மற்றும் மாநிலங்களின் கலாச்சாரம் வாழ்த்து முறை பண்பாடு முதலிய விஷயங்களை அறிந்து கொள்வதற்கும் மற்றும் இந்திய ஒருமைப்பாட்டு வளர்ச்சிக்காகவும் பயணம் மேற்கொண்டார் வடகிழக்கு மாநிலங்களில் சுமார் 80 நாட்கள் தங்கி அங்கிருக்கும் மக்களுடைய வாழ்க்கை முறையோடு தன்னுடைய வாழ்க்கையில் இணைத்து மக்களுக்கான சில உபதேசங்களையும் செய்து வந்தார்
சுவாமி சதானந்தா பல வெளிநாட்டு பயணங்களையும் செய்து அங்கு இருக்கும் கலாச்சாரங்கள் இந்து கொள்கைகள் முதலைவற்றை ஆராய்ந்து சுமார் 20 புத்தகங்களை கோமிக கல்வி என்ற புத்தக வெளியிட்டாளர் மூலமாக மாணவர்களுக்கு அர்ப்பணித்துள்ளார் மற்றும் 100க்கு மேற்பட்ட சிறுகதைகளை இணையதளத்தின் மூலம் எழுதி உள்ளார்.
சுவாமி சதானந்தாவின் முக்கிய குறிக்கோளாகிய விவேகானந்தர் போன்ற இளைஞர்களை இந்தியாவில் விதைக்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதுதான் அவரின் முழு செயல்பாடாக இருக்கிறது.
இந்தியாவில் இருக்கக்கூடிய ஒவ்வொரு இளைஞனும் ஒரு சிறப்பான ஒரு மனிதனாக உருவாக்கப்பட வேண்டும் தேசப்பற்ற மிக்கவனாகவும் சுய ஒழுக்கம் மிக்கவனாகவும் ஆரோக்கியமான ஆணாகவும் சிறந்த பண்புள்ள மனிதனாகவும் கல்வியாளனாகவும் உருவாக்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்பதுதான் இவரின் உயர்ந்த எண்ணமாகும்.
மேற்கண்ட சில விஷயங்களுக்காக விவேகானந்தா அகாடமி மற்றும் ஸ்ரீ சங்கமேஸ்வர ஷேர் இட் டிரஸ்ட் போன்ற தன்னார்வ தொண்டு நிறுவனங்களுடன் சேர்ந்து சமுதாயப் பணியை மேற்கொண்டு வருகிறார்.

{{Swami Vivekananda|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Monastic disciples of Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]

Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla

2026-03-17T08:46:56Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Multiple issues|
{{prose|date=April 2023}}
{{overly detailed|date=April 2023}}
{{very long|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea
| logo = CJM Crest.png
| caption =
| founder = [[Religious of Jesus and Mary]]
| established = 1864
| motto = ''Nothing Without Love''
| principal = Sr. Stella Mary
| staff = 52
| address = Eaglemount, [[Shimla]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| zipcode = 171002
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31|05|35|N|77|11|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Convent school]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| enrollment = 1,719
| classrooms = Classes 1-12
| houses = {{color box|#ff0000}} Honesty {{color box|#0000ff}} Perseverance {{color box|#00ff00}} Generosity {{color box|#ffff00}} Responsibility
| affiliations = Provisional
| website =
}}

The '''Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla''' is a private English [[English-medium education|medium school]], founded by a French nun, Marie Claudine Thevenet of the Religious of Jesus and Mary and run by the nuns situated in the hills of the [[Himalayas]] ranges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CJM Shimla website |date=2018–2021 |title=Convent of Jesus & Mary, Chelsea - Shimla {{!}} About School |url=https://www.cjmshimla.org/about-school.aspx |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cjmshimla.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Punjab (India) |first=Shimla District - 1904 (Mention CJM Shimla convent school page 47 & 115) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOnun8ByfusC&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+mary,+Simla+India&pg=PA115 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Simla district, 1904 |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> It started as an [[orphanage]] for the children of the British soldiers and established as one of the elite educational institutions in post colonial India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mangla |first=Akshay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-cEAAAQBAJ&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+mary,+Simla+India&pg=PT361 |title=Making Bureaucracy Work: Norms, Education and Public Service Delivery in Rural India |date=2022-12-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-25803-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=America - A catholic review of the week |first=The America Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqNGAQAAMAAJ&dq=Boarding+school+Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary+Simla&pg=RA1-PA408 |title=America |date=1913 |publisher=America Press |pages=408 |language=en}}</ref> It is an all-girls elementary and secondary school, now affiliated with the CBSE board,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla, India website |first=Chelsea |date=2023-04-08 |title=Convent of Jesus & Mary, Chelsea - Shimla {{!}} Home |url=https://www.cjmshimla.org/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.cjmshimla.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Convent Of Jesus and Mary School |url=https://skoodos.com/school/convent-of-jesus-and-mary-school-navbhahar |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=skoodos.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla |date=2023-04-08 |title=Convent Of Jesus & Mary School, Shimla {{!}} Admission 2022, Fees, Reviews - CBSE Girls School |url=https://www.schoolmykids.com/school/convent-of-jesus-mary-school-shimla-shimla-himachal-pradesh-india-s1001083 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=SchoolMyKids |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brainfeed website |date=2023-04-24 |title=Convent Of Jesus and Mary School – Shimla – Brainfeed Magazine |url=https://brainfeedmagazine.com/convent-of-jesus-and-mary-school/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Brainfeed |language=en-US}}</ref> established in Shimla<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Ruchira Adhikari |date=2020-07-09 |title=Shimla: Memories of a Bygone Era! - Different Truths |url=https://www.differenttruths.com/travel-getaways/history-culture/shimla-memories-of-a-bygone-era/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=DT Different Truths |language=en-US}}</ref> in 1864. Its boarding school operated for over one hundred and thirty five years, until its decision in 2000 to close the boarding section and transition to a day school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Boarding Schools in Shimla |url=https://boardingschoolsofindia.com/boarding-schools-in-shimla/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Boarding Schools Of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Yamini S. |date=2018-03-03 |title=7 Best Boarding Schools in Shimla With Fees, Admission Details & More |url=https://chandigarhmetro.com/boarding-schools-shimla-list-best-fees-admission-details/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Chandigarh Metro |language=en-US}}</ref> As a day school, it expanded with new buildings to educate children from the stages of nursery, kindergarten, to higher classes of grades XI and XII.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla |first=7 Best School in India by Indiaisfamousfor website |title=7 Best School In Shimla - List of Excellent Schools in Shimla |url=https://www.indiafamousfor.com/top-schools-in-shimla.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=IndiaFamousFor website}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Mangla |first=Akshay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-cEAAAQBAJ&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary,+Shimla,+India+-wikipedia&pg=PT361 |title=Making Bureaucracy Work: Norms, Education and Public Service Delivery in Rural India |date=2022-12-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-25803-6 |language=en}}</ref> The Convent of Jesus and Mary School, [[Shimla]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh Ruchira |first=Adhikari |date=2020-07-09 |title=Shimla: Memories of a Bygone Era! - Different Truths |url=https://www.differenttruths.com/travel-getaways/history-culture/shimla-memories-of-a-bygone-era/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=DT Different Truths |language=en-US}}</ref> is favorably referred to as Chelsea'. Its students wear a red uniform and are called 'Chelseaites'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Tribune ( India) |date=2022-10-03 |title=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea, Shimla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/convent-of-jesus-mary-chelsea-shimla-437701 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.TribuneIndia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKpHUKSNj6o|title=CJM Shimla Campus|date=31 July 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Founder ==
[[Claudine Thévenet|Marie Claudine Thevenet]] founded the Congregation of Jesus and Mary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Marie Claudine Thevenet |first=The Vatican site |date=2023-04-08 |title=Claudine Thévenet (1774-1837) - biography |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19930321_thevenet_en.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marie Claudine Thevenet |first=Nominis french website |date=2023-04-08 |title=Sainte Claudine Thévenet |url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/555/Sainte-Claudine-Thevenet.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Nominis |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Catholic |title=St. Claudine Thevenet - Saints & Angels |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5996 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Catholic Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mother Provincial, CJM Poona 1977 |first=Robin Summers Books Ltd (Aldenburgh, UK) |title=The Life and Times of Claudine Thevenet. Mother Mary St. Ignatius. by Gabriela Maria.: Very Good {{!}} ROBIN SUMMERS BOOKS LTD |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Life-Times-Claudine-Thevenet-Mother-Mary/30073536872/bd |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> She was born in [[Lyon]], France, on 30 March 1774, the second of seven children. She founded the religious order in 1818 and became known as Mary of St. Ignatius.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marie Thevenet "How Good God is" |first=RJM Generale site |date=2023-04-08 |title=Saint Claudine {{!}} Congregation of the Religious of Jesus and Mary |url=http://www.rjmgeneral.org/en/who-we-are/history-and-foundation/saint-claudine/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=RJMGenerale.org |language=en-US}}</ref> She died on 3 February 1837, at the age of 63.<ref name=":0" /> After her death, six Irish nuns of the order set out for colonial India, in 1842 and one of the convents established there was Chelsea in 1864.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himachal Watcher on Chelsea 150 yrs jubilee 2014 |date=2014-09-28 |title=Jesus and Mary school celebrates 150 years of existence {{!}} Himachal Watcher |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2014/09/28/jesus-and-mary-school-celebrates-150-years-of-existence/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Himachal Watcher website |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=The times of India |date=2013-08-25 |title=Shimla's Chelsea school kickstarts events to mark 150 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shimlas-chelsea-school-kickstarts-events-to-mark-150-years/articleshow/22043333.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]], canonized her as a saint on 21 March 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Catholic.net site |first=Pope John Paul II canonized her in 1993 |date=2023-04-08 |title=St. Claudine Thevenet |url=http://catholic.net/op/articles/2092/st-claudine-thevenet.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Catholic.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Claudine Thevenet {{!}} Convent of Jesus and Mary Catholic Infant School |url=https://www.cjminfantschool.co.uk/claudine-thevenet/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.cjminfantschool.co.uk}}</ref>

== Early history (1864–1940) ==
Chelsea is 2206 meters above sea level in the inner compound of [[St. Bede's College, Shimla|St. Bede's College]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=St Bede's College |date=2023-04-08 |title=PROFILE – St Bede's College Shimla |url=https://www.stbedescollege.in/profile-2/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=St. Bede's College, Shimla, India |language=en-US}}</ref> through a shared entrance. On recommendation from the Governor General of India at the time, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], the CJM nuns moved from their work from [[Agra]] to the hills of Shimla in 1864.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carey |first=William H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpFeAAAAcAAJ&dq=Boarding+school+Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary+Simla&pg=PA54 |title=A Guide to Simla: With a Descriptive Account of the Neighbouring Sanitaria, Subathoo, Dugshaie, Sunawar, Kussowlie, Kotegurh, Chini, &c., &c., &c |date=1870 |publisher=Wyman & Company |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Towelle's handguide to Simla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SqedmvmJq0C&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+mary,+Simla+India&pg=PA50 |title=Towelle's Hand Book and Guide to Simila and the Interior |date=1880 |publisher=Station Press |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemerle |first=Franz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1QoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Boarding+school+Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary+Simla&pg=PA194 |title=My Diary, Or A Record of Events and Experiences [in Ootacamund]. |date=1891 |publisher=Examiner Press |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> Mother St. Lewis Gonzaga was the first supervisor, the orphans of the British soldiers were cared for and received education from the nuns until 1940, when it was no longer an orphanage. In 1873, a chapel was built adjoining the school.

In 1946 a fire burned two-thirds of the school building; the church, the rectory, and the Victorian-style main building survived. The main building has the principal office, the administrative office, and the library. Its upper floor was used as elementary students' dormitories and an infirmary, another building on the south side was the senior boarders dormitories. In 1947 India became independent, and the school began accepting students from well-off families, mostly from the [[North India]] and some from overseas of Indian expatriates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webster |first=John C. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvqNDwAAQBAJ&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary,+Shimla,+India+-wikipedia&pg=PT289 |title=A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800 |date=2018-12-22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909757-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Chelsea chapel 1873 ==
The British built the Chelsea chapel. A statue of the sacred heart of Jesus stands outside the front compound and a grotto of Mary behind the church, jointly shared by St. Bede's.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shimla Chandigarh Diocese (website) |first=Fr. Kejus R. |date=2019-01-01 |title=ABOUT RT. REV. GILBERT B. REGO |url=https://www.simlachandigarhdiocese.com/About_Rt_Rev_Bilbert.aspx |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=www.simlachandigarhdiocese.com}}</ref> The priests of the diocese pray and attend school ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Tribune (newspaper website) |date=2023-04-24 |title=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/convent-of-jesus-mary-chelsea-shimla-437701 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Boarding school (1940–2000) ==
=== Boarders ===
As a boarding school, there were no more than 300 students in Chelsea. As a day school the enrollment was 1900 students in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=The canonical visitation of the province of Delhi - 2016 |date=2016-11-01 |title=RJMGeneral.org on 2016 News - visitation of the Province of Delhi |pages=2 |url=http://www.rjmgeneral.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/News2.pdf |access-date=2023-04-08}}</ref> The boarder students predominantly came from the northern states of India. A few came from UK, North America, Africa, and Thailand, from Indian families. Some of these students were from families of the elites of Indian society.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Aishwarya Khosla |first=Hindustan Times |date=2018-10-29 |title=Convent of Jesus and Mary Chelsea: Giving young women tools to take over the world |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/convent-of-jesus-and-mary-chelsea-giving-young-women-tools-to-take-over-the-world/story-thyEv1GVsYVx8w5E1W0xwL.html |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary,+Shimla,+India+-wikipedia&pg=PA192 |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |language=en}}</ref> The school year lasted from March to December.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDowell |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8AQwhrPuyMC&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+mary,+Simla+India&pg=PA16 |title=From the Diplomatic Bag |date=2011-04-01 |publisher=Mereo Books, mereobook, mereobooks |isbn=978-1-908223-16-6 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dormitories ===

In the 21st century the building that housed the senior dormitories was replaced with a new multi-purpose building named Claudine Thevenet Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=Convent of Jesus & Mary, Chelsea - Shimla |title=Magazines |url=https://www.cjmshimla.org/magazines.aspx |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-24 |title=Convent of Jesus and Mary school, photos (see Claudine Thevenet hall pic) |url=https://www.justdial.com/Shimla/Convent-Of-Jesus-Mary-School-Chalsea/0177P177STD86081_BZDET/photos |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Justdial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=dhirprakriti |date=2010-03-02 |title=Convent of Jesus and Mary, Shimla |url=http://www.socialvillage.in/resources/26551-convent-jesus-mary-shimla |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=socialvillage.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Infirmary ===
Like its other CJM boarding schools, Chelsea had an infirmary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education |first=History of Jesus and Mary convent school |title=Jesus & Mary Convent School {{!}} India's Best Schools, Colleges {{!}} Schools |url=https://educationtoday.co/listing/jesus-mary-convent-school/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=India's best Schools, Colleges, Universities at EducationToday |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Curriculum ===
The school belonged to the ICSE board and then affiliated to the CBSE board in the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CJM website |first=Objectives |date=2018–2021 |title=Convent of Jesus & Mary, Chelsea - Shimla {{!}} Aims & Objectives |url=https://www.cjmshimla.org/aims-objective.aspx |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.cjmshimla.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=eHimachalPradesh website |date=2023-04-24 |title=Convent of Jesus & Mary, Shimla |url=https://www.ehimachal.org/list/convent-of-jesus-mary-shimla/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=ehimachal.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Alumni ==

* Rani Sudha Kumari, former princess of Keonthal state (titular queen of Jubbal).<ref name=":1" />
* Urvashi Kumari. The Princely and Noble Families of the former Indian Empire.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Jubbal (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/jubbal |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |date=20 July 1937 |language=en}}</ref>
* Baisa Bhumika Kumari Singh, the family of Bidwal from Maharaja Udai Singhji of Jodhpur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2022-08-01 |title=Bidwal (Thikana) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/bidwal/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Royal Archives |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Begum Aizaz Rasul|Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul]], belonging to the princely state of Malerkotla.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Maya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5aYvBs7iGIC&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary,+Shimla,+India+-wikipedia&pg=PA227 |title=Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-548-6 |pages=227 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pitam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldhazU_vvQcC&dq=Convent+of+Jesus+and+Mary,+Shimla,+India+-wikipedia&pg=PA112 |title=Women Legislators in Indian Politics |date=2003 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-019-8 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Preneet Kaur]], a politician in the Ministry of External Affairs in Punjab state (2009–2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preneet Kaur |date=2019-07-20 |title=Preneet Kaur's Aspiring Goal-oriented Plans |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/269545-Preneet-Kaurs-Aspiring-Goal-oriented-Plans |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>
*[[Priya Rajvansh]], [[Bollywood]] actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation |first=Priya Rajvansh |date=2023-04-08 |title=Priya Rajvansh |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/priya-rajvansh |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Cinema Azi website}}</ref>
*[[Preity Zinta]], Bollywood actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preity Zinta |first=IDiva website |date=2022-07-03 |title=Preity Zinta Shares A Rare Throwback Photo From Her School Days & It's Too Sweet To Ignore |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/preity-zinta-shares-a-rare-throwback-photo-with-friends-from-her-school-days/18035227 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=www.IDiva.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://www.cjmshimla.org/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Day schools]]
[[Category:Shimla]]
[[Category:School buildings completed in the 1860s]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in India]]
[[Category:British-era buildings in Himachal Pradesh]]

Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line

2026-03-15T05:40:09Z

JacksonCazaly4: small fix

{{Short description|Indian railway route}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
| color = 800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Nagpur Junction.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Nagpur Junction is An Important Railway Station On Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai Line
| type =
| system =
| status = Functioning
| locale = [[India]]n states of [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]]
| start = [[Howrah Station|Howrah]]
| end = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CST]]
| stations =
| routes = Fast
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|1890}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]], [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]], [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|1968|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2/3/4
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = up to 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line''' (also known as Mumbai–Kolkata line) is a railway line in India connecting [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]] via [[Nagpur]]. The {{convert|1968|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} railway line was opened to traffic in 1900.

==Sections==
The {{convert|1968|km|mi|0|adj=mid|-long}} trunk line has been treated in more detail in smaller sections:
# [[Howrah–Kharagpur line|Howrah–Kharagpur section]]
# [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Kharagpur–Tatanagar section]]
# [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]]
# [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]]
# [[Nagpur–Bhusawal section]]
# [[Bhusawal–Kalyan section]]
# [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Kalyan–Mumbai CST section]]

==Geography==
The Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line cuts across the central parts of India in an east–west direction and traverses the plains of lower West Bengal, the southern part of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], the [[Deccan Plateau]], the [[Western Ghats]] and finally the [[Western Coastal Plains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,400,659 |title=Chakradharpur Division |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2013-03-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016041010/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C400%2C659 |archive-date=16 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://sundergarh.nic.in/geography.html |title = Sundergarh District |work= Geography and Physical Features| publisher= Sundergarh district administration| access-date = 2013-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XhF2rr_4uhsC&q=Vidarbha+Calcutta-Bombay+line&pg=PA35 |title = Population dynamics in India|work= page 35 |last= Ranade|first=Prabha Shastri|year = 1990| publisher=APH |isbn = 9788170243076| access-date = 2013-03-20}}</ref>

==History==
The first train in India travelled from {{stnlnk|Bori Bunder}} in [[Bombay]] to [[Thane|Tannah]] (current Thane) on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]'s Bombay–Tannah line was extended to [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Callian (current Kalyan)]]. {{stnlnk|Bhusawal}} station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to {{stnlnk|Nagpur}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | title = IR History: Early Days – I : Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865) | access-date = 2012-11-20 }}</ref>

While the entire Mumbai–Nagpur line was {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], the next part from Nagpur to Rajnandgaon was [[metre gauge]]. The [[Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway]] started construction of the {{convert|240|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880.<ref name=nagpur>{{cite web|url=http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1312278598168-Tourist%20Places.pdf |title=Nagpur Division |access-date=2012-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121123/http://www.secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1312278598168-Tourist%20Places.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The GIPR and [[East Indian Railway Company|EIR]], working jointly, completed the [[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]] thereby establishing a connection between [[Kolkata]] and [[Mumbai]] in 1870.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | work = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| access-date = 2012-11-20 }}</ref> The [[Great Famine of 1876–1878|great famine of 1878]] was an impetus for the fast completion of the Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway track, but by then the idea of a route from Mumbai to Kolkata, shorter than the one via Allahabad, had set in.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://railwaysofraj.blogspot.in/2011/08/number-1-down-mail.html |title = Number 1 Down Mail| publisher= Railways of the Raj| access-date = 2012-11-20 }}</ref>

The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was formed in 1871. Amongst its major objectives were taking over of the Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway and its conversion to broad gauge and extension of its system by a {{convert|772|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} line to Asansol on EIR's main line. The entire task was completed by 1891 and Nagpur was connected to Asansol.<ref name=nagpur/> However, the line via Asansol was never seriously used as a link to Howrah for passenger traffic.

The Sini–Kharagpur–Kolaghat line was opened in 1898–99. The Kolaghat–Howrah section was completed in 1899–1900. The entire line was opened with the completion of the bridge across the [[Rupnarayan River]], near Kolaghat, on 19 April 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The electrification of the entire line was done in stages. The [[Victoria Terminus]]–{{Stnlnk|Igatpuri}} section was electrified in 1930 with 1500 V DC traction. Rest of the sections were electrified later, with 25 kV AC traction. Only the entire line became fully electrified by early 1992 after the {{Stnlnk|Durg}}–{{Stnlnk|Nagpur}} section was electrified during 1989-92.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Electrification History from CORE |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The entire Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line is planned to be upgraded as a "Group A" line which will enable it to take speeds up to 160 kmph. Its current speed is restricted at 130kmph. Rest are under 110 kmph.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title=Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way |access-date=2012-11-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
{{stnlnk|Howrah}} (Kolkata), {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction||Kharagpur}}, {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction||Tatanagar}}, {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction||Rourkela}}, {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction||Bilaspur}}, {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction||Raipur}}, {{stnlnk|Durg Junction||Durg}}, {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction||Nagpur}}, {{stnlnk|Badnera}}, {{stnlnk|Akola}}, {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction||Bhusawal}}, {{stnlnk|Nasik Road}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction||Manmad}} and {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction||Kalyan}} (Mumbai subarban) on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Golden Quadrilateral==
The Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line is a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]]. The routes connecting the four major metropolises (New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata), along with their diagonals, known as the Golden Quadrilateral, carry about half the freight and nearly half the passenger traffic, although they form only 16 per cent of the length.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones |work= Major routes| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 5 March 2013}}</ref>

== Popular Trains on this route ==
# [[Mumbai CSMT–Howrah Duronto Express]]
# [[Mumbai CSMT–Nagpur Duronto Express]]
# [[Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Mail (via Nagpur)]]
# [[Gitanjali Express]]
# [[Jnaneswari Express]]
# [[Shalimar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]
# [[Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Weekly Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Main railway lines of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Bigg Boss Marathi season 4

2026-03-14T08:17:59Z

JacksonCazaly4: put up a pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Marathi reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| image = Bigg Boss Marathi 4 Logo.jpg
| image_size = 300
| bgcolor = #F859B1
| caption =
| num_episodes = 99
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 19
| winner = [[Akshay Kelkar]]
| runner_up = [[Apurva Nemlekar]]

}}
| network = [[Colors Marathi]] [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|10|02|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|01|08|df=y}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss Marathi 4''''' is the fourth season of [[Bigg Boss Marathi|Marathi version]] of the [[reality television]] show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' broadcast in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi season 4 first teaser launched, watch here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-first-teaser-launched-watch-here/articleshow/93094831.cms |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The premiere was held on 2 October 2022 on [[Colors Marathi]] and [[Voot]] with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4: Show Host Mahesh Manjrekar Returns, Release Date & Deets Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-starting-date-announced-premier-on-2-october-mahesh-manjrekar-1552731 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wait Is Over! Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4 To Begin on This Date, Channel |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-wait-is-over-bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-to-begin-on-this-date-channel-5939707.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

==Production==

=== Teaser ===
On 24 July 2022, the makers had officially launched the season 4 promo on [[Colors Marathi]]. After few days [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] confirmed his return to host this show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi season 4 to get postponed? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-to-get-postponed/articleshow/93953463.cms |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Eye logo===
The border of the eye is golden with a dark pink background. In middle, there is rangoli type design and has the initials BB.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=First Teaser of Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4 is Out And Fans Can't Keep Calm |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/first-teaser-of-bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-is-out-and-fans-cant-keep-calm-5620969.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally these actors will enter in Bigg Boss Marathi 4 List of names in front |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/finally-these-actors-will-enter-in-bigg-boss-marathi-4-list-of-names-in-front/655404/amp |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

===Concept===
The theme and concept of this season is "''All is well"'' which means that "hope" that everything will be fine and no unwell things will happen in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Manjrekar Reveals The Story Behind 'All Is Well' Tagline For Bigg Boss Marathi 4 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahesh-manjrekar-reveals-the-story-behind-all-is-well-tagline-for-bigg-boss-marathi-4-6049633.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===House===
The House of this season had a "''Chawl''" theme. The House was located in [[Goregaon]] for the third time. For the first time in the history of Bigg Boss Marathi the season had Balcony which represents 75 years of Independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside The BIGG BOSS MARATHI 4 HOUSE; First Look & Full House Tour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/marathi/inside-the-bigg-boss-marathi-4-house-first-look-full-house-tour/videoshow/94592348.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Development===
The press conference and launch event for this season was held on 26 September 2022, anchored by former contestant Vikas Patil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2022-09-27 |title=Colors Marathi to Premiere Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4 on 2nd October |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/colors-marathi-to-premiere-bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-on-2nd-october/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Broadcast ===
Apart from the usual hour-long episode, viewers also has access to the direct 24x7 camera footage. The viewers also has access to ''Before TV'' on [[Voot|Voot Select]] where the episode will telecast 30 minutes before it will telecast on [[Colors Marathi]]. On weekdays, the show aired at 10.00 PM IST and the weekend show, ''Bigg Bosschi Chavadi,'' aired at 9.30 PM IST.

==Housemates status==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background: #F859B1;color:black"| Sr no.
! scope="col" style="background: #F859B1;color:black"|Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#F859B1;color: black"|Day entered
! scope="col" style="background: #F859B1;color:black"|Day exited
! scope="col" style="background: #F859B1;color:black"|Status
|-
!1
|Akshay
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{won|Winner}}
|-
!2
|Apurva
|Day 1
|Day 98
|{{Runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
!3
|Kiran
|Day 1
|Day 98
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
!4
|Amruta Dh
|Day 1
|Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd Runner-up }}
|-
!5
|Rakhi
|Day 57
|Day 98
| style="background:#FF69B4;" | {{nowrap|4th Runner-up}}
|-
!6
|Aroh
|Day 57
|Day 94
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!7
|Prasad
|Day 1
|Day 91
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!8
|Amruta De
|Day 1
|Day 77
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!9
|Vikas
|Day 1
|Day 76
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!10
|Snehlata
|Day 28
|Day 70
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!11
|Rohit
|Day 1
|Day 63
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!12
|Tejaswini
|Day 1
|Day 58
|{{Quit|Walked}}
|-
!13
|Samruddhi
|Day 1
|Day 56
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!14
|Yashashri
|Day 1
|Day 49
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!15
|Ruchira
|Day 1
|Day 42
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!16
|Trishul
|Day 1
|Day 35
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!17
|Yogesh
|Day 1
|Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!18
|Megha
|Day 1
|Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
!19
|Nikhil
|Day 1
|Day 14
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}-

==Housemates==
The list of contestants in the order of entering the house

===Original entrants===
* [[Tejaswini Lonari]] - Film and television actress. Known for playing roles in film ''[[Guldasta (2011 film)|Guldasta]]'', ''Chinu'', ''Doghat Tisra Aata Sagla Visra''. She was played a lead role of [[Rani Padmini]] in ''[[Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur]]''. She also played a role in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Devmanus 2]]''.
* [[Prasad Jawade]] - Television actor. He started his career from ''[[Maharashtracha Superstar]]'' as a contestant. He is known for playing a lead role in [[Zee Marathi]]'s serials such as ''[[Arundhati (2011 TV series)|Arundhati]]'' and ''[[Ase He Kanyadan]]''.
* Nikhil Rajeshirke - Television actor. Known for playing supporting roles in TV series such as ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]'', ''[[Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe]]'' and ''[[Rang Majha Vegla]]''.
* Amruta Dhongade - Television actress. Known for playing a lead role in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Mrs. Mukhyamantri]]''. She made her debut in film with ''Mithun''. She also played lead role in ''Tu Chandane Shimpit Jashi''.
* [[Kiran Mane]] - Television actor. Known for playing the role in ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]'' and ''[[Mulgi Zali Ho]]''. He performed in many plays such as ''Shree Tashi Sau'', ''Perfect Mismatch'', ''Govind Ghya Gopal Ghya'' and ''Jhund'', etc. He also did small roles in Marathi films.
* Samruddhi Jadhav - Reality television actress, participated in ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]]''.
* [[Akshay Kelkar]] - Television actor. He is known for playing a lead role in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Nima Denzongpa]]'', [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]'' and also played roles in serials such as ''Yek Number'', ''Don Cutting''.
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] – Television actress. She made her debut with [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''Aabhas Ha''. She is known for her portrayal in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 2]]'' and ''[[Ratris Khel Chale 3]]''.
* Yogesh Jadhav - Fighter. He rose to fame after his appearance in ''[[MTV Roadies X4: Your Gang, Your Glory|MTV Roadies X4]]''.
* [[Amruta Deshmukh]] - Television actress. She is known for her role in ''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]''. She made her debut with [[Star Pravah]]'s ''Tumcha Aamcha Same Asta''. She also played a lead role in [[Sony Marathi]]'s ''Mi Tujhich Re''.
* [[Yashashri Masurkar]] - Television actress. She is best known for her role in Hindi TV series ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''. She also played a role in the serial ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''. She did episodic roles in ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''.
* Vikas Sawant - Choreographer. He choreographed many [[Bollywood]] actors such as [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], etc. Before choreographer he was the joker in [[EsselWorld]].
* Megha Ghadge - Film actress and dancer. She made her debut with ''Maherchi Maya''. She is known for her portrayal in ''[[Pachhadlela]]''. She is also known for her Lavani.
* Trishul Marathe - Social influencer and struggling actor. He is the first commoner in Bigg Boss Marathi.
* [[Ruchira Jadhav]] - Television actress. Mainly acted in [[Zee Marathi]]'s ''[[Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]'' and ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''. She also did a lead role in ''[[Haemolymph: Invisible Blood]]'' as Sajida Shaikh.
* Rohit Shinde - Model and doctor. He was Mr. India and MOTG International. He is boyfriend of Ruchira Jadhav.

===Wild card entrants===
* Snehlata Vasaikar - Television actress. She is known for playing the character of [[Soyarabai]] in ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''. She was also a contestant in ''[[Fu Bai Fu]]''. She also did a role of Gautamabai in ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]''.

===Challengers===
* Aroh Welankar - Actor. Known for films like ''[[Rege]]'' and Ghanta. He was a finalist on ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 2]]'' where he finished in 6th position.
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] - Actress and dancer. She was a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 1]]'' where she was evicted on Day 84 in 4th place, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14]]'' where she was a finalist finishing as 4th Runner-Up and ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15]]'' where she was evicted on Day 117 in 7th place.

===Guests===
* Mira Jagannath - Television actress. Known for playing the role of Momo in ''[[Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla]]'' and supporting role in ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''. She was a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 3]]'' where she was evicted on Day 95, in 6th place.
* [[Vishal Nikam]] - Television actor and model. Known for playing lead role in ''Dakkhancha Raja Jotiba'' and ''Sata Jalmachya Gathi''. He was last seen in ''Jay Bhawani Jay Shivaji'' as Shiva Kashid. He was the winner of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 3]]''.

==Twists==

=== Duties ===
On Launch Day before housemates entering the house. They were given options to choose their duties. Bigg Boss made four teams of duties and according to the duties they provided bands to the contestant.

{| class="wikitable"
!Band colour
!Duties
!Contestants
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:Blue" |'''{{Font colour|white|Blue}}'''
| rowspan="4" |Kitchen (Night)
|Tejaswini
|-
|Amruta Dh
|-
|Rohit
|-
|Yashashri
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:yellow" |'''Yellow'''
| rowspan="4" |Kitchen (Day)
|Prasad
|-
|Apurva
|-
|Yogesh
|-
|Samruddhi
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:purple" |'''{{Font colour|white|Purple}}'''
| rowspan="4" |Cleaning
|Nikhil
|-
|Vikas
|-
|Ruchira
|-
|Megha
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:red" |'''{{Font colour|white|Red}}'''
| rowspan="4" |Utensils
|Kiran
|-
|Akshay
|-
|Trishul
|-
|Amruta De
|}

== Weekly summary ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="11" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 1
| '''Entrances''' || On Grand Premiere, [[Tejaswini Lonari|Tejaswini]], [[Prasad Jawade|Prasad]], Nikhil, Amruta Dh, [[Kiran Mane|Kiran]], Samruddhi, [[Akshay Kelkar|Akshay]], [[Apurva Nemlekar|Apurva]], Yogesh, [[Amruta Deshmukh|Amruta De]], [[Yashashri Masurkar|Yashashri]], Vikas, Megha, Trishul, [[Ruchira Jadhav|Ruchira]] and Rohit entered the house as housemates.
|-
| '''Twist''' ||On first day, The 16 contestants divided into four members of the group and were asked to decide who is "Useless" among them.
The four members who selected as useless were Prasad, Rohit, Trishul and Megha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Apurva Nemlekar, Prasad Jawade Involved in Heated Argument |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-prasad-jawade-involved-in-heated-argument-6100279.html |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Nomination''' ||
'''Aatli Batli Phutli (The Bottle Break) '''

Useless contestants get immunity from the bigg boss to nominate any three contestants. For that they had to put the bottle of glasses on whom they want to nominate. As a result, Amruta De, Nikhil, Yashashri, Yogesh, Vikas and Tejaswini were nominated.
|-
| '''Main task''' ||
'''De Dhadak - Be Dhadak (Fearless)'''

Bigg Boss announces a new task De Dhadak Be Dhadak, for which the housemates are divided into two teams. According to the task, the two teams had to make the dishes. Following the steps, the team, which has the maximum number of dishes after the buzzer rings, will win the particular round. Prasad and Apurva become the sanchaalak of the two teams.
:'''Team A -''' Prasad, Trishul, Tejaswini, Ruchira, Amruta De, Rohit, Kiran and Samruddhi
:'''Team B -''' Apurva, Akshay, Megha, Vikas, Amruta Dh, Yogesh, Yashashri and Nikhil
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''De Dhadak Be Dhadak task was cancelled after poor behaviour of contestants''
|-
| '''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Samruddhi and Tejaswini
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Ye Re Ye Re Paisa (Come in, Come in Money)'''

In the task, two contenders had to throw notes of the BB points from the balcony to the garden area and their teammates had to collect them to buy golden bricks. The captaincy contender who will collect more BB points notes and buy bricks will be the captain of the first week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Samruddhi Jadhav becomes the first captain of the season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-samruddhi-jadhav-becomes-the-first-captain-of-the-season/articleshow/94722346.cms |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy) – Samruddhi'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy) – Tejaswini'''
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Samruddhi Jadhav'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| There was no eviction in the first week.
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 2
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Nomination Express'''

In the task, Bigg Boss had arranged two train sections, green and red on the board. In green section, the contestants had to stick the names of contestants they wanted to save and in the red section, the contestants had to stick the names of contestants they wanted to nominate. As a result, Akshay, Amruta Dh, Amruta De, Rohit, Ruchira, Nikhil, Yogesh and Vikas were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Vikas Sawant, Amruta Dhongade, Nikhil Rajeshirke and five others get nominated for eviction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-vikas-sawant-amruta-dhongade-nikhil-rajeshirke-and-five-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/94776186.cms |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''BB Airport'''

The garden is turned into an airport. When buzzer plays, they have to take luggage of the other contestant and have to get on the port. The person who enters the port last will show the bag of the contestant that he/she has and that person will be eliminated from the captaincy. When alarm plays, they all have to get down from the port, the last one to get out will show the bag he/she has will be eliminated too. So each round will eliminate two contestants from the race.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 highlights, October 12: Akshay Kelkar and Rohit Shinde to compete for captaincy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-highlights-october-12-akshay-kelkar-and-rohit-shinde-to-compete-for-captaincy/articleshow/94827717.cms |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Rohit and Akshay '''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Rohit and Akshay
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Parking Cha Raja (Parking's King)'''

Bigg Boss announced captaincy task Parking Cha King and asked the two contenders to fight for the captaincy in the task, Bigg Boss gave one car each to Akshay and Rohit. The two contenders had to push and park the car by using their strength. The two contenders also had to convince and choose two contestants each to help them reach the parking spot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 highlights: Oct 13: Rohit Shinde becomes the second captain of the season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-highlights-oct-13-rohit-shinde-becomes-the-second-captain-of-the-season/articleshow/94853334.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy) – Rohit '''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy) – Akshay '''
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Rohit Shinde'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
| On Day 15, Nikhil Rajeshirke was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 3
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Phata Poster Nikla Kon? (Torn Poster Who Came)'''

Bigg Boss announced nomination task Phata Poster Nikla Kon and give everyone each other's poster for nomination. The contestant who first shredded the poster of another contestant that contestant will get nominate. As a result, Apurva, Amruta De, Kiran, Megha and Yashashri were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Jabra Fan (Big Fan) '''

The contestants got the "Jabra Fan" task. The two teams unanimously chose Tejaswini and Samruddhi as the Star Performers of the week. Tejaswini and Samruddhi were the stars of the week and Bigg Boss asked them to select their fans from the rest of the contestants. The fans had to make star shaped paper from the given stencil and protect them from opposite team. The team, who would have more Star shaped papers would win the round. Tejaswini and Samruddhi had to give hearts to the fans they wanted to.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Tejaswini Lonari, Apurva Nemlekar, Amruta Dhongde, and Samruddhi Jadhav to contest for captaincy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-tejaswini-lonari-apurva-nemlekar-amruta-dhongde-and-samruddhi-jadhav-to-contest-for-captaincy/articleshow/94983886.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
:''' Tejaswini's fans -''' Prasad, Vikas, Kiran, Amruta De, Amruta Dh, and Yogesh
:'''Samruddhi's fans -''' Apurva, Akshay, Megha, Yashashri, Ruchira and Trishul

'''First round'''

Apurva protected Samruddhi's star paper more. Samruddhi gave hearts to Apurva.

'''Second round'''

Amruta Dhongade protected Tejaswini's star paper more. Tejaswini gave hearts to Amruta Dhongade.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Tejaswini, Samruddhi, Apurva and Amruta Dhongade'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Tejaswini and Apurva
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Vajava Re Vajava (Play It Play)'''

Bigg Boss announced the captaincy task "Vajva Re Vajava" in which Bigg Boss erected the cassettes in the garden. Both contenders got one-one cassettes and both got two supporters. Both supporters would tape in that cassette.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Apurva Nemlekar becomes the new captain of the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-becomes-the-new-captain-of-the-house/articleshow/95025225.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy) – Apurva'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Captaincy) – Tejaswini'''
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Apurva Nemlekar'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 21, Megha Ghadge was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Megha Ghadge evicted from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-megha-ghadge-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/95055418.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 4
|'''Twist'''
|This week has "Diwali" theme. Bigg Boss invited Mumbai's famous Dabbawalas. Bigg Boss informed all contestants that people from all the corners of Maharashtra have sent Diwali Faral to the housemates and bring it for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Mumbai's Dabbawalas enter the BB house; treat housemates with Diwali Faral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-mumbais-dabbawalas-enter-the-bb-house-treat-housemates-with-diwali-faral/articleshow/95076488.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Rocket Nomination'''

Bigg Boss announced the nomination task of the week. The contestants had to nominate other housemates who they think are indecisive and ineligible to be a part of the house. The contestants had to nominate contestants in pair format by sticking two pair cards in the rocket. As a result, Kiran, Amruta De, Trishul, Vikas, Prasad and Yogesh were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Kiran Mane, Vikas Sawant, Amruta Deshmukh, and three others get nominated for eviction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-kiran-mane-vikas-sawant-amruta-deshmukh-and-three-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/95075214.cms |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Pahuni Yeti Ghari (Guests Will Come) '''

Bigg Boss welcomed the Tanvi Mundle & Vivek Sangle in the house and housemates greeted them by wishing Happy Diwali.

Bigg Boss later assigned a cooking task to the contestants and asked the guests to examine the task. Bigg Boss also informed everyone that this would also be a part of their weekly task.

Bigg Boss divided 14 contestants into two groups Team A and Team B. Bigg Boss then asked both the teams to select one person from their team who was good at cooking. Team B assigned Apurva and Team A assigned Amruta Dhongade. Bigg Boss also asked the teams to select a person who can host while cooking. Team A assigned Prasad and Team B assigned Amruta Deshmukh.

Later, Bigg Boss asked both of them to make Gulab Jamun and the guests to judge the sweet dish in terms of taste, presentation and hosting skills.

Then the cooking competition commenced between Apurva and Amruta Dhongade. The duo completed the task in the given time and made Gulab Jamun. The guests tasted both the dishes and they liked Apurva's Gulab Jamun and her host Amruta Deshmukh's hosting than Amruta Dhongade's Gulab Jamun and Prasad's hosting.

Based on this the guests then announced team B as the winner of the task.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 highlights: Oct 25: Bhagya Dile Tu Mala actors Tanvi Mundle and Vivek Sangle enter the house as guests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-highlights-oct-25-bhagya-dile-tu-mala-actors-tanvi-mundle-and-vivek-sangle-enter-the-house-as-guests/articleshow/95086937.cms |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
:'''Team A -''' Prasad, Yogesh, Tejaswini, Amruta Dh, Kiran, Vikas and Samruddhi
:'''Team B -''' Apurva, Akshay, Ruchira, Rohit, Amruta De, Trishul, Yashashri
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Team B'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Team A'''
|-
|'''Celebration'''
|Banker, Social worker and wife of deputy chief minister of Maharashtra [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Amruta Fadnavis]] entered the house. Amruta made her smashing entry and surprised all the contestants. Bigg Boss welcomed Amruta to enjoy the Diwali party in the house with the contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: From advising Prasad Jawade to take wise decisions to dancing to 'Kajra Re', best moments of Amruta Fadnavis in the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-from-advising-prasad-jawade-to-take-wise-decisions-to-dancing-to-kajra-re-best-moments-of-amruta-fadnavis-in-the-house/photostory/95123164.cms |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|Akshay and Vikas
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Dhuvun Taak (Wash It)'''

Bigg Boss announces a captaincy task where the contenders can choose their two supporters. The task is about a display window of the shop where two contestants are standing as mannequins. The supporters have to spoil the glass display window of the other contender and each team has to protect their display while destroying that of others. Amruta De was the Sanchalak in this game.
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Akshay Kelkar'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 28, Yogesh Jadhav was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 Chavadi: Yogesh Jadhav gets evicted from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-chavadi-yogesh-jadhav-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/95187621.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 5
| '''Entrance''' || On Day 29, Snehlata Vasaikar entered as First wild card entry of this season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Mahesh Manjrekar Introduces First Wild-Card Contestant |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-mahesh-manjrekar-introduces-first-wild-card-contestant-6279205.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Vish-Amrut (Poison-Elixir) '''

The nomination task "Vish-Amrut" was given to the contestants. Bigg Boss had arranged four boxes in four different areas of the house. After the buzzer, the contestants had to reach the area and get the Vish and Amrut's bottles from the boxes. The contestant who would get Vish bottles can nominate others by giving them the bottles while contestant who would get Amrut bottles can save others by giving them the bottles.

As a result, Samruddhi, Amruta Dh, Amruta De, Vikas, Kiran, Prasad and Trishul were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Vikas Sawant, Kiran Mane and five other contestants get nominated for eviction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-vikas-sawant-kiran-mane-and-five-other-contestants-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/95225873.cms |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Khulla Karaycha Rada (Do Matter Openly) '''

Bigg Boss announces weekly task of the week is "Khulla Karaycha Rada". In which Bigg Boss erected See-Saw in the garden. Bigg Boss divided into two groups Team A and Team B in the house. Every team members will seated on both side of See-Saw and opposite team tried their trick to remove them from the seat of the See-Saw. They used every trick including throwing garbage, water, chilli powder on opposite team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Kiran Mane, Vikas Sawant, and three others to fight for captaincy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-kiran-mane-vikas-sawant-and-three-others-to-fight-for-captaincy/articleshow/95274815.cms |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

:'''Team A -''' Apurva, Trishul, Akshay, Ruchira, Amruta De, Rohit and Snehlata
:'''Team B -''' Kiran, Vikas, Tejaswini, Prasad, Amruta Dh, Yashashri and Samruddhi
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Team B'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Team A'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders task'''
|
Bigg Boss gave an interesting task to the Team B. Bigg Boss give one balloon to each to the contestants of Team B and asked Team A to pop the balloons of Team B contestants, whom they want to eliminate from the captaincy race. Along with it, Team B had to run fast and press the ring buzzer. The first who ring the buzzer had to request Team A to not pop his or her balloon & also share the name of contestant from their team who is not eligible for the captain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Yashashri Masurkar and Samruddhi Jadhav to compete in captaincy task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-yashashri-masurkar-and-samruddhi-jadhav-to-compete-in-captaincy-task/articleshow/95296805.cms |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Samruddhi and Yashashri
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Lagori'''

The two contenders had to arrange heavyweight sponges according to size, Yashashri and Samruddhi had to place the sponges according to their sizes. In each round, the captaincy contenders can take three supporters & with their help, the contenders had to save their sponge building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Samruddhi Jadhav becomes the captain of the house |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-samruddhi-jadhav-becomes-the-captain-of-the-house/articleshow/95315145.cms |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Samruddhi Jadhav'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 35, Trishul Marathe was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 6
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Vishay End (Topic End) '''

Bigg Boss gave nomination task "Vishay End" to the contestants. Bigg Boss divided 13 contestants into two teams and appointed Samruddhi as a Sanchalak. In this task, contestants had to nominate contestants from the opposite team. Bigg Boss asked to both teams to appoint two contestants for six rounds. One contestant has to make hammer with given instrument after the buzzer rings and one contestant had to protect it. The one who will make the hammer first & reach the sanchalak first will get a chance to nominate one contestant from opposite team.

As a result, Amruta Dh, Yashashri, Tejaswini, Snehlata, Prasad and Ruchira were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Amruta Dhongade, Snehalata Vasaikar, Yashashri Masurkar, Ruchira Jadhav, Prasad Jawade, and Tejaswini Lonari get nominated for eviction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-amruta-dhongade-snehalata-vasaikar-yashashri-masurkar-ruchira-jadhav-prasad-jawade-and-tejaswini-lonari-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/95371016.cms |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Senior V/S Junior'''

Bigg Boss announced a weekly task for that bigg boss made two teams. Team B had to blindfold Team A for the captaincy. Later, they had to drop them in jail and lock them up. After the buzzer, they had to hide the name boxes in various parts of the garden area. After the second buzzer, the team who is in the jail had to come out and find their boxes & cross the wall. The contestant who will find their box in last will be out of the captaincy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Prasad Jawade fights with Tejaswini Lonari, Amruta Dhongade during the captaincy task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-prasad-jawade-fights-with-tejaswini-lonari-amruta-dhongade-during-the-captaincy-task/articleshow/95392819.cms |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

:'''Team A -''' Apurva, Akshay, Kiran, Yashashri and Snehlata
:'''Team B -''' Amruta De, Vikas, Tejaswini, Prasad, Amruta Dh, Ruchira and Rohit
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Team A : Kiran & Team B : Rohit '''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Kiran and Rohit
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Valentine's Day'''

Bigg Boss announced the new captaincy task "Valentine's Day". In this task, the two contenders had to choose their supporters among contestants who will help them to win the game. The captaincy contenders had to appoint two supporters in each round. After every buzzer, the supporters had to collect the cotton from the store room and fill it inside the teddy bear. The team who will make the more teddy bears, will win the captaincy.
|-
|bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''||'''Rohit Shinde'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 42, [[Ruchira Jadhav]] was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Ruchira Jadhav Evicted From BB House In 5th Week |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-ruchira-jadhav-evicted-from-from-bb-house-in-5th-week-6380275.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 7
|'''Nomination'''
| Amruta De, Amruta Dh, Prasad, Tejaswini, Kiran and Yashashri were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Sosal Titkach Social (Absorb as Social) '''

Bigg Boss announced all the contestants to participate in "Sosal Titkach Social" task. In the task, contestants had to give each other challenges & the contestants had to complete them.
:'''Team Yellow -''' Akshay, Kiran, Yashashri, Samruddhi, Amruta Dh and Amruta De
:'''Team Red -''' Apurva, Vikas, Tejaswini, Prasad, Snehlata and Rohit
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Team Red : Vikas & Team Yellow : Amruta Dh '''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Vikas and Amruta Dh
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
''' Tik Tik Vajate Captaincy Chi (Captaincy Ticking) '''

In this task, Contenders got one cardboard each which has the shape of a social media "Blue Tick" & they had to fill the given cardboard "Blue Tick" by adding sponges in it. In all three rounds the contenders had to properly fill tick with sponges & complete it. The contender, who will complete the tick, first will be the winner of the task.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Captaincy task gets cancelled, no captain for the BB house; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-captaincy-task-gets-cancelled-no-captain-for-the-bb-house-deets-inside/articleshow/95597183.cms |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Captaincy was dissolved as contenders had tied''
|-
| Bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''
!''None''
|-
| '''Exits'''
|On Day 49, [[Yashashri Masurkar]] was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 8
|'''Twist'''
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] said Kiran Mane was evicted due to less votes but then they sent him in the secret room.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Kiran Mane enters the 'secret room', here's all you need to know about the 'special place' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-kiran-mane-enters-the-secret-room-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-special-place/photostory/95679321.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
'''Varul Deta Ka Varul (Give Me Some Wind) '''

Bigg Boss announced new nomination task "Varul Deta Ka Varul". Bigg Boss asked the housemates to carrying a photograph of each other. All contestants got a photograph of another contestants & if they want to nominate the contestant whose photograph they are carrying they can. As a result, Amruta De, Prasad, Rohit, Samruddhi, Akshay and Apurva.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''BB Ranking'''

Kiran Mane reenter the house. Bigg Boss later assigned a task to Kiran & asked him to rank the 10 contestants of the house from 1-10 by seeing the contestants strategies and performance in the last 51 days.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Tejaswini and Rohit'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Tejaswini and Rohit
|-
| bgcolor="#cfc" |'''House Captain'''
!''None''
|-
| '''Punishment'''
|
* Amruta Dhongade was severely punished for damaging the bigg boss property of the house. Bigg Boss take her captaincy for two weeks.
* Rohit Shinde and Vikas Sawant involved in fight in Elephant and Ant task. Bigg Boss puts both of them in the jail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BB Marathi 4: Bigg Boss Puts Rohit Chavan And Vikas Sawant In Jail Following Duo's Clash |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bb-marathi-4-bigg-boss-puts-rohit-chavan-and-vikas-sawant-in-jail-following-duos-clash-6470491.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits'''
|On Day 56, Samruddhi Jadhav was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 9
|'''Entrances'''
| Mira Jagannath, [[Rakhi Sawant]], Aroh Velankar and Vishal Nikam introduced as the challengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 to introduce the biggest twist in history, four wild card contestants to enter the show soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-to-introduce-the-biggest-twist-in-history-four-wild-card-contestants-to-enter-the-show-soon/articleshow/95748953.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''' Challenger's Nomination'''
| Bigg Boss asked challengers to nominate anyone among the 11 contestants. Bigg Boss also asked them to choose favourite one. Bigg Boss asked the four challengers to push contestants into the pool they wanted to nominate. As a result, Amruta De, Prasad, Apurva and Rohit were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Rakhi Sawant nominates Prasad Jawade for eviction; a look at other nominated contestants of the week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-rakhi-sawant-nominates-prasad-jawade-for-eviction-a-look-at-other-nominated-contestants-of-the-week/articleshow/95859392.cms |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Bigg Boss Chi Sutti (Bigg Boss's Holiday) '''

New Task were announced as "Bigg Boss Chi Sutti" where challengers will be cruel kings & queens, contestants will have to follow their orders, and Challengers will try to irritate them so much that contestants try to leave the task. Contestants have to fulfil Challenger's orders as soon as they are given.

'''BB Birthday Bash'''

Bigg Boss announced Birthday Bash Party of himself. Where contestants have to dance on the songs. Bigg Boss also assigned the task of selecting contenders for the captaincy to the four challengers along with them.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2022-12-01 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 {{!}} Birthday bash dance party in the Bigg Boss house, the challengers will select the candidates for the post |url=https://hindi.tezzbuzz.com/2022/12/01/bigg-boss-marathi-4-birthday-bash-dance-party-in-the-bigg-boss-house-the-challengers-will-select-the-candidates-for-the-post-of-captain/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Tezzbuzz |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Bigg Boss Chi Sutti) – Challengers'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Contestants'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (BB Birthday Bash) – Apurva, Akshay, Vikas and Kiran'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (BB Birthday Bash) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Apurva, Akshay, Vikas, Kiran, Mira, Vishal, Rakhi and Aroh
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
'''Meter Down'''

Bigg Boss announced a new captaincy task "Meter Down" in which each contenders got a dummy taxi. If they want captaincy, they have to go first in that dummy taxi.
|-
| Bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''
| '''Akshay Kelkar '''
|-
| '''Exits'''
|
* On Day 59, [[Tejaswini Lonari]] exit the show after her right hand fracture that needs medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=bigg boss marathi injured tejaswini lonari left the house contestant gets emotional {{!}} Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/bigg-boss-marathi-injured-tejaswini-lonari-left-the-house-contestant-gets-emotional-kak-96-3307293/lite/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.loksatta.com}}</ref>
* On Day 63, Vishhal Nikam and Mira Jagannath left the house after they completed their duration as guest.
* On Day 64, Rohit Shinde was evicted after facing public votes.
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 10
|''' Nomination'''
| Bigg Boss asked captain Akshay to nominate any one contestant from the given pair. As per the task, the pairs had to explain their contributions & entertainment factors to Akshay & the latter had decide to which contestant to nominate from the given pair.

The pair were -

1) Rakhi-Aroh

2) Apurva-Amruta Dh

3) Vikas-Kiran-Prasad

4) Snehlata-Amruta De

As a result, Aroh, Apurva, Vikas and Snehlata were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''BB High School'''

Team A had to be the teachers and Team B had to be the students. Team A had to pass only one student and fail other students. One pass student would be the captaincy contender.

:'''Team A -''' Rakhi, Akshay, Apurva, Prasad, and Snehlata
:'''Team B -''' Amruta Dh, Amruta De, Kiran, Vikas and Aroh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – Snehlata & Kiran'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
| Snehlata and Kiran
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Captaincy was dissolved as contenders had tied''
|-
| Bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''
! '''None '''
|-
| '''Exits'''
|On Day 70, Snehlata Vasaikar was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Wild card contestant Snehalata Vasaikar gets evicted from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-wild-card-contestant-snehalata-vasaikar-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/96155103.cms |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
! rowspan="7" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 11
|''' Nomination'''
| In the nomination task, the contestants had to go to the secret room & keep the nomination secret.

Bigg Boss divided the contestants into the team of three members & one contestant had to nominate two contestants from two separate teams.

The teams were -

1) Apurva-Akshay-Prasad

2) Rakhi-Amruta De-Kiran

3) Vikas-Amruta Dh-Aroh

As a result, Prasad, Apurva, Vikas, Kiran, Amruta De & Amruta Dh were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
| Bigg Boss welcome [[Pushkar Jog]] and [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] as guests to promote film ''[[Victoria - Ek Rahasya|Victoria]]''. Bigg Boss announced the task two contestants will sit in the chair & will be tied with chains on their legs, & other contestants have to break the chain and released the locked contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Akshay Kelkar-Aroh Welankar's Clash Scares Guest Sonalee Kulkarni |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-akshay-kelkar-aroh-welankars-clash-scares-guest-sonalee-kulkarni-6632617.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Main task) – None'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Main task) – None'''
|-
|'''Punishment'''
|
[[Rakhi Sawant]] breaks plates and cups as her coffee gets stolen. Bigg Boss later punished Rakhi for destroying the property and getting violent in the house and directly nominated her for eviction for the next week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Rakhi Sawant breaks plates and cups as her coffee gets stolen, says, "take my boyfriend, take my money but don't ever think to take my coffee" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-rakhi-sawant-breaks-plates-and-cups-as-her-coffee-gets-stolen-says-take-my-boyfriend-take-my-money-but-dont-ever-think-to-take-my-coffee/articleshow/96244626.cms |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#cfc" |'''House Captain'''
! None
|-
| '''Exits'''
|On Day 77, Vikas Sawant and [[Amruta Deshmukh]] was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Megha Dhade Calls Amruta Deshmukh's Eviction ‘Unfair’ |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-megha-dhade-calls-amruta-deshmukhs-eviction-unfair-6665203.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
! rowspan="6" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 12
|''' Nomination'''
|
'''Times Up'''

Bigg Boss announced a nomination task ''Times Up''. Bigg Boss asked the contestants to nominate any contestant they want to be in the house. Bigg Boss also announced everyone not to nominate Rakhi as she already nominated by Bigg Boss as a punishment.

As a result, Prasad, Aroh & Rakhi were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Prasad Jawade and Aroh Welankar get nominated for eviction, Bigg Boss announces 'No voting' this week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-prasad-jawade-and-aroh-welankar-get-nominated-for-eviction-bigg-boss-announces-no-voting-this-week/articleshow/96352424.cms |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
'''Freeze Release'''

Bigg Boss announced this week as a family week. Family members and relatives of the contestants have started entering the house to surprise them. Firstly, Amruta Dh's, then Apurva's, Kiran's, Akshay's, Prasad's, Aroh's and Rakhi's family members entered the house and praised all contestants for their performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Rakhi Sawant gets emotional seeing families of other housemates, says "Have done many seasons in Bigg Boss but nobody from my home came" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-rakhi-sawant-gets-emotional-seeing-families-of-other-housemates-says-have-done-many-seasons-in-bigg-boss-but-nobody-from-my-home-came/articleshow/96420043.cms |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|Akshay, Amruta Dh, Apurva, Aroh, Kiran, Prasad & Rakhi
|-
| '''Captaincy task'''
|
The last captaincy task was related to the winning prize money amount. As per the task, Bigg Boss appointed all contestants as the captaincy contenders and gave them the nameplates of their names. Bigg Boss informed all contestants that the winning prize amount is 25 Lakhs and after every seconds the prize amount will be deducted by 50,000. If contestants do not want to lose the winning amount they have to drop their captaincy for next week by putting their nameplates inside the ATM. One contestant had to put his/her nameplate in the machine in each round & hit the buzzer & only then the deduction will get stopped.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 winner to get only 8 lakhs Rupees as Prize Money, contestants lose 17 lakhs in the last captaincy task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-winner-to-get-only-8-lakhs-rupees-as-prize-money-contestants-lose-17-lakhs-in-the-last-captaincy-task/articleshow/96464852.cms |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Bgcolor=#cfc|'''House Captain'''
| '''Aroh Welankar'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 84, No eviction took place
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#F859B1;" | Week 13
|''' Nomination'''
|
'''Vaghoba Ala Re Vaghoba Ala (Tiger Came)'''

As per the task, the contestants had to throw pictures of the contestants they wanted to nominate in a Tiger's cage by considering the previous week's performance. The contestants who will get nomination several times will get directly nominated for eviction.

As a result, Prasad, Amruta Dh and Rakhi were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Prasad Jawade, Amruta Dhongade get nominated for eviction, four contestants reached the Finale week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-prasad-jawade-amruta-dhongade-get-nominated-for-eviction-four-contestants-reached-the-finale-week/articleshow/96526432.cms |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale Contenders task'''
|
'''Gajar Palva, Umedvari Milva (Run the carrot, Get the contendership)'''

Bigg Boss announced the final 'Ticket To Finale' task of the season. Bigg Boss asked the housemates to participate in the task individually and named the task as 'Gajar Palva Umedvari Milva'.

As per the task, the contestants will get one basket of Gajar (carrots) in each round and they have to run to get as many carrots as possible in their bucket after the buzzer. The contestants, who will have more carrots in a good condition, will get qualified for the next round. The contestants, who will have fewer carrots compared to others, will get eliminated from the Ticket To Finale task.

The Sanchalak of the task has to eliminate one contestant in each round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Amruta Dhongade and Prasad Jawade get eliminated from the 'Ticket To Finale' task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-amruta-dhongade-and-prasad-jawade-get-eliminated-from-the-ticket-to-finale-task/articleshow/96567150.cms |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Ticket to finale contenders task) – Akshay, Apurva, Kiran and Aroh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Ticket to finale contenders task) - Amruta Dh, Prasad and Rakhi'''
|-
|'''Ticket to Finale contenders'''
|Akshay, Apurva, Kiran and Aroh
|-
| '''Ticket to Finale task'''
|
Bigg Boss announced Ticket to Finale task to the contestants. As per the task, each contenders was given a container filled with grains. The task was to save the grains in the own container and attack the other container. The container who have maximum grains after the buzzer wins the game.

Rakhi, Prasad and Amruta Dh was the sanchalak of the task.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Apurva Nemlekar wins 'Ticket To Finale', becomes the first contender to reach the finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-apurva-nemlekar-wins-ticket-to-finale-becomes-the-first-contender-to-reach-the-finale/articleshow/96630337.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Ticket to finale) – Apurva'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Ticket to finale) - Akshay, Kiran and Aroh'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
| On Day 91, [[Prasad Jawade]] was evicted after facing Public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: प्रसाद जवादेची 'बिग बॉस'च्या घरातून एग्झिट, आता 'या' स्पर्धकांमध्ये रंगणार महाअंतिम सोहळा |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/prasad-jawade-got-eliminated-from-bigg-boss-rnv-99-3371557/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan="13" style="background:#F859B1;" |'''Week 14 Finale Week'''
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|Everyone was nominated for the mid-week eviction except Apurva as she won the ''Ticket To Finale''.
|-
|'''Happenings'''
|
* '''BB Journey'''
Bigg Boss has shown the journeys of finalists which started from Amruta Dh, Rakhi, Kiran, Aroh, Apurva & Akshay
|-
|'''Exits'''
| On day 94, Aroh Welankar was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Aroh Welankar gets eliminated in mid-week eviction, Rakhi Sawant, Apurva Nemlekar, Akshay Kelkar, Amruta Dhongade, and Kiran Mane make it to the finale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-aroh-welankar-gets-eliminated-in-mid-week-eviction-rakhi-sawant-apurva-nemlekar-akshay-kelkar-amruta-dhongade-and-kiran-mane-make-it-to-the-finale/articleshow/96745648.cms |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#F859B1; text-align:center"|Grand Finale Day 98
|-
|style="background:#fcf; text-align:center;"|'''Walked, 4th Runner Up'''
|'''[[Rakhi Sawant]]'''
|-
|style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;"|'''3rd Runner Up'''
|'''Amruta Dhongade'''
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4; text-align:center;"|'''2nd Runner Up'''
|'''[[Kiran Mane]]'''
|-
|style="background:#D1E8EF; text-align:center;"|'''1st Runner Up'''
|'''[[Apurva Nemlekar]]'''
|-
|style="background:#73FB76; text-align:center;"|'''Winner'''
|'''Akshay Kelkar'''
|}

== Guest appearances ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#e754a5; color:white; " | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#e754a5; color:white; " | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#e754a5; color:white; " | Guest(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#e754a5; color:white; " | Purpose of Visits
! width="30%" style="background:#e754a5; color:white; " | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" align="center" |'''Week 1'''
| rowspan="4" align="center" |'''Grand Launch'''
|Isha Mane
|To support her father [[Kiran Mane]]
| rowspan="4" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jayendra Kelkar
|To support his son Akshay Kelkar
|-
|Supriya Nemlekar
|To support her daughter [[Apurva Nemlekar]]
|-
|Mrs. Marathe
|To support his son Trishul Marathe
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 5'''
|Ravindra Khomane
| rowspan="2" |For Garba celebration
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Housemates enjoy Garba Night with a twist; 'Worst contestants' Nikhil Rajeshirke and Yogesh Jadhav get a special power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-housemates-enjoy-garba-night-with-a-twist-worst-contestants-nikhil-rajeshirke-and-yogesh-jadhav-get-a-special-power/articleshow/94701237.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Anshika Chonkar
|-
|'''Day 6'''
|[[Shreyas Talpade]]
|To promote film ''[[Aapdi Thaapdi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi: Shreyas Talpade's Grand Entry In BB House Generates Excitement |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-shreyas-talpades-grand-entry-in-bb-house-generates-excitement-6116167.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Week 4'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 22'''
|Sunil Dabbawala
| rowspan="2" |To gave Diwali Faral Dabba
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Mumbai's Dabbawalas enter the BB house; treat housemates with Diwali Faral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-mumbais-dabbawalas-enter-the-bb-house-treat-housemates-with-diwali-faral/articleshow/95076488.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Vishnu Dabbawala
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 23'''
|Tanvi Mundle
| rowspan="2" |For special task
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 highlights: Oct 25: Bhagya Dile Tu Mala actors Tanvi Mundle and Vivek Sangle enter the house as guests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-highlights-oct-25-bhagya-dile-tu-mala-actors-tanvi-mundle-and-vivek-sangle-enter-the-house-as-guests/articleshow/95086937.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Vivek Sangle
|-
|'''Day 24'''
|[[Amruta Fadnavis]]
|For Diwali celebration
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBM4: तुळशीला नमस्कार करुन अमृता फडणवीसांची एण्ट्री, बिग बॉसच्या घरात मोठा ट्विस्ट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-bbm4-daily-updates-deputy-cm-devendra-fadnavis-wife-banker-singer-amruta-fadnavis-enters-house/articleshow/95089001.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''Week 5'''
|'''Day 35'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Jitendra Joshi]]
|To promote film ''[[Godavari (2022 film)|Godavari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Akshay Kelkar gets emotional after getting a letter from his girlfriend, says, "She is my 8 years of love" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-akshay-kelkar-gets-emotional-after-getting-a-letter-from-his-girlfriend-says-she-is-my-8-years-of-love/articleshow/95460417.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Week 6'''
|'''Day 39'''
|To entertaining housemates
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='No one was ready to be the guarantor of my home loan but Mahesh Manjrekar agreed,' says actor Jitendra Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/no-one-was-ready-to-be-the-guarantor-of-my-home-loan-but-mahesh-manjrekar-agreed-says-actor-jitendra-joshi/articleshow/95347809.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''Day 40'''
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|To enjoy meal with housemates
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Mahesh Manjrekar enters the house, brings fish and chicken for housemates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-mahesh-manjrekar-enters-the-house-brings-fish-and-chicken-for-housemates/articleshow/95501599.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Day 42'''
|[[Shweta Shinde]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote serial ''Shetkarich Navra Hava''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 Chavadi: Mahesh Manjrekar lashes out at Rohit Shinde for being 'ungrateful' toward Vikas Sawant, says, "He almost died to make you captain but you didn't even offer him a glass of water" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-chavadi-mahesh-manjrekar-lashes-out-at-rohit-shinde-for-being-ungrateful-toward-vikas-sawant-says-he-almost-died-to-make-you-captain-but-you-didnt-even-offer-him-a-glass-of-water/articleshow/94891537.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Pradeep Ghule
|-
|Rucha Gaikwad
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''Week 8'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Day 56'''
|[[Sayali Sanjeev Chandsarkar|Sayali Sanjeev]]
| rowspan="3" |To promote film ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi: ही प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री बिग बॉसच्या घरात? त्या इन्स्टास्टोरीमुळं चर्चेला उधाण |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi/marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-in-bigg-boss-marathi-season-4-instagram-story-viral/articleshow/94129821.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suvrat Joshi]]
|-
|Shantanu Rode
|-
|'''Week 9'''
|'''Day 61'''
|[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
|To promote film ''[[Baalbhaarti]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Watch Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4 Episode 62 Telecasted On 02-12-2022 Online |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/4/1372238/siddharth-jadhav-in-bigg-boss/1406602 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Week 11'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 74'''
|[[Pushkar Jog]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote film ''[[Victoria - Ek Rahasya]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Sonalee Kulkarni reveals her mom is Rakhi Sawant's fan; the latter promises to meet her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-sonalee-kulkarni-reveals-her-mom-is-rakhi-sawants-fan-the-latter-promises-to-meet-her/articleshow/96295081.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 75'''
|[[Bharat Jadhav]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote film ''[[Dhondi Champya - Ek Prem Katha]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Bharat-Vaibhav Are In The House! - Date 17-12-2022 Online {{!}} Voot |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/4/1372238/bharat-vaibhav-are-in-the-house/1415446 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vaibhav Mangle]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Week 12'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Day 84'''
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="2" |To promote film ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Riteish Aka Ved And Genelia Deshmukh Had This Much Fun |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-4-riteish-aka-ved-and-genelia-deshmukh-had-this-much-fun-6701911.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Genelia D'Souza]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Week 13'''
| rowspan="4" |'''Day 89'''
|[[Tejaswini Lonari]]
|To meet top 7 contestants
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4: Tejaswini Lonari, who quit the show midway, is set to re-enter the house; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-tejaswini-lonari-who-quit-the-show-midway-is-set-to-re-enter-the-house-deets-inside/articleshow/96617172.cms |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Smita Gondkar]]
| rowspan="3" |For special task
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=दोन मास्टर माइंड अन् रूप सुंदरीची Bigg Boss Marathi 4मध्ये एंट्री; कोण देणार कोणाला काय सल्ला? |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/smita-gondkar-neha-shitole-and-utkarsh-shinde-entry-in-bigg-boss-marathi-4-mhgm-807521.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Neha Shitole]]
|-
|Utkarsh Shinde
|-
| rowspan="14" |'''Week 14'''
| rowspan="4" |'''Day 95'''
|RJ Rudra
| rowspan="4" |For interacting with housemates
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Bigg Boss Radio Station |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/4/1372238/the-bb-radio-station/1423973 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|RJ Nidhi
|-
|RJ Kedar
|-
|RJ Purva
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Day 96'''
|Varun Inamdar
|To enjoy meal with housemates
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Watch Bigg Boss Marathi Season 4 Episode 97 Telecasted On 06-01-2023 Online |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/4/1372238/the-prince-of-chocolates/1424336 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Ashish Pawar
| rowspan="3" |To entertaining housemates
|-
|[[Onkar Bhojane]]
|-
|Bhushan Kadu
|-
|'''Day 97-98'''
|Ex-housemates
|To meet housemates
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Reunion of Former contestants of Bigg Boss Marathi season 4 |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/bigg-boss-marathi/4/1372238/a-reunion-of-former-contestants/1424638 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''Day 98'''
|Vikas Patil
|To carry out eviction
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 4 winner: Akshay Kelkar lifts the trophy; receives Rs. 15,55,000, a gold bracelet, 5 lakhs cheque, and other prizes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-4-winner-akshay-kelkar-lifts-the-trophy-receives-rs-1555000-a-gold-bracelet-5-lakhs-cheque-and-other-prizes/articleshow/96836944.cms |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Aishwarya Shete
| rowspan="2" |To promote serial ''[[Rama Raghav]]''
|-
|Nikhil Damle
|-
|Rasika Vakharkar
| rowspan="2" |To promote serial ''Pirticha Vanva Uri Petla''
|-
|Indraneel Kamat
|}

== Nomination table ==




<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|+
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6%;" |
! rowspan="2" |Week 1
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 2
! rowspan="2" |Week 3
! rowspan="2" |Week 4
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 5
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 6
! rowspan="2" |Week 7
! rowspan="2" |Week 8
! rowspan="2" |Week 9
! rowspan="2" |Week 10
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Week 11
! rowspan="2" |Week 12
! rowspan="2" |Week 13
! colspan="3" |Week 14
|-
!Day 95
| colspan="2" bgcolor=gold|'''Day 98'''
|- style="background:#87CEEB" |
! Nominees for Captaincy
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| colspan="2" |Samruddhi Tejaswini
|Akshay Rohit
|Apurva Tejaswini
| colspan="2" |Akshay Vikas
| colspan="2" |Samruddhi Yashashri
|Kiran Rohit
|Amruta Dh Vikas
|Rohit Tejaswini
|Akshay Apurva Aroh Kiran Mira Rakhi Vikas Vishal
| colspan="2" |Snehlata Kiran
| rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| Akshay Apurva Amruta Dh Aroh Kiran Prasad Rakhi
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! House Captain
| colspan="2" |'''Samruddhi'''
|'''Rohit'''
|'''Apurva'''
| colspan="2" |'''Akshay'''
| colspan="2" |'''Samruddhi'''
|'''Rohit'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|'''Akshay'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|'''Aroh'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
|Akshay Apurva Megha Rohit Ruchira Trishul Yashashri
|Amruta De Yogesh Amruta Dh Prasad Kiran Nikhil Vikas Tejaswini
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Yogesh Prasad Kiran Amruta De
| colspan="2" |Samruddhi Vikas Prasad Yashashri (to evict) Yashashri (to save)
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Aroh Snehlata Vikas Prasad Apurva
|Prasad Amruta Dh
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
!Evict
!Save
! colspan="3" |Evict
! colspan="2" |Evict/Save
! colspan="13" |Evict
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
!Akshay
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Rohit Apurva Amruta Dh Yogesh
|Kiran Tejaswini Megha Trishul
|<s>Amruta Dh</s>
|Kiran Amruta De Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
| bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini
|{{nowrap|Tejaswini Kiran Amruta De Yashashri Prasad}}
|<s>Tejaswini</s>
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''C'''
|Kiran Vikas
|Aroh Prasad
|Prasad Rakhi
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Winner''' (Day 98)
|-
!Apurva
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Tejaswini Akshay Megha Trishul
|Amruta Dh Rohit Amruta De Yogesh
|<s>Ruchira</s>
| bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
|Ruchira (to save)
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini
|Amruta De Yashashri Amruta Dh
|Prasad
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''C'''
|Amruta De Vikas
|Aroh Prasad
|{{nowrap|Prasad Amruta Dh}}
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor=#D1E8EF|'''1st runner-up''' (Day 98)
|-
!Kiran
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Vikas Amruta Dh Prasad Tejaswini
|Apurva Megha Trishul Akshay
|<s>Tejaswini</s>
|Yogesh Prasad Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
|Trishul Ruchira (to evict)
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini
|Amruta De Yashashri Prasad
| style="background:#87CEFA;" |'''Amruta De'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''A'''
|Amruta Dh Apurva
|Prasad Aroh
|Prasad Amruta Dh
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|'''2nd runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
!Amruta Dh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Tejaswini Kiran Nikhil Amruta De
|Akshay Apurva Rohit Trishul
|Apurva
|Trishul Vikas Kiran Amruta De
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
|Kiran Prasad
|<s>Amruta De</s>
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="orange" |'''B'''
|Amruta De Prasad
|Aroh Kiran
|Prasad Rakhi
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|'''3rd runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
!Rakhi
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background: yellow;" | '''Prasad'''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''A'''
|Vikas Apurva
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Amruta Dh Apurva
|Amruta Dh Prasad
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor=#fcf|{{nowrap|'''Walked, 4th runner-up'''}} (Day 98)
|-
!Aroh
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:yellow;" |'''Apurva'''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="orange" |'''B'''
|Kiran Akshay
|{{nowrap|Apurva Amruta Dh}}
|bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' {{nowrap|(Day 94)}}
|-
!Prasad
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Amruta De Yashashri Tejaswini
|Kiran Yashashri Yogesh Rohit
|Akshay Apurva Ruchira Tejaswini
|<s>Trishul</s>
|Trishul Vikas Kiran Amruta De
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
|Vikas (to save) Amruta De (to evict)
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
|Tejaswini Amruta De Yashashri Amruta Dh
|<s>Amruta Dh</s>
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="lightgreen" |'''C'''
|Amruta De Amruta Dh
|Kiran Aroh
|Amruta Dh Rakhi
| colspan="3" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' {{nowrap|(Day 91)}}
|-
!Amruta De
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Ruchira Akshay Apurva Amruta Dh
|Nikhil Kiran Yogesh Megha
|Megha
|Yogesh Prasad Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini
|Kiran Amruta Dh
|Samruddhi
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Safe''
| bgcolor="yellow" |'''A'''
|{{nowrap|Amruta Dh Prasad}}
| colspan="5" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 77)
|-
!Vikas
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Trishul Nikhil Kiran Yogesh
|Apurva Megha Tejaswini Ruchira
|<s>Samruddhi</s>
|Kiran Amruta De Yogesh Prasad
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Akshay
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="orange" |'''B'''
|Prasad Amruta De
| colspan="5" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 76)
|-
!Snehlata
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vikas Kiran Samruddhi Amruta Dh (to evict)
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|{{nowrap|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini}}
|Tejaswini Amruta Dh
|Rohit
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
!Rohit
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vikas Amruta De Nikhil
|{{nowrap|Ruchira Trishul Akshay Amruta De}}
|{{nowrap|Yogesh Yashashri Nikhil Amruta Dh}}
| bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|{{nowrap|Kiran Amruta De Trishul Vikas}}
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
| bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|<s>Vikas</s>
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
!Vishal
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:lightblue;" | '''Rohit'''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#D7A0B4" |''Duration Complete'' (Day 63)
|-
!Mira
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:lightblue;" | {{nowrap|'''Amruta De'''}}
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#D7A0B4" |''Duration Complete'' (Day 63)
|-
!Tejaswini
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Amruta Dh Yogesh Nikhil Vikas
|Ruchira Akshay Prasad Amruta De
|<s>Vikas</s>
|Kiran Amruta De Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
|Kiran Amruta De Yashashri Amruta Dh Prasad
|Apurva
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 58)
|-
!Samruddhi
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|<s>Yogesh</s>
|Kiran Amruta De Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="red" |'''{{color|white|A}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#cfc" |''House Captain''
|Tejaswini Kiran Prasad
|<s>Snehlata</s>
| colspan="9" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
!Yashashri
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Trishul Megha Tejaswini Kiran
|Amruta Dh Rohit Yogesh Akshay
|Amruta De
|Kiran Amruta De Trishul Vikas
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
|Samruddhi (to save)
| bgcolor="cyan" |'''A'''
|Prasad Ruchira Amruta Dh Tejaswini
|Tejaswini
| colspan="10" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
!Ruchira
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Nikhil Megha Apurva Prasad
|Rohit Kiran Yashashri Amruta De
|Yashashri
|Trishul Vikas Kiran Amruta De
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| bgcolor="pink" |'''B'''
|Yashashri Snehlata
| colspan="11" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
!Trishul
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Nikhil Vikas Amruta De
|Tejaswini Akshay Apurva Amruta De
|Nikhil Yogesh Prasad Rohit
|<s>Akshay</s>
|Kiran Amruta De Yogesh Prasad
| bgcolor="blue" |'''{{color|white|B}}'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="13" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
!Yogesh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|{{nowrap|Megha Amruta Dh Nikhil Prasad}}
|Akshay Rohit Trishul Tejaswini
|<s>Prasad</s>
|Trishul Vikas Kiran Amruta De
| colspan="15" bgcolor="salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
!Megha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |{{nowrap|Amruta De Nikhil Yogesh}}
|Yogesh Apurva Akshay Trishul
|Vikas Amruta Dh Prasad Ruchira
|Kiran
| colspan="16" bgcolor="salmon" | ''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
!Nikhil
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Rohit Yashashri Amruta Dh Vikas
|Apurva Trishul Prasad Ruchira
| colspan="17" bgcolor="salmon" | ''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
|''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
| colspan="2" | ''[[#endnote 2|2]]''
|''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 4|4]]''
| colspan="2" |''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 5|5]], [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 6|6]]''
| colspan="2" |''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 7|7]]''
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 8|8]], [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 9|9]]''
|''[[#endnote 3|3]], [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 10|10]]''
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 11|11]], [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 12|12]], [[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 13|13]]''
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 14|14]]''
| colspan="2" |''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 15|15]]''
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)#endnote 16|16]]''
| -
|
| colspan="2" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against Public Voting
|Amruta De Nikhil Vikas Yogesh Tejaswini Yashashri
| colspan="2" |Akshay Amruta De Amruta Dh Nikhil Rohit Ruchira Vikas Yogesh
|Amruta De Apurva Kiran Megha Yashashri
|Amruta De Kiran Prasad Trishul Vikas Yogesh
| colspan="2" |Amruta De Amruta Dh Kiran Prasad Samruddhi Trishul Vikas
| colspan="2" |Amruta Dh Prasad Ruchira Snehlata Tejaswini Yashashri
|Amruta De Amruta Dh Kiran Prasad Tejaswini Yashashri
|Akshay Amruta De Apurva Prasad Rohit Samruddhi
|Amruta De Apurva Prasad Rohit
|Apurva Aroh Prasad Snehlata Vikas
| colspan="2" |Amruta De Amruta Dh Apurva Kiran Prasad Vikas
|Rakhi Prasad Aroh
|Amruta Dh Prasad Rakhi
|Akshay Amruta Dh Aroh Kiran Rakhi
| colspan="2" |'''Akshay Amruta Dh Apurva Kiran Rakhi'''
|- style="background:#87CEFA;" |
!Secret Room
| colspan="9" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|'''Kiran'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| colspan="2" bgcolor=#E5E5E5 |''None''
|- style="background:#fcf;" |
! Walked
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|'''Tejaswini'''
| colspan="2" |'''Rakhi'''
|- style="background:salmon;" |
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Nikhil'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Megha'''
| rowspan="2" | '''Yogesh'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Trishul'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Ruchira'''
| rowspan="2" | '''Yashashri'''
| rowspan="2" | '''Samruddhi'''
| rowspan="2" | '''Rohit'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Snehlata'''
| colspan="2" |'''Vikas'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" |'''Prasad'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Aroh'''
|bgcolor=#DDA0DD|{{nowrap|'''Amruta Dh'''}}
| style="background: #7FFFD4;" |'''Kiran'''
|-
|- style="background:salmon;" |
| colspan="2" |'''Amruta De'''
|
| bgcolor=#D1E8EF|'''Apurva'''
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Akshay'''
|-
|}
</blockquote>
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#C2DFFF|border=darkgray}} indicates the Nominees for house captaincy.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
:{{color box|#87CEFA|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate went to secret room.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.
: {{Color box|#fcf|}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.

===Notes===

* {{note|1|Note 1}}: After being chosen as the "useless" housemates, only Megha, Prasad, Rohit and Trishul could nominate other housemates and were also granted immunity.
* {{note|2|Note 2}}: During Week 2 nominations, Bigg Boss had arranged two train sections, green and red on the board. In green section, the contestants had to put the names of contestants they wanted to save and in the red section, the contestants had to put the names of contestants they wanted to nominate.
* {{note|3|Note 3}}: During Week 3 nominations, Bigg Boss assigned one housemate to each housemate and they had to decide if they want to nominate the housemate assigned to them.
*{{note|4|Note 4}}:During Week 4 nominations, Bigg Boss divided the housemates into 6 teams. Each team had to nominate two other teams. The teams were: Kiran & Amruta De, Yogesh & Prasad, Samruddhi & Yashashri, Trishul & Vikas, Ruchira & Amruta Dh, Rohit, Tejaswini & Akshay. House-Captain, Apurva nominated two teams.
*{{note|5|Note 5}}: Snehlata was immuned as she entered as a Wild-Card on Day 28.
*{{note|6|Note 6}}: During Week 5 nominations, Bigg Boss divided the housemates into 2 teams. Each team had to race to get either safety potions or nomination potions. If the get safety potion, they get to safe a housemate from the other team. If they get nomination potion, they get to nominate a housemate from the other team.
*{{note|7|Note 7}}: During Week 6 nominations, Bigg Boss divided the housemates into 2 teams. In each round, 2 teams competed, they winning team mutually get to nominate a housemate from the other team.
*{{note|8|Note 8}}: During Week 7 nominations, Bigg Boss calls 2 housemates. Other housemates will race to enter the box, the first five to enter are eligible to judge and mutually decide to nominate 1 of the 2 housemates called by Bigg Boss.
*{{note|9|Note 9}}: On Day 49, Kiran was fake evicted from the house and entered the secret room.
*{{note|10|Note 10}}: After Week 8 nominations, Kiran had a special power to directly nominate one housemate.
*{{note|11|Note 11}}: Only the 4 challengers got to directly nominate a housemate each.
*{{note|12|Note 12}}: On Day 58, Tejaswini left due to her injury.
*{{note|13|Note 13}}: On Day 63, Vishal and Mira were revealed as Guest housemates and left the BB house.
*{{note|14|Note 14}}: Only the Captain Akshay got to nominate 5 housemates.
*{{note|15|Note 15}}: For Week 11 nominations, Bigg Boss divided the housemates into 3 teams. Each housemate had to nominate 1 housemate from 2 other teams.
*{{note|16|Note 16}}: Bigg Boss nominated Rakhi for Week 12 as a punishment.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-marathi/3498215 ''Bigg Boss Marathi''] at [[JioCinema]]
* {{IMDb episodes|9673434}}

{{Bigg Boss Marathi}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Marathi seasons|04]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]

Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman

2026-03-14T00:07:08Z

JacksonCazaly4: created new post w/ sources

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Short description|Raja of Pudukkottai from 1886 to 1928}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman
| type = monarch
| succession = Raja of Pudukkottai
| image = Raja Sri Brahdamba Dasa Raja Sir Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman.png
| caption = Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman in 1921
| reign = 15 April 1886 – 28 May 1928
| reg-type = Diwans
| regent = [[A. Seshayya Sastri]], [[S. Venkataramadas Nayudu]], [[Raghunatha Pallavarayar]]
| coronation = 15 April 1886
| predecessor = [[Ramachandra Tondaiman]]
| successor = [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]]
| spouse = [[Molly Fink]] (m. 1915 - 1928; his death)
| issue = Prince Martanda Sydney Tondaiman
| royal house = Pudukkottai, kallar
| royal anthem =
| father =
| mother = Princess Brihadambal Rajammani of Pudukkottai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1875|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Pudukkottai]], [[Pudukkottai state|Kingdom of Pudukkottai]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1928|05|28|1875|11|26}}
| death_place = [[Cannes]], [[France]]
| burial_place = [[Golders Green Crematorium]]
}}

'''Raja Sri Brahdamba Dasa Raja Sir Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCIE}} (26 November 1875 – 28 May 1928) was the ruler of the [[Pudukkottai state|princely state of Pudukkottai]] from 15 April 1886 to 28 May 1928.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== Early life ==

Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman was born on 26 November 1875 to Princess Brihadambal Rajammani Sahib of Pudukkottai and her husband M.R.Ry. Kolandaswami Pallavarayar Sahib.{{cn|date=June 2020}} Princess Brihadambal was the eldest daughter of [[Ramachandra Tondaiman]], the Raja of Pudukkottai. Martanda was Brihadambal's third son.{{cn|date=June 2020}} At an early age, Martanda was adopted by Ramachandra Tondaiman as he did not have any male heirs of his own.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

Martanda was educated in private by Fredric Feilden Crossley, a [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] alumnus. Martanda excelled in sports and developed a liking for European culture and manners.<ref name="younger">{{cite book|title=Wicked women of the Raj|first=Coralie|last=Younger|chapter=Molly Fink|pages=115–137|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7223-454-6}}</ref>

== Reign ==

Ramachandra Tondaiman, the Raja of [[Pudukkottai State|Pudukkottai kingdom]], died on 15 April 1886 after a reign of fifty years. Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman was, therefore, crowned king at the age of eleven with a [[regent|regency]] headed by the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]], [[A. Seshayya Sastri]] governing the state in his minority.<ref name="imperialp232">{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=20|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908|page=232}}</ref>

Martanda assumed the reins of the government on 27 November 1894 when he attained majority and was invested with full powers by [[Richard Lawley, 4th Baron Wenlock|Lord Wenlock]], the [[Governor of Madras]], himself.<ref name="imperialp241">{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=20|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1908|page=241}}</ref> Soon after obtaining the management of the state, Martanda petitioned for the restitution of the Manovarti ''[[jagir]]''.<ref name="dirksp350">[[#Dirks|Dirks]], p 350</ref> The Manovarti ''jagir'' consisted of four villages which had been designated by [[Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman]] in the early 19th century as the private property of his three wives.<ref name="dirksp350" /> Since Martanda was unmarried and did not have wives of his own at the time, he desired that the ''jagir'' be restored to him.<ref name="dirksp350" /> However, the government rejected his request.<ref name="dirksp350" />

During his reign, Martanda attended the [[Delhi Durbar|Coronation Durbar at Delhi in 1903]] and the [[Coronation of George V and Mary|Coronation of George V at Westminster Abbey in 1911]].{{cn|date=June 2020}} In 1902, Martanda set up a representative assembly of 30 members on the pattern of the Mysore Assembly.<ref name="trichinopolyp364">{{cite book|title=Trichinopoly|first=F. R.|last=Hemingway|year=1907|publisher=Government Press|page=364}}</ref> The members of the assembly were nominated by heads of government departments and public institutions. The office of Councillor was created to assist the Diwan and the Diwan acting with the assistance of the Councillor was known as "Diwan-in-Council".<ref name="trichinopolyp364" />

Martanda was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in the 1913 New Year Honours' List.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== Marriage and later life ==
[[File:The grave of the Rajah of Pudukota, Golders Green Crematorium.jpg|thumb|330px|The grave of the Rajah of Pudukota, Golders Green Crematorium, London]]
In March 1915, Martanda travelled to [[Australia]] where he met Australian socialite [[Molly Fink]] at Hotel Majestic Mansions in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="younger" /> Martanda soon fell in love with her and followed her to [[Sydney]].<ref name="younger" /> In August 1915, Martanda proposed to Molly and she accepted. The couple were married on 10 August 1915 at the Regsitrar's Office in Melbourne.<ref name="younger" /> A son Martanda Sydney Tondaiman was born to them on 22 July 1916.<ref name="younger" /> Martanda had been briefly engaged to an American woman prior to his marriage with Molly.<ref name="younger" />

Right from the beginning, the British authorities in India were hostile to their marriage. They refused to recognise Molly Fink as Martanda's wife and accord her the privileges due to a "Maharani".<ref name="younger" /> Martanda returned to [[India]] in October 1915 with Molly but barely stayed for five months.<ref name="younger" /> The couple moved to Australia where they stayed from 1916 to 1919 and then to [[London]] and eventually, [[Cannes]], where they purchased a villa, La Favourite.<ref name="younger" /> In 1921, Martanda formally gave up his claim to the throne of Pudukkottai and nominated his brother [[Raghunatha Pallavarayar]] to rule the state in his absence.<ref name="younger" /> Martanda settled down in France with Molly and Sydney.

He died on 28 May 1928 at the age of fifty-two.<ref name="younger" /> His body was cremated and the ashes were interred in the Columbarium at the [[Golders Green Crematorium]] in London as the [[India Office]] refused Molly's request to transport his body by air to India.<ref name="younger" />

Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman was succeeded as the Raja of Pudukkottai by his nephew, 6-year old [[Rajagopala Tondaiman]], with Raghunatha Pallavarayar continuing as [[regent]].{{cn|date=June 2020}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom| last= B. Dirks| first=Nicholas| year=1993| publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=978-0-472-08187-5|ref=Dirks}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tondaiman, Martanda Bhairava}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Pudukkottai state]]
[[Category:People cremated at Golders Green Crematorium]]

Aircraft carrier

2026-03-08T06:08:01Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Short description|Warship that serves as a seagoing airbase}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Fleet 5 nations.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Three [[Aircraft catapult#Steam catapult|steam catapult]] equipped aircraft carriers of various types—{{USS|John C. Stennis|CVN-74|6}}, [[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle|''Charles de Gaulle'' (French Navy)]], {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67|6}} along with the helicopter carrier {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}}—and escort vessels, 2002]]
[[File:PLAN CV-18 Fujian 20250911.jpg|thumb|Chinese [[People's Liberation Army Navy|PLAN]]'s [[electromagnetic catapult]] equipped aircraft carrier ''[[Chinese aircraft carrier Fujian|Fujian]]'' transiting the East China Sea, September 2025]]
[[File:INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) during exercise.jpg|thumb|Indian [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]] based aircraft carriers [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] and [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']], June 2023]]
An '''aircraft carrier''' is a [[warship]] that serves as a seagoing [[airbase]], equipped with a full-length [[flight deck]] and [[hangar]] facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering [[carrier-based aircraft|shipborne aircraft]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Dictionary|publisher=Reference|contribution-url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft%20carrier|contribution=Aircraft carrier|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219023059/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft%20carrier|url-status=live}}</ref> Typically it is the [[capital ship]] of a [[naval fleet|fleet]] (known as a [[carrier battle group]]), as it allows a [[naval force]] to [[power projection|project]] seaborne [[naval aviation|air power]] far from homeland without depending on local [[airfield]]s for [[staging area|staging]] [[aerial warfare|aircraft operations]]. Since their inception in the early 20th century, aircraft carriers have evolved from wooden vessels used to deploy individual tethered [[reconnaissance balloon]]s, to [[nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear-powered]] supercarriers that carry dozens of [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[strike aircraft]], [[military helicopter]]s, [[airborne early warning and control|AEW&C]]s and other types of aircraft such as [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|UCAV]]s. While heavier [[fixed-wing aircraft]] such as [[airlifter]]s, [[gunship]]s and [[bomber]]s have been launched from aircraft carriers, these aircraft do not often land on a carrier due to flight deck limitations.

The aircraft carrier, along with its onboard aircraft and defensive ancillary weapons, is the largest [[weapon system]] ever created. By their tactical prowess, mobility, autonomy and the variety of operational means, aircraft carriers are often the centerpiece of modern [[naval warfare]], and have significant [[gunboat diplomacy|diplomatic influence]] in [[deterrence theory|deterrence]], [[command of the sea]] and [[air supremacy]]. Since the [[Second World War]], the aircraft carrier has replaced the [[battleship]] in the role of [[flagship]] of a fleet, and largely transformed [[naval battle]]s from [[naval gun|gunfire]] to beyond-visual-range [[air strike]]s. In addition to tactical aptitudes, it has great [[military strategy|strategic]] advantages in that, by sailing in [[international waters]], it does not need to interfere with any [[territorial sovereignty]] and thus does not risk diplomatic complications or [[conflict escalation]] due to trespassing, and obviates the need for [[land use]] authorizations from third-party countries, reduces the times and transit logistics of aircraft and therefore significantly increases the time of availability on the combat zone.

[[File:World Navy Aircraft carries chart.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|A selection of aircraft carriers, sorted by length.]]
There is no single definition of an "aircraft carrier",{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers,<ref>{{Citation|title=Encyclopaedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10957/aircraft-carrier|quote=Subsequent design modifications produced such variations as the light carrier, equipped with large amounts of electronic gear for the detection of submarines, and the [[helicopter carrier]], intended for conducting [[amphibious assault]]. ... Carriers with combined capabilities are classified as multipurpose carriers.|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005020914/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10957/aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref> and sometimes as distinct types of aviation-capable ships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=400&ct=4|title=Fact File: Amphibious Assault Ships – LHA/LHD/LHA(R)|first=Dan|last=Petty|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903155811/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=400&ct=4|archive-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] Sir [[Mark Stanhope]], RN, former [[First Sea Lord|First Sea Lord (head)]] of the [[Royal Navy]], has said, "To put it simply, countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18706505|title=Aircraft carriers crucial, Royal Navy chief warns|publisher=BBC News|date=4 July 2012|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925204346/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18706505|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Henry Kissinger]], while [[United States Secretary of State]], also said: "An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-slow-death-of-the-carrier-air-wing-1796726088|title=The slow death of the carrier air wing|date=19 July 2017|publisher=jalopnik.com|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052647/https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/the-slow-death-of-the-carrier-air-wing-1796726088|archive-date=11 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of {{#time:F Y}}, there are 50 active aircraft carriers in the world operated by fifteen navies. The [[United States]] has 11 large nuclear-powered [[CATOBAR]] [[fleet carrier]]s – each carrying around 80 fighters – the largest in the world, with the total combined deck space over twice that of all other nations combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-carrier-gap-could-see-naval-air-power-dip-in-gulf-414440/|title=US 'carrier gap' could see naval air power dip in Gulf region|first=James|last=Drew|work=FlightGlobal|date=8 July 2015|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014726/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-carrier-gap-could-see-naval-air-power-dip-in-gulf-414440/|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the [[US Navy]] has nine [[amphibious assault ship]]s used primarily as [[helicopter carrier]]s, although these also each carry up to 20 [[vertical/short takeoff and landing]] (V/STOL) [[jet fighter]]s and are similar in size to medium-sized fleet carriers. [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[India]] each currently operate two [[STOBAR]]/[[STOVL]] aircraft carriers with [[ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]] flight decks, with China having recently commissioned [[Type 003 aircraft carrier|a third carrier]] with [[aircraft catapult|catapult]] capabilities, and [[France]] operates a single aircraft carrier with a capacity of around 40 fighters. [[Italy]] operates two light V/STOL carriers, while [[Spain]], and [[Iran]] operate one V/STOL aircraft-carrying assault ship. [[Russia]] deploys a single carrier, though it has not been operational since 2017. Helicopter carriers are also operated by [[Japan]] (4, two of which are being converted to operate V/STOL fighters), France (3), [[Australia]] (2, previously also owned 3 [[light aircraft carrier|light carrier]]s), [[Egypt]] (2), [[South Korea]] (2), China (3), [[Thailand]] (1), [[Brazil]] (1) and [[Iran]] (1). Future aircraft carriers are under construction or in planning by China, France, India, Italy, Russia, South Korea, and the US.
{{TOClimit|3}}

==Types of carriers==
[[File:US Navy 060427-N-5961C-009 USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76),FS Charles De Gaulle (R-92),FS Cassard (D-614), guided missile cruiser USS Vicksburg (CG 69), USS McCampbell (DDG 85) conduct joint operations in the Persian Gulf.jpg|thumb|French aircraft carrier {{Ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||2}} (rear) and US Navy carrier {{USS|Ronald Reagan|CVN-76|6}} conducting joint operations in the Persian Gulf, each with the [[CATOBAR]] configuration]]

===General features===
* Speed is a crucial attribute for aircraft carriers, as they need to be able to be deployed quickly anywhere in the world and have to be fast enough to evade detection and targeting from enemy forces. A high speed also increases the "wind over the deck", boosting the lift available for fixed-wing aircraft to carry fuel and ammunition. To evade nuclear submarines, the carriers should have a speed of more than {{convert|30|kn|mph kph}}.
* Aircraft carriers are among the largest types of warships due to their need for ample deck space.
* An aircraft carrier must be able to perform increasingly diverse mission sets. Diplomacy, power projection, quick crisis response force, land attack from the sea, sea base for helicopter and amphibious assault forces, anti-surface warfare (ASUW), defensive counter air (DCA), and [[humanitarian aid]] & [[disaster relief]] (HADR) are some of the missions the aircraft carrier is expected to accomplish. Traditionally an aircraft carrier is supposed to be one ship that can perform at least power projection and sea control missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japcc.org/will-the-aircraft-carrier-survive/|title=Will the Aircraft Carrier Survive?|date=13 December 2018|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112020122/https://www.japcc.org/will-the-aircraft-carrier-survive/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* An aircraft carrier must be able to efficiently operate an air combat group. This means it should{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} handle fixed-wing jets as well as helicopters. This includes ships designed to support operations of short-takeoff/vertical-landing (STOVL) jets.

===Basic types===
* [[Aircraft cruiser]]
* [[Amphibious assault ship]] and sub-types
* [[Anti-submarine warfare carrier]]
* [[Balloon carrier]] and balloon tenders
* [[Escort carrier]]
* [[Fleet carrier]]
* [[Flight deck cruiser]]
* [[Helicopter carrier]]
* [[Light aircraft carrier]]
* [[Seaplane tender]] and seaplane carriers
* Utility carrier: This type was mainly used in the US Navy, in the decade after World War 2 to ferry aircraft.<ref>[https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-navy-ships/alphabetical-listing/g/uss-guadalcanal--avg-60-acv-60-cve-60-cvu-60-0.html USS Guadalcanal (AVG-60/ACV-60/CVE-60/CVU-60)], official page at official website https://www.history.navy.mil/</ref>

Some of the types listed here are not strictly defined as aircraft carriers by some sources.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

===By role===
[[File:USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) underway in the Atlantic Ocean on 30 January 2019 (190130-N-PW716-1312).JPG|thumb|{{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}}, a [[United States Navy]] fleet carrier, also often referred to as a supercarrier, crossing the Atlantic in 2019]]

A [[fleet carrier]] is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, [[escort carrier]]s were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. [[Light aircraft carrier]]s were fast enough to operate with the main fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity.

The Soviet aircraft carrier ''[[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Admiral Kusnetsov]]'' was termed a "heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser". This was primarily a legal construct to avoid the limitations of the [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits#Aircraft carriers|Montreux Convention]] preventing 'aircraft carriers' transiting the [[Turkish Straits]] between the Soviet [[Black Sea]] bases and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. These ships, while sized in the range of large fleet carriers, were designed to deploy alone or with escorts. In addition to supporting fighter aircraft and helicopters, they provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided-missile cruiser.

===By configuration===
[[File:HMS Queen Elizabeth in Gibraltar - 2018 (28386226189).jpg|thumb|Aircraft carriers in the [[STOVL]] configuration are in service with Italy, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom.]]

Aircraft carriers today are usually divided into the following four categories based on the way that aircraft take off and land:
*[[CATOBAR|Catapult-assisted take-off barrier-arrested recovery]] (CATOBAR): these carriers generally carry the largest, heaviest, and most heavily armed aircraft, although smaller CATOBAR carriers may have other limitations (weight capacity of aircraft elevator, etc.). All CATOBAR carriers in service today are nuclear-powered, as the last conventionally powered CATOBAR carrier USS ''[[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|Kitty Hawk]]'' was decommissioned in 2009. Twelve are in service: ten {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|4}} and one {{sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier|0}} fleet carriers in the United States; and the [[French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] in France.
* [[STOBAR|Short take-off barrier-arrested recovery]] (STOBAR): these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed-wing aircraft with more limited payloads. STOBAR carrier air wings, such as the [[Sukhoi Su-33]] and future [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]] wings of {{Ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}} are often geared primarily towards air superiority and fleet defense roles rather than strike/power projection tasks,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} which require heavier payloads (bombs and air-to-ground missiles). Five are in service: two in China, two in India, and one in Russia.
* [[STOVL|Short take-off vertical-landing]] (STOVL): limited to carrying STOVL aircraft. STOVL aircraft, such as the [[Harrier jump jet|Harrier]] family and [[Yakovlev Yak-38]] generally have limited payloads, lower performance, and high fuel consumption when compared with conventional fixed-wing aircraft; however, a new generation of STOVL aircraft, currently consisting of the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II]], has much improved performance. Fourteen are in service; nine STOVL amphibious assault ships in the US; two carriers each in Italy and the UK; and one STOVL amphibious assault ship in Spain.
* [[Helicopter carrier]]: Helicopter carriers have a similar appearance to other aircraft carriers but operate only helicopters – those that mainly operate helicopters but can also operate fixed-wing aircraft are known as STOVL carriers (see above). Seventeen are in service: four in Japan; three in France; two each in Australia, China, Egypt and South Korea; and one each in Brazil and Thailand. In the past, some conventional carriers were converted and these were called "commando carriers" by the Royal Navy. Some helicopter carriers, but not all, are classified as [[amphibious assault ships]], tasked with landing and supporting ground forces on enemy territory.

===By size===
* [[Fleet carrier]]
* [[Light aircraft carrier]]
* [[Escort carrier]]

====Supercarrier====
{{Redirect|Supercarrier|the television series|Supercarrier (TV series){{!}}''Supercarrier'' (TV series)}}
[[File:HMS Ark Royal h85716.jpg|thumb|right|The Royal Navy's [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|HMS ''Ark Royal'']] in 1939, with [[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]] biplane bombers passing overhead. The British aircraft carrier was involved in the crippling of the German battleship [[German battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] in May 1941.]]

The appellation "supercarrier" is not an official designation with any national navy, but a term used predominantly by the media and typically when reporting on larger and more advanced carrier types. It is also used when comparing carriers of various sizes and capabilities, both current and past. It was first used by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1938,<ref>{{cite news|title=Reich's Cruise Ships Held Potential Plane Carriers|work=The New York Times|date=1 May 1938|page=32|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/01/archives/reichs-cruise-ships-held-potential-plane-carriers.html|access-date=17 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224173246/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/01/archives/reichs-cruise-ships-held-potential-plane-carriers.html|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> in an article about the Royal Navy's {{HMS |Ark Royal |91 |6}}, that had a length of {{convert|800|ft|m|sigfig=3|sp=us}}, a displacement of 22,000 [[tonne|ton]]s and was designed to carry 72 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Ark Royal Launched. Most Up-To-Date Carrier. Aircraft in the Fleet|work=[[The Times]]|date=14 April 1937|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rossiter|first=Mike|title=Ark Royal: the life, death and rediscovery of the legendary Second World War aircraft carrier|orig-year=2006|edition=2nd|year=2007|publisher=Corgi Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-552-15369-0|oclc=81453068|pages=48–51}}</ref> Since then, aircraft carriers have consistently grown in size, both in length and displacement, as well as improved capabilities; in defense, sensors, electronic warfare, propulsion, range, launch and recovery systems, number and types of aircraft carried and number of sorties flown per day.<ref>FIREPOWER: THE WEAPONS THE PROFESSIONALS USE – AND HOW. SUPERCARRIERS, #25 Orbis Publishing 1990</ref>

The first aircraft carrier over 80,000 tonnes full-load displacement was the [[USS Forrestal]] launched in 1954. In total, the US Navy has had 5 different classes of aircraft carrier of this size definition, the [[Forrestal-class aircraft carrier|Forrestal class]], [[Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier|Kitty Hawk class]], the [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|Enterprise class]], the [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|Nimitz class]] and [[Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier|Gerald R Ford Class]], two of which were diesel-powered and three nuclear-powered. USS ''Enterprise'', launched in 1960, was the first carrier over 90,000 tonnes full load displacement and ''Nimitz'', launched in 1972, was the first over 100,000 tonnes displacement. A total of 22 supercarriers have been launched since 1954, all in service with the US Navy, with 11 currently in service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BALDOR |first1=LOLITA C |title=A look at where the Navy’s 11 aircraft carriers are now |url=https://apnews.com/article/aircraft-carriers-usa-navy-e7904f8dd1ba1f65a9d07a31fd9fb8eb |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Navy aircraft carriers have projected US military might all over the world for 86 years |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-us-navy-aircraft-carriers-supercarriers-to-ford-class-2020-10 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

Both China ([[Type 003 aircraft carrier|Type 003]]) and the United Kingdom ([[Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier|Queen Elizabeth class]]) have carriers in service with displacements from 80,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pape |first=Alex|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2023-2024|date=April 2023 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |isbn=9780710634283 |location=United Kingdom |pages=886 |language=en}}</ref> to 85,000 tonnes<ref name="China">{{cite web|date=5 January 2018|title=China kicks off construction of new supercarrier/|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/china-kicks-off-construction-of-new-supercarrier/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116221608/https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/china-kicks-off-construction-of-new-supercarrier/|archive-date=16 January 2018|access-date=1 February 2018|publisher=thediplomat.com}}</ref> and lengths from {{convert|280 to 320 |m |sp=us}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Queen Elizabeth Class|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Future-Ships/Queen-Elizabeth-Class|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810221625/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Future-Ships/Queen-Elizabeth-Class|archive-date=10 August 2013|access-date=21 August 2013|publisher=Royal Navy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 February 2015|title=China has solid plans for four aircraft carriers by 2030, could eventually have 10|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2015/02/china-has-solid-plans-for-four-aircraft.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730231911/https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2015/02/china-has-solid-plans-for-four-aircraft.html|archive-date=30 July 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|publisher=nextbigfuture.com}}</ref> which are described as "supercarriers".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-supercarrier-hms-queen-elizabeth-deploy-pacific/|title=British super carrier HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' to deploy to the Pacific|publisher=ukdefencejournal.org.uk|date=28 June 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071701/https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-supercarrier-hms-queen-elizabeth-deploy-pacific/|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/953674|title=Russian Navy may get advanced new aircraft carrier|agency=TASS|date=28 June 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210195246/http://tass.com/defense/953674|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= China /> France is also developing a new aircraft carrier ([[Future French aircraft carrier|PANG]]) which is to have a full load displacement of 80,000 tonnes and will be considered a supercarrier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=The French Navy's next-generation nuclear aircraft carrier will be ordered in 2025 |url=https://meta-defense.fr/en/2024/10/15/nuclear-aircraft-carrier-pang-navy-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=meta-defense.fr |language=en}}</ref> The largest supercarrier in service as of 2024 is the US Navy's USS Gerald R. Ford, with full load displacement of around 100,000 tons, length of {{convert|337|m|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Zahra |title=Biggest U.S Aircraft Carrier |url=https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/biggest-u-s-aircraft-carrier/ |website=Marine Insight |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=16 April 2025}}</ref> and capabilities that exceed those of any other class.{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/uss-gerald-r-ford-trials-commissioned-later-2017-2|title=The world's most advanced aircraft carrier is one step closer to completion|work=Business Insider|date=16 February 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224112859/http://www.businessinsider.com/uss-gerald-r-ford-trials-commissioned-later-2017-2|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/18/politics/uss-gerald-ford-commissioning-sneak-peek/index.html|title=Sneak peek at US Navy's $13B aircraft carrier|publisher=CNN|date=18 July 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220094724/https://www.cnn.com/2017/07/18/politics/uss-gerald-ford-commissioning-sneak-peek/index.html|archive-date=20 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/uss-gerald-r-ford-inside-the-worlds-most-advanced-aircraft-carrier/|title=USS ''Gerald R. Ford'': Inside the world's most advanced aircraft carrier|publisher=Fox News|date=21 July 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202113556/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2017/07/21/uss-gerald-r-ford-inside-worlds-most-advanced-aircraft-carrier.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://navylive.dodlive.mil/2017/07/21/uss-gerald-r-ford-ushers-in-new-age-of-technology-and-innovation/|title=USS ''Gerald R. Ford'' ushers in new age of technology and innovation|publisher=navylive.dodlive.mil|date=21 July 2017|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210220549/http://navylive.dodlive.mil/2017/07/21/uss-gerald-r-ford-ushers-in-new-age-of-technology-and-innovation/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-us-navys-new-13-billion-aircraft-carrier-will-dominate-the-seas-2016-03-09|title=The US Navy's new $13 billion aircraft carrier will dominate the seas|publisher=marketwatch.com|date=9 March 2016|access-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005032/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-us-navys-new-13-billion-aircraft-carrier-will-dominate-the-seas-2016-03-09|archive-date=12 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=====''Ultracarrier''=====
A US Navy proposal for an aircraft carrier concept with a length of 1,310 feet and a displacement of 500,000 tons full load at a cost of $828 million in 1976 dollars.<ref>Donald M. Fort "Ultracarrier", Proceedings of the US Naval Institute (December 1978), Professional Notes P.125</ref>

[[Project Habakkuk]] could be considered an early proposal for an "ultracarrier".{{cn|date=January 2026}}

===Hull type identification symbols===
Several systems of identification symbol for aircraft carriers and related types of ship have been used. These include the [[pennant number]]s used by the Royal Navy, [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, and Europe, along with the [[hull classification symbol]]s used by the US and [[Hull classification symbol (Canada)|Canada]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-september-2010-0|magazine=Semaphore|title=AWD, Hobart, MFU or DDGH – What's in a Name?|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|date=30 July 2010|access-date=19 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226085836/http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-september-2010-0|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ US hull classification symbols for aircraft carriers and related ship types{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
! Symbol !! Designation
|-
| CV || Generic aircraft carrier
|-
| CVA || Attack carrier (up to 1975)
|-
| CVB || Large aircraft carrier (retired 1952)
|-
| CVAN || Nuclear-powered attack carrier
|-
| CVE || [[Escort carrier]]
|-
| CVHA || Aircraft carrier, Helicopter Assault (retired)
|-
| CVHE || Aircraft carrier, Helicopter, Escort (retired)
|-
| CVV || [[Aircraft Carrier (Medium)]] (proposed)
|-
| CVL || [[Light aircraft carrier]]
|-
| CVN || Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier
|-
| CVS || [[Anti-submarine warfare carrier]]
|-
| CVT || Training Aircraft Carrier
|-
| CVU || Utility carrier (retired)
|-
| LHA || [[Landing helicopter assault]], a type of [[amphibious assault ship]]
|-
| LHD || [[Landing helicopter dock]], a type of amphibious assault ship
|-
| LPH || [[Landing platform helicopter]], a type of amphibious assault ship
|}

==History==
{{main|History of the aircraft carrier|Timeline for aircraft carrier service}}

===Origins===
[[File:Wakamiya.jpg|thumb|right|The {{ship|Japanese seaplane carrier|Wakamiya||2|up=yes}} conducted the world's first naval-launched air raids in 1914.]]

The 1903 advent of the heavier-than-air fixed-wing airplane with the [[Wright brothers]]' first flight at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]], was followed on 14 November 1910, by [[Eugene Burton Ely]]'s first experimental take-off of a [[Curtiss Pusher]] airplane from the deck of a [[United States Navy]] ship, the cruiser {{USS|Birmingham|CL-2|6}} anchored off [[Norfolk Navy Base]] in [[Virginia]]. Two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss Pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser {{USS|Pennsylvania|ACR-4|6}} anchored in [[San Francisco Bay]]. On 9 May 1912, the first take off of an airplane from a ship while underway was made by Commander [[Charles Rumney Samson|Charles Samson]] flying a [[Short S.27|Short Improved S.27]] biplane "S.38" of the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] (RNAS) from the deck of the Royal Navy's pre-dreadnought battleship {{HMS|Hibernia|1905|6}}, thus providing the first practical demonstration of the aircraft carrier for naval operations at sea.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200442.html|title=The Naval Review and the Aviators|issue=177|volume=IV|page=442|magazine=[[Flight International|Flight]]|date=18 May 1912|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015037/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1912/1912%20-%200442.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 May 1912|title=Flight From the Hibernia|newspaper=The Times|issue=39895|page=8 (3)|location=London}}</ref> [[Seaplane tender]] support ships came next, with the French {{Ship|French seaplane carrier|Foudre||2}} of 1911.

Early in [[World War I]], the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] ship {{Ship|Japanese seaplane carrier|Wakamiya||2}} conducted the world's first carrier-launched air raid:{{sfn|Polak|2005|p=92}} on 6 September 1914, the ''Wakamiya'' used its crane to lower [[Farman Aviation Works|Farman]] seaplanes into the water. The ''Wakamiya'' attacked the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austro-Hungarian]] cruiser {{SMS|Kaiserin Elisabeth}} and the [[Imperial German Navy|Imperial German]] gunboat ''Jaguar'' in [[Jiaozhou Bay]] off [[Qingdao]]; neither was hit.<ref>{{cite book|last=Donko|first=Wilhelm M.|title=Österreichs Kriegsmarine in Fernost: Alle Fahrten von Schiffen der k.(u.)k. Kriegsmarine nach Ostasien, Australien und Ozeanien von 1820 bis 1914|publisher=Berlin Epubli|year=2013|pages=4, 156–162, 427}}</ref> The first attack using an air-launched [[torpedo]] occurred on 2 August, when a torpedo was fired by Flight Commander [[Charles Edmonds]] from a [[Short Type 184]] seaplane, launched from the seaplane carrier {{HMS|Ben-my-Chree||6}}.{{sfn|Sturtivant|1990|p=215}}<ref name="269hist">269 Squadron History: 1914–1923</ref>

The first carrier-launched airstrike was the [[Tondern raid]] in July 1918. Seven [[Sopwith Camels]] were launched from the battlecruiser {{HMS|Furious|47|6}}, which had been completed as a carrier by replacing her planned forward turret with a flight deck and hangar prior to commissioning. The Camels attacked and damaged the German airbase at Tondern, Germany (modern day [[Tønder]], Denmark), and destroyed two [[Zeppelin|zeppelin airships]].<ref>Probert, p. 46.{{cnf|date=November 2024}}</ref>

The first landing of an airplane on a moving ship was by Squadron Commander [[Edwin Harris Dunning]], when he landed his [[Sopwith Pup]] on HMS ''Furious'' in [[Scapa Flow]], Orkney, on 2 August 1917. Landing on the forward flight deck required the pilot to approach round the ship's superstructure, a difficult and dangerous manoeuver, and Dunning was later killed when his airplane was thrown overboard while attempting another landing on ''Furious''.<ref>The First World War: A Complete History by Sir [[Martin Gilbert]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob2k5aM15cEC&pg=RA2-PA355] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905151348/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob2k5aM15cEC&pg=RA2-PA355|date=5 September 2021}}</ref> HMS ''Furious'' was modified again when her rear turret was removed and another flight deck added over a second hangar for landing aircraft over the stern.<ref>Parkes, p. 622.{{cnf|date=November 2024}}</ref> Her funnel and superstructure remained intact, however, and [[turbulence]] from the funnel and superstructure was severe enough that only three landing attempts were successful before further attempts were forbidden.<ref>Parkes, p. 624.{{cnf|date=November 2024}}</ref> This experience prompted the development of vessels with a flush deck and produced the first large fleet ships. In 1918, {{HMS|Argus|I49|6}} became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft.{{sfn|Till|1996|p=191}}

As a result of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships. These conversions gave rise to the {{USS|Langley|CV-1|6}} in 1922, the US {{sclass|Lexington|aircraft carrier|2}}s (1927), Japanese {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2}}, and British {{sclass|Courageous|aircraft carrier|4}} (of which ''Furious'' was one). Specialist carrier evolution was well underway, with several navies ordering and building warships that were purposefully designed to function as aircraft carriers by the mid-1920s. This resulted in the commissioning of ships such as the Japanese {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2}} (1922),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/13/world/gallery/japanese-inventions-changed-how-we-live/index.html|title=Japanese inventions that changed the world|publisher=CNN|date=13 June 2017|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103173202/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/13/world/gallery/japanese-inventions-changed-how-we-live/index.html|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> {{HMS|Hermes|95|6}} (1924, although laid down in 1918 before ''Hōshō''), and {{Ship|French aircraft carrier|Béarn||2}} (1927). During [[World War II]], these ships would become known as [[fleet carrier]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

===World War II===
{{See also|List of aircraft carriers of World War II}}
[[File:USS Enterprise (CV-6) in Puget Sound, September 1945.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}}, the [[Most decorated US ships of World War II|most decorated US warship of World War II]]]]
[[File:Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano.jpg|thumb|The Japanese carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano|''Shinano'']] was built on a battleship hull to carry spare aircraft and ordnance in support of other carriers. En route to complete fitting out it was sunk by an American submarine.<ref>Enright & Ryan, p. xiv.{{cnf|date=November 2024}}</ref>]]

The aircraft carrier dramatically changed [[naval warfare]] in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had greater range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940, when {{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}} launched a long-range [[Battle of Taranto|strike on the Italian fleet]] at their base in [[Taranto]], signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation in the shallow water harbor incapacitated three of the six anchored battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers.

[[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|World War II in the Pacific Ocean]] involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The Japanese surprise attack on the American Pacific fleet at [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] naval and air bases on Sunday, 7 December 1941, was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. In the "[[Doolittle Raid]]", on 18 April 1942, the US Navy carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} sailed to within {{convert|650|nmi|km}} of Japan and launched 16 [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] medium bombers from her deck in a demonstrative retaliatory strike on the mainland, including the capital, Tokyo. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional capital ships was illustrated by the sinking of {{HMS|Glorious}} by German battleships during the [[Norwegian campaign]] in 1940.

This new-found importance of [[naval aviation]] forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage led to the development and construction of 'light' carriers. [[Escort aircraft carrier]]s, such as {{USS|Bogue|CVE-9|6}}, were sometimes purpose-built but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, [[light aircraft carrier]]s built by the US, such as {{USS|Independence|CVL-22|6}} (commissioned in 1943), represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK [[1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier]] was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robbins|first=Guy|title=The Aircraft Carrier Story: 1908–1945|year=2001|location=London|publisher=Cassel|page=[https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000robb/page/91 91]|isbn=978-0-30435-308-8|url=https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000robb/page/91}}</ref> They served the Royal Navy during the war, and the hull design was chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war, until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. [[CAM ship]]s were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. Noteworthy converted carriers were also {{USS|Sable|IX-81}} and {{USS|Wolverine|IX-64}} that both operated on the [[Great Lakes]] for training duties and were converted from [[paddle steamer]]s, making them the only aircraft carriers with this type of propulsion.

===Postwar era===
[[File:Arromanches (R95) with Hellcat landing c1953.jpg|alt=|thumb|An [[Grumman F6F Hellcat|F6F-5]] landing on the French ''[[French aircraft carrier Arromanches (R95)|Arromanches]]'' in the [[Tonkin Gulf]], 1953]]
[[File:USS Tripoli LPH10 a.jpg|thumb|USS ''Tripoli'', a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] ''Iwo Jima''-class helicopter carrier]]
[[File:USS Enterprise (CVN-65) underway in the Atlantic Ocean on 14 June 2004 (040614-N-0119G-020).jpg|thumb|{{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65}}, the world's first nuclear-powered carrier, commissioned in 1961]]

Before World War II, international naval treaties of [[Washington Naval Treaty|1922]], [[London Naval Treaty|1930]], and [[Second London Naval Treaty|1936]] limited the size of capital ships, including carriers. Since World War II, aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size. The large, modern {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|4}} of US Navy carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II–era {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}}, yet its complement of aircraft is roughly the same—a consequence of the steadily increasing size and weight of individual military aircraft over the years. Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that some nations which operate them risk significant economic and military impact if a carrier is lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japcc.org/will-the-aircraft-carrier-survive/|title=Will the Aircraft Carrier Survive?; Future Air Threats to the Carrier (and How to Defend It)|last=Cochran|first=Daniel|year=2018|publisher=Joint Air Power Competence Centre (japcc.org)|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013658/https://www.japcc.org/will-the-aircraft-carrier-survive/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:USS Forrestal explosion 29 July 1967.jpg|thumb|Fighting the fire on board [[1967 USS Forrestal fire|USS ''Forrestal'']], 1967]]
Some changes were made after 1945 in carriers:
* The '''angled flight deck''' was invented by [[Royal Navy]] Captain (later Rear Admiral) [[Dennis Cambell]], as naval aviation jets' higher speeds required carriers be modified to fit their needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denniscambell.org.uk/4663/4690.html|title=The Angled Deck Story|work=denniscambell.org.uk|year=2012|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070012/http://www.denniscambell.org.uk/4663/4690.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fleetairarmoa.org/fleet-air-arm-oa-history|title=History of Fleet Air Arm Officers Association|work=FAAOA.org|year=2015|access-date=9 November 2015|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225040019/https://www.fleetairarmoa.org/fleet-air-arm-oa-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Innovation in Carrier Aviation|author2-link=Norman Friedman|first1=Thomas C.|last1=Hone|first2=Norman|last2=Friedman|first3=Mark D.|last3=Mandeles|journal=Newport Paper 37|publisher=Naval War College Press|year=2011}}; abridged findings published as {{cite journal|title=The Development of the Angled-Deck Aircraft Carrier|journal=Naval War College Review |date=Spring 2011|volume=64|number=2|pages=63–78}}</ref> Additionally, the angled flight deck allows for simultaneous launch and recovery.
* [[Jet blast deflector]]s became necessary to protect aircraft and handlers from [[jet blast]]. The first US Navy carriers to be fitted with them were the wooden-decked {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|1}}s which were adapted to operate jets in the late 1940s. Later versions had to be water-cooled because of increasing engine power.{{sfn|Hobbs|2009|loc=Chapter 14}}
* [[Optical landing system]]s were developed to facilitate the very precise landing angles required by jet aircraft, which have a faster landing speed giving the pilot little time to correct misalignments, or mistakes. The first system was fitted to {{HMS|Illustrious|87|6}} in 1952.{{sfn|Hobbs|2009|loc=Chapter 14}}
* Aircraft carrier designs have increased in size to accommodate continuous increase in aircraft size. The 1950s saw US Navy's commission of "supercarriers", designed to operate naval jets, which offered better performance at the expense of bigger size and demanded more ordnance to be carried on-board (fuel, spare parts, electronics, etc.).
* The combination of increased carrier size, speed requirements above {{convert|30|kn|mph kph}}, and a requirement to operate at sea for long periods mean that modern large aircraft carriers often use nuclear reactors to create power for propulsion, electricity, catapulting airplanes from aircraft carriers, and a few more minor uses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-powered-ships.aspx|title=Nuclear-Powered Ships | Nuclear Submarines|website=world-nuclear.org|access-date=11 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925073832/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-powered-ships.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern navies that operate such aircraft carriers treat them as [[capital ship]]s of fleets, a role previously held by the galleons, ships-of-the-line and [[battleship]]s. This change took place during World War II in response to air power becoming a significant factor in warfare, driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance, and along with, carrier designs also increased in size and ability. Some of these larger carriers, dubbed by the media as "supercarriers", displacing 75,000 tons or greater, have become the pinnacle of carrier development. Some are powered by [[nuclear reactor]]s and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home. Amphibious assault ships, such as the {{sclass|Wasp|amphibious assault ship|5}} and {{sclass|Mistral| amphibious assault ship|5}} classes, serve the purpose of carrying and landing Marines, and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers"<ref>A number of British conversions of light fleet carriers to helicopter operations were known as commando carriers, though they did not operate landing craft</ref> or "helicopter carriers", many have the capability to operate [[VSTOL]] aircraft.

The threatening role of aircraft carriers has a place in modern [[asymmetric warfare]], like the [[gunboat diplomacy]] of the past.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Carriers also facilitate quick and precise projections of overwhelming military power into such local and regional conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.navytimes.com/article/20110508/NEWS/105080307/Navies-expanding-use-of-aircraft-carriers|title=Navies expanding use of aircraft carriers|first=Slobodan|last=Lekic|work=Navy Times|date=8 May 2011|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151117114109/http://archive.navytimes.com/article/20110508/NEWS/105080307/Navies-expanding-use-of-aircraft-carriers|archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

Lacking the firepower of other warships, carriers by themselves are considered vulnerable to attack by other ships, aircraft, submarines, or missiles. Therefore, an aircraft carrier is generally accompanied by a number of other ships to provide protection for the relatively unwieldy carrier, to carry supplies, re-supply (Many carriers are self-sufficient and will supply their escorts) and perform other support services, and to provide additional offensive capabilities. The resulting group of ships is often termed a [[carrier strike group]], battle group, carrier group, or [[carrier battle group]].

There is a view among some military pundits{{who|date=December 2020}} that modern anti-ship weapons systems, such as torpedoes and missiles, or even ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads have made aircraft carriers and carrier groups too vulnerable for modern combat.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2011-05/twilight-uperfluous-carrier|first1=Henry J.|last1=Hendrix|first2=J. Noel|last2=Williams|title=Twilight of the $UPERfluous Carrier|magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]]|date=May 2011|volume=137|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117065242/http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2011-05/twilight-uperfluous-carrier|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carriers can also be vulnerable to diesel-electric submarines like the German ''U24'' of the conventional [[Type 206 submarine|206 class]] which in 2001 "fired" at [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|''Enterprise'']] during the exercise ''JTFEX 01-2'' in the [[Caribbean Sea]] by firing [[flare]]s and taking a photograph through its [[periscope]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/militaer-special/id_61572852/militaer-deutsches-u-boot-fordert-us-marine-heraus-.html|publisher=t-online|title=Deutsches U-Boot fordert US-Marine heraus|date=6 January 2013|access-date=18 December 2020|language=de|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101174945/https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/militaer-special/id_61572852/militaer-deutsches-u-boot-fordert-us-marine-heraus-.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or the [[Swedish Navy]] submarine [[HSwMS Gotland (Gtd)|''Gotland'']], which managed the same feat in 2006 during ''JTFEX 06-2'' by penetrating the defensive measures of [[Carrier Strike Group 7]] which was protecting {{USS|Ronald Reagan}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.knbc.com/news/10116514/detail.html?psp=news |publisher=KNBC|title=Pentagon: New Class of Silent Submarines Poses Threat|date=19 October 2006|access-date=21 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116120858/http://www.knbc.com/news/10116514/detail.html|archive-date=16 November 2007}}</ref>

==Description==
===Structure===
Carriers are large and long ships, although there is a high degree of variation depending on their intended role and [[air wing|aircraft complement]]. The size of the carrier has varied over history and among [[navy|navies]], to cater to the various roles that global climates have demanded from [[naval aviation]].

Regardless of size, the ship itself must house their complement of aircraft, with space for launching, storing, and maintaining them. Space is also required for the large crew, supplies (food, munitions, fuel, engineering parts), and propulsion. US and French aircraft carriers are notable for having [[nuclear reactor]]s powering their systems and propulsion.

[[File:DeHavilland Vampire HMS Ocean Dec1945 NAN1 47.jpg|thumb|The first carrier landing and take-off of a jet aircraft: [[Eric "Winkle" Brown]] landing on {{HMS|Ocean|R68|6}} in 1945]]
The top of the carrier is the flight deck, where aircraft are launched and recovered. On the starboard side of this is the island, where the [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]], air-traffic control and the [[bridge (nautical)|bridge]] are located.

The constraints of constructing a flight deck strongly affect the role of a given carrier, as they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched. For example, assisted launch mechanisms are used primarily for heavy aircraft, especially those loaded with air-to-ground weapons. CATOBAR is most commonly used on US Navy fleet carriers as it allows the deployment of heavy jets with full load-outs, especially on ground-attack missions. STOVL is used by other navies because it is cheaper to operate and still provides good deployment capability for [[fighter aircraft]].

Due to the busy nature of the flight deck, only 20 or so aircraft may be on it at any one time. A hangar storage several decks below the flight deck is where most aircraft are kept, and aircraft are taken from the lower storage decks to the flight deck through the use of an elevator. The hangar is usually quite large and can take up several decks of vertical space.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Aircraft Carriers Work|website=How Stuff Works|first=Tom|last=Harris|date=29 August 2002|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier6.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006205343/http://science.howstuffworks.com/aircraft-carrier6.htm|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>

Munitions are commonly stored on the lower decks because they are highly explosive. Usually this is below the waterline so that the area can be flooded in case of emergency.

===Flight deck===
{{Main|Flight deck}}

[[File:US Navy 081124-N-3659B-305 F-A-18C Hornets launch from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76).jpg|thumb|[[Aircraft catapult|Catapult]] launches aboard {{USS|Ronald Reagan}}]]

As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top [[flight deck]], which [[Takeoff|launches]] and [[landing|recovers]] aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier. For example, the size of the vessel is a fundamental limitation on runway length. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft [[Acceleration|accelerate]] more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

There are two main philosophies to keep the deck short: add thrust to the aircraft, such as using a Catapult Assisted Take-Off (CATO-); and changing the direction of the airplanes' thrust, as in Vertical and/or Short Take-Off (V/STO-). Each method has advantages and disadvantages of its own:
* [[CATOBAR|Catapult Assisted Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery]] (CATOBAR): A steam- or electric-powered [[Aircraft catapult|catapult]] is connected to the aircraft, and is used to accelerate conventional aircraft to a safe flying speed. By the end of the catapult stroke, the aircraft is airborne and further propulsion is provided by its own engines. This is the most expensive method as it requires complex machinery to be installed under the flight deck, but allows for even heavily loaded aircraft to take off.
* [[STOBAR|Short Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery]] (STOBAR) depends on increasing the net lift on the aircraft. Aircraft do not require catapult assistance for take off; instead on nearly all ships of this type an upwards vector is provided by a ski-jump at the forward end of the flight deck, often combined with thrust vectoring by the aircraft. Alternatively, by reducing the fuel and weapon load, an aircraft is able to reach faster speeds and generate more upwards lift and launch without a ski-jump or catapult.
* [[STOVL|Short Take-Off Vertical-Landing]] (STOVL): On aircraft carriers, non-catapult-assisted, fixed-wing short takeoffs are accomplished with the use of [[thrust vectoring]], which may also be used in conjunction with a runway "[[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]]". Use of STOVL tends to allow aircraft to carry a larger payload as compared to during VTOL use, while still only requiring a short runway. The most famous examples are the [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]] and the [[BAe Sea Harrier]]. Although technically VTOL aircraft, they are operationally STOVL aircraft due to the extra weight carried at take-off for fuel and armaments. The same is true of the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|Lockheed F-35B Lightning II]], which demonstrated VTOL capability in test flights but is operationally STOVL or in the case of UK uses "[[shipborne rolling vertical landing]]".
* [[VTOL|Vertical Take-Off and Landing]] (VTOL): Certain aircraft are specifically designed for the purpose of using very high degrees of thrust vectoring (e.g. if the thrust to weight-force ratio is greater than 1, it can take off vertically), but are usually slower than conventionally propelled aircraft due to the additional weight from associated systems.

On the recovery side of the flight deck, the adaptation to the aircraft load-out is mirrored. Non-VTOL or conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own, and almost all carriers using them must have arrested-recovery systems (-BAR, e.g. CATOBAR or STOBAR) to recover their aircraft. Aircraft that are landing extend a [[tailhook]] that catches on [[arrestor wires]] stretched across the deck to bring themselves to a stop in a short distance. Post-World War II Royal Navy research on safer CATOBAR recovery eventually led to universal adoption of a landing area angled off axis to allow aircraft who missed the arresting wires to "bolt" and safely return to flight for another landing attempt rather than crashing into aircraft on the forward deck.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Aircraft Carriers Have an Angled Runway|date=2 November 2017|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a28881/aircraft-carriers-angle-runway/}}</ref>

If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. [[Helicopter]]s and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing ([[V/STOL]]) usually recover by coming abreast of the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

====Staff and deck operations====
[[File:F-18 - A 3-wire landing.ogv|thumb|left|F/A-18 Hornet aircraft landing video]]

Carriers steam at speed, up to {{convert|35|kn|lk=in}} into the wind during flight deck operations to increase wind speed over the deck to a safe minimum. This increase in effective wind speed provides a higher launch airspeed for aircraft at the end of the catapult stroke or ski-jump, as well as making recovery safer by reducing the difference between the relative speeds of the aircraft and ship.

Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a [[Bolter (aviation)|bolter]], to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves [[launch and recovery cycle]] flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a [[landing signal officer]] (LSO, radio call sign 'paddles') to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as the [[optical landing system]] have provided information on proper [[glide slope]], but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are [[naval aviator]]s or [[naval flight officer]]s and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery. The "air boss" (usually a [[commander]]) occupies the top bridge (Primary Flight Control, also called ''primary'' or ''the tower'') and has the overall responsibility for controlling launch, recovery and "those aircraft in the air near the ship, and the movement of planes on the flight deck, which itself resembles a well-choreographed ballet".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/carriers/powerhouse/powerhouse.asp|title=The US Navy Aircraft Carriers|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221142917/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/ships/carriers/powerhouse/powerhouse.asp|archive-date=21 February 2009}}</ref> The captain of the ship spends most of his time one level below primary on the Navigation Bridge. Below this is the Flag Bridge, designated for the embarked admiral and his staff.

To facilitate working on the flight deck of a US aircraft carrier, the sailors wear colored shirts that designate their responsibilities. There are at least seven different colors worn by flight deck personnel for [[modern United States Navy carrier air operations]]. Carrier operations of other nations use similar color schemes.

====Deck structures====
[[File:US Navy 100512-N-8446A-004 An F-A-18F Super Hornet assigned to the Fighting Checkmates of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 211 lands aboard the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN 65).jpg|thumb|Island control structure of {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}}]]
[[File:FS CDG bridge3.jpg|alt=|thumb|The command bridge of the aircraft carrier {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||2}}]]

The superstructure of a carrier (such as the [[bridge (ship)|bridge]], flight [[control tower]]) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an ''island'', a feature pioneered on {{HMS|Hermes|95|6}} in 1923. While the island is usually built on the [[starboard]] side of the flight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}} had their islands built on the [[Port and starboard|port]] side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The ''flush deck'' configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in {{USS|Langley|CV-1|6}}. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.{{sfn|Friedman|1983|pp=241–243}}

Another deck structure that can be seen is a [[ski-jump ramp]] at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch [[STOVL|short take off vertical landing]] (STOVL) aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downward. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump, launching fully-loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either [[Stall (flight)|stalling out]] or crashing directly into the sea.

Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment. Vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft cannot launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or [[JATO]] rocket. For example, the Russian [[Sukhoi Su-33]] is only able to launch from the carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}} with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present, such as on a US [[landing helicopter dock]] or [[landing helicopter assault]] amphibious assault ship. A ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas; this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

==National fleets==
{{See also|List of aircraft carriers#Numbers of aircraft carriers by country{{!}}List of aircraft carriers by country|List of aircraft carriers in service}}
[[File:Countries who are currently, or have in the past, operated aircraft carriers.png|thumb|upright=1.5|
{{legend|#0000FE|Countries currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers (10) (Note that Russia has only one aircraft carrier which is inactive and under maintenance since 2018)}}
{{legend|#B6E41F|Countries currently solely operating helicopter carriers (6)}}
{{legend|#9AD9EA|Countries that have operated carriers in the past but no longer do so (3)}}]]

The US Navy has the largest fleet of carriers in the world, with eleven supercarriers in service as of 2024. China has one CATOBAR carrier and two STOBAR carriers in service. India has two STOBAR carriers in service. The UK has two STOVL carriers in service. The navies of France and Russia each operate a single medium-sized carrier.{{efn|Russian carrier has not been operational since 2018; it is expected to be launched again in 2024.}} The US also has nine similarly sized Amphibious Warfare Ships. There are five small light carriers in use capable of operating both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters; Japan and Italy each operate two, and Spain one.

Additionally there are nineteen small carriers which only operate helicopters serving the navies of Algeria (1), Australia (2), Brazil (1), China (2), Egypt (2), France (3), Japan (4), South Korea (2), Thailand (1), Turkey (1), and Iran (1).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Algeria===
;Current
[[Algerian amphibious transport dock Kalaat Béni Abbès|''Kalaat Béni Abbès'']] (L-474) is an [[amphibious transport dock]]<ref name="San Giusto Class">{{cite web|url=https://www.fincantieri.com/en/products-and-services/naval-vessels/enhanced-san-giusto-class/|title=ENHANCED SAN GIUSTO CLASS|publisher=Fincantieri|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> of the [[Algerian National Navy]] with two deck-landing spots for helicopters.

===Australia===
[[File:HMAS Canberra (LHD 02) at berth prior to commissioning.jpg|thumb|{{HMAS|Canberra|L02|6}}, a {{sclass|Canberra|landing helicopter dock|1}}]]
;Current
The [[Royal Australian Navy]] operates two {{sclass|Canberra|landing helicopter dock|1}}s. The two-ship class, based on the Spanish vessel {{ship|Spanish ship|Juan Carlos I|L61|2}} and built by [[Navantia]] and [[BAE Systems Australia]], represents the largest ships ever built for the Royal Australian Navy.<ref name="Naval-technology.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/canberra-class-landing-helicopter-docks-lhds/|title=Canberra Class Landing Helicopter Docks (LHDs), Australia|publisher=Naval-technology.com|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016235237/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/canberra-class-landing-helicopter-docks-lhds|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{HMAS|Canberra|L02|6}} underwent [[sea trial]]s in late 2013 and was commissioned in 2014. Her [[sister ship]], {{HMAS|Adelaide|L01|6}}, was commissioned in December 2015. The Australian ships retain the ski-ramp from the ''Juan Carlos I'' design, although the RAN has not acquired carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft.

===Brazil===
;Current
In December 2017, the [[Brazilian Navy]] confirmed the purchase of {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}} for (GBP) £84.6 million (equivalent to R$359.5M and US$113.2M) and renamed her {{ship|Brazilian amphibious assault ship|Atlântico||2}}. The ship was decommissioned from Royal Navy service in March 2018. The [[Brazilian Navy]] commissioned the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the United Kingdom. After undertaking a period of maintenance in the UK, the ship travelled to its new home port, [[Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro]] (AMRJ) to be fully operational by 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/76245/brazil-hopes-to-buy-commission-uk-s-hms-ocean-by-june-2018|title=Brazil hopes to buy, commission UK's HMS Ocean by June 2018|website=Jane's 360|first=Victor|last=Barreira|date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213080336/http://www.janes.com/article/76245/brazil-hopes-to-buy-commission-uk-s-hms-ocean-by-june-2018 |archive-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval.com.br/blog/2017/12/21/o-ocean-e-do-brasil-mb-conclui-compra-do-porta-helicopteros-por-84-milhoes-de-libras-e-da-forca-um-novo-capitania/|title=O Ocean é do Brasil! MB conclui a compra do porta-helicópteros por 84 milhões de libras e dá à Força um novo capitânia – Poder Naval – A informação naval comentada e discutida|date=21 December 2017|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428172519/http://www.naval.com.br/blog/2017/12/21/o-ocean-e-do-brasil-mb-conclui-compra-do-porta-helicopteros-por-84-milhoes-de-libras-e-da-forca-um-novo-capitania/|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defensa.com/brasil/marina-brasil-compra-portaviones-hms-ocean-royal-navy-britanica|title=La Marina de Brasil compra el portaviones HMS ''Ocean'' a la Royal Navy británica-noticia defensa.com|last=Defensa.com|date=22 December 2017|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021535/https://www.defensa.com/brasil/marina-brasil-compra-portaviones-hms-ocean-royal-navy-britanica |archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The ship displaces 21,578 tonnes, is {{convert|203.43|m|sp=us}} long and has a range of {{convert|8000|nmi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2018/08/24/phm-atlantico-caracteristicas-tecnicas-e-operacionais/ |title=PHM Atlântico: características técnicas e operacionais|work=naval.com.br|date=24 August 2018|access-date=5 August 2022|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/phm-a-140-atlantico-e-armado-com-canhao-bushmaster-mk-44-ii-de-30-mm/|title=PHM A-140 Atlântico é armado com canhão Bushmaster MK.44 II de 30 mm|work=tecnodefesa.com.br|date=8 July 2018|access-date=5 August 2022|language=pt-br}}</ref>

Before leaving [[HMNB Devonport]] for her new homeport in Rio's AMRJ, ''Atlântico'' underwent operational sea training under the Royal Navy's Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/81405/brazil-commissions-helicopter-carrier |title=Brazil commissions helicopter carrier |work=Jane's|date=29 June 2018|first=Victor|last=Barreira|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722092018/http://www.janes.com/article/81405/brazil-commissions-helicopter-carrier|archive-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2018/06/29/mostra-de-armamento-do-porta-helicopteros-multiproposito-atlantico |title=Mostra de Armamento do Porta-Helicópteros Multipropósito Atlântico|work=Naval|date=29 June 2018|access-date=17 July 2018|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428193901/https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2018/06/29/mostra-de-armamento-do-porta-helicopteros-multiproposito-atlantico/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 November 2020, ''Atlântico'' was redesignated "NAM", for "multipurpose aircraft carrier" ({{langx|pt|Navio Aeródromo Multipropósito}}), from "PHM", for "multipurpose helicopter carrier" ({{langx|pt|Porta-Helicópteros Multipropósito}}), to reflect the ship's capability to operate with fixed-wing [[medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle]]s as well as crewed [[tiltrotor]] [[VTOL]] aircraft.<ref name="Poder Naval">{{cite news|url=https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2020/11/26/porta-helicopteros-atlantico-agora-e-navio-aerodromo-multiproposito/|title=Porta-Helicópteros Atlântico agora é Navio-Aeródromo Multipropósito|publisher=Poder Naval|language=pt-br|date=26 November 2020}}</ref>

===China===
[[File:Type 002 aircraft carrier of People's Liberation Army Navy (cropped).jpg|thumb|{{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Shandong||2}}, a [[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|Type 002 aircraft carrier]]]]
{{main|Chinese aircraft carrier programme}}

;Current
Two [[STOBAR]] carriers:
* {{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Liaoning||2}} (60,900 tons) was originally built as the uncompleted Soviet {{sclass |Kuznetsov |aircraft carrier|0}} carrier ''Varyag''<ref name="bbc20110608">{{cite news|title=China aircraft carrier confirmed by general|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13692558|work = [[BBC News]]|date= 8 June 2011 |access-date= 9 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609071512/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13692558 |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref> and was later purchased as a [[Hulk (ship type) |hulk]] from [[Ukraine]] in 1998 on the pretext of commercial use as a floating [[casino]], then towed to China for rebuild and completion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/25/14092055-china-brings-its-first-aircraft-carrier-into-service-joining-9-nation-club|title=China brings its first aircraft carrier into service, joining 9-nation club|work=Behind The Wall|publisher=NBC |date=25 September 2012|access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131101072426/http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/25/14092055-china-brings-its-first-aircraft-carrier-into-service-joining-9-nation-club|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Liaoning'' was commissioned on 25 September 2012 and began service for testing and training.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-19710040|title=China's first aircraft carrier enters service|work = BBC News |date= 25 September 2012 |access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928095622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-19710040|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2012, ''Liaoning'' launched and recovered [[Shenyang J-15]] naval fighter aircraft for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Axe|first=David |url= https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/26/china-aircraft-carrier-launches-first-jet |title= China's aircraft carrier successfully launches its first jet fighters|magazine=Wired |date=26 November 2012 |access-date= 30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129051257/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-11/26/china-aircraft-carrier-launches-first-jet|archive-date=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.foxnews.com/world/china-lands-first-jet-on-its-aircraft-carrier/ |title= China lands first jet on its aircraft carrier |work =Fox News|date=25 November 2012|access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131031033017/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/25/china-lands-first-jet-on-its-aircraft-carrier/ |archive-date= 31 October 2013|url-status= live}}</ref> After a refit in January 2019, she was assigned to the [[North Sea Fleet]], a change from her previous role as a [[training ship]].
* {{ship |Chinese aircraft carrier|Shandong||2}} (60,000–70,000 tons) was launched on 26 April 2017, the first to be built domestically based on an improved ''Kuznetsov''-class design. ''Shandong'' started [[sea trial]]s on 23 April 2018,<ref name= "scmp 4/18">{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2142989/chinas-first-home-grown-aircraft-carrier-begins-maiden|title=China's first home-grown Type 001A aircraft carrier begins maiden sea trial|newspaper= [[South China Morning Post]]|date=23 April 2018|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429015117/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2142989/chinas-first-home-grown-aircraft-carrier-begins-maiden|archive-date=29 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and entered service in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Steven Lee |date=17 December 2019 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/world/asia/china-aircraft-carrier.html|url-access= limited|archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/17/world/asia/china-aircraft-carrier.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |title=China Commissions 2nd Aircraft Carrier, Challenging US Dominance|newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
One CATOBAR carrier:
* {{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Fujian||2}} (80,000 tons) is a conventionally-powered [[CATOBAR]] carrier that was under construction between 2015 and 2016 before being completed in June 2022.<ref name="scmp">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3182032/china-launches-fujian-pla-navys-3rd-aircraft-carrier|title=China launches Fujian, PLA Navy's 3rd aircraft carrier|author= Jack Lau|work= [[South China Morning Post]]|date=17 June 2022}}</ref> She was commissioned on 5 November 2025 at the Sanya Naval Base.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=China’s most advanced aircraft carrier, the Fujian, enters service |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3325434/chinas-most-advanced-aircraft-carrier-fujian-enters-service |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luck |first=Alex |date=2025-11-07 |title=Chinese Navy Takes Aircraft Carrier Fujian Into Active Service |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/11/chinese-navy-takes-aircraft-carrier-fujian-into-active-service-in-hainan/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
Four [[landing helicopter dock|LHD]] amphibious assault ships
*A [[Type 075 landing helicopter dock|Type 075 LHD]], {{ship|Chinese landing helicopter dock|Hainan||2}} was commissioned on 23 April 2021 at the [[South Sea Fleet]] naval base in [[Sanya]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Vavasseur|first=Xavier|date=2021-04-24|title=China Commissions a Type 055 DDG, a Type 075 LHD and a Type 094 SSBN in a Single Day|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/china-commissions-a-type-055-ddg-a-type-075-lhd-and-a-type-094-ssbn-in-a-single-day/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Naval News|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425051356/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/04/china-commissions-a-type-055-ddg-a-type-075-lhd-and-a-type-094-ssbn-in-a-single-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> A second ship, ''Guangxi'', was commissioned on 26 December 2021<ref>{{cite web|last=Vavasseur|first=Xavier|date=2021-12-30|title=China's 2nd Type 075 LHD Guangxi 广西 Commissioned With PLAN|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/12/chinas-2nd-type-075-lhd-guangxi-广西-commissioned-with-plan/|access-date= 2022-01-01|website=Naval News|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226215025/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/12/chinas-2nd-type-075-lhd-guangxi-%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF-commissioned-with-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and a third ship, ''Anhui'', was commissioned in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vavasseur|first=Xavier|date=2022-10-01|title=China's 3rd Type 075 LHD Anhui 安徽 Commissioned With PLAN|url= https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/10/chinas-3rd-type-075-lhd-anhui-安徽-commissioned-with-plan/|access-date= 2023-03-31 |website=Naval News}}</ref>

;Future
China has had a long-term plan to operate six large aircraft carriers with two carriers per fleet.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-plan-6-aircraft-carriers-just-sank-103207 |work = National interest |title= China's Plan for 6 Aircraft Carriers Just 'Sank'|date=9 December 2019|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date= 4 August 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151817/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-plan-6-aircraft-carriers-just-sank-103207|url-status=live}}</ref>

China is planning a class of eight LHD vessels, the Type 075 ([[NATO reporting name]] Yushen-class [[landing helicopter assault]]). This is a class of [[amphibious assault ship]] under construction by the [[Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding]] company.<ref name=":0" /> The first ship was commissioned in April 2021.<ref name=":0" /> China is also planning a modified class of the same concept, the [[Type 076 landing helicopter dock]], that will be equipped with an [[electromagnetic catapult]] system<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3094912/chinese-shipbuilder-planning-advanced-amphibious-assault-ship|title=China planning advanced amphibious assault ship|date= 27 July 2020 |access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051019/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3094912/chinese-shipbuilder-planning-advanced-amphibious-assault-ship |url-status= live}}</ref> and will likely support launching [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]s.

===Egypt===
;Current
Egypt signed a contract with French shipbuilder [[DCNS (company)|DCNS]] to buy two {{sclass|Mistral|amphibious assault ship|0}} helicopter carriers for approximately 950 million euros. The two ships were originally to be sold to Russia, but the deal was cancelled by France due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41009:egypt-signs-mistral-contract-with-france&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106|title=Egypt signs Mistral contract with France|website=defenceweb.co.za|date=12 October 2015|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014212/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41009:egypt-signs-mistral-contract-with-france&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 June 2016, Egypt received the first of two helicopter carriers acquired in October 2015, the landing helicopter dock {{ship|Egyptian ship|Gamal Abdel Nasser||2}}. The flag transfer ceremony took place in the presence of Egyptian and French Navies' chiefs of staff, chairman and chief executive officers of both DCNS and STX France, and senior Egyptian and French officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-first-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-gamal-abdel-nasser/|title=DCNS DELIVERS THE FIRST MISTRAL-CLASS HELICOPTER CARRIER TO THE EGYPTIAN NAVY, THE LHD GAMAL ABDEL NASSER|date=2 June 2016|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709102947/http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-first-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-gamal-abdel-nasser/|archive-date=9 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 September 2016, DCNS delivered the second of two helicopter carriers, the landing helicopter dock {{ship|Egyptian ship|Anwar El Sadat||2}} which also participated in a joint [[military exercise]] with the French Navy before arriving at her home port of [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-second-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-anwar-el-sadat/ |title=DCNS DELIVERS THE SECOND MISTRAL-CLASS HELICOPTER CARRIER TO THE EGYPTIAN NAVY, THE LHD ANWAR EL SADAT|date=16 September 2016|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922152801/http://en.dcnsgroup.com/news/dcns-delivers-the-second-mistral-class-helicopter-carrier-to-the-egyptian-navy-the-lhd-anwar-el-sadat/|archive-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

===France===
[[File:French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (R91) underway in the Red Sea on 15 April 2019 (190415-N-IL409-0017).JPG|thumb|right|The aircraft carrier {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||2}} of the [[French Navy]]]]

;Current
The [[French Navy]] operates the 42,000-tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||2}}. Commissioned in 2001, she is the flagship of the French Navy. The ship carries a complement of [[Dassault Rafale]] M and [[Grumman E-2 Hawkeye|E-2C Hawkeye]] aircraft, [[Eurocopter EC725|EC725 Caracal]] and [[Eurocopter AS532 Cougar|AS532 Cougar]] helicopters for [[combat search and rescue]], as well as modern electronics and [[MBDA Aster|Aster]] missiles. She is a [[CATOBAR]]-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13-3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the US {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|0}} carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} In addition, the French Navy operates three {{sclass|Mistral|landing helicopter dock|1}}s.<ref name="Mistral Class – Amphibious Assault Ships">{{cite web|title=Mistral Class – Amphibious Assault Ships – Naval Technology|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/mistral/|website=Naval Technology|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194552/https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/mistral/|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Future
In October 2018, the French Ministry of Defence began an 18-month €40 million study for the replacement of the {{ship|French aircraft carrier|Charles de Gaulle||6|wl=no}} sometime after 2030. In December 2020, President Macron announced that construction of the [[Future French aircraft carrier|next generation carrier]] would begin in around 2025 with sea trials to start in about 2036. The carrier is planned to have a displacement of around 75,000 tons and to carry about 32 next-generation fighters, two to three E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes and a yet-to-be-determined number of unmanned carrier air vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2020/12/08/president-macron-announces-start-of-new-french-nuclear-aircraft-carrier-program|title=President Macron Announces Start of New French Nuclear Aircraft Carrier Program|date=8 December 2020|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204430/https://news.usni.org/2020/12/08/president-macron-announces-start-of-new-french-nuclear-aircraft-carrier-program|url-status=live}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:IAC1 Vikrant during sea trials (cropped).png|thumb|{{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} (IAC-1) at sea during her maiden [[sea trials]]]]

;Current
Two [[STOBAR]] carriers:

{{INS|Vikramaditya}}, 45,400 tonnes, [[Kiev-class aircraft carrier|modified ''Kiev'' class]]. The carrier was purchased by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $2.35 billion. The ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013 and aviation trials in September 2013. She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia.<ref name= ibnlive>{{cite web|title=Aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya inducted into Indian Navy|work=IBN Live|date=16 November 2013 |publisher=IN |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|access-date=16 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118010905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref>

{{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, also known as ''Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1)'' a 45,000-tonne, {{convert|262|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}}<ref>{{cite web|title='Historical moment': Sea trials begin for India's first indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant [VIDEO] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/historical-moment-sea-trials-begin-for-india-s-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant/794623|access-date=2021-08-05|website=timesnownews.com |date=4 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805213802/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/historical-moment-sea-trials-begin-for-india-s-first-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant/794623|url-status=live}}</ref> aircraft carrier whose keel was laid in 2009.<ref name="iac">{{cite web|title=Indian Aircraft Carrier (Project 71)|work=Indian Navy [Bharatiya Nau Sena]|publisher=Bharat Rakshak |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html|access-date=11 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185025/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/185-Indian-Aircraft-Carrier.html |archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> The new carrier will operate [[MiG-29K]] and naval [[HAL Tejas]] aircraft.<ref name="iac" /> The ship is powered by gas-turbines and deploys 10 helicopters and 30 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cochin-shipyard-undocks-ins-vikrant-115061101387_1.html|title=Cochin Shipyard undocks INS Vikrant |author=Kochi|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=11 June 2015|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828104127/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cochin-shipyard-undocks-ins-vikrant-115061101387_1.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The ship was launched in 2013, sea-trials began in August 2021 and was commissioned on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-is-biggest-ship-made-in-india/article34970142.ece|title=Indigenous Aircraft Carrier, to be named INS Vikrant, is biggest ship made in India |work=The Hindu|date=25 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628174202/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-to-be-named-ins-vikrant-is-biggest-ship-made-in-india/article34970142.ece|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-commissions-ins-vikrant-indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/article65839748.ece/|title=India's indigenous aircraft carrier and largest warship INS Vikrant joins Navy|work=The Hindu|date=2 September 2022|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

;Future
India has plans for a third carrier, {{INS|Vishal}}, also known as ''Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 2 (IAC-2)'' with a displacement of over 65,000 tonnes and is planned with a [[CATOBAR]] system to launch and recover heavier aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/us-india-collaboration-on-aircraft-carriers-a-good-idea/|title=US-India Collaboration on Aircraft Carriers: A Good Idea?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519090247/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/us-india-collaboration-on-aircraft-carriers-a-good-idea/|archive-date=19 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

India has also issued a request for information (RFI) to procure four [[Landing helicopter dock]] displacing 30,000–40,000 tons with a capacity to operate 12 medium lift special ops and two heavy lift helicopters and troops for amphibious operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/RFI%20for%20Procurement%20of%20four%20LPD%20for%20Uploading.pdf?download=1|title=RFI for the procurement of four LPD|website=Indian Navy|date=26 August 2021|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825135726/https://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/RFI%20for%20Procurement%20of%20four%20LPD%20for%20Uploading.pdf?download=1|archive-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

===Italy===
[[File:Italian aircraft carrier Cavour.jpg|thumb|Italian aircraft carrier ''Cavour'' (550)]]
;Current
One STOVL carrier:
* {{ship|Italian aircraft carrier|Cavour|550|2}}: 30,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier designed and built with secondary amphibious assault facilities, commissioned in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freewebs.com/jeffhead/worldwideaircraftcarriers/cavour.htm|work=World Wide Aircraft Carriers|title=Cavour Page|publisher=Free webs|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012175238/http://www.freewebs.com/jeffhead/worldwideaircraftcarriers/cavour.htm|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Future
[[File:Italian LHD Trieste.jpg|thumb|Italian LHD ''Trieste'' (L 9890)]]
Italy plans to replace the now decommissioned aircraft carrier ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'', as well as one of the {{sclass|San Giorgio|amphibious transport dock|0}} landing helicopter docks, with a new amphibious assault ship, to be named {{ship|Italian landing helicopter dock|Trieste||2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/nuoviprogetti/Documents/Piano%20di%20dismissioni%20delle%20Unit%C3%A0%20Navali%20entro%20il%202025.pdf|title=Piano di dismissioni delle Unità Navali entro il 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916034955/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/nuoviprogetti/Documents/Piano%20di%20dismissioni%20delle%20Unit%C3%A0%20Navali%20entro%20il%202025.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/Content/Documents/DPP/DPP_2017_2019_Approvato_light.pdf|title=Documento Programmatico Pluriennale 2017–2019|publisher=Minestro della Difesa|language=it|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412083949/http://www.difesa.it/Content/Documents/DPP/DPP_2017_2019_Approvato_light.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The ship will be significantly larger than her predecessors with a displacement of 38,000 tonnes at full load. ''Trieste'' is to carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Third Italian F-35B Goes to the Italian Air Force. And the Italian Navy Is Not Happy at All.|url=https://theaviationist.com/2020/02/26/third-italian-f-35b-goes-to-the-italian-air-force-and-the-italian-navy-is-not-happy-at-all/|date=26 February 2020|website=The Aviationist|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520022032/https://theaviationist.com/2020/02/26/third-italian-f-35b-goes-to-the-italian-air-force-and-the-italian-navy-is-not-happy-at-all/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.marina.difesa.it/media-cultura/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20210817_Fulge_super_mare_Risplende_sul_mare_la_nave_d_assalto_anfibio_multiruolo_trieste.aspx|title="Fulge super mare", risplende sul mare la nuova nave da assalto anfibio multiruolo costruita a Castellammare di Stabia|language=it|publisher=Marina Militare|date=17 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229005829/https://www.marina.difesa.it/media-cultura/Notiziario-online/Pagine/20210817_Fulge_super_mare_Risplende_sul_mare_la_nave_d_assalto_anfibio_multiruolo_trieste.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' will be transferred to [[Space Operations Command (Italy)|Italian Space Operation Command]] for use as a satellite launch platform.<ref>{{cite web|author=(di Tiziano Ciocchetti)|url=https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo-militare/il-garibaldi-lancer%C3%A0-orbita-satelliti|title=Il Garibaldi lancerà in orbita satelliti – Difesa Online|work=Difesa Online |date=21 January 2021 |language=it|publisher=Difesaonline.it|access-date=2022-02-10|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124135353/https://www.difesaonline.it/mondo-militare/il-garibaldi-lancer%C3%A0-orbita-satelliti}}</ref> In 2026, it was announced that the ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' will be transferred to the [[Indonesian Navy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peruzzi |first1=Luca |title=Italy moves to transfer Garibaldi aircraft carrier to Indonesia, looking to new programmes |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/02/italy-moves-to-transfer-garibaldi-aircraft-carrier-to-indonesia-looking-to-new-programmes/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Naval News |date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

===Iran===
;Current
On February 6, 2025, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps]] (IRGC) accepted the [[IRIS Shahid Bagheri|IRIS ''Shahid Bagheri'']], a 41,978-tonne [[Drone carrier|drone UAV carrier]] converted from a [[container ship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2025-02-06 |title=Iran accepts delivery of homegrown drone carrier 'Shahid Bahman Bagheri' |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/02/iran-accepts-delivery-of-homegrown-drone-carrier-shahid-bahman-bagheri/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2024-08-21 |title=Iran's Bizarre 'Aircraft Carrier' Seen In New Detail |url=https://www.twz.com/sea/irans-bizarre-aircraft-carrier-seen-in-new-detail |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Japan===
[[File:DDH-183 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Helicopter carrier [[JS Izumo|''Izumo'' (DDH-183)]] at sea]]

;Current
*Two {{sclass|Izumo|multi-purpose destroyer|1}}s – {{convert|820|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}}, 19,500-tonne (27,000 tonnes full load) STOVL carrier ''Izumo'' was launched August 2013 and commissioned March 2015. ''Izumo''{{'}}s sister ship, ''Kaga'', was commissioned in 2017.
In December 2018, the Japanese Cabinet gave approval to convert both ''Izumo-class'' destroyers into aircraft carriers for F-35B [[STOVL]] operations.<ref name="CNNDec1818">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html|title=Japan to have first aircraft carriers since World War II|publisher=CNN|date=18 December 2018|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218145649/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html|archive-date=18 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The conversion of ''Izumo'' was underway as of mid-2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/maritime-antisub/6365-japanese-izumo-carrier-modification-progresses-well|title=Japanese Izumo carrier modification progresses well|date=29 June 2020|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630131734/https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/maritime-antisub/6365-japanese-izumo-carrier-modification-progresses-well|url-status=live}}</ref> The modification of maritime escort vessels is to "increase operational flexibility" and enhance Pacific air defense,<ref name="navalnews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/08/usmc-to-first-fly-f-35b-from-japans-izumo-class-aircraft-carriers/|title=USMC to Fly First F-35B from Japan's Izumo-class Aircraft Carriers|date=21 August 2019|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=7 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007023345/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2019/08/usmc-to-first-fly-f-35b-from-japans-izumo-class-aircraft-carriers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html|title=Japan to have first aircraft carriers since World War II|author=Brad Lendon and Yoko Wakatsuki|publisher=CNN|date=18 December 2018|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002040115/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/18/asia/japan-aircraft-carriers-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the Japanese defense ministry's position is "We are not creating carrier air wings or carrier air squadrons" similar to the US Navy.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The Japanese STOVL F-35s, when delivered, will be operated by the [[Japan Air Self Defense Force]] from land bases; according to the 2020 Japanese Defense Ministry white paper the STOVL model was chosen for the JASDF due the lack of appropriately long runways to support air superiority capability across all of Japanese airspace.<ref name="airforce-technology.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/uncategorised/lack-of-runways-spurred-japans-f-35b-purchase/|title=Lack of runways spurred Japan's F-35B purchase|website=airforce-technology.com|date=21 August 2020|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923064448/https://www.airforce-technology.com/uncategorised/lack-of-runways-spurred-japans-f-35b-purchase/|url-status=live |last1=Lye |first1=Harry }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2019/05/29/japan-maritime-self-defense-force-expanding-as-tokyo-takes-new-approach-to-maritime-security|title=Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Expanding as Tokyo Takes New Approach to Maritime Security|date=29 May 2019|access-date=14 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026195747/https://news.usni.org/2019/05/29/japan-maritime-self-defense-force-expanding-as-tokyo-takes-new-approach-to-maritime-security|url-status=live}}</ref> Japan has requested that the USMC deploy STOVL F-35s and crews aboard the ''Izumo-class'' ships "for cooperation and advice on how to operate the fighter on the deck of the modified ships".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.usni.org/2019/08/23/marines-considering-flying-u-s-f-35bs-off-of-japans-largest-warships|title=Marines Considering Flying U.S. F-35Bs off of Japan's Largest Warships|date=23 August 2019|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011437/https://news.usni.org/2019/08/23/marines-considering-flying-u-s-f-35bs-off-of-japans-largest-warships|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="navalnews.com"/>
On 3 October 2021, two USMC F-35Bs performed the first vertical landings and horizontal take-offs from JS ''Izumo'', marking 75 years since fixed-wing aircraft operated from a Japanese carrier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/marine-corps-f35bs-landed-on-japans-converted-aircraft-carrier-izumo-2021-10|title=Japan is converting its 2 biggest warships into aircraft carriers, and US Marines are helping it train to use them|work=Business Insider|last=Brimelow|first=Benjamin|date=8 October 2021|access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

*Two {{sclass|Hyūga|helicopter destroyer|1}}s – 19,000-tonne (full load) [[anti-submarine warfare carrier]]s with enhanced command-and-control capabilities allowing them to serve as fleet flagships.

===Qatar===
;Current
* [[Qatari amphibious transport dock Al Fulk]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ziezulewicz |first=Geoff |date=2024-12-02 |title=Qatar's Strange New Warship Combines Air Defense Frigate And Amphibious Assault Ship Roles |url=https://www.twz.com/sea/qatars-navy-now-has-a-versatile-unusual-amphibious-mother-ship-of-its-own |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Russia===
[[File:Russian aircraft carrier Kuznetsov.jpg|thumb|{{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov}}]]

;Current
One STOBAR carrier: [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov'']]: 55,000-tonne {{sclass|Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier|0}} [[STOBAR]] aircraft carrier. Launched in 1985 as ''Tbilisi'', renamed and operational from 1995. Without catapults she can launch and recover lightly fueled naval fighters for air defense or anti-ship missions but not heavy conventional bombing strikes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}} Officially designated an aircraft carrying cruiser, she is unique in carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large [[P-700 Granit]] offensive missiles. The P-700<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakur|first=Vijainder K.|date=2023-11-22|title=Russia Bids Adieu To World's 'Most Destructive' P-700 Granit; Hypersonic Zircon Missile To Take Charge|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/worlds-most-destructive-p-700-granit-anti-ship/|access-date=2024-06-27|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref> systems will be removed in the coming refit to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities as well as upgrading her defensive systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/kuznetzov/|title=Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov|publisher=Rus navy|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007100758/http://rusnavy.com/nowadays/strength/surfaceships/kuznetzov/|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ship has been out of service and in repairs since 2018. The most recent projection stated that repairs would be completed and the ship transferred back to the Russian Navy sometime in 2024, however this projection has not been met as of July 2025, and no updates have been provided.<ref name=UPravda20230109>{{cite news|author=Alona Mazurenko|title=Russians brought their only aircraft carrier to critical condition and looking for those responsible|newspaper=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=9 January 2023|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/9/7384073/|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://flotprom.ru/2023/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8221/|title=Источник ТАСС допустил сдвиг сдачи "Адмирала Кузнецова" на 2025 год|date=4 July 2023|access-date=7 July 2023|website=flotprom.ru|language=ru}}</ref>

;Future
The Russian government has been considering the potential replacement of ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' for some time and has considered the [[Project 23000 aircraft carrier|Shtorm-class aircraft carrier]] as a possible option. This carrier will be a hybrid of CATOBAR and STOBAR, given the fact that she uses both systems of launching aircraft. The carrier is expected to cost {{clarify|text=between $1.8 billion and $5.63 billion.|reason=this range is too wide|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/russia/797980|title=Russia developing $5 bln aircraft carrier with no world analogs—fleet commander|agency=TASS|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319163641/http://tass.ru/en/russia/797980|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the project had not yet been approved and, given the financial costs, it was unclear whether it would be made a priority over other elements of Russian naval modernization.

A class of 2 LHD, [[Project 23900 amphibious assault ship|Project 23900]] is planned and an official keel laying ceremony for the project happened on 20 July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vavasseur|first=Xavier|date=21 July 2020|title=Russia Lays Keels of Next Gen LHD, Submarines and Frigates in Presence of Russian President Putin|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/07/russia-lays-keels-of-next-gen-lhd-submarines-and-frigates-in-presence-of-russian-president-putin/|access-date=25 August 2020|website=Naval News|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052919/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/07/russia-lays-keels-of-next-gen-lhd-submarines-and-frigates-in-presence-of-russian-president-putin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===South Korea===
[[File:Model of HHI proposal for CVX project.jpg|thumb|Conceptual model of [[CVX-class aircraft carrier]]]]
;Current
Two {{sclass|Dokdo|amphibious assault ship|0}} 18,860-tonne full deck amphibious assault ships with hospital and well deck and facilities to serve as fleet flagships.

;Future
South Korea had set tentative plans for procuring two light aircraft carriers by 2033, which would help make the ROKN a blue water navy.<ref name="yna1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211202169100001?section=politics/all&site=major_news01_related|title=국방 분야 핵심공약 좌초 우려에 정무라인 물밑작업 끝 원안 통과문대통령, 경항모 중요성 거듭 강조…예산부활 보고받고는 '반색|work=Yonhap News Agency|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203021009/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20211202169100001?section=politics%2Fall&site=major_news01_related|url-status=live |author1=박경준 }}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131124144705/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131026/DEFREG03/310260005/|archive-date=24 November 2013|title=S. Korea Envisions Light Aircraft Carrier|work=Defense News|date=15 January 2014|access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> In December 2020, details of South Korea's planned carrier program ([[CVX-class aircraft carrier|CVX]]) were finalized. A vessel of about 40,000 tons is envisaged carrying about 20 F-35B fighters as well as future maritime attack helicopters. Service entry had been anticipated in the early 2030s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/01/south-korea-officially-starts-lpx-ii-aircraft-carrier-program/|title=South Korea Officially Starts LPX-II Aircraft Carrier Program|date=4 January 2021|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104084439/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/01/south-korea-officially-starts-lpx-ii-aircraft-carrier-program/|url-status=live}}</ref> Basic design work was to begin starting in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/202112033171i |title=결국 되살아난 '경항모 예산' 72억…해군, 내년 기본설계 추진 |publisher=hankyung.com|date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203021008/https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/202112033171i|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025 however, Korean CVX program have cancelled and replaced with new [[drone carrier]] program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=해군, 경항모 계획 수정…F-35B 전투기 대신 무인기 탑재 |url=https://v.daum.net/v/20250511110943442 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=다음 - 연합뉴스TV}}</ref>

===Spain===
[[File:El L-61 virando a babor en su partida de Vigo (34939349652).jpg|thumb|Spanish ''Juan Carlos I'' with [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|Harrier II]]]]

;Current
{{ship|Spanish ship|Juan Carlos I|L61|2}}: a 27,000-[[tonne]], specially designed multipurpose strategic projection ship which can operate as an [[amphibious assault ship]] and as an aircraft carrier. Juan Carlos I has full facilities for both functions including a [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski jump]] for [[STOVL]] operations, is equipped with the [[AV-8B Harrier II]] attack aircraft. She also features a [[well deck]] and a vehicle storage area which can be used as additional hangar space. The vessel was launched in 2008 and commissioned on 30 September 2010.<ref>{{Citation|last=Head|first=Jeff|title=World wide aircraft carriers|contribution=BPE|publisher=Free webs |url=http://www.freewebs.com/jeffhead/worldwideaircraftcarriers/bpe.htm|access-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409040019/http://www.freewebs.com/jeffhead/worldwideaircraftcarriers/bpe.htm|archive-date=9 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Thailand===
[[File:HTMS Chakri Naruebet Exercise 2001.jpg|thumb|right|The aircraft carrier {{ship|HTMS|Chakri Naruebet}} of the [[Royal Thai Navy]]]]

;Current
One offshore helicopter support ship: {{ship|HTMS|Chakri Naruebet}} helicopter carrier: 11,400-tonne STOVL carrier based on Spanish {{ship|Spanish aircraft carrier|Príncipe de Asturias||2}} design. Commissioned in 1997. The AV-8S Matador/Harrier STOVL fighter wing, mostly inoperable by 1999,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carpenter |editor-first1=William M. |editor-last2=Wiencek |editor-first2=David G. |title=Asian Security Handbook 2000 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, NY |year=2000 |isbn=9780765607140 |page=302}}</ref> was retired from service without replacement in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Cooper |url=http://pacificwingsmagazine.com/2011/03/08/end-of-a-legend%E2%80%94harrier-farewell/ |access-date=26 October 2013 |title=End of a Legend – Harrier Farewell |website=Pacificwingsmagazine.com|date=8 March 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714183820/http://pacificwingsmagazine.com/2011/03/08/end-of-a-legend%E2%80%94harrier-farewell/|archive-date=14 July 2012}}</ref> As of 2010, the ship is used for helicopter operations and for disaster relief.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pattayadailynews.com/en/2010/11/03/thai-aircraft-carrier-assists-southern-relief-efforts/|title=Thai Aircraft Carrier Assists Southern Relief Efforts |work=Pattaya Daily News |date=4 November 2010|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014143123/http://www.pattayadailynews.com/en/2010/11/03/thai-aircraft-carrier-assists-southern-relief-efforts/|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

===Turkey===
[[File:TCG Anadolu (L-400) on the Bosphorus (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[TCG Anadolu|TCG ''Anadolu'' (L-400)]] at the [[Bosporus]] [[strait]] in [[Istanbul]] during the naval parade for celebrating the centenary of the Turkish Republic on 29 October 2023.]]

;Current
{{ship|TCG|Anadolu}} is a 27,079-tonne [[amphibious assault ship]] (LHD) (outfitted as [[drone carrier]]) of the [[Turkish Naval Forces|Turkish Navy]] that can be configured as a 24,660-tonne V/STOL aircraft carrier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enkucuk.com/ucak-gemisi-olan-ulkeleri-ogrenelim/|title=Uçak Gemisi Olan Ülkeleri Öğrenelim|date=23 November 2017|website=Enkucuk.com|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129120057/http://www.enkucuk.com/ucak-gemisi-olan-ulkeleri-ogrenelim/|url-status=live |author1=Editör }}</ref> Construction began on 30 April 2016 by Sedef Shipbuilding Inc. at their [[Istanbul]] shipyard.<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Anadolu Agency|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkish-navys-flagship-to-enter-service-in-2020/1652082|title=Turkish Navy's flagship to enter service in 2020|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130114509/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/turkish-navys-flagship-to-enter-service-in-2020/1652082}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2022/12/10/ysis-tcg-anadolu-the-most-powerful-warship-and-the-flagship-of-the-turkish-navy/|title=[ANALYSIS] TCG Anadolu: the most powerful warship and the flagship of the Turkish Navy|publisher=turkishminute.com|date=10 December 2022|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref> TCG ''Anadolu'' was commissioned with a ceremony on 10 April 2023.<ref name="commission-CNN_Turk">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/video/turkiye/son-dakika-dunyanin-ilk-siha-gemisi-tcg-anadolu-teslim-toreninde-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-konusuyor|title=Dünyanın ilk SİHA gemisi TCG Anadolu! Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nihai hedefimiz tam bağımsız savunma sanayiidir|publisher=[[CNN Türk]]|date=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Helfrich">{{cite web|url=https://www.twz.com/turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship-enters-service|title=Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service|author=Emma Helfrich|website=thedrive.com|date=11 April 2023}}</ref> The construction of a sister ship, to be named TCG ''Trakya'', is currently being planned by the Turkish Navy.<ref name="SavunmaSanayiST-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/deniz-kuvvetlerinden-tcg-trakya-aciklamasi/|title=Deniz Kuvvetlerinden TCG Trakya açıklaması|author=Anıl Şahin|website=SavunmaSanayiST.com|date=14 February 2019|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204851/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/deniz-kuvvetlerinden-tcg-trakya-aciklamasi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DenizHaber1">{{cite web|url=https://www.denizhaber.com/guncel/tcg-trakya-ne-zaman-bitecek-h81915.html|title=TCG Trakya ne zaman bitecek?|author=Ahmet Doğan|publisher=DenizHaber.com|date=9 November 2019|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212204853/https://www.denizhaber.com/guncel/tcg-trakya-ne-zaman-bitecek-h81915.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#Export versions|Sikorsky S-70B Seahawk]] and the [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra]] are the two main types of helicopters used on TCG ''Anadolu'', with the occasional use of [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|CH-47F Chinook]] helicopters of the [[Turkish Land Forces|Turkish Army]] during military exercises and operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfLyjvOoSmE|title=TCG Anadolu eğitim gerçekleştirdi|publisher=[[TRT Haber]]|date=8 June 2023}}</ref> The AH-1W Super Cobras will eventually be complemented and replaced by the [[TAI T929 ATAK 2]].<ref name="Iddon-Forbes-24.11.2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2022/11/24/tcg-anadolu-turkeys-new-flagship-will-carry-unique-aircraft/?sh=14028ead6ccf|title=TCG Anadolu: Turkey's New Flagship Will Carry Unique Aircraft|author=Paul Iddon|work=Forbes|date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

The [[jet engine|jet]]-powered, [[stealth technology|low-observable]] drone [[Bayraktar Kızılelma|Bayraktar MIUS Kızılelma]]<ref name="Helfrich"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykars-unmanned-fighter-aircraft-completes-first-flight/|title=Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight|website=baykartech.com |publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxVpXGf8e8I |title=Bayraktar Kızılelma's Formation Flights – A First in Aviation History |publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=5 June 2023}}</ref> and the [[Medium-altitude long-endurance UAV|MALE]] UAV [[Bayraktar TB3]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://baykartech.com/en/bayraktar-tb3/ |title=Bayraktar TB3|website=baykartech.com |publisher=Baykar Technologies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb3/ |title=Bayraktar TB3 UCAV: General Information |website=baykartech.com |publisher=Baykar Technologies}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/turkiyes-new-combat-drone-completes-endurance-flight-test/ |title=Türkiye's new combat drone completes endurance flight test|website=baykartech.com |publisher=Baykar Technologies|date=22 December 2023}}</ref> are two [[UCAV]]s that are specifically designed and manufactured by [[Baykar|Baykar Technologies]] to be used on TCG ''Anadolu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/05/here-is-how-uavs-will-be-recovered-aboard-tcg-anadolu/|title=Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu|website=navalnews.com |publisher=Naval News|author=Tayfun Özberk|date=1 May 2022}}</ref> The maiden flight of [[TAI Anka-3]] (also part of Project MIUS), a jet-powered, [[flying wing]] type UCAV with stealth technology, was successfully completed on 28 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies |title=Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies|author=Thomas Newdick|website=thedrive.com|date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine|title=Turkish Stealth Drone Makes Debut Flight After Years of Secrecy|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAnxwJk0h10|title=Turkey's ANKA III Fighter Drone Makes Debut Flight|publisher=Bloomberg Television|date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

On 19 November 2024, [[Baykar Bayraktar TB3]] UCAV successfully took-off from the flight deck of TCG ''Anadolu'' and landed on the ship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2024-11-19 |title=TB3 Operates From Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship For The First Time |url=https://www.twz.com/air/tb3-drone-lands-takes-off-from-turkeys-drone-carrier-amphibious-assault-ship |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Baykartech_26.11.2024">{{cite web|url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/bayraktar-tb3-uav-successfully-continues-ship-tests/|title=Bayraktar TB3 UAV successfully continues ship tests|website=baykartech.com|publisher=Baykar Technology|date=26 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="TB3_PT-2_Test_59">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPS5Mv8tvXQ|title=Bayraktar TB3 PT-2 59th Test|publisher=Baykar Technology|date=26 November 2024}}</ref> It was the first time a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft of this size and class had successfully landed on a short-runway [[landing helicopter dock]], without the use of an [[arresting gear]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2024-11-19 |title=Bayraktar TB3 Takes off and land aboard Turkish carrier |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/11/bayraktar-tb3-takesoff-and-land-aboard-turkish-carrier/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Baykartech_26.11.2024"/><ref name="TB3_PT-2_Test_59"/>

;Future
{{main|MUGEM-class aircraft carrier}}

[[File:Turkish aircraft carrier scaled model.jpg|thumb|The construction of the first [[MUGEM-class aircraft carrier|''MUGEM''-class aircraft carrier]] began at the [[Istanbul Naval Shipyard]] on January 2, 2025.<ref name="NavalNews_02.01.2025"/><ref name="TurDef.com_02.01.2025"/><ref name="ArmyRecognition_03.01.2025"/>]]

On 3 January 2024, the Turkish government approved the plan for the design and construction of a larger aircraft carrier,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/turkey-approves-plans-for-aircraft-carrier-additional-istanbul-class-frigates|title=Turkey approves plans for aircraft carrier, additional Istanbul-class frigates|author=Kate Tringham |website=Janes.com|publisher=Janes|date=5 January 2024}}</ref> named the [[MUGEM-class aircraft carrier|''MUGEM''-class]].<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/10/turkish-navy-unveils-mugem-a-fully-indigenous-aircraft-carrier/|title=Turkish Navy Unveils MUGEM: A Fully Indigenous Aircraft Carrier|author=Tayfun Ozberk|website=navalnews.com|publisher=Naval News|date=28 October 2024}}</ref>

On 15 February 2024, the Design and Projects Office of the Turkish Navy announced that it will be a STOBAR aircraft carrier with an overall length of {{convert|285|m|ft}},<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/> beam of {{convert|72|m|ft}},<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/> draught of {{convert|10.1|m|ft}},<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/> and displacement of 60,000 tons.<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/> It is to have a COGAG<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/> propulsion system and a maximum speed of more than {{convert|25|kn|mph kph}}.<ref name="NavalNews_28.10.2024"/>

The construction of the first ''MUGEM''-class aircraft carrier began on 2 January 2025.<ref name="NavalNews_02.01.2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/01/turkish-navy-starts-construction-of-3-major-projects-mugem-aircraft-carrier-tf-2000-destroyer-and-milden/|title=Turkish Navy starts construction of 3 major projects: MUGEM Aircraft Carrier, TF-2000 Destroyer, MILDEN Submarine|author=Tayfun Ozberk|publisher=Naval News|website=navalnews.com|date=2 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="ArmyRecognition_03.01.2025">{{cite web|url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2025/turkish-naval-ambitions-realized-construction-of-milden-submarine-and-carrier-starts|title=Turkish Naval Ambitions Realized: Construction of MİLDEN Submarine and Carrier Starts|website=armyrecognition.com|publisher=Army Recognition Group - Global Defense News|date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="TurDef.com_02.01.2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Turkiye Begins MILDEN, TF-2000, and MUGEM Constructions {{!}} TURDEF |url=https://turdef.com/article/turkiye-begins-milden-tf-2000-and-mugem-constructions |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=turdef.com |language=en}}</ref> The first ''MUGEM''-class aircraft carrier is being built at the [[Istanbul Naval Shipyard]].<ref name="NavalNews_02.01.2025"/><ref name="ArmyRecognition_03.01.2025"/><ref name="TurDef.com_02.01.2025"/>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Merlin Mk2s arriving on HMS Queen Elizabeth ahead of CSG21.jpg|thumb|A [[AgustaWestland AW101|Merlin HM2]] [[Airborne early warning and control|AEW]] on {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}}'s [[flight deck]]]]

;Current
Two 80,600-tonne (est. full load)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pape |first=Alex|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2023-2024|date=April 2023 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |isbn=9780710634283 |location=United Kingdom |pages=886 |language=en}}</ref> [[Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier|''Queen Elizabeth''-class]] STOVL carriers which operate the F-35 Lightning II. {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}} was commissioned in December 2017<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/26/hms-queen-elizabeth-will-help-britain-retake-place-among-military/|title=HMS Queen Elizabeth will help Britain retake its place among the military elite|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=26 June 2017|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810174401/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/26/hms-queen-elizabeth-will-help-britain-retake-place-among-military/|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=live|last1=Coughlin|first1=Con}}</ref> and {{HMS|Prince of Wales|R09|6}} in December 2019.

''Queen Elizabeth'' undertook her first operational deployment in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/news/hms-queen-elizabeth-leave-first-flight-trials-uk-waters|title=HMS Queen Elizabeth Closer to Becoming Operational as Carrier Leaves for Trials|date=24 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128145016/https://www.forces.net/news/hms-queen-elizabeth-leave-first-flight-trials-uk-waters|url-status=live}}</ref> Each ''Queen Elizabeth''-class ship is able to operate around 40 aircraft during peacetime operations and is thought to be able to carry up to 72 at maximum capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/news/hms-queen-elizabeth-all-you-need-know-about-britains-aircraft-carrier|title=HMS Queen Elizabeth: All You Need to Know About Britain's Aircraft Carrier|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=6 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506144849/https://www.forces.net/news/hms-queen-elizabeth-all-you-need-know-about-britains-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref> As of the end of April 2020, 18 F-35B aircraft had been delivered to the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. "Full operating capability" for the UK's carrier strike capability had been planned for 2023 (two squadrons or 24 jets operating from one carrier).<ref name=NAO20>{{cite web|url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/007678-001-Carrier-Strike-preparing-for-deployment.pdf |title=Carrier Strike – Preparing for deployment|date=26 June 2020|publisher=National Audit Office|access-date=26 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629082857/https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/007678-001-Carrier-Strike-preparing-for-deployment.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The longer-term aim remains for the ability to conduct a wide range of air operations and support amphibious operations worldwide from both carriers by 2026.<ref name=NAO20 /> They form the central part of the [[UK Carrier Strike Group]]. The ''Queen Elizabeth''-class ships are expected to have service lives of 50 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.babcockinternational.com/case-study/queen-elizabeth-class-aircraft-carriers/|title=Queen Elizabeth Class Aircraft Carriers|website=Babcock International (babcockinternational.com)|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607081445/https://www.babcockinternational.com/case-study/queen-elizabeth-class-aircraft-carriers/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:USS Enterprise (CVN-80) artist depiction.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Enterprise|CVN-80}}, the third US Navy carrier to bear the name, is a ''Gerald R. Ford''-class carrier under construction as of 2025 and is expected to enter service in 2028.]]

;Current
Eleven CATOBAR carriers, all nuclear-powered:
*{{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|4}}: ten 101,000-tonne, {{convert|1092|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|sp=us|order=flip}} fleet carriers, the first of which was commissioned in 1975. A ''Nimitz''-class carrier is powered by two [[nuclear reactor]]s providing steam to four [[steam turbine]]s.
*{{sclass|Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier|4}}, one 100,000-tonne, {{convert|1106|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|sp=us|order=flip}} fleet carrier. The lead of the class {{USS |Gerald R. Ford|CVN-78|2}} came into service in 2017, with another nine planned to replace the aging ''Nimitz''-class ships.

Nine amphibious assault ships carrying vehicles, Marine fighters, attack and transport helicopters, and landing craft with STOVL fighters for [[Close air support|Close Air Support (CAS)]] and [[Combat Air Patrol|Combat Air Patrol (CAP)]]:
* {{sclass|America|amphibious assault ship|4}}: a class of 45,000-tonne amphibious assault ships, although the first two ships in this class, (Flight 0) do not have well decks, all subsequent ships (Flight I) are to have well decks. Two ships are currently in service out of a planned 11 ships. Ships of this class can have a secondary mission as a light aircraft carrier with 20 [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II|AV-8B Harrier II]], and in the future the [[F-35B Lightning II]] aircraft after unloading their Marine expeditionary unit.
* {{sclass|Wasp|amphibious assault ship|4}}: a class of 41,000-tonne amphibious assault ships, members of this class have been used in wartime in their secondary mission as light carriers with 20 to 25 AV-8Bs after unloading their Marine expeditionary unit. Seven ship currently in service of an original eight, with [[USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)#July 2020 fire|one lost to fire]].
;Future
The current US fleet of ''Nimitz''-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the {{sclass |Gerald R. Ford|aircraft carrier|4}}. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to maintain and operate the vessels. The main new features are implementation of [[Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System]] (EMALS) (which replaces the old steam catapults) and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s.<ref name="Aircraft Carriers – CVN">{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=200&ct=4|title=Aircraft Carriers – CVN|publisher=United States Navy|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017130812/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=200&ct=4|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In terms of future carrier developments, Congress has discussed the possibility of accelerating the phasing-out of one or more ''Nimitz''-class carriers, postponing or canceling the procurement of CVN-81 and CVN-82, or modifying the purchase contract.<ref>O'Rourke, R. (2015). ''Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress''. Congressional Research Service Washington.</ref>

Following the deactivation of {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} in December 2012, the US fleet comprised 10 fleet carriers, but that number increased back to 11 with the commissioning of ''Gerald R. Ford'' in July 2017. The [[United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces|House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee]] on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000-tonne ''Gerald R. Ford''-class carrier (estimated service 2017) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000-tonne {{sclass|America|amphibious assault ship|1}}s, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, {{USS|America|LHA-6|6}}, is now in active service with another, {{USS|Tripoli|LHA-7|6}}, and 9 more are planned.<ref name="AFAmag">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1007carriers/|title=Seven New Carriers (Maybe)|last=Kreisher|first=Otto|volume=90|issue=10|date=October 2007|magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513164817/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/1007carriers/|archive-date=13 May 2025|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2007|issn=0730-6784}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypress.com/2014/05/08/huntington-ingalls-newport-news-shipyard-upbeat-despite-budget-clouds/|title=Huntington Ingalls, Newport News shipyard upbeat despite budget clouds|newspaper=Daily Press|date=8 May 2014|access-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105311/http://articles.dailypress.com/2014-05-08/business/dp-nws-huntingon-ingalls-earnings-20140508_1_sequestration-level-budget-cuts-return-rcoh-huntington-ingalls-industries|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a report to Congress in February 2018, the Navy stated it intends to maintain a "12 [[Hull classification symbol#Aircraft carrier type|CVN]] force" as part of its 30-year acquisition plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=104353|title=Navy Submits 30-Year Ship Acquisition Plan|publisher=Navy|date=12 February 2018|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202919/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=104353|archive-date=14 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Aircraft carriers in preservation==

===Current museum carriers===
A few aircraft carriers have been preserved as museum ships. They are:
* {{USS|Yorktown|CV-10}} in [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina|Mount Pleasant]], South Carolina
* {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11}} in New York City
* {{USS|Hornet|CV-12}} in [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], California
* {{USS|Lexington|CV-16}} in [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]], Texas
* {{USS|Midway|CV-41}} in [[San Diego]], California
* {{ship|Soviet aircraft carrier|Kiev}} in [[Tianjin]], China
* {{ship|Soviet aircraft carrier|Minsk}} in [[Nantong]], China

===Former museum carriers===
* {{INS|Vikrant|1961}} was moored as a museum in [[Mumbai]] from 2001 to 2012, but was never able to find an industrial partner and was closed that year. She was scrapped in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-22|title=INS Vikrant, hero of '71 war, reduced to heap of scrap|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/dismantling-of-iconic-warship-ins-vikrant-begins/|access-date=2022-08-16|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* {{USS|Cabot|CVL-28}} was acquired for preservation by the Cabot Museum Foundation and moored in [[New Orleans]] from 1989 to 1997, but due to the Cabot Museum Foundation's failure to repay the [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]] over $1 million for removal of hazardous materials and fees associated with its docking, it was seized by the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals]] in 1999 and auctioned off to Sabe Marine Salvage. Scrapping of the ship began in November 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USS Cabot - National Historic Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/uss-cabot.htm |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-08-11 |title=Naval History News |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/december/naval-history-news |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Planned but cancelled museum carriers ===
* {{USS|Tarawa|LHA-1}} had a preservation campaign to bring her to the [[West Coast of the United States]] as the world's first amphibious assault ship museum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USS Tarawa LHA-1 Amphibious Assault Ship US Navy Marines|url=https://www.seaforces.org/usnships/lha/LHA-1-USS-Tarawa.htm|access-date=2022-05-23|website=seaforces.org}}</ref> However, at [[RIMPAC]] 2024, on 9 July 2024, the ''Tarawa'' was sunk alongside {{USS|Dubuque (LPD-8)}} as [[SINKEX]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2024|title=US and Partner Nations Conduct Multiple SINKEXs as Part of RIMPAC 2024|url=https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/3846516/us-and-partner-nations-conduct-multiple-sinkexs-as-part-of-rimpac-2024/|access-date=2024-08-17|publisher=United States Navy}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
Aircraft carriers are prominently portrayed in a number of Hollywood films including ''[[Midway (2019 film)|Midway]]'' (2019) and the carrier [[USS Nimitz|USS ''Nimitz'']] is centrally featured in the science fiction film ''[[The Final Countdown (film)|The Final Countdown]]'' (1980).<ref name="Home video">Kjolseth, Pablo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210117030229/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/22726/the-final-countdown#articles-reviews "Home Video Reviews: The Final Countdown".] ''Turner Classic Movies.'' Retrieved: September 7, 2012.</ref> The original film version about the Battle at Midway was made in England and titled ''[[Midway (1976 film)|Midway]]'' (1976). Aircraft carriers are prominently featured in both ''[[Top Gun]]'' and ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' as providing the launch sites and mission operations support for the fighter operations seen in both films.<ref name="Novak">{{Cite web |last=Novak |first=Matt |date=May 2, 2022 |title=Tom Cruise Said in 1990: Making a Sequel to ''Top Gun'' Would Be 'Irresponsible' |url=https://gizmodo.com/tom-cruise-top-gun-sequel-playboy-opinion-1986-propagan-1848858326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100936/https://gizmodo.com/tom-cruise-top-gun-sequel-playboy-opinion-1986-propagan-1848858326 |archive-date=May 2, 2022 |access-date=June 27, 2022 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref> The Japanese aircraft carriers involved in the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] are featured in the 1970 film ''[[Tora! Tora! Tora!]]'' as well as the more recent film from 2001 ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]''. The carrier [[USS Ronald Reagan|USS ''Ronald Reagan'']] makes a cameo appearance at the end of the 2012 science fiction film ''[[Battleship (film) |Battleship]]''. In the 2025 film ''[[Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning]]'', the aircraft carrier [[USS George Bush|USS ''George Bush'']] is featured as delivering its special agent to a submarine rendezvous with the nuclear-powered [[USS Ohio (SSGN-726)|USS ''Ohio'']] in the Bering Straits by Alaska. The 50-minute documentary titled ''City of Steel: Carrier'' was released by the Discovery Channel in 2000 covering the final months of building and inspecting the [[USS Harry Truman|USS ''Harry Truman'']] through its commissioning by President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>''City of Steel: Carrier''. Discovery Channel. 2000.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Airborne aircraft carrier]]
* [[Aviation-capable naval vessel]]
* [[Carrier-based aircraft]]
* [[Drone carrier]]
* [[Lily and Clover|''Lily'' and ''Clover'']]
* [[Merchant aircraft carrier]]
* [[Mobile offshore base]]
* [[Project Habakkuk]]
* [[Seadrome]]
* [[Submarine aircraft carrier]]
* [[Unsinkable aircraft carrier]]

===Related lists===
{{Div col}}
* [[List of active French Navy ships]]
* [[List of active Italian Navy ships]]
* [[List of active Spanish Navy ships#Aircraft carrier and amphibious warfare|List of active Spanish aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers by configuration]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers in service]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of Germany]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of Russia and the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships#Aircraft carriers|List of aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy#Aircraft carriers|List of aircraft carriers of the Japanese Navy]]
* [[People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force#Aircraft carriers|List of aircraft carriers of the People's Liberation Army Navy (China)]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of World War II]]
* [[List of amphibious warfare ships]]
* [[List of carrier-based aircraft]]
* [[List of current ships of the Royal Canadian Navy]]
* [[List of escort carriers of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of escort carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of seaplane carriers of the Royal Navy]]
* [[List of sunken aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Norman|title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History|date=1983|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=9780870217395 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvtTAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013429/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvtTAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David|date=2009|title=A Century of Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of Ships and Shipborne Aircraft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209 |location=Barnsley, S Yorkshire|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1783466986 |access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106081814/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bXNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT209|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Polak|first1=Christian|year=2005|title=Sabre et Pinceau: Par d'autres Français au Japon. 1872–1960 |others=Hiroshi Ueki (植木浩), Philippe Pons, foreword; 筆と刀・日本の中のもうひとつのフランス (1872–1960)|language=fr, ja|publisher=éd. L'Harmattan}}
* {{cite book|last=Sturtivant|first=Ray|title=British Naval Aviation, The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990|publisher=Arm & Armour Press|year=1990 |location=London|isbn=0-85368-938-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Till|first=Geoffrey|chapter=Adopting the Aircraft Carrier: The British, Japanese, and American Case Studies|editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Williamson|editor-last2=Millet|editor-first2=Allan R|title=Military Innovation in the Interwar Period|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* Ader, Clement. ''Military Aviation'', 1909, Edited and translated by Lee Kennett, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-58566-118-3}}.
* Chesneau, Roger. ''Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia''. Naval Institute Press, 1984.
* Francillon, René J, ''Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club US Carrier Operations off Vietnam'', 1988, {{ISBN|978-0-87021-696-1}}.
* {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780870210549 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71svAAAAMAAJ |ref=none |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013416/https://books.google.com/books?id=71svAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/newport-papers/17/ |last1=Hone |first1=Thomas C. |first2=Norman |last2=Friedman |first3=Mark D. |last3=Mandeles |title=Innovation in Carrier Aviation |journal=Naval War College Newport Papers |number=37 |year=2011 |pages=1–171 |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323191721/https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/newport-papers/17/ |url-status=live}}
* Melhorn, Charles M. ''Two-Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911–1929''. Naval Institute Press, 1974.
* Nordeen, Lon, ''Air Warfare in the Missile Age'', 1985, {{ISBN|978-1-58834-083-2}}.
* Polmar, Norman. '' Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and its Influence on World Events, 1901–2006''. (two vols.) Potomac Books, 2006.
* {{cite book |last=Trimble |first=William F. |title=Admiral William A. Moffett: Architect of Naval Aviation |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |year=1994 |isbn=9781612514284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5uOBAAAQBAJ |ref=none |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013326/https://books.google.com/books?id=k5uOBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
* Wadle, Ryan David. ''United States navy fleet problems and the development of carrier aviation, 1929–1933''. PhD dissertation Texas A&M University, 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133111/http://repository.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/2658/etd-tamu-2005B-HIST-Wadle.pdf online].
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{YouTube|tsE9oCdSEEI|"Launch & Recover (1960)"}} – technical training film from the Royal Navy

{{Ship types}}
{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aircraft Carrier}}
[[Category:Aircraft carriers| ]]
[[Category:Ship types]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Nothing but Life

2026-03-03T21:37:20Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added Initial Data Basic Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nothing but Life
| image = Nothing but Life Malayalam V.png
| caption = Malayalam version poster
| director = [[Rajiv Anchal]]
| producer = Naveen Chathappuram
| writer = Bobby Nair
| starring = [[R. Madhavan]] [[Neha Pendse]] [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] [[Sreenivasan]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] Biju Kurian [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Keith Gruchala
| editing = Ajoy Varma
| distributor = Mudra Arts
| studio = Golden Wings Studio
| released = {{Film date|2004|12|25|English|2005|05|06|Malayalam|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country =
| language = Malayalam English
| budget =
}}
'''''Nothing but Life''''' is a 2004 Indian [[English language]] film and directed by [[Rajiv Anchal]]. The experimental film featured actors [[R. Madhavan]], [[Neha Pendse]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Sreenivasan]]. The film was made simultaneously in [[Malayalam]] and released later on as '''''Made in USA''''' on May 6, 2005.

==Plot==
Roby Thomas migrates to the U.S. with the help of a priest and works as a barman in a casino in Las Vegas. Roby is a simple youngster who believes in helping people in distress but he has a suicidal tendency. The film focuses on the inner turmoil of a youngster who seems to have a positive attitude towards life and emphasizes the importance of inter-personal relationship and friendship.

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (English)
!Cast (Malayalam)
!Role
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[R. Madhavan]] ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Roby Thomas
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Vandhana
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Neha Pendse]]||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rachel
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Thampi Antony]]||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Colonel Abdullah
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] ||style="text-align:center;"| [[Sreenivasan]] ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Doctor Maddy
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Prof. Ponnachan PhD
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Babu Antony]]||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Omar (special appearance)
|-
|colspan="2"style="text-align:center;"|[[Madhupal]] ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Johnny
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| John Weltz || style="text-align:center;"|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Rachel's father
|-
|}

==Production==
[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] signed the film in June 2004 and began shooting for the film almost immediately.<ref>{{Cite web| last1=Jha | first1=Subhash K. |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/28madhavan.htm|title = Madhavan to star in a bilingual | work=Rediff }}</ref> The film was initially titled ''Life in Las Vegas'', before the makers decided on different titles in English and Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmadhavan.com:80/forthcoming.html |title=Forthcoming movies of R Madhavan |website=www.rmadhavan.com:80 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804181109/http://www.rmadhavan.com:80/forthcoming.html |archive-date=4 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Actress Kaveri as heroine and actress Neha Pendse made her debut in South Indian films, whilst Nassar and Sreenivasan reprised the roles of the doctor alternatively in the English and Malayalam versions respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/10/stories/2004091002200300.htm |title=The Hindu : Nasser - fearless and forthright |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040927161918/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/09/10/stories/2004091002200300.htm |archive-date=27 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was shot within 40 days in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], [[Albuquerque]] and [[New Mexico]] in the [[United States]], whilst scenes were later recorded in [[New York City]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100520300.htm |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Thiruvananthapuram / Interview : On the ties that bind society |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109104049/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/11/stories/2006081100520300.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie was shot using high-density television camera with cine lenses instead of a TV lens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14525.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507104952/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14525.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2005|title = Tamil Cinema News {{pipe}} Tamil Movie Reviews {{pipe}} Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack for this film was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and Biju Kurian. Biju Kurian has composed a song for the film, Vidyasagar has composed the remainder. Lyricists were [[O. N. V. Kurup]] and Rajiv Alunkal. The background score for this film was recorded by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/php/MovieDetails.php?mid=1687&encode=utf|title=മലയാളസംഗീതം.ഇന്‍ഫോ - MSI MalayalaSangeethamm.Info MSIDB.org|website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Made in USA
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[World Music]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = Vidyasagar
| prev_title = [[Chanthupottu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Kochirajavu]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Composer !! Lyricist
|-
| 1 || "Chirapuraathana" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
|-
| 2 || "Ilamaan Azhake" || Aparna Rajeev|| Biju Kurian || [[Rajeev Alunkal]]
|-
| 3 || "Punnellin Kathirola" || Aparna Rajeev|| Vidyasagar || O. N. V. Kurup
|-
| 4 || "Punnellin Kathirola" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Vidyasagar || O. N. V. Kurup
|-
| 5 || "Thaazhunna Sooryane" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Vidyasagar || O. N. V. Kurup
|}

==Release==
The English version played across film festivals such as at the Kerala International Film Festival. The Malayalam version of the film opened to audiences in [[Kerala]] on 6 May 2005 gathering mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/made-in-usa-review-malayalam-13738705.html |title=Movie Review : Made in USA |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628022731/http://www.sify.com/movies/made-in-usa-review-malayalam-13738705.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Whilst one reviewer cited that "given the present crisis in Malayalam films where good themes are in short supply, "Made in USA" is certainly a welcome change";<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2234/malayalam/made-in-usa/484/review.htm|title = Made in USA Review {{pipe}} Made in USA Malayalam Movie Review by Sanu George}}</ref> another cited that the movie "left audience confused", describing the film as "plainly mediocre".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/7594.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203081228/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/7594.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2005|title = Malayalam Cinema News {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie Reviews {{pipe}} Malayalam Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/mad/made-in-usa/mid_528/reviews-editor/|title=THE MADE IN USA MOVIE REVIEW|url-status=dead|work=apunkachoice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006183319/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/mad/made-in-usa/mid_528/reviews-editor/|archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> The film became a financial failure at the Kerala box office, gaining poor collections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=3380|title='Kochi Rajavu' - the surprise topper|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012212241/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=3380|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

The English version prepared for a release in India in August 2006, with director indicating that the film will be released across multiplex cinemas nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatwaves.com/news/-Week-long-Kerala-International-Film-Festival-begins-10518.html|title=Malayalam Cinema News : Week-long Kerala International Film Festival begins|work=Bharat Waves|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011155259/https://www.bharatwaves.com/news/-Week-long-Kerala-International-Film-Festival-begins-10518.html|archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The film won Surya S. Nair a Kerala State Award for her dubbing work in the Malayalam version of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/13/stories/2010051351510400.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Kochi / Profiles : "Sound" work |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109104940/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/13/stories/2010051351510400.htm |archive-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was later dubbed in 2008 into Tamil and released as ''Ananda Punnagai'', and then in Telugu as ''Anjali in America''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indihot.com/indihot-news/madhavans-made-in-usa-now-in-tamil.html |title=Madhavan's "Made in USA" now in Tamil {{!}} IndiHot.Com |website=indihot.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005222452/http://indihot.com/indihot-news/madhavans-made-in-usa-now-in-tamil.html |archive-date=2008-10-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0415943|title=Nothing but Life}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:2004 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Anchal]]
[[Category:2004 English-language films]]

Mogamul

2026-03-03T04:50:46Z

JacksonCazaly4: Expanded content with additional details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mogamul poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Mogamul''|[[Thi. Janakiraman]]}}
| producer = J. Dharmambal
| starring = [[Archana Joglekar]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]] [[Thangar Bachan]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = J. R. Film Circuit
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|5|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mogamul''''' ({{translation|Infatuation}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] film directed by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]] based on the novel of the same name by [[Thi. Janakiraman]]. The film stars [[Archana Joglekar]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]], while [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] play supporting roles. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film was released on 14 May 1995 and won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]].

== Plot ==
Babu is a college student and an aspiring classical vocalist. He is friends with Yamuna and her mother, who live in the same village. Yamuna is born out of wedlock, and her parents belong to different castes. So the society shuns their family and multiple prospective bridegrooms decline her.

Babu's neighbor is an old man, married to a very young and attractive woman, Thangamma. Thangamma is frustrated with her non-existent sex life, and slowly gets attracted to Babu and they end up making love. Babu feels guilty about this and reveals the incident to Yamuna, and claims he now realizes he wants to marry her. But Yamuna declines saying she is 10 years elder to Babu, and also, he is destined to become a successful singer and cannot get distracted by love and women.

Thangamma is deeply in love with Babu and wants to elope with him. Babu refuses and Thangamma kills herself in disappointment. Babu's music teacher Ranganna also dies and he is at a dead end with Yamuna not willing to marry him as well. So he leaves the village and goes absconding.

Babu's friend Raja locates him in Chennai after 3 years, and learns Babu is still thinking of Yamuna and unable to progress in his musical journey. Raja meets Yamuna, whose father had died and she and her mother are living in poverty, and tells her about Babu. Yamuna meets Babu and offers herself to him and they make love. She then encourages Babu to focus on his music now that she belongs to him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Archana Joglekar]] as Yamuna
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Ranganna
*[[Abhishek Shankar|Abhishek]] as Babu
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Raja
*[[Shanmugasundaram]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Krishnankutty Nair]]
*[[Kamala Kamesh]] as Ranganna's wife
}}

== Production ==
''Mogamul'' marked the directorial debut of [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], and is based on the novel of the same name written by [[Thi. Janakiraman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2007 |title=Greater than any hero |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/greater-than-any-hero/article2271620.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611105357/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/greater-than-any-hero/article2271620.ece |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=மோக முள்ளும் ரதிநிர்வேதமும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/561525-moga-mul-and-rathinirvetham.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217050526/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/561525-moga-mul-and-rathinirvetham.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It took roughly a year to complete the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kothari |first=Bhakti |date=August 24, 2023 |title=Charting the Cinematic Course of Gnana Rajasekharan |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/features/tales-from-the-legends/charting-the-cinematic-course-of-gnana-rajasekharan/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Indian Masterminds |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607085026/https://indianmasterminds.com/features/tales-from-the-legends/charting-the-cinematic-course-of-gnana-rajasekharan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mogamul- Valli Tamil Film Audio CD by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/mogamul-valli-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ilayaraaja/ |website=Macsendisk |access-date=22 February 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222051325/https://macsendisk.com/product/mogamul-valli-tamil-film-audio-cd-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song "Kamalam Paatha" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Ramapriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2014 |title=Morning raga |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/morning-raga/article5639483.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160954/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-r |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=22 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kamalam Paatha
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:55
| title2 = Sollaayo Vaaithiranthu
| extra2 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| note2 = male
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Sollaayo Vaaithiranthu
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]]
| note3 = female
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Nenje Gurunaatharin
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar
| length4 = 4:10
| title5 = Nenje Gurunaatharin Sevadi
| extra5 = [[Arunmozhi]]
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Sangeetha Gnanamu
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas
| note6 = lyrics by [[Tyagaraja]]
| length6 = 3:38
| title7 = Mogamul Title Score
| note7 = Instrumental
| extra7 = —
| length7 = 2:31
| total_length = 28:22 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Mogamul'' was released on 14 May 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mogamull / மோக முள் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/mogamull |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222050444/https://screen4screen.com/movies/mogamull |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> S. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film's plot and direction and the performances of cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=எஸ். ஆர். |date=18 December 1994 |title=மோகமுள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-12-18/page/17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230301025356/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-12-18/page/17/mode/2up |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> It won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2007 |title=Chasing the tinsel dream CABLEWALA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chasing-the-tinsel-dream-cablewala/article2245896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611105357/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chasing-the-tinsel-dream-cablewala/article2245896.ece |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0305836}}

{{Gnana Rajasekaran}}
{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gnana Rajasekaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}

Eera Veyyil

2026-03-03T03:31:20Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added The Pg and Citations - done

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by A. K. Micheal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Eera Veyyil
| image = Eera Veyyil.jpg
| caption =
| director = A. K. Micheal
| writer = A. K. Micheal
| starring = [[Aryan Rajesh]] [[Saranya Nag]]
| producer = Durai Prabhakaran Ramesh Ethiraja A. K. Michel T. Neduman Bhaveskumar K. Jain R. Senthilkumar
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cinematography = S. D. Raameshwaran
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = AKM Film Production Day Night Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|7|1}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Eera Veyyil''''' ({{translation|Humid heat}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by newcomer A. K. Micheal. The film stars [[Aryan Rajesh]] and [[Saranya Nag]] with [[Aadukalam Naren]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], and [[Mahadevan (actor)|''Pithamagan'' Mahadevan]] in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
Bala is the son of an honest [[tehsildar]]. At a temple pond, he sees a girl and splashes water on her. Bala is then taken to the police station since the girl is Priya, the daughter of the [[Kumbakonam]] mayor, Krishnamoorthy. Upon hearing this, Priya feels bad for Bala. They both start to have phone conversations and fall in love. When Priya's father learns that Priya is talking with a ruffian, he starts to hunt down Bala with the help of police officer Venugopal. How Bala tries to escape from the police forms the rest of the story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2013 |title=ஈர வெயிலில் ஒரு மணி நேர சேசிங் |trans-title=One hour chasing in Eera Veyyil |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=11831&id1=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092933/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=11831&id1=3 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Aryan Rajesh]] as Bala
*[[Saranya Nag]] as Priya
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Venugopal
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Bala's father
*[[Mahadevan (actor)|''Pithamagan'' Mahadevan]] as Krishnamoorthy
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Police commissioner
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Priya's mother
*[[Black Pandi]] as Kutty
*[[Dhamu]] as Velu
* Ramya as Revathi
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Teacher
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Police officer
*[[Comagan]] as Flower seller
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as Newspaper reader
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Pharmacist
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film was re-launched in 2013 as ''Eera Veyyil'' with A. K. Micheal as the director and changes to the supporting cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2013 |title=திருவாசகம் இப்போது ஈர வெய்யில் ஆகா மாறியது |trans-title=Thiruvasagam is now Eera Veyyil |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2013/jun/02/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2-688738.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092932/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2013/jun/02/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2-688738.html |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok |first=G. |date=2 June 2013 |title=சீனி மினி [Cine Mini] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/sunday-kondattam/2013/jun/02/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-688710.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092933/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/sunday-kondattam/2013/jun/02/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-688710.html |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The name was changed because the director knew that the name ''Thiruvasam'' would have controversy due to the religious meaning of the name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஈர வெயில் ஆனது திருவாசகம் |trans-title=Thiruvasagam became Eera Veyyil |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=9888&id1=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092933/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cine-news-details.aspx?id=9888&id1=3 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref> A. K. Micheal ventured into direction with this film.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=9 December 2013 |title=Love transforms life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-vibrant-romance/article5440135.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092932/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/shotcuts-vibrant-romance/article5440135.ece |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He previously worked as a stills photographer for seven films and as an art director for sixteen films.<ref name="hindu2">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=7 December 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Eeraveyil – Of love and lovely melodies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-eeraveyil-of-love-and-lovely-melodies/article5433527.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092932/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-eeraveyil-of-love-and-lovely-melodies/article5433527.ece |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Businessmen Durai Prabhakaran, Ramesh Ethiraja, Pavesh V. Jain, T. Nedumaran and R. Senthil Kumar produced the film.<ref name="hindu2" /> Aryan Rajesh, who was last seen in ''[[Pokkisham]]'' (2009), returns to Tamil cinema with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=29 November 2013 |title=Aryan pins hopes on 'Eera Veyyil' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131129/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-pins-hopes-eera-veyyil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092934/https://deccanchronicle.com/amp/131129/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-pins-hopes-eera-veyyil |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 June 2013 |title=Aryan Rajesh's second innings in K'town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-rajesh%E2%80%99s-second-innings-k%E2%80%99town |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613181204/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130610/entertainment-kollywood/article/aryan-rajesh%E2%80%99s-second-innings-k%E2%80%99town |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> He shot for this film alongside ''Thuttu'' and ''Vedikkai''; however, both of those films were never released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=Not easy to make a comeback, says Aryan Rajesh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/not-easy-to-make-a-comeback-says-aryan-rajesh-639423.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208092932/https://www.news18.com/news/india/not-easy-to-make-a-comeback-says-aryan-rajesh-639423.html |archive-date=8 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Nizhagal Ravi was cast as Rajesh's father.<ref name="hindu1" /> [[Aadukalam Naren]] and [[Mahadevan (actor)|''Pithamagan'' Mahadevan]] were cast in important roles.<ref name="hindu2" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Eera Veyyil
| type = film
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| released = 1 July 2014
| genre = Feature Film Soundtrack
| length = 20:40
| label = Studio Plus Entertainment
}}
The songs were composed by [[Jassie Gift]] in his fourth Tamil film.<ref name="hindu2" /> [[Vairamuthu]] wrote the lyrics for all the songs.<ref name="hindu2" />
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kalai Ithu Koyil
| extra1 = Jassie Gift
| length1 = 3:44
| lyrics1 = Vairamuthu
| title2 = Uyire Uyire
| extra2 = Prasanna
| length2 = 3:07
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| title3 = Nee Oru Kavithai
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length3 = 3:58
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| title4 = Kadellam
| extra4 = Frango, Madhanki
| length4 = 3:46
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| title5 = Vaa Vaa
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]]
| length5 = 3:59
| lyrics5 = Vairamuthu
| title6 = Chennai Enbathu
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 3:26
| all_writing =
| total_length = 20:04
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

2026-03-01T20:18:58Z

JacksonCazaly4: update

{{Short description|Malayalam devotional poet}}
{{About|Malayalam devotional poet|the Kerala caste|Ezhuthachan (caste)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan
| image = Thunchath_Ezhuthachan.jpg
| caption = A modern (2013) representation of Ezhuthachan by artist R. G. V.
| birth_date = 1495
| birth_place = Trikkandiyoor (modern-day Tirur, Malappuram district), [[Kerala]]
| death_date = Unknown
| occupation = {{hlist|Poet|Linguist|Translator}}
| era = {{unbulleted list|16th century AD}}
| movement = {{hlist|Bhakti Movement|Ezhuthachan Movement|Kiḷippāṭṭ}}
| known for = ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu|Adhyatmaramayanam]]''
}}

'''Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan''' ({{IPA|ml|t̪uɲdʒɐt̪ːə̆ ɾaːmaːnudʒɐn eɻut̪ːɐtːʃʰɐn|lang|Ml-തുഞ്ചത്ത് രാമാനുജൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ.oga}}, {{Transliteration|ml|ISO|Tuñcattŭ Rāmānujan Eḻuttacchan}}) ([[Floruit|''fl.'']] 16th century) was a [[Malayalam]] devotional poet, translator and linguist.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Wiley India|year=2003|isbn=9780470998694|editor-last=Flood|editor-first=Gavin|location=New Delhi|pages=173–74|chapter=The Literature of Hinduism in Malayalam|doi=10.1002/9780470998694}}</ref> He was one of the prāchīna kavithrayam (old triad) of Malayalam literature, the other two being [[Kunchan Nambiar]] and [[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]]. He has been called the "Father of Modern [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] Literature", and the "Primal Poet in Malayalam".<ref name=":5" /> He was one of the pioneers of a major shift in Kerala's literary culture (the domesticated religious [[textuality]] associated with the [[Bhakti movement]]).<ref name=":Pollock479">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|pages=479–81|chapter=Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref> His work is published and read far more than that of any of his contemporaries or predecessors in Kerala.<ref name=":Pollock481">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|pages=481|chapter=Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref>

He was born in a place called [[Thunjan Parambu|Thunchaththu]] in present-day [[Tirur]] in the [[Malappuram district]] of northern Kerala, in a traditional [[Hinduism|Hindu]] family.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|title=Malabar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|volume=I|location=New Delhi|pages=92–94|orig-year=1887|url = https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/92/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon|pages=20|chapter=Introduction|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref> Little is known with certainty about his life.<ref name=":10" /> He was not from a brahmin community and for long, brahmins of kerala were reluctant to accept him. His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great.''<ref name=":8" />'' Later he and his followers shifted to a village near [[Palakkad]], further east into the Kerala, and established a hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a [[Agraharam|Brahmin village]] there.<ref name=":Pollock481" /> This institution probably housed both [[Brahmin]] and [[Shudra|Sudra]] literary students.<ref name=":10" /> The school eventually pioneered the "Ezhuthachan movement", associated with the concept of popular [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]], in Kerala.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> Ezhuthachan's ideas have been variously linked by scholars either with philosopher [[Ramananda]], who found the Ramanandi sect, or [[Ramanuja]], the single most influential thinker of devotional Hinduism.<ref name=":Pollock482" />

For centuries before Ezhuthachan, Kerala people had been producing literary texts in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and in the [[Grantha script]].<ref name=":5" /> However, he is celebrated as the "Primal Poet" or the "Father of Malayalam Proper" for his Malayalam recomposition of the Sanskrit epic ''[[Ramayana]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" />'' This work rapidly circulated around Kerala middle-caste homes as a popular devotional text.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> It can be said that Ezhuthachan brought the then unknown [[Sanskrit]]-[[Puranas|Puranic]] literature to the level of common understanding (domesticated religious textuality).<ref name=":8" /> His other major contribution has been in mainstreaming the current [[Malayalam script|Malayalam alphabet]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" />

== Sources ==
The first Western scholar to take an interest in Ezhuthachan was [[Arthur C. Burnell]] (1871).<ref name=":112">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta |title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=57–58|url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n77/mode/2up}}</ref>

The following two texts are the standard sources on Ezhuthachan.

* "[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217 Eluttaccan and His Age]" (1940) by C. Achyuta Menon (Madras: University of Madras).<ref name=":10" />
* "Adhyatma Ramayanam" (1969) edited by A. D. Harisharma (Kottayam: Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative).

=== Historical Ezhuthachan ===
There is no completely firm historical evidence for Ezhuthachan the author.<ref name=":PollockHistorical">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|pages=481–82|chapter=Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref>

Main historical sources of Ezhuthachan and his life are

* Quasi-historical verses referring to Ezhuthachan (from Chittur Madhom).<ref name=":PollockHistorical" />
* An institutional line of masters or gurus, beginning with one Thunchaththu Sri Guru, is mentioned in one oral verse from Chittur Madhom.<ref name=":PollockHistorical" /> This lineage can be historically verified.<ref name=":PollockHistorical" />
* An inscription giving the details of the founding of the residence (agraharam), hermitage (mathom), and temples in Chittur. This was under the direction of Suryanarayanan Ezhuthachan (with support of the local chieftain).<ref name=":PollockHistorical" /> This locale can be historically verified.<ref name=":PollockHistorical" />

== Period ==
[[File:Arthur_Coke_Burnell.jpg|thumb|230x230px|[[Arthur Coke Burnell|Arthur C. Burnell]] was the first Western scholar to take an interest in Ezhuthachan.]]
Ezhuthachan is generally believed to have lived around the sixteenth or seventeenth century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Arthur Coke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQcIAAAAQAAJ|title=Elements of South-Indian Palæography|publisher=Trubner & Co.|year=1874|location=London|pages=35–36}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

* [[Arthur C. Burnell]] (1871) dates Ezhuthachan to seventeenth century.<ref name=":6" /> He discovered the date from a title deed (found in a manuscript collection preserved in [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]]).<ref name=":11" /> The deed relates to the date of the founding of the Gurumadhom of Chittur.<ref name=":11" />
* [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]] (1887) dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century (he supports the dates given by [[Arthur C. Burnell|Burnell]]).<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/92/mode/2up|title=Malabar|publisher=Government Press|year=1951|volume=I|location=Madras|pages=92|quote=It was no less than a revolution when in the seventeenth century one Tunjatta Eluttachchan, a man of Sudra (Nayar) caste, boldly made an alphabet—the existing Malayalam one—derived chiefly from the Grantha—the Sanskrit alphabets of the Tamils, which permitted of the free use of Sanskrit in writing—and boldly set to work to render the chief Sanskrit poems into Malayalam.|orig-year=1887}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Gundert]] dates Ezuthachan to the seventeenth century.<ref name=":11D">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n81/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=61–64}}</ref>
* Kovunni Nedungadi dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth century.<ref name=":11D" />
* Govinda Pillai dates Ezuthachan to the fifteenth or sixteenth century.<ref name=":11D" /> He cites the Kali chronogram 'ayurarogyaa saukhyam' that appears at end of the Narayaneeyam of Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri (a possible senior contemporary of Ezhuthachan).<ref name=":11D" />
* A. R. Kattayattu Govindra Menon cites the Kali chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi.<ref name=":11D" />
* [[Chittur-Thathamangalam|Chittur]] Gurumadhom authorities also cites the chronogram 'pavitramparam saukhyam' as a reference to the date of Ezuthachan 's samadhi.<ref name=":11D" /> The word 'surya' is sometimes suffixed to the chronogram.<ref name=":11D" />
* R. Narayana Panikkar supports Govinda Pillai's date (the fifteenth or sixteenth century).<ref name=":11D" /> The date is based on Ezhuthachan's contemporaneity with [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] (whom he dates to c. 1531 – c. 1637 AD).<ref name=":11D" /> He also mentions certain Nilakantan "Nambudiri ", a possible senior contemporary of Ezhuthachan (fl. c. 1565 and c. 1601 AD).<ref name=":11D" />
* P. K. Narayana Pillai cites a Kali chronogram 'nakasyanyunasaukhyam' or 1555 AD (from a verse relating to the founding of the matham of Chittur) on the date of Ezhuthachan.<ref name=":11D" /> He dates Nilakanthan, the possible master of Ezhuthachan, to c. 1502 AD.<ref name=":11D" />
* Poet-turned-historian [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor S. Parameshwara Iyer]] has argued that Ezhuthachan was born in 1495 AD and lived up to 1575 AD<ref name="ref003">
{{cite news|last=Times News Network|date=5 July 2003|title=Ezhuthachan - Father of Literary Tradition in Malayalam|edition=Mumbai|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ezhuthachan-Father-of-literary-tradition-in-Malayalam/articleshow/60910.cms|url-status=live|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312173048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ezhuthachan-Father-of-literary-tradition-in-Malayalam/articleshow/60910.cms|archive-date=12 March 2017}}
</ref>
* A time frame similar to [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ulloor]] was proposed by scholar [[C. Radhakrishnan]].<ref name="ref003" />
* Scholar [[Sheldon Pollock]] dates Ezuthachan to the sixteenth century.<ref name=":5" />
* Rich Freeman dates Ezhuthachan to late sixteenth-early seventeenth century.<ref name=":Pollock480" />

== Life and career ==
[[File:Thunjan_parambu.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Entrance (modern) gate to [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]]]
{{Blockquote
|text= The Sanskrit literature was, after this [translation by Ezhuthachan] no longer a secret, and there was perhaps no part of South India where it was more studied by people of many castes during the eighteenth century.
|author=Arthur C. Burnell (1874)
|title=
|source=Elements of South-Indian Palæography
}}
[[File:Tunchan_mandapam_tirur.jpeg|thumb|312x312px|Mandapam (modern), [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur|Thunchan Parambu]]]]

=== Biography ===
Little is known with certainty about Ezhuthachan's life.<ref name=":10" />

Ezhuthachan was born at [[Thrikkandiyoor|Trikkandiyoor]], near the modern-day town of [[Tirur]], in northern Kerala.<ref name=":8" /> It is known that his lineage home was "Thunchaththu".<ref name=":Pollock481" /> His parents' names are not known, and there are disputes about his given name as well.<ref name=":10" /> The name Ezhuthachan, meaning Father of Letters, was a generic title for any village schoolteacher in premodern Kerala.<ref name=":Pollock479" />

As a boy he seems to have exhibited uncommon intelligence.<ref name="AMenonEBio">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta Menon|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n67/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|page=49}}</ref> He was probably educated by his elder brother (early in his life).<ref name=":Pollock482">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|pages=482|chapter=Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref> After his early education he is believed to have travelled in the other parts of India (outside Kerala) and learned [[Sanskrit]] and some other [[Dravidian languages]].<ref name="AMenonEBio" />

It is believed that Ezhuthachan on his way back from Tamil Nadu had a stopover at [[Chittur]] (in [[Palakkad]]) and in due course settled down at Thekke Gramam near Anikkode with his disciples. A hermitage (the "Ramananda ashrama") and a [[Agraharam|Brahmin residence (agraharam)]], at a site now known as the Chittur Gurumadhom, were established by him (on a piece of land bought from the landlord of [[Chittur]]).<ref name=":Pollock481" /> The institution was flanked by temples of gods Rama and Siva.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> It probably housed both Brahmin and Sudra students.<ref name=":10" /> The street still has an array of [[Agraharam|agraharas]] (where the twelve Brahmin families migrated along with Ezhuthachan live).<ref name=":7">{{cite news|last=Prabhakaran|first=G.|date=14 June 2011|title=Thunchath Ezhuthachan's Memorial Starved of Funds|edition=Kerala|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Palakkad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ezhuthachan-Father-of-literary-tradition-in-Malayalam/articleshow/60910.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180308092914/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thunchath-ezhuthachans-memorial-starved-of-funds/article2102836.ece|archive-date=8 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Prabhakaran|first=G.|date=2013-10-13|title=Ezhuthachan's Abode Needs a Prop|edition=Kerala|work=The Hindu|location=Palakkad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/ezhuthachans-abode-needs-a-prop/article5250232.ece}}</ref>

Ezhuthachan was eventually associated with an institutional line of masters (gurus).<ref name=":Pollock481" /> The locale and lineage of these masters can be historically verified.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> He and his disciples seem to have ignited a whole new literary movement in Kerala.<ref name=":10" /> Its style and content nearly overshadowed the earlier Sanskrit poetry.<ref name=":10" /> He is believed to have attained samadhi at the Gurumadhom at Chittur.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n77/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=47}}</ref> A verse chanted by the ascetics of the mathom during their daily prayers makes a reference to the following line of masters.<ref name=":11Line">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta |title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=55|url =https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n77/mode/2up}}</ref>

* Thunchaththu Sri Guru
* Sri Karunakaran
* Sri Suryanarayanan
* Sri Deva Guru
* Sri Gopala Guru

== Myths and legends ==
* Legends consider Ezhuthachan as a "[[gandharva]]" (divine being) who in his previous birth was a witness to the [[Kurukshetra War|Great War]] in the Mahabharata.<ref name=":11MenonLegends">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n77/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=45–46}}</ref>
* As a young boy Ezhuthachan corrected the Brahmins at Trikkandiyoor Temple.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" />
* The Brahmins grew uneasy and gave the boy some plantains to eat, and as a resulting inebriety the boy lost his speech.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" /> To counteract this Ezhuthachan's father gave him palm beverage and the boy had his speech restored.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" /> Ezhuthachan remained addicted to intoxicants.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" />
* [[Saraswati]], the Goddess of Learning and Arts, is believed to have helped him to complete the Devi Mahatmya.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" />
* Ezhuthachan is credited with endowing a monkey with the gift of speech.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" />
* It is believed that the Raja of [[Ambalappuzha]] requested him to decipher a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] manuscript on Adhyatma Ramayanam.<ref name=":11MenonLegends" />
* It is also said that Ezhuthachan had a young daughter, who copied his works for the first time.<ref name="AMenonEfamily">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n67/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|page=47|quote=This family according to tradition is that of Ezuttaccan's wife. Whether Ezuttaccan had a wife or not is still a disputed point.}}</ref><ref name=":6BurnellDaughter">{{Cite book|last=Burnell|first=Arthur Coke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQcIAAAAQAAJ|title=Elements of South-Indian Palæography|publisher=Trubner & Co.|year=1874|location=London|pages=35|quote=Tunjatta Eluttacchan's paraphrases were copied, it is said, by his daughter.}}</ref><ref name=":8LoganDaughter">{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=William|url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/page/92/mode/2up|title=Malabar|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|volume=I|location=New Delhi|pages=92|quote=It is said that as Tunjatta Eluttachchan lay on his death-bed he told his daughter that at a particular hour, on a particular day, in a certain month and a certain year which he named a youth would come to his house.|orig-year=1887}}</ref>
* Ezhuthachan or his follower Suryanarayanan predicted the downfall of [[Zamorin of Calicut|zamorin's family]] (the then rulers of [[Kozhikode]]). And the zamorin sought his help to perform a [[Shaktism|Sakteya Puja]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217/page/n77/mode/2up|title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=46|quote=It would appear that he [Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan] predicted that the Zamorin's family would lose their ruling rights in the third generation after that. According to some it is Suryanarayanan who predicted the downfall of Zamorins}}</ref>
* It is said that Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri sought the advice of Ezhuthachan on how to start his ''Narayaneeyam''.<ref name="ref003" />

== Contributions ==
{{Hinduism small}}
Ezhuthachan—although he lived around sixteenth century AD—has been called the "father of modern [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]", or, alternatively, the "father of [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] literature". His success even in his own lifetime seems to have been great.''<ref name=":8" />'' No original compositions are attributed to Ezhuthachan.''<ref name=":8" />'' His main works generally are based on Sanskrit compositions.''<ref name=":8" />'' Linguists are unanimous in assigning [[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayanam]] and [[Mahabharata|Sri Mahabharatam]] to Ezhuthachan. [[Ramayana|The Ramayanam]]—the most popular work—depicts the hero, [[Rama]], an ideal figure both as man and god.''<ref name=":8" />''<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":Pollock479" /> Sri Mahabharatam omits all episodes not strictly relevant to the story of the [[Pandava]]s and is generally considered as a work of greater literary merit than the Ramayanam.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> However, there is no unanimity among the scholars about the authorship of certain other works generally ascribed to him.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":Pollock479" /> These include the Brahmanda Puranam, Uttara Ramayanam, Devi Mahatmyam, and Harinama Kirtanam.<ref name=":112MinorWorks">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Chelnat Achyuta |title=Ezuttaccan and His Age|publisher=University of Madras|year=1940|location=Madras|pages=xiii}}</ref>

Ezhuthachan's other major contribution has been in mainstreaming (the current) [[Malayalam script|Malayalam alphabet]] (derived chiefly from the [[Grantha script|Sanskrit Grantha]], or the Arya Script) as the replacement for the old [[Vattezhuthu]] (the then-30-letter script of Malayalam).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /> The Arya script permitted the free use of Sanskrit in Malayalam writing.<ref name=":8" />

=== Ezhuthachan movement ===
{{Blockquote
|text= I would not at all rule out a level of critique of the prevailing religious order of [Kerala] society, though only implicit and certainly not overtly pitched in caste or class terms, in Eluttacchan's sectarian teachings. It is quite possible, for instance, for Eluttacchan to have been defending the religious potency of his literary form against those who might be deaf to its message, without thereby singling out Brahmanical Sanskritic and priestly religious forms for attack.
|author=[https://ochs.org.uk/people/dr-rich-freeman Rich Freeman] (2003)
|title=
|source=[https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala]
}}
Ezhuthachan introduced a movement of domesticated religious [[textuality]] in Kerala.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> He was a significant voice of the [[Bhakti movement]] in south India.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> The Bhakti movement was a collective opposition to [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] excesses and the moral and political decadence of the then-Kerala society.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> The shift of literary production in Kerala to a largely [[Sanskritic]], [[puranic]] religiosity is attributed this movement.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> Ezhuthachan's school promoted popular and non-Brahman ([[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]]) literary production.<ref name=":Pollock481" /><ref name=":Pollock479" /> His works were also a general opposition against the moral decadence of the 16th century Kerala society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S|title=Keralam: Charithravazhiyile Velichangal|date=2017|publisher=Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|isbn=978-93-87439-08-5|location=[[Kottayam]]|page=106|language=ml|script-title=ml:കേരളം ചരിത്രവഴിയിലെ വെളിച്ചങ്ങൾ|quote=കവിതയുടെ ഇന്ദ്രജാലത്തിലൂടെ നിരക്ഷരകുക്ഷികളായ നായർപ്പടയാളിക്കൂട്ടങ്ങൾക്ക് രാമായണഭാരതാദി കഥകളിലെ നായികാനായകന്മാരെ നാട്ടിലെ അയൽവാസികളെപ്പോലെ പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തുവാൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛനു സാധിച്ചു. ആര്യസംസ്കാരത്തിലെ ധർമശാസ്ത്രമൂല്യങ്ങൾ മലയാളികളുടെ മനസ്സിൽ അദ്ദേഹം ശക്തമായി അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു. ലൈംഗികാരാജകത്വം കൂത്താടിയ ശൂദ്രസമുദായത്തിൽ പാതിവൃത്യമാതൃകയായി സീതാദേവിയെ പ്രതിഷ്ഠിക്കുവാനും പിതൃഭക്തി, ഭ്രാതൃസ്നേഹം, ധാർമ്മികരോഷം മുതലായ സങ്കല്പങ്ങൾക്ക് ഭാഷയിൽ രൂപം കൊടുക്കാനും എഴുത്തച്ഛനു സാധിച്ചു. അതിനുമുമ്പ് ബ്രാഹ്മണരുടെ കുത്തകയായിരുന്ന പൗരാണികജ്ഞാനം ബ്രാഹ്മണേതരസമുദായങ്ങൾക്കിടയിൽ പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതിലൂടെ ആര്യ-ദ്രാവിഡ സമന്വയത്തിന്റെ സൃഷ്ടിയായ ആധൂനിക മലയാളഭാഷയും സംസ്കാരവും കേരളത്തിനു സ്വായത്തമാക്കുവാൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പള്ളിക്കൂടമാണ് സഹായിച്ചത്. ഓരോ തറവാട്ടിലും രാമായണാദി പുരാണേതിഹാസഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങളുടെ താളിയോലപ്പകർപ്പുകൾ സൂക്ഷിക്കുവാനും ധനസ്ഥിതിയുള്ളേടത്ത് എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാരെ നിശ്ചയിച്ച് പള്ളിക്കൂടങ്ങൾ സ്ഥാപിക്കുവാനും അങ്ങനെ കേരളത്തിൽ ജനകീയസാക്ഷരതക്ക് തുടക്കംകുറയ്ക്കുവാനും എഴുത്തച്ഛന്റെ പ്രയത്നമാണ് വഴിവെച്ചത്. അതിന്റെ ഫലമായി പാരായണത്തിലൂടെയും കേൾവിയിലൂടെയും വളർന്ന സംസ്കാരമാണ് കേരളത്തിന് ഭാരതസംസ്കാരത്തിലേക്ക് എത്തിനോക്കാൻ ഒരു കിളിവാതിൽ സമ്മാനിച്ചത്.|author-link=M. G. S. Narayanan}}</ref><ref name=":Pollock479" />

== ''Father of Modern Malayalam'' ==
The [[Middle Malayalam]] (''Madhyakaala Malayalam'') was succeeded by Modern Malayalam (''Aadhunika Malayalam'') by the 15th century CE.<ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |page=27 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> The poem ''[[Krishnagatha]]'' written by [[Cherusseri Namboothiri]], who was the court poet of the king Udaya Varman Kolathiri (1446 – 1475) of [[Kolathunadu]], is written in modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> The language used in ''Krishnagatha'' is the modern spoken form of Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> During the 16th century CE, Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan from the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] and [[Poonthanam Nambudiri]] from the [[Kingdom of Valluvanad]] followed the new trend initiated by Cherussery in their poems. The ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam Kilippattu]]'' and ''Mahabharatham [[Kilippattu]]'' written by Ezhuthachan and ''[[Jnanappana]]'' written by Poonthanam are also included in the earliest form of Modern Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/>
It is Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan who is also credited with the development of [[Malayalam script]] into the current form through the intermixing and modification of the erstwhile scripts of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'', and [[Grantha script]], which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.<ref name="mlm"/> He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref> Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as ''The Father of modern Malayalam''.<ref name="mlm"/> The development of modern [[Malayalam script]] was also heavily influenced by the [[Tigalari script]], which was used to write the [[Tulu language]], due to the influence of [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s in Kerala.<ref name="mlm"/> The language used in the [[Arabi Malayalam]] works of 16th-17th century CE is a mixture of Modern Malayalam and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="mlm"/> They follow the syntax of modern Malayalam, though written in a modified form of [[Arabic script]], which is known as [[Arabi Malayalam script]].<ref name="mlm"/>

P. Shungunny Menon ascribes the authorship of the medieval work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', which describes the [[Parashurama]] legend and the departure of the final [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] king to [[Mecca]], to Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan.<ref>History of Travancore by Shungunny Menon, page 28</ref>

== ''Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu'' ==
[[File:Portrait of Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan,the father of the Malayalam language.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of Ezhuthachan|317x317px]]
[[File:Copy of Ezhuthachan's Adhyathma ramayanam Kilippattu.jpg|thumb|Copy of Ezhuthachan's [[stylus]] and ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayanam]]'' preserved at [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]|251x251px]]
''Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu'', written in the [[kilippattu|parrot-song]] style, is Ezhuthachan's principle work.<ref name=":10" /> It is not an adaptation from the original [[Valmiki]] ''Ramayana'', but a translation of the ''[[Adhyatma Ramayana]]'', a Sanskrit text connected with the [[Ramananda|Ramanandi sect]].<ref name=":Pollock479" /> The poem is composed in nearly-modern Malayalam.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> It depicts [[Rama]], the prince of Ayodhya, as an ideal figure (both as man and god-incarnate, the Bhakti interpretation).''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Wiley India|year=2003|isbn=9780470998694|editor-last=Flood|editor-first=Gavin|location=New Delhi|pages=173|chapter=The Literature of Hinduism in Malayalam|doi=10.1002/9780470998694}}</ref><ref name=":10" />''

The text spread with phenomenal popularity throughout Kerala middle-caste homes as a material for domestic devotional recitation.<ref name=":Pollock479" /> Throughout the Malayalam month of Karkkidakam, ''Adhyatma Ramayanam'' is still recited—as a devotional practice—in the middle-caste homes of Kerala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Santhosh|first=K.|date=2014-07-14|title=When Malayalam Found its Feet|edition=Kerala|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/when-malayalam-found-its-feet/article6217620.ece}}</ref>{{Blockquote
|text= But it is worth listening when the later tradition assigns a primal role to Eluttacchan. It tells us something about the
place of this multiform narrative, the ''[[Ramayana]]'', in constituting the core of a literary tradition; about the enduring historical importance of the moment when a subaltern social formation achieved the literacy that in the South Asian world conditioned the culturally significant type of textuality we may call literature; and about literature as requiring, in the eyes of many readers and listeners, a particular linguistic register, in this case, the highly Sanskritized.
|author=Sheldon Pollock
|title=
|source=[https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history ''Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia''] (2003)
}}

According to critic K. Ayyappa Panicker, those who see ''Adhyatma Ramayanam'' merely as a devotional work "belittle" Ezhuthachan.<ref name=":0" />

== Style ==

===Parrot-song style===
* Known in Malayalam as the [[Kilippattu|Kilippattu genre]].<ref name=":Pollock480" />
* A convention Ezhuthachan adapted from [[Tamil language|Old Tamil]].<ref name=":10" />
* Recited to a poet by a parrot (the frame of the parrot-narrator).<ref name=":Pollock480">{{Cite book|last=Freeman|first=Rich|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520228214/literary-cultures-in-history|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|pages=480|chapter=Genre and Society: The Literary Culture of Premodern Kerala|isbn=9780520228214}}</ref>
* Thematic focus: epic or Puranic traditions.<ref name=":Pollock480" />
* Intended for recitation or singing.<ref name=":Pollock480" />
'''Lexicon and grammar'''
* Heavily Sanskritic lexicon with many [[Sanskrit]] nominal terminations (lexical distinctions between [[Manipravalam]] and the Pattu styles are not visible).<ref name=":Pollock480" /><ref name=":10" />
* No Sanskrit verbal forms or long compounds.<ref name=":Pollock480" />
* Most of the grammatical structures are in [[Malayalam]] (the frame of the parrot-narrator and the constituent meters).<ref name=":Pollock480" />
* Assembled in an array of Dravidian meters (in simple metrical couplets).<ref name=":Pollock480" /><ref name=":10" />
** "Keka" for Bala Kandha and Aranya Kandha<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ref003" />
** "Kakali" for Ayodhya, Kishkindha and Yuddha Kandha<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ref003" />
** "Kalakanchi" for Sundara Kandha<ref name=":0" /><ref name="ref003" />

== Caste ==
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan's caste is arguable. It is only known that he belonged to a lower caste (Shudra or Shudra-grade).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":Pollock479" />''<ref name=":10" />''

The two most popular opinions are Ezhuthachan and Nair, with Kaniyar being less popular.<ref>{{cite news|last=K. S.|first=Aravind|date=9 September 2014|title='Caste'ing a Shadow on the Legacy of Ezhuthachan|edition=Kerala|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=Kerala|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/sep/09/%e2%80%98caste%e2%80%99ing-a-shadow-on-the-legacy-of-ezhuthachan-658149.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029134320/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/sep/09/%E2%80%98Caste%E2%80%99ing-a-Shadow-on-the-Legacy-of-Ezhuthachan-658149.html|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>

=== Ezhuthachan ===
[[Ezhuthachan (caste)|Ezhuthachan caste]] is a socio-economic caste of village school teachers.

According to [[Arthur Coke Burnell|Arthur C. Burnell]], Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan belonged to the Ezhuthachan or "school master" caste.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burnell|first=Arthur Coke|url=https://archive.org/details/SouthIndianPalaeographyAcBurnell1878|title=Elements of South Indian Paleography|publisher=Trubner & Co.|year=1878|edition=2nd|location=[[Ludgate Hill]], London|page=42|quote=The application of the Arya-eluttu to the vernacular Malayalam was the work of a low-caste man who goes under the name of Tunjatta Eluttacchan, a native of Trikkandiyur in the present district of Malabar. He lived in the seventeenth century, but his real name is forgotten; Tunjatta being his 'house' or family-name, and Eluttacchan (=schoolmaster) indicating his caste.|author-link=Arthur Coke Burnell}}</ref> Writer [[K. Balakrishna Kurup]] also reports the same, in his book [[:ml:വിശ്വാസത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ|''Viswasathinte Kanappurangal'']].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurup|first=K. Balakrishna|url=https://archive.org/details/VishwasathinteKanappurangal_201809|title=Vishwasathinte Kanappurangal|publisher=Mathrubhumi Publications|date=January 2000|edition=2nd|page=24|quote=മലബാർ ഭാഗത്ത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ പ്രചാരണത്തിൽ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻമാർ മുന്നിട്ടിറങ്ങിയപ്പോൾ തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ഭാഗത്തു ഗണകന്മാർ ആ ദൗത്യം നിർവഹിച്ചു. എഴുത്തച്ഛന്മാർ വട്ടെഴുത്ത് പ്രചരിപ്പിച്ചതു മൂലവും മലയാളത്തിലെ രാമായണാദി ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങൾ വട്ടെഴുത്തിൽ (ഗ്രന്ഥാക്ഷരത്തിൽ) എഴുതപ്പെട്ടത് മൂലവുമാവാം തുഞ്ചത്തെഴുത്തച്ഛനാണ് മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ പിതാവ് എന്ന് പറഞ്ഞുവരാൻ ഇടയായത്. ഭക്തി പ്രസ്ഥാനത്തിന്റെ പ്രേരണക്ക് വിധേയമായി രാമായണമെഴുതിയ കണ്ണശ്ശൻ ഗണകവംശത്തിലും (പണിക്കർ) അധ്യാത്മരാമായണം രചിച്ച തുഞ്ചൻ എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ വംശത്തിലും പെട്ടവരായിരുന്നുവെന്നത് യാദൃശ്ചിക സംഭവമല്ല.|author-link=K. Balakrishna Kurup|orig-year=May 1998}}</ref> E. P. Bhaskara Guptan, a writer and independent researcher of local history from [[Kadampazhipuram]]; supports Kurup's conclusion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guptan|first=E. P. Bhaskara|title=Deshayanam: Deshacharithrakathakal|date=2013|publisher=Samabhavini Books|edition=2nd|location=[[Kadampazhipuram]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]|page=47|quote=തുഞ്ചൻ കടുപ്പട്ട-എഴുത്തച്ഛനായിരുന്നുവെന്ന് ശ്രീ. കെ. ബാലകൃഷ്ണക്കുറുപ്പ് വാദിക്കുന്നു. ആചാര്യൻ ചക്കാലനായർ വിഭാഗമായിരുന്നുവെന്നാണ് പണ്ട് പരക്കെ ധരിച്ചിരുന്നത്. അങ്ങനെയായിരുന്നാൽ പോലും അദ്ദേഹം ജനിതകമായി കടുപ്പട്ട-എഴുത്തച്ഛനല്ല എന്ന് വന്നുകൂടുന്നില്ല.|orig-year=2004}}</ref> Historian [[:ml:വേലായുധൻ പണിക്കശ്ശേരി|Velayudhan Panikkassery]] expresses the same opinion.<ref name="Ezhuthachan opposed social evils: Vysakhan">{{cite news|last=Staff Reporter|date=3 January 2005|title=Ezhuthachan Opposed Social Evils: Vysakhan|edition=Kerala|location=Thrissur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904082457/https://www.thehindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010306150300.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=4 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Nair ===
The [[Chakkala Nair]] caste had the rights to enter brahmanical temples and to participate in worships.

The Malayalam poet and historian Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer agree that Ezhuthachan belonged to this caste and conclude that he could be Vattekattu Nair because he visited brahmanical temples and engaged in worship, which is not allowed for the Ezuthacan caste.

[[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], officer of the Madras Civil Service under the English India Company Government, expresses a similar opinion in his ''Malabar Manual'' and states that Thunchaththu Ezuthachan was "a man of Sudra ([[Nair|Nayar]]) caste".<ref name=":9" /> Kottarathil Shankunni wrote in his [[Aithihyamala]] that the term Ezhuthachan is nothing but a title taken up by school teachers belonging to several castes<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sankunni|first=Kottarathil|date=2009-08-01|title=Eithihyamala|publisher=D. C. Books|isbn=978-8126422906|language=ml|location=Kottayam|edition=2nd}}</ref> mainly by Nairs in Northern kerala indicating that Ezhuthachan was a Nair.

=== Kaniyar ===
Some sources consider him to be [[Kaniyar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pillai|first=Govinda Krishna|title=Origin and Development of Caste|pages=103 & 162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sadasivan|first=S. N.|title=A Social History of India|pages=371}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Pillay|first1=Kolappa|title=Studies in Indian history: with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu|last2=Pillay|first2=Kanaka Sabhapathi|pages=103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pillai|first=G. K.|title=India Without Misrepresentation: Origin and Development of Caste|publisher=Kitab Mahal|year=1959|volume=III|location=Allahabad|pages=162}}</ref> This community of traditional astrologers were well versed in Sanskrit and Malayalam.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Thurston|first1=Edgard|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India|last2=Rangachari|first2=K.|year=2001|volume=I|pages=186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ranjit Kumar|title=Anthropological Survey of India: Anthropology of Weaker Sections|last2=Das|first2=Nava Kishor|year=1993|pages=590}}</ref> During the medieval period, amongst the non-Brahmin castes which traditionally learnt Sanskrit, the Kaniyar community was involved in Sanskrit learning as part of their craft. They were learned people and had knowledge in [[astrology]], mathematics, mythology and [[Ayurveda]].<ref name=":4" /> They were generally assigned as preceptors of martial art and literacy.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last=Raja|first=Dileep. G|year=2005|title=Of an Old School of Teachers|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700420200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141015115101/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700420200.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2014-10-15}}</ref>

In addition to the common title [[Panicker]], the members of Kaniyar from the South Travancore and Malabar region were known as [[Aasaan]], Ezhuthu Aasans, or Ezhuthachans (Father of Letters),<ref name="The Hindu" /> by virtue of their traditional avocational function as village school masters to non-Brahmin pupils.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Thunchath_Smarakam_(13).jpg|thumb|354x354px|Strychnine tree in [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]] ]]
The parrot-song genre, pioneered by Ezhuthachan, inaugurated the production of many similar works in Malayalam.<ref name=":Pollock480" />

The highest literary honour awarded by the [[Government of Kerala]] is known as the "[[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]]".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-11-02|title=M. K. Sanoo wins Ezhuthachan Award|edition=Kochi|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Sooranad Kunjan Pillai]] was the first recipient of the honour (1993).<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web|last=United News of India|date=2011-11-08|title=Ezhuthachan Puraskaram for M. T. Vasudevan Nair|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=116383|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117190614/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=116383|archive-date=17 November 2011|access-date=2 November 2012|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]], established by [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2012, is named after Ezhuthachan.

=== Initiation to Letters ===
The sand from the compound where the house of Ezhuthachan stood once is considered as sacred.<ref name=":11" /> It is a tradition in north Kerala to practise the art of writing in the beginning on the sand with the first finger.<ref name=":11" />

=== Monuments ===
[[File:Indian Republic Day celebration 217th flower show 2025, Lalbagh, Bangalore 96.jpg|thumb|right|Bust of the poet in [[Lal Bagh]], Bangalore, in January 2025]]
* Ezhuthachan was born at Trikkandiyoor in northern Kerala.<ref name=":8" /> His birthplace is now known as [[Thunjan Parambu|Thunchan Parambu]].<ref name="ref003" />
* Chittur Gurumadhom is located near present-day [[Palakkad]]. The madhom is flanked by temples of gods [[Rama]] and [[Shiva|Siva]]. The street has an array of [[Agraharam|agraharas]] (where the twelve Brahmin families who migrated along with Ezhuthachan live).<ref name=":7" />
* Ezhuthachan's samadhi is also situated at [[Chittur]] (in [[Palakkad]]).<ref name="ref003" />

=== Relics ===

* Some relics of Ezhuthachan or his age were sacredly preserved at the Chittur madhom.<ref name=":8" /> This included the original manuscripts and the clogs used by him.<ref name=":8" /> These artifacts were destroyed in a fire 30 or 40 years before William Logan. Only the ''Bhagavatam'' was saved from the fire.<ref name=":8" />
* Scholar A. C. Burnell examined this ''Bhagavatam'' (and a stool, clogs and a staff) in the late 19th century. These objects probably belonged to one of the first followers of Ezhuthachan.<ref name=":8" />
* Stool, clog and the staff (seen by Burnell) were destroyed in a second fire. This fire destroyed the original ''Bhagavatam'' also.<ref name=":8" />
* Copies of a sri chakra and the idols worshipped by Ezhuthachan, the [[stylus]], the wooden slippers, and a few old manuscripts are exhibited for visitors at Chittur madhom.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==
* [[Cherusseri Namboothiri|Cherusseri]]
* [[Kaikulangara Rama Variar]]
* [[Kunchan Nambiar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* "[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86217 Eluttaccan and His Age]" (1940) by C. Achyuta Menon (Madras: University of Madras).
* [https://archive.org/details/RamayanMBKlpt1870 "Adhyatma Ramayanam Kilippattu", "Sri Mahabharatam Kilippattu" University of Tubingen, Germany (a manuscript of 1870)]

{{commons category|Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan}}

{{Triumvirates of Malayalam poetry}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezhuthachan, Thunchaththu}}
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Translators of the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]

Narsinhbhai Patel

2026-02-19T01:25:23Z

JacksonCazaly4: created a entry w/ infobox

'''Narsinhbhai Ishwarbhai Patel'''{{efn|{{langx|gu|નરસિંહભાઈ ઈશ્વરભાઈ પટેલ|Narasiṁhabhāī Īśvarabhāī Paṭela}}}} (13 October 1874 – 17 October 1945) was an Indian revolutionary.

Born in a poor [[Patidar]] family in Kheda district, Gujarat he became a government teacher in [[Baroda]]. Narsinhbhai, together with Mohanlal Pandya and Punjabhai Bhatt, formed a group of anti-British revolutionaries from Kheda district. Narsinhbhai learnt [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and became a follower of [[Aurobindo Ghose]] and [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]'s revolutionary ideology and translated their works into Gujarati. Although evidence was never presented, the group was suspected to be behind the attempted 1909 assassination of the Viceroy of India [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]] and his wife [[Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Countess of Minto]] via hurled bombs in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Paṭela |first=Maṁgubhāī Rā. |date=1998 |title=Paṭela, Narasiṁhabhāī Īśvarabhāī |url= |encyclopedia=Gujarātī Viśvakośa |location= |publisher= |access-date=|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|language=gu|title=Gujarātano rājakīya ane sāṁskr̥tika itihāsa|volume=9, ājhādī pahelāṁ ane pachī (ī. sa. 1915 thī 1960)|publisher=Śeṭha Bhoḷābhāī Jeśiṁgbhāī Adhyayana-Saṁśodhana Vidyābhava|location=Amadāvāda|editor-first1=Hariprasāda Gaṅgāśaṁkara|editor-last1=Śāstrī|editor-last2=Parīkha|editor-first2=Pravīṇacaṁdra Cimanalāla|chapter=Rājakīya jāgr̥ti: briṭiśa mulakamāṁ (ī. sa. 1915 thī 1931)|last1=Rameśakāṁta Go. Parīkha|page=16}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hardiman|first=David|pp=62-63|title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, Kheda District 1917–1934|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|year=1981}}.</ref>

Narsinhbhai wrote books on bomb-making under misleading titles such as ''Vanaspatinī Davāo'' ("Herbal Medicines"), ''Nāhavānā Sābu'' ("Bathing Soap"), and ''Kasarata'' ("Exercise"). The police eventually discovered these books in [[Navsari]] and traced their origins to Narsinhbhai, Mohanlal Pandya, and Punjabhai Bhatt. In Punjabhai's trial, Narsinhbhai committed perjury to ensure his acquittal, for which Narsinhbhai was sentenced to two months in prison. Narsinhbhai himself was put on trial but was acquitted thanks to the legal defense by [[Vithalbhai Patel]]. Evidence gathered by the British showed that many bureaucrats of [[Baroda State]] were anti-British revolutionaries, and so the Maharaja [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] exiled Narsinhbhai from the state for five years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

After being released from prison, Narsinhbhai became aware that the British authorities were going to have him arrested again and sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. With the police hot on his trail, Narsinhbhai successively fled to [[Pondicherry]] in [[French India]], [[Colombo]] in [[British Ceylon]], and [[Mwanza]] in [[German East Africa]]. In [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], located in the [[Protectorate of Uganda]] Narsinbhai became friends with [[Charles Freer Andrews]] and from him became acquainted with the philosophy of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Narsinhbhai returned to the Kheda district in 1920 and became a [[Gandhians|Gandhian]]. He pushed for social reform in his Patidar caste, arguing against the marriage of older men to younger girls and the practice of dowry, and argued for women's freedom and equality. Narsinbhai was an atheist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Narsinbhai participated in the [[Salt March]] for which he served a six-month prison sentence.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Salt March]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]

Fatehabad district

2026-02-10T00:17:18Z

JacksonCazaly4: typo fix

{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fatehabad district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]] of [[Haryana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Cotton Farmer From Haryana.jpg
| image_caption = Cotton farmers in Fatehabad district
| image_map = Fatehabad in Haryana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates = {{coord|29.31|N|75.27|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar division|Hisar]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 15 July 1997
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1.  [[Ratia]], 2.  Fatehabad, 3.  [[Tohana]]
| area_total_km2 = 2538
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 942011
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 67.92%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 902
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics2_title2 = Regional
| demographics2_info2 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]]
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Jagdish Sharma <ref>{{cite web|url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/|title=District Fatehabad {{!}} Haryana|access-date=6 Nov 2022}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = HR-22
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 1. [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] (shared with [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] and [[Jind district|Jind]] districts)
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{url|https://fatehabad.nic.in}}
}}
'''Fatehabad district''' {{Pronunciation|Fatehabad.ogg|listen|(|help=no}} is one of the twenty-two [[Districts of Haryana|districts]] of the state of [[Haryana]], India. Fatehabad was founded by [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> Fatehabad district was carved out of [[Hisar district]] on 15 July 1997.<ref name=":0" />

It borders districts of [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]] and [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]] in state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in north, [[Sirsa district]] in west, [[Jind district]] in east, [[Hisar district]] and district of [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]] in state of [[Rajasthan]] in south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/police/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Fatehabad is named after Fateh Khan, son of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], a [[Muslim]] ruler from the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] from 1351 to 1388.<ref name=":0" />

The name 'Fatehabad' is a combination of two words: 'Fateh' and 'ābād' where 'Fateh' is the name of eldest son of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] and 'ābād' translates to 'prosperous' or 'settled'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of aabaad in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-aabaad |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also | History of Haryana#Districts | l1= History of districts of Haryana | List of districts of Haryana | Administrative divisions of Haryana }}

===Vedic period===

[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]]-speaking people first settled on the banks of the [[Saraswati River|Sarasvati]] and [[Drsadvati River]]s rivers then expanded to cover a wider area of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and Fatehabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-haryana-s-kunal-village-a-glimpse-of-life-before-harappa/story-wLMx93XxwQwMNMEsTwEp0J.html|title=In Haryana's Kunal village, a glimpse of life before Harappa|date=19 May 2019}}</ref> The area was probably included in the kingdom of the [[Pandava]]s and their successors. [[Pāṇini]] mentions a number of towns in the region including [[Hisar city|Aisukari]], [[Tohana|Taushayana]] and [[Rohri|Rori]], which have been identified with Hisar, [[Tohana]] and [[Rohri]] respectively. Furthermore, the discovery of [[Ashoka]]n pillars at Hisar and Fatehabad shows that this area remained a part of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan empire]].

===Hindu kingdoms ===

After the fall of the Mauryas and [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]], the Agras along with the [[Yaudheya]]s – the republican tribes of the region – asserted their independence. The Agras settled in the region covering [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] and Agroha, the capital headquarters, from where they issued coins. As attested by the discovery of coin-moulds and [[terracotta]]s, the region was a part of the [[Kushan Empire]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} According to [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar]], the Yaudheys made a second bid for independence towards the end of the 2nd century AD when they succeeded in freeing their homeland and ousted the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]]. This finds support from seals discovered at the [[Agroha Mound]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

===Jat and rajput period===

The early 11th century saw the [[Ghaznavid]] make inroads in this area. [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Sultan Masud]] led expeditions towards [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]]. The [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]s seem to have taken special measures for protecting the area against Mongol incursions. The area of Agroha passed under Ghurid rule after the defeat of [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj Chauhan III]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] (1192).{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

After the Battle of Tarain, [[Muhammad of Ghor|Sultan Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri]] placed one of his generals in the Indian campaigns. But it appears that any meaningful control could not be established. Seizing the opportunity, a Rajput clan, Jats, a branch of [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar/Tanwar]] [[Rajput]]s, widely extended their power in Fatehabad area including Agroha. Firuz (1351–88) shot these areas into prominence. The ruler came to have somewhat unusual fancy for the tract (Hisar). He established new towns of Fatehabad and Hissar and rebuilt [[Western Yamuna Canal|two canals]]; one taking off from [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] at Phulad and following the course of Joiya up to the town of Fatehabad. After the death of Firuz (1388), chaos and confusion spread all round. The situation deteriorated still further when [[Timur]] invaded in 1398. During his invasion, Timur invaded Fatehabad which was captured without any opposition from the inhabitants. Lastly, the invader reached Tohana but he could not set-up his permanent rule over the area. He soon left for [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] after looting these areas. The areas of Fatehabad came under the control of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s-[[Babur|Babar]] and [[Humayun]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

===Muslim sultanates ===

[[File:Portrait of Raja Amur Singh of Patiala.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja Amar Singh of Patiala]] who along with his minister Dewan Nanumal laid siege to the stronghold of Bighar near Fatehabad]]
There is a small mosque known as Humanyun mosque at Fatehabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.99051/2015.99051.Mughal-Rule-In-India_djvu.txt|title = Mughal Rule in India|year = 1953}}</ref> The legend assigns the association of the mosque to the Mughal Emperor Humayun who in his flight after his defeat at the hands of [[Sher Shah Suri]] happened to pass through Fatehabad.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} Fatehabad was one of important [[Mahal (palace)|Mahal]]s during [[Akbar]]'s time. By 1760, the areas became the scene of a sort of triangular duel between the sturdy [[Phulkian sardars|Sikhs of north-east]], marauding [[Bhatti clan|Bhatti]]s of north-west and the [[Ranghar|Muslim chief]]s of the south. None of them could, however, hold the region permanently except for the Bhattis who became the masters of Fatehabad pargana.

===Jat Sikh period===
In 1774, Maharaja Amar Singh of Patiala along with his famous minister Dewan Nanumal laid [[siege]] to the stronghold of Bighar near Fatehabad which fell shortly afterwards.

The Raja then took Fatehabad and Sirsa and invaded Rania held by Bhattis. Tohana also was seized by the Chief of Patiala. But after a treaty of [[Jind State|Jind]] in 1781, Fatehabad and Sirsa were made over to the Bhattis and remaining territories were allowed to be retained by the [[Sikhs]]. By 1798, Agroha and Tohana were important parganas under the control of [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]]. When George Thomas was driven out from here by the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]]-[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] Confederacy, a French officer, Lt. Bourquian, controlled these areas on behalf of Marathas. He is said to have rebuilt the towns of Tohana and [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]]. Later these areas were placed under the charge of Illias Beg, a Mughal noble of [[Hansi]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

===British raj===

In November 1884, the Sirsa district was created and the same was abolished in 1886 due to less revenue collection and Sirsa tahsil after the distribution of villages was formed. In 1889, 15 villages forming a detached block known as [[Budhlada]] were transferred form Kaithal tahsil to Fatehabad tahsil. The [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] tahsil containing 139 villages was abolished with effect from 1 January 1891 and its area was distributed between 3 contiguous tahsils; 13 villages going to Hansi, 24 to Hissar and 102 to Fatehabad. At the same time 13 villages were transferred from Hissar tahsil to Bhiwani tahsil and a sub-tahsil was established at Tohana in Fatehabad tahsil. In 1923, the Tohana sub-tahsil was transferred from Fatehabad to Hissar tahsil. In 1972, Tohana sub-tahsil was upgraded to tahsil. Two sub-tahsils, one at Ratia of tahsil of Fatehabad and other at [[Adampur, Haryana|Adampur]] of Hissar tahsil were created in 1979. By the end of 1978, the Hissar district comprised 486 villages, divided between tahsils of Fatehabad (166); Hissar (115), Hansi (119) and Tohana (86).

===Formation of Fatehabad district===
Fatehabad came into existence as a full-fledged district with effect from 15 July 1997, now having three sub-divisions, three tahsils and three sub-tahsils.<ref name=distform1>[https://nayaharyana.com/haryana-news/haryana-preparations-to-form-a-new-district-in-haryana/cid17692182.htm Haryana: हरियाणा में नया जिला बनने की तैयारी, सरकार 1 नवंबर 2025 को कर सकती है घोषणा], NayaHaryana, 27 oct 2025.</ref>

==Administrative set-up==
Fatehabad district is a part of [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency]] and the district has three seats in [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha]]: Fatehabad, Tohana and Ratia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/constituencies/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sub-Division !! Tehsil !! Sub-Tehsil !! Blocks
|-
| Fatehabad || Fatehabad || [[Bhuna, Haryana|Bhuna]] || Fatehabad
|-
| Ratia || [[Ratia]] || [[Jakhal Mandi|Jakhal]] || Ratia
|-
| Tohana || [[Tohana]] || [[Bhattu Kalan]] || Tohana
|-
| || || || Bhuna
|-
| || || || Bhattu Kalan
|-
| || || || Jakhal
|-
|
|
|
|Nagpur
|}
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geology ==
Being a part of Indo-Gagnetic planes, most of the part is covered by alluvial soil, interrupted by randomly located sand dunes. Soil varies from sandy to loamy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Publication of Water Board, 2013 |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Fatehabad.pdf}}</ref>

The northern part of district is drained by [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaghara-Hakra]] system.<ref name=":1" />

Ground water is alkaline in nature.<ref name=":1" />

== Climate ==
The climate of the district is of [[Tropical climate|tropical]] type with intensively hot summer and cool winter, with a temperature of {{Convert|47|C}} in June and {{Convert|2|C}} in December and January. The average rainfall of the district is 400 mm. The average annual rainfall in the district is 395.6 mm. The rainfall increases generally from the west towards the east and varies from 339.1 mm at Fatehabad to 428.4 mm at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]. About 71 percent of the annual normal rainfall is received during the short southwest monsoon period, July to September, July, and August being the rainiest months.<ref name=":0" />

20% of rainfall occurs in the non-monsoon period, which is mostly contributed by [[Western Disturbance|western disturbances]].<ref name=":1" />

== Transportation ==
Fatehabad is situated at [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]]<ref name=":0" /> which servers major road transportation in district.

[[Grand Trunk Road]] also passes through the district.

Cheap transportation facilities are available via state bus transport. The new bus stand is situated at Sector 5, Hisar Road and has started serving buses, but the older one situated in Model Town is still functional. Buses stop at arbitrary places in villages and towns for people to board buses.

Auto-rickshaws are available in urban region. Manually driven rickshaws and E-rickshaws are also found.

Major railway stations include Bhattu and Tohana which serve the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways Zone of India]].

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|21=1951|22=1,46,650|23=1961|24=2,59,006|25=1971|26=3,88,062|27=1981|28=5,12,512|29=1991|30=6,46,160|31=2001|32=8,06,158|33=2011|34=9,42,011|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Fatehabad district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 942,011,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Fiji]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Fiji 883,125 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Delaware 897,934
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 461st in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|371|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 16.79%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Fatehabad has a [[sex ratio]] of 902<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} District Fatehabad, Government of Haryana {{!}} India |url=https://fatehabad.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 69.1%. Scheduled Castes make up 30.19% of the population.<ref name=districtcensus/>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Fatehabad district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|align=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|82.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|16.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.89}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

Hindus are in majority in Fatehabad district. Nearly the entire Muslim population of the district migrated to Pakistan during [[Partition of India|Partition]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Fatehabad District (1941){{efn|1941 figures are for Fatehabad Tehsil, which roughly matches present-day district borders. District was incorporated to take into account population increases during the post-independence era, which has resulted in various bifurcations of districts and tehsils across the historic [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] region.}}''
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="FatehabadTehsil1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE|access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|58}}
! Percentage (1941)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 94,122
|{{Percentage | 94122 | 169491 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 67,556
|{{Percentage | 67556 | 169491 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 7,664
|{{Percentage | 7664 | 169491 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 18
|{{Percentage | 18 | 169491 | 2 }}
|-
| Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], or not stated}}
| 131
|{{Percentage | 131 | 169491 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''169,491'''
| '''{{Percentage | 169491 | 169491 | 2 }}'''
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Fatehabad district (2011)<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 35.57|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 29.72 |color2 = sky blue
|label3 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] |value3 = 20.81 |color3 = indianred
|label4 = [[Bagri language|Bagri]] |value4 = 11.56 |color4 = coral
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.53|color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 35.57% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 29.72% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 20.81% [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and 11.56% [[Bagri language|Bagri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>

Hindi is the official language of the district with Bagri and Haryanvi are spoken by majority of the population. Punjabi is the additional official language.

== Civic amenities ==
Electricity is provided by [[Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam]] (DHBVN).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-03 |title=12 Haryana districts may soon get improved electricity supply from DHBVN, says MD Balkar Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/12-haryana-districts-may-soon-get-improved-electricity-supply-from-dhbvn-says-md-balkar-singh-7343009/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Power - Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam(DHBVN) |url=https://dhbvn.org.in/web/portal/deptt.-of-power |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=dhbvn.org.in}}</ref>

All major towns and villages are provided piped drinking water facilities. Towns and villages located in fresh water areas are served by a tubewell network. Others are served by a canal based system.<ref name=":1" />

== Notable individuals ==

* [[Rajat Nagpal]],<ref name=Bhaskar>{{cite news| url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-OTH-MAT-latest-fatehabad-news-020503-2400533-NOR.html |title=फतेहाबाद के रजत नागपाल ने बॉलीवुड फिल्म में दिया संगीत |website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=15 April 2017 |accessdate=7 March 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> a singer, producer and composer

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fatehabad district}}
* [https://fatehabad.nic.in/ Fatehabad district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170623182337/http://www.fatehabadonline.trd.in/ Fatehabad directory]
* [https://haryanatourism.gov.in/Fatehabad-at-a-glance Fatehabad at a Glance at Haryana Tourism]
* [http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Fatehabad.pdf Report of ground water board on Fatehabad, 2013]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Fatehabad district
|North = [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|Northeast = [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|East = [[Jind district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Hisar district]]
|Southwest = [[Hanumangarh district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|West = [[Sirsa district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Fatehabad District}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}

[[Category:Fatehabad district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Haryana]]

Lansdowne, India

2026-02-08T17:36:52Z

JacksonCazaly4: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lansdowne
| settlement_type = Town and hill station
| image_skyline = Lansdowne_Landscape.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lansdowne
| nickname = Kaludaand
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|50|15|N|78|40|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pauri Garhwal]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1887
| founder =
| named_for = [[Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]]
| government_type = C.E.O Harshit Raj Singh
| governing_body = Cantonment board
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 6.09
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1780
| population_total = 7902
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 246155
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|lansdowne.cantt.gov.in}}
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/official-language-rules-1976}}</ref>
| official_name =
}}
'''Lansdowne''' or previously known as '''Kalu Ka Danda''' by local people<ref>https://lansdowne.cantt.gov.in/history/</ref> is a [[cantonment]] town in [[Pauri Garhwal]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]].

==Geography and location==

Lansdowne is a hill station in the [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] district of Uttarakhand, India. It lies at an elevation of approximately 1,700 meters (5,577 feet) above sea level. The town is about 45 kilometers (28 miles) from the district headquarters, Pauri, and approximately 250 kilometers (155 miles) from the state capital, Dehradun.

==History==
Originally known as ''Kaludanda'' after Kalu (Black) and Danda (hills), Lansdowne was founded and named after then [[Viceroy of India]] (1888–1894), [[Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] in 1887, and by 1901 it had a population of 3943.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_141.gif Lansdowne] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 16, p. 135.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Damini |date=2022-09-26 |title=This was the real name of Lansdowne Hill station before Delhi, the tongue falters in speaking |url=https://www.newsdayexpress.com/lifestyle/this-was-the-real-name-of-lansdowne-hill-station-before-delhi-the-tongue-falters-in-speaking/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=News Day Express |language=en-US}}</ref> Lansdowne was developed by the British for catering for the Recruits Training center of the [[Garhwal Rifles]]. Lansdowne was a major place of the activities of freedom fighters from British Garhwal during the [[British Raj]]. Nowadays, the [[Garhwal Rifles]] of the [[Indian Army]] has its regimental center here.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Garhwal.html The Garhwal Rifles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006113305/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Regiments/Garhwal.html |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

On 5 November 1887, the first battalion of Garhwal Rifles migrated from [[Almora]] to Lansdowne.
==Local attractions==
The War Memorial, at the Parade Ground of the Garhwal Rifles Center, is an attraction for the visitors. Prior permission from the military authority has to be obtained.

The Garhwal Rifles Regimental Museum, also called Darwan Singh Sanghralaya, houses artefacts from the beginning of the Regiment. Many artifacts, including photographs, arms used by regimental commanders, captured weapons, campaign history and other information are displayed. There are medals won by the soldiers that have been put on display.

== Transportation ==
The nearest railway station is in [[Kotdwar]] at a distance of 44 km
away.

The nearest airport is [[Jolly Grant Airport]], near [[Dehradun]] at a distance of 152 km via the [[Kotdwar]]-[[Haridwar]] road.

Lansdowne is 83 km from [[Pauri]] and about 250 km from [[Delhi]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Lansdowne had a population of 7902. Males constitute 64% of the population and females 36%. Lansdowne has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 91%, and female literacy is 79%. In Lansdowne, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Lansdowne (India)}}
* [https://lansdowne.cantt.gov.in Lansdowne Cantonment Board]

{{Authority control}}
{{Pauri Garhwal district}}

[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand|L]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1887]]

Gaurjhamar

2026-02-06T13:49:30Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added Some Info Initial Version - done

{{short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=January 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gaurjhamar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.52|N|78.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchyat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,746
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470226
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Gaurjhamar''' is a town in [[Sagar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is located on [[NH 44]]. It is near the city of [[Deori, Sagar|Deori]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inc |first=Pelmorex Weather Networks |title=Gourjhamar, India 7 Day Weather Forecast |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/in/weather/madhya-pradesh/gourjhamar |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=The Weather Network |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1hAAAAIAAJ&q=Gourjhamar |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Satna |date=1965 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Gourjhamar is located on {{Coord|23.55|N|78.93|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 508 [[metre]]s (1669 [[foot (length)|feet]]).<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Gourjhamar.html</ref>
[[Sunar River]] flow near Goujhamar town.

==Population==
Gaurjhamar town has population of 9,746 of which 5,148 are males while 4,598 are females as of the 2011 census. In total 2195 families reside there.<ref>https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/461618-gaurjhamer-madhya-pradesh.html</ref>

==See also==
* [[Deori, Sagar|Deori]]
* [[Kesli]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

ISRO Propulsion Complex

2026-02-01T13:57:53Z

JacksonCazaly4: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Wholly owned subsidiary of ISRO}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = ISRO Propulsion Complex
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| logo_width = 100px
| seal =
| seal_width =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| date1 =
| date1_name =
| date2 =
| date2_name =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| parent_agency = [[ISRO]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Department of Space]]
| headquarters = [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]], [[Tirunelveli district]]
| employees = 600+
| budget = See the budget of [[ISRO]]
| chief1_name = J. Asir Packiaraj <ref>[https://www.iprc.gov.in/iprc/about/iprc.html About IPRC]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| chief1_position = Director
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|www.iprc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.2825479|77.5658637|region:IN-TN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''ISRO Propulsion Complex''' ('''IPRC'''), located at [[Mahendragiri (Tamil Nadu)|Mahendragiri]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], is an [[ISRO]] centre involved in testing, assembling, and integrating propulsion systems and stages that are developed at ISRO's [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]]s (LPSC). Formerly, IPRC was known as LPSC, Mahendragiri, functioning under LPSC. It was elevated as an independent centre and renamed as IPRC with effect from 1 February 2014.<ref name="ISRO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/isrocentres/iprc.aspx|title=ISRO Centres - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927164539/http://www.isro.gov.in/isrocentres/iprc.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lpsc-at-mahendragiri-elevated/article5641468.ece|title=LPSC at Mahendragiri elevated|date=1 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

The complex is situated near [[Panagudi]] in [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli District]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/swadeshi-success/article9731146.ece|title=Swadeshi success|website=Frontline|date=21 June 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

It is one of the ISRO centres that could be called as the "Jet Propulsion Laboratory of India" as all liquid, [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Cryogenic|cryogenic]] and [[Liquid-propellant rocket#Semi-cryogenic|semicryogenic]] stage and engine related tests of ISRO's launch vehicles and satellites are carried out here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lpsc-mahendragiri-to-function-as-independent-unit-minister-114013100771_1.html|title=LPSC Mahendragiri to function as independent unit: Minister|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 January 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

== Capabilities ==
Following activities are currently carried out at IPRC:<ref name="ISRO" />
*Assembly, integration and testing of launch vehicle motors and stages
*Servicing of launch vehicle motors and stages
*Propellant storage
*Sea level and high altitude tests of [[Vikas engine|Vikas]], PS2/GS2, PS4, L40, L110, S200, [[CE-7.5]] and [[CE-20]] cryogenic engines, and steering engines<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/gslvlinked-facilities/article5596658.ece|title=GSLV-linked facilities|website=Frontline|date=22 January 2014 }}</ref>
*L40 and CE-7.5 development and qualification tests
*Assembly and integration of flight stages PS2/GS2, PS4, L40 for [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]] missions
*Assembly and integration of [[Apogee kick motor|LAM]] engine and [[Spacecraft attitude control|AOCS]] thruster for satellites

== Facilities ==
=== Principal Test Stand (PST) ===
[[File:Vikas Engine being hot tested for duration of 240 seconds at Principal Test Stand of IPRC Mahendragiri.jpg|thumb|234x234px|The final long-duration hot fire test of the human-rated L110-G Vikas Engine on PST Mahendragiri]]
The Principle Test Stand is the oldest facility at IPRC Mahendragiri and was designed to test the Vikas Engine and other hypergolic engines. It consists of two sections, one for engine testing and the other for full stage integrated tests, ensuring accurate evaluation of various performance characteristics and seamless integration of critical components.
[[File:CE20 Engine 640 second test Back.jpg|thumb|CE-20 Engine undergoing its second flight qualification test on the CMEST Test Stand]]

=== Cryo Main Engine Static Test Facility (CMEST) ===
The CMEST was set up for testing ISRO's cryogenic engines, specifically the [[CE-7.5]] and [[CE-20]].

=== Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Facility (SIET) ===
The Semi-cryogenic Integrated Engine Test Complex (SIET) is a facility handling large flow of propellants. It is 51 metres tall and has 30 metres flame deflector depth.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 February 2024 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate technical facilities of Isro in Kerala on Tuesday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-technical-facilities-of-isro-in-kerala-on-tuesday-124022600465_1.html |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It was originally designed for testing the [[SCE-200]] Semi-Cryogenic kerolox engine. This engine is a crucial component of the LVM3 launch vehicle future upgrade, replacing the pair of [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engines]] on its first stage. The SIET was constructed with the aim of conducting tests on the SCE-200 engine, and it was completed by the end of 2022. As part of three space infrastructure projects totaling [[₹]]1,800 [[crore]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] formally inaugurated SIET from the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) on 27 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=PM visits Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Inaugurates three important space infrastructure projects worth about Rs 1800 crores |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2009320 |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-02-27 |title=Watch {{!}} PM Modi inaugurates 3 major space projects of ISRO {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-3-major-space-infrastructure-projects-of-isro-in-kerala-watch-11709014342909.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913055542/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-3-major-space-infrastructure-projects-of-isro-in-kerala-watch-11709014342909.html |archive-date=13 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Tests of locally produced engines and its essential subsystems, such as [[gas generator]]s and [[Turbopump|turbo pumps]], will be conducted at the new testing facility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=2024-03-03 |title=Why ISRO’s new testing facility for home-grown cryogenic engines is key to India's astronaut dream |url=https://theprint.in/science/why-isros-new-testing-facility-for-home-grown-cryogenic-engines-is-key-to-indias-astronaut-dream/1985476/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The facility consists of a visitors center, which is connected to the Test Control Center (TCC), allowing visitors to observe and learn about the testing procedures. The TCC is a critical element of the complex as it enables engineers and technicians to monitor the tests and make real-time adjustments to ensure their success. This facility has in-house control and data collecting systems and is capable of testing engines with thrusts up to 2,600 kN.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-03-29 |title=Isro achieves milestone in semi-Cryo engine development with key test |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-advances-semi-cryogenic-engine-development-with-successful-key-test-/articleshow/119697593.cms |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In July 2023, a significant milestone was achieved when the SCE-200 hot section was successfully tested on the stand. This marked a significant achievement in the development of the engine and the progress towards its integration into various launch vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=2024-02-26 |title=ISRO’s Semi-Cryogenic Engine and Stage Test Facility at Mahendragiri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/semi-cryogenic-integrated-engine-and-stage-test-facility-at-mahendragiri-to-boost-isros-efforts-to-develop-semi-cryogenic-engines-in-india/article67887701.ece |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 2 May 2024, ISRO conducted the first ignition trial for SCE-200 at SIET.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2024-05-06 |title=ISRO completes key test for India’s first semi-cryogenic engine to better future launches |url=https://theprint.in/science/isro-completes-key-test-for-indias-first-semi-cryogenic-engine-to-better-future-launches/2072217/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== High Altitude Test Facility (HATF) ===
The High Altitude Test Facility is used for hot testing cryogenic engines, including in [[vacuum]] conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 March 2025 |title=ISRO’s hot testing of cryogenic engine successful |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Mar/16/isros-hot-testing-of-cryogenic-engine-successful |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
In 2017, three employees, including two senior officials of ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri were suspended pending enquiry for alleged procedural lapses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=Three ISRO officials suspended for lapses |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Jul/15/three-isro-officials-suspended-for-lapses-1628909.html |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2017, an unexplained explosion took place in the vicinity of the ISRO Propulsion Complex and local said they saw smoke emanating from the ISRO facility. However, a spokesperson said the "incident happened outside the building and has nothing to do with ISRO."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuwad |first=Ahamad |last2= |first2= |date=2017-09-24 |title=Mysterious explosion outside ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri; 'not ours', says space agency |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-mysterious-explosion-outside-isro-propulsion-complex-in-mahendragiri-hills-tirunelveli-tamil-nadu-403085 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In mid-2023, it was reported that the propulsion complex had terminated the first hot test on an intermediate configuration of the semi-cryogenic engine following an unanticipated spike in the turbine pressure and subsequent loss of turbine speed. The July 1 test that had to be terminated was said to be part of efforts to develop a 2,000 Kilonewton thrust semi-cryogenic engine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-07-03 |title=ISRO terminates semi-cryogenic engine test after a sudden spike in turbine pressure and speed |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/karnataka/isro-terminates-semi-cryogenic-engine-test-after-a-sudden-spike-in-turbine-pressure-and-speed/na20230703171515125125160 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>[[File:CE-20 Engine No.6 going through 25 seconds long flight acceptance test at High Altitude Test facility of IPRC Mahendragiri on 11 Oct 2018.jpg|thumb|CE-20 Engine undergoing flight acceptance test at HATF Mahendragiri]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]]
*[[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]
*[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
*[[Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport]]
*[[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{ISRO facilities}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Space technology research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2014]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli district]]

Nischintapur, Kulpi

2026-01-24T23:39:28Z

JacksonCazaly4: reworked section for accuracy based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nischintapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.9902|N|88.2152|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|accessdate=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743374
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3174
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kulpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulpi]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nischintapur''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Kulpi]] police station in the [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Diamond Harbour subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Nischintapur is located at {{coord|21.9902|N|88.2152|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

==Transport==
Nischintapur is on the [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Nischintapur railway station|Nischintapur]] and [[Nischintapur Market railway station|Nischintapur Market]] railway stations are on the [[Sealdah South lines|Sealdah–Namkhana line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref name="google"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | accessdate = 15 December 2019}}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005-06, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata |first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| accessdate = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Kulpi Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds, at [[Kulpi]], is the major government medical facility in the Kulpi CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =1 December 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

{{South24Parganas-geo-stub}}

81st Armoured Regiment (India)

2026-01-16T07:04:07Z

JacksonCazaly4: cleaned up formatting per sources based on references

{{Short description|Indian Army regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=81 Armoured Regiment
|image=81 AR India.svg
|caption=
|dates= 1973 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[Armoured Corps]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment= Lieutenant General Devendra Sharma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2025-12-27.268912/|title=Gazette of India, No 52|date=2025-12-27|access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref>
|notable_commanders= Lt Gen Arun Gautam, Lt Gen [[Ajai Singh (general, CINCAN)|Ajai Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/bathinda/lt-gen-ajai-singh-takes-charge-of-chetak-corps-810661|title= Lt Gen Ajai Singh takes charge of Chetak Corps|date=2019-07-31|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

|identification_symbol=81 Armd Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= शौर्यं तेजो युद्धे Shaurya Tejo Yuddhe (Heroism and boldness in battle)
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}

The '''81 Armoured Regiment''' is an armoured regiment of the [[Indian Army]].
[[File:LM1H4076.jpg|thumb|right|Presentation of the Standard at Jodhpur on 16 May 2005 by the President of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam]]
[[File:Presentation of the ‘President’s Standards’ to 81 Armoured Regiment at Jodhpur on 16 May 2005 by the President of India.jpg|thumb|right|Standard Presentation Ceremony]]

==Formation==

The regiment was raised on 1 October 1973. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) NP Singh from [[9th Horse (Deccan Horse)|Deccan Horse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AN_Command/status/1652970329894002691/photo/2|title=Signing off on 5 generations of family service in the Army|date=2023-05-01|access-date=2023-05-06}}</ref> It has an all-India all-class composition, drawing troops from various castes and religions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gautam|first=PK|title= Indigenous Historical Knowledge: Kautilya and His Vocabulary, Volume III|date=2016|publisher= IDSA/Pentagon Press |isbn= 978-81-8274-909-2|page=154}}</ref>

==History==
The regiment has participated in [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakshak]] and [[Operation Meghdoot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp160505-2.html|title=Address To The 81 Armoured Regiment During The 'Standard' Presentation, Jodhpur|date=|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

Two terrorists opened fire at the camp of the 81 Armoured Regiment on the Jammu-Pathankot National Highway, [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]] on 21 March 2015. Both were killed in the following encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-terrorists-who-attacked-army-camp-in-samba-near-jammu-killed-sources-748443|title= 2 Terrorists Who Attacked Army Camp in Jammu and Kashmir's Samba Killed in ‘NDTV’|date=2015-03-21|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/jammu-kashmir-day-2-terrorists-attack-army-camp-samba-civilian-killed-626862|title= Jammu & Kashmir: Terrorists Killed, Gunbattle at Samba Army Camp Ends|date=2015-03-21|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
The Regiment was presented the ‘[[President's Colour Award|President’s Standards]]’ at [[Jodhpur]] on 16 May 2005 by the President of India, Dr [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/president-presents-colours-to-81-and-68-armoured-regiments_217510.html|title= President presents 'colours' to 81 and 68 armoured regiments in ‘Zee News’|date=2005-05-16|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref> It was awarded the COAS Unit Citation during the Army Day Parade in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=149371|title=14 units, 4 Regt of Northern Cmnd’s among 33 to receive COAS citations, apperception|date=2023-01-07|access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref>

Members of the regiment have won one [[Shaurya Chakra]], one [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], one [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] and one [[Sena Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp160505-2.html|title=Address To The 81 Armoured Regiment During The 'Standard' Presentation, Jodhpur|date=|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/ritu-raj-pandey|title=Ritu Raj Pandey, SC|date=|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/sep01-15/h1.htm|title= Independence Day Gallantry Awards and Other Decorations|date=|access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref>

==Regimental insignia==
The regimental insignia consists of front face of a tank with numeral "81" inscribed on the tank’s hull, a scroll added at the base with the regimental motto inscribed in [[Devanagari]] script on it.

The motto of the regiment is शौर्यं तेजो युद्धे (Shaurya Tejo Yuddhe), which is coined from the [[Bhagavad Gita]] 18.43 and translates to ‘Heroism and boldness in battle’.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Army Armoured Corps |state=expanded}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1973]]
[[Category:Armoured and cavalry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

2026-01-13T00:40:22Z

JacksonCazaly4: created a info needs work

{{short description|Leader of Opposition of the Indian state of Rajasthan}}
{{one source|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| insignia = File:Emblem Rajasthan.png
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Rajasthan]]
| image =Tika Ram Jully.jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Tika Ram Jully]]
| incumbentsince = 19 January 2024
| appointer = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| appointer_qualified =
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| status = [[Leader of Opposition]]
| member_of = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| termlength = During the life of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
(5 years)
| inaugural =
| formation =
| abbreviatio
REPORTS TO =
| precursor =
| salary =
| website =
| body = Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| nominator = Members of the Official Opposition in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| department = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| deputy = [[Ramkesh Meena]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (29 July 2024-Incumbent)
}}

The '''leader of the opposition of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The position is currently held by Tika Ram Jully.

== Leaders of opposition ==

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!#
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Archives/Former.aspx |access-date= |website=assembly.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>
!Assembly
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|
|[[Jaswant Singh (Independent politician)|Jaswant Singh]]
|Bikaner Tehsil
|29 March 1952
|9 April 1956
|{{Ayd|29 march 1952|9 april 1956}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|-
|2
|[[File:Tan singh.jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Tan Singh]]
|[[Barmer Assembly constituency|Barmer]]
|3 December 1956
|31 March 1957
|{{Ayd|3 december 1956|31 march 1957}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|-
|3
|
|[[Narendra Singh]]
|[[Dudu Assembly constituency|Dudu]]
|24 April 1957
|1 March 1962
|{{Ayd|24 april 1957|1 march 1962}}
|[[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |4
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Laxman Singh]]
|[[Aspur Assembly constituency|Aspur]]
|13 March 1962
|28 February 1967
|{{Ayd|13 march 1962|28 february 1967}}
|[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Swatantra Party]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Dungarpur Assembly constituency|Dungarpur]]
|3 May 1967
|15 March 1972
|{{Ayd|3 may 1967|15 march 1972}}
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|4th]]
|-
|20 March 1972
|30 April 1977
|{{Ayd|20 march 1972|30 april 1977}}
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
|-
|5
|[[File:PRMaderna.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Parasram Maderna]]
|[[Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency|Bhopalgarh]]
|18 July 1977
|13 November 1978
|{{Ayd|18 july 1977|13 november 1978}}
| rowspan="4" |[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|6
|
|[[Ram Narayan Choudhary]]
|[[Mandawa Assembly constituency|Mandawa]]
|13 November 1978
|15 February 1979
|{{Ayd|13 november 1978|15 february 1979}}
|-
|(5)
|[[File:PRMaderna.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Parasram Maderna]]
|[[Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency|Bhopalgarh]]
|16 February 1979
|29 August 1979
|{{Ayd|16 february 1979|29 august 1979}}
|-
|(4)
|
|[[Laxman Singh]]
|[[Chittorgarh Assembly constituency|Chittorgarh]]
|24 September 1979
|11 October 1979
|{{Ayd|24 september 1979|11 october 1979}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
|15 July 1980
|9 March 1985
|{{Ayd|15 july 1980|9 march 1985}}
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|[[Amber Assembly constituency|Amber]]
|28 March 1985
|1 March 1990
|{{Ayd|28 march 1985|1 march 1990}}
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
|-
|8
|
|[[Hari Dev Joshi]]
|[[Banswara Assembly constituency|Banswara]]
|19 March 1990
|15 December 1992
|{{Ayd|19 march 1990|15 december 1992}}
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(5)
|[[File:PRMaderna.jpg|105x105px]]
|[[Parasram Maderna]]
|[[Bhopalgarh Assembly constituency|Bhopalgarh]]
|31 December 1993
|30 November 1998
|{{Ayd|31 december 1993|30 november 1998}}
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
|-
|(7)
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Bali Assembly constituency|Bali]]
|8 January 1999
|18 August 2002
|{{Ayd|8 january 1999|18 august 2002}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|9
|[[File:Gulab Chand Kataria Minister.jpg|85x85px]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|Badi Sadri
|24 August 2002
|4 December 2003
|{{Ayd|24 august 2002|4 december 2003}}
|-
|10
|[[File:Dr BD Kalla.jpg|91x91px]]
|[[Bulaki Das Kalla]]
|Bikaner
|16 January 2004
|26 January 2006
|{{Ayd|16 january 2004|26 january 2006}}
| rowspan="3" |[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(6)
|
|[[Ram Narayan Choudhary]]
|[[Mandawa Assembly constituency|Mandawa]]
|27 January 2006
|22 October 2007
|{{Ayd|27 january 2006|22 october 2007}}
|-
|11
|
|[[Hemaram Choudhary]]
|[[Gudha Malani Assembly constituency|Gudha Malani]]
|23 October 2007
|10 December 2008
|{{Ayd|22 october 2007|10 december 2008}}
|-
|12
|[[File:Rajasthan CM Vasundhara Raje.JPG|90x90px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|[[Jhalrapatan Assembly constituency|Jhalrapatan]]
|2 January 2009
|20 February 2013
|{{Ayd|2 january 2009|20 february 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|(9)
|[[File:Gulab Chand Kataria Minister.jpg|85x85px]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|[[Udaipur Assembly constituency|Udaipur]]
|21 February 2013
|9 December 2013
|{{Ayd|21 february 2013|9 december 2013}}
|-
|13
|
|[[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]]
|[[Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Nokha]]
|23 January 2014
|12 December 2018
|{{Ayd|23 january 2014|12 december 2018}}
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(9)
|[[File:Gulab Chand Kataria Minister.jpg|85x85px]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|[[Udaipur Assembly constituency|Udaipur]]
|17 January 2019
|16 February 2023
|{{Ayd|17 january 2019|16 february 2023}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|13
|[[File:Namankan sabha Taranagar 2023.jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]
|[[Churu Assembly constituency|Churu]]
|2 April 2023
|3 December 2023
|{{Ayd|2 april 2023|3 december 2023}}
|-
|14
|[[File:Tika Ram Jully.jpg |93x93px]]
|[[Tika Ram Jully]]
|[[Alwar Rural Assembly constituency|Alwar Rural]]
|19 January 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Ayd|19 January 2024|}}
| rowspan="1" |[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Rajasthan]]

Siksha 'O' Anusandhan

2026-01-07T03:35:31Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Short description|Deemed to be University at Odisha, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=August 2023}}
{{Primary sources|date=August 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University)
| native_name =
| other_names =
| image = Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan.png
| image_size = 170px
| motto = Strive {{!}} Observe {{!}} Adapt
| former_name = Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University
| established = 1996
| founder = Dr. Manojranjan Nayak
| chancellor = [[Amit Banerjee (academic)|Dr. Amit Banerjee]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Pradipta Kumar Nanda
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Deemed university]]
| students = 14,033<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2021 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2022/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0363.pdf |publisher=NIRF}}</ref>
| undergrad = 11,813<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 2,220<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 1,141<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| faculty = 1,081<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| administrative_staff =
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|20.2590372|N|85.79181|E|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN-OR|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|127|acre|km2}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Bar Council of India|BCI]]|[[Dental Council of India|DCI]]|[[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]|[[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]|[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]|[[Veterinary Council of India|VCI]]}}
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.soa.ac.in}}
}}

'''Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (SOA)''', formerly '''Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (SOA University)''' ({{Translation|'''Education and Research University (ERU)'''}}), is a [[Private university|private]] [[deemed university]] in [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University - SOA Bhubaneswar {{!}} ITER Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/soa-siksha-o-anusandhan-university-bhubaneswar|access-date=2021-04-13|website=CollegeDekho|language=en}}</ref> Many of the programs are nationally accredited, such as engineering, medicine, pharmacy, business, nursing, biotechnology, science, humanities, environment, nano technology, materials science, agriculture and law.

== History ==
SOA was founded as the Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER) in 1996 at [[Bhubaneswar]] and received [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] approval for [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]. SOA was affiliated with [[Utkal University]] from its inception. Between 2002 and 2007, SOA was affiliated with [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]] (BPUT).

Recognizing its contribution to technical and professional education, the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) declared Siksha 'O' Anusandhan a [[Deemed university|Deemed to be University]] in 2007 by the U/S 3 of the UGC Act, 1956. In 2007, the Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER), [[Bhubaneswar]] became a constituent institute of Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University. Institutes, schools, and departments of SOA are spread over {{convert|127|acre|km2}} of campuses in the city of [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-04 |title=Siksha 'O' Anusandhan |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/siksha-o-anusandhan |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=QS I-GAUGE - Siksha O Anusandhan |url=https://www.igauge.in/rating/siksha-o-anusandhan |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.igauge.in}}</ref>

==Academics==
Siksha 'O' Anusandhan has nine degree-granting schools and [[College|institutes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.research.soa.ac.in/ |title=Institutes (Colleges), Schools & Departments - SOA University - Academics |publisher=soa.ac.in|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> that offer [[Academic major|undergraduate]] programs in engineering, medicine, pharmacy, business, nursing, biotechnology, agriculture and law; [[Postgraduate education|graduate]] programs in engineering, medicine, pharmacy, business, nursing, biotechnology, science, humanities, environment, nano technology, materials science, agriculture and law;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soa.ac.in/|title=Undergraduate and Graduate Programs - SOA University|publisher=soa.ac.in|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> and [[doctorate|doctoral]] degrees in the above areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soa.ac.in/|title=PhD Program - SOA University|publisher=soa.ac.in|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

===Admissions===

Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Admission Test (SAAT), a national level entrance test, is conducted by the university every year to select bright students. The test is conducted for undergraduate and postgraduate programs offered through its constituent institutes and schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://admission.soa.ac.in|title= UG, PG and PhD Admissions - SOA Deemed to be University|publisher=admission.soa.ac.in|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The university grants scholarships to meritorious and disadvantaged students.

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| QS_A_2023 = 451-500
| THE_W_2023 = 1001–1200
| THES_A_2022 = 401–500
| THES_E_2022 = 501+
|NIRF_O_2024=24|NIRF_R_2024=50|NIRF_U_2024=14|NIRF_E_2024=26|NIRF_M_2024=21|NIRF_L_2024=9|NIRF_D_2024=9}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Siksha 'O' Anusandhan 24th overall in India, 14th among universities, 26th in the engineering, 62nd in the management, 21st in the medical ranking, 50th in the Research, 9th in Dental and 9th in the Law in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

===Science and research===

Research at Siksha 'O' Anusandhan is headed by a dean. As of 2023, more than 1000 research scholars were pursuing [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.s]] and 599 had been awarded doctorates. Siksha 'O' Anusandhan has sixteen research centres for basic and fundamental research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.research.soa.ac.in/centers|title= Research centres - SOA University|publisher=soa.ac.in|access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Research at SOA|url=https://www.research.soa.ac.in/|access-date=2023-03-22|website=SOA {{!}} SIKSHA 'O' ANUSANDHAN|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Constituent Units==
*Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS)
*Institute of Business and Computer Studies (IBCS)
*Institute of Dental Sciences (IDS)
*[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital|Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital]] (IMS & SUM Hospital)
*Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER)
*Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (IVS & AH)
*School of Hotel Management (SHM)
*SOA National Institute of Law (SNIL)
*School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (SPS)
*SUM Nursing Colleges (SNC)

=== Institute of Technical Education and Research ===
The Institute of Technical Education and Research (ITER) is the Faculty of Engineering and Technology of Siksha 'O' Anusandhan. It was established in 1996.<ref name=ITER>{{cite web|title=ITER|url=http://www.soa.ac.in/iter|publisher=Siksha 'O' Anusandhan|access-date=4 February 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref> Initially, it was affiliated to [[Utkal University]]{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} and from 2002 to 2007, to [[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2006|title=Proposal of University Grants|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/ecreportdu/soauniversity.pdf|website=University Grants Commission, India}}</ref> Since 2007, it has been a constituent institute of Siksha 'O' Anusandhan.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

ITER includes the following departments:
*Primary Departments
**Civil Engineering
**Computer Science and Engineering
**Computer Science and Information Technology
**Electrical Engineering
**Electrical and Electronics Engineering
**Electronics and Communication Engineering
**Mechanical Engineering
**Computer Applications
*Supporting Departments
**Chemistry
**Data Science
**Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
**Cyber Security
**Internet of Things
**Mathematics
**Physics
**Humanities and Social Sciences

==Campus and facilities==
The university is spread over {{convert|127|acre|km2}} in the [[List of temples in Bhubaneswar|temple city]] of [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha.

===Hostels===

The university provides hostel accommodation for boys and girls. SOA has 17 girls hostels and 22 boys hostels to accommodate 5,000 girls and 7,100 boys. The hostels have Wi-Fi and medical facilities. The university provides transportation facilities to almost all of [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soa.ac.in/|title= Student facilities - SOA University|publisher=soa.ac.in|access-date=29 April 2016}}</ref>

===Central Library===
The central library of the university provides international journals, books and dissertations in all branches of Engineering, Sciences, Medical Sciences, Dental Science, Nursing, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Economics, Humanities, Business Management, and Law.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The libraries participate in resource sharing networks and consortia such as UGC-INFLIBNET and MHRD-INDEST.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soauniversity.ac.in/home/centrallibrary/home|title= Central Library - SOA University|publisher=soauniversity.ac.in|access-date=29 April 2016}}</ref>

=== SOA-CII ===
The Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Centre for Innovation and Incubation (SOA-CII) is a non-profit startup incubator funded, mentored and nurtured by SOA. It operates as a scaled incubator program that nurtures and accelerates startups in their conceptual and development stages. The virtual incubatees can work from any corner of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CII {{!}} SOA Center for Innovation & Incubation {{!}} Bhubaneswar|url=https://www.soacii.in/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=SOA CII|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.soa.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Orissa]]

Evágrio Jorge

2026-01-03T21:31:45Z

JacksonCazaly4: Added Some Info Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and journalist (1925–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Evágrio Jorge
| image = Evágrio Jorge.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Jorge
| birth_name = Evágrio Fransisco Jorge
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|3|6|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1978|8|20|1925|3|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]], [[Salcete]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_place = [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| spouse = Margarida Jorge
| children = 2
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = Tamrapatra Award (1972)
}}
'''Evágrio Fransisco Jorge''' (6 March 1925 – 20 August 1978) was an Indian freedom fighter and journalist.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86">{{Cite book |last=Shirodkar |first=Pandurang Purushottam |author-link=Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISScyAEACAAJ |title=Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1986 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |volume=1 |pages=137–138}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Evágrio Fransisco Jorge was born on 6 March 1925 in [[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]], [[Salcete taluka|Salcete]], [[Portuguese Goa]], to Tito Manuel Jorge and Moi Sinha Rodrigues. He completed his 7th year of [[Lyceum]] education.<ref name="AmritMahotsav">{{Cite web |title=Evagrio Fransisco Jorge |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?11169 |access-date=10 Sep 2024 |website=Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav}}</ref>

== Goa liberation movement ==
When [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] visited Goa in June 1946, Jorge visited Lohia at the home of [[Julião Menezes]] and published the news of Lohia's arrival on the ''[[O Heraldo]]'' newspaper on 12 June. This triggered the civil disobedience movement that is today known as [[Goa Revolution Day]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961">{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |pages=17–21, 81 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Later, Jorge went to visit Lohia in [[Bombay]], accompanied by [[Purushottam Kakodkar]]. While there, they got to know that the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], was passing through the city. They thus met him and requested him for Goa's freedom. They then received encouragement from Nehru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mendes |first=Sushila Sawant |date=2006 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Liberation Struggle of Goa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147974 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=549–555 |jstor=44147974 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

In the 1940s, Jorge led a political party, ''Liga Regional'' (the Regional League).<ref name="MenezesSpices16">{{Cite journal |last=Menezes |first=Dale L. |title=Christians and Spices: A Critical Reflection on Indian Nationalist Discourses in Portuguese India |url=https://www.academia.edu/33361854 |journal=Práticas da História |year=2016 |number=3 |pages=29–50}}</ref> He was also one of founders of the National Congress (Goa) (NCG).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jorge |first=Evagrio |date=1983 |title=Preparations for Satyagraha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40872596 |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=255–257 |jstor=40872596 |issn=0091-5637}}</ref> He was elected as its Joint Secretary at the first meeting, held in [[Londa, Karnataka]] on 18 August 1946. On 7 November 1946, he was arrested after he offered ''[[satyagraha]]'' at Cuncolim. He was released after being imprisoned and tortured for 45 days. After his release, he was given the responsibility of the [[Belgaum]] and [[Khanapur]] ''satyagraha'' camps of the NCG.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

On 15 August 1947, he was arrested again to prevent him from organizing any protests on that day. His house was then raided and nationalist literature was seized. Following this, he was put on trial by the TMT for the publishing and distribution of anti-[[Portuguese government|Portuguese]] flyers and articles. He was then sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment, along with having his political rights suspended for 15 years.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

In June 1957, he was part of a delegation of 11 Goans chosen for consultation by Prime Minister Nehru. Others included [[Armando Menezes]] and his brother [[Nicolau Menezes]], along with Luis Gracias, [[J. N. Heredia]], [[Gerald Pereira]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Pundalik Gaitonde]], [[Rama Hegde]], [[Peter Alvares]] and [[Purushottam Kakodkar]].<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Delhi |title=Goan Nationals Allowed To Send Money Home |date=1957-06-11 |url=https://archive.org/details/goan-nationals-allowed-to-send-money-home |access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a writer and journalist, between 1942 and 1961, Jorge published about 16 flyers and books against the Portuguese government. In the 1940s, he worked for ''[[oHeraldo]]''.<ref name="FaleiroGoa1961" /> Following his release from jail in the early 1950s, Jorge moved to [[Bombay]] and began contributing to [[T. B. Cunha]]'s [[Konkani language|Konkani]] periodical, ''Azad Goem'' ({{Translation|''Free Goa''}}). In 1955, he joined the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) for Konkani and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. After resigning from AIR in 1970, he began editing and contributing to the Konkani daily newspaper, ''Uzvadd''.<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" /> He later founded the ''Novem Uzvadd''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11rRjnzhJQIC |title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press |date=2008 |publisher=Goa1556 |isbn=978-81-905682-0-3 |chapter=Goan journalism: Views from near and far |first=Eugene |last=Correia}}</ref>

== Death ==
Jorge was killed in a freak accident in [[Panaji]] on 20 August 1978 when a bus lost control and killed him and [[Mark Fernandes]]. Jorge was a member of the [[Congress (I)]] at the time of his death.<ref name="ToIDeath">{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Chinu |date=Sep 30, 1978 |title=Buses run amok in Goa, two prominent Goan leaders latest victims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780930-buses-run-amok-in-goa-two-prominent-goan-leaders-latest-victims-823041-2014-04-28 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jorge was married to Margarida and had two children, Subhas and Vijayalakshmi.<ref name="AmritMahotsav" />

== Views ==
In his 1942 pamphlet, ''A Reforma do Vestuário'', Jorge promoted ''[[khadi]]'' cloth. He lamented that both Hindus and Christians in Goa, under the Portuguese rule, wore "Western" clothes manufactured outside of India. He stated that the [[Catholic Church]] in Goa was used by the Portuguese to impose "Western (occidentals) dressing and customs". Urging Hindus to turn back to their culture, he said,<ref name="MenezesSpices16" />

{{Blockquote|To the Hindus of Goa who, perhaps carried by a supposed superiority [of the European], leave the ancestral habits of their land and adopt those of the foreigners, as there is no greater inferiority than to accept all that is imposed on us, without the slightest reflection and criticism! Also there is no reason to be ashamed of the dress and the traditions of the country, which are admired all over the world.}}

== Awards and accolades ==
In 1972, Jorge was awarded the Tamrapatra Award for freedom fighters by the [[Government of India]]. In 1984, he was posthumously honoured by the [[Government of Goa|Government of Goa, Daman and Diu]].<ref name="ShirodkarWho86" />

== Works ==

Some of Jorge's works include:<ref name="AmritMahotsav" />

* ''A Reform do Vestuario'' (1942)
* ''Uma decisso judicial'' (1943)
* ''Vestuario and Santos ou Arruaceiros'' (1944)
* ''Porque Ofereco Satyagraha'' (1946)
* ''Portugezanchem Raj Mhollear Goenkaranchem Nisantonn'' (1947)
* ''Goenchea Jivitacho Asro'' (1954)
* ''Salazar Ani Goem''
* ''Goenche Utthau Ani Bonddam'' (1956)
* ''Nehru Ani Goemand Lokmanya Tilak'' (1957)
* ''Katolk Igorz Goench Sodvonnechi Chollvoll'' (1957)
* ''Salazar’s rule in Portuguese and Goa Case'' (1959)
* ''The Goa Case'' (1961)
* ''Goemkarachem Desbhoxttepon'' (T B Cunha-chea pustoka onkar) (1961)
* ''Os Bhrahamanes'' (1969)
* ''Eka monxachem noxib'' (Solokov-achi novol kanni) (1968)
* ''Nillea Dollean-chi Ostori'' (1969)
* ''Karykha'' (Mikhali Alexeyev - chi novol kanni) (1974)
* ''Ojeapam''
* ''Vizmitam Nuvem Gavant'' (1974)
* ''Goa’s Awakening – Reminiscence of the 1946 Civil Disobedience Movement''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jorge, Evágrio}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Ajni (Nagpur)–Pune Vande Bharat Express

2025-12-23T07:33:47Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Longest Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Ajni (Nagpur) - Pune Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|10 August 2025|df=yes}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|11 August 2025}} (Commercial) '''''(TBC)'''''
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways (CR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ajni}} '''(AJNI)'''
| stops = 10
| end = {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}} '''(PUNE)'''
| distance = {{convert|882|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hrs 00 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|26102 - Except Mondays <nowiki>|</nowiki> 26101 - Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 26102 / 26101
| line_used = [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line|Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai (Ajni to Manmad)]],
Manmad-Daund branch line, [[Mumbai-Chennai line|Mumbai-Chennai line (Daund to Pune)]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|73|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Central Railway zone|Nagpur Jn (NGP)]]
| map = {{Ajni (Nagpur)–Pune VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 26102/26101 '''Ajni (Nagpur) - Pune ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 73rd and longest [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], which connects the Orange city of India, [[Nagpur]] with the cultural capital of Maharashtra, [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three New Vande Bharat Trains To Be Flagged Off On August 10; Check Route, Time & More |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/three-new-vande-bharat-trains-to-be-flagged-off-on-august-10-check-route-time-more-9490000.html |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Pune-Nagpur Vande Bharat Express: पुणे-नागपूर वंदे भारत एक्सप्रेस 10 ऑगस्टपासून धावणार, येथे पाहा थांबे आणि वेळापत्रक |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/maharashtra/pune-nagpur-vande-bharat-express-to-launch-on-august-10-see-stops-and-timetables-here-article-152422786 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Times Now Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Ajni–Pune Vande Bharat Express Set to Begin Operations - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2025/08/06/ajni-pune-vande-bharat-express-set-to-begin-operations/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on August 10, 2025, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title=PM Modi flags off 3 Vande Bharat trains in Bengaluru, interacts with children at KSR Railway Station {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pm-modi-flags-off-three-vande-bharat-trains-in-bengaluru-interacts-with-children-at-ksr-railway-station-watch-2025-08-10-1002868 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Bengaluru's Yellow Line Metro, Vande Bharat {{!}} CHECK Significance |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-bengaluru-s-yellow-line-metro-vande-bharat-check-significance-2944024.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> via [[Videotelephony|video-conferencing]] from [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Modi To Flag Off Three New Routes For Vande Bharat Trains In August |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/modi-to-flag-off-three-new-routes-for-vande-bharat-trains-in-august |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Ajni railway station|Ajni (Nagpur)]], [[Wardha Junction railway station|Wardha Jn]], [[Badnera Junction railway station|Badnera Jn]], [[Akola Junction railway station|Akola Jn]], [[Shegaon railway station|Shegaon]], [[Bhusaval Junction railway station|Bhusaval Jn]], [[Jalgaon Junction railway station|Jalgaon Jn]], [[Manmad Junction railway station|Manmad Jn]], [[Kopargaon railway station|Kopargaon]], [[Ahilyanagar railway station|Ahilyanagar]], [[Daund Chord Line railway station|Daund Chord Line]] and [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Jn]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 26102/26101 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=PM Modi to flag off Nagpur-Pune Vande Bharat Express on August 10 |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/pm-modi-to-flag-off-nagpur-pune-vande-bharat-express-on-august-10/08061229 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Nagpur Today : Nagpur News |language=en}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the sixty-eighth and the longest [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation '''Mini''' '''Vande Bharat Express train''']] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 26102/26101 Ajni (Nagpur) - Pune Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|882|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 12 hrs 00 mins with average speed of 73 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) is {{Convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
*[[Ajni railway station]]
*[[Pune Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]

Indian cricket team in England in 1982

2025-12-16T20:26:00Z

JacksonCazaly4: minor edit as per guidelines

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India in England in 1982
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 5 May
| to_date = 13 July 1982
| team1_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
| team2_captain = [[Bob Willis]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Kapil Dev]] (292)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Ian Botham]] (403)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Dilip Doshi]] (13)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Bob Willis]] (15)
| player_of_test_series = [[Kapil Dev]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 2
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kapil Dev]] (107)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Allan Lamb]] (134)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Madan Lal]] (3)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Ian Botham]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Allan Lamb]] (Eng) and [[Kapil Dev]] (Ind)
}}

The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured England from 5 May to 13 July 1982 for two [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) as part of the [[Prudential Trophy]], and a three-match [[Test cricket|Test series]].

[[England cricket team|England]] beat India in both the ODIs. [[Allan Lamb]], who made his ODI debut for England in the series, and scored 134 runs, was named the player of the series along with India's Kapil Dev, who scored 102 runs in the two games. In the Test series that followed, England beat India 1–0. Dev was named the player of the series, having scored 292 runs at an average of 73 and a wicket tally of 10. Also as a part of the tour, India played ten other [[First-class cricket|first-class]] games, winning one and drawing nine, and three [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs]] games, winning and losing one each.<ref>{{cite web|author=J.W.|title=The Indians in England, 1982|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152239.html|work=Wisden|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

==Tour matches==
===Limited overs match: Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk's XI vs Indians===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 May
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk's XI
| score1 = 201/5 (45 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 66[[Not out|*]]
| wickets1 = [[Robin Hobbs]] 2/47 (6 overs)
| score2 = 202/0 (44.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sadiq Mohammad]] 107*
| wickets2 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 0/21 (3 overs)
| result = Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk's XI won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/106/106055.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arundel Castle Cricket Ground]], [[Arundel]]
| umpires = [[Lloyd Budd]] (Eng) and [[John Langridge]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Toss not known
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Warwickshire v Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–11 May
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 243 (74.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gundappa Vishwanath]] 67
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anton Ferreira]] 3/67 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 447/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (151 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Anton Ferreira]] 112*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 2/86 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 351/5 (74 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 172
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gladstone Small]] 3/45 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42197.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[David Evans (umpire)|David Evans]] (Eng) and [[Barrie Meyer]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Warwickshire won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] reached 20,000 runs in first-class cricket.
}}

===Three-day match: Nottinghamshire vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–14 May
| team1 = [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 141 (51 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Derek Randall]] 29
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 5/39 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 259 (118.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Pranab Roy]] 51
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kevin Saxelby]] 4/47 (22.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 251/4d (94.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tim Robinson (English cricketer)|Tim Robinson]] 52
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 2/69 (31 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 97/6 (18.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 40 (29)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kevin Cooper (cricketer)|Kevin Cooper]] 3/38 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42214.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires = [[Dickie Bird]] (Eng) and [[Alan Whitehead (cricketer)|Alan Whitehead]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Yorkshire vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 15–18 May
| team1 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 376/5d (88.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ghulam Parkar]] 146
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nick Taylor (cricketer, born 1963)|Nick Taylor]] 2/76 (14.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 260/3d (84.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kevin Sharp (cricketer)|Kevin Sharp]] 115
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 2/85 (26.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 171/5d (53 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 30
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Peter Whiteley (cricketer, born 1955)|Peter Whiteley]] 2/59 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 35/0 (15 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kevin Sharp (cricketer)|Kevin Sharp]] 20*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Suru Nayak]] 0/4 (1 over)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42225.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Park Avenue (stadium)|Park Avenue]], [[Bradford]]
| umpires = [[David Constant]] (Eng) and [[Nigel Plews]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Marylebone Cricket Club vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–21 May
| team1 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 319/4d (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Derek Randall]] 130
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Madan Lal]] 3/63 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 180 (59.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 96
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Graham Dilley]] 5/69 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 126/2d (37 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chris Tavaré]] 75*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 1/41 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 143/4 (55 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ghulam Parkar]] 92
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Derek Pringle]] 1/5 (5 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42254.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[St John's Wood]]
| umpires = [[Don Oslear]] (Eng) and [[Alan Whitehead (cricketer)|Alan Whitehead]]
| motm =
| toss = Toss not known.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Kent vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 22–24 May
| team1 = [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 302/7d (86.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Laurie Potter]] 96
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Suru Nayak]] 2/40 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 282/3d (91 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ashok Malhotra]] 154*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Eldine Baptiste]] 3/78 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 248/4d (79 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Laurie Potter]] 118
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 2/64 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 68/3 (27 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Suru Nayak]] 37*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Chris Cowdrey]] 1/20 (9 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42268.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Lawrence Ground]], [[Canterbury]]
| umpires = [[Dickie Bird]] (Eng) and [[David Evans (umpire)|David Evans]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Toss not known
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Limited overs match: Ireland vs Indians===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 May
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 179/2 (43.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pranab Roy]] 84* (151)
| wickets1 = [[Ivan Anderson]] 1/43 (10 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/100/100653.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ormeau Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]]
| umpires = Maurice Moore (Ire) and Joe Vaughan (Ire)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland won the toss and decided to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = It was a 55-over-per-side match.
}}

===Limited overs match: Ireland vs Indians===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 May
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| score1 = 134/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Enda McDermott]] 50 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 4/11 (9 overs)
| score2 = 137/5 (41.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 43 (87)
| wickets2 = [[Alan Hughes (cricketer)|Alan Hughes]] 2/16 (6 overs)
| result = Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/141/141233.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ormeau Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]]
| umpires = George Archer (Ire) and Peter Reith (ire)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and decided to field
| round =
| rain =
| notes = It was a 55-over-per-side match, but was reduced to 50 overs per side.
}}

===Three-day match: Hampshire vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 29–31 May
| team1 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 336/6d (98 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Trevor Jesty]] 164*
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 3/86 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 277/6d (86.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gundappa Vishwanath]] 100
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[John Southern (cricketer, born 1952)|John Southern]] 3/83 (23.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 236/2d (64 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Gordon Greenidge]] 156
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 1/39 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 298/7 (60.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 86
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tim Tremlett]] 2/30 (5 overs)

| result = Indians won by three wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42317.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Ground, Southampton|County Ground]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Barrie Meyer]] (Eng) and [[Peter Wight (cricketer)|Peter Wight]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Hampshire won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Northamptonshire vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 5–7 June
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 203/5d (55 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gundappa Vishwanath]] 106*
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sarfraz Nawaz]] 2/21 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 204 (75.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Robert Carter (cricketer, born 1960)|Robert Carter]] 79
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Suru Nayak]] 5/54 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 197/4 (59 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Suru Nayak]] 67*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Richard Williams (cricketer, born 1957)|Richard Williams]] 2/50 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42350.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|County Cricket Ground]], [[Northampton]]
| umpires = [[Ken Palmer]] (Eng) and [[Terry Spencer]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Toss not known.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Two-day match: Oxford and Cambridge Universities vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–18 June
| team1 = [[Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricket team|Oxford and Cambridge Universities]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 288/7d (83 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Richard Ellis (English cricketer)|Richard Ellis]] 90
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 5/107 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 354/6d (84.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 120
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Robin Boyd-Moss]] 3/58 (11.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 234/7d (56.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kevin Hayes (cricketer)|Kevin Hayes]] 62
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 3/43 (13.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 51/1 (13 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Yashpal Sharma]] 24*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Derek Pringle]] 1/16 (4 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42415.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Fenner's]], [[Cambridge]]
| umpires = [[Ray Julian]] (Eng) and [[Don Oslear]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Three-day match: Gloucestershire vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–21 June
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 245/5d (106.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Madan Lal]] 51*
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[David Graveney]] 1/15 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 200/6d (64.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]] 73
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 2/23 (10.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 200/4d (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 58*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[David Graveney]] 2/42 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 39/4 (14 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sadiq Mohammad]] 15*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 4/28 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42425.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bristol County Ground|Phoenix County Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| umpires = [[Bill Alley]] (Aus) and [[Jack Birkenshaw]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Gloucestershire won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Edward Cunningham (cricketer)|Edward Cunningham]] (Eng) made his debut in first-class matches.
}}

===Three-day match: Essex vs Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–5 July
| team1 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 336 (112 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Brian Hardie]] 161
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 3/77 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 258/7d (85 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ashok Malhotra]] 85
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Derek Pringle]] 5/59 (19 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 175/4d (62.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Keith Pont]] 58*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shivlal Yadav]] 1/19 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 171/5 (45 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 74
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ray East]] 4/49 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/42/42541.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Cricket Ground]], [[Chelmsford]]
| umpires = [[Jack van Geloven]] (Eng) and [[Peter Wight (cricketer)|Peter Wight]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Essex won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Prudential Trophy==
The 1982 edition of the [[Prudential Trophy]] was a [[One Day International]] (ODI) cricket tournament held in England. In the two ODIs between England and India, the former won both the games.

===First match===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 June
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 193 (55 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 60 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Ian Botham]] 4/56 (11 overs)
| score2 = 194/1 (50.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Barry Wood (cricketer)|Barry Wood]] 78* (137)
| wickets2 = [[Madan Lal]] 1/21 (9 overs)
| result = England won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64972.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] Attendance: 10,000
| umpires = [[David Constant]] (Eng) and [[Don Oslear]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Barry Wood (cricketer)|Barry Wood]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and decided to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Allan Lamb]] (Eng) and [[Ghulam Parkar]] (Ind) made their ODI debuts.
}}

===Second match===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 June
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 276/9 (55 overs)
| runs1 = [[Allan Lamb]] 99 (109)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 2/37 (11 overs)
| score2 = 162/8 (55 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 47 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Geoff Miller]] 3/27 (11 overs)
| result = England won by 114 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64973.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]] Attendance: 10,208
| umpires = [[David Evans (umpire)|David Evans]] (Eng) and [[Barrie Meyer]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Allan Lamb]]
| toss = India won the toss and decided to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series summary==

===First Test===
{{Test match
| date =10–15 June
| team1 ={{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =433 (148.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Derek Randall]] 126 (290)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 5/125 (43 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =128 (50.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Sunil Gavaskar]] 48 (133)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Ian Botham]] 5/46 (19.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =369 (111.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 157 (264)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Bob Willis]] 6/101 (28 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =67/3 (19 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Allan Lamb]] 37 (53)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Kapil Dev]] 3/43 (10 overs)

| result =England won by 7 wickets
| venue =[[Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[St John's Wood]]
| umpires =[[David Evans (umpire)|David Evans]] (Eng) and [[Barrie Meyer]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17002/scorecard/63314 Scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat
| motm =[[Kapil Dev]] (Ind)
| rain =
| notes = [[Allan Lamb]] and [[Derek Pringle]] (both Eng), and [[Ghulam Parkar]] (Ind) made their Test debuts.
}}

===Second Test===
{{Test match
| date =24–28 June 1982
| team1 ={{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =425 (153.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Ian Botham]] 128 (169)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Dilip Doshi]] 6/102 (47.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =379/8 (104 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Sandeep Patil]] 129* (196)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Phil Edmonds]] 3/94 (37 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires =[[Dickie Bird]] (Eng) and [[Barrie Meyer]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17002/scorecard/63315 Scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat
| motm =[[Sandeep Patil]] (Ind)
| rain =
| notes=[[Suru Nayak]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
}}

===Third Test===
{{Test match
| date =8–13 July 1982
| team1 ={{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 ={{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 =594 (173.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 =[[Ian Botham]] 208 (226)
| wickets-team1-inns1 =[[Dilip Doshi]] 4/175 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =410 (129.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 =[[Kapil Dev]] 97 (93)
| wickets-team2-inns1 =[[Bob Willis]] 3/78 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =191/3d (70.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 =[[Chris Tavaré]] 75 (208)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =[[Suru Nayak]] 1/16 (5.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =111/3 (36 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 =[[Gundappa Viswanath]] 75* (116)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Derek Pringle]] 2/32 (11 overs)

| result =Match drawn
| venue =[[Kennington Oval]], [[Kennington]]
| umpires =[[Dickie Bird]] (Eng) and [[Alan Whitehead (cricketer)|Alan Whitehead]] (Eng)
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17002/scorecard/63316 Scorecard]
| toss =England won the toss and decided to bat.
| rain =
| motm = [[Ian Botham]] (Eng)
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1982.html CricketArchive – tour itineraries]

==Annual reviews==
* [[Playfair Cricket Annual]] 1983
* [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] 1983

==Further reading==
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001

{{1982 English cricket season}}
{{International cricket tours of England}}

[[Category:1982 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1982 in English cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England|1982]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1980–81 to 1985]]

Speaking Archaeologically

2025-12-16T16:40:45Z

JacksonCazaly4: Started Initial Details Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian archaeological education group}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = Official Logo of SA.jpg
| services = Archaeological training Educational workshops Educational seminars Conferences Cultural activities
| key_people = Lyn Pease Max Zeronian Dalley Catherine Holtham-Oakley Molly Lockeyear
| name = Speaking Archaeologically
| founded = June 1, 2015
| founder = Shriya Gautam
| fields = Archaeology
}}

'''Speaking Archaeologically''' is an [[archaeological]] education group, based in India. Founded by Shriya Gautam{{emdash}}alongside colleagues Lyn Pease, Catherine Holtham-Oakley, Max Zeronian-Dalley and Molly Lockeyear{{endash}}in June 2015, it focuses on the documentation of neglected and forgotten archaeological sites, object analysis, and [[rescue archaeology]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Speaking Archaeologically: The Official Website|url=https://speakingarchaeologically.com/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== History ==

Gautam founded Speaking Archaeologically in June 2015, after having received an email from a student of [[Chandigarh#Education|MCM DAV College, Chandigarh]]: "[the student] wanted to be an archaeologist and asked me to guide her. That rang a bell and I realised I don’t want more people to be led in the dark for a profession that they want to pursue."<ref name="ie">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/heritage-has-no-religion-it-belongs-to-each-one-of-us-says-shriya-gautam-5078488/|title=Heritage has no religion, it belongs to each one of us, says Shriya Gautam|last=Mukherjee|first=Oindrila|date=26 February 2018|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Speaking Archaeologically started out as a Facebook Page, and featured photographs and [[blog post]]s about neglected sites and privately owned archaeologically significant objects.<ref name="tribune">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/it%E2%80%99s-an-art-586831|title=It's an art...|last=Kaur|first=Amarjyot|date=10 May 2018|work=The Tribune|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> It then branched out into facilitating archaeological research, especially with respect to sites and objects which have not been previously documented or adequately researched about.<ref name="ie"/> Currently, it is involved with documenting, recording and publishing the research undertaken by its students and research interns on a pan-India basis, which is made public through its various interfaces including its eponymous Research Journal and YouTube Channel.

== Volunteering and public involvement ==

=== Citizen Archaeology ===
The group launched its first public involvement drive shortly after its foundation, aiming to engage the general public to "narrate the story past has to tell us." Dubbed Citizen Archaeology, it was launched on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] simultaneously, directed at both academics as well as amateurs with an interest in history. Subsequently, the group expanded to Instagram and Pinterest with the aim of involving more photographers and popularising its own site covers as well as creating awareness.<ref name="ie"/>

In June 2016, Citizen Archaeology evolved into a membership option for students and travel bloggers, who wished to publish their photographs with the group and host their travelogues on the group's [http://speakingarchaeologically.blogspot.in/ blog]. In 2017, a vlogging or video blogging option was extended to the members, with the aim of hosting it on the Speaking Archaeologically YouTube channel.

'''<big>Research Wing</big>'''

The Research Wing functions under the organization since it was founded in 2015. It aims to train students in research writing and the basics of research techniques in archaeology, museology and archaeological methods. It is directed at academics with an interest in history and archaeology.

The Research Wing has a membership option for students after attempting an entrance test. The Wing conducts special lectures, workshops and seminars for the students as a part of the course. It welcomed its first set of members in 2015 and in the subsequent years students are accepted into the wing annually. Members carry out research on a wide range topics every month. Papers written by the interns at the Research Wing are also published in the Speaking Archaeologically Journal and have been presented at various national and international conferences.

'''<big>Art Wing</big>'''

The Art Wing was started in 2019, with students both from the Research Wing and outside. It comprises students skilled in making archaeological drawings and illustrations. Skhédios 2019, was an art-based Archaeological Illustration Workshop-cum-Competition, where fine arts students were taught the techniques of Archaeological Illustrations for Sculptures.

'''<big>Workshop Wing</big>'''

Workshops, seminars and lectures are organised by the group where members get to interact with professionals from different fields of history and archaeology. The wing was started in 2016, where members were recruited in the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh.

=== Introductory seminars and workshops ===
In October 2015, the first Introductory Seminar to Speaking Archaeologically was held in MCM DAV College for Women, [[Chandigarh]] followed by a similar event in [[DAV College, Chandigarh]], where the aims and objectives of the group were highlighted in front of the staff and students, so that more people could participate. A third Introductory Seminar was held in December 2015, in Army Public School at [[Firozpur district|Ferozepur]], Punjab, to emphasize the importance of archaeology among young students.

Speaking Archaeologically also organised two workshops in 2015: one focusing on the object analysis of [[Coins of British India|British Indian Coinage]] and Coinage of Indian Princely States.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/chandigarh/workshop-on-coinage-of-pre-independence-india/1663814010532813|title=Workshop on Coinage of Pre-Independence India|website=allevents.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> and another on [[Indian painting|Medivial Indian miniature paintings]].

In January 2016, a Workshop on using [[Philately]] as a Source of Historic Information was held in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/chandigarh/workshop-on-philately-and-the-past/1742820849294501|title=Workshop on Philately and the Past|website=allevents.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> In March 2016, MCM DAV College for Women invited Speaking Archaeologically to host a Workshop on the Ethnoarchaeological History of Silk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pumirror.com/journey-of-silk-explored-by-speaking-archaeologically/|title=Journey of Silk explored by Speaking Archaeologically|website=pumirror.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> These were followed by a workshop on Medieval Indian Coinage Handling and Studying African Woodwork with respect to the [[Beembe tribe (Kongo)|Bembe tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/chandigarh/workshop-ii-on-numismatics/321837568160933|title=Workshop II on Numismatics|website=allevents.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref>

=== Membership ===
In November 2015, Speaking Archaeologically first welcomed Volunteers for its Research Wing from schools and colleges across North India. These were honorary members, who were taught the basics of research techniques in [[archaeology]], [[museology]], and archaeological planning. In June 2016, a Member Recruitment Drive was held in [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh|Government Museum & Art Gallery, Chandigarh]], where new volunteers were recruited for the Research Wing, Citizen Archaeology, and for Workshop attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/chandigarh/sa-volunteer-orientation/1048725678568685|title=SA Volunteer Orientation|website=allevents.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> As of 2022, 20 Research Wing Members carry out research on a variety of topics every month.

=== Heritage Walks ===
Since 2022, Speaking Archaeologically has been hosting free, open-for-all walks at heritage monuments in various cities of the country. The initiative began with an aim to spark dialogue about conservation and protection of local heritage among people from different fields. The effort was to not only create awareness, but to also bring positive change in the conservation of heritage. So far, walks have been conducted at various sites in Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, and Chandigarh.

== Seminars and lectures ==

The first Speaking Archaeologically seminar was held in the Government Museum & Art Gallery, Chandigarh, in November 2015 which dealt with [[Palaeoarchaeology|Palaeolithic Archaeology]] and [[Human evolution|Human Evolution]]. An on-site lecture on [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatna Temples]] was held in [[Bhima Devi Temple Site Museum|Bhima Devi Temple Complex in Pinjore]] in February 2016, which dealt with Temple archaeology, architectural styles and site documenting and mapping. In July 2016, an object study session was held in the [http://www.himachalstatemuseum.in/ Himachal State Museum, Shimla] which was followed by a series of Sculpture sessions held for all Volunteers in the three states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, between December 2016 and January 2017.

In October 2016, a live session was held in real time by Max Zeronian Dalley on [[List of Crusader castles|Crusader Castles]] and their associated archaeology.

In March 2017, Speaking Archaeologically documented sites and participated in live object analysis sessions from various archaeological places in [[England]], especially [[Calleva Atrebatum]] in [[Silchester]], the [[Old Winchester Hill]], [[Wolvercote]] and [[Avebury stone circle|Avebury Stone Circle]]. The Members also got to interact with various archaeologists from [[Butser Ancient Farm]], [[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Kent]] through real-time Q&A sessions.

In June 2017, the Research Wing members undertook a three-day archaeological expedition to Kasauli Hills for the purpose of observing old architectural techniques and understanding the hazards development poses on archaeological sites.

=== Publications ===
As of 2022, Speaking Archaeologically has been publishing eponymous journals containing papers written by research interns and members of the Research Wing as well as outside contributors, with the aim of producing high-quality archaeological research at par with International Standards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Publications of Speaking Archaeologically|url=https://speakingarchaeologically.com/publications/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The first volume of the Speaking Archaeologically Journal features varied review papers authored by interns from seasons one and two. Volume II covered two ambitious projects taken up by the group in different parts of the country- the Baolis of Delhi and the Stupas of east and west Punjab. Each paper was a result of extensive research and underwent thorough scrutiny. The third volume covered the organisation’s biggest and most extensive archaeological study at the Bhima Devi Temple, Pinjore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bhima Devi Project|url=https://speakingarchaeologically.com/the-bhima-devi-temple-project/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> It contains a collection of studies based on the site, exploring various aspects of the temple’s history and material culture. The latest publication, Volume IV, highlighted the issues faces by archaeological sites in different parts of the country, and discussed key aspects of the field of heritage management. Volume V, scheduled to be released in 2022, will touch upon contemporary techniques of conservation using policies like Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and explore new avenues of public and digital archaeology.

Various research projects by the Research Wing and the Panel of Speaking Archaeologically have been both published and presented in national and international conferences. In 2021, six students of the Research Wing, including two interns, presented their research work undertaken at Speaking Archaeologically at the Cambridge Annual Student Archaeology Conference.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cambridge Annual Student Archaeology Conference 2020-21 programme|url=https://casa2752.wixsite.com/casa/conference-program|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

===IGTV Sessions===
Members of the Research Wing have been hosting live sessions on Instagram since 2021. These sessions are conducted in accordance with the topic of the research that is issued and give in-depth reviews and insight into the subject matter in question.

== Projects ==
In June 2016, an Art Revival Workshop was hosted by Speaking Archaeologically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pumirror.com/renaissance-of-the-indo-saracenic-art/|title=Renaissance of the Indo-Saracenic Art|website=PU Mirror|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> The workshop was organized with the motive of spreading inspiration for restoration of Raja Dhaulpur House in Kandaghat, erstwhile Kohsitan of Patiala which is now the Government Degree College, Kandaghat, [[Solan district|Solan District]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Official Speaking Archaeologically Website: Projects|url=https://speakingarchaeologically.com/art-revival-at-maharaja-dhaulpur-residence-kandaghat%e2%80%8b/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> The College Management Team and Speaking Archaeologically jointly held an art competition in order to form a team of mural restorers for the purpose.

===Baolis of Delhi Project===
[[File:Baolis of Delhi Project.jpg|thumb|Baolis of Delhi project undertaken by Speaking Archaeologically members]]
The Baolis of Delhi Project was an exclusive research and video documentation project conducted by the Delhi Chapter of the Speaking Archaeologically Research Wing under the direction of Simran Kaur Saini, co-directed by Medha Sharma. The project documented all the Medieval Stepwells in the Delhi-Gurugram region and evaluated their conditions, the scope for [[adaptive reuse]], and the conservation of these structures.<ref name="Integration of Medieval Baolis into Cultural Economy: A Case Study of Delhi">{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/44266285 | title=Integration of Medieval Baolis into Cultural Economy: A Case Study of Delhi | journal=Speaking Archaeologically | date=January 2019 | last1=Saini | first1=Simran K. }}</ref> The results were published in the Speaking Archaeologically Journal Volume II and documentation was simultaneously released in the form of short documentaries on the organization's YouTube Channel<ref name="Speaking Archaeologically Baolis of Delhi Ep.01: Gandhak ki Baoli, Mehrauli">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYqBVFDo0h0 | title=Speaking Archaeologically Baolis of Delhi Ep.01: Gandhak ki Baoli, Mehrauli | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

===Bhima Devi Project===
The Bhima Devi Project is one of the most ambitious Archaeological Research Projects of the Speaking Archaeologically Research Wing. It was carried out for over 3 years, from 2017 to 2020, with a preliminary site survey beginning as early as 2015. At the helm of the Project was Shriya Gautam herself and it was co-directed by Divyansh Thakur. The results of the fieldwork were published in the Speaking Archaeologically Research Journal Volume III.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/45679374 | title=Development of Shaiva Sculptures from the Earliest Times to Bhima Devi Temple | journal=Speaking Archaeologically |issue=1 |pages=64–89 | last1=Gautam | first1=Shriya | volume=3 }}</ref>

===Stupas of East and West Punjab===
The Stupas of East and West Punjab was the first International Documentation done by Speaking Archaeologically in August 2018, in association with scholars from the Qaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. As a part of this project, eight stupas spread across East and West Punjab were documented and studied by the Research Wing Members and the results were published in the Speaking Archaeologically Journal Volume II.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/resource/work/44557378 | title=State of conservation and scope of archaeotourism and development of ancient Buddhist sites of Punjab | journal=Speaking Archaeologically | date=January 2019 | last1=Gohar | first1=Sirat }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
[[Category:Archaeological organisations based in India]]

Kodumudi

2025-12-08T14:12:54Z

JacksonCazaly4: brief rework intro for clarity further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodumudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk headquarters
| image_skyline = Kodumudi (11).jpg
| image_alt = [[Kodumudi Magudeswarar temple]]
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Kodumudi, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.078800|N|77.886700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 155
| population_total = 12,669
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638151
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04204
| registration_plate = TN 33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kodumudi''' is a panchayat town and taluk headquarters of Kodumudi taluk in [[Erode district]] at state of Tamil Nadu, India. Kodumudi has an average elevation of 144 metres (472 feet). Also Kodumudi is a tourism spot. The holy Kaveri river and Magudeswarar temple in Kodumudi attracts thousands of pilgrims daily across South India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ttdc-presence-needed-in-erode-to-popularise-scenic-spots/article7160823.ece|title=TTDC presence needed in Erode to popularise scenic spots}}</ref>.

== Demographics ==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kodumudi had a population of 12,669. Males constituted 50% of the population, and females 50%. Kodumudi has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 62%. In Kodumudi, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Economy==
The economy is predominantly based on agriculture and tourism. Agriculture with turmeric and sugarcane being the main crops. There are large number of ricemills in and around Kodumudi and TNPL paper mills ,coir mills is near Kodumudi

==Culture ==
[[Magudeswarar Temple, Kodumudi]], Veera Narayana Perumal and Brama Deva Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, and Lord Brahma respectively. Various festivals are celebrated in the temples beginning with the Tamil New Year. During this ten days of ceremony, the festive deities Siva and Vishnu will be taken out on different types of Vahanas for darsan. Mahasivarathri is a grand saivaite festival.

The 18th day of Tamil month "Aadi", the deities will be taken to the river bank, bathed and are decorated with sandalwood powder. The Moola Nakshathra day of Tamil Month "Aavani" is celebrated as Pittu Thiruvizha and the Rohini Nakshathra day of the same month is the birthday of Lord [[Krishna]].

Muthu mari amman temple Festival is the famous function celebrated every year in the month of April–May. It's located in south pudhu palayam 2 km west from kodumudi. Annabishekam (abishekam with cooked rice) is performed to the deities on the Aswini nakshathra of "Aipasi" month and the six day Sasti festival is celebrated culminating with the marriage ceremony of Lord [[Muruga]] with [[Deivanai]]. The Krithika Nakshathra day of "Karthigai" is celebrated as "Karthikai Deepam" (day of light). The last Monday of this month is the day for the "108 Sankabishekam" (conches filled with Kaveri water).

The Thiruvathirai Nakshatra day of "Margazhi" is the day for Lord Nataraja. A procession for the festive deities is taken out for the public dharshan. The "Ekadhasi" is the day of entering in the gateway to reach "Vaikuntham". Pushpa Nakshathra of "Thai" month is the day of "Theerthavizha".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kodumudimagudeswarar.org/festival.html|title=Kodumudi Magudeswarar, festivals}}</ref>

==Transport==
Kodumudi lies on the highway connecting [[Erode]] and [[Karur]]. Both train and bus facilities are available to reach Kodumudi.Kodumudi is also connected near by towns of [[kangeyam]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Tiruppur]] with buses. Nearest Airport is Coimbatore 105 km, Salem 112 km & Tiruchirappalli
118 km away by road. Kodumudi is well connected to major cities across Tamil Nadu through railways.
<gallery>
File:Kodumudi SivanKovil.JPG|Mahudeswarar Temple
File:Kodumudi Temple Elephant.JPG|Mahudeswarar Temple elephant
File:The Temple Elephant walks back to the temple after his shower and decoration..JPG|Mahudeswarar Temple elephant
</gallery>

== Notable personalities ==
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]], a renowned stage artist, singer and actress. First Tamil movie actor earned a six figure salary(100,000).
* K.M. Marimuthu, former vice chancellor, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, first Indian to work for NASA
* K.S. Rajalingam, an awardee of "National award for Teachers" given by the President [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] in 1965 for initiating and establishing "Aramba Kalvi "in Kodumudi.
*Happy Narayanan, a renowned Freedom Fighter who had once been a cellmate with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Erode district]]

John Fendall

2025-12-06T11:02:11Z

JacksonCazaly4: Adding the bio from scratch.

{{Short description|British colonial official (1762–1825)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| image = John Fendall.jpg
| caption = John Fendall, {{circa|1812–1820}}
| office = [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies|British Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies]]
| term_start = 12 March 1816
| term_end = 19 August 1816
| appointer = [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Marquess of Hastings]]
| monarch = [[George III]]
| predecessor = [[Stamford Raffles|Thomas Stamford Raffles]]
| successor = {{ubl|''Position abolished''|([[Godert van der Capellen]], [[Cornelis Theodorus Elout]], [[Arnold Adriaan Buyskes]] as [[Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies|Commissioners-General]])}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1762|10|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1825|11|10|1762|10|09|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
| resting_place = [[South Park Street Cemetery]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Mary Farquharson|1790|1818|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Harriet Halcott|1820}}}}
| children = 8 children
}}

'''John Fendall''' (9 October 1762 – 10 November 1825) was a colonial official in the British [[East India Company]], a member of the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]], and the last British governor of [[Java]].

==Early life and service in East India Company==
[[File:John Fendall Jr..jpg|thumb|An illustration of Fendall]]
Fendall was born on 9 October 1762 in [[St Andrew Holborn (parish)|St Andrew Holborn]], London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Donald Maclaine|url=https://archive.org/details/javapastpresentd01camp/page/402/mode/2up|title=Java: Past & Present|publisher=William Heinemann|year=1915|isbn=|volume=I|location=London|pages=402–407}}</ref> He began service in the [[East India Company]] in 1778 at the age of 16, before becoming First Assistant to the Collector of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], [[Sir John D'Oyly, 6th Baronet|Sir John D’Oyly]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Galloway |first=Francesca |url=https://francescagalloway.com/usr/documents/exhibitions/list_of_works_url/31/the-louisa-parlby-album.pdf |title=The Louisa Parlby Album Watercolours from Murshidabad 1795–1803 |publisher=Francesca Galloway |year=2017 |isbn=9780956914767 |page=22}}</ref> In 1788 he became Acting Magistrate of Murshidabad, and in 1790, Acting Collector for the East India Company in the Murshidabad district.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmaZxgEACAAJ |title=Bengal District Records |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |year=1914 |pages=164, 201}}</ref>

In 1790 he had become Collector of [[Midnapore|Midnapur]] and had attained the status of Senior Merchant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Chandrima S. |date=10 November 2023 |title=Yesterdate: This day from Kolkata's past, November 10, 1825 |work=Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/my-kolkata/news/yesterdate-this-day-from-kolkatas-past-november-10-1825/cid/1978881 |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> He returned to London in 1809 for the first time in 31 years. The voyage at that time took 5 ½ months to complete.

==Governor of Java==
Fendall returned to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1815 and was informed he had been appointed [[List of Governors of the Dutch East Indies|Lieutenant-Governor of Java]], an island the British acquired following the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|Invasion of Java]] in 1811. On 12 March 1816<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-97zaRMazHoC&pg=PP1 |title=Proclamations, Regulations, Advertisements, and Orders, Printed and Published in the Island of Java: From 9th October 1815 to 19th August 1816. |publisher=Hubbard |year=1816 |pages=16–17}}</ref> by the last advice from [[Jakarta|Batavia]], John relieved a sickly Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] as Lieutenant-Governor of [[Java]], an island which is now a part of the Republic of [[Indonesia]]. Upon his arrival, Fendall was faced with significant administrative arrears and a treasury that was almost depleted, challenges he began to address immediately.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hannigan |first=Tim |title=Raffles and the British invasion of Java |publisher=Monsoon Books Pte Ltd |year=2012 |isbn=978-981-4358-85-9 |edition=4th |location=Singapore |page=229}}</ref> Fendall ensured that the ailing Raffles continued to receive the courtesies due to the position of Lieutenant-Governor.<ref name=":2" /> [[Thomas Otho Travers]], an aide-de-camp to Raffles, noted Fendall’s character, describing him as having ‘a mild, placid temper’.<ref name=":2" />

===Sovereignty dispute over Banjarmasin===
In the process of transferring Java back to Dutch control, Fendall faced diplomatic challenges, notably regarding the status of [[Banjarmasin]] in [[Borneo]]. Fendall encountered a paradoxical situation with conflicting stipulations of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] and a separate 1812 treaty between the East India Company and the Sultan of Banjarmasin. The 1814 treaty mandated the transfer of Banjarmasin to Dutch control, while the 1812 treaty explicitly forbade its transfer to any other European power.<ref name=":3" />

Faced with the limitations of slow communication and the absence of situation-specific guidance from the British government,<ref name=":3" /> Fendall endeavoured to buy time. He aimed to convince the Dutch that their claim to Banjarmasin was baseless, asserting the territory had been deserted by the Dutch, and was therefore exempt from the terms of the 1814 treaty.<ref name=":3" />

Fendall leveraged historical records from Java, showing [[Herman Willem Daendels|Marshal Herman Willem Daendels’]] complete withdrawal from southern Borneo in 1809 and his relinquishment of Dutch claims there. He identified that Banjarmasin was not included among the territories ceded to the British in 1811 by [[Jan Willem Janssens|General Jan Willem Janssens]], but was instead acquired following the Dutch desertion. While the Dutch dismissed these points, arguing Daendels’ withdrawal was a military act without governmental authority, Fendall asserted that any overreach by Daendels was a matter for the Dutch government, not the British. This stance, asserting the finality of Daendels’ actions and their recognition by the Sultan of Banjarmasin, significantly weakened the Dutch negotiating position. Consequently, the Dutch Commissioners-General abandoned this argument, yet they persisted in their demand that Banjarmasin was returned to them without delay, in accordance with the 1814 treaty. This unwavering stance from both sides led to an impasse.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Brill |first=Irwin |date=1955 |title=The Restoration of Dutch Rule |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4tq.8 |journal=Nineteenth-Century Borneo: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry |volume=15 |page=44 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctvbnm4tq.8 }}</ref>

The British proceeded to restore sovereignty of the territory to the Sultan in November 1816.<ref name=":3" /> In January 1817, the Sultan signed a separate contract with the Netherlands, affording the Dutch sovereignty over Banjarmasin.<ref name=":3" />

===Cessation of British rule in Java===
In 1816, the Dutch sent a fleet to reclaim possession of [[Java]]. However, Fendall had not received orders from the Governor-General, and therefore, stoutly refused to give up possession, and the Dutch had to wait until the orders came. On 19 August, of the same year, the Dutch resumed possession, thus making Fendall the last British Lieutenant-Governor of the island. Fendall left [[Java]] in June 1818, on the ship ''Caesar,'' with the Dutch according him all honours on departure.<ref name=":0" />

==Later career, dispute, and Supreme Council appointment==
Fendall returned to Calcutta in 1818 and took his seat on the Bench of the [[Sadr Diwani Adalat]] (the predecessor of the High Court), becoming Chief Judge in 1819.<ref name=":1" /> An area nearby this courthouse (adaulat) was later named Findalbagh, derivative from Fendall.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=O’Malley |first=L.S.S |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105561/page/n7/mode/1up |title=Bengal District Gazetteers, Murshidabad |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Depot |year=1914 |page=218}}</ref>

===Dispute with Colonel Yule===
During his tenure in Java, Fendall appears to have disapproved a financial claim made by a certain Colonel Yule. As a result, Yule followed him to Calcutta and demanded that he should alter his decision. After Fendall refused, Yule responded by brushing the papers against his face in a confrontational manner, suggesting Fendall take it as a personal insult. This, Fendall was quite ready to do and sent for a friend, named Assey, to take a challenge to the Colonel. Assey refused to have anything to do with a challenge, in spite of Fendall’s protests, and took the matter to various members of Council. The Council agreed that Fendall could not be called on to defend an official act in such a way and that Yule’s conduct was highly insubordinate. As the Governor-General agreed with them, Fendall was forbidden to fight and his opponent apologised to escape being tried by [[court martial]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fendall, Crutchley |first=C.P., E. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZVtAAAAQBAJ&dq=fendall+assey+yule&pg=PA217 |title=The Diary of Benjamin Newton |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781107683389 |pages=217–218}}</ref>

===Supreme Council appointment===
Fendall was transferred to [[Bengal]], and was appointed a member of the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] on 20 May 1820, which constituted membership in the [[Bengal Civil Service]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSMJAAAAQAAJ&q=john+fendall+jr+supreme+council+of+bengal&pg=PR175 |title=The Quarterly Oriental Magazine, Review, and Register: Part 76, Volume 4 |publisher=Thacker and Company |year=1825 |pages=175 (clxxv)}}</ref> In 1823 was appointed President of the Board of Trade on the Bengal Establishment. During his time on the Council, he took part in deliberations concerning land revenue policy, as evidenced by his participation in the council’s proceedings on specific dates in 1820, showing his endorsement for a fixed revenue system in the northern territories under British administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Mohammed Intiaz |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34064/1/11015873.pdf |title=The Formation of British Land Revenue Policy in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces of Northern India, 1801- 1833 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) |year=1964 |page=236}}</ref>

[[File:Gravestone of John Fendall (1762 – 1825).jpg|thumb|Gravestone of John Fendall, South Park Street Cemetery, Kolkata]]
Fendall died on 10 November 1825 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<ref name=":0" /> and was buried at [[South Park Street Cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-HwSiLns14C |title=The Bengal Obituary: Or, a Record to Perpetuate the Memory of Departed Worth, Being a Compilation of Tablets and Monumental Inscriptions from Various Parts of the Bengal and Agra Presidencies |publisher=W. Thacker & Company |year=1851 |page=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta, Register of Graves and Standing Tombs: from 1767 |publisher=British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia (BACSA) |year=2019 |isbn=9780907799931 |edition=2nd |pages=16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fendall married first in 1790, Mary Farquharson (1761–1818), the daughter of John Farquharson of [[Yateley]], Hampshire, England, a scion of the family of Farquharson of Fingean. They had seven children, William Fendall (1793–1888), Mary Fendall (later Mary D'Oyly) (1794–1885), Harriet Fendall (later Harriet Thompson) (1797–1842), Harriet Fendall (later Harriet Moultrie) (1797–1867), Louisa Fendall (1799–1899), James Fendall (1801–1866) and Sophia Fendall (1805–1808).

Fendall married second, Harriet "Henrietta" Halcott (died 1871) in 1820. They had one son, Thomas Halcott Fendall (1825–1865).

Fendall had two residences. One was at [[Harewood Square]], Marylebone, London, England. The other was 67 Great Portland St., Marylebone, London, England, a house that had belonged to his grandfather.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Stamford Raffles|Thomas Stamford Raffles]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies|Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies]]|years=1816}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Godert van der Capellen]]|after2=[[Cornelis Theodorus Elout]]|after3=[[Arnold Adriaan Buyskes]]|as=[[Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies|Commissioners-General]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{VOC Governors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fendall, John}}
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:British rule in Indonesia]]
[[Category:1825 deaths]]
[[Category:1762 births]]

Nagpur Junction railway station

2025-12-02T18:33:04Z

JacksonCazaly4: improve content to improve readability and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Nagpur Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Nagpur_Railway_Station_Stitch.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Sitabuldi, [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.1534|79.0889|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|308.660|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] [[Bhopal–Nagpur section]] [[Nagpur–Secunderabad section]] [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] [[Nagpur–Bhusawal section]]
| other = [[File:Nagpur_Metro_Logo.png|12px|link=Nagpur Metro]] {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}} [[Nagpur Railway Station metro station|Nagpur Railway Station]] 
{{rint|bus}} [[Nagpur Mahanagar Parivahan Limited|NMPL]]
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 8
| tracks = 13
| parking = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1867}}<ref name="brief">{{cite web|title=Brief about the division|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1486630483238-brief.pdf}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1988–89 (Ballarshah–Nagpur) 1990–91 (Nagpur–Amla) 1991–92 (Tharsa–Nagpur)<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification History|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|access-date=31 March 2004}}</ref>
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NGP<ref name="Indian railway codes">{{cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
| zone = [[Central Railway Zone|Central Railway]]
| division = [[Nagpur CR railway division|Nagpur CR]] [[Nagpur SEC railway division|Nagpur SEC]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers = 185,000 daily (approx)<ref name="lakh">{{cite news|title=Nagpur: Your railway station will soon look like this|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/your-railway-station-will-soon-look-like-this/articleshow/92732812.cms|agency=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
| services = {{Adjacent stations
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Central Railway zone|left=Ajni|right=Godhani|type=[[New Delhi–Chennai main line]]
|line2=South East Central Railway zone|right2=Kalamna|type2=[[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
|system3=Nagpur Metro|line3=aqua|left3=Dosar Vaishya Square|right3=Sitabuldi|transfer3=Nagpur Railway Station}}
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type =
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-width = 300
| mapframe-coord = {{Coord|21.1523|N|79.0883|E}}
}}

'''Nagpur Junction''' (station code: '''NGP''') is a [[Train station|railway station]] in [[Nagpur]], in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is an important [[Junction (rail)|junction station]] on the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Howrah–Mumbai]] and [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Delhi–Chennai]] trunk line of the Indian Railways. It belongs to the A1 category of railway stations and is one of the top 100 stations of the Indian Railways system in terms of total bookings.

== History ==
{{see also|Bengal Nagpur Railway |Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway}}

Nagpur Junction is one of the oldest and busiest stations in Maharashtra. Railways came to Nagpur in 1867, when a portion of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Bombay-Bhusaval-Nagpur]] line was opened for traffic.<ref name="brief" /> In 1881, it was connected to [[Kolkata]] via the Nagpur State Railway of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_section.jsp?id=0,6,1191,1196,1683| title=Division at a Glance: (as on 01.03.2019)| website=Central Railway| date=3 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Nagpur today.in" /> The laying of the foundation stone of the existing building was done in 1906. It was officially inaugurated on 15 January 1925 by then [[Governors of states of India|Governor]] Sir [[Frank Sly]].<ref name="Nagpur today.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpurtoday.in/90-years-of-nagpur-station-building/01142300|title=90 years of Nagpur station Building|date=14 January 2015 }}</ref> Before 1924, the original railway station was located towards the east of its current site near [[Shukrawari Lake]]. The present-day railway station was also put up in the pre-independence days. It has become a major tourist destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/nagpur/travel/railways.html|title=Travel to Nagpur|work=mapsofindia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209054722/http://www.mapsofindia.com/nagpur/travel/railways.html|archive-date=9 February 2011}}</ref>

== Major trains ==
The train which originates from Nagpur Junction are :

● [[Nagpur–CSMT Kolhapur Express]] (11403/11404)

● [[Pune–Nagpur Garib Rath Express]] (12113/12114)

● [[Pune–Nagpur Express]] (12135/12136)

● [[Sewagram Express]] (12139/12140)

● [[Mumbai CSMT–Nagpur Duronto Express]] (12289/12290)

● [[Indore–Nagpur Tri Shatabdi Express]] (12914/12915)

● [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Nagpur Superfast Express]] (12923/12924)

● [[Nagpur–Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express]] (20101/20102)

● [[Bilaspur–Nagpur Vande Bharat Express]] (20825/20826)

● [[Indore–Nagpur Vande Bharat Express]] (20911/20912)

● [[Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express]] (22125/22126)

● [[Prerana Express]] (22137/22138)

● [[Pune–Nagpur Humsafar Express]] (22141/22142)

● [[Nagpur–Jaipur Weekly Express]] (22175/22176)

== Services ==
Nagpur is the [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|divisional headquarters]] of two railway zones, [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html|title=Geography: Railway Zones|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref>
[[Nagpur division]] has GT Route from [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi]] to [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Ballarshah]] and Mumbai-Howrah route from [[Gondia Junction railway station|Gondia]] to [[Badnera Junction railway station|Badnera]]. North-South and East-West traffic crisscrosses through the Division, making its Nagpur-Wardha section one of the busiest sections in Indian Railways. It has 3 branch lines connecting Amla-Chhindwara, Narkhed-Amravati & Majri-Pimpalkutti on Broad Gauge and one branch line Pulgaon-Arvi in Narrow Gauge .<ref name="brief" />
Shortest run by Indian Railways’ train is the scheduled services between Nagpur and [[Ajni railway station|Ajni]] stations situated just 3 km from each other.

Around 254 Mail/Express and Passenger trains halt at the station,<ref name ="StationBrief">{{cite web|title=Station Brief|url=https://innovate.mygov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Nagpur_Brief.pdf}}</ref> with approximately 185,000 passengers embarking and disembarking.<ref name="lakh"/> 22 trains originate from and terminate at this station. Direct trains are available for most of the state capitals and major cities in India, including: [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], and [[Kolkata]].

There are 6 railway stations within the extended city limit
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Station name
! Station code
! Railway zone
! Total platforms
|-
| align="left" | Ajni
| align="center" | AJNI
| align="center" | Central Railway
| align="center" | 3 + 4(under construction)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/09/19/transformation-ajni-station-with-four-platforms/ |website=thelivenagpur.com|title=Transformation: Ajni station with Four platforms|access-date=2023-09-19}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" | [[Itwari railway station|Itwari Junction]]
| align="center" | ITR
| align="center" | South East Central Railway
| align="center" | 6 + 3(under construction)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/nagpur/itwari-railway-station-is-being-developed-rapidly-now-new-platforms-are-going-to-be-built-here-1023379?infinitescroll=1 |website=bhaskarhindi.com|title=Transformation: 3 new platforms will be built in Itwari, Nagpur, Kalamna and Chhindwara will get connectivity |access-date=2024-04-23}}</ref>
|-
| align="left" | [[Kalamna railway station|Kalamna]]
| align="center" | KAV
| align="center" | South East Central Railway
| align="center" | 3
|-
| align="left" | Khapri
| align="center" | KRI
| align="center" | Central Railway
| align="center" | 2
|-
| align="left" | Godhani
| align="center" | GNQ
| align="center" | Central Railway
| align="center" | 2
|-
| align="left" | Kamptee
| align="center" | KP
| align="center" | South East Central Railway
| align="center" | 3
|}

== Development ==
In 2008, Nagpur Junction was among 22 stations in India that were recommended to be upgraded to meet international standards. Priority areas were identified: security, safety, and cleanliness. Work was to be undertaken via [[public–private partnership]]s and the Central Railway.<ref name="times">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Nagpur-to-get-model-railway-station/articleshow/2777781.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022170535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-13/nagpur/27748048_1_railway-station-ajni-world-class-station|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-22|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nagpur to get model railway station}}</ref>

=== Salwa–Butibori Chord Line ===
There is detention to freight trains due to conflict and priority to Mail, Express and Passenger trains. While line capacity is being augmented on the corridors leading to Nagpur by construction of a 3rd line, it is not found feasible, to lay independent lines for passing through traffic in the Nagpur area, because of space constraint.

This will decongest Nagpur, Ajni, Kalamna, and Itwari Railway Line Yards, thus facilitating the running of EMUs in and around Nagpur and reducing the detention of trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maharail.com/project-Salwa_Butibori.php|title=Salwa–Butibori (Chord Line)|work=maharail.com}}</ref>

=== Nagpur Station Redevelopment ===
Indian Railway's Nagpur Railway station will soon have modernized makeover with massive renovation.<ref name="Nagpur Reference 1">{{cite news |last1=Devanjana |first1=Nag |title=Indian Railways Nagpur station to get a makeover! Heritage Conservation Committee approves redevelopment plan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-nagpur-station-to-get-a-makeover-heritage-conservation-committee-approves-redevelopment-plan/2080846/ |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=11 September 2020}}</ref> Heritage Conservation Committee has approved the redevelopment plan of Nagpur Railway station, to be conducted by the [https://www.irsdc.in/ Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited] (IRSDC). The proposal was considered by the Heritage Conservation Committee, composed of eminent engineers, architects and environmentalists and the following strategy were planned:<ref name="Nagpur Reference 1" />

* Heritage Impact Assessment Report was prepared considering that the Heritage Grade II buildings have regional as well as local importance, along with special architectural, aesthetic merit, its historical and cultural significance, ornamentation, workmanship, and climate-responsive architecture.
* It is proposed in the plan to declutter heritage building by relocating the surrounding similar-looking buildings and enhance beauty as well as the grandeur of the heritage building. The proposal also introduced a lift for universal accessibility as well as to modernize without disturbing the heritage.
* The plan proposes to segregate passenger flows in the railway station and minimize cross-movement and clutter during peak hours.
* The circulation corridors in the ground floor of the railway station which are currently being utilized for station administration functions will be cleared.
* To emphasize the look and feel of the heritage block elevation, cleaning, and regular maintenance will be done.
* The plan proposes to streamline facade controls in terms of signage, which includes type, color, size, etc.

=== Broad Gauge Metro ===
{{further |Nagpur broad-gauge Metro}}

== Amenities ==
The main building of the station has waiting rooms for the passengers. A reception-cum-lounge is provided in the retiring rooms for the comfort of passengers during the check-in/check-out period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1401535076260-PASSENGER%20AMINITIES.pdf}}</ref> There are two entry/exit gates for entering and leaving the station premises. The west-end Sitabuldi side is the main entry point, other is from the cotton market side.

== Diesel Loco Shed, Motibagh ==
A diesel loco shed lies to the north of Nagpur Junction railway station. A former [[Narrow-gauge railway|Narrow gauge]] diesel shed, it only houses shunter locomotives after the closing of the narrow gauge routes in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - Locomotive Sheds and Workshops |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Diesel Loco Shed, Motibagh
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Holding
|-
|1.
|ZDM-4
|700
|12
|-
|2.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDG-3A|WDG-3A]]
|3100
|34
|-
|3.
|[[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]]
|1400
|6
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of May 2025'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listing All Locos - IRFCA Locomotive Database |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?filter_term%5Bshed_id%5D=77&page=1 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
|52
|}

==Picture gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Nagpur Station, Great Indian Peninsula Railway, opened January 1925.jpg|Heritage building
File:Nagpur Station.jpg| Night view of the station building
File:Nagpur Station Eastern entrance.jpg|East-side entrance
File:Gallery at Nagpur Station Eastern entrance.jpg|East-side station building
File:Narayan Ramdas Iyer at Diamond Crossing, Nagpur, India.jpg| Diamond crossing near north side
File:Ram Jhoola Bridge in Nagpur.jpg|Ram Jhula
File:Lakshman Jhoola seen from FOB, Railway Station Nagpur - panoramio.jpg| Ram jhula from FOB
File:NagpurRailwaybridge.jpg| Night view from FOB
File:Nagpur Railway Station.jpg|Narrow gauge platform (Decommissioned)
File:Nagpur station - Stationboard.jpg|Station board
File:Nagpur station - Platformboard.jpg| Platform board
File:Info Tablet at Nagpur Station.jpg| Info tablet at the station
File:Buland Engine at Nagpur Station.jpg| Buland engine at the display
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|18}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Nagpur}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1867]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division]]
[[Category:Nagpur SEC railway division]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16

2025-11-27T07:37:16Z

JacksonCazaly4: added the data from scratch

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015–16
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 4 October 2015
| to_date = 11 November 2015
| team1_captain = [[Angelo Mathews]] (Tests, ODIs) [[Lasith Malinga]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Jason Holder]] (Tests, ODIs) [[Daren Sammy]] (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 2
| team1_tests_won = 2
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (199)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Darren Bravo]] (144)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Rangana Herath]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] (6) [[Jomel Warrican]] (6) [[Jerome Taylor]] (6)
| player_of_test_series = [[Rangana Herath]] (SL)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kusal Perera]] (163)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Marlon Samuels]] (175)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Suranga Lakmal]] (6)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Sunil Narine]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Kusal Perera]] (SL)
| no_of_twenty20s = 2
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (108)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Andre Fletcher]] (80)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Sachithra Senanayake]] (4) [[Lasith Malinga]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL)
}}

The [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies cricket team]] toured [[Sri Lanka]] in October/November 2015 to play two [[Test cricket|Tests]], three [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and two [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref name="Matches">{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/305/icc-ftp-future-tours-program/future-tours-programme-ftp |title=West Indies will come to Sri Lanka |access-date=26 June 2015 |work=ICC |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032519/http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/305/icc-ftp-future-tours-program/future-tours-programme-ftp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/918715.html |title=West Indies set for 44-day tour of Sri Lanka |access-date=8 September 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Starting with this series, all bilateral Test tours between the [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] will be called the [[Sobers–Tissera Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2015/media-releases/89969/windies-and-sri-lanka-to-play-for-soberstissera-trophy|title=Windies and Sri Lanka to play for Sobers/Tissera Trophy|work=ICC|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketworld.com/sri-lanka-west-indies-to-play-for-sobers-tissera-trophy/42817.htm|title=Sri Lanka, West Indies to play for Sobers-Tissera trophy|work=Cricket World|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the Test series 2–0, the ODI series 3–0 with the T20I series was drawn 1–1.

The whole series was rain affected and the play was interrupted on numerous occasions. All three matches in the ODI series were rain interrupted and the results were all determined by the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method]].

The second T20I match, which was originally scheduled to be held on 12 November 2015 was rescheduled and was held on 11 November at the [[R Premadasa Stadium]], after discussions with the relevant Cricket Boards of the two nations. The T20I was rescheduled as 12 November was declared a national day of mourning by the government, due to the death of Venerable [[Maduluwawe Sobitha Thero]], with Thero's funeral being held on the 12th. Also, there was a minute of silence prior to the match and the Sri Lankan cricketers wore a yellow band on their arms as a gesture of respect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.lk/news/sports-travel/item/10722-sri-lanka-west-indies-second-t20-rescheduled-for-nov-11|title=Sri Lanka-West Indies second T20 rescheduled for Nov 11|author=SureshikaThilakarathna|work=news.lk|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422151638/https://www.news.lk/news/sports-travel/item/10722-sri-lanka-west-indies-second-t20-rescheduled-for-nov-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=2015/11/09/sports/t20-match-between-sri-lanka-%E2%80%93-west-indies-rescheduled|title=T20 match between Sri Lanka – West Indies rescheduled|work=dailynews.lk|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15B/Nov09_1447050821CH.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124153457/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_15B/Nov09_1447050821CH.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 November 2015|title=Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka-West Indies second T20 rescheduled for Nov 11|date=9 November 2015|work=colombopage.com|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srilankamirror.com/news/item/7223-2nd-t20-rescheduled|title=2nd T20 rescheduled|author=tharindu|work=srilankamirror.com|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.lk/online/2015/11/09/priests-funeral-forces-reschedule-of-second-t20/|title=Priest’s funeral forces reschedule of Second T20|author=The Nation|work=The Nation|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/927339.html |title=Siriwardana, Kusal Mendis named for West Indies Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/917849.html |title=Holder replaces Ramdin as captain for SL Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=4 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SL}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankacricket.lk/news/sri-lanka-odi-squad-for-windies-tour-2015 |title=Sri Lanka ODI squad for Windies tour 2015|publisher=[[Sri Lanka Cricket]]|date=23 October 2015|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WINLO">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/924451.html |title=Sunil Narine back as WI revamp ODI squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=29 September 2015 |access-date=29 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SL}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srilankacricket.lk/news/sri-lanka-squad-for-t20-series-against-windies|title=Sri Lanka Squad for T20 Series against Windies |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Cricket]]|date=5 November 2015|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WINLO"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Angelo Mathews]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]]
* [[Rangana Herath]]
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
* [[Tharindu Kaushal]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Dilruwan Perera]]
* [[Kusal Perera]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nuwan Pradeep]]
* [[Dhammika Prasad]]
* [[Kaushal Silva]]
* [[Milinda Siriwardana]]
|
* [[Jason Holder]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Carlos Brathwaite]]
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Rajindra Chandrika]]
* [[Shane Dowrich]]
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
* [[Shai Hope]]
* [[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kemar Roach]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Jerome Taylor]]
* [[Jomel Warrican]]
|
* [[Angelo Mathews]]([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]]
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
* [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]
* [[Shehan Jayasuriya]]
* [[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Ajantha Mendis]]
* [[Kusal Perera]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachithra Senanayake]]
* [[Milinda Siriwardana]]
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
|
* [[Jason Holder]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Carlos Brathwaite]]
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Jonathan Carter (cricketer)|Jonathan Carter]]
* [[Johnson Charles]]
* [[Andre Fletcher]]
* [[Jason Mohammed]]
* [[Sunil Narine]]
* [[Denesh Ramdin]]
* [[Ravi Rampaul]]
* [[Andre Russell]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Jerome Taylor]]

|
*[[Lasith Malinga]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
*[[Kusal Perera]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Shehan Jayasuriya]]
*[[Angelo Mathews]]
*[[Milinda Siriwardene]]
*[[Chamara Kapugedera]]
*[[Dinesh Chandimal]]
*[[Kithuruwan Vithanage]]
*[[Dushmantha Chameera]]
*[[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
*[[Sachithra Senanayake]]
*[[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
*[[Binura Fernando]]
*[[Thisara Perera]]
|
* [[Daren Sammy]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* <s>[[Samuel Badree]]</s>
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Dwayne Bravo]]
* [[Jonathan Carter (cricketer)|Jonathan Carter]]
* [[Johnson Charles]]
* [[Andre Fletcher]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Sunil Narine]]
* [[Kieron Pollard]]
* [[Denesh Ramdin]]
* [[Ravi Rampaul]]
* [[Andre Russell]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Jerome Taylor]]
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
|}

West Indies bowler [[Samuel Badree]] was ruled out of the T20I series after contracting [[dengue fever]]. He was replaced by [[Devendra Bishoo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/936883.html |title=Badree out of Sri Lanka T20s with dengue fever |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=5 November 2015 |access-date=5 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Tour matches==

===Tour match: Sri Lanka Board President's XI vs West Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 9–11 October
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL|name=Sri Lanka Board President's XI}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 209 (65.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Carlos Brathwaite]] 54 (46)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Suraj Randiv]] 5/73 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 455/6 (107 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Udara Jayasundera]] 142 (216)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/54 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915769.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Deepal Gunawardene]] (SL) and [[Rohitha Kottahachchi]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = West Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = The start of day 1 was delayed because of a wet outfield.
| notes = The start of the match was postponed by one day because of rain.<ref name="postponed">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/926787.html |title=Rain forces practice game postponement |access-date=7 October 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
* Fifteen players per side (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

===One day: Sri Lanka Board President's XI vs West Indians===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 October
| time = 09.30
| day = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=West Indians}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL|name=Sri Lanka Board President's XI}}
| score1 = 318 (48.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Carlos Brathwaite]] 113 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Binura Fernando]] 3/71 (9.4 overs)
| score2 = 103/3 (21 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 41 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Russell]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| result = West Indians won by 43 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915771.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Colts Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Prageeth Rambukwella]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Board President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series (Sobers-Tissera Trophy)==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 14–18 October
| time =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 484 (152.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 186 (354)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Devendra Bishoo]] 4/143 (40.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 251 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Darren Bravo]] 50 (107)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rangana Herath]] 6/68 (33 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 227([[Follow-on|f/o]]) (68.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] 92 (135)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rangana Herath]] 4/79 (22 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by an innings and 6 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915773.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Rangana Herath]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] (SL) made his Test debut.
| notes = The 238 runs stand for the third wicket by [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] and [[Dinesh Chandimal]] is the highest third wicket partnership for Sri Lanka in Tests at Galle.<ref name="Galle">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/928997.html |title=West Indies hit back after big partnership |access-date=15 October 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Rangana Herath]] took his 23rd Test five-wicket haul. This is Herath's first five-wicket haul against the West Indies.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 22–26 October
| time = 10.00 a.m.
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 200 (66 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] 68 (111)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 4/67 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 163 (64.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 47 (101)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dhammika Prasad]] 4/34 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 206 (75.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 46 (120)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 6/29 (11.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 171 (65.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Darren Bravo]] 61 (134)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rangana Herath]] 4/56 (19.5 overs)

| result = Sri Lanka won by 72 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915775.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium|P Sara Oval]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Simon Fry]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = The match was delayed by 30 minutes on the morning of the second day because of a wet outfield.
* Rain stopped play just before tea on the third day, with play being abandoned for the day.
* No play was possible on day four because of rain.
| notes = [[Kusal Mendis]] (SL) and [[Jomel Warrican]] (WI) made their Test debuts.
* [[Simon Fry]] (Aus) stood in his first [[Test cricket|Test]] match as an umpire.<ref name="Fry">{{cite web |url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/australian-umpire-simon-fry-to-make-test-debut-sri-lanka-west-indies-series-1892008.html |title=Australian umpire Simon Fry to make Test debut in Sri Lanka-West Indies series |access-date=22 October 2015 |work=One India}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 November
| time = 14:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 159/8 (26 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 41 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Suranga Lakmal]] 3/15 (5 overs)
| score2 = 164/9 (24.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 59 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 3/21 (6 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 1 wicket ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report =[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915777.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The start of the match was delayed by rain.
* Rain stopped play in the 15th over of the West Indies innings, with the score at 40/3. Play resumed after a three-and-a-half hour delay, with the game reduced to 26 overs per side.
| notes = [[Shehan Jayasuriya]] and [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] (SL) made their ODI debuts.
* West Indies captain [[Jason Holder]] was given a one-match ban for bowling a slow over-rate.<ref name="Holder">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/936005.html |title=Holder handed one-game suspension |access-date=3 November 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 4 November
| time = 14:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 214 (37.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Johnson Charles]] 83 (70)
| wickets1 = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] 2/27 (7 overs)
| score2 = 225/2 (36.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 99 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Narine]] 1/27 (8 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915779.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kusal Perera]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain stopped play in the 27th over of the West Indies innings. Play resumed after a three-hour delay, with the game reduced to 38 overs per side.
| notes = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] (WI) made his ODI debut.
* [[Marlon Samuels]] captained the West Indies in place of [[Jason Holder]] because of the latter serving a one-match ban for a slow-over rate.<ref name="Samuels">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/1039027.html |title=Sri Lanka v West Indies, 2015-16 |access-date=31 July 2016 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 November
| time = 14:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 206/9 (36 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score2 = 180/5 (32.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 110[[not out|*]] (95)
| wickets1 = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] 2/39 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 50 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/44 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 19 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915781.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Marlon Samuels]] (WI)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain stopped play in the 4th over of the West Indies innings. Play resumed one hour later, but was halted again because of rain in the 24th over. After a two-hour delay, play started again, with the match reduced to 36 overs per-side. Rain stopped play in the 33rd over of Sri Lanka's innings, with the match declared over by the umpires.
| notes =
}}

==T20I series==

===1st T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 November
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| score1 = 215/3 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score2 = 185 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Fletcher]] 57 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Sachithra Senanayake]] 4/46 (4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 56 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 30 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915783.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Kandy]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Sachithra Senanayake]] (SL)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The start of the match was delayed by rain.
| notes = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] (SL) made his T20I debut.
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] became the highest run-scorer for Sri Lanka in T20Is and third overall to pass 1,500 T20I runs.<ref name="Dilshan">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-west-indies-2015-16/content/story/938975.html |title=Dilshan and Mathews seal thumping win |access-date=10 November 2015 |work=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 November
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 162/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Denesh Ramdin]] 34 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 139 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 52 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 23 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/915785.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = The start of the match was delayed by rain.
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/915221.html Series Home at ESPNCricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}
{{International cricket in 2015–16}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015-16}}
[[Category:2016 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2016 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:West Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]

2010 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election

2025-11-25T05:38:37Z

JacksonCazaly4:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2010 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2005 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election
| previous_year = 2005
| next_election = 2015 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election
| next_year = 2015
| election_date = 3 May 2010
| seats_for_election =28 out of 30 seats in the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image1 = South Asian Communist Banner.svg
| alliance1 = Left Front (Tripura)
| seats1 = 25
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}4
| popular_vote1 = 302,540
| swing1 =

| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = Hand INC.svg
| alliance2 = N/A
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change2 = -
| popular_vote2 = 105,925
| swing2 =

| party3 = Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
| image3 = INPT-flag.svg
| alliance3 = N/A
| seats3 = 0
| seat_change3 = -
| popular_vote3 = 60,321
| swing3 =

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = Chief Executive Member
| posttitle = Chief Executive Member
| before_election = [[Ranjit Debbarma (CPI(M))|Ranjit Debbarma]]
| before_party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| after_election = [[Ranjit Debbarma (CPI(M))|Ranjit Debbarma]]
| after_party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
'''Elections to the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC) were held on 3 May 2010'''. On that day elections were held for 27 of the 28 elected seats in the Autonomous District Council. In one seat (Maharani-Chellagong) the election was countermanded, following the death of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Ranjit Jamatia.<ref name="pd">''[http://pd.cpim.org/2010/0516_pd/05162010_6.html TRIPURA LF CLEAN SWEEPS ADC POLLS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615150615/http://pd.cpim.org/2010/0516_pd/05162010_6.html |date=15 June 2011 }}''</ref><ref>''[http://www.khabarexpress.com/18/04/2010-171211/BJP-candidate-dies-of-dog-bite-news_151450.html BJP candidate dies of dog bite]''</ref> 25 of the 28 elected seats in the Autonomous District Council are reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="left">''[http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Left_Fronte.htm Left Fronte List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181727/http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Left_Fronte.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}''</ref>

Security arrangements ahead of the election were tight. The Tripura Home Department had identified 91 polling stations as "hyper-sensitive" and 347 as "sensitive". Authorities in Tripura had asked the Indian government to provide an additional thirty paramilitary companies to ensure the electoral process.<ref name="hin"/>

There were 636,169 eligible voters.<ref name="hin"/> The electoral turnout stood at 83.69%. The votes were counted on 7–8 May 2010. The election result was a landslide victory for the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]]. The Left Front, with 63.81% of the votes cast, won all 27 seats that were up for election.<ref name="pd"/> 25 seats went to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], one seat to the [[Communist Party of India]] and one seat to the [[All India Forward Bloc]].<ref name="pd"/>

The [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as a second-largest party in the election. The party finished second in 18 seats. Amongst its candidates was [[Debabrata Koloi]], former TTAADC Chief Executive Member. Other parties in the fray were the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Tripura]], the [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]] (an INPT splinter-group, that campaigned for a separate TTAADC state), the [[National Socialist Party of Tripura]], [[National Conference of Tripura]], [[All India Trinamool Congress]] and BJP. NCT and Trinamool Congress contested in an alliance.<ref name="pd"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjQ2NjI%3D-C4Ep2ra876Y%3D |title = No alliance of Trinamool, Congress in Tripura polls : Nagaland Post News |access-date=19 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034523/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ShowStory.aspx?npoststoryiden=UzEwMjQ2NjI=-C4Ep2ra876Y= |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 44 candidates were [[Independent (politician)|independents]]. In total 122 candidates had filed their nominations.<ref name="hin">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/122-nominations-filed-for-TTAADC-elections/article16366347.ece | title=122 nominations filed for TTAADC elections | date=14 April 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | author=PTI | accessdate=31 December 2018 }}</ref> The Left Front, Congress and INPT each contested all 28 seats.<ref name="left"/><ref name="cong">''[http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Congress.htm Congress List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181747/http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Congress.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}''</ref><ref name="inpt">''[http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Inpt.htm INPT List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181751/http://www.tripurainfo.in/News/TTAADC/Inpt.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}''</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="2"|Left Front
!colspan="2"|Congress
!colspan="2"|INPT
|-
|1
|Damchharra-Jampui (ST)
|'''Rajendra Reang'''
|11777
|Chandiram Reang
|4766
|Lal Rin Puia Molsoi
|922
|-
|2
|Machmara
|'''Paresh Chandra Sarkar''' ([[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]])
|7939
|Ruhidas Chandra Sahaji
|7589
|Bimal Chakma
|273
|-
|3
|Dasda-Kanchanpur
|'''Lalit Debnath'''
|11163
|Rabindra Kumar Kar
|7355
|Nepal Chandra Reang
|945
|-
|4
|Karamchhara (ST)
|'''Sanbdhya Rani Chakma'''
|13878
|Raju Chakma
|7258
|Lura Darlong
|769
|-
|5
|Chhawmanu (ST)
|'''Gajendra Tripura'''
|9471
|Mukal Kanti Chakma
|3975
|Subha Ranjan Chakma
|1863
|-
|6
|Manu-Chailengta
|'''Matilal Sukal Baidya'''
|10561
|Basudeb Das
|6771
|Hapaiti Reang
|1357
|-
|7
|Damchara-Kachuchharra (ST)
|'''Sabitri Debbarma'''
|10975
|Purana Mohan Tripura
|5246
|Naidhanjoy Halam
|1960
|-
|8
|Ganganagar-Gadachharra (ST)
|'''Judhisthir Reang'''
|8509
|Shabda Rai Reang
|2847
|Amar Krishna Tripura
|2462
|-
|9
|Hala Hali-Asharambari (ST)
|'''Gurupada Debbarma'''
|14978
|Rinku Debbarma
|3009
|Renu Kumar Debbarma
|1306
|-
|10
|Kulai-Champahour (ST)
|'''Madhumati Debbarma'''
|11472
|Anita Debbarma
|1601
|Kartik Kalai
|2716
|-
|11
|Maharanipur-Teliamura (ST)
|'''Dhananjoy Debbarma'''
|11760
|Rajendra Reang
|1865
|Surendra Mohan Jamatia
|1353
|-
|12
|Ramchandra Ghat (ST)
|'''Ranjit Debbarma'''
|13893
|Kalyani Debbarma
|259
|Swapana Debbarma
|1221
|-
|13
|Simna-Tamakari (ST)
|'''Ranabir Debbarma'''
|10967
|Amiya Debbarma
|362
|Shibanjali Debbarma
|4408
|-
|14
|Budhung Nagar-Wakkinagar (ST)
|'''Jahar Debbarma'''
|10204
|Sachindra Debbarma
|992
|Rabindra Debbarma
|6098
|-
|15
|Jirania (ST)
|'''[[Radhacharan Debbarma]]'''
|12990
|Jiten Debbarma
|699
|Jamu Debberma
|5745
|-
|16
|Mandainagar-Pulinpur (ST)
|'''Sukumar Debbarma'''
|10742
|Chakra Dhar Debbarma
|1386
|Chandroday Rupini
|4395
|-
|17
|Pekuajala-Janmayjaynagar (ST)
|'''Santosh Debbarma'''
|12040
|Balaram Debbarma
|2265
|Ramani Debbarma
|3057
|-
|18
|Takarjala-Jampuijala (ST)
|'''Ramendra Debbarma'''
|8099
|Sridam Debbarma
|680
|Sindhukanya Jamatia
|3704
|-
|19
|Amtali-Golaghati (ST)
|'''Shyamlal Debbarma'''
|15576
|Kamal Krishna Debbarma
|4585
|Rajesh Debberma
|2229
|-
|20
|Killa-Bangma (ST)
|'''Joykishore Jamatia'''
|10366
|Rathindra Jamatia
|5953
|Purna Chandra Jamatia
|2124
|-
|21
|Maharani-Chellagong (ST)
|Joy Bahadur Jamatia ([[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]])
| -
|Pramod Reang
| -
|Samrat Jamatia
| -
|-
|22
|Kathalia-Mirja-Rajapur (ST)
|'''Parikshit Murashit Murasingh'''
|16912
|Indramanik Jamatia
|5953
|Naidar Bashi Tripura
|578
|-
|23
|Ampinagar (ST)
|'''Alindra Debbarma'''
|11268
|Manindra Kalai Singha
|1697
|Madhusudhan Kalai
|4157
|-
|24
|Raimavelly (ST)
|'''Patiram Tripura'''
|9864
|Laljoy Chakma
|3856
|Dhirendra Tripura
|2176
|-
|25
|Natunbazar-Malbasa (ST)
|'''Shantanu Jamatia'''
|14934
|Eradhan Uchui
|6443
|Krishna Mohan Jamatia
|2298
|-
|26
|Birchandranagar-Kalashi (ST)
|'''Dhirendra Reang''' ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
|13262
|Brighuram Reang
|6048
|Chandi Basi Murasing
|694
|-
|27
|Purba Mahuripur-Buratali (ST)
|'''Arun Tripura'''
|15305
|Swapan Kr. Tripura
|5175
|Kriti Mohan Tripura
|607
|-
|28
|Silachari-Manubankul (ST)
|'''Mongsajal Mog'''
|14836
|Kamal Dewan
|7290
|Dharjya Tripura
|904
|}

Source:<ref name="left"/><ref name="cong"/><ref name="inpt"/><ref>''[http://www.tiprasa.com/articles/viewcomm.asp?identity=687 TTAADC Election -2010, Result at a Glance] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120914150007/http://www.tiprasa.com/articles/viewcomm.asp?identity=687 |date=2012-09-14 }}''</ref> '(ST)' indicates that the seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Names of winning candidates in bold text. Left Front candidates are from CPI(M) unless stated otherwise. Only results of Left Front, Congress and INPT candidates are listed above. In the Ramchandra Ghat constituency, Saranjit Debbarma of the [[National Council of Tripura]] finished second with 2,158 votes.<ref>http://www.tripuratimes.com/leadnews/lead1_8.05.10.html{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]
* [[2005 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]
* [[2000 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}

[[Category:2010 elections in India]]
[[Category:History of Tripura (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council elections]]

Konanki

2025-11-24T20:24:51Z

JacksonCazaly4: minor edit

{{about|the village|the missing persons case|
Disappearance of Sudiksha Konanki}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konanki
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6|N|79.7333|E|type_city_region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Piduguralla

| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Konanki [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=5 May 2019 |page=210 |format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1619

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629403|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 5894
| population_density_km2 = auto

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522xxx
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8649
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}
'''Konanki''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Piduguralla [[mandal]] in [[Gurazala revenue division]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-gurazala-revenue-division-created/article4868383.ece|title=New Gurazala revenue division created|date=1 July 2013|work=The Hindu|accessdate=17 January 2015|location=Gurazala (Guntur District)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Kiyam Village

2025-11-03T09:38:50Z

JacksonCazaly4: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kiyam]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from modification}}
}}

Vikram University

2025-10-24T13:42:30Z

JacksonCazaly4: fix

{{Short description|State University in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Vikram University
|image_name =Vikram University logo.jpg
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|motto = ''Vidhaya Mritam Shrute''
|established = {{start date and age|1957}}
|type =[[Private University|Public]]
|endowment =
|president =
|principal =
|rector =
|chancellor = [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]
|vice_chancellor = Akhilesh Kumar Pandey <ref>{{cite web|title=VC's Message – Vikram University|url=http://vikramuniv.net/vc-message/|website=vikramuniv.net|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008174054/http://vikramuniv.net/vc-message/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|academic_staff =
|students =
|head_label =
|head =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|city =[[Ujjain]]
|state =[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country =[[India]]
|campus =[[Urban areas|Urban]]
|free_label =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
|website = http://www.vikramuniv.ac.in/
}}
[[File:Swarnagate.jpg|thumb|Swarna Jayanti Gate at University Campus]]
'''Vikram University''' is located in [[Ujjain]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].

The university was named after the ruler [[Vikramaditya]]. It was established in 1957. It was evaluated by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] and was awarded B++ grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.careerindia.com/colleges/vikram-university-ujjain-cp1946/|title=Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India - Career India - Career India|website=www.careerindia.com|access-date=2016-04-09|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421221330/http://www.careerindia.com/colleges/vikram-university-ujjain-cp1946/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Government]] has officially rechristened [[Vikram University]] as [[Vikramaditya|Samrat Vikramaditya]] University, honouring the legendary emperor. The announcement was made by [[Mohan Yadav|CM Mohan Yadav]] at the 29th convocation on March 30, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MP Chhattisgarh |first1=NDTV |title=Convocation: 70 got degrees and 99 students got medals, announcement of change in the name of Vikram University |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/ujjain-vikram-university-29th-convocation-completed-cm-mohan-yadav-announced-this-8048381 |website=NDTV Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=Deccan |title=MP govt tweaks Ujjain varsity name to spotlight ‘Samrat Vikramaditya’ |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/mp-govt-tweaks-ujjain-varsity-name-to-spotlight-samrat-vikramaditya-3469739 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Kaptan Singh Solanki]], former [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] and [[Governor of Haryana|Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2116 |title=Detailed Profile - Shri Kaptan Singh Solanki - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |access-date=5 June 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720165704/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2116 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/jul/26/kaptan-singh-solanki-appointed-new-haryana-governor-640026.html|title=Kaptan Singh Solanki Appointed New Haryana Governor|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017150333/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/jul/26/Kaptan-Singh-Solanki-Appointed-New-Haryana-Governor-640026.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Najma Heptulla]], former [[Governor of Manipur]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=23 |title=Detailed Profile - Dr. Najma A. Heptulla - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |access-date=5 June 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002451/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=23 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Vijay Kumar Patodi]], [[Indian mathematician]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijay.com/other-vijays/vijay-patodi/|title=Vijay Kumar Patodi - Vijay.com|date=16 February 2015|access-date=5 June 2016|archive-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807161949/http://vijay.com/other-vijays/vijay-patodi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[V. K. Chaturvedi]], mechanical engineer and a nuclear power expert<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=12826217&privcapId=878531 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*[[Sachida Nagdev]], contemporary Indian artist <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sachidanagdev.com/about.html|title=About Sachida Nagdev|website=www.sachidanagdev.com|access-date=5 June 2016|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122002424/http://sachidanagdev.com/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Raghunandan Sharma (Mandsaur)|Raghunandan Sharma]], politician<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2083 |title=Detailed Profile - Shri Raghunandan Sharma - Members of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |access-date=5 June 2016 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701092036/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2083 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Satyanarayan Jatiya]], politician <ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MP38.htm |title=Biographical Sketch – Member of Parliament – 13th Lok Sabha – JATIYA, DR. SATYANARAYAN|access-date=21 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909145535/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13MP38.htm |archive-date=9 September 2006 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.vikramuniv.net/ Vikram University website]

{{Coord|23.1647|75.8094|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}
{{City of Ujjain}}
{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vikram University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1957]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ujjain]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]