Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pinjore Aerodrome

2026-05-05T02:37:15Z

JVLEricka167: created new post

{{Short description|Civil Airstrip in Haryana, India used for general operations and pilot training}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Pinjore Airstrip and Flying Club
| ensign =
| nativename = 
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r = 
| image = A view of Hangars from the Runway at Pinjore Flying Club.jpg
| image-width = 
| image_alt =
| image2 =
| image2-width = 
| image2_alt =
| ICAO = VI71<ref name=cd1>[http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/hissar-2947.html World Airport Codes.]</ref>
| GPS = VI71<ref name=cd1/>
| owner-oper = 
| owner = [[Civil Aviation Department, Haryana]]
| operator = [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]]
| location = [[Pinjore]], [[Panchkula district]]
| opened = 
| passenger_services_ceased = 
| hub = 
| built = 
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc = [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC+05:30]]
| elevation-f = 1760
| elevation-m = 536.4
| metric-elev = y 
| coordinates = {{coord|30|49|16|N|76|53|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_map =
| image_mapsize =
| image_map_alt = 
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Haryana
| pushpin_label = '''VI71'''
| r1-number = 16/34 
| r1-length-f = 3,068 
| r1-length-m = 935 
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| metric-rwy = y
| stat3-header = Number of Airplanes
| stat3-data = 4
| stat6-header = Number of runways
| stat6-data = 1
| stat7-header =
| stat7-data =
| stat9-header =
| website = {{URL|http://www.haraviation.gov.in}}
}}
[[File:A view of Hangars from the Runway at Pinjore Flying Club.jpg|thumb|A view of Hangars from the Runway at Pinjore Airfield]]
[[File:Shivalik Hills - A Rainy Day.jpg|thumb|Shivalik Hills - A view from the runway on a rainy day!]]
'''Pinjore Airfield''' is being operated as a [[pilot training]] institute owned and operated by '''[[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA)''' under guidance of Civil Aviation Department,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Civil Aviation Department, Government of Haryana|url=http://haraviation.gov.in/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=haraviation.gov.in}}</ref> [[Government of Haryana]]. The flying school is spread over an area of 96 acres and is located on Pinjore-[[Baddi]] main highway near the cities of [[Kalka]] and [[Pinjore]] in the [[Panchkula district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://airportguide.com/airport/India/Haryana/Kalka-VI71/|title=Kalka Airport|work=airportguide.com}}</ref>

Pinjore Flying Club was established in the year 1991 by the Civil Aviation Department of Haryana and is the home base of '''[[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA).''' Other than this, the airfield is often used by Haryana Government as well as VIP charter aircraft and helicopters. The airfield lies in a valley and is surrounded by beautiful Lower Shivalik and Morni Hills from three sides. Weather is usually stable except strong cross winds during the months of March to May.

== History ==
{{see also|Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation}}

== Infrastructure ==
Pinjore Airfield is spread over an area of 96 acres which includes a runway strip of 3000'×120', an administrative block, two hangars of size 100'×75' and 96'×70' size, a student lounge, a VIP Lounge, a hostel and residential quarters for the officers and staff.<ref name=hubs3>[http://haraviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/EOI_Haryana_Civil%20Aviation%20Department_final%2028.06.2018.pdf EOI for HICA], Haryana Civil Aviation Department, accessed 15 August 2021.</ref> As of 2018, it had two four-seater [[Cessna 172|Cessna-172 R]] and one two-seater [[Cessna 152|Cessna 152 FA]] aircraft.<ref name=hubs3/> The apron area can easily accommodate 10 - 12 small aircraft at any given time. It also has two designated [[helipad]]s. There are no radio navigational aids available at the airfield, the runway orientation is 159° – 336° (16–34). Currently, the airfield is only limited to Day operations but no night operations. The ATC is uncontrolled and is operated at the frequency of 122.5 MHz. Recently, Runway lights and PAPI Lights have been installed at the airfield but they are yet not operational and awaiting for an approval from Airport Authority of India (AAI).

== Courses offered at Pinjore Flying Club ==
'''[[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA)''' is one of the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)]] approved Flying Training Organizations (FTOs) in the country which provides pilot training to the trainee pilots. The institution conducts flying training and preparation courses leading to the award of [[Student pilot certificate|Student Pilot License]] (SPL), [[glider pilot license|Glider Pilot License]], [[private pilot licence|Private Pilot Licence]] (PPL), [[commercial pilot licence|Commercial Pilot Licence]] (CPL), [[General radiotelephone operator license|Flight Radio Telephony Operator License]] (FRTOL), [[flight instructor|Flight Instructor]] Rating (AFIR/FIR), [[Pilot licensing and certification#Instrument rating|Instrument Rating]] (IR) and apprentice internship for all [[Bachelor of Engineering|BE]]/[[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]] students.

Presently, the Chief Flying Instructor (CFI) of Pinjore Flying Club is Capt. DK Punia, who himself is an alumnus of [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA). The CPL costs approx. INR 25,00,000 requiring a minimum of 200 hours' flying experience. The Government of Haryana provides training subsidies to natives [[Haryana]], who must apply for it using a [[Domicile (law)|Haryana Domicile Certificate]].<ref name="cd4">[http://haraviation.gov.in/docs/prospectus.pdf Student Prospectus and Application Form] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928160629/http://haraviation.gov.in/docs/prospectus.pdf|date=28 September 2014}}, [[Haryana Institute of Aviation]].</ref><ref name="trib2">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/kaleidoscope/haryana-flies-mostly-on-paper/260323.html Haryana flies mostly on paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505183755/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/kaleidoscope/haryana-flies-mostly-on-paper/260323.html |date=5 May 2017 }}, [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 3 July 2016.</ref> As of May, 2021, over 90 students are currently enrolled at Pinjore Flying Club for the flying training of Commercial Pilot License (CPL) and Private Pilot License (PPL).

Currently, HICA operates two [[Cessna 172]]s and two [[Cessna 152]]s on this airfield with the following registrations -
{| class="wikitable"
|+Fleet of Aircraft
!Aircraft
!Registration
|-
|C-152
|VT-AAE
|-
|C-152
|VT-ENH
|-
|C-172
|VT-ACN
|-
|C-172
|VT-HRB
|}

==Future developments==
In March, 2018, Finance Minister of Haryana [[Captain Abhimanyu]], while presenting the [[Government of Haryana]] 2018–19 budget announced that funds have been allocated for the extension of existing 3,000-feet runway to 5,000 feet and construction of a parking hangar for the spill over aircraft from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Delhi airport]].<ref name=abhify19>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/live-updates-haryana-budget-2018/articleshow/63228377.cms haryana budgest 2018-19], [[Times of India]], 9 March 2018.</ref>

Furthermore, an ATC tower is also expected to be constructed by the year 2023.

<nowiki>[[Category:Aviation in India]]</nowiki>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Aviation|India}}}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[List of airports in India]]
** [[Airports Authority of India]]
** [[List of busiest airports in India]]
** [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana]]
* [[Pilot training in India]]
* [[List of Flying Schools in India]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|27em}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Asia in topic|List of airports in}}

[[Category:Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Airports in Haryana]]
[[Category:Flight training]]
[[Category:Flying clubs]]
[[Category:Aviation schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

Neelam Upadhyaya

2026-04-29T21:04:37Z

JVLEricka167: added the post v1 - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neelam Upadhyaya
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|10|05}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = [[Smt. M.M.K College of Commerce & Economics]]
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|Siddharth Chopra|2025}}
| relatives = [[Priyanka Chopra]] (sister-in-law)
| years_active = 2012–2015
| homepage =
}}

'''Neelam Upadhyaya''' (born 5 October 1993) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil and Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/neelam-upadhyaya-prefers-good-films-over-language-news-national-ngenEmjhjgisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005649/http://origin-www.sify.com/movies/neelam-upadhyaya-prefers-good-films-over-language-news-national-ngenEmjhjgisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2019|title=Neelam Upadhyaya prefers good films over language|website=Sify.com|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Neelam born on 5 October 1993 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-siddharth-chopra-priyanka-chopra-brother-wife-neelam-upadhyaya-two-weddings-cancelled-with-kanika-mathur-ishita-kumar-3131669/who-is-neelam-upadhyaya-3131674|title=Meet Siddharth Chopra, Priyanka Chopra's brother; before marrying Neelam Upadhyaya, his two weddings were cancelled|first=Aman|last=Wadhwa|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Career==
Neelam Upadhyaya got the opportunity to act in ''Seivathu Sariye'' in 2010 but the film was later delayed and subsequently shelved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seivathusariyethemovie.com/home.html|title=Seivathu Sariye Official Website, Seivathu Sariye Movie, Latest Tamil Movie, Seivathu Sariye Tamil Movie Stills, Seivathu Sariye Songs download, Seivathu Sariye Photo Gallery|website=Seivathusariyethemovie.com|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=27 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027022413/http://seivathusariyethemovie.com/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neelam Upadhyaya made a breakthrough after her portfolio for MTV's Style Check was well received and prompted filmmakers to offer her acting opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com:80/130509/entertainment-tollywood/article/rise-newbies|title=Rise of the newbies - Deccan Chronicle|date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610121253/http://www.deccanchronicle.com:80/130509/entertainment-tollywood/article/rise-newbies|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Neelam Upadhyaya made her acting debut with the Telugu film, ''Mr. 7'' (2012), which received mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/news/regional-cinema/273994/luck-crucial-survive-film-industry-neelam-upadhyaya|title=Luck crucial to survive in film industry: Neelam Upadhyaya|website=Pinkvilla.com|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190345/https://www.pinkvilla.com/news/regional-cinema/273994/luck-crucial-survive-film-industry-neelam-upadhyaya|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/news/regional-cinema/275070/neelam-upadhyaya-prefers-good-films-over-language|title=Neelam Upadhyaya prefers good films over language|website=Pinkvilla.com|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402194025/https://www.pinkvilla.com/news/regional-cinema/275070/neelam-upadhyaya-prefers-good-films-over-language|url-status=dead}}</ref> She appeared in the first 3D Telugu film with ''[[Action 3D]]'' (2013), before appearing in two Tamil films, ''Unnodu Oru Naal'' (2013) and the ghost film, ''[[Om Shanthi Om]]'' (2015) opposite [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/om-shanthi-om-easy-to-dislike-hard-to-dismiss/article7827065.ece|title=Om Shanthi Om: Easy to dislike, hard to dismiss|first=Vishal|last=Menon|date=31 October 2015|access-date=12 February 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Action 3D]]'' || Geetha || Telugu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Om Shanthi Om]]'' || Shanthi || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyaya, Neelam}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Kishwar Desai

2026-04-29T04:40:32Z

JVLEricka167: Starting A Entry...

{{Short description|Indian author and columnist (born 1956)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kishwar Rosha, Lady Desai
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Actor, Shri Boman Irani briefing the media on the Topic “Comedy in Hindi Cinema”, at the 41st International Film Festival (IFFI-2010), in Panjim, Goa on December 01, 2010.jpg
|bSize = 550
|cWidth = 190
|cHeight = 240
|oTop = 60
|oLeft = 0
|Location=center}}
| caption = Desai at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[41st International Film Festival of India|2010]])
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|12|1|df=y}}
| birth_name = Kishwar Rosha
| birth_place = [[Ambala]], [[Haryana, India]]
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]
| spouse =
{{marriage|[[Meghnad Desai|Lord Desai]]|2004|2025|end=d}}
| children = 2
| occupation = Author
| website = {{URL|http://www.kishwardesai.com/}}
}}
'''Kishwar, Lady Desai''' ({{nee}} Rosha; formerly '''Ahluwalia'''; born 1 December 1956) is an Indian author and columnist. Her first novel, ''Witness the Night'', won the [[Costa Book Award]] in 2010 for Best First Novel and has been translated into over 25 languages. It was also shortlisted for the [[Author's Club First Novel Award]] and longlisted for the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]].<ref name=Outlook>[http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=264476 "No Girlhoods"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131045213/http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=264476 |date=31 January 2013 }}. Outlook India. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</ref><ref>"Two books on India in UK literary award shortlist". ''The Times of India''. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-28.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000702/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/india/28218925_1_books-meghnad-desai-shortlist#ixzz15jcc5ezQ]</ref> Her novel ''Origins of Love'', published in June 2012, was critically acclaimed.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3643893.ece "No Girlhoods"]. ''Outlook India''. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/origins-of-love-by-kishwar-desai-7944221.html?printService=print "Origins of Love". ''The Independent''. 15 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-28]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/booksandartsdaily/kishwar-desai27s-campaigning-fiction/4123210 "Origins of Love"]. ABC Radio National. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</ref> ''The Sea of Innocence'', published in 2014 in India as well as in the UK and Australia, was widely discussed as it dealt with the issue of gang rape. Desai also has a biography, ''Darlingji: The True Love Story of Nargis and Sunil Dutt'', to her credit.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20071105-the-queen-and-the-commoner-734391-2007-10-25 "The Queen and the Commoner"]. ''India Today''. 25 October 2007. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born Kishwar Rosha on 1 December 1956 in [[Ambala]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] (now [[Haryana]]) to Padam and Rajini Rosha. She grew up in [[Chandigarh]], where her father was the head of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], and graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in 1977, in Economics (Hons). {{cn|date=July 2025}}

==Career==
She started her career as a print journalist and worked as a political reporter with the ''[[Indian Express]]'' moving on to television and broadcast media after a while, where she worked for over two decades. She worked as anchor, TV producer and head of a TV channel with some of the major Indian television networks. She was also the Vice President at ''[[Zee Telefilms]]'' (''[[Zee TV]]'').

She anchored ''[[Doordarshan]]'s'' morning show, ''Good Morning Today'', after which she took over as the CEO of Tara Punjabi TV channel, a part of Broadcast Worldwide, which was established by former [[Star India|STAR TV]] head, Rathikant Basu. She has written for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kishwar Desai {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/kishwar-desai |website=www.theguardian.com |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Her award-winning novel ''Witness the Night'', was the first in the series featuring the feisty Indian middle-aged social worker-cum-crime investigator, Simran Singh. In a small town in the heart of India, a young girl, barely alive, is found in a sprawling house where thirteen people lie dead. The girl is charged with the murders and Simran is now her only hope. The judges of the [[Costa Award]] ([[Anita Rani]], [[Anneka Rice]] and [[Mark Thornton]])<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8239564/Costa-Book-Awards-2010-the-winning-books.html "Costa Books Awards 2010"]. ''The Telegraph''. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</ref> said "Kishwar Desai pulls off a remarkable trick, transplanting a country-house murder to modern-day India in a book that's not afraid to tackle serious themes". ''Witness the Night'' was also shortlisted for the Author's Club First Novel Award and longlisted for the 2009 [[Man Asian Literary Prize]]. In 2020, ''[[The Independent]]''{{'}}s Emma Lee-Potter listed it as one of the 12 best Indian novels, calling it a "stunning debut".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee-Potter|first=Emma|date=2020-08-05|title=12 best Indian novels that everyone needs to read|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/fiction-books/best-india-books-literature-novels-salman-rushdie-arundhati-roy-a9264211.html|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>

In ''Origins of Love'',<ref>Mehta, A., Saraswat, S., & Paul, M. F. (2022). A Critique of Baby Making Supermarts: Surrogacy clinics in Kishwar Desai’s Origins of Love (2012). Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 3(4), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.58256/rjah.v4i1.958</ref> Desai took a close look at surrogacy and adoption. Simran Singh is asked to examine the case of an abandoned baby at an IVF clinic and what follows is a maze of new age fertility rites, and surrogacy. Desai's third novel in the series is ''The Sea of Innocence''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mars-Jones |first1=Adam |title=The Sea of Innocence by Kishwar Desai – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/29/sea-innocence-kishwar-desai-review |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Observer |date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

Prior to writing fiction, Desai wrote a probing yet affectionate biography of Nargis and Sunil Dutt, two iconic Indian film stars, in ''Darlingji: The True Love Story of [[Nargis]] and [[Sunil Dutt]].'' The book based on interviews with the Dutt family and friends, explored their lives in detail and tells the larger story of the evolution of [[Hindi cinema]], and of a society and a nation in the throes of change. Desai has also written a play, ''[[Saadat Hasan Manto|Manto]]''!, based on the life of the famous Urdu writer, [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], which won the TAG Omega Award<ref>[http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990611/ige11118.html "Sponsors beg off, it's curtains for theatre"]. ''The Indian Express''. 11 June 1999.</ref> for Best Play in 1999. She was working on taking the Partition Museum forward and on a new book on Indian cinema. Desai also released a book in 2020, called ''The Longest Kiss'' which is the story of Bombay Talkies founder and actress [[Devika Rani]].<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2020/12/22/the-longest-kiss-kishwar-desai-devika-rani-biography.html "'The Longest Kiss' sheds light on Devika Rani's life kept away from world"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 22 December 2020.</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/kishwar-desai-chronicles-the-charmed-life-of-devika-rani-192918 | title=Kishwar Desai chronicles the charmed life of Devika Rani }}</ref>

==Personal life==
After her first marriage, she changed her name to Kishwar Ahluwalia<ref>[http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20000622/people.html "People: Kishwar Ahluwalia Profile"]. ''Business Today''. 22 June 2000.</ref> and has a son, Gaurav and a daughter, Malika from the marriage. On 20 July 2004, after a divorce, she married<ref>"Made for Each other". ''The Tribune''. 8 August 2009.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130103092145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-20/rest-of-world/27154824_1_lord-meghnad-desai-simple-wedding-eminent-economist "Lord Meghnad weds his lady love"]. ''The Times of India''. 20 July 2004.</ref> economist [[Meghnad Desai]],<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060520/saturday/above.htm "Desai unravels economics of Pound: Khushwant Singh"]. ''The Tribune''. 13 May 2006.</ref> a member of the [[British House of Lords]]. They were together for 21 years, until his death in July 2025.

==Works==
* ''[[The Longest Kiss: The Life and Times of Devika Rani]]''. Westland, 2020. {{ISBN|9789389152470}}
* ''The Sea of Innocence''. Simon & Schuster Limited, 2013. {{ISBN|9781471101427}}
* ''Origins of Love''. Simon & Schuster Limited, 2013. {{ISBN|9781471111228}}
* ''Witness the Night'', 2009; Simon & Schuster UK, 2012. {{ISBN|9781471101526}}
* ''Darlingji: The True Love Story of [[Nargis]] and [[Sunil Dutt]]''. HarperCollins India, 2007. {{ISBN|9788172236977}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130504083354/http://kishwardesai.com/ Kishwar Desai, Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Kishwar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ambala]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television executives]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Writers from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian women television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women biographers]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Spouses of life peers]]
[[Category:British baronesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Journalists from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Gross domestic product

2026-04-20T05:41:33Z

JVLEricka167: quick cleaned up citations after review

{{short description|Total market value of goods and services produced within a country}}
{{redirect|GDP}}
{{owidslider
|start = 2024
|list = Template:OWID/gdp worldbank#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:gdp worldbank, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|GDP WorldBank]]
|startingView = World
}}

{{owidslider
|start = 2024
|list = Template:OWID/gdp per capita worldbank#gallery
|location = commons
|caption =
|title =
|language =
|file = [[File:gdp per capita worldbank, World, 2024 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|GDP per capita (WorldBank)]]
|startingView = World
}}

{{Macroeconomics sidebar}}

'''Gross domestic product''' ('''GDP''') is a [[money|monetary]] [[Measurement in economics|measure]] of the total [[market value]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Duigpan |first=Brian |date=2017-02-28 |title=gross domestic product |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product |access-date=2023-02-23 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114916/https://www.britannica.com/topic/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live }}</ref> of all of the [[final good]]s and services which are produced and rendered during a specific period of time (usually a year) by a [[country]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=gross domestic product (GDP) – Students |url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/gross-domestic-product-GDP/627635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210328/https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/gross-domestic-product-GDP/627635 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Kids |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en-US}}</ref> or countries.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Callen |first=Tim |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/gross-domestic-product-GDP |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Finance & Development {{!}} F&D |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030191107/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/gross-domestic-product-GDP |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Definition |url=https://www.britannica.com/money/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210324/https://www.britannica.com/money/gross-domestic-product |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Money |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> GDP is often used to measure the economic activity of a country or region.<ref name=":2" /> The major components of GDP are consumption, government spending, net exports (exports minus imports), and investment. Changing any of these factors can increase the size of the economy. For example, population growth through mass immigration can raise consumption and demand for public services, thereby contributing to GDP growth. However, GDP is not a measure of overall [[standard of living]] or well-being, as it does not account for how income is distributed among the population. A country may rank high in GDP but still experience [[jobless growth]] depending on its planned economic structure and strategies. Dividing total GDP by the population gives an idealized rough measure of [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product |access-date=23 February 2019 |publisher=[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213010751/https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gross-domestic-product |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Several national and international economic organizations, such as the [[OECD]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], maintain their own definitions of GDP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OECD |url=http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627164746/https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1163 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Callen |first=Tim |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |access-date=3 June 2016 |publisher=IMF |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211141652/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

GDP is often used as a metric for [[international comparisons]] as well as a [[Broad measures of economic progress|broad measure of economic progress]]. It serves as a statistical indicator of national development and progress. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Graham |title=Economics and Economic Change |publisher=FT / Prentice Hall |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-273-69351-2 |page=205}}</ref> Nominal GDP is useful when comparing national economies on the international market using current [[exchange rate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Mary |title=What Is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? |url=https://www.investopedia.com/updates/purchasing-power-parity-ppp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105162335/https://www.investopedia.com/updates/purchasing-power-parity-ppp/ |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Investopedia}}</ref> To compare economies over time, [[inflation]] can be adjusted by comparing [[Real and nominal value|real instead of nominal values]]. For cross-country comparisons, GDP figures are often adjusted for differences in the [[cost of living]] using [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP). [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at purchasing power parity]] can be useful for comparing [[standard of living|living standards]] between nations.

GDP has been criticized for leaving out key [[Externality|externalities]], such as [[resource extraction]],{{clarify|date=May 2025 }} [[environmental impact]] and [[Unpaid work|unpaid domestic work]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Raworth|first=Kate|title=Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist|date=2017|isbn=978-1-84794-138-1|oclc=974194745}}</ref> Alternative economic indicators such as [[Doughnut (economic model)|doughnut economics]] use other measures, such as the [[Human Development Index]] or [[OECD Better Life Index|Better Life Index]], as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on [[Human development (economics)|human development]] and [[well-being]].

== History ==
[[File:Quarterly gross domestic product.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.2|[[United States|U.S.]] [[wikt:year-over-year|YoY]] Quarterly gross domestic product growth rate]]
Sir [[William Petty]] came up with a concept of GDP, to calculate the [[tax burden]], and argue landlords were unfairly taxed during [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|warfare between the Dutch and the English]] between 1652 and 1674.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2013 |title=Petty impressive |url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21591842-meet-sir-william-petty-man-who-invented-economics-petty-impressive |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509025748/https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21591842-meet-sir-william-petty-man-who-invented-economics-petty-impressive |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charles Davenant]] developed the method further in 1695.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coyle |first=Diane |date=6 April 2014 |title=Warfare and the Invention of GDP |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/warfare-and-the-invention-of-gdp/ |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=The Globalist |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001051320/http://www.theglobalist.com/warfare-and-the-invention-of-gdp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The modern concept of GDP was first developed by [[Simon Kuznets]] for a 1934 [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] report, where he warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under ''[[#Limitations and criticisms|limitations and criticisms]]'').<ref name="kuznets">Congress commissioned Kuznets to create a system that would measure the nation's productivity in order to better understand how to tackle the [[Great Depression]].Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7 Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7
Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd U.S. Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 5–7. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914060700/https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/971 |date=2018-09-14 }}</ref> After the [[Bretton Woods Conference]] in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country's economy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dickinson |first=Elizabeth |title=GDP: a brief history |newspaper=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=ForeignPolicy.com |archive-date=28 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828030822/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/01/02/gdp_a_brief_history |url-status=live }}</ref> At that time [[gross national product]] (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country's citizens at home and abroad rather than its "resident institutional units" (see [[OECD]] definition above). The switch from GNP to GDP in the United States occurred in 1991. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lepenies |first=Philipp |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-power-of-a-single-number/9780231175104 |title=The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP |date=April 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-54143-5 |access-date=2017-10-09 |archive-date=2017-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020065052/https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-power-of-a-single-number/9780231175104 |url-status=live }}</ref> A crucial role was played here by the [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] under [[Milton Gilbert]] where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into [[institution]]s.

The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in many ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the [[public sector]], by financial industries, and by [[intangible asset]] creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist, "The actual number for GDP is, therefore, the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coyle |first=Diane |title=GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-691-15679-8 |pages=6}}</ref>

[[China]] officially adopted GDP in 1993 as its indicator of economic performance. Previously, China had relied on a Marxist-inspired national accounting system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heijster|first1=Joan van|last2=DeRock|first2=Daniel|date=29 October 2020|title=How GDP spread to China: the experimental diffusion of macroeconomic measurement|journal=Review of International Political Economy|volume=29|pages=65–87|doi=10.1080/09692290.2020.1835690|issn=0969-2290|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Determining gross domestic product (GDP) ==
[[File:How is GDP calculated?.png|thumb|upright=1.2|An infographic explaining how GDP is calculated in the UK]]

GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, theoretically, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, and the speculated expenditure approach. It is representative of the total output and income within an economy.

The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the products must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers", colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers' incomes.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |publisher=World Bank |work=Statistical Manual |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20882526~menuPK:2648252~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |title=GDP – Final Output |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416073205/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20882526~menuPK:2648252~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |archive-date=16 April 2010 |postscript=,}} retrieved October 2009. 
{{cite web | title=User's guide: Background information on GDP and GDP deflator | publisher=HM Treasury | url=http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/data_gdp_backgd.htm | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084957/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/data_gdp_backgd.htm | archive-date=2 March 2009 }} {{cite web | title=Measuring the Economy: A Primer on GDP and the National Income and Product Accounts | publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis | url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916010551/http://bea.gov/national/pdf/nipa_primer.pdf |archive-date=2008-09-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Production approach ===
Also known as the Value Added Approach, it calculates how much value is contributed at each stage of production.

This approach mirrors the [[OECD]] (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) definition given above.
# Estimate the gross value of domestic output out of the many various economic activities;
# Determine the [[intermediate consumption]], i.e., the cost of material, supplies and services used to produce final goods or services.
# Deduct intermediate consumption from gross value to obtain the gross value added.

[[Gross value added]] = gross value of output – value of intermediate consumption.

Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus the value of changes in the inventory.

The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost".

GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price".

For measuring the output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
# By multiplying the output of each sector by their respective market price and adding them together
# By collecting data on gross sales and inventories from the records of companies and adding them together

The value of output of all sectors is then added to get the gross value of output at factor cost. Subtracting each sector's intermediate consumption from gross output value gives the GVA (=GDP) at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies to GVA (GDP) at factor cost gives the "GVA (GDP) at producer prices".

=== Income approach ===
[[File:U.S. GDP Income Basis.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|upright=1.4|U.S 2015 GDP computed on the income basis]]
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units".<ref name=":0" />

If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies.

This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire – wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.

The US "National Income and Product Accounts" divide incomes into five categories:
# Wages, salaries, and supplementary labor income
# Corporate profits
# Interest and miscellaneous investment income
# Income earned by sole proprietors and from the Housing subsector (net of expenses)
# Net income from transfer payments from businesses
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.

Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
# Taxes on production and imports minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices.
# Depreciation (or [[capital consumption allowance]]) is added to get from net domestic product to gross domestic product.

Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:{{Citation needed|date=February 2023|reason=Common where?}}
: '''GDP''' = {{overset|Compensation of employees|'''COE'''}} + {{overset|[[gross operating surplus]]|'''GOS'''}} + {{overset|[[gross mixed income]]|'''GMI'''}} + {{overset| taxes less subsidies on production and imports|'''TP&M''' − '''SP&M'''}}
* '''Compensation of employees''' ('''COE''') measures the total remuneration to employees for work done. It includes wages and salaries, as well as employer contributions to [[social security]] and other such programs.
* '''Gross operating surplus''' ('''GOS''') is the surplus due to owners of incorporated businesses. Often called [[Profit (accounting)|profits]], although only a subset of total costs are subtracted from [[gross output]] to calculate GOS.
* '''Gross mixed income''' ('''GMI''') is the same measure as GOS, but for unincorporated businesses. This often includes most small businesses.

The sum of '''COE''', '''GOS''' and '''GMI''' is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP(I) at [[factor cost]] to GDP(I) at final prices.

Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
: ''Total factor income'' = ''employee compensation'' + ''corporate profits'' + ''proprietor's income'' + ''rental income'' + ''net interest''<ref>United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, {{Cite web |title=''A guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States'' |url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604184227/http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-04 |url-status=live}}, page 5; retrieved November 2009. Another term, "business current transfer payments", may be added. Also, the document indicates that the capital consumption adjustment (CCAdj) and the inventory valuation adjustment (IVA) are applied to the proprietor's income and corporate profits terms; and CCAdj is applied to rental income.</ref>

=== Expenditure approach ===
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers' prices.<ref name=":0" />

Market goods that are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.

==== Components of GDP by expenditure ====
[[File:GDP Categories - United States.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.4|U.S. GDP computed on the expenditure basis]]

'''GDP (Y)''' is the sum of '''consumption (C)''', '''investment (I)''', '''government expenditures (G)''' and '''net exports (X − M)'''.
: '''Y''' = '''C''' + '''I''' + '''G''' + '''(X − M)'''

Here is a description of each GDP component:
* '''C (consumption)''' is normally the largest GDP component in the economy, consisting of private expenditures in the economy ([[household final consumption expenditure]]). These personal expenditures fall under one of the following categories: [[durable good]]s, nondurable goods, and services. Examples include food, rent, jewelry, gasoline, and medical expenses, but not the purchase of new housing.
* '''I (investment)''' includes, for instance, business investment in equipment, but does not include exchanges of existing assets. Examples include the construction of a new [[mining|mine]], the purchase of software, or the purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not the government) on new houses is also included in investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, "investment" in GDP does not mean purchases related to financial investments. Buying [[Financial services|financial products]] is classed as '[[saving]]', as opposed to investment. This avoids double-counting: if one buys shares in a company, and the company uses the money received to build a plant, purchase equipment, etc., the amount will be counted toward GDP when the company spends the money on those things; to also count it when one gives it to the company would be to count two times an amount that only corresponds to one group of products. Buying [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] or companies' [[share capital|equity shares]] is a swapping of [[deed]]s, a transfer of claims on future production, not directly an expenditure on products; buying an existing building will involve a positive investment by the buyer and a negative investment by the seller, netting to zero overall investment.
* '''G (government spending)''' is the sum of [[government spending|government expenditures]] on [[final good]]s and services. It includes salaries of [[public servants]], purchases of weapons for the military and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any [[transfer payment]]s, such as [[social security]] or [[unemployment benefits]]. Analyses outside the US will often treat government investment as part of ''investment'' rather than ''government spending''.
* '''X (exports)''' represents gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.
* '''M (imports)''' represents gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms '''C''', '''I''', and '''G''', and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign [[Supply and demand|supply]] as domestic.

'''C''', '''I''', and '''G''' are expenditures on [[final good]]s and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.<ref>Thayer Watkins, San José State University Department of Economics, [http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm "Gross Domestic Product from the Transactions Table for an Economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214316/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/gdp.htm |date=2012-08-25 }}, commentary to the first table, " Transactions Table for an Economy". (Page retrieved November 2009.)</ref>) So for example if a [[car manufacturer]] buys [[auto parts]], assembles the car and sells it, only the final car sold is counted towards the GDP. Meanwhile, if a person buys replacement auto parts to install them on their car, those are counted towards the GDP.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components [see income method, above]."<ref>''Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts'', chap. 2.</ref>

Encyclopedia Britannica records an alternate way of measuring exports minus imports: notating it as the single variable NX.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=gross domestic product – Scholars |url=https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/gross-domestic-product/389903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210330/https://kids.britannica.com/scholars/article/gross-domestic-product/389903 |archive-date=2023-02-23 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Britannica Kids |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nominal GDP and real GDP ===
The raw GDP figure given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current GDP. When comparing GDP figures from one year to another, compensating for changes in the value of money—for the effects of inflation or deflation—is desirable. To make it more meaningful for year-to-year comparisons, a nominal GDP may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.

For example, suppose a country's GDP in 1990 was {{val|100|u=million|p=$}} and its GDP in 2000 was {{val|300|u=million|p=$}}. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one-half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals {{val|300|u=million|p=$}} × {{1/2}} = {{val|150|u=million|p=$}}, ''in 1990 monetary terms.'' We would see that the country's GDP had realistically increased 50 [[Percentage#Percentage increase and decrease|percent]] over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the [[real gross domestic product|real GDP]].

The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the ''[[GDP deflator]]''. Unlike [[consumer price index]], which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.<ref>HM Treasury, ''Background information on GDP and GDP deflator'' 
Some of the complications involved in comparing national accounts from different years are explained in this World Bank [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html document] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616033552/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/EXTDECSTAMAN/0,,contentMDK:20908551~menuPK:2648276~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:2077967~isCURL:Y,00.html |date=16 June 2010 }}.
</ref>

=== National measurement ===
{{Main|National agencies responsible for GDP measurement}}

Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as [[private sector]] organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).

==== International standards ====
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book ''[[United Nations System of National Accounts (UNSNA)|System of National Accounts]]'' (2008), which was prepared by representatives of the [[International Monetary Fund]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], [[United Nations]] and [[World Bank]]. The publication is normally referred to as SNA2008 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1993 (SNA93) or 1968 (called SNA68)<ref name="Central Bureau of Statistics">{{Cite web |title=National Accounts |url=http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416055514/http://www.central-bureau-of-statistics.an/SNA/sna_intro.asp |archive-date=16 April 2011 |access-date=29 June 2011 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

SNA2008 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.

=== Problems with GDP data ===
{{See also|Economic data}}
A peer-reviewed study published in the ''[[Journal of Political Economy]]'' in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of [[economic growth]] statistics in the majority of countries.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=A study of lights at night suggests dictators lie about economic growth |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth |url-access=subscription |date= Sep 29, 2022 |access-date=2022-10-25 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2022-10-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221005010456/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2022/09/29/a-study-of-lights-at-night-suggests-dictators-lie-about-economic-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> This manipulation was greatest in countries that were semi-authoritarian/authoritarian, or did not have effective [[separation of powers]]. The study took the annual growth in the brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states consistently reported higher growth in GDP than the growth in night lights would suggest, an effect that could not be explained by economic structures, sector composition or other factors.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Martínez |first1=Luis R. |date=October 2022 |title=How Much Should We Trust the Dictator's GDP Growth Estimates? |url=https://doi.org/gqrwhr |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=130 |issue=10 |pages=2731–2769 |doi=10.1086/720458 |ssrn=3093296 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Corporate haven]]s can also have a [[Corporate haven#Distorted GDP/GNP|distorted GDP]].

== Lists of countries by GDP ==
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[List of continents by GDP]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)]]
* [[List of countries by GDP sector composition]]
* [[List of countries by largest historical GDP]]
{{colend}}

== Economic growth ==
{{Further|Economic growth|Productivity-improving technologies}}
[[File:GDP per capita growth 2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[List of countries by real GDP per capita growth|GDP per capita growth]] in % (2024)<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG?end=2024&start=1961&view=map|title = GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed July 2025}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Legend|#240011|Below -5}}
{{legend|#66000f|-5 to -4}}
{{legend|#a8261f|-4 to -3}}
{{legend|#da820f|-3 to -2}}
{{legend|#fad45d|-2 to -1}}
{{legend|#f9f8bb|-1 to 0}}
{{Col-break}}
{{legend|#c3eded|0 to 1}}
{{legend|#6bd2df|1 to 2}}
{{legend|#2f5cd5|2 to 3}}
{{legend|#0c3091|Above 3}}
{{legend|#c0c0c0|No data}}
{{Col-end}}]]
Real GDP can be used to calculate the GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year, typically expressed as [[Relative change#Percentage change|percentage change]]. The economic growth can be expressed as:
* [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate]]
* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)]] ([[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|PPP]])
* [[List of countries by real GDP per capita growth]]
* [[List of countries by GNI per capita growth]]

== Relation to gross national income ==
GDP can be contrasted with the [[gross national income]] (GNI) also known as gross national product (GNP). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, [[Gross world product|world GDP and world GNI]] are, therefore, equivalent terms.

GDP is a product produced within a country's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
For example, the GNI of the [[United States|US]] is the value of output produced by American-owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located.

Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lequiller |first1=François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22 |title=Understanding National Accounts |last2=Derek Blades |publisher=OECD |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02566-0 |page=18 |quote=To convert GDP into GNI, it is necessary to add the income received by resident units from abroad and deduct the income created by production in the country but transferred to units residing abroad. |access-date=2021-02-15 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312185510/https://books.google.com/books?id=pXpJL6f8b3wC&q=%22To+convert+GDP+into+GNI%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, the [[United States]] switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis |title=Glossary - GDP |url=https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140050/https://www.bea.gov/glossary/glossary.cfm |archive-date=29 January 2018 }}. Retrieved November 2009.</ref> The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7.5 of the ''[[National Income and Product Accounts]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2009 |title=Selected NIPA Tables |url=http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034830/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=31 July 2010 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Economic Analysis }}</ref>

Other examples that amplify differences between GDP and GNI can be found by comparing indicators of developed and developing countries. The GDP of Japan for 2020 was 5.05559 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan GDP 1960-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/jpn/japan/gdp-gross-domestic-product |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> Predictably, as a developed country, Japan has a higher GNI of 5.16915 trillion for the same year,<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan GNI 1962-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/jpn/japan/gni-gross-national-income |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref> an increase of 113.560 million. This is indicative of the production level in the country being higher than that of national production. On the other hand, the case with [[Armenia]] is the opposite with its GNI in 2023 being lower than its GDP by 3.85 billion. This shows countries that receive investments and foreign aid from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia GDP 1990-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/ARM/armenia/gdp-gross-domestic-product |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia GNI 1992-2025 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/ARM/armenia/gni-gross-national-income |website=MacroTrends |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>

== Limitations and criticisms ==
GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:
* '''[[Externalities]]''' – Economic growth may entail an increase in negative externalities that are not directly measured in GDP.<ref name="soL">{{Cite book |last1=Mankiw |first1=N. G. |title=Economics |last2=Taylor |first2=M. P. |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-84480-870-0 |edition=2nd, revised |location=Andover |author-link=Greg Mankiw}}</ref><ref name="limitations" /> Increased industrial output might grow GDP, but any pollution is not counted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Kwan |title=Gross Domestic Product |url=https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/gdp.htm |website=Introduction to the World Economy |access-date=2020-06-24 |archive-date=2020-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924144700/https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/gdp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Non-market transactions''' – GDP excludes activities that are not provided through the market, such as household production, bartering of goods and services, and volunteer or unpaid services.
* '''Non-monetary economy''' – GDP omits economies where no money comes into play at all, resulting in inaccurate or abnormally low GDP figures. For example, in countries with major business transactions occurring informally, portions of local economy are not easily registered. [[barter (economics)|Bartering]] may be more prominent than the use of money, even extending to services.<ref name="limitations" />
* '''Quality improvements and inclusion of new products''' – by not fully adjusting for quality improvements and new products, GDP understates true [[economic growth]]. For instance, although computers today are less expensive and more powerful than computers from the past, GDP treats them as the same products by only accounting for their monetary value. The introduction of new products is also difficult to measure accurately and is not reflected in GDP although it may increase the standard of living. For example, even the richest person in 1900 could not purchase standard products, such as antibiotics and cell phones, that an average consumer can buy today, since such modern conveniences did not exist then.
* '''[[Broken window fallacy]]''' - The Broken window fallacy is an economic phenomenon stating that GDP will treat money spent on repairing damages even though there is not a net benefit to society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pettinger |first=Tejvan |date=2022-03-11 |title=The broken window fallacy |url=https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/150529/concepts/the-broken-window-fallacy/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Economics Help |language=en-GB}}</ref> In other words GDP does not account for the fact that there was destruction in the first place. For example if there is a natural disaster and the government spends money on repairing housing, the cost of repairing housing will be included in the government spending portion on GDP even though people might have been equally well off if there was not government spending and a natural disaster.

[[Simon Kuznets]], the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his second report to the U.S. Congress in 1937, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements":<ref name="kuznets" />
<blockquote> The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. [...]

All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare cannot be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.</blockquote> In 1962, Kuznets stated:<ref>Simon Kuznets. "How To Judge Quality". The New Republic, 20 October 1962</ref><blockquote>Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.</blockquote>

GDP as initially defined includes spending on goods and services that would shrink if underlying problems were solved or reduced - for example, medical care, crime-fighting, and the military. During World War II, Kuznets came to argue that military spending should be excluded during peacetime. This idea did not become popular; these activities are tracked because they fit into macroeconomic models (e.g. military spending uses up capital and labor).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://conversableeconomist.com/2019/02/05/why-did-simon-kuznets-want-to-leave-military-spending-out-of-gdp/ |date=February 5, 2019 |website=Conversable Economist |title=Why Did Simon Kuznets Want to Leave Military Spending out of GDP? |author=Timothy Taylor}}</ref>

Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress. Furthermore, the GDP does not consider human health nor the educational aspect of a population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Are the Advantages & Disadvantages of the GDP in Macroeconomics?|url=https://bizfluent.com/info-8467424-advantages-disadvantages-gdp-macroeconomics.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Bizfluent|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507102438/https://bizfluent.com/info-8467424-advantages-disadvantages-gdp-macroeconomics.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Instances of GDP measures have been considered numbers that are artificial constructs.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pilling |first=David |title=Has GDP outgrown its use? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dd2ec158-023d-11e4-ab5b-00144feab7de |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Financial Times |date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908073216/https://www.ft.com/content/dd2ec158-023d-11e4-ab5b-00144feab7de |url-status=live }}</ref> American politician [[Robert F. Kennedy]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Suzuki|first=Dabid|date=February 28, 2014|title=How the GDP Measures Everything 'Except That Which Makes Life Worthwhile'|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/how-the-gdp-measures-everything-except-that-which-makes-life-worthwhil-1881869660.html|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=EcoWatch|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122423/https://www.ecowatch.com/how-the-gdp-measures-everything-except-that-which-makes-life-worthwhil-1881869660.html|url-status=live}}</ref> criticized GDP (or GNI), listing many examples of bad things it does count and good things it does not count:
{{blockquote|Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children. Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.<ref>[https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/robert-f-kennedy/robert-f-kennedy-speeches/remarks-at-the-university-of-kansas-march-18-1968 Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968]</ref>}}

===Deficit spending===
[[Deficit spending]] increases GDP in case of positive [[fiscal multiplier]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corsetti |first1=Giancarlo |last2=Meier |first2=André |last3=Müller |first3=Gernot J. |title=What determines government spending multipliers? |journal=Economic Policy |date=October 2012 |volume=27 |issue=72 |pages=521–565 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0327.2012.00295.x }}</ref> GDP as a metric can incentivize politicians to [[overspending|overspend]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alesina|first1=Alberto|last2=Passalacqua|first2=Andrea|date=2015|title=The Political Economy of Government Debt|journal=National Bureau of Economic Research|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w21821|doi-access=free}}</ref> Counterfactual GDP under a [[balanced budget]] scenario can be estimated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alesina |first1=Alberto |last2=Barbiero |first2=Omar |last3=Favero |first3=Carlo |last4=Giavazzi |first4=Francesco |last5=Paradisi |first5=Matteo |date=2015 |title=Austerity in 2009–13 |url=https://academic.oup.com/economicpolicy/article/30/83/383/2392334 |journal=Economic Policy |language=en |volume=30 |issue=83 |pages=383–437 |doi=10.1093/epolic/eiv006 |issn=1468-0327}}</ref>

If a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income on debt [[interest expense]], will be reflected in a decreased GNI{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.

===Unpaid work===
GDP excludes the value of household and other [[unpaid work]]. Some, including [[Martha Nussbaum]], argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a [[Substitute good|substitute]] for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased with money.<ref>{{cite book |title=Creating capabilities : the human development approach |year=2013|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-07235-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|last1=Nussbaum|first1=Martha C.}}</ref> Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50% of the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding national accounts|year=2006|publisher=OECD|isbn=978-92-64-02566-0 |edition=Reprint |location=Paris|page=112|last1=Blades |first1=François |last2 = Lequiller |first2 = Derek }}</ref> A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15% in Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70% in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the [[United States]], the value was estimated to be between about 20% on the low end to nearly 50% on the high end, depending on the methodology being used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=std%2Fdoc%282011%297&doclanguage=en |date=14 Oct 2011 |id=STD/DOC(2011)7 |publisher=Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques |title=Incorporating Estimates of Household Production of Non-Market Services into International Comparisons of Material Well-Being|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020065043/http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=std%2Fdoc%282011%297&doclanguage=en|url-status=dead }}</ref> Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of [[national accounts]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Randall G. |last=Holcombe |author-link=Randall G. Holcombe |title=National Income Accounting and Public Policy |journal=Review of Austrian Economics |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=387–405 |year=2004 |doi=10.1023/B:RAEC.0000044638.48465.df |s2cid=30021697 |s2cid-access=free |url=https://departments.gmu.edu/rae/archives/VOL17_4_2004/5_holcombe.pdf |via=George Mason University |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221006192155/https://departments.gmu.edu/rae/archives/VOL17_4_2004/5_holcombe.pdf |archive-date= Oct 6, 2022 }}</ref> public policy might differ if unpaid work were included in total GDP. Some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/seriesF_85.pdf |id=ST/ESA/STAT/SER.F/85 |date=2003 |publisher=UNSD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227030856/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/seriesF_85.pdf |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=live |title=National Accounts: A Practical Introduction}}</ref>

Some have pointed out that GDP did not adapt to sociotechnical changes to give a more accurate picture of the modern economy and does not encapsulate the [[value (economics)|value]] of new activities such as delivering price-free information and entertainment on [[social media]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapoor |first1=Amit |last2=Debroy |first2=Bibek |title=GDP Is Not a Measure of Human Well-Being |url=https://hbr.org/2019/10/gdp-is-not-a-measure-of-human-well-being |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=20 September 2020 |date=4 October 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044130/https://hbr.org/2019/10/gdp-is-not-a-measure-of-human-well-being |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |last3=Diewert |first3=W. Erwin |last4=Eggers |first4=Felix |last5=Fox |first5=Kevin J. |date=2025 |title=GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/mac.20210319 |journal=American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=312–344 |doi=10.1257/mac.20210319 |issn=1945-7707|hdl=1959.4/106081 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In 2017 [[Diane Coyle]] explained that GDP excludes much unpaid work, writing that "many people contribute free digital [[Work (human activity)|work]] such as writing [[FOSS|open-source software]] that can substitute for marketed equivalents, and it clearly has great economic value despite a price of zero", which constitutes a common criticism "of the reliance on GDP as the measure of economic success" especially after the emergence of the [[digital economy]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Rethinking GDP |magazine =Finance & Development |date=March 2017 |volume=54 |issue=1 |first1=Diane |last1=Coyle |url = https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/coyle.htm |publisher = International Monetary Fund |access-date = 20 September 2020 |archive-date = 2 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200902170328/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2017/03/coyle.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> A 2025 study in the ''American Economic Journal'' devised a new GDP measurement (GDP-B) that accounts for the welfare value of new goods and free goods.<ref name=":5" />

In 2019, Erik Brynjolfsson and Avinash Collis argued that GDP does not reflect the growing value of many digital goods because they have zero price.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |date=2019-11-01 |title=How Should We Measure the Digital Economy? |url=https://hbr.org/2019/11/how-should-we-measure-the-digital-economy |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=Harvard Business Review |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> Along with several coauthors, they proposed an alternative approach, [https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/research/gdp-b-a-new-well-being-metric-in-the-era-of-the-digital-economy/ GDP-B], which is based on measuring the ''benefits'' of goods and services, rather than their price or cost.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Brynjolfsson |first1=Erik |last2=Collis |first2=Avinash |last3=Diewert |first3=W. Erwin |last4=Eggers |first4=Felix |last5=Fox |first5=Kevin |title=GDP-B: Accounting for the Value of New and Free Goods in the Digital Economy |date=2019 |doi=10.3386/w25695 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Health===
In 2013 scientists reported that large [[Health care|improvements]] in [[health]] only lead to modest long-term increases in GDP per capita.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashraf |first1=Quamrul H. |last2=Lester |first2=Ashley |last3=Weil |first3=David N. |title=When Does Improving Health Raise GDP? |journal=NBER Macroeconomics Annual |year=2009 |volume=23 |pages=157–204 |doi=10.1086/593084 |pmid=24347816 |pmc=3860117 |issn=0889-3365 }}</ref> After developing an abstract metric similar to GDP, the [[Center for Partnership Studies]] highlighted that GDP "and other metrics that reflect and perpetuate them" may not be useful for facilitating the production of products and provision of services that are useful – or comparatively more useful – to society, and instead may "actually encourage, rather than discourage, destructive activities".<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Wealth Index |url=https://centerforpartnership.org/programs/caring-economy/social-wealth-index/ |website=The Center for Partnership Studies |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916123957/https://centerforpartnership.org/programs/caring-economy/social-wealth-index/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gansbeke |first1=Frank Van |title=Climate Change And Gross Domestic Product – Need For A Drastic Overhaul |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/frankvangansbeke/2020/09/11/climate-change-and-gross-domestic-product--need-for-a-drastic-overhaul/ |access-date=17 September 2020 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920071646/https://www.forbes.com/sites/frankvangansbeke/2020/09/11/climate-change-and-gross-domestic-product--need-for-a-drastic-overhaul/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of [[obesity|obese]] adults was approximately 600 million (12%) in 2015.<ref name="NEJM2017">{{cite journal |vauthors = Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A, Marczak L, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Naghavi M, Salama JS, Vos T, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Ahmed MB, [[Ziyad Al-Aly|Al-Aly Z]], Alkerwi A, Al-Raddadi R, Amare AT, Amberbir A, Amegah AK, Amini E, Amrock SM, Anjana RM, Ärnlöv J, Asayesh H, Banerjee A, Barac A, Baye E, Bennett DA, Beyene AS, Biadgilign S, Biryukov S, Bjertness E, Boneya DJ, Campos-Nonato I, Carrero JJ, Cecilio P, Cercy K, Ciobanu LG, Cornaby L, Damtew SA, Dandona L, Dandona R, Dharmaratne SD, Duncan BB, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Feigin VL, Fernandes JC, Fürst T, Gebrehiwot TT, Gold A, Gona PN, Goto A, Habtewold TD, Hadush KT, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hay SI, Horino M, Islami F, Kamal R, Kasaeian A, Katikireddi SV, Kengne AP, Kesavachandran CN, Khader YS, Khang YH, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kinfu Y, Kosen S, Ku T, Defo BK, Kumar GA, Larson HJ, Leinsalu M, Liang X, Lim SS, Liu P, Lopez AD, Lozano R, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, McGarvey ST, Mengistu DT, Mensah GA, Mensink GB, Mezgebe HB, Mirrakhimov EM, Mueller UO, Noubiap JJ, Obermeyer CM, Ogbo FA, Owolabi MO, Patton GC, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rafay A, Rai RK, Ranabhat CL, Reinig N, Safiri S, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Santos IS, Sartorius B, Sawhney M, Schmidhuber J, Schutte AE, Schmidt MI, Sepanlou SG, Shamsizadeh M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin MJ, Shiri R, Shiue I, Roba HS, Silva DA, Silverberg JI, Singh JA, Stranges S, Swaminathan S, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tegegne BS, Terkawi AS, Thakur JS, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja KN, Uthman OA, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wesana J, Westerman R, Yano Y, Yonemoto N, Yonga G, Zaidi Z, Zenebe ZM, Zipkin B, Murray CJ |date=July 2017 |title=Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=377 |issue=1 |pages=13–27 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 |pmc=5477817 |pmid=28604169}}</ref>{{non sequitur|date=February 2026 |reason=no clear relation of obesity statistic to context}}

===Environment===
{{See also|Eco-economic decoupling}}
[[File:Absolute-decoupling-Growth-and-falling-emissions-all.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|upright=1.4|Eco-economic decoupling between GDP growth and [[greenhouse gas emissions]] decrease]]

Many [[environmentalism|environmentalists]] argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the [[biosphere|environment]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeroen |last=van den Bergh |date=13 April 2010 |title=The Virtues of Ignoring GDP |work=The Broker |url=http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/The-virtues-of-ignoring-GDP |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-date=24 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224051234/http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/Articles/The-virtues-of-ignoring-GDP |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Gertner |date=13 May 2010 |work=[[New York Times Magazine]] |title=The Rise and Fall of G.D.P. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/magazine/16GDP-t.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/magazine/16GDP-t.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the language of economics, everything comes down to its monetary value.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics |url=https://www.cinemapolitica.org/film/whos-counting-marilyn-waring-on-sex-lies-and-global-economics/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Cinema Politica |language=en-CA}}</ref> In essence, GDP rewards behaviors that are detrimental to the environment.<ref name=":3" /> GDP also does not capture certain phenomena impacting citizens' well-being.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergh |first1=Jeroen C.J.M. van den |title=The GDP paradox |journal=Journal of Economic Psychology |date=April 2009 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=117–135 |doi=10.1016/j.joep.2008.12.001 }}</ref> For example, traffic jams could cause GDP to increase as there is a higher consumption of gasoline, however, GDP fails to consider citizens' well-being in terms of the quality of air due to air pollution from the traffic jams.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Progress (France) |first1=Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eogVezBLULYC&dq=criticism+of+GDP&pg=PR34 |title=Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up |last2=Stiglitz |first2=Joseph E. |last3=Sen |first3=Amartya |last4=Fitoussi |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2010 |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1-59558-519-6 |language=en}}</ref> Various alternatives have been developed(see below).

A 2020 study found that "poor regions' GDP grows faster by attracting more polluting [[production (economics)|production]] after connection to China's expressway system.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guojun |last2=Xie |first2=Yang |last3=Zhang |first3=Bing |title=Expressways, GDP, and the environment: The case of China |journal=Journal of Development Economics |date=June 2020 |volume=145 |article-number=102485 |doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102485 |bibcode=2020JDevE.14502485H }}</ref> GDP may not be a tool capable of recognizing how much [[natural capital]] agents of the economy are building or protecting.<ref>{{cite web |title = GDP is destroying the planet. Here's an alternative |url = https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/gdp-is-destroying-the-planet-heres-an-alternative/ |date=May 31, 2018 |first1=Pooran |last1=Desai |website = World Economic Forum |access-date = 20 September 2020 |language = en |archive-date = 18 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918234057/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/gdp-is-destroying-the-planet-heres-an-alternative |url-status = live }}</ref>
In 2020 scientists, as part of a [[World Scientists' Warning to Humanity]]-associated series, warned that worldwide growth in [[affluence]] in terms of GDP-metrics has increased [[resource use]] and [[pollutant|pollutant emissions]] with affluent [[global citizen|citizens of the world]] – in terms of e.g. resource-intensive consumption – being responsible for most negative environmental impacts and central to a transition to safer, [[sustainability|sustainable]] conditions. They summarised evidence, presented solution approaches and stated that far-reaching [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] [[Behavioural change theories|changes]] need to [[Technology and society|complement technological advancements]] and that existing societies, economies and cultures [[incentive|incite]] [[overconsumption|consumption expansion]] and that the [[Structural change|structural imperative]] for [[Economic growth|growth]] in [[Competition (economics)|competitive]] [[market economy|market economies]] inhibits [[societal change]].<ref name="phys-affluence">{{cite news |title = Affluence is killing the planet, warn scientists |url = https://phys.org/news/2020-06-affluence-planet-scientists.html |date= June 24, 2020 |first1=Thomas |last1=Wiedmann |first2=Julia K. |last2=Steinberger |first3=Manfred |last3=Lenzen |agency=The Conversation |access-date = 5 July 2020 |website = phys.org |language = en |archive-date = 5 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200705161607/https://phys.org/news/2020-06-affluence-planet-scientists.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Overconsumption and growth economy key drivers of environmental crises |url = https://phys.org/news/2020-06-overconsumption-growth-economy-key-drivers.html |date=June 19, 2020 |agency= University of New South Wales |access-date = 5 July 2020 |website = phys.org |language = en |archive-date = 23 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200623220446/https://phys.org/news/2020-06-overconsumption-growth-economy-key-drivers.html |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="gdp-affluence">{{cite journal |author1=Thomas Wiedmann |author2=Manfred Lenzen |author3=Lorenz T. Keyßer |author4=[[Julia Steinberger]]|title=Scientists' warning on affluence |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y |pmid=32561753 |pmc=7305220 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3107W |doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text and image were copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.</ref> Sarah Arnold, Senior Economist at the [[New Economics Foundation]] (NEF) stated that "GDP includes activities that are detrimental to our [[economy]] and [[society]] in the long term, such as [[deforestation]], strip mining, overfishing and so on".<ref>{{cite web |title = Why GDP is no longer the most effective measure of economic success |url = https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/why-gdp-is-no-longer-the-most-effective-measure-of-economic-success |website = World Finance |first1=Courtney |last1=Goldsmith |access-date = 17 September 2020 |archive-date = 18 September 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918233815/https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/why-gdp-is-no-longer-the-most-effective-measure-of-economic-success |url-status = live }}</ref> The number of trees that are net lost annually is estimated to be approximately 10 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-access=limited |first1=Will |last1=Dunham |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Reuters |date=2 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230631/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title=Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170611/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |url-status=live }}</ref> The global average annual deforested land in the 2015–2020 demi-decade was 10 million hectares and the average annual net forest area loss in the 2000–2010 decade 4.7 million hectares, according to the [[Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA)|Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/ |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105408/http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en |url-status=live }}</ref> According to one study, depending on the level of [[wealth inequality]], higher GDP-growth can be associated with more deforestation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koop |first1=Gary |last2=Tole |first2=Lise |title=Deforestation, distribution and development |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=October 2001 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00057-1 |bibcode=2001GEC....11..193K }}</ref> In 2019 "agriculture and [[agribusiness]]" accounted for 24% of the GDP of Brazil, [[2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires|where a large share of annual net tropical forest loss occurred and is associated with sizable portions of this economic activity domain]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arruda |first1=Daniel |last2=Candido |first2=Hugo G. |last3=Fonseca |first3=Rúbia |title=Amazon fires threaten Brazil's agribusiness |journal=Science |date=27 September 2019 |volume=365 |issue=6460 |pages=1387 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz2198 |pmid=31604261 |bibcode=2019Sci...365.1387A }}</ref>

[[Steven A. Cohen (academic)|Steve Cohen]] of the Earth Institute elucidated that while GDP does not distinguish between different activities (or [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyles]]), "all consumption behaviors are not created equal and do not have the same impact on [[environmental sustainability]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Economic growth and environmental sustainability |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-01-economic-growth-environmental-sustainability.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103063216/https://phys.org/news/2020-01-economic-growth-environmental-sustainability.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Johan Rockström]], director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, noted that "it's difficult to see if the current G.D.P.-based [[economic model|model]] of economic growth can go hand-in-hand with rapid [[mitigation of climate change|cutting of emissions]]", which nations have agreed to attempt under the [[Paris Agreement]] in order to mitigate real-world impacts of climate change.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Landler |first1=Mark |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |title=Trump and the Teenager: A Climate Showdown at Davos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/climate/greta-thunberg-trump-davos.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907013852/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/climate/greta-thunberg-trump-davos.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1989, [[John B. Cobb]] and [[Herman Daly]] introduced [[Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare]] (ISEW) by taking into account other factors such as consumption of nonrenewable resources and degradation of the environment. ISEW is roughly defined as: personal consumption + public non-defensive expenditures − private defensive expenditures + capital formation + services from domestic labour − costs of [[environmental degradation]] − depreciation of natural capital.
In 2005, [[Med Jones]], an American Economist, at the International Institute of Management, introduced the first secular Gross National Happiness Index a.k.a. [[Gross National Well-being]] framework and Index to complement GDP economics with additional seven dimensions, including environment, education, and government, work, social and health (mental and physical) indicators. The proposal was inspired by the King of Bhutan's [[Gross National Happiness|GNH]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/ |title = Gross National Happiness (GNH) – A New Socioeconomic Development Policy Framework – A Policy White Paper – The American Pursuit of Unhappiness – Med Jones, IIM |date = 10 January 2005 |website = Iim-edu.org |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 2 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050022/https://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/the-happiness-portfolio-is-no-laughing-matter-1.170601/|title= Happiness Ministry in Dubai|date= 11 February 2016|access-date= 4 March 2017|archive-date= 16 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170216193217/http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/the-happiness-portfolio-is-no-laughing-matter|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_2012.pdf|title=Harvard Kennedy School Report to U.S. Congressman 21st Century GDP: National Indicators for a New Era|access-date=2017-03-04|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701192803/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/67149/1241406/version/1/file/PAE+Beachy_Zorn_2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2019, Serge Pierre Besanger published a "GDP 3.0" proposal which combines an expanded GNI formula which he calls GNIX, with a [[Palma ratio]] and a set of environmental metrics based on the Daly Rule.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death by GDP – how the climate crisis is driven by a growth yardstick |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/death-by-gdp-how-the-climate-crisis-is-driven-by-a-growth-yardstick |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=21 December 2019 |language=en |access-date=22 December 2019 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222041235/https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/death-by-gdp-how-the-climate-crisis-is-driven-by-a-growth-yardstick |url-status=live }}</ref>

The UK's [[Natural Capital Committee]] highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the [[United Kingdom|UK]] Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth". They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the [[sustainable growth]] rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short-term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long-term".{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

China launched the [[Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)]] in 2020. It measures the contribution of ecosystems to the economy, including by regulating climate. It spread widely across the country. The first province to issue local rules about GEP was [[Zhejiang ]], and a year later it has already decided the fate of a project in the [[Deqing County, Zhejiang|Deqing]] region. For example, the GEP of Chengtian Radon Spring Nature Reserve has been calculated as US$43 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mengnan |first1=Jiang |title=Zhejiang counts 'gross ecosystem product' of nature reserve |url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/digest/zhejiang-counts-gross-ecosystem-product-of-nature-reserve/ |website=China Dialogue |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>

=== GDP per capita ===
[[File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2024.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|Countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]] in 2024
{| width=100%h
|-
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#00008a|> $60,000}}
{{Legend|#003c00|$50,000–$60,000}}
{{Legend|#008f00|$40,000–$50,000}}
{{Legend|#00f900|$30,000–$40,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#b3ff00|$20,000–$30,000}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|$10,000–$20,000}}
{{Legend|#ffd215|$5,000–$10,000}}
{{Legend|#ff852f|$2,500–$5,000}}
| valign=top |
{{Legend|#ff0000|$1,000–$2,500}}
{{Legend|#a30000|< $1,000}}
{{Legend|#b9b9b9|No data}}
|}
]]
GDP changes with [[population change]]. GDP adjusted for population is called ''Per-capita GDP'' or ''GDP per person''. This measures the average production of a person in the country. The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of the standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP every quarter, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.

It can be argued that GDP per capita is an indicator of standard of living.<ref name="HDWMSL">{{Cite web |title=How Do We Measure Standard of Living? |url=https://www.bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331123630/http://bostonfed.org/education/ledger/ledger03/winter/measure.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-31 |website=The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Real GDP per Capita Affects the Standard of Living|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html|website=Study.com|access-date=2015-04-06|archive-date=2015-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520003910/http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-real-gdp-per-capita-affects-the-standard-of-living.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well-being.<ref name="HDWMSL" /> From the perspective of environmental, social and governance (ESG) measures, GDP per capita trends can be influenced by factors such as gender parity and elements of regulatory quality. The change in number of MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) in the Philippines from 2008 through 2021 would be an example of elements such as the per capita gross domestic product and unemployment rate having significant effect on a developing country with mixed economy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Jackson Juatco |last2=Arceo |first2=Virginia Ramirez |title=Women driving Philippine entrepreneurship: Social and governance issues as mediated by economic development |journal=Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research |date=December 2024 |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=28 |doi=10.1007/s40497-024-00398-0 }}</ref>

==== Lists of countries by GDP per capita====
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]]
* [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita]] ([[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita|PPP]])
{{colend}}

===Income distribution===
GDP does not account for [[income distribution]]. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well-being if the income distribution is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country (their income might decline, even as the mean [[GDP per capita]] rises). GDP per capita measures (like aggregate GDP measures) do not account for income distribution (and tend to overstate the average income per capita). For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not shared equally among its citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=South Africa Economic Update |date=April 2018 |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/798731523331698204-0010022018/original/SouthAfricaEconomicUpdateApril2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613075324/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/798731523331698204-0010022018/original/SouthAfricaEconomicUpdateApril2018.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-13 |url-status=live |website=World Bank }}</ref> The United Nations has aimed in its [[Sustainable Development Goal 10|Sustainable Development Goals]], amongst other global initiatives, to address wealth inequality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 10 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> See [[income inequality metrics]] for discussion of a variety of inequality-based economic measures.<ref name="limitations">{{cite web|title=Macroeconomics – GDP and Welfare|url=http://principles-of-economics-and-business.blogspot.com/2015/01/macroeconomics-gdp-and-welfare.html|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221134753/http://principles-of-economics-and-business.blogspot.com/2015/01/macroeconomics-gdp-and-welfare.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A representative measure of the living standard is the [[median income]] since it represents the [[median voter theorem|median voter]].<ref name="x744">{{cite journal | last1=Birdsall | first1=Nancy | last2=Meyer | first2=Christian J. | title=The Median is the Message: A Good Enough Measure of Material Wellbeing and Shared Development Progress | journal=Global Policy | volume=6 | issue=4 | date=2015 | issn=1758-5880 | doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12239 | pages=343–357 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.12239 | access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> The median income growth was found diverging from the GDP per capita growth in some countries.<ref name="10.1111_roiw.12362">{{Cite journal |last1=Nolan |first1=Brian |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Thewissen |first3=Stefan |date=September 2019 |title=GDP Per Capita Versus Median Household Income: What Gives Rise to the Divergence Over Time and how does this Vary Across OECD Countries? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roiw.12362 |journal=Review of Income and Wealth |language=en |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=465–494 |doi=10.1111/roiw.12362 |issn=0034-6586 |via=Business Source Ultimate|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Standard of living ===
{{Main|Standard of living}}
Although a high or rising level of GDP per capita is often associated with increased economic and social progress, the opposite sometimes occurs. For example, [[Jean Drèze]] and [[Amartya Sen]] have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradictions|last2=Sen|first2=Amartya|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4877-5|location=Princeton|last1=Drèze|first1=Jean}}</ref> Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China, where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/china-0|title=China Country Report Freedom in the World 2012|website= Freedom House |date=19 March 2012|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517125703/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/china-0|url-status=dead}}</ref> GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inequality hurts economic growth, finds OECD research |url=https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/inequality-hurts-economic-growth.htm |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=OECD |date=2014 |archive-date=2022-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419002502/https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/inequality-hurts-economic-growth.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Capabilities===
In the 1980s, [[Amartya Sen]] and [[Martha Nussbaum]] developed the [[capability approach]], which focuses on the functional capabilities enjoyed by people within a country, rather than the aggregate GDP within a country. These capabilities consist of the functions that a person is able to achieve.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability : Approach |year=2009|publisher=Earthscan Ltd. |isbn=978-1-84407-806-6|edition=1st |location=London|last1=Shahani|first1= Lila|first2=Severine|last2= Deneulin}}</ref>
In 1990, [[Mahbub ul Haq]], a Pakistani economist at the United Nations, introduced the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI). The HDI is a composite index of life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and standard of living measured as a logarithmic function of GDP, adjusted to purchasing power parity.
In 2009 Professors [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Amartya Sen]], and [[Jean-Paul Fitoussi]] at the [[Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress]] (CMEPSP), formed by French President, [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] published a proposal to overcome the limitation of GDP economics to expand the focus to well-being economics with a well-being framework consisting of health, environment, work, physical safety, economic safety, and political freedom. This has been adopted in a number of countries as a [[wellbeing economy]] policy.
In 2008, the [[Centre for Bhutan Studies and GNH Research|Centre for Bhutan Studies]] began publishing the [[Gross National Happiness#Bhutanese GNH index|Bhutan Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index]], whose contributors to happiness include physical, mental, and spiritual health; time balance; social and community vitality; cultural vitality; education; living standards; good governance; and ecological vitality.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/antistasis/article/viewFile/21119/24379 |title="Bhutan GNH Index" |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212072510/http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/antistasis/article/viewFile/21119/24379 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2013, the [[OECD Better Life Index]] was published by the OECD. The dimensions of the index included health, economic, workplace, income, jobs, housing, civic engagement, and [[life satisfaction]].
Since 2012, John Helliwell, [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]] and [[Jeffrey Sachs]] have edited an annual [[World Happiness Report]] which reports a national measure of subjective well-being, derived from a single survey question on satisfaction with life. GDP explains some of the cross-national variation in life satisfaction, but more of it is explained by other, social variables.

===Sustainability of growth===
In the second decade of the 21st century the [[United Nations]] gave the task of creating a measurement of progress that takes "human wellbeing, sustainability and equity" into account to a group co-chaired by [[Kaushik Basu]] and [[Nora Lustig]]. In 2025 it published a report which argued that recent global shocks make the need for transformation more urgent. In January 2026, the UN held a conference named "Beyond GDP" attended by major economists. In February 2026, [[António Guterres|Antonio Guterres]] said: "We must place true value on the environment and go beyond gross domestic product as a measure of human progress and wellbeing." The initiative followed a debate about [[sustainable]] economic structures between [[green growth]] advocates, green [[Keynesians]] and advocates of [[doughnut economy]], [[Wellbeing economy]], [[steady-state economics]], [[degrowth]], and according to a recent survey, 73% of around 800 climate policy researchers support post-growth. According to [[Jason Hickel]] this initiative will not be enough, because: "A deeper system change is required. Specifically, we need to democratise control over production, which can enable us to change what we produce and for whom. "The dominance of GDP is not an accident, it occurs because GDP measures what is valuable to capital. It is the structure of capitalism that ultimately must be overcome."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Matthew |title=Global economy must move past GDP to avoid planetary disaster, warns UN chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/feb/09/global-economy-transformed-humanity-future-un-chief-antonio-guterres |access-date=16 February 2026 |agency=The Guardian |date=9 February 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Chained volume series]]
* [[Circular flow of income]]
* [[Composite Index of National Capability]]
* [[Cost-of-living crisis]]
* [[Decoupling of wages from productivity]]
* [[Disposable household and per capita income]]
* [[Economy monetization]]
* [[GDP density]]
* [[Gross regional domestic product]]
* [[Growth imperative]]
* [[Impact evaluation]]
* [[Inventory investment]]
* [[List of countries by average wage]]
* [[List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies]]
* [[Misery index (economics)]]
* [[Median income]]
* [[Modified gross national income]]
* [[National average salary]]
* [[Per capita income]]
* [[Potential output]]
* [[Productivism]]
* [[Social Progress Index]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Australian Bureau for Statistics, [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument ''Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods''] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817182931/http://abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3F880EE1D366198CCA2569A400061616?opendocument |date=2008-08-17 }}), 2000. Retrieved November 2009. In depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
* {{Cite book
|last= Coyle |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Coyle |year=2014
|title= GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History
|location=Princeton, NJ |publisher= Princeton University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-15679-8}}
* Jerven, Morten (2013). ''Poor Numbers: How We Are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about It.'' Cornell University Press.
* Lepenies, Philipp. ''The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP''.
* Philipsen, Dirk. ''The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do About It''.
* [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]], "Measuring What Matters: Obsession with one financial figure, GDP, has worsened people's health, happiness and the environment, and economists want to replace it", ''[[Scientific American]]'', vol. 323, no. 2 (August 2020), pp. 24–31.
* {{cite book |title=Growth: A History and a Reckoning |first=Daniel |last=Susskind |publisher=Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0674294493}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf |title=Concepts and Methods of the United States National Income and Product Accounts |access-date=9 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108104038/https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/NIPAhandbookch1-4.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=dead |publisher=United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis }} In-depth explanations of how GDP and other national account items are determined.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gross domestic product}}
{{Wikiquote|Gross Domestic Product}}
'''Global'''
* {{Britannica|246647}}
* [http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/3f880ee1d366198cca2569a400061616!OpenDocument Australian Bureau of Statistics Manual on GDP measurement]
* [http://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm OECD GDP chart]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918013624/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/databases.htm UN Statistical Databases]
* [http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx World Development Indicators (WDI)] at World Bank
* [https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=wb-wdi&met=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:USA:CHN:FRA:DEU:JPN:GBR World GDP Chart (since 1960)]

* [https://statisticsoftheworld.com/ranking/gdp GDP by Country] — Ranked list of 218 countries with historical data from IMF World Economic Outlook. Free API access.

'''Data'''
* [https://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp Bureau of Economic Analysis: Official United States GDP data]
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/ Historicalstatistics.org: Links to historical statistics on GDP for countries and regions], maintained by the Department of Economic History at [[Stockholm University]]
* [http://www.measuringworth.org/usgdp/ Historical U.S. GDP (yearly data)], 1790–present, maintained by Samuel H. Williamson and Lawrence H. Officer, both professors of economics at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]]
* [https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020?lang=en The Maddison Project] of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre at the [[University of Groningen]]. This project extends the work of [[Angus Maddison]] in collating all the available, credible data estimating GDP for countries around the world. This includes data for some countries for over 2,000 years and for all countries since 1950.

'''Articles and books'''
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Gross domestic product}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/gdp.htm |title=Gross Domestic Product: An Economy's All |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |first1=Tim |last1=Callen}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224 |last1=Stiglitz |first1=JE |last2=Sen |first2=A |last3=Fitoussi |first3=J-P |title=Mismeasuring our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up |publisher=New Press |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010559/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/6224 |archive-date= May 15, 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612235855/http://dieoff.org/page11.htm "What's wrong with the GDP?"], The [[Genuine progress indicator]]: Summary of Data and Methodology, Redefining Progress C1995
* [http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/MEASURE.HTM Whether output and CPI inflation are mismeasured], by [[Nouriel Roubini]] and [[David Backus]], in Lectures in Macroeconomics
* Rodney Edvinsson, {{cite journal|url= http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-378 |title=Growth, Accumulation, Crisis: With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800–2000 |journal=Diva |year=2005 |last1=Edvinsson |first1=Rodney }}
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/ecbig/gdp.htm Clifford Cobb, Ted Halstead and Jonathan Rowe. "If the GDP is up, why is America down?" The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 276, no. 4, October 1995, pages 59–78]
* Jerorn C.J.M. van den Bergh, "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=962343 Abolishing GDP]"
* [http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1507/GDP_and_GNI.html GDP and GNI in OECD Observer No246-247, Dec 2004-Jan 2005]

{{GDP country lists}}
{{Global economic classifications}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gross Domestic Product}}
[[Category:Gross domestic product| ]]
[[Category:Macroeconomic indicators]]
[[Category:National accounts]]

Vaishnavi Powar

2026-04-16T17:30:52Z

JVLEricka167: new some info w/ sources!

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Vaishnavi Bajarang Powar''' (2 September 2006)<ref>https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/Khelo%20India%20Athletes.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515205637/https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/Khelo%20India%20Athletes.pdf |date=15 May 2025 }} Serial Number 178</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Maharashtra]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Day 2: India's match timings and live streaming |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/other-sports-news/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-day-2-india-s-match-timings-and-live-streaming-125011400434_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115115423/https://www.business-standard.com/sports/other-sports-news/kho-kho-world-cup-2025-day-2-india-s-match-timings-and-live-streaming-125011400434_1.html |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> She was part of the Indian women's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Powar is from Chandur-Shahunagar, [[Ichalkaranji]] village in Kagal taluka, [[Kolhapur district]], Maharashtra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=महिला वर्ल्डकप खो-खोपटू वैष्णवी पोवारचे मंत्री हसन मुश्रीफांनी केले अभिनंदन |url=https://livemarathi.in/minister-hasan-mushrif-congratulated-womens-world-cup-kho-kho-player-vaishnavi-powar/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en}}</ref> The family is into powerloom weaving. She studied at Gangamai Girls High School and later joined arts stream at the Junior College in Ichalkaranji.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Powar was part of the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, [[Bangladesh]] in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78–40 in the final.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier in December 2024, she attended a selection camp for 60 probables at New Delhi before getting the nod for the final 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/football/mitti-to-mat-how-badlapur-woman-became-best-defender-in-kho-kho-world-cup/ar-AA1xDIRO?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-22 |title=Mitti to mat: How Badlapur woman became 'best defender' in Kho Kho World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mitti-to-mat-how-badlapur-woman-became-best-defender-in-kho-kho-wc/articleshow/117435250.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Powar, Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:50Z

JVLEricka167: Starting Stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Kabisuryanagar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kabisuryanagar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 125
| type = SLA
| map_image = 125-Kabisuryanagar.svg
| map_caption = Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency in [[Ganjam district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Pratap Chandra Nayak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,38,297{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Kabisuryanagar''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Ganjam district]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=125 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131220054118/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=125 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 20 December 2013 |title=Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote=Constituency: Kabisuryanagar (125) District : Ganjam |accessdate=20 December 2013}}</ref> Following 2008 Delimitation, [[Kodala Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes [[Kabisuryanagar]], [[Kodala]], part of Kabisuryanagar block and part of Purusottampur block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp69.htm|title= 69 - Kabisuryanagar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 27 March 2014}}</ref>
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|55.79}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|62.87}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.68}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.01}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.22}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|42.66}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.68}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|55.02}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.63}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|41.86}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|38.50}}
}}

Since its formation in 1967, 14 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Kabisuryanagar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="election2024">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S18.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Pratap Chandra Nayak]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Latika Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" />
| rowspan="2" |[[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Ladu Kishore Swain]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Nityananda Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Harihar Swain]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Nityananda Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Radha Govinda Sahu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Tarini Charan Pattnaik
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Sadananda Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Dandapani Swain
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 20 May 2024 in 2nd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 5th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=7 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507223908/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Pratap Chandra Nayak]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Latika Pradhan]] by a margin of 30,173 votes.<ref name="election2024" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kabisuryanagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pratap Chandra Nayak]]
|votes = 80,995
|percentage = 55.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Latika Pradhan]]
|votes = 50,822
|percentage = 35.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjaya Kumar Mandal
|votes = 2,969
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Prabin Kumar Das
|votes = 2,188
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,038
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,173
|percentage = 20.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,188
|percentage = 60.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Latika Pradhan]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Ranjan Polai by a margin of 49,028 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kabisuryanagar<ref name="SP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-II) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase2/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%282nd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=17 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Latika Pradhan]]
|votes = 92,347
|percentage = 62.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjan Polai
|votes = 43,319
|percentage = 29.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bijaya Kumar Sahu
|votes = 5,727
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,656
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,028
|percentage = 33.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,46,877
|percentage = 64.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Hara Prasad Sahu by a margin of 21,500 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/StatewiseS187.htm|title=Odisha Result Status|work=ECI|quote=21,500|accessdate=19 May 2014|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518231258/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/StatewiseS187.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kabisuryanagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Kabisuryanagar|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18125.htm?ac=125|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 June 2014|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518222704/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18125.htm?ac=125|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Kabisuryanagar (125)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=125|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140619141302/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=125|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
|votes = 67,161
|percentage = 50.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Hara Prasad Sahu
|votes = 45,661
|percentage = 34.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sitaram Panigrahi
|votes = 9,843
|percentage = 7.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishnu Prasad Jena
|votes = 4,315
|percentage = 3.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,466
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,500
|percentage = 16.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,525
|percentage = 64.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,04,764
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kishore Palei by 23,068 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=23068 |accessdate=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= 2009 Vidhan Sabha Election, Kabisuryanagar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
|votes = 56,960
|percentage = 56.01
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishor Pallei
|votes = 33,892
|percentage = 33.33
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prabodh Chandra Panda
|votes = 5,792
|percentage = 5.70
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,068
|percentage = 22.68{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,01,701
|percentage = 54.55
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|19.58|84.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]

Ambika Anand

2026-04-13T09:31:27Z

JVLEricka167:

{{short description|Indian TV anchor and fashion consultant (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ambika Anand
| image = Ambika Anand Europe.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|09|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| education = [[Delhi University]] [[Cardiff Business School]]
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[News presenter]]
| employer = [[NDTV]]
}}

'''Ambika Anand''' (born 15 September 1980) is an Indian [[TV anchor]] and fashion consultant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ambika |date=2018-08-18 |title=What Fashionista Ambika Anand Would Wear if She were PeeCee |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/swag/priyanka-chopra-engagement-to-nick-jonas-style |access-date= |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> She has previously anchored shows like ''Eyes on Style'', ''Band Baajaa Bride'' Season 7,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/ndtv-good-times-brings-back-band-baajaa-bride-for-a-7th-season/ |title=NDTV Good Times announces season 7 of Band Baajaa Bride |access-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174852/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/ndtv-good-times-brings-back-band-baajaa-bride-for-a-7th-season/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''Big Fat Indian Wedding'', ''I'm Too Sexy For My Shoes'',<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wedding-planner/465366/2 Wedding Planner] [[Indian Express]], 25 May 2009.</ref><ref name="ndtv" /><ref>[http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/?id=44292 Glitterati from fashion and films add a splash of style] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917010027/http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/media_newslets/?id=44292 |date=17 September 2012 }} afaqs, 13 February 2010.</ref> and ''I'm Too Sexy – All Access''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=509&ch=sdga |title=NDTVGOODTIMES I'm Too Sexy –All Access |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113120136/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=509&ch=sdga |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=It's Show Time with Ambika Anand {{!}} Verve Magazine |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/fashion-and-beauty/ambika-anand |access-date= |website=www.vervemagazine.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and hosted ''The Ambika Anand Show'' on her YouTube channel.

==Early life and career==

Born in [[Chandigarh]], she is daughter of Anil P Anand and Jayshree Anand, she completed her schooling from [[Delhi Public School, R K Puram|Delhi Public School]] & graduated from [[Jesus and Mary College]], [[Delhi University]]. She earned a Diploma Degree in Economics from the [[Cardiff Business School]].<ref name=ndtv>[http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/GoodTimesAnchorPopUp.aspx?ShowID=14 Ambika Anand Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006193541/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/GoodTimesAnchorPopUp.aspx?ShowID=14 |date=6 October 2011 }} [[NDTV]].</ref><ref>[http://www.afternoondc.in/womens-world/from-business-to-fashion/article_28093 From business to fashion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830074025/http://www.afternoondc.in/womens-world/from-business-to-fashion/article_28093 |date=30 August 2018 }} [[The Afternoon Despatch & Courier]], 23 June 2011.</ref>

Anand joined [[NDTV]] on 8 December 2002 and worked for their show ''India Business Report'', a weekly programme that was produced for the [[BBC]]. After close to two years of working with NDTV, she went and worked for the Department of Communication of the [[International Labour Organization]] in [[Geneva]].

In December 2005, she rejoined NDTV and worked on several programmes in her capacity as reporter and anchor, including ''Hot Property'', ''Boss's Day Out'' and ''Value for Money''. She also anchored live business news on the channel.<ref name=ndtv/>

Anand turned to fashion and wedding related programming in 2007 and joined NDTV's lifestyle channel, [[NDTV Good Times|Good Times]]. She worked on a series of hit programs like ''Big Fat Indian Wedding'', ''10 Things To Do Before You Say Bye'', ''Vanity No Apologies'', ''The Inside Story'' and ''I Am Too Sexy For My Shoes''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/53825/good-times-fashion-here.html | title=Good Times in Fashion are here | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=20 February 2010 | accessdate=5 July 2018 }}</ref><ref name="goodtimes.ndtv.com">{{Cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=532 |title=10 Things To Do Before You Say Bye! - London episode |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606174026/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=532 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110115432/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/11/stories/2010031150270300.htm Show Time: Second season of 'I am too sexy for my shoes'] [[The Hindu]], 11 Mar 2010.</ref>

Continuing with her foray in this genre, she began anchoring a new show ''Band Baja Bride'' in 2011,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110223092506/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/02/18/stories/2011021852511600.htm Wedding bloom] [[The Hindu]], 18 Feb 2011.</ref> a bride makeover show where she performed the part of mentor. She also hosted ''The Fast and the Gorgeous'', a [[reality television|reality show]], in the same year.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/fast-gorgeous-back-ambika-anand-064119414.html 'The Fast and The Gorgeous' back with Ambika Anand ]</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* Was on ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]''{{'}}s India's best dressed list in 2009, 2010 <ref>[http://www.verveonline.com/90/people/bestdressed03.shtml India's Best Dressed List 2010] Verve, Volume 18, Issue 10, October, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.verveonline.com/78/people/bestdressed03.shtml India's Best Dressed List 2009] Verve, Volume 17, Issue 10, October, 2009.</ref>
* Her show ''I'm Too Sexy For My Shoes'' also won the Best Lifestyle & Fashion Show for 2010 at the [[Indian Telly Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |title=The Tenth Indian Telly Awards |access-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Awarded [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] India's Fun Fearless Female TV Personality Award 2011
* ''10 Things to do before you say Bye! - London'' - A show that Anand was a part of, won the award for Outstanding Broadcast Feature at VisitBritain Media Awards 2011<ref name="goodtimes.ndtv.com"/>
* ''Band Baajaa Bride'', a show that Anand hosted won Best Lifestyle Show at the Indian Telly Awards 2011 <ref>[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 The 11th Indian Telly Awards] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>
* Was on the list of ''HT City'' Delhi's Most Stylish 2013 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130407071714/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Top-style-divas-of-Delhi/Article1-1022703.aspx HT City Delhi's Most Stylish 2013]</ref>
* In 2019, The Colombo Fashion Week show was sent as an entry by NDTV 24x7 for Best Fashion And Lifestyle Show for Indian Television Awards 2019 and won in that category. Ambika had scripted and anchored the show! <ref>[https://www.colombofashionweek.com/press/ndtvs-coverage-of-cfw-wins-indian-television-academy-award/ NDTV’s Coverage of CFW wins Indian Television Academy Award]</ref>

==YouTube==
In 2019, she started her own [[YouTube]] channel and launched ''The Ambika Anand Show''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|anandambika}}

{{authority control}}
{{NDTV Personnel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Ambika}}
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:NDTV Group]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian bloggers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women bloggers]]

Sri Mariamman Temple, Valangaiman

2026-04-13T08:32:14Z

JVLEricka167: new the place needs work

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{orphan|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Mariamman Temple, Valangaiman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvarur]]
| location = [[Valangaiman]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]],
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
}}
[[File:Valangaiman mariamman temple entrance.jpg|thumb|Temple entrance]]
'''Sri Mariamman Temple''' is situated at [[Valangaiman]] in [[Tiruvarur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is found in [[Kumbakonam]]-[[Needamangalam]] road, at a distance of 9 km from Kumbakonam.<ref name=dinamani1>(S.Santhanaraman, Three specialities of Valangaiman Mariamman, Dinamani, 12 February 2020 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]) எஸ்.சந்தானராமன், மூவகைச் சிறப்புகளுடன் வலங்கைமான் மாரியம்மன், வலங்கைமான் அருள்மிகு பாடைகட்டி மகாமாரியம்மன் கோயில், மகா கும்பாபிஷேக விழா விளம்பரச் சிறப்பிதழ், தினமணி, 12 பிப்ரவரி 2020</ref>

==Temple structure==
[[File:Valangaiman mariamman temple.jpg|thumb|left|100x150px|கோயில்]]
The temple has front mandapa, arthamandapa, sanctum sanctorum and prakara. In the mahamandapa, at the south Vinayaka and at the north Irulan, Pechiamman, Veeran with consorts are found. In the arthamandapa processional deities are kept. Sanctum sanctorum is in square size. In the south of the temple, temple tank is found.<ref name=dinamani1/>

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity is known as Valangaiman Mariamman.<ref name=dinamalar1>[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1733 Dinamalar Temples, Valangaiman Mariamman Temple]</ref><ref name=dinamani1/>

==Pujas==
Special pujas are held in this temple during the Tamil month of Aavani (August–September). Every Sunday is considered as festive day to this temple. This temple is opened from 6.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon and 5.00 p.m. to 8.00 p.m.<ref name=dinamalar1/>

==Strange custom==
Devotees follow a strange custom of fulfilling by doing ritual with [[bier|paadai]] generally used for carrying the dead body.<ref name=dinamalar1/>

==Mahasamprokshanam==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham|Mahasamprokshanam]] took place on 12 February 2020.<ref>[https://www.thanthitv.com/News/TamilNadu/2020/02/11194645/1078122/Kumbakonam-Temple-festival.vpf (Kumbakonam Valangaiman Padaikatti Mariamman Temple Mahasamprokshanam, Kalasas of Temple is taken around the temple, Thanthi TV, 11 February 2020) கும்பகோணம் வலங்கைமான் பாடைகட்டி மாரியம்மன் கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேகம், ஊர்வலமாக எடுத்துச்செல்லப்பட்ட கோபுரக் கலசங்கள், தந்தி டிவி, 11 பிப்ரவரி 2020]. in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]</ref><ref>[https://www.dinamani.com/religion/2020/feb/11/valangaiman-mahamariamman-temple-kumbabishegam-to-be-held-tomorrow-3354942.html (Valangaiman Mahamariamman Temple Mahasamprokshanam takes place tomorrow, Dinamani, 12 February 2020) வலங்கைமான் மகாமாரியம்மன் கோயிலில் நாளை கும்பாபிஷேகம், தினமணி, 11 பிப்ரவரி 2020]. in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]</ref><ref name=dinamani3>
[https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2020/feb/13/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-3356037.html (Mahasamprokshanam in Valangaiman Mahamariamman Temple, Dinamani, 13 February 2020) வலங்கைமான் மகா மாரியம்மன் கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேகம், தினமணி, 13 பிப்ரவரி 2020]. In [[Tamil language|Tamil]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=1733 அருள்மிகு வலங்கைமான் மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில்]
* [https://tamilnadu-favtourism.blogspot.com/2016/03/mariamman-temple-valangaiman-thiruvarur.html Mariamman Temple, Valangaiman, Thiruvarur]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcirhptduEo Valangaiman Sri Padaikatti Mariamman Temple Kumbabishekam]

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvarur district]]

List of submarines of the Indian Navy

2026-03-26T11:33:35Z

JVLEricka167: minor expanded layout for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
This is a '''list of''' known '''[[submarine]]s of the [[Indian Navy]]''', grouped by class, and pennant numbers within the class.<ref>{{cite web|title=Submarines active|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/submarines-service|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819031759/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/submarines-service|archive-date=19 August 2013}}</ref>

== 1999 Submarine-building Perspective Plan ==
{{Excerpt|Project 76 submarine|Background|bold=yes|links=yes}}

== In service ==
{{Excerpt|List of active Indian Navy ships|Submarine fleet}}

== Under construction ==
Reports from December 2025 claim that the construction of the first two [[S5-class submarine|S5-class]] nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines has been initiated. Although, no confirmation or denial has been given by the officials from the Indian Navy, but it is to be expected as the Indian SSBN program is widely termed a [[Black_project|Black project]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masterminds |first1=Indian |title=What is the S5 Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine? India Begins Construction of Its Most Advanced Nuclear Submarines |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/india-s5-nuclear-ballistic-missile-submarine-construction-atvp-indian-navy-172944/ |website=Indian Masterminds |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Asia |first1=Defence Security |title=India’s $14 Billion Project-77: Nuclear Submarine Fleet to Dominate the Indian Ocean and Counter China’s Undersea Expansion |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/india-project-77-nuclear-submarines-counter-china-indo-pacific/ |website=Defence Security Asia |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

== Planned ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:left; width:15%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Class
! style="text-align:left; width:9%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Picture
! style="text-align:left; width:18%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Type
! style="text-align:left; width:19%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Boats
! style="text-align:left; width:11%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; width:12%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Displacement
!style="text-align:left; width:20%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Status
! style="text-align:left; width:20%;background-color:#99ccff;"|Note
|-
! colspan="8" style="background: lavender;" | Nuclear submarines (11-13)
|-
|{{sclass|S5|submarine|4}}
|[[File:An artistic drawing of the S5-class SSBN.png|200px]]
|[[Ballistic missile submarine|Ballistic missile submarine (SSBN)]]
|4-6
|{{IND}}
|13,500 tonnes
|4-6 planned
|Project was approved with a budget of {{INRConvert|10000|c}}.<ref name="indiatoday-7dec17">{{Cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|date=7 December 2017|title=From India Today magazine: A peek into Indias top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/|title=India's Undersea Deterrent|last=Diplomat|first=Saurav Jha, The|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/india-building-deadly-force-nuclear-missile-submarines-42532|title=India is Building a Deadly Force of Nuclear-Missile Submarines|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=2019-01-27|website=The National Interest|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>
|-
| [[Project 75 Alpha]]||
| [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Attack submarine (SSN)]]
| 6
| {{IND}}
| 10,000 tonnes
| 6 planned
| 6 boats are planned and are expected to be constructed at the Shipbuilding Centre (SBC) at Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{Cite news|url =http://timesofIndia.Indiatimes.com/India/Move-to-fast-track-two-submarine-projects-gathers-steam/articleshow/38342676.cms|title =Move to fast-track two submarine projects gathers steam|url-status =live|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151223205558/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Move-to-fast-track-two-submarine-projects-gathers-steam/articleshow/38342676.cms|archive-date =2015-12-23}}</ref> Project clearance was granted by the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url =https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-rs-1-2-l-cr-n-submarine-project-closer-to-realisation/articleshow/74234776.cms|title =Rs 1.2 lakh crore nuclear submarine project closer to realisation}}</ref>
|-
| {{sclass2|Akula|submarine|4}}
| [[File:Indian Navy's TROPEX-2014 (8).JPG|200px]]
| [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Attack submarine (SSN)]]
| 1
| {{RUS}}
| 12,770 tonnes
| 1 planned
| In March 2019, India signed a US$3 billion agreement with Russia to lease another Akula-class submarine, which is expected to join the Indian Navy by 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia to lease nuclear submarine to Indian Navy in $3 billion deal |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/03/08/russia-lease-nuclear-submarine-indian-navy.html |work=The Week |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="8" style="background: lavender;" | Diesel-electric submarines (21)
|-
| [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project|Project 75(I) Class]]
|
| [[SSN (hull classification symbol)|Attack submarine (SSK)]]
| 6
| {{IND}}
| 3,000-4,000t
| 6 approved
|It had been approved by the government worth ₹43,000 crore in June 2020. The chosen submarine is an modified design of the German [[Type 214 submarine|Type 214]] submarine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-31 |title=India, Germany close to signing $8 bn P75I submarine deal, pact likely by March-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/india-germany-close-to-signing-8-bn-p75i-submarine-deal-pact-likely-by-march-end/articleshow/127809827.cms |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kalvari-class submarine (2015)|Kalvari class]]
|
|[[Attack submarine]]
|3
|{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]/{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|>2,000t
|3 planned
|New plug module that would give the submarine AIP capability. These units will be larger in size and it is planned that all previous units will be upgraded during their next overhaul cycle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-07-14 |title=India to Procure Rafale M, More Scorpene Submarines |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/07/india-to-procure-rafale-m-more-scorpene-submarines/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Project 76 submarine|Project 76 class]]
|
|[[Attack submarine]]
|12
|{{IND}}
|3,000t
|12 planned
|Approval from the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) due as if February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-22 |title=DRDO indigenous submarine proposal to go for CCS approval in couple of months; eight years for first sub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-indigenous-submarine-proposal-to-go-for-ccs-approval-in-couple-of-months-eight-years-for-first-sub/article69251317.ece |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== Decommissioned ==
[[File:INS KURSURA 1204.JPG|thumb|INS ''Kursura'' museum ship|left]][[File:DN-SC-89-03179 INS Chakra submarine.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soviet submarine K-43|INS ''Chakra'' (S71)]], a leased Soviet [[Charlie-class submarine|Charlie-class nuclear submarine]]|190x190px]]
{{Excerpt|List of historical ships of the Indian Navy|Submarines}}

== See also ==

; Indian navy related lists
* [[Aircraft of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of Indian naval aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian Navy bases]]
* [[List of ships of the Indian Navy]]

; Indian military related
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Integrated Space Cell#Military|Indian military satellites]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
* [[List of countries with overseas military bases#India|India's overseas military bases]]
* [[Nuclear Command Authority (India)|Indian Nuclear Command Authority]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Submarines of India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006192852/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Submarine.html THE SUBMARINE ARMsam]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034521/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010108/defence2.shtml Cruise control]

{{Indian Navy}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{Submarines}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Submarines of the Indian Navy| ]]
[[Category:Lists of submarines|Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Lists of ships of India|Submarines]]
[[Category:Indian Navy lists|Submarines]]

Saraswathi Vishveshwara

2026-03-26T06:42:58Z

JVLEricka167: new the details v1

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Saraswathi Vishveshwara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[Molecular Biophysics]]
| workplaces = [[Carnegie Mellon University]] [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| patrons =
| education = [[Bangalore University]] [[City University of New York]]
| alma_mater = Bangalore University
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = [[C. V. Vishveshwara]]
| partner = 
| children = 2 daughters
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Saraswathi Vishveshwara''' (born 1946) is an Indian [[biophysicist]] with specialization in the area of [[Molecular Biophysics]]. She is a professor in the Molecular Biophysics Unit at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]. She works on [[computational biology]] and her research is primarily focused on elucidating [[structure-function relationship]]s in [[biological systems]]. Using computational-mathematical techniques to understand the functioning of [[macromolecules]] such as [[proteins]] is a key aspect of her research.

==Education==
Saraswathi's undergraduate ([[B.Sc.]]) and post-graduate ([[M.Sc.]]) education was in [[Bangalore University]]. After she did her M.Sc. in [[bio-chemistry]], she completed her Ph.D. at the [[City University of New York]]{{which|reason=Which specific college in CUNY?|date=October 2023}} under the guidance of David Beveridge of [[Hunter College]]. Her doctorate was in [[quantum chemistry]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Godbole|first1=Rohini|title=Lilavati's Daughters: The Women Scientists of India|date=2008|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|location=Bangalore|isbn=978-8184650051|pages=344–45|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/liladaug.html|accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref>

==Professional experience==
After her doctorate Vishveshwara became a [[postdoctoral fellow]] at the [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pittsburgh. She worked with well-known quantum chemist and [[Nobel Laureate]], [[John Pople]]. She returned to India and joined the Indian Institute of Science as a postdoctoral fellow in the Molecular Biophysics Unit. She became a faculty member and Professor.

==Personal life==
Saraswathi's husband, physicist, Dr. C.V. Vishveshwara, known as the [[Black Hole]] Man of India, died in 2017. Saraswathi spoke at the inaugural C. V. Vishveshwara Public Lecture series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/jan/15/black-hole-man-of-india-lives-on-in-many-lectures-1754833.html|title=Black Hole Man of India lives on in many lectures|website=newindianexpress.com|date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> Their daughter is physicist [[Smitha Vishveshwara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://physics.illinois.edu/news/perspective-from-smitha-vishveshwara|title=Perspective from Smitha Vishveshwara: On Life, Quantum Physics, the Universe, and Compassion|first=Rebecca|last=Wiltfong|date=January 6, 2021|publisher=UIUC Physics|access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishveshwara, Saraswathi}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian computational chemists]]
[[Category:Indian women molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:City University of New York alumni]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Karnataka]]

Yoshirō Mori

2026-03-25T17:05:27Z

JVLEricka167: refined citations additionally and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|Prime Minister of Japan from 2000 to 2001}}
{{for|the mathematician|Yoshiro Mori (mathematician)}}
{{Eastern name order|Mori Yoshirō}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yoshiro Mori
| native_name = {{nobold|森喜朗}}
| native_name_lang = ja
| image = Yoshiro_Mori_20000405.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2000
| office = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| monarch = [[Akihito]]
| term_start = 5 April 2000
| term_end = 26 April 2001
| predecessor = [[Mikio Aoki]] ''(acting)''
| successor = [[Junichiro Koizumi]]
| office1 = [[President of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|President of the Liberal Democratic Party]]
| 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|[[Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party|Secretary-General]]}}
| 1namedata1 = {{unbulleted list|[[Hiromu Nonaka]]|[[Makoto Koga]]}}
| term_start1 = 5 April 2000
| term_end1 = 24 April 2001
| predecessor1 = Keizō Obuchi
| successor1 = Junichiro Koizumi
| office2 = [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)|Minister of Construction]]
| primeminister2 = [[Tomiichi Murayama]]
| term_start2 = 8 August 1995
| term_end2 = 11 January 1996
| predecessor2 = [[Koken Nosaka]]
| successor2 = [[Eiichi Nakao]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of International Trade and Industry|Minister of International Trade and Industry]]
| primeminister3 = [[Kiichi Miyazawa]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 1992
| term_end3 = 20 July 1993
| predecessor3 = [[Kozo Watanabe (Democratic Party politician)|Kozo Watanabe]]
| successor3 = [[Hiroshi Kumagai]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister4 = [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]]
| term_start4 = 27 December 1983
| term_end4 = 1 November 1984
| predecessor4 = [[Mitsuo Setoyama]]
| successor4 = [[Hikaru Matsunaga]]
| office5 = [[Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary]] (Political affairs)
| primeminister5 = [[Takeo Fukuda]]
| term_start5 = 28 November 1977
| term_end5 = 7 December 1978
| predecessor5 = [[Masajuro Shiokawa]]
| successor5 = [[Koichi Kato (politician, born 1939)|Koichi Kato]]
| office6 = [[President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games|President]] of the [[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]
| term_start6 = 24 January 2014
| term_end6 = 18 February 2021
| predecessor6 = ''Committee established''
| successor6 = [[Seiko Hashimoto]]
| 1blankname6 = [[President of the International Olympic Committee|IOC President]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Thomas Bach]]
| office7 = [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Member of the House of Representatives]] from [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]]
| term_start7 = 28 December 1969
| term_end7 = 20 October 1996
| predecessor7 = Eiichi Sakata
| successor7 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency7 = 1st district (Multi-member)
| term_start8 = 20 October 1996
| term_end8 = 16 November 2012
| predecessor8 = ''Constituency established''
| successor8 = [[Hajime Sasaki]]
| constituency8 = [[Ishikawa 2nd district|2nd district]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nomi, Ishikawa]], [[Empire of Japan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] ([[Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai|Seiwakai]])
| spouse = Chieko Maki
| children = Yūki Mori Yoko Fujimoto
| alma_mater = [[Waseda University]] ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]])
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20050830101025/http://www.mori-yoshiro.com/ Yoshiro Mori WebSite]
}}
{{nihongo|'''Yoshirō Mori'''|森喜朗|Mori Yoshirō|lead=yes|born 14 July 1937}} is a Japanese politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Japan]] and [[President of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|President of the Liberal Democratic Party]] from 2000 to 2001. He was unpopular in opinion polls during his time in office, and is known for making controversial statements, both during and after his premiership.{{efn|See:<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/702323.stm Profile: Yoshiro Mori] [[BBC News]], (2000-11-20, 08:34 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]</ref><ref>噂の眞相特別取材班｢『サメの脳ミソ』と『ノミの心臓』を持つ森喜朗 "総理失格" の人間性の証明」(『噂の眞相』2000年6月号、pp.24–31)</ref><ref name="news.google.com">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=20000609&id=budPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kQgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6636,2031707 Japan's prime minister adds more gaffes at Obuchi funeral] [[Star-Banner]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Japanese PM sparks holy row |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/750180.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=16 May 2000 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mori's Remarks Again Draw Criticism |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jun-05-mn-37760-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=5 June 2000 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/sports/olympics/tokyo-olympics-yoshiro-mori.html|title=Tokyo Olympics Chief Apologizes for Remarks Demeaning Women|first1=Motoko|last1=Rich|first2=Hikari|last2=Hida|first3=Makiko|last3=Inoue|work=The New York Times |date=3 February 2021|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>}}

Mori was born in present-day [[Nomi, Ishikawa]], Japan, and worked as a journalist before entering politics. In 1969, Mori was elected in the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|lower house]] for the [[Ishikawa 2nd district]]. He served in government as education minister in 1983 and 1984, international trade and industry minister in 1992 and 1993, and construction minister in 1995 and 1996, and later became secretary general of the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP). After [[Keizō Obuchi]] suffered a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage on 2 April 2000 and was unable to continue in office, Mori became president of the LDP and prime minister days before Obuchi's death.

The media coverage of Mori's term as prime minister was dominated by his gaffes and undiplomatic comments, which led to him becoming unpopular in opinion polls. Members of his cabinet resigned due to fundraising scandals, which also contributed to his unpopularity. In November 2000, with Mori's approval ratings below 30%, opposition politicians attempted to win a [[vote of no confidence]] against Mori by soliciting support from rebels within the LDP, although this was quashed after LDP politicians who voted for the measure were threatened with expulsion. Towards the end of Mori's term, his approval rating dropped to single digits. In April 2001, Mori officially announced his intention to resign. [[Junichiro Koizumi]] won the subsequent LDP leadership election and became prime minister on 26 April 2001.

After resigning as prime minister, Mori remained a member of the House of Representatives until announcing in July 2012 that he would not stand in the [[2012 Japanese general election|2012 general election]]. He remained an important player in [[Russo-Japanese relations]] following his resignation as prime minister due to his close personal relationship with [[Vladimir Putin]]. Following his premiership, Mori served as the President of the [[Japan Rugby Football Union]] as well as the [[Japan–Korea Parliamentarians' Union|Japan-Korea Parliamentarians' Union]]. In 2014, he was appointed to head the [[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|organizing committee]] for the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] and [[2020 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]],<ref name="afp">{{cite news|title=Mori says he may not live to see 2020 Olympics|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/sports/view/mori-says-he-may-not-live-to-see-2020-olympics|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=AFP|date=15 January 2014}}</ref> but he resigned in 2021 following gaffes made at a committee meeting that were perceived as [[sexist]].<ref name="kyodo120221">{{cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/5a9acbe64b18-breaking-news-olympic-minister-vows-to-restore-trust-after-moris-resignation.html|title=Tokyo Olympics head quits over sexism row with no successor in sight|date=12 February 2021|publisher=[[Kyodo News]]|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> In 2003, Mori received the highest distinction of the [[Scout Association of Japan]], the [[Golden Pheasant Award]].

==Early life and education==
Yoshiro Mori was born in present-day [[Nomi, Ishikawa]], Japan, as the son of [[Shigeki Mori|Shigeki]] and Kaoru Mori, wealthy rice farmers with a history in politics, as both his father and grandfather served as the mayor of [[Neagari, Ishikawa|Neagari]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture]]. His mother died when Yoshiro was seven years old. He studied at the [[Waseda University]] in Tokyo, joining the [[rugby union]] club. He developed a passion for the sport but was never a high-level player; he once compared rugby to his relationship with other parties in the ruling coalition by stating: "In rugby, one person doesn't become a star, one person plays for all, and all play for one."<ref name=Famous>[http://wesclark.com/rrr/famous.html Famous Ruggers by Wes Clark and others], retrieved 19 August 2009</ref>

After university, Mori joined the ''[[Sankei Shimbun]]'', a conservative newspaper in Japan.

==Political career==
[[File:Tomiichi Murayama Cabinet 19950808.jpg|thumb|left|Mori with members of [[Murayama Cabinet|Murayama Reshuffled Cabinet]] (at the [[Prime Minister's Official Residence]] on 8 August 1995)]]
In 1962, Mori left the newspaper and became secretary of a [[Diet of Japan|Diet]] member, and in the [[1969 Japanese general election|1969 general election]], he was elected in the [[House of Representatives of Japan|lower house]] at age 32. He was reelected 10 consecutive times. In 1980, he was involved in the [[Recruit scandal]] about receiving unlisted shares of Recruit (company) before they were publicly traded, and selling them after they were made public for a profit of approximately 1 million dollars.

Mori was education minister in 1983 and 1984, international trade and industry minister in 1992 and 1993, and construction minister in 1995 and 1996.

In 1999, Mori began to assume control of the Mitsuzuka faction (formerly Abe faction) that had been headed by [[Hiroshi Mitsuzuka]] in the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)]].<ref name="Gómez2002">{{cite book|author=Edmund Terence Gómez|title=Political Business in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T28m8-Zwz3cC&pg=PA336|access-date=1 January 2013|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-0-415-27148-6|page=336}}</ref>

==Prime minister==
{{seealso|First Mori Cabinet|Second Mori Cabinet}}
In the midst of a battle with [[Liberal Party (Japan, 1998)|Liberal Party]] leader [[Ichirō Ozawa]], Prime Minister [[Keizō Obuchi]] suffered a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage on 2 April 2000 and was unable to continue in office. The [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]] held an emergency meeting and resigned en masse. Mori, who was the secretary general of the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP), was unanimously elected president, and became prime minister with the votes of the LDP, [[New Komeito]] and [[New Conservative Party (Japan)|New Conservative Party]] (composed of members who left Ozawa's party on 3 April). Mori announced that he would keep Obuchi's cabinet in place.<ref name="efron0405">{{cite news|last=Efron|first=Sonni|title=A Ruling Party Veteran Becomes Japan's Premier|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-05-mn-16176-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=5 April 2000}}</ref>
His government further supported the foreign policies of his predecessor.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-8379-4_29#:~:text=Domestically%2C%20Mori's%20reputation%20was%20all,United%20Nations%20in%20March%201999.</ref>

===Gaffes===
[[File:President Bill Clinton and Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori.jpg|thumb|Mori meeting with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]] in the [[White House]] on 5 May 2000]]
[[File:Mahathir Mohamad and Yoshirō Mori.jpg|thumb|Mori shakes hands with [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] on 25 November 2000]]
[[File:President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori shake hands during a meeting in the Oval Office - 2001.jpg|thumb|Mori meeting with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] in the [[White House]] on 19 March 2001]]
The media coverage of Mori's term as prime minister was dominated by his gaffes and undiplomatic comments. Even prior to his election as prime minister, he had been described in the Japanese media as having "the heart of a flea and the brain of a shark".<ref name="efron0405" /><ref name="bbc1120">{{cite news |title=Profile: Yoshiro Mori |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/702323.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=20 November 2000 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref>

* In January 2000, he made a joke about his campaign in the [[1969 Japanese general election|1969 election]]: "When I was greeting farmers from my car, they all went into their homes. I felt like I had AIDS."<ref name="bbc1120" />
* In February 2000, when asked about the [[Year 2000 problem]] in the United States, Mori quipped that "when [[New York City blackout of 1977|there is a blackout, the murderers always come out]]. It's that type of society."<ref name="bbc1120" />
* At Obuchi's funeral, Mori failed to clap and bow properly before Obuchi's shrine, an important portion of a traditional Japanese funeral rite. The other world leaders present at the funeral, including then U.S. President Bill Clinton, performed the ritual correctly.<ref name="news.google.com"/>
* At a meeting of Shinto followers in Tokyo in May 2000, Mori described Japan as "a divine nation (''kami no kuni'') with the Emperor at its center". This "divine nation statement" stirred controversy in Japan as it invoked the official interpretation of the Emperor as a divine entity during the days of the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Japanese PM sparks holy row|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/750180.stm|access-date=14 January 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=16 May 2000}}</ref> Days after this statement, Mori questioned whether the [[Japan Communist Party]] could "ensure Japan's security and defend the ''[[kokutai]]''", using a term for Japan's unity with its divine emperor which had not been in common use since World War II.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mori's Remarks Again Draw Criticism|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jun-05-mn-37760-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|agency=Associated Press|date=5 June 2000}}</ref>
* During the [[2000 Japanese general election|June 2000 election]], when asked about recent newspaper reports that showed that roughly half of the voters still had not decided for whom to vote, he replied that they could "stay in bed for the day".<ref>{{cite news|last=Schmetzer|first=Uli|title=Undecided Voters Are Sleeping Giant of Japan Politics|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/06/24/undecided-voters-are-sleeping-giant-of-japan-politics/|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=24 June 2000}}</ref>
* In October 2000, during a dialogue with British prime minister [[Tony Blair]], Mori stated that the Japanese government had suggested in 1997 that [[North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens|Japanese nationals believed to be abducted by North Korea]] be arranged to be "found" elsewhere in order to ensure a smooth normalization of the relation between North Korea and Japan, which upset the foreign ministry and led to calls for Mori's resignation from conservative voices within the LDP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan: The Mori effect|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2000/10/26/the-mori-effect|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=The Economist|date=26 October 2000}}</ref>
* In December 2000, pictures appeared in the weekly magazine ''[[Shukan Gendai]]'' showing him drinking in an [[Osaka]] bar with a high-ranking [[yakuza]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Yakuza Wars|url=http://apjjf.org/-David-McNeill/2911/article.html|access-date=24 June 2017|newspaper=The Asia Pacific Journal|date=1 September 2000}}</ref>
* In February 2001, the US submarine [[USS Greeneville (SSN-772)|USS ''Greeneville'']] accidentally hit and sank the Japanese fishing ship ''[[Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision|Ehime Maru]]'' during an emergency surface drill on 9 February 2001, resulting in nine dead students and teachers. Mori continued a round of golf after being told of the incident, for which he was criticized as being politically tone-deaf.<ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Pellegrini|first=Frank|title=Yoshiro Mori|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102715,00.html|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=TIME|date=15 March 2001|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302001631/https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102715,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* One unsubstantiated story concerned the [[26th G8 summit]] in 2000, at which upon meeting U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]], Mori was to say "How are you". Instead, he allegedly slipped up and said "Who are you;" Clinton answered "Well, I'm Hillary Clinton's husband", to which Mori replied "Me too". [[Snopes.com]] reported that this was obviously a low-quality fabrication/joke and that the same story had been told about [[Kim Young-sam]] several months earlier.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Are You?|url=http://www.snopes.com/politics/humor/whoareyou.asp|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Snopes.com|date=17 June 2009}}</ref> It was nonetheless reported by some mainstream media outlets such as the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Peter|title=Farcical US / Japan Summit|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/stories/s262380.htm|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=ABC AM|date=19 March 2001}}</ref>

===Resignation===
Two senior Mori appointees resigned due to fundraising scandals in August 2000. Mori's disapproval rating neared 60% following these resignations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mori's Woes Grow With Scandals|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-03-me-63753-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=3 August 2000}}</ref>

In November 2000, with Mori's approval ratings below 30%, opposition politicians attempted to win a [[vote of no confidence]] against Mori by soliciting support from rebels within the LDP, guided by [[Koichi Kato (politician, born 1939)|Koichi Kato]] in the so-called "Kato's rebellion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-11-15 |title=Rebellion and betrayal in Japanese parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/15/worlddispatch.jonathanwatts |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> [[Hiromu Nonaka]], the secretary general of the party, quashed the potential revolt by threatening to expel any LDP politicians who voted for the measure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Japan's Ruling Party Moves to Quash Mutiny Over Mori|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-20-mn-54782-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|agency=Associated Press|date=20 November 2000}}</ref> The vote failed 237 to 190.<ref>{{cite news|last=Efron|first=Sonni|title=Japanese Premier Survives No-Confidence Vote|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-nov-21-mn-55126-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=21 November 2000}}</ref> Nonaka resigned days later amid speculation that he would challenge Mori for leadership of the LDP.<ref>{{cite news|title=tions LDP Official Quits; Mori May Be at More Risk|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-01-mn-59743-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=1 December 2000}}</ref>

Towards the end of Mori's term, his approval rating dropped to single digits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2021/02/japan-olympics-covid-sexism-mori|title=As Japan Prepares for the Postponed Olympics, a Conservative Old Guard Is Dragging the Country Down|website=Jacobin|last1=McCormack|first1=Gavan|author-link=Gavan McCormack|date=February 24, 2021|access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> In March 2001, reports surfaced that Mori had told LDP leaders of his plans to resign. Although he denied the reports, they contributed to a massive drop in Japanese stock market prices early that week.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pellegrini|first=Frank|title=Why We Chose Him|date=2001-03-15|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102715,00.html|access-date=2023-03-04|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302001631/https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102715,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 April, he officially announced his intention to resign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mori Goes Public With Plan to Quit|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-apr-06-mn-47598-story.html|access-date=14 January 2014|agency=Associated Press|date=6 April 2001}}</ref> [[Junichiro Koizumi]] won the subsequent LDP leadership election and became prime minister on 26 April 2001.

===Cabinets===
Mori appointed three cabinets. The third cabinet is officially referred to as a continuation of the second cabinet, as the changes came amid a major administrative realignment in January 2001 that eliminated several cabinet positions and renamed several key ministries.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:88%;"
|+ '''Cabinets of Yoshiro Mori'''
|-
| style="width:15%;"| || style="width:20%;"| First Cabinet (April 2000) || style="width:20%;"| Second Cabinet (July 2000) || colspan=2 | Second Cabinet, Realigned (Jan. 2001)
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] and Okinawa Development || rowspan=2 | [[Mikio Aoki]] || rowspan=2 | [[Yasuo Fukuda]] || style="width:15%;"| [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]] || [[Yasuo Fukuda]]
|-
| Administrative Reform, Okinawa and Northern Territories || [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]]
|-
|| Foreign Affairs || [[Yōhei Kōno]] || [[Yōhei Kōno]] || colspan=2 | [[Yōhei Kōno]]
|-
|| Justice || [[Hideo Usui]] || [[Okiharu Yasuoka]] || colspan=2 | [[Masahiko Kōmura]]
|-
|| Finance || [[Kiichi Miyazawa]] || [[Kiichi Miyazawa]] || colspan=2 | [[Kiichi Miyazawa]]
|-
|| Education || [[Hirofumi Nakasone]] || [[Tadamori Oshima]] || colspan=2 | [[Nobutaka Machimura]]
|-
|| Health and Welfare || [[Yuya Niwa]] || [[Yūji Tsushima]] || rowspan=2 | Health, Labor and Welfare || rowspan=2 | [[Chikara Sakaguchi]]
|-
|| Labor || [[Takamori Makino]]|| [[Yoshio Yoshikawa]]
|-
|| Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries || [[Tokuichiro Tamazawa]] || [[Yoichi Tani]]|| colspan="2" | [[Yoshio Yatsu]]
|-
|| International Trade and Industry || [[Takashi Fukaya]] || [[Takeo Hiranuma]] || Economy, Trade and Industry || [[Takeo Hiranuma]]
|-
|| Transport || [[Toshihiro Nikai]] || [[Hajime Morita]]|| rowspan="2" | Land, Infrastructure and Transport || rowspan=2 | [[Chikage Oogi]]
|-
|| Construction || [[Masaaki Nakayama]]|| [[Chikage Oogi]]
|-
|| Home Affairs || [[Kosuke Hori]] || [[Mamoru Nishida]]|| rowspan="3" | Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications || rowspan=3 | [[Toranosuke Katayama]]
|-
|| Posts and Telecommunications || [[Eita Yashiro]]|| [[Kozo Hirabayashi]]
|-
|| [[Management and Coordination Agency]]|| [[Kunihiro Tsuzuki]]|| [[Kunihiro Tsuzuki]]
|-
|| [[Ministry of Defense (Japan)|Japan Defense Agency]] || [[Tsutomu Kawara]] || [[Kazuo Torashima]]|| colspan="2" | [[Toshitsugu Saito]]
|-
|| [[Economic Planning Agency]]|| [[Taichi Sakaiya]]|| [[Taichi Sakaiya]]|| Economic and Fiscal Policy || [[Tarō Asō]]
|-
|| Environment || [[Kayoko Shimizu]]|| [[Yoriko Kawaguchi]] || colspan=2 | [[Yoriko Kawaguchi]]
|-
|| Financial Reconstruction || [[Sadakazu Tanigaki]] || [[Hideyuki Aizawa]]|| Financial Affairs || [[Hakuo Yanagisawa]]
|-
| colspan=3 | || [[National Public Safety Commission (Japan)|National Public Safety Commission]] || [[Bunmei Ibuki]]
|-
| colspan=3 | || [[Council for Science and Technology Policy]]|| [[Takashi Sasagawa]]
|}

==Later years==
After resigning as prime minister, Mori remained a member of the House of Representatives, representing the [[Ishikawa 2nd district]], until announcing in July 2012 that he would not stand in the [[2012 Japanese general election|December 2012 general election]].<ref>The Daily Yomiuri [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T120723003828.htm Ex-PM Mori not to run in next election] Retrieved on 24 July 2012</ref>

He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, in 2004.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

===Russia diplomacy===
[[File:Vladimir Putin 25 March 2001-2.jpg|thumb|Mori with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 25 March 2001]]
{{See also|Japan–Russia relations}}
Mori remained an important player in [[Russo-Japanese relations]] following his resignation as prime minister due to his close personal relationship with [[Vladimir Putin]]. Prime Minister [[Yoshihiko Noda]] of the [[Democratic Party of Japan]] considered tapping Mori in 2012 to resolve the dispute between the two countries over the [[Kuril Islands]], despite the fact that Noda and Mori were from opposing parties in the Diet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Westlake|first=Adam|title=Noda considers asking former PM Mori to help with Russian dispute|url=http://japandailypress.com/noda-considers-asking-former-pm-mori-to-help-with-russian-dispute-271424/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712030048/http://japandailypress.com/noda-considers-asking-former-pm-mori-to-help-with-russian-dispute-271424|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Japan Daily Press|date=27 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2013, Mori met with Putin and [[Sergey Naryshkin]] in preparations for a summit between Putin and Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]. Mori had at one time suggested that Japan could give Russia three of the four disputed islands in exchange for a peace treaty, which went against the Japanese government's official view that Moscow should acknowledge Japan's ownership of all four.<ref>{{cite news|last=Billones|first=Cherrie Lou|title=Ex-PM Mori meets with Putin to lay foundation for Abe's visit to Russia|url=http://japandailypress.com/ex-pm-mori-meets-with-putin-to-lay-foundation-for-abes-visit-to-russia-2123823/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026105356/http://japandailypress.com/ex-pm-mori-meets-with-putin-to-lay-foundation-for-abes-visit-to-russia-2123823/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 October 2013|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Japan Daily Press|date=21 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:PM-Yoshiro-Mori-Father-Grave-25-March-2001.jpg|thumb|Mori at the grave of his father in [[Shelekhov]]]]
Mori has a personal connection to Russia, as his father Shigeki Mori developed a relationship with the Siberian town of [[Shelekhov]] during his time as mayor of the city of [[Neagari]], and developed a bilateral dialogue to improve the gravesites of Soviet soldiers in Japan and Japanese soldiers in Siberia; he was so close to Russia that Japanese authorities monitored him closely as a potential communist sympathizer. The elder Mori visited Shelekhov more than 15 times during his 35 years in office, and was buried there following his death.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reitman|first=Valerie|title=Personal Element to Japan Premier's Russia Trip|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-apr-28-mn-24496-story.html|access-date=15 January 2014|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=28 April 2000}}</ref>

===Sports-related advocacy===
Mori became President of the [[Japan Rugby Football Union]] in June 2005. It had been hoped his clout would help secure the [[2011 Rugby Union World Cup]] for Japan, but instead the event was awarded to New Zealand in late November 2005.<ref name=Richards13>Richards, p276</ref> This led Mori to accuse the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] countries of "passing the ball around their friends."<ref name=Richards14>Richards, p277</ref> Mori later assisted in Japan's successful bids for both the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]] and [[2020 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="afp" />

In 2014, at the age of 76, he was appointed to head the organizing committee for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He quipped, "I am destined to live five or six more years if I am lucky. This will be my one last service to the country."<ref name="afp" /> However, Mori drew international and domestic criticism for his critical statements about Japan's Olympic figure skaters [[Mao Asada]] and [[Chris Reed (figure skater)|Chris Reed]] and [[Cathy Reed]], who were representing Japan at the [[2014 Sochi Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mori criticizes Asada, draws international fire|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/21/national/tokyo-2020-olympics-chairman-mori-criticizes-maos-performance/|access-date=27 December 2014|agency=The Japan Times|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

Another controversy occurred in 2021 when Mori, who at this time was president of the organization responsible for the upcoming Olympic Games, said that women talk too much in meetings.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> At the [[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games|organizing committee]] meeting for the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]] while discussing the objective of aiming for at least 40% of members to be female, he stated that “On boards with a lot of women, the board meetings take so much time. Women have a strong sense of competition. If one person raises their hand, others probably think, I need to say something too. That’s why everyone speaks. [...] You have to regulate speaking time to some extent [...] Or else we’ll never be able to finish”<ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics Chief Suggests Limits for Women at Meetings|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/03/sports/olympics/tokyo-olympics-yoshiro-mori.html|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> He apologized for his statements and initially stated he would not resign as head of the organizing committee,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/04/964035588/facing-backlash-for-sexist-remarks-tokyo-olympics-chief-apologizes-but-wont-resi|title=Facing Backlash For Sexist Remarks, Tokyo Olympics Chief Apologizes But Won't Resign|last=Treisman|first=Rachel|date=4 February 2021|newspaper=[[NPR]]|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> but on February 11 announced his intention to step down from the post.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/d31630ba463d-breaking-news-tokyo-olympic-chief-mori-to-resign-sources.html|title=Tokyo Olympics chief Mori to quit over "sexist" remarks|date=11 February 2021|publisher=[[Kyodo News]]|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> In his resignation speech the following day, Mori said that he did not intend to demean women, and blamed the media for fueling public anger. He stressed the importance that the Olympics be held in July, adding that the committee's efforts would be wasted if he were to cause trouble by remaining in his post.<ref name=kyodo120221/> [[Seiko Hashimoto]], an Olympic [[bronze medal|bronze medalist]] in women's [[speed skating]] and a seven-time Olympian, was named as Mori's replacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56109579|title=Tokyo 2020: Japan Olympics minister Seiko Hashimoto appointed head of Games|date=18 February 2021|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref>
===LDP funds scandal===
As the former head of the [[Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai]], which was the main faction involved in the [[2023–2024 Japanese slush fund scandal]], Mori has come into question for his role in the kickback scheme. Then-incumbent Prime Minister [[Fumio Kishida]] did not reject the idea of forcing him to testify.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kishida: LDP to Consider Questioning ex-Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori over Political Funds Scandal |url=https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20240316-175032/ |website=japannews |date=16 March 2024 |publisher=Jiji Press |access-date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mori is an avid [[Rugby football|rugby]] fan as well as an amateur player.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Yoshiro Mori: gaffe-prone Tokyo 2020 chief and former Japan PM|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210204-yoshiro-mori-gaffe-prone-tokyo-2020-chief-and-former-japan-pm|access-date=2022-01-01|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> He is married to Chieko (born: Chieko Maki), a fellow [[Waseda University]] student, and he has a son, Yūki Mori, and a daughter, Yoko Fujimoto.

In 2003, he received the highest distinction of the [[Scout Association of Japan]], the [[Golden Pheasant Award]].<ref name="reinanzaka">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-23|script-title=ja:䝪䞊䜲䝇䜹䜴䝖日本連盟きじ章受章者 |trans-title=Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan |url=http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811030258/http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-11 |website=Reinanzaka Scout Club| language=ja}}</ref>

==Honours==
;National
* [[File:Golden_Pheasant_Award_ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Golden Pheasant Award]] (2003)
* [[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] (2017)
;Foreign
*{{flagicon|India}} [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] (2004)
*{{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[File:TWN_Order_of_Brilliant_Star_1Class_BAR.svg|60px]] [[Order of Brilliant Star|Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon]] (2006)<ref>{{cite news |title=President Chen Meets with Former Japanese Prime Minister |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/2564 |access-date=27 July 2024 |publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of China |date=21 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President Chen Decorates Former Japanese Prime Minister |url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/2565 |access-date=27 July 2024 |publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of China |date=22 November 2006}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Russia}} [[File:RUS Medal In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg ribbon.svg|60px]] [[Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg"]] (2007)
*{{flagicon|France}} [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Officier, [[Légion d'honneur]] (2010)
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[File:Order of Diplomatic Service Merit (Class 1) Grand Gwanghwa Medal ribbon.gif|60px]] [[Order of Diplomatic Service Merit]] Grand Gwanghwa Medal (2010)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
* Richards, Huw ''A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union'' ([[Mainstream Publishing]], Edinburgh, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-84596-255-5}})

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050830101025/http://www.mori-yoshiro.com/ Official website] (in Japanese)
* {{C-SPAN|83331}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mitsuo Setoyama]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Minister of Education]]|years=1983–1984}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Hikaru Matsunaga]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kōzō Watanabe (Liberal Democratic Party politician)|Kozo Watanabe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of International Trade and Industry|Minister of International Trade and Industry]]|years=1992–1993}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Hiroshi Kumagai]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Koken Nosaka]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Minister of Construction]]|years=1995–1996}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Eiichi Nakao]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Keizō Obuchi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Japan]]|years=2000–2001}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Junichiro Koizumi]]}}}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gerhard Schröder]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[G8|Chairperson of the G8]]|years=2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Silvio Berlusconi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{s-bef|before = {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Carlos Arthur Nuzman]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games|President of Organizing Committee for Summer Olympic Games]]|years = [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]}}
{{s-aft|after = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seiko Hashimoto]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}
{{Liberal Democratic Party of Japan}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award recipients 2000–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mori, Yoshiro}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nomi, Ishikawa]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives from Ishikawa Prefecture]]
[[Category:Ministers of construction of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers of economy, trade and industry of Japan]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)]]
[[Category:Liberal Democratic Party prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Japanese journalists]]
[[Category:Japanese rugby union players]]
[[Category:Russophilia]]
[[Category:Waseda University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Brilliant Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Paralympic Order]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:21st-century prime ministers of Japan]]

2002–03 East Bengal FC season

2026-03-21T18:33:02Z

JVLEricka167: started initial details with sources!

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| season = [[2002–03 in Indian football|2002–03]]
| manager = [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
| mgrtitle = Manager
| chairman = Pranab Dasgupta
| chrtitle = Chairman
| stdtitle = Ground
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| league = [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| league result = '''[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|Champions]]'''<ref name="NFL">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03nl.html|title=7th "Coca-Cola" National Football League 2002/03|work=IndianFootball.de|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| cup1 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup1 result = '''Champions'''<ref name="Durand">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03durandcup.html|title=115th "Pepsi" Durand Cup 2002/03|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| cup2 = [[IFA Shield]]
| cup2 result = '''Champions'''<ref name="Shield">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03ifashield.html|title=108th "TVS Fiero" IFA Shield 2002|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| cup3 = Independence Day Cup
| cup3 result = '''Champions'''<ref name="IDDay">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002independencecup.html|title=54th Independence Day Cup 2002|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| league2 = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| league2 result = '''Champions'''<ref name="CFL">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg02.html|title=India 2002 Regional Championships|work=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>
| league topscorer =
| season topscorer =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| pattern_la1=
| pattern_la2=
| prevseason = [[2001–02 East Bengal F.C. season|2001–02]]
| nextseason = [[2003–04 East Bengal F.C. season|2003–04]]
}}

The 2002–03 season is [[Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal Football Club]]'s 7th season in the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]], and also marks the club's 83rd season. Coached by [[Subhash Bhowmick]], East Bengal won all five trophies from the five tournaments they participated in, including their second National league title, competing in the [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03 NFL]]. They also won the [[Calcutta Football League|2002 Calcutta Football League]], [[Durand Cup|2002 Durand Cup]] and [[IFA Shield|2002 IFA Shield]] and the 2002 Independence Day Cup. This was the third instance in the history of East Bengal club that the club had won 5 trophies in a season, the other two back in 1972 and 1973 during [[P. K. Banerjee|P.K. Banerjee]]'s reign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.badgeb.com/remembering-2002-03-when-east-bengal-fc-bragged-a-quintuple/|title=Remembering 2002/03 when East Bengal FC bragged a Quintuple!|work=BADGEB|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031100544/https://www.badgeb.com/remembering-2002-03-when-east-bengal-fc-bragged-a-quintuple/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==First-team squad==
East Bengal FC squad for the 2002–03 season.<ref name="Team Archives">{{Cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|title=Team Archives – East Bengal Club|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213722/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|pos=GK|nat=India|no=|name=[[Sangram Mukherjee]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=GK|nat=India|no=|name=[[Sandip Nandy]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=GK|nat=India|no=|name=[[Satish Kumar (goalkeeper)|Satish Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=GK|nat=India|no=|name=[[Arpan Dey.]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Suley Musah]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Surya Bikash Chakravarty]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Amjad Ali Khan]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Subhasis Roy Chaudhury]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Deepak Mondal]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Muttah Suresh|M Suresh]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Arun Malhotra]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Raju Singh.]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=DF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Anit Ghosh]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Douglas De Silva]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Shylo Malsawmtluanga|Malsawmtluanga]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Shanmugam Venkatesh|S. Venkatesh]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Chandan Das]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Sashti Duley]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Dipankar Roy]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Tushar Rakshit]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Sankarlal Chakraborty]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Soumitra Chakravarty]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Swarup Chatterjee.]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=MF|nat=India|no=|name=[[Alvito D'Cunha]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=FW|nat=India|no=|name=[[Mike Okoro]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=FW|nat=India|no=|name=[[Gilmar Da Silva]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=FW|nat=India|no=|name=[[Trijit Das]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=FW|nat=India|no=|name=[[Kalia Kulothungan]]}}
{{Fs player|pos=FW|nat=India|no=|name=[[Kaustav Ghosh]]}}

{{Fs end}}

*'''Coach''': {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]<ref name="Team Archives"/>
*'''Team doctor''': Dr. S R Dasgupta
*'''Team manager''': Swapan Ball

==Stadiums==
Kingfisher East Bengal F.C. have been using both the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] and the [[East Bengal Ground]] since Salt Lake Stadium opened in 1984. As of today the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] is used for East Bengal's [[I-League]], [[AFC Cup]], and [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] games. The [[East Bengal Ground]] is used for the [[Calcutta Football League]] matches.

==Competitions==

===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:850px;"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:150px;" | Competition
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | First match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Last match
! style="text-align:center; width:170px;" | Final Position
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Calcutta Football League]]
| 3 August 2002
| 11 November 2002
|bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
| 17 November 2002
| 28 April 2002
|bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Durand Cup]]
| 4 January 2003
| 10 January 2003
|bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[IFA Shield]]
| 13 January 2003
| 22 January 2003
|bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|Independence Day Cup
| 27 September 2002
| 5 October 2002
|bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions'''
|-
|}

==Matches==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
===[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 November 2002
|round= 1
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report =
|team2= [[JCT F.C.|JCT Mills]]
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 17 November 2002
|round= 2
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= [[Tollygunge Agragami F.C.|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1= [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]] {{goal|44}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 24 November 2002
|round= 3
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–0
|report =
|team2= [[Mahindra United F.C.|Mahindra United]]
|goals1= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|25}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 8 December 2002
|round= 4
|time=
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–2
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Subhashish Roy Chowdhury]] {{goal|70}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|90+}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 12 December 2002
|round= 5
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|report =
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 15 December 2002
|round= 6
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar Sports Club]]
|goals1= [[Gilmar]] {{goal|21}}, [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|90+}}
|goals2= [[MacPherlin Dudu Omagbemi]] {{goal|68}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 19 December 2002
|round= 7
|time=
|team1= Vasco Sports Club
|score= 1–1
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Marcos Pereira (footballer, born 1973)|Marcos Pereira]] {{goal|72}}
|goals2= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|33}}
|location= Goa
|stadium=
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 23 December 2002
|round= 8
|time=
|team1= Indian Bank
|score= 3–3
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Kasun Nadika Jayasuriya]] {{goal|21}}, {{goal|22}}, {{goal|53}}
|goals2= [[Gilmar]] {{goal|51}}, [[Chandan Das]] {{goal|58}}, [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]] {{goal|59}}
|location= Chennai
|stadium=
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 25 January 2003
|round= 9
|time=
|team1= Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
|score= 3–5
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Kenneth Onu]] {{goal|81}}, {{goal|85}}, [[Mahendra Mani]] {{goal|90+}}
|goals2=
*[[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|4}}, {{goal|37}}
*[[Bhaichung Bhutia]] {{goal|32}}
*[[Suley Musah]] {{goal|70}}
*[[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|89}}
|location= [[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 29 January 2003
|round=10
|time=
|team1=[[Indian Telephone Industries]]
|score= 1–3
|report =
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Ibrahim Karim Al Hasan]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2= [[Sasthi Duley]] {{goal|17}} [[Suley Musah]] {{goal|36}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|83}}
|location= [[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 3 February 2003
|round=11
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–2
|report =
|team2= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo Sports Club]]
|goals1= [[EB Channa]] {{og|3}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|54||69}}
|goals2= [[Raman Vijayan]] {{goal|4}} [[EB Channa]] {{goal|14}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium=
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 8 February 2003
|round= 12
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–1
|report =
|team2= Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|21||44|75}} , [[Suley Musah]] {{goal|38}}
|goals2= [[Kenneth Onu]] {{goal|77}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 13 February 2003
|round= 13
|time=
|team1= Churchill Brothers SC
|score= 1–3
|report =
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= [[Ratan Singh (footballer)|Ratan Singh]] {{goal|35}}
|goals2= [[Douglas da Silva]] {{goal|27}}, [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|46}}, [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|88}}
|location= [[Goa]]
|stadium= [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 16 February 2003
|round= 14
|time=
|team1= Dempo Sports Club
|score= 2–2
|report=
|team2= East Bengal Club
|goals1= {{goal|32}} Jose Colaco
{{goal|36}} Mario Soares
|goals2= {{goal|18}} Mike Okoro
{{goal|20}} Douglas da Silva
|location= Goa
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 22 February 2003
|round= 15
|time=
|team1= East Bengal Club
|score= 1–0
|report=
|team2= Indian Telephone Industries
|goals1= {{goal|11}} Mike Okoro
|location= Kolkata
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 25 February 2003
|round= 16
|time=
|team1= East Bengal Club
|score= 2–1
|report=
|team2= Mohun Bagan AC
|goals1= {{goal|11}} Alvito D'Cunha
{{goal|73}} Mike Okoro
|goals2= {{goal|54}} Jose Barreto
|location= Kolkata
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 1 March 2003
|round= 17
|time=
|team1= East Bengal Club
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= Tollygunge Agragami
|goals1= {{goal|67}} Douglas da Silva
{{goal|89}} Kalia Kulothungan
|location= Kolkata
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 5 March 2003
|round= 18
|time=
|team1= JCT Mills
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= East Bengal Club
|goals1= {{goal|44}} Jo Paul Ancheri
{{goal|70}} IM Vijayan
|location= Ludhiana
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 9 April 2003
|round= 19
|time=
|team1= Mahindra United
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= East Bengal Club
|goals1= {{goal|33}} Mongba Aby Samson
{{goal|66}} James Singh
|location= Mumbai
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date=13 April 2003
|round= 20
|time=
|team1=East Bengal Club
|score=3–0
|report=
|team2=Indian Bank
|goals1={{goal|16}} {{goal|85}} Mike Okoro
{{goal|53}} Douglas da Silva
|location= Kolkata
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 25 April 2003
|round= 21
|time=
|team1= East Bengal Club
|score= 4–0
|report=
|team2= Vasco Sports Club
|goals1= {{goal|13}} Douglas da Silva
{{goal|47}} Douglas da Silva
{{goal|67}} Malswam Tulunga
Mike Okoro
|location= Kolkata
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 28 April 2003
|round= 22
|time=
|team1= Salgaocar Sports Club
|score= 2–0
|report=
|team2= East Bengal Club
|goals1= {{goal|22}} Sebastiao Endro
{{goal|54}} Sunday Seah
|location= Goa
|stadium=
|attendance=
|referee=
|result= L
}}

===[[Calcutta Football League]]===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 3 August 2002
|round=1
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= Calcutta Port Trust
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|30||80}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 6 August 2002
|round=2
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–2
|report =
|team2= SAIL
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|18}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{goal|59}}
|goals2= Dulal Patra {{goal|76}} Lawrence Enyilord {{goal|78}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 9 August 2002
|round=3
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= Bharati Sangha
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|}} [[Dipankar Roy]] {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 12 August 2002
|round=4
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–1
|report =
|team2= [[Eastern Railway FC]]
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|6||70||71}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|21}} Surya Bikash Chakraborty {{goal|57}}
|goals2= Somnath Pramanick {{goal|}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 17 August 2002
|round=5
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report =
|team2= [[Food Corporation of India FC|FCI FC]]
|goals1= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|20||38}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 20 August 2002
|round=6
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1= [[Dipankar Roy]] {{goal|}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|71}}
|goals2= Basudeb Mondal {{goal|}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 24 August 2002
|round=7
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 5–0
|report =
|team2= [[United SC|Everready Association]]
|goals1= Subhash Chakraborty {{goal|43||58}} [[Chandan Das]] {{goal|46}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|65}} Soumitra Chakraborty {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 August 2002
|round=8
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–1
|report =
|team2= [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|49}} [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|51}} Subhashish Roy Chowdhury {{goal|74}} Subhash Chakraborty {{goal|82}}
|goals2= [[Mehtab Hossain]] {{goal|75}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 3 September 2002
|round=9
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1= [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|12||16}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 7 September 2002
|round=Championship Group
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–2
|report =
|team2= [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1= Subhash Chakraborty {{goal|}} [[Chandan Das]] {{goal|}}
|goals2= Sujoy Dutta {{goal|}} [[Ashim Biswas (footballer)|Ashim Biswas]] {{goal|}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 12 September 2002
|round=Championship Group
|time=
|team1=[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score= 3–3
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1= Reazul Mustafa {{goal|}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] {{goal|?||?}}
|goals2= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 17 September 2002
|round=Championship Group
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= [[Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Basudeb Mondal {{goal|41}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 19 September 2002
|round=Championship Group
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report =
|team2= Calcutta Port Trust
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|24||78}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 11 November 2002
|round=Championship final
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|aet=yes
|report =
|team2= [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|goals1= Douglas De Silva {{goal|2}} Sasthi Duley {{goal|45}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]] {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

===[[Independence Day Cup]]===
East Bengal club went to [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]] to participate in the 54th Independence Day Cup tournament after the end of the Championship Group round matches of the Calcutta League. The club won the tournament defeating [[Oil India FC]] of Assam by 2–0 with goals from [[Alvito D'Cunha]] and Chandan Das.<ref name="IDDay"/>

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 27 September 2002
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= [[Oil India FC]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Tridip Khound {{goal|85}}
|location= [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
|stadium= [[Nurul Amin Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 29 September 2002
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–0
|report =
|team2= [[Gauhati Town Club]]
|goals1= [[Dipankar Roy]] {{goal|5}} [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|19}} [[Anit Ghosh]] {{goal|61}} [[Chandan Das]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
|stadium= [[Nurul Amin Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 2 October 2002
|round=Semi Final
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= Nagaland Police
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|39}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{goal|62}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
|stadium= [[Nurul Amin Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 5 October 2002
|round=Final
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= [[Oil India FC]]
|goals1= [[Alvito D'Cunha]] {{goal|42}} [[Chandan Das]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
|stadium= [[Nurul Amin Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

===[[Durand Cup]]===
East Bengal club participated in the 115th Durand Cup held in Delhi being grouped in Group B along with MEG, Bangalore and [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]. The team won their third tournament of the season after defeating [[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]] in the final by 3–0 margin.<ref name="Durand"/>

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 4 January 2003
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 4–0
|report =
|team2= [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|33||60}} Sashti Duley {{goal|38}} Osberne D'Souza {{goal|42|og}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Delhi]]
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 4 January 2003
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= MEG, Bangalore
|goals1=
|goals2= Ajith Kumar {{goal|59}}
|location= [[Delhi]]
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 8 January 2003
|round=Semi Final
|time=
|team1= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|79}}
|location= [[Delhi]]
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 10 January 2003
|round=Final
|time=
|team1= [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 3–0
|report =
|team2= [[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]]
|goals1= [[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|67}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{goal|72}} [[Douglas De Silva]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Delhi]]
|stadium= [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}

===[[IFA Shield]]===
Just days after winning the [[Durand Cup]], the club participated in the [[IFA Shield]] held in Kolkata and was grouped alongside [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]], [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] and [[Tollygunge Agragami]] in Group A. The team reached the final defeating [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] in the Semi-Final and lifted their 4th trophy of the season by defeating [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] in the final via a penalty shootout, with Sashti Duley scoring the winning penalty in the sudden-death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/churchill-fail-to-stop-eb-juggernaut/cid/1032237|title=Churchill fail to stop EB juggernaut|work=Telegraph|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 13 January 2003
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]]
|goals1= [[Tushar Rakshit]] {{goal|58}} Amjad Ali Khan {{goal|87}}
|goals2= Joseph {{goal|33}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[East Bengal Ground]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 15 January 2003
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–1
|report =
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
|goals2= Aqueel Ansari {{goal|83}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 17 January 2003
|round=Group stage
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–1
|report =
|team2= [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|goals1= Trijit Das {{goal|31}} [[Suley Musah]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2= Manas Das {{goal|61}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 19 January 2003
|round=Semi Final
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 2–0
|report =
|team2= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1= [[Suley Musah]] {{goal|18}} Jiten Rai {{goal|83}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date= 22 January 2003
|round=Final
|time=
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|aet=yes
|penaltyscore=5–4
|report = [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/churchill-fail-to-stop-eb-juggernaut/cid/1032237 Report]
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penalties1 =
* [[Suley Musah]] {{penmiss}}
* Chandan Das {{pengoal}}
* [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{pengoal}}
* Kaustav Ghosh {{pengoal}}
* [[Douglas De Silva]] {{pengoal}}
* Sashti Duley {{pengoal}}
|penalties2 =
* {{pengoal}} Kasif Jamal
* {{pengoal}} Rajesh Meetei
* {{pengoal}} [[Noel Wilson]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]
* {{penmiss}} Roque Barreto
* {{penmiss}} Tiken Singh
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee= Bharat Mani
}}

==Sponsors==
*Main Sponsor: [[Kingfisher]] (Parent Company [[United Breweries Group]] is 50% stake holder in the club).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}
{{2002–03 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2002-03 East Bengal F.C. season}}
[[Category:East Bengal Club seasons]]

Mumbai Telugus

2026-03-19T21:36:32Z

JVLEricka167: added some post w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Social Community}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

'''Mumbai Telugus''' are ethnic-[[Telugu people|Telugus]] in [[Mumbai]]. There are about 500,000 Telugu-language speakers in Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} This includes both native Mumbaikars, and those born in the [[Telugu states]], or elsewhere in the Telugu diaspora.

== History ==
The presence of the Telugu community in Maharashtra dates back to the era of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]. Historical records indicate that a significant migration of Telugus to Maharashtra occurred during the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

A devastating famine in [[Hyderabad State]] fueled fresh migration to Mumbai in the early 20th century, when the city was in the midst of a textile and real estate boom.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Many Telugu [[Padmasali (caste)|Padmasalis]] joined textile mills. Others helped construct notable Mumbai landmarks such as the [[Metro Cinema mumbai|Metro Cinema]] and the art-deco apartments in [[South Mumbai]]. Sayajirao Silam and Narasimha Puppala, Mumbai's leading political figures in the 1950s, were Telugus.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Emandi-Cheppandi-Mumbaikar-Telugu-conclave-today/articleshow/4626075.cms|title = Emandi Cheppandi: Mumbaikar Telugu conclave today | Mumbai News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article288045.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618235517/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article288045.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2015|title = AP's aid sought for Telugus in Maharashtra}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Internal migrations in India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Telugu diaspora]]

2003 Indian Federation Cup

2026-03-11T06:04:41Z

JVLEricka167: started new stub with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = 2003 Federation Cup
| dates = 26 July–9 August 2003
| other_titles = Tata Federation Cup
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams = 16
| champions = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
| count = 1
| runner-up = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| continentalcup1 = [[2004 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| continentalcup1_qualifiers = Mahindra United
| matches = 15
| goals = 35
| top goal scorer = [[Raphaël Patron Akakpo]] (3 goals)
| player =
| prevseason = [[2001 Indian Federation Cup|2001]]
| nextseason = [[2004 Indian Federation Cup|2004]]
}}

The '''2003 Indian Federation Cup''' (also known as '''2003 Tata Federation Cup''' due to sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata to sponsor Fed Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tata-to-sponsor-fed-cup/articleshow/81760.cms |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=18 July 2003 |language=en}}</ref> was the 25th season of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]]. It was held between 26 July and 9 August 2003. Defending champions [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] were eliminated by [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in the semi-final, who faced [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]] in the final. Mahindra United went on to win their maiden title with [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]] scoring the winner for them in the 78th minute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahindra United lift Federation Cup |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030810/sports.htm#12 |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=The Tribune |agency=Press Trust of India |date=10 August 2003}}</ref> [[Raphaël Patron Akakpo]] of Mahindra United finished the tournament as the top-scorer with three goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facts and figures |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/facts-and-figures/article29640025.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The [[All India Football Federation]] announced on 11 May 2003 that the tournament would commence on 25 July 2003 and completed on 8 August.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federation Cup football from July 25 |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/fed/20030511.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=5 May 2022 |language=en |date=11 May 2003}}</ref> The date of commencement was revised to 26 July in an announcement made on 10 July. The tournament made a return after a year's break.<ref name="th1">{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Amithabha Das |title=Federation Cup promises keen fare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/federation-cup-promises-keen-fare/article27786642.ece |url-access=subscription |website=The Hindu |access-date=5 May 2022 |language=en-IN |date=25 July 2003}}</ref> The [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]] was announced as the venue of the matches and that 16 teams would compete.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite news |title=Federation Cup from July 26 |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/10fed.htm |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=Rediff.com |date=10 July 2003}}</ref> The fixtures were announced on the same day.<ref name="rediff1"/> While all matches were played at the Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan in Kolkata, the third quarter-final between Mahindra United and Air India was played at the [[Sailen Manna Stadium]] (then called Howrah Municipal Stadium) in order "to rest and repair the pitch" (former stadium).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das |title=East Bengal mauls HAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/east-bengal-mauls-hal/article27787863.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=31 July 2003 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Two new features were added for the tournament. [[Doping in sport|Doping tests]] were conducted according to guidelines laid down by [[FIFA]] in that "random sampling of a player of each team selected by the draw of lots" was conducted. Secondly, players and match officials were brought under a personal accident policy of {{INR}}100,000, while the spectators, including the media, were covered under a similar policy of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="th1"/>

== Teams ==
All teams that competed in the [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03 season]] of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] were included in the tournament alongside the top four teams from the [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League Second Division]], the hitherto second tier of the [[Indian football league system]].<ref name="th1"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Team
! Qualified from
|-
| [[Air India FC|Air India]] || [[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League Second Division]]
|-
| [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] || [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|National Football League]]
|-
| [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] || National Football League
|-
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]] || National Football League
|-
| Indian Telephone Industries || National Football League
|-
| [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || National Football League Second Division
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] || National Football League
|-
| [[SBI Kerala (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]] || National Football League Second Division
|-
| [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Clube]] || National Football League Second Division
|-
| [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]] || National Football League
|-
| [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] || National Football League
|}

==Results==
In case of a tie at regular time, [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] with [[golden goal]] was used. In case scores remain tied even after extra time, [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] was used.

=== Round of 16 ===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|26|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score = 1–0
|team2 = Indian Telephone Industries
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/26foot1.htm Report]
|goals1 = Bungo Singh {{goal|61}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|26|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score = 4–0
|team2 = [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]]
|report = [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/salgaocar-blanks-indian-bank/article27786899.ece Report]
|goals1 =
* [[Climax Lawrence|Lawrence]] {{goal|15||69|pen.}}
* Sebastian Endro {{goal|22}}
* [[Kumam Samson Singh|KS Singh]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|27|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[SBI Kerala (football team)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|report = [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bagan-meet-jct-in-quarterfinals/articleshow/98090.cms Report]
|goals1 =
* Marcos Pereira {{goal|20}}
* [[José Barreto (Brazilian footballer)|Barreto]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2 = [[Asif Saheer|Saheer]] {{goal|44}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|27|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
|aet = yes
|report = [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bagan-meet-jct-in-quarterfinals/articleshow/98090.cms Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|penalties1 =
* Rocky Barreto {{pengoal}}
* Rajesh Meitei {{pengoal}}
* Harvinder Singh {{pengoal}}
* [[Riston Rodrigues|Rodrigues]] {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore = 3–4
|penalties2 =
* {{pengoal}} [[Jo Paul Ancheri|Ancheri]]
* {{pengoal}} Jagjit Randhawa
* {{pengoal}} [[Daljit Singh (footballer)|D. Singh]]
* {{pengoal}} Ram Paul
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|28|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Clube]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/28foot.htm Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Yadav]] {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|28|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|score = 1–2
|team2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/28foot.htm Report]
|goals1 = Jose Colaco {{goal|22|pen.}}
|goals2 =
* Vinay Kuruvilla {{goal|48}}
* Fernandes {{goal|53}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee = N. Mohan
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|29|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Tollygunge Agragami FC|Tollygunge Agragami]]
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/29foot.htm Report]
|goals1 = Amit Das {{goal|42}}
|goals2 = Anthony Fernandes {{goal|88}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|penalties1 =
* Amit Das {{pengoal}}
* Akeem Abolanle {{pengoal}}
* Isiaka Awoyemi {{pengoal}}
* Goutam Debnath {{pengoal}}
* [[Suman Dutta|S. Dutta]] {{pengoal}}
* Kajal Bhattacharjee {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore = 5–6
|penalties2 =
* {{pengoal}} Menino Fernandes
* {{pengoal}} Denis Cabral
* {{pengoal}} [[Kamal Thapa (footballer)|Thapa]]
* {{pengoal}} [[John Dias|Dias]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Vinu Jose|Jose]]
* {{pengoal}} Levy Coelho
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|31|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|score = 5–0
|team2 = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jul/31foot.htm Report]
|goals1 =
* [[Bijen Singh|B. Singh]] {{goal|4||31}}
* Chandan Das {{goal|58||83}}
* [[Dipankar Roy|D. Roy]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|07|30|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score = 0–5
|team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|report = [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sporting-thrash-salgaocar-5-0/articleshow/103820.cms Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
* Sheikh Sanjib {{goal|24||45}}
* [[Dipendu Biswas|Biswas]] {{goal|43||70}}
* [[Syed Rahim Nabi|Nabi]] {{goal|69}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|01|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[JCT FC|JCT Mills]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/01football.htm Report]
|goals1 =
* [[José Barreto (Brazilian footballer)|Barreto]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Renedy Singh|R. Singh]] {{goal|44||70}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|02|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/02foot.htm Report]
|goals1 =
* [[James Lukram Singh|JL Singh]] {{goal|45+}}
* [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|67}}
* [[Raphaël Patron Akakpo|Akakpo]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sailen Manna Stadium|Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium]], [[Howrah]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|04|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|score = 1–0
|team2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/04footfed.htm Report]
|goals1 = [[Sushanth Mathew|Mathew]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|05|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score = 0–0
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|aet = yes
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/05footfed.htm Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 55,000
|referee = Komaleswaran Sankar
|penalties1 =
* Hussain Mustafi {{pengoal}}
* Amandeep Singh {{pengoal}}
* Amjad Ali Khan {{pengoal}}
* L Akbar Singh {{pengoal}}
* Arjan Ali {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 5–4
|penalties2 =
* {{pengoal}} [[José Barreto (Brazilian footballer)|Barreto]]
* {{pengoal}} [[Renedy Singh|R. Singh]]
* {{pengoal}} Marcos Pereira
* {{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]
* {{penmiss}} Basudeb Mondal
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|06|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/06footfed.htm Report]
|goals1 = [[Raphaël Patron Akakpo|Akakpo]] {{goal|17||25}}
|goals2 = [[Krishnan Nair Ajayan|Ajayan]] {{goal|66}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance =
|referee =
}}

=== Final ===
Mohammedan Sporting qualified for the final for the first time in 13 years and 11 editions of the tournament<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das |title=Resilient Sporting enters final |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/resilient-sporting-enters-final/article27788865.ece |website=The Hindu |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2022 |language=en-IN |date=5 August 2003}}</ref> while Mahindra United, who progressed to the final in 1991 and 1993, had never won the title.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das |title=Mahindra United in summit clash |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/mahindra-united-in-summit-clash/article27789094.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=6 August 2003 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{Football box
|date = {{Start date|2003|08|09|df=y}}
|time =
|team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]]
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/aug/09footfed.htm Report]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Shanmugam Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 65,000
|referee =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=25th Federation Cup 2003 Home page |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/fedcup03.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india04.html 25th "TATA" Federation Cup 2003] at [[RSSSF]]
* {{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha Das |title=Mahindra United's moment of glory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/mahindra-uniteds-moment-of-glory/article29640023.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |url-access=subscription |language=en |date=30 August 2003}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2002–03 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Indian Federation Cup seasons]]
[[Category:2002–03 in domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2002–03 in Indian football]]

Sandhya Devanathan

2026-03-11T05:55:54Z

JVLEricka167: new basic entry v1

{{Short description|Indian technology executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandhya Devanathan
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[Andhra University]]
*MBA from the [[FMS Delhi]]
}}
| employer = [[Meta Platforms|Meta India]]
}}

'''Sandhya Devanathan''' is an Indian technology executive who is the current Vice President and Managing Director of a role held since January 2018 – 2025. She will take on additional duties, overseeing Meta's South East Asia operations, replacing Benjamin Joe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Meta's Sandhya Devanathan to lead Southeast Asia after driving India growth - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/metas-sandhya-devanathan-to-lead-southeast-asia-after-driving-india-growth-19604866.htm |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
Devanathan did her undergraduate study at [[Andhra University]], and graduated with an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from the [[Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi|FMS University]] in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |date=2022-11-18 |title=Meta India head Sandhya Devanathan is an alumna of Andhra University in Visakahpatnam |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/meta-india-head-sandhya-devanathan-is-an-alumna-of-andhra-university-in-visakahpatnam/article66153301.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Tanvi |date=2022-11-17 |title=Meta Platforms appoints Sandhya Devanathan as India head |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Himani |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-platforms-appoints-sandhya-devanathan-india-head-2022-11-17/ |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref>

== Career ==
After finishing her MBA, Devanathan worked at [[Citibank]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Saroha |first=Sakshi |title=Andhra University, DU, Oxford — Know about Meta India head Sandhya Devanathan's alma mater |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/new-meta-india-head-sandhya-devanathan-alumnus-andhra-university-du-fms-oxford-8275686/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In December 2009, she moved to Singapore to work at [[Standard Chartered]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Meta India gets new head: All you need to know about Sandhya Devanathan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/meta-india-gets-new-head-all-you-need-to-know-about-sandhya-devanathan-101668685608416.html |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2016, Devanathan moved to Meta as the Group Director of South East Asia of Ecommerce, Travel, and Finserv. In August 2016, Devanathan made a shift within the company to a newly created role of Country Managing Director.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teng |first1=Angela |title='Ability to adapt to new roles key to survival in new economy' |url=https://www.todayonline.com/business/tech-industry-and-new-jobs-facebook-spores-country-director |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[Today (Singapore newspaper)|Today]] |date=19 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> On top of that, in 2018 she additionally took on the role of Business Head of Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Sandhya Devanathan, the newly appointed Head and Vice President of Meta India? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/who-is-sandhya-devanathan-the-newly-appointed-head-and-vice-president-of-meta-india |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> During her nearly five years' tenure, she led under the supervision of Kenneth Bishop, who moved to [[Juul]] in 2020. In April 2020, Devanathan became the new Vice President of Gaming in the Asia Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joined Meta in 2016, now heading its India unit: Meet Sandhya Devanathan, new Meta India chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/joined-meta-in-2016-now-heading-its-india-unit-meet-sandhya-devanathan-new-meta-india-chief-article-95600891 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=18 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meta Appoints Sandhya Devanathan as India Head |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/technology/meta-appoints-sandhya-devanathan-india-head-164749 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

While in this role, during an interview with [[CNBC]], Devanathan said that a large part of the female gaming market was being overlooked, therefore profits were a fraction of what they could be. She said, "Women now comprise nearly half of the gaming industry and games need to reflect that growing diversity." She also added, "The gaming industry should reflect the growing diversity of its demographics if it wants to succeed."<ref>{{cite news |last=Toh |first=Ee Ming |title=Diversity in the gaming industry is an 'economic imperative,' says Meta executive |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/08/diversity-in-the-gaming-industry-an-economic-imperative-meta-exec.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2022, amid mass layoffs of over 11,000 employees, she took up the vacant position, which had been previously left vacant by [[Ajit Mohan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |title=Meta appoints Sandhya Devanathan as India Vice President amid massive layoffs |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/meta-appoints-sandhya-devanathan-as-india-vice-president-amid-massive-layoffs-353185-2022-11-17 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Sandhya Devanathan to replace Ajit Mohan as Meta's India head |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/sandhya-devanathan-to-replace-ajit-mohan-as-metas-india-head20221117143404/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407054137/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/sandhya-devanathan-to-replace-ajit-mohan-as-metas-india-head20221117143404/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-17 |title=Meta India: फेसबुक की पैरेंट कंपनी मेटा ने गेंमिग दिग्गज संध्या देवनाथन को बनाया इंडिया हेड |trans-title=Meta India: Facebook's parent company Meta appoints Sandhya Devnathan as India head |url=https://www.abplive.com/business/facebook-led-meta-appoints-sandhya-devanathan-as-india-head-2261300 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref> Other senior staff leaving the company included the former [[WhatsApp]] Head for India, [[Abhijit Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Sandhya Devanathan will take over as Head and Vice President of Meta India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/meta-india-vice-president-sandhya-devanathan-8273521/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023 and 2024, [[Fortune India]] put Devanathan on their list of India’s most powerful women. In 2023, Devanathan was placed at number 47.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=-Urvashi |title=Sandhya Devanathan - Most Powerful Women in 2023 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/sandhya-devanathan?year=2023 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Devanathan was placed at number 27.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In 2024, Devanathan was placed as the 95th Most Powerful Woman in Asia by Fortune Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandhya Devanathan {{!}} 2024 Most Powerful Women Asia |url=https://fortune.com/asia/ranking/most-powerful-women-asia/2024/sandhya-devanathan/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Fortune Asia |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Devanathan announced partnership with [[Open Network for Digital Commerce|ONDC]], aimed at democratizing commerce for the greater majority of Indians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Sandhya Devanathan Of Meta India On India's Digital Transformation Story And ONDC Partnership |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/sandhya-devanathan-of-meta-india-on-indias-digital-transformation-story-and-ondc-partnership-410183-2023-12-20 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Devanathan was honored in her hometown of [[Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]], by the [[Vizagapatam Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] (VCCI).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-24 |title=VCCI conducts 4th awards night |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-chamber-of-commerce-conducts-4th-awards-night/articleshow/111215260.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In May 2025, Devanathan was announced to take on responsibilities for South East Asia on top of her India obligations.

==Philanthropy==
In 2013, Devanathan became a mentor for [[UN Women]] on Project Inspire.<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Trisha |title=Who Is Sandhya Devanathan? Meta's Head And VP Of India |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/who-is-sandhya-devanathan-meta-india/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[SheThePeople]] |date=18 November 2022}}</ref> She was a Board Member of the [[National Library Board]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Atreyee |title=Who Is Sandhya Devanathan? Meta's New India Head |url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/pfx-who-is-sandhya-devanathan-metas-new-india-head |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[BQ Prime]] |date=17 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Within Meta, she has served as the Coach of the Leap Leadership Program for Women in FB (Meta) since January 2018. She is also on the Global Diversity Equity Council within Meta, and is the current Executive Sponsor for Women in APAC region.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Amit |title=Sandhya Devanathan Is Meta's New India Head: 5 Points To Know |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/5-points-to-know-about-metas-new-india-head-sandhya-devanathan-3528717 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://about.fb.com/news/2022/11/sandhya-devanathan-appointed-head-and-vice-president-of-meta-india/ Sandhya Devanathan Appointed Head and Vice President of Meta India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devanathan, Sandhya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms people]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Management Studies – University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Jungle Ki Pukar

2026-03-03T23:13:20Z

JVLEricka167: general enhanced references based on references also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Jungle Ki Pukar
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Jungle Ki Pukar''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1946|1946]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013|title=Bollywood Hindi Movie, Latest Movies Release, Review & News, Actor Actress Photo Pics & Videos Gallery|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141558/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9781579581466}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0378149 |title =Jungle Ki Pukar }}

[[Category:1946 films]]
[[Category:1946 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1946 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Halli Meshtru

2026-03-03T22:03:48Z

JVLEricka167: brief cleaned up information per sources further and updated info based on references

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|1992 film by Mohan-Manju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Halli Meshtru
| image = Halli Meshtru.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = Mohan-Manju
| based_on = ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' (1983) by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| producer = [[N. Veeraswamy]]
| writer = Hamsalekha
(Dialogues)
| screenplay = Mohan - Manju
| story = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] Bindiya, Janardhana VenkataramanaAachari Babu(Chinthamani)
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Prathap
| editing = K. Balu
| studio = Sri Eshwari Productions
| distributor = R. F. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1992|03|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Halli Meshtru''''' ({{translation|Village Teacher}}) is a 1992 [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Mohan-Manju. The film starred [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teachers’ Day Special: Iconic teacher-student bonds in Kannada cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/teachers-day-special-the-most-beloved-gurus-of-sandalwood-3711907 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> [[Farheen|Bindiya]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] in key roles with [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]], [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] and [[Silk Smitha]] playing supporting roles. It is a remake of 1983 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22 |title=Sasikumar: Happy to remake K Bhagyaraj sir’s Mundhanai Mudichu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-happy-to-remake-k-bhagyaraj-sirs-mundhanai-mudichu/articleshow/77104166.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The music of the film was composed by [[Hamsalekha]].

== Cast ==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Meshtru
* [[Farheen|Bindiya]] as Parimala
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as first wife of Meshtru
* Janardhana Venkataramana Aachari Babu(Chinthamani) as Kappe Raaya
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Panditre
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as chairman, Parimala father
* [[Silk Smitha]]
* [[Girija Lokesh]] as Parimala Mother
* Gayatri Prabhakar
* [[Rathnakar (actor)|Rathnakar]]
* [[Ajay Raj]]

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Hamsalekha]] with lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbXkDnu3q_8 |title=Halli Mestru I Kannada Film Audio Juke Box I Ravichandran, Bindya {{!}} Akash Audio |date=2016-01-29 |last=Akash Audio |access-date=2026-01-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ff9; text-align:center;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Kaayi Kaayi Nugge Kaayi" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || 4:56
|-
| "Sankranthi Bantu" || S.P. Balasubrahmanyam], S. Janaki || 4:27
|-
| "Preeti Maadu Tappenilla" || [[K. J. Yesudas|K.J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki || 4:58
|-
| "Ilkal Seere Utkondu" || K.J. Yesudas || 5:00
|-
| "Akka Nin Ganda" || S. Janaki, chorus || 4:43
|-
| "Halli Meshtre Halli Meshtre" || S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 4:26
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0306934|Halli Meshtru}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-comedy-drama-film-stub}}

Devadoothan

2026-03-03T21:38:28Z

JVLEricka167: added references for consistency and added references after review

{{short description|2000 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devadoothan
| image = [[File:Devadoothan.jpg|Devadoothan]]
| caption = Theatrical Release poster
| director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
| producer = Siyad Koker
| writer = [[Raghunath Paleri]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Jaya Prada]]
}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = [[Kokers Films]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Thundiyil]]
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| distributor = Kokers and Anupama Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|12|27}}
| runtime = 167 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}5.40 crores {{small|(re-release)}} <ref name=.1>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2025 |title=നാഗവല്ലിയെ തളച്ച് മംഗലശ്ശേരി കാർത്തികേയൻ, റീറിലീസിൽ മുന്നില് രണ്ട് ചിത്രങ്ങള് മാത്രം
|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/25/ravanaprabhu-breaks-manichitrathazhus-collection-record |trans-title=Ravanaprabhu breaks Manichitrathazhu's collection record |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=[[Reporter TV]] |language=ml}}</ref>
}}

'''''Devadoothan''''' ({{Translation|The Heavenly Messenger}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[horror film]] directed by [[Sibi Malayil]], written by [[Raghunath Paleri]], and produced by [[Kokers Films|Siyad Koker]] through [[Kokers Films]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]] in the title role with [[Jaya Prada]], [[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Jagadish]], [[Sarath Das]] and [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] in supporting roles. The film features original songs and [[film score|score]] composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The cinematography was done by [[Santosh Thundiyil]].

The plot follows a struggling musician Vishal Krishnamoorthy who returns to his alma mater to direct a musical. Years ago, he was expelled from the college by Madam Angelina Ignatius for allegedly playing a protected musical instrument, Seven Bells, which he claimed played by itself. Vishal encounters the same haunting melody and embarks on a quest to solve the mystery of the Seven Bells.

''Devadoothan'' was released on 22 December 2000, during the Christmas season. Though the songs and performances were applauded, the film didn't resonate much with the audience, citing it "The film was ahead of its times".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=#BIGStory: Resurrection of old classics, and booming box office with re-releases in Mollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bigstory-resurrection-of-old-classics-and-booming-box-office-with-re-releases-in-mollywood/articleshow/114599149.cms |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Despite underperforming at the box office, the film received critical acclaim. Over the years, it has achieved a [[cult following]]. It won three [[Kerala State Film Awards]], including [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]], and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]. A digitally remastered 4K [[Dolby Atmos]] ''Director's Cut'' was released on 26 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/09/mohanlals-devadoothan-to-get-a-rerelease-on-this-date|title=Mohanlal's Devadoothan to get a rerelease on this date|date=9 July 2024 |publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=10 July 2024|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710140655/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/09/mohanlals-devadoothan-to-get-a-rerelease-on-this-date|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-talks-about-sibi-malayil-movie-devadoothan-1.9709650|title=Devadoothan is one of my favourite films as an actor: Mohanlal|date=9 July 2024 |publisher=Mathrubhumi English|access-date=10 July 2024|archive-date=10 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710140655/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-talks-about-sibi-malayil-movie-devadoothan-1.9709650|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a commercial success after the re-release and emerged as [[List of highest-grossing re-released Indian films|one of the highest-grossing re-released Indian film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/devadoothan-re-release-opening-collection-report-mohanlal-hrk-sh9qk5|title=അന്ന് വൻ ഫ്ലോപ്, വീണ്ടുമെത്തിയപ്പോള്‍ തിയറ്ററുകള്‍ നിറച്ച് ദേവദൂതൻ, റിലീസിന് നേടിയത്|publisher=Asianet News|access-date=29 July 2024|archive-date=29 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729085543/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/devadoothan-re-release-opening-collection-report-mohanlal-hrk-sh9qk5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=.1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/how-theatrical-re-releases-of-old-films-are-granting-them-new-lease-of-life|title=How Theatrical Re-releases of Old Films Are Granting Them New Lease of Life|publisher=Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vishal Krishnamoorthy, a world famous [[musician]] is about to receive a prestigious musical award for his symphony ''Rhythm of Love''. The story now cuts back to his past where Vishal is struggling to pay his debts and to build a career of his own. Despite having a deep knowledge in music, he experiments with other businesses which all ended in failure. One day, Vishal gets a letter from the principal-cum-priest of his old college from which he was expelled. It was an invitation to work as the director for a musical play with the present students of the college. At first, Vishal refuses to go because of his hatred towards the college, but he later changes his mind.

Years ago, Vishal was expelled from the college by Madam Angelina Ignatius who runs the institution in the memory of her late father, William Ignatius. There was a special musical instrument called the "Seven Bells" kept by Angelina, locked inside a chapel within the college where no one was allowed to enter. Vishal was accused by Angelina for playing the Seven Bells, but his refutation was the instrument was playing by itself. But Angelina had him expelled from the college.

Vishal arrives at the college. The play is about the romance of Mary and Nikhil Maheshwar. Mary is the only daughter of a rich man who falls in love with a young musician, Nikhil Maheshwar. Despite her father's dislike, she falls for Nikhil. Later, Nikhil goes to get the consent of his parents for their marriage, but never to return. Mary keeps waiting for him. While rehearsing the play, Vishal interferes at certain occasions and changes parts of the story.

On the night of his arrival, while composing a song for the play, Vishal hears a beautiful melodic composition from the tape record near him. He turns it off, but the music continues playing automatically. He realizes that it is the same melody that was heard from the Seven Bells instrument for which he was expelled. The next day, as the rehearsal progresses, in a scene where Mary expresses her love to Nikhil, Vishal suggests that they replace the name Mary with Alina which he intuitively deduces from the music he heard last night.

At that night too, Vishal is woken by the same music. He follows it and finds that it is coming from the chapel of the Seven Bells. He rushes there to see who is playing it, but sees nobody but the instrument playing by itself. Hearing the music, Angelina also gets there and sees Vishal sitting in front of the Bells. She accuses him again for playing it and tries to get him out of the college, but Vishal decides to stay and to find out the truth.

Vishal asks the principal about the name Nikhil Maheshwar. He says that it was from an old romantic poem written by Angelina. Looking for answers, he visits an old priest who was the former principal of the college and who knew Angelina from a young age. He tells Vishal that her actual name is Alina. She got the Seven Bells instrument from her father William Ignatius as a gift. William also brought someone from [[Agra]] to play the instrument. His name was Maheshwar. Alina's admiration of Maheshwar's music turned to love, enraging her father. Then after six years, Maheshwar left the place promising that he would return, but he never came back and Alina is still waiting for him.

Vishal searches for books about the Seven Bells in the college library. He finds a piece of paper with some musical notations from an old book. He feels that it was written by Maheshwar. Trying to play it on the instrument, he recognizes it as the same music he hears at night, but he feels like he is losing his vision. By intuition, he concludes that Maheswar was blind. He goes to Angelina and shows the music to her. She admits that it was created by Maheshwar and she wrote it down. She now realizes that Vishal was innocent of the accusation for which he was expelled from college.

At night, when Vishal is sitting in front of the Seven Bells, Sneha, the student who plays the role of Alina in the play and who is a fan of Vishal's music comes to the chapel and requests him to play the bells. Vishal reveals the truth that it is not he who plays the instrument but some invisible person.

Vishal dreams about a horse carriage and when he tells it to Angelina, she brings Vishal to see the old carriage in which she used to take Maheshwar out. There he meets Alberto, William's old stableman. Vishal feels something mysterious about Alberto. Vishal goes to the library again to find records about Angelina and Williams, but he finds a human skeleton in a glass case. He is told by the principal that it was the workers who got it when they dug the soil for laying the foundation for a new hostel block. He finally concludes that the Seven Bells was played by Maheshwar's soul.

The search for whereabouts on Maheshwar leads Vishal to Alberto who reveals to him that Maheswar was buried alive by him under the orders of William, Alina's father, who himself died soon after the burial in an accident caused by the horses of the horse carriage. The skeleton in the library is revealed to be Maheshwar's. When Vishal tells Sneha that he cannot let Alina know about the truth, the Seven Bells starts playing violently. Seeing this, Alina now understands the truth and she goes to the library hall where the skeleton is kept. Vishal tries to stop her but he is unable to do so. After a mysterious light comes out from the library, Vishal and Sneha enter the library and they find Alina dead and two doves are seen outside, flying away meaning that Alina is finally with Maheswar. The film ends by showing Vishal dedicating his award to Maheswar and Alina by placing it above The Seven Bells in the present.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Vishal Krishnamoorthy
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Angelina Ignatius / Aleena ([[Dubbing|Voice]] Dubbed by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
** Nirmala Shyam as Young Aleena
* [[Vineeth Kumar]] as Nikhil Maheshwar, Aleena's Lover
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as College Principal Edward / Principal Achan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Fr. Sthevachan
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Alberto
* [[Jagadish]] as Ithakk, Vishal's Friend
* [[Sarath Das (actor)|Sarath Das]] as Manoj, Sneha's boyfriend
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Sneha ([[Dubbing|Voice]] Dubbed by [[Sreeja Ravi]])
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Annie Kurian, Sneha's Friend
* [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as College Student, Sneha's Friend
* [[Sandra Amy]] as College Student, Sneha's Friend
* [[Jijoy Rajagopal]] as Varghese Kuruvila, Manoj's Friend
* [[Kitty (actor)|Raja Krishnamoorthy]] as William Ignatius, Aleena's Father
* Joice Nadakapadom as Joy
* Dhanya Menon as Azhagi
* Vishnu Bhuvanendran as Violinist
* Ramankutty Varrier as Father Stheva
{{colend}}

==Production==
In 1983, [[Sibi Malayil]] conceived ''Devadoothan'' as his debut feature film while working as an [[assistant director]] at [[Navodaya Studio]]. Director [[Jijo Punnoose]] suggested [[Raghunath Paleri]] develop the story into a screenplay to be produced under the Navodaya company. Sibi and Paleri spent a year perfecting the screenplay which Jojo Paulose supported, which originally featured a seven-year-old boy in a boarding school as the protagonist. In this version, the boy [[Mediumship|mediates]] between a deceased blind musician and his lover, who remains unaware of the musician's death. Sibi considered [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] in the roles of the musician Maheshwar and his lover Alina, but the project stalled for unknown reasons.<ref name="1983a">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2020/08/04/sibi-malayil-interview-devadoothan-mohanlal-dasaratham-sequel.html|title=Tamil actor Madhavan was approached for Devadoothan|publisher=onmanorama|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183234/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2020/08/04/sibi-malayil-interview-devadoothan-mohanlal-dasaratham-sequel.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="1983b">{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/08/03/sibi-malayil-about-devadoothan-movie-mohanlal-and-more.html|title=ദേവദൂതനിൽ ആദ്യം തീരുമാനിച്ചത് മാധവനെ, പരാജയം എന്നെ ഡിപ്രഷനിലെത്തിച്ചു: സിബി മലയിൽ|publisher=Manorama Online|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190510/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/08/03/sibi-malayil-about-devadoothan-movie-mohanlal-and-more.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was originally titled as ''Seven Bells''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} It was revealed by Sibi during an interview in 2024, Navodaya rejected script citing it wouldn't work .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/special-entertainment/from-first-thought-to-re-release-42-years-of-a-movie-the-story-of-devadoothan-starring-mohanlal-directed-by-sibi-malayil-sh6ok7|title='അതിന് സിബി പരിഹാരം കാണും', മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍|publisher=Asianet news}}</ref>

In 2000, Sibi discussed collaborating on a film with producer Siyad Kokker and revisited the ''Devadoothan'' story. The screenplay was reworked, shifting the setting from a boarding school to a college and adding a parallel love story between two college students through whom the spirit communicates. Initially, the makers intended to cast newcomers, and [[R. Madhavan]], then a television actor, was approached for the role of the young lover. However, Madhavan was already committed to [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'' (2000). While searching for other actors, [[Mohanlal]] heard the story from Kokker and expressed interest in playing the lead. This led Sibi and Paleri to rewrite the screenplay to accommodate Mohanlal, resulting in the final version of ''Devadoothan''.<ref name="1983a"/><ref name="1983b"/>

[[Vineeth Kumar]] experienced fear of dogs on set during the filming of the death scene of Maheshwar where he got bitten during the second take as his co-star Murali was angry about the stunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/celebrity-talk/vineeth-kumar-talks-about-the-dog-scene-in-devadoothan-mohanlal-sibi-malayil|title=The first take was okay, the dog bit the hand on the second take; Murali Chetan said a lot; Vineet Kumar shares his Devadoothan experience|date=29 July 2024 |publisher=DD News|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803121735/https://www.southlive.in/movie/celebrity-talk/vineeth-kumar-talks-about-the-dog-scene-in-devadoothan-mohanlal-sibi-malayil|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-thecue-in.translate.goog/videos/entertainment/film-news/vineeth-kumar-about-devadoothan?_x_tr_sl=ml&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|title='After that scene with the dogs, Murali Chetan thought he would say something nice to me, but he got angry; Vineet Kumar|date=29 July 2024 |publisher=The Cue|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803121700/https://www-thecue-in.translate.goog/videos/entertainment/film-news/vineeth-kumar-about-devadoothan?_x_tr_sl=ml&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was set against the backdrop of [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-08-14 |title='I'd love to make the first version of 'Devadoothan' in another language': Sibi Malayil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/14/id-love-to-make-the-first-version-of-devadoothan-in-another-language-sibi-malayil |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Devadoothan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2000
| recorded = 2000
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Popular music]]
| length = {{Duration|m=30|s=05}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = [[Madhuranombarakattu]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Mister Butler]]
| next_year = 2000
}}

The film's songs were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and all lyrics were penned by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] (except the [[Tyagaraja]] song "Entharo Mahanubhavulu"). The traditional Tyagaraja ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]'' "Entharo Mahanu" (composed in ''[[Shree (Carnatic raga)|Shree]]'' Raga) was re-mixed with a [[Western music (North America)|western]] classical composition for the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title='Composition decides who should sing the song'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Composition-which-decides-who-should-sing-the-song/articleshow/55615458.cms|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2017|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120190421/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Composition-which-decides-who-should-sing-the-song/articleshow/55615458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Vidyasagar won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] for the film. The [[soundtrack]] was released by the music label [[Satyam Audios]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Devadoothan {{!}} Malayalam Film {{!}} Full Audio Jukebox {{!}} Mohanlal {{!}} Jaya Prada|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bi-xqvKqI9w|publisher=[[Satyam Audios]]|website=[[YouTube]]|date=10 January 2015|accessdate=17 January 2017|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220041719/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bi-xqvKqI9w|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| total_length = {{Duration|m=30|s=05}}
| title1 = Karale Nin
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], Preetha Kannan
| length1 = 06.04
| title2 = En Jeevane
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]] Backing Vocals by [[P. Jayachandran]] 
| length2 = 05.02
| title3 = Entharo Mahanubhavulu
| extra3 = [[Symphony]], Palghat Ram Prasad
| length3 = 05.02
| title4 = En Jeevane
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas Backing Vocals by [[P. Jayachandran]] 
| length4 = 05.02
| title5 = Poove Poove
| extra5 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length5 = 05.24
| title6 = Mathapoothiri
| extra6 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length6 = 04.38
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

=== Reception ===
The soundtrack was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Vidyasagar picked 'Entharo Mahanubhavulu' and lifted Devadoothan's musical spirit |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/07/25/vidyasagar-chose-entharo-mahanubhavalu-for-devadoothan-raghunath-paleri.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Release==
''Devadoothan'' was a Christmas release on 22 December 2000. The film initially failed at the box office, leading to despair for the producer and director. However, later it received critical acclaim for its theme, music, cast performance, direction and a unique and fresh storyline. The film was re-released on 26 July 2024 in theatres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mohanlal-jayaprada-classic-film-devadoothan-to-re-release-after-24-years-on-this-date-bookings-open-now-anr-sh4blz|title=Mohanlal-Jaya Prada's classic film 'Devadoothan' to re-release after 24 years on THIS date! Bookings open now|website=[[Asianet News]]able|date=24 July 2024|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=24 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724194000/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/mohanlal-jayaprada-classic-film-devadoothan-to-re-release-after-24-years-on-this-date-bookings-open-now-anr-sh4blz|url-status=live}}</ref> The re-released version was a 4K Remastered ''[[Director's cut|Director's Cut]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/10/devadoothan-malayalam-cinema-sibi-malayil-movie-release-date-remastered-version.html|title='Devadoothan' 4K remastered version to hit theatres on July 26. Sibi Malayil promises a visual spectacle|website=[[Onmanorama]]|date=10 July 2024|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=12 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712155636/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/10/devadoothan-malayalam-cinema-sibi-malayil-movie-release-date-remastered-version.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the director, the ''Director's Cut'' version was a trimmed version, as 30 minutes of scenes of [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] were cut from the original theatrical version based on the audience's response.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/20/devadoothan-sibi-malayil-film-mollywood-remastered-version.html|title=Have trimmed 'Devadoothan' down by 30 minutes: Sibi Malayil|website=[[Onmanorama]]|date=20 July 2024|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=24 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724170401/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/20/devadoothan-sibi-malayil-film-mollywood-remastered-version.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was successful after its re release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/05/devadoothan-breaks-box-office-spadikam-collection-mollywood.html|title='Devadoothan' tops box office, surpassing 'Spadikam' as highest-grossing re-release|publisher=onmanorama}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Award
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Kerala State Film Award]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
| Siyad Koker, [[Sibi Malayil]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|author=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|author-link=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|title=State Film Awards - 2000|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]]|accessdate=17 January 2017|date=2001|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm|archivedate=7 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| A. Satheesan
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
Upon release, the film [[Box office bomb|underperformed at the box office]]. Despite this, over the years, the film achieved [[cult following]], with critics stating that the film was ahead of its time. The film when it began telecasting on television, eventually developed a massive cult following, and is regarded as one of the best films ever made in Malayalam cinema. One of the reason for its failure at the box office was the style of the film which was unlike anything the Malayali audience had seen before.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2024 |title=Exploring the mystique of 'Devadoothan': A cult classic revisited {{!}} The Haunted Column |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/14/devadoothan-re-release-the-haunted-column-horror-mystery-mohanlal-malayalam-films.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720162641/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/14/devadoothan-re-release-the-haunted-column-horror-mystery-mohanlal-malayalam-films.html |archive-date=20 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

The film was re released after 24 years of its initial release. The new version was remastered in 4k and the soundtrack was mixed in [[Dolby Atmos]]. The release gained huge appreciation with almost all shows running successfully in theaters with houseful shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlals-devadoothan-flopped-in-2000-now-performs-well-in-theatres-upon-re-release-8983014.html|title=Mohanlal's Devadoothan, Flopped In 2000, Now Performs Well In Theatres Upon Re-release|date=29 July 2024 |publisher=News18|access-date=30 July 2024|archive-date=30 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730032953/https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlals-devadoothan-flopped-in-2000-now-performs-well-in-theatres-upon-re-release-8983014.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Siyad Kokker said they intend to submit the film for the National Film Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title='Devadoothan' will compete for national awards, reveals Siyad Kokker |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/29/devadoothan-to-compete-national-awards-siyad-kokker-sibi-malayil.html |website=Onmanorama |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729140133/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/07/29/devadoothan-to-compete-national-awards-siyad-kokker-sibi-malayil.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0280599}}

{{Sibi Malayil}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 horror films]]
[[Category:2000s horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2000 musical films]]

Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi

2026-02-28T02:47:50Z

JVLEricka167: started the data v1!

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana, Mufti
| name = Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi
| image = 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), Jamshedpur (2025) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bastawi attending the 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], held in [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand, in 2025.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1954|01|25}}
| birth_place = [[Basti district|Basti]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Bulleted list|[[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom|Madrasa Noorul Uloom, Bahraich]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[mufti]], teacher, writer
| years_active =
| notable_works = {{Bulleted list|''Masārif-e-Zakat''|''Islami Nikāh''|''Hindustan aur Nizam-e-Qaza''|''Hindustan mein Nifaz-e-Shariat''|''Mustalahat-e-Fiqhi''|''Dawlat-e-Usmania aur Turkey ki Tareekh''}}
}}
'''Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi''' (born 25 January 1954), also written as '''Ateeque Ahmad Qasmi Bastawi''' and '''Ateeq Ahmed Bastavi''', is an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist, and writer. He has been serving as a professor of Hadith and Fiqh at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], Lucknow, since 1980. He is also the secretary of the Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, the academic secretary of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy]], India, and the convener of the Dar-ul-Qaza Committee of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]]. Bastawi is the founder and president of Ma'had-ush-Shariah in [[Lucknow]] and has authored and translated several notable works in Urdu on Islamic jurisprudence and theology.

== Early life and education ==
Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi was born on 25 January 1954, in [[Basti district|Basti]], a district in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father's name is Muhammad Rafique.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=385}}

He began his education at a [[Kuttab|maktab]] in his hometown.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=385}}{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=236}} He studied Arabic from the elementary to the intermediate level at [[Jamia Arabia Masoodia Noorul Uloom|Madrasa Noor-ul-Uloom]] in Bahraich. For further education, he enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and graduated in the [[Dars-i Nizami|Dars-e-Nizami]] curriculum in 1973. In 1974, he completed the [[Mufti|Ifta]] course there.{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|pp=236–237}} He also passed the Alim examinations from the Allahabad Board.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=255}}

== Career ==
Since 1980, Bastawi has been serving as a teacher of [[Hadith]] and [[Hanafi school|Fiqh]] at [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in Lucknow.{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=236}} He serves as the Academic Secretary of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy]], India;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Mujahidul Islam |author-link=Mujahidul Islam Qasmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1BiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Maulana+Ateeq+Ahmad+Bastavi&pg=PA81 |title=Aḥkām al-Dhabīḥah min al-Manẓūr al-Islāmī |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-7451-6060-7 |editor-last=Hussain |editor-first=Mohd Saghir |edition=1st |location=Beirut, Lebanon |page=81 |language=en |translator-last=Khan |translator-first=Salar M. |trans-title=The Islamic Concept Of Animal Slaughter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Abrar Kaleem |date=January 2013 |editor-last=Amini |editor-first=Noor Alam Khalil |editor-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Mahārāt al-Baḥth fī al-Qadāyā al-Fiqhīyah al-Muʿāṣirah wa Maṣādiruhā al-Maṭbūʿah wa al-Iliktrūnīyah wa Namādhij Taṭbīqīyah min al-Qadāyā al-Muʿāṣirah |trans-title=Skills in researching contemporary jurisprudential issues and their printed and electronic sources, along with applied examples from contemporary issues. |url=http://darululoom-deoband.com/arabic/magazine/tmp/1390372616fix8sub4file.htm |journal=[[Al-Daie]] |volume=38 |issue=3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613090023fw_/http://darululoom-deoband.com/arabic/magazine/tmp/1390372616fix8sub4file.htm |archive-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2004 |title=ورشة فقهية في نيودلهي: واجب العلماء معالجة مشكلات العصر |trans-title=A Jurisprudential Workshop in New Delhi: It is the Duty of Scholars to Address the Issues of the Age |url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=217693&issueno=9209 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120103622/https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?article=217693&issueno=9209 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]] |language=ar}}</ref> the Qazi-e-Shariah of Darul-Qaza, Lucknow; the founder and president of Ma'had-ush-Shariah in [[Lucknow]];{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=385}}{{Sfn|Abbasi|2020|p=240}}<ref name=": Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/> and the Convener of the Department of Qaza of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ramendra|date=15 March 2016 |title=Women qazis allowed under Islamic law: AIMPLB panel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/women-qazis-allowed-under-islamic-law-aimplb-panel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318075805/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/women-qazis-allowed-under-islamic-law-aimplb-panel/ |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="milligazette">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=No government or court has right to effect changes in Shariat |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/indian-muslims-press-statements/15596-no-government-or-court-has-right-to-effect-changes-in-shariat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806065000/https://www.milligazette.com/news/indian-muslims-press-statements/15596-no-government-or-court-has-right-to-effect-changes-in-shariat/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref> Since February 2020, he has also been serving as the Secretary of the Fiqh Institute, ''Majlis-e-Tahqiqat-e-Shariah'', at Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadwi |first=Raihan Baig |date=5 October 2024 |title=Nadwat al-'Ulamā' aur is ke 'Ilmī o Taḥqīqī Idāre: Ek Ta'āruf |trans-title=Nadwat al-‘Ulamā’ and its Academic and Research Institutions: An Introduction |url=https://rafeeqemanzil.com/nadwatul-ulma-k-tehqeeqi-idaare/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120093703/https://rafeeqemanzil.com/nadwatul-ulma-k-tehqeeqi-idaare/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Rafeeq-e-Manzil |language=ur}}</ref>

[[File:Ateeque Ahmad Bastawi, Ubaidullah Asadi, Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi, Khalid Saifullah Rahmani, and Abdullah Maroofi (from right to left) at the 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), held in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, in 2025.jpg|thumb|Bastawi (first from the right) at the 34th Fiqhi Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), held in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], in 2025.]]

== Views ==
In November 2017, responding to the Indian government's move to criminalize instant triple talaq (talaq-e-bid'ah), Bastawi acknowledged the government's legislative intent but expressed reservations regarding the details. He stated: "It is good if the government creates legislation to discourage the practice. However, we are not against triple talaq. We do not have details on exactly what they intend to do." His comments came amid growing concerns from various Muslim groups about the government's unilateral approach.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niazi |first=Shuriah |title=India criminalizará el divorcio instantáneo musulmán |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/india-criminalizar%C3%A1-el-divorcio-instant%C3%A1neo-musulm%C3%A1n/976648 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |date=23 November 2017 |language=es}}</ref>

In May 2017, during the concluding session of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind's nationwide Muslim Personal Law Awareness Campaign, Bastawi emphasized that Islamic Shariah is a divine system and cannot be altered by any government or court. He remarked, "No government or court will be able to make any change in our Shariat if we Muslims remain firm on it. When we ignore Shariat, courts and governments get opportunity to interfere in it." He also urged Muslims to avoid taking personal disputes to civil courts and instead recommended setting up Shariah-based counselling centers and panchayats in every Muslim locality to resolve issues such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance.<ref name="milligazette" />

In March 2016, regarding the appointment of women as qazis in Kanpur and Jaipur, Bastawi clarified that Islamic law does not prohibit the appointment of women qazis. He stated: "The need to appoint a woman qazi was not felt because women can easily get their matters resolved through a male qazi. But if a need has been felt to appoint women as qazis, it is possible under Shariah. There is scope in Islam." However, he criticized the process of these appointments, asserting that they were not made by any established institution like the Darul Qaza of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, and therefore lacked religious legitimacy.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

== Literary works ==
Bastawi primarily has a temperament inclined toward Fiqh and research. To date, dozens of his scholarly, juristic, and research articles have been published in Arabic journals both in India and abroad, along with over two hundred Urdu articles that have appeared in periodicals across the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=255}}<ref name=": Fikr-e-Inqilāb">{{Cite journal |date=16–31 January 2017 |editor-last=Mukhtar |editor-first=As'ad |editor2-last=Mehtāb |editor2-first=Ahsan |title=Urdu ke farogh mein Deoband ka deṛh so salah kirdār |trans-title=The 150-year Role of Deoband in the Promotion of Urdu |url=https://archive.org/details/urdu-ke-farogh-mein-deoband-ka-derh-so-salah-kirdar-fikr-e-inqilab |journal=Fortnightly Fikr-e-Inqilāb |edition=2nd |volume=5 |issue=112 |pages=690–691}}</ref> Even before joining Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in 1980, his articles had begun to be published in the monthly ''Al-Furqan, Lucknow''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastawi |first=Ateeq Ahmad |date=30 January 2022 |title=Maulana Atiq-ur-Rehman Sambhali: Nuqoosh o Tatthuraat |trans-title=Maulana Atiq-ur-Rehman Sambhali: Imprints and Influences |url=https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-atiq-urrahman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131053341/https://qindeelonline.com/moulana-atiq-urrahman/ |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref>

He has translated several Arabic and Persian books, including the Urdu translation of Jamaluddin Atiyyah's ''Al-Tanzir Al-Fiqhi'' as ''Fiqh-e-Islami Ki Nazariyah Sazi'', Atiyya's ''Al-Nazariyah Al-Ammah Lil-Shariah Al-Islamiyyah'' as ''Islami Shariat Ka Amoodi Nazariyah'', and Syed Muhammad Zahir Hasani's Persian book ''Khair-ul-Masālik'' into Urdu. Similarly, he has published various books with his research and annotations, including [[Şihabetdin Märcani]]'s ''Nāzūratul Haqq fi Fardiyyatil Isha Wa In Lam Yaghb Al-Shafaq'',{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|pp=255–256}}<ref name=": Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/> [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]]'s ''Izālat Al-Shukūk'' (in four volumes),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Ishtiaque Ahmad |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |date=January 2018 |editor-last=Bijnori |editor-first=Muhammad Salman |title=Book Review: New Releases |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2793 |url-status=live |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=51–52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025023551/https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/2793 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]]'s ''Al-Hīlah An-Nājizah''.{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|pp=255–256}}<ref name=": Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/>

His works include the following books:{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=255}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shujauddīn |first=Amīnuddīn |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/rubaru-ameenuddeen-shujauddeen-ebooks-1 |title=Rūbaroo (Interviews ka Majmū'ah) |date=May 2017 |publisher=Majlis-e-Ilm-o-Adab |editor-last=Nadwi |editor-first=Munawwar Sultan|editor-link=Munawwar Sultan Nadwi|location=Lucknow |page=301 |language=ur |trans-title=Rūbaroo (A Collection of Interviews) |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}</ref><ref name=": Fikr-e-Inqilāb"/>
* ''Masarif-e-Zakat'' (Uses of [[Zakat]])
* ''Zakat aur Mas'ala-e-Tamleek'' (Zakat and the Issue of Ownership)
* ''Islami Nikah'' ([[Marriage in Islam|Islamic Marriage]])
* ''Hindustan aur Nizam-e-Qaza'' (India and the Islamic Judicial System)
* ''Hindustan mein Nifaz-e-Shariat'' (Implementation of [[Sharia]]h in India)
* ''Mustalahat-e-Fiqhi'' (Terminologies of Islamic Jurisprudence)
* ''Chand Ashab-e-Fazeelat'' (Some Distinguished Companions)
* ''Fikr ki Ghalti'' (Waheed Khan Sahib ke Afkar ka Tanqeedi Jaaiza) (The Error of Thought: A Critical Analysis of [[Wahiduddin Khan]]'s Ideologies)
* ''Dawlat-e-Usmania aur Turkey ki Tareekh'' (The History of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Turkey]], in three volumes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muradabadi |first=Masoom |date=21 July 2024 |title=Dawlat-e-Uthmāniyyah aur Turki ki Tārīkh (Book Review) |url=https://qindeelonline.com/daulat-e-usmaniya-aur-turkey-ki-tareekh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120102753/https://qindeelonline.com/daulat-e-usmaniya-aur-turkey-ki-tareekh/ |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 June 2024 |title=ناظم ندوۃ العلماء نے کتاب "دولت عثمانیہ اور ترکی کی تاریخ" کا رسم اجرا کیا، تاریخِ فلسطین کا بھی ذکر |trans-title=Nāzim of Nadwatul Ulama inaugurated the book "Dawlat-e-Uthmāniyyah aur Turkey ki Tareekh," and also mentioned the history of Palestine. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!literature/nazim-nadwatul-ulama-released-the-book-history-of-ottoman-empire-and-turkey-and-also-mentioned-the-history-of-palestine-urn24051501013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120104403/https://www.etvbharat.com/ur/!literature/nazim-nadwatul-ulama-released-the-book-history-of-ottoman-empire-and-turkey-and-also-mentioned-the-history-of-palestine-urn24051501013 |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Etv Urdu|ETV Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>)
* ''Īsai Missionaries ki Sargarmiyan aur Musalman'' (Activities of Christian Missionaries and Muslims)
* ''Sahabi ki Tareef aur Sahaba ke Maqam wa Martaba ke Bare Mein Ghalat Fehmiyon ka Izala'' (Clarifying Misunderstandings About the Definition of a [[Sahabi]] and the Status and Rank of the Sahaba).
* ''Hindustan mein Muslim Personal Law ka Mas'ala'' (The Issue of [[Muslim Personal Law in India]])
* ''Islam ka Nizam-e-Mīrāth'' (The Islamic System of [[Inheritance]])
* ''Islami Sazain aur Jurm ka Roktham'' ([[Hudud|Islamic Punishments]] and Crime Prevention)

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Nayab |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |publisher=Idara-e-Tahqīq-e-Islami |location=Deoband |edition=1st |year=2013 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last=Abbasi |first=Ibn al-Hasan |title=Yādgār-e-Zamāna Shakhsiyyāt Ka Ahwāl-e-Mutāla'a |trans-title=Study life of memorable personalities |url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa |publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam |location=[[Karachi]] |edition=1st |date=October 2020 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Aaftab Ghazi|last2=Qasmi|first2=Abdul Hasib|title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmāt|trans-title=Jurisprudential services of Darul Uloom Deoband's alumni|url=https://archive.org/details/fuzal-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmaat|date=February 2011|publisher=Naeemia Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]]|language=ur}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastawi, Ateeque Ahmad}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Basti district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian muftis]]
[[Category:Interpreters]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]

Shahzadi Umerzadi Tiwana

2026-02-18T14:34:32Z

JVLEricka167: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shahzadi Umerzadi Tiwana
| honorific-suffix =
|image =
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 1 October 2002
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
|constituency1 = Reserved seat for women
|party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|12|9|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
|nationality = Pakistani
|relatives= [[Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] (father)
|alma_mater = [[Kinnaird College for Women University|Kinnaird College]] [[University of the Punjab]]
}}

'''Shahzadi Umerzadi Tiwana''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and {{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|شہزادی عمرزادی ٹوانہ}}}}; born 9 December 1960) is a Pakistani politician who was a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from October 2002 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
She was born on 9 December 1960 in [[Lahore]], [[West Pakistan]].<ref name="pap/2008">{{cite web |title=Punjab Assembly |url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/493 |website=www.pap.gov.pk |accessdate=3 August 2018 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421115732/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/19/493 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her father was [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], who served as [[Prime Minister of Punjab|Premier of the Punjab]] between 1942 and 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/19/493 |website=www.pap.gov.pk |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808085716/https://www.pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/19/493 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She graduated from [[Kinnaird College for Women University]] in 1982 and received the degree of [[Master of Arts]] in Economics from [[University of the Punjab]].<ref name="pap/2008" />

==Political career==
She was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) from Punjab on a reserved seat for women in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Women who made it to National Assembly|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/64461|accessdate=5 December 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=1 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PESHAWAR: Women players at political chessboard|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/60611|accessdate=5 December 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=7 October 2002}}</ref> During her tenure as member of the National Assembly, she served as Federal Parliamentary Secretary for Water and Power.<ref name="pap/2008" />

She was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from Constituency PP-38 (Sarghoda-XI) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. She received 57,510 votes and defeated Muhammad Munir Qureshi, a candidate of PML-Q.<ref>{{cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=3 August 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She was re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-N from Punjab on a reserved seat for women in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N secures most reserved seats for women in NA - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/|accessdate=7 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=28 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304195047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/|archivedate=4 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Women, minority seats allotted|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677|accessdate=7 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=29 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205110/https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677|archivedate=7 March 2017}}</ref> During her second tenure as Member of the National Assembly, she served as the Federal Parliamentary Secretary for Petroleum and Natural Resources.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gas shortage: 'Government taking initiative to resolve crisis' - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/800358/gas-shortage-government-taking-initiative-to-resolve-crisis/|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823221418/https://tribune.com.pk/story/800358/gas-shortage-government-taking-initiative-to-resolve-crisis/|archivedate=23 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwana, Shahzadi Umerzadi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tiwana family|Shahzadi Umerzadi]]
[[Category:Kinnaird College for Women University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani women politicians]]

{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}
{{PunjabPK-MuslimN-MPA-stub}}

Siege of Multan (1848–1849)

2026-02-16T19:26:55Z

JVLEricka167: new a entry v1!

{{Short description|Part of the Second Anglo-Sikh War}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Multan
| image = The Storming of Mooltan, 2nd Jan 1849.jpg
| caption = The Storming of Mooltan, 2nd Jan 1849
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]
| date = 19 April 1848 – 22 January 1849
| place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab]]
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.svg|24px|link=]] [[Sikh Empire]]
| commander1 = [[General (United Kingdom)|Gen.]] Whish
| commander2 = [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]]
| strength1 = 32,000 troops 150 guns
| strength2 = 12,000 troops 66 guns
| casualties1 = 5,000
| casualties2 = 2,500
| map_type = Pakistan
| map_size = 220
| map_caption = Location of Multan within present-day [[Pakistan]]
| map_label = Multan
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Sikh War}}

The '''siege of Multan''' began on 19 April 1848 and lasted until 22 January 1849, and saw fighting around [[Multan]] (in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]) between the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Sikh Empire]]. It began with a rebellion against a ruler imposed by the East India Company, which precipitated the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]], and ended when the last defenders of the city surrendered to British forces.

==Background==
[[File:Sheik Imam-Ud-Din, Runjur Sing, and Dewan Dina Nath..jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din|Sheikh Imam-ud-din]], governor of Kashmir under the Sikh Empire, fought on the side of the British during the siege of Multan. Pictured along with [[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Ranjur Singh]] and [[Diwan Dina Nath]], <abbr>c.</abbr> 1847]]
Multan had been captured and incorporated into the Sikh Empire of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1818. In 1845, although the population was almost half [[Muslim]], it was ruled by a [[Hindu]] vassal, [[Dewan Mulraj]]. In that year, the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] broke out, and was won by the British East India Company. There was an uneasy peace for three years, during which Mulraj attempted to maintain practical independence while being nominally subject to the East India Company.

In 1848, Multan had a population of 80,000. It was the centre of trade for a wide region, and was renowned for its wealth. There were large stores of spices, silks and valuables. Early in 1848, the newly appointed Commissioner in the Punjab, Sir [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Frederick Currie]], demanded that Mulraj pay duties and taxes previously paid to the central [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] of the Sikh Empire and now in arrears. Mulraj attempted to forestall a complete annexation of Multan by abdicating in favour of his son. Currie nevertheless decided to impose a compliant Sikh ruler, [[Sardar]] Khan Singh, who was to be accompanied by a British Political Agent, [[Patrick Vans Agnew]].

==The revolt in Multan==
On 18 April, Vans Agnew and another officer, Lieutenant Anderson from the East India Company's [[Bombay Army]], arrived outside Multan with a small escort of [[Gurkha]]s. The next day, Mulraj conducted Khan Singh and the two British officers to the citadel and handed over the keys, with no sign of hostility. As the two officers began to ride out of the citadel, a soldier from Mulraj's army attacked Vans Agnew. This may have been the sign for a concerted attack, as a mob surrounded and attacked them. Mulraj's troops either stood by, or joined the mob. Both officers were wounded, and they and Khan Singh retired to a [[Mosque]] outside the city, where Anderson wrote a plea for help. A despatch rider carried it to Currie in [[Lahore]], while a second took a copy via a different route, across the [[Indus River]].

During the night, most of Vans Agnew's escort left. Next morning, the mob pushed Khan Singh aside and hacked the two British officers to death.

Mulraj had probably not been a party to the conspiracy among his own troops. He nevertheless regarded himself as committed to rebellion by their actions. He presented Vans Agnew's head to Khan Singh and told him to take it back to Currie.

==The Battle of Kineyri==
The British Political Agent in [[Bannu]], Lieutenant [[Herbert Edwardes]], took the first steps to suppress Mulraj's revolt. He intercepted the second copy of Vans Agnew's letter to Currie, and immediately began to concentrate troops. He, and other junior British officers were to be frustrated by Currie in Lahore, who proposed to do nothing during the Hot Weather and [[Monsoon]] seasons. This was partly for reasons of economy and lack of preparation, but he was supported by the [[Governor General of India]], [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] and the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Bengal Army]], Sir [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|Hugh Gough]], who did not wish to expose European troops to a campaign during the harsh weather.

Meanwhile, Mulraj was reinforced by several other regiments of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa]], the army of the Sikh empire, which rebelled or deserted. He also took other measures to strengthen his defences, digging up guns which had previously been buried and enlisting more troops.

In early June, Edwardes began to lead an army against Multan. On 18 June, his leading troops ([[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] irregulars) crossed the [[Chenab River]] on a ferry boat. They were engaged by Mulraj's artillery and forced to take cover for several hours. Mulraj's infantry and cavalry began to advance but Edwardes was reinforced by two regiments of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa]] under Colonel Van Cortlandt, an Anglo-Indian [[mercenary|soldier of fortune]]. Van Cortlandt's artillery caused heavy losses among the Multani troops and Edwardes's Pashtuns counter-attacked. Mulraj's forces retreated to Multan, having suffered 500 casualties and lost six guns.

==Sher Singh's defection==
Once Currie learned of this victory, he at last ordered a comparatively small force from the East India Company's Bengal Army under General William Whish to begin the siege of Multan. As it was too small to encircle the city, Currie decided to reinforce them and Edwardes with a substantial detachment of the Khalsa under [[Sher Singh Attariwalla]]. The appointment of Sher Singh alarmed many junior Political Agents, as his father, [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]], was apparently openly preparing to revolt in [[Hazara region|Hazara]] to the north of the Punjab. Despite warnings, Currie nevertheless ordered a detachment from Chattar Singh's army under his second in command, Jundial Singh, to reinforce Sher Singh. This allowed Jundial Singh and other officers to influence Sher Singh and spread disaffection among his regiments.

At this stage the besiegers consisted of Whish's division (8,089 men, 32 siege guns, 12 horse artillery guns), Edwardes's irregulars (4,033 cavalry and 7,718 infantry), a contingent from the Muslim [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|state of Bahawalpur]] (1,900 cavalry and 5,700 infantry) and Sher Singh's force (3,382 cavalry and 909 infantry).

On 14 September, Sher Singh openly rebelled against the East India Company. This left the East India Company's forces too weak to maintain the siege, and they were forced to retreat. Most of Edwardes's troops and the Bahawalpur troops dispersed to their homes. Sher Singh and Mulraj nevertheless were not prepared to cooperate. At a meeting at a neutral mosque outside the city, it was agreed that [[Sher Singh Attariwalla|Sher Singh]] would move north into the mainly [[Sikh]]-populated areas of the Punjab.

==The siege==
[[File:The 1st Bombay European Fusiliers storming the Breach at the Koonee Boorg, 1849.jpg|thumb|The 1st Bombay European Fusiliers storming the Breach at the Koonee Boorg, 1849.]]
[[File:Sikh Arms and Colors at Multan -Crown and company- Arthur Edward Mainwaring pg 272.jpg|thumb|Sikh arms and colors used during the siege]]
Late in November, Whish was reinforced by a substantial force from the East India Company's Bombay Army. Some observers claimed that the [[sepoy]]s of the Bombay contingent, being of generally lower [[caste]] than those of the [[Bengal Army]], were more willing and skilled at comparatively menial tasks such as digging trenches. Whish's combined force amounted to 32,000, of which 15,000 were from the [[British Army]] or European (mainly Irish) troops of the Bengal and Bombay armies. He also had 150 pieces of artillery, many of which were heavy guns or mortars. It was comparatively easy to supply this large force, as Multan lay near the Indus River, and steamships could bring supplies some way up the river and to within a short distance of the city.

Inside the city, [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Mulraj]] commanded 12,000 troops, with 54 guns and 12 mortars. (Some sources state that 80 guns were mounted in the citadel, though some of these may have been obsolete or decorative pieces).

On 27 December, Whish ordered four columns of troops to attack the suburbs. [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Mulraj]]'s forces were driven back into the city, and Whish's force set up batteries 500 yards from the city walls. Under cover of their fire, breaching batteries were set up only 80 yards from the walls, and created two breaches in them while causing great damage in the city. On 30 December, the main magazine in the citadel exploded, killing 800 of the defenders. It was a mosque in which 180 tonnes of gunpowder were stored.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of India, Volume III|publisher=Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer|author=Marshman, John Clark|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro05marsgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro05marsgoog/page/n359 340]|year=1867}}</ref> A British mortar shell hit it. It is considered one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions in history]]. Mulraj nevertheless maintained his fire and sent a defiant message to Whish, stating that he still had enough powder to last a year. He attempted to mount a sortie against the besiegers on 31 December but this was driven back.

Whish ordered a general assault on 2 January 1849. The attackers successfully scaled the breaches, and the battle became a bloody house-to-house fight in the city, in which many defenders and civilians were killed indiscriminately. Whish ordered the civilians to be herded into the main square; he may have intended to spare them from further fighting but the action of corralling them was also accompanied by further casualties.

With the fall of the city, only the already-scarred citadel remained, but it held out for another fortnight against heavy bombardment. On 18 January, Whish's sappers exploded three mines under its walls, causing heavy losses and destroying large sections of its walls. Mulraj offered to surrender if his life was spared, but Whish insisted on unconditional surrender, and on 22 January, Mulraj gave himself up, with 550 men.

==Aftermath==
[[File:'The Siege of Mooltan', 1849.jpg|thumb|'The Siege of Mooltan', 1849. Moolraj's elephant struck with a cannonball.]]
Corporal John Ryder of the (European) [[103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)|Bombay Fusiliers]] later wrote of the city after the siege,
{{cquote|Mountains of dead lay in every part of the town, and heaps of human ashes in every square, where the bodies had been burnt as they were killed. Some were only half-consumed. Many had been gnawed and pulled to pieces by dogs; and arms, legs, heads and other parts lay in every place. The town swarmed with millions of flies.|}}

The British gained vast quantities of loot. Mulraj's treasury was worth three million pounds, a huge sum for the time. There was also much looting in the town, by both British and Indian soldiers. With the fall of Multan, Whish's army was able to reinforce the main Bengal Army force under Sir Hugh Gough. Whish's heavy guns were decisive at the [[Battle of Gujrat]], which effectively broke Sher Singh's and Chattar Singh's armies and ended the war.

Mulraj was placed on trial for the murders of Vans Agnew and Anderson. He was cleared of premeditated murder, but was found guilty of being an accessory after the fact, in that he had rewarded the murderers and openly used the deaths as pretext for rebellion. (Under British law at the time, an "accessory after the fact" of a crime was liable to the same punishment as the criminal.) Mulraj was sentenced to death, but the sentence was later commuted to exile for life.

In August 1849, the Indus and Chenab rivers overflowed, and the heavily damaged citadel was washed away, eventually resembling an "island of mud" amidst the floods.

==Order of battle==

===British regiments===
* [[3rd The King's Own Hussars|3rd King's Own Light Dragoons]]
* [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers|9th Queen's Royal Light Dragoons (Lancers)]]
* [[14th King's Hussars|14th the King's Light Dragoons]]
* [[6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons|6th Queen's Light Dragoons (Lancers)]]
* [[10th Foot]]
* [[24th Foot]]
* [[29th Foot]]
* [[32nd Foot]]
* [[60th Foot]] 1st battalion
* [[61st Foot]]

===British Indian Army regiments===
* [[1st Bengal Light Cavalry]]
* [[5th Bengal Light Cavalry]]
* [[6th Bengal Light Cavalry]]
* [[8th Bengal Light Cavalry]]
* [[3rd Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
* [[9th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
* [[11th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
* [[14th Bengal Irregular Cavalry]]
* [[2nd European Light Infantry]]
* [[8th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[15th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[20th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[25th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[30th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[31st Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[36th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[45th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[46th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[51st Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[52nd Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[56th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[69th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[70th Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[72nd Bengal Native Infantry]]
* [[4th Bombay Native Infantry (disambiguation)|4th Bombay Native Infantry]]
* [[25th (Bombay) Mountain Battery]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Ian Hernon, ''Britain's forgotten wars'', Sutton Publishing Ltd, 2003, {{ISBN|0-7509-3162-0}}
* [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''Soldier Sahibs'', Abacus, 2001, {{ISBN|0-349-11456-0}}
* "The Memoirs of Private Waterfield" ed Arthur Swinson (aka F M Bailey) & Donald Scott Cassell London 1968

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007165716/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/uk/chillianwala1849.html Orbat.com page]

{{Sikh Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multan, Siege of}}
[[Category:History of Multan]]
[[Category:Battles of the Anglo-Sikh wars]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1849]]
[[Category:1849 in India]]
[[Category:19th-century sieges]]
[[Category:1840s explosions]]
[[Category:Mosque bombings in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ammunition depot bombings]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:19th-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in Pakistan]]

Sarada Ukil

2026-02-11T07:09:54Z

JVLEricka167: new a details w/ infobox

{{short description|Bengali actor and artist (1888–1940)}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sarada Ukil
| birth_name = Sarada Ukil
| birth_date = {{birth date|1888|11|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bikrampur]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1940|7|21|1888|11|14|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, British India
| image = Sarada Charan Ukil.jpg
}}

'''Sarada Charan Ukil''' (14 November 1888 – 21 July 1940) was a Bengali actor and artist, known for his role in the movie [[Prem Sanyas]], "The Light of Asia", under the German director [[Franz Osten]].<ref name="Sarada Ukil: Profile of a Pioneer">Sarada Ukil: Profile of a Pioneer. Satyasri Ukil, Mukul Dey Archives</ref> Sarada was the father of Shantanu Ukil, one of the early pioneers of the [[Bengal School of Art]].<ref name="Shantanu Ukil: Profile of the Painter">Shantanu Ukil: Profile of the Painter. Satyasri Ukil, Mukul Dey Archives</ref>

== Biography ==
{{Unreferenced section|date= February 2022}}
Born in 1888, Sarada Ukil was the eldest of three brothers. His two brothers were named Barada and Ranada.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Sarada Ukil was a pioneer of the New Delhi art movement between the 1920s and 1940s. Originally from Bikrampur, Dhaka, Sarada Ukil had migrated to Delhi in 1918.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Sarada Ukil Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/bengali/actor/sarada-ukil |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

In 1925, Sarada Ukil played the role of King [[Shuddhodana]] in the still movie ''Prem Sanyas'', an Indo-European co-production. The movie depicts the life of Prince Gautama Buddha, who after enlightenment became the Buddha, or the "Enlightened one".<ref name="The Light Of Asia (1925). Movie Review">The Light Of Asia (1925), New York Times Movie Rewview.</ref>

Around 1926 Sarada Ukil left the Modern Art School of his friend Lala Raghubir and established his home at the Esplanade Road in Delhi. There he taught art to several students and his place would become the precursor of the [[Sarada Ukil School Of Art]], where his brothers Barada and Ranada joined him in the late 1920s. In 1994, the Sarada Ukil School Of Art was officially approved as a school for Art Teachers.

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/sarada-ukil/sarada-ukil-profile-pioneer Mukul Dey Archives: Sarada Ukil Profile]
* [http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/shantanu-ukil/shantanu-ukil-profile-painter Mukul Dey Archives: Shantanu Ukil Profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ukill, Saradai}}
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

Naxal railway station

2026-02-10T02:44:54Z

JVLEricka167:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Naxal Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Kunia Jhalong Road, Rongo District: Kalimpong
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.01|88.87|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|178|m|ft}}
| line = Matelli Naxal line (under construction)
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2 (undergoing construction)
| parking = Available (after completion of construction)
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = No
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NAXAL
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Under construction
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Naxal Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Naxal Railway Station''' station code '''NAXAL'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naxal |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/12513#st|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is an under construction railway station that serves the town of [[Jaldhaka]], [[Rongo, Kalimpong|Rongo]], [[Jhalong]] and nearby areas like [[Bindu, Kalimpong|Bindu]], [[Todey Tangta]], [[Suntalekhola]] etc in [[Kalimpong district]] of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies under [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]'s, [[Alipurduar railway division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NAXAL|url=https://www.redbus.in/trains/stations/naxal-naxal|website=redBus.in}}</ref>
This railway station lies on Matelli - Naxal railway line which is currently under construction. The currently functioning nearest railway station is [[Chalsa railway station]] 26 kilometres away.<ref> {{Cite web|title=NAXAL/Naxal |url=https://d.indiarailinfo.com/station/map/malbazar-mlbz/12513|website=indiarailinfo.com}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kalimpong district]]
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Jangarh Singh Shyam

2026-02-07T23:02:14Z

JVLEricka167: Starting Bio...

{{Short description|Indian painter (1962–2001)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Jangarh Singh Shyam
| image = JSS at BB.jpeg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Jangarh Singh Shyam at work at Bharat Bhavan
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1962}}
| birth_place = [[Mandla district|Patangarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death year and age|2001|1962}}
| death_place = [[Tokamachi]], Japan
| field = [[Painting]], [[drawing]], [[sculpture]], [[mural]]
| movement = Jangarh Kalam
| works =
| awards = [http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjun2003/18062003/r1806200311.html Shikhar Samman]
| spouse = [[Nankusia Shyam|Nankusia Bai]]
}}
'''Jangarh Singh Shyam''' (1962–2001) was a pioneering contemporary Indian artist credited with being the creator of a new school of Indian art called ''Jangarh Kalam''. His work has been exhibited widely the world over including Bhopal, Delhi, Tokyo and New York. His most notable exhibitions include the [[Magiciens de la terre]] in Paris (1989) and [[Other Masters]] curated by [[Jyotindra Jain]] at the Crafts Museum, New Delhi (1998). His 1988 piece ''Landscape with Spider'' sold for $31,250 at Sotheby's, New York, in 2010—a first for an [[adivasi]] artist.<ref>[http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.N08660.html/f/69/N08660-69.pdf E-Catalogue Lot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221165644/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.N08660.html/f/69/N08660-69.pdf |date=21 February 2019 }}. [[Sotheby's]].</ref> Jangarh had also painted the interiors of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh]], the Vidhan Bhavan, and the dome of Bhopal's Bharat Bhavan—one of the most prestigious museums of tribal and contemporary Indian art. He was among the first [[Gonds|Gond]] artists to use paper and canvas for his paintings, thereby inaugurating what is now known as ''Jangarh Kalam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tribute-to-tribal-gond-artist-jangarh-singh-shyam-115010800347_1.html|title=Tribute to tribal Gond artist Jangarh Singh Shyam|agency=Press Trust of India|date=8 January 2015|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Biography==

[[File:Patangarh.jpg|thumb|left| Patangarh village, Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh]]
Jangarh was born into a [[Gondi people|Pardhan Gond]] family in the village of Patangarh, [[Mandla district]], (Dindori District), Eastern Madhya Pradesh. He grew up in extreme poverty which forced him to quit school and try his hand at farming. He grazed buffaloes and sold milk in a nearby town.<ref>Udayan Vajpeyi. 2008.''Jangarh Kalam''.Vanya.</ref>

At the age of sixteen he married [[Nankusia Shyam|Nankusia Bai]] from Sonpur village; she was to later become a fellow artist. In October 1981, a few years into his marriage, Jangarh was approached by the talent scouts of the arts museum [[Bharat Bhavan]].<ref>John Bowles. 2009.''Painted Songs and Stories''.Intach.</ref> This was also when he met its first director, the artist [[Jagdish Swaminathan]] which led to a lifelong collaboration between the two. [[Swaminathan]] convinced Jangarh to come and work as a professional artist in Bhopal.

[[Swaminathan]] showcased Jangarh's first sample paintings at Bharat Bhavan's inaugural exhibition in February 1982. Soon Jangarh was employed in Bharat Bhavan's graphic arts department, and he began to live with his family behind [[Swaminathan]]'s house in Professor's Colony, Bhopal.

He achieved fame quickly when, in 1986, merely five years after his 'discovery', the twenty-six-year old was conferred the Shikhar Samman (the Summit Award)— the highest civilian award bestowed by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. He was subsequently commissioned to do the exterior murals for Vidhan Bhavan—the new legislative building in Bhopal designed by the renowned architect [[Charles Correa]]. In 1989, his art was displayed in the [[Pompidou Centre|Pompidou Centre's]] [[Magiciens de la terre|Magiciens de la Terre (Magicians of Earth)]] exhibition in Paris. He went on to do residential stints at the Mithila Museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mithila-museum.com/aboutMM/Eindex.html|title=Mithila Museum an Introduction|website=www.mithila-museum.com}}</ref> in [[Tokamachi]], Japan.

===Death===
In 2001, it was during his second residency at the Mithila Museum that Jangarh hanged himself. The reasons for his taking his life are not clearly known, though the Indian artistic community was quick to blame the owner of the museum in Japan. The art historian and critic, Yashodhara Dalmia, said this was as "a grim reminder of the growing trafficking of unsung artists worldwide" in an obituary in ''Outlook'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/arrested-kinetics/212712|title=Arrested Kinetics|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

Shyam was not the only Indian artist from the margins to work in [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]. Renowned Madhubani artists of Mithila such as Ganga Devi and Shanti Devi as well as Warli artists such as Jivya Soma Mashe have worked there and continue to do so. Upon his death, artists and writers such as M.F. Husain, Manjit Bawa and Nirmal Verma urged the governments of India and Japan to inquire into the mysterious circumstances of his suicide.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.ambedkar.org/News/DeathVisit.htm|title=The Death Visit: The tribal artist's death underlines the vulnerability of the Adivasis in social transition|website=www.ambedkar.org}}</ref> Many artists, writers and art collectors appealed to the authorities at a meeting at the Crafts Museum, Delhi to protect tribal artists from being exploited by foreign agencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/|title=Outlook India Magazine: Latest news today, news analysis, opinion on India, world, sports, entertainment|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

The Mithila Museum came under a lot of criticism from Jangarh's friends and family as well. Initially, the founder-director [[Tokio Hasegawa]] declared that he had not 'budgeted' for Jangarh's remains to be sent to his family in Bhopal and the museum proposed cremation in Japan.<ref name="auto"/> Eventually, the body was transported and Jangarh's last rites were performed in Bhopal.

In 2002, a year later, the Mithila Museum offered their own version of Jangarh's death on their website, authored by the curator [[Miyoko Hasunama]]. The museum pleaded ignorance of Jangarh's ongoing depression and treatment which his friend, Akhilesh Verma, has since spoken about.<ref>John Bowles. 2009.''Painted Songs and Stories''. Intach. pp 25.</ref>

Jangarh is survived by his wife Nankusia Bai and two children Mayank Shyam and Japani Shyam—all acclaimed practitioners of Jangarh Kalam.

==Style==

Jangarh is credited by the critic [[Udayan Vajpeyi]] to be the initiator of a new school of Indian art which he calls 'Jangarh Kalam'. The primary subjects of Jangarh's paintings are Gond deities like Thakur Dev, Bada Deo, Kalsahin Devi and others. He also depicts cutout-style portraits of animals. Tigers, deer, turtles and crocodiles crowd his canvases.

The Pardhan Gond community is traditionally one of musicians who used to receive patronage from the Gond Rajas. With the impoverishment and weakening of the social order of adivasi communities first by colonial apparatuses and then the administration of independent India, patronage to the Pardhans eroded. With the practical significance of their story-singing gone, they turned to agriculture and labour to sustain themselves.

According to Vajpeyi, Jangarh's art arose from this creative background and created a new means of expression for members of his community.<ref>Udayan Vajpeyi. 2010."Jangarh Kalam". ''Pratilipi''. Issue 13. {{cite web |url=http://pratilipi.in/2010/06/jangarh-kalam-udayan-vajpeyi/ |title=Pratilipi» कथेतर / Non-Fiction » Jangarh Kalam: Udayan Vajpeyi |access-date=2015-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721072508/http://pratilipi.in/2010/06/jangarh-kalam-udayan-vajpeyi/ |archive-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> Vajpeyi says of Jangarh's art:<blockquote> Jangarh Kalam is an adaptation of the Pardhan music. The transformation of music into visual form. The peculiarity of Pardhan music is that it has the disturbed equilibrium of music notes. That music like most Adivasi music, assumes form in disturbed equilibrium. It has neither the harmony of Western classical music nor the melody of Khayal (Natya).<ref>Udayan Vajpeyi. 2008.''Jangarh Kalam''. Vanya.</ref> </blockquote>

Jangarh used lines of coloured dots to create shapes and patterns in his paintings. The dots were inspired by the tattoos that form a part of Gond life. Jangarh also used other techniques like "fields of dense cross-hatching, tightly drawn comb-lines, rows of tiny ovals, bands of dots, sometimes accompanied by narrow squiggles and small irregular amoeba-like forms".<ref>John Bowles. 2009. ''Painted Songs and Stories''. Intach. pp 23.</ref> His paintings have employed peripheral contours of radiating lines to suggest power or movement. His famous painting ''Owl'' (1997, acrylic on canvas) employs this technique.

The curator and art collector [[Hervé Pedriolle]] describes the evolution of Jangarh's oeuvre on his blog: "His early works show a rare primitive force, his last works show a fabulous graphic mastery. A feeling of intense vibration is the hallmark of his style, the cohesion of his work in constant metamorphosis, which reveals both the animist culture of the Gond tribe, where he is originally from, and one of the foundations of Indian thought".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jangarh-singh-shyam-sothebys.blogspot.in/|title=Jangarh Singh Shyam Sotheby's New York|website=jangarh-singh-shyam-sothebys.blogspot.in}}</ref>

Jangarh Singh Shyam's art has nearly always been categorized as tribal art, a label that some art critics have accused to be a colonial slant. In an essay on an exhibition of Jangarh's art, the cultural theorist [[Ranjit Hoskote]] says:<blockquote> The designation "tribal" froze vibrant communities into stigmatizing categories, branding them as hereditary criminals, incorrigible nomads or ignoble savages, while the colonial-industrial regime helped itself to their forests, rivers and mountains. From this repressive viewpoint, we arrive at the belief that the tribals are backward people whose energies are caught up with the mythic rhythms of nature. We thus rob them of all agency as legitimate contributors to the project of modernity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/oDd6nQZQfW1REyryjOH9vO/What8217s-in-a-name.html|title=What's in a name?|first=Ranjit|last=Hoskote|date=31 July 2009|website=www.livemint.com}}</ref> </blockquote> He insists on 'Jangarh Kalam' or the 'Style of Jangarh' as a more accurate name since such 'Gond art' did not exist before him.

==Exhibitions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}

===Solo===

* Art Heritage 10, New Delhi, 1990
* Chemould Art Gallery, Bombay, 1992
* In association with Madhya Pradesh Kala Parishad at Raipur, 1995
* Sahajhan Art Gallery, New Delhi, 1997
* Chemould Art Gallery, Bombay, 2009

===Group===

* Group Art Exhibition, Ahmedabad, 1984
* Faculty of Fine Arts, M.S. University Baroda, 1985
* Triennal of Invitee Artists, New Delhi, 1986
* Biennal of Indian Contemporary Art, Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal,1989
* Indian Contemporary Art, Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal, 1983, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 and 1991
* Bharat Bhavan International Print Biennal, Bhopal, 1989
* National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, 1990
* L.T.G. Gallery, New Delhi, 1990
* South Central Zone Cultural Centre, Nagpur 1990
* Jehangir Art Gallery, Bombay 1990
* All India Art Exhibition, Jaipur 1992
* Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi 1995
* Other Masters, Craft Museum, New Delhi 1998

===Exhibitions Abroad===

* Bharat Mahotsav, London 1988.
* Bharat Mahotsav, Japan 1988
* Magiciens de la Terre, Centre Pompidou, Paris 1989
* Nine Contemporary Indian Artists, the Netherlands 1992
* Indian Songs, Multiple Streams of Contemporary Indian Art, New South Wales, Australia 1993
* Expéditions Indiennes, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris 1998
* Hervé Perdriolle Galerie, Paris 2010
* Painted Song & Stories, Davis Museum, USA 2010
* Autres maîtres de l'Inde, Musée du Quai Branly, Paris 2010
* Show and Tell, Fondation Cartier, Paris 2012
* Gwangju Biennale, Korea 2012

==Legacy==
Other than propelling the now varied and vibrant school of 'Jangarh kalam', Jangarh is also duly credited for being the harbinger of new perspectives, talent and stylistic innovations within that school. He introduced his extended family to his studio and artistic practices in Bhopal. His house in Professors Colony became a hub for several Pardhan Gond artists who migrated to the city hoping Jangarh would show them the way. Some of them further extended the style to sculpture as well, notable among whom are Gangaram, Ram Kumar Shyam and Sukhnandi Vyam. When Sukhnandi exhibited his work at the Wieden+Kennedy gallery in Delhi in 2010, ''Caravan'' magazine said that his "work challenges many cultural binaries we tend to accept unquestioningly: metropolitan and rural, traditional and (Post) Modern, art and craft".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/breaking-open-compartments|title=Sukhnandi Vyam's art reminds us that all creative work is in some way or other an engagement with a tradition|first=Trisha|last=Gupta|website=The Caravan}}</ref> Some other Gond artists who have carved a niche for themselves are Ram Singh Urveti, Bhajju Shyam (author of the much acclaimed London Jungle Book),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2014/06/20/london-jungle-books-bhajju-shyam-tara-books/|title=The London Jungle Book: What an Indian Tribal Artist Can Teach Us About Rediscovering Our Capacity for Everyday Wonder|first=Maria|last=Popova|date=20 June 2014}}</ref> Rajendra Shyam, Suresh Dhurve and Narmada Prasad Tekam.

After Jangarh's death, Nankusia Bai continued to work at [[Bharat Bhavan]], Bhopal. Her independent creations have been exhibited in Dubai, Japan and Sri Lanka. In 2002, she was presented a state level award by the Madhya Pradesh Hasta Shilpa Vikas Nigam.<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/tribal_art_artist_gond_mp_nankusia.htm Nankusia]. [[IGNCA]].</ref>

Jangarh brought his brother-in-law Subhash Vyam and his wife [[Durgabai Vyam]] to his house in Bhopal. Today, Durgabai has emerged to be one of the most well-known Pardhan Gond artists with many books to her credit, most of them published by Tara Books, Chennai. In 2011, Subhash and Durgabai co-authored [[Bhimayana]], the graphic biography of [[B.R. Ambedkar]] with Srividya Natarajan and [[S. Anand]] published by [[Navayana (publishing house)|Navayana]], New Delhi.

Jangarh's nephew [[Venkat Shyam|Venkat Raman Singh Shyam]] has also developed his distinct style and gone on to achieve international fame after working as Jangarh's apprentice in Bhopal during his early years. He is currently working on a graphic autobiography titled ''Finding My Way'' in collaboration with [[S. Anand]].

Jangarh's daughter [[Japani Shyam]] was given the Kamala Devi Award in 1999, at the age of eleven. She works on motifs of animals and birds and visual examinations of Gond rituals.<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/tribal_art_artist_gond_mp_jangarh.htm Jangarh]. [[IGNCA]].</ref>

His son Mayank Shyam, also an artist, has moved away considerably from the first-generation iconography and style of Gond art and focuses on geometrical patterns. He participated in his first group exhibition called Primal Force (2006) at Kolkata's CIMA Gallery at the age of 19. His works were also included in the Indian Contemporary Art Auction at [[Sotheby’s]], New York, organized for the benefit of [[Kolkata Museum of Modern Art]]. In 2006, Mayank was conferred the state award by the Hasta Shilpa Evam Hathkargha Vikas Nigam in Bhopal.<ref>[http://www.artalivegallery.com/artists.php?cat=artists&scat=282 Artists]. Art Alive Gallery.</ref>

''Jangarh Film Ek'', a 2008 Indian [[Documentary film|documentary short film]] by [[Amit Dutta|Amit Datta]] explores the work and life of the artist.<ref>{{Citation|title=Jangarh Film Ek|url=https://mubi.com/films/jangarh-film-one|publisher=[[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]]|language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-30}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Warli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyam, Jangarh Singh}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Expressionist painters]]
[[Category:People from Mandla district]]
[[Category:Painters from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in Japan]]

Aparna Raina

2026-02-06T05:46:12Z

JVLEricka167: started some stub needs work!

{{Short description|Indian production designer}}
{{Infobox person
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]]
| occupation = [[Production designer]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| website = {{URL|aparnaraina.com}}
}}

'''Aparna Raina''' is an Indian [[production designer]]. She started her career in 2006 as an art assistant on the film ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'' and a [[set dresser]] in the critically-acclaimed film [[The Namesake (film)|''The Namesake'']]. Since then she has worked on several films as [[art director]] and production designer. She was recently recognized for her work in the hit [[Konkani language]] film ''[[Nachom-ia Kumpasar]]'', for "convincingly recreating spaces from a different era and with minute attention to detail".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-25 |title=Nachom-ia Kumpasar wins big at national awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/nachom-ia-kumpasar-wins-big-at-natl-awards/articleshow/46681709.cms |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was awarded the [[62nd National Film Awards]] for Best Production Design for ''Nachom-ia Kumpasar''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkat |first=Shashank |date=2011-06-30 |title=Career as a Production Designer |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/careers-media/69545649/career-as-a-production-designer |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=EducationTimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web| url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/62nd-national-film-awards-list-of-winners-749198| title= 62nd National Film Awards: List of Winners| publisher= NDTV | accessdate= 24 March 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

'''Art Director'''<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1953927/| title= Aparna Raina | publisher= Internet Movie Database | accessdate= 22 July 2014}}</ref>
*2012 ''[[Jodi Breakers]]''
*2010 ''[[Action Replayy]]''
*2008 ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
*2008 ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]''
*2007 ''[[Just Married: Marriage Was Only the Beginning!]]''
*2005 ''[[Being Cyrus]]'': Nominated for the 2007 [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
'''Production Designer'''<ref name=":0" />
* 2014 ''[[Everest (Indian TV series)|Everest]]'' (TV Series) (12 Episodes)
*2014 ''[[Nachom-ia Kumpasar]]'' (Konkani)
*2013 ''[[I, Me Aur Main|I, Me aur Main]]''
*2013 ''Dhoom Anthem'' (music video) ([[Yash Raj Films]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-26 |title=YRF gifts its fans some more DHOOM! Dhoom Anthem featuring Saba released. |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/06/28/yrf-gifts-its-fans-some-more-dhoom-dhoom-anthem-featuring-saba-released |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Yash Raj Films}}</ref>
*2011 ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''
*2008 ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
*2005 ''[[Being Cyrus]]''
'''Art Department'''<ref name=":0" />
*2006 ''[[Khosla Ka Ghosla]]'' (Assistant Art Director)
*2006 [[The Namesake (film)|''The Namesake'']] (Set Dresser: India)

==Awards==
2015 National Film Award for the Best Production Design (Film: Nachom-ia Kumpasar)<ref name="NDTV"/>

==References==
<references />


{{National Film Award Best Production Design}}



{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, Aparna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian art directors]]
[[Category:Indian production designers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Best Production Design National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Women production designers]]
[[Category:Indian women in film]]

Amitabha Mukhopadhyay

2026-01-28T06:56:29Z

JVLEricka167: started some data first draft

{{Short description|Indian biologist (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|1|5}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]] | [[Washington University in St. Louis]] | [[Cornell University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[Institute of Microbial Technology]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on host-pathogens interaction and drug discovery
| awards = {{ublist| 2000 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2002 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Amitabha Mukhopadhyay''' (born 5 February 1959) is an Indian cell biologist and a professor at the [[National Institute of Immunology, India|National Institute of Immunology]].<ref name="Faculty Profile - Mukhopadhyay">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nii.res.in/research/amitabha-mukhopadhyay |title=Faculty Profile - Mukhopadhyay |date=2017-11-25 |website=National Institute of Immunology, India |access-date=2017-11-25 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034316/http://www.nii.res.in/research/amitabha-mukhopadhyay |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on host-pathogens interaction and drug discovery and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mukhopadhyay,_Dr_Amitabha |title=Fellow profile |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133632/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Mukhopadhyay, an alumnus of the [[University of Calcutta]] from where he earned an MSc, secured a Ph.D. from [[Jadavpur University]] after doing his research at the [[Institute of Microbial Technology]].<ref name=" Faculty Profile - Mukhopadhyay" /> Subsequently, he joined the [[National Institute of Immunology, India]] where he holds the position of a professor. He also serves as a visiting scientist at [[Washington University School of Medicine]], and [[Weill Cornell Medicine]]. He has carried out research on the host-parasite interactions of [[Salmonella]] and [[Leishmania]], two microbial [[pathogens]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=198 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> He is reported to have identified the survival mechanisms of salmonella against host [[macrophages]] and his work has assisted in widening the understanding of hemoglobin [[endocytosis]] in Leishmania, thus assisting in exploring new drug targets for diseases such as [[typhoid fever]] and [[kala azar]]. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name=" On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/39955097_Amitabha_Mukhopadhyay |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-23 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online repository of scientific articles of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 24 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mukhopadhyay=3AAmitabha=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-11-21 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-11-21}}</ref>

Mukhopadhyay is a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in 2000.<ref name=" Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biological sciences in 2002.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Selected bibliography ==
[[File:Leishmaniasis life cycle diagram en.svg|thumb|235px|Leishmaniasis (life cycle)]]
* {{Cite journal |author1=Srividya, S. |author2=Roy, R. P. |author3=Basu, S. K. |author4=Mukhopadhyay, A. |title=Scavenger receptor-mediated delivery of muramyl dipeptide activates antitumor efficacy of macrophages by enhanced secretion of tumor-suppressive cytokines |journal=Journal of Leukocyte Biology |date=2000 |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=683–690 |doi=10.1016/0006-2952(93)90502-N|pmid=8373443 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mukherjee, Konark |author2=Parashuraman, Seetharaman |author3=Raje, Manoj |author4=Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha |title=Sope acts as an Rab5-specific nucleotide exchange factor and recruits non-prenylated Rab5 on Salmonella-containing phagosomes to promote fusion with early endosomes |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=2001 |volume=276 |issue=26 |pages=23607–23615 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M101034200|pmid=11316807 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Singh, B. Sudha |author2=Tandon, Ruchi |author3=Krishnamurthy, Ganga |author4=Vikram, Rajagopal |author5=Sharma, Nimisha |author6=Basu, K. Sandip |author7=Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha |title=Rab5-mediated endosome–endosome fusion regulates hemoglobin endocytosis in Leishmania donovani |journal=The EMBO Journal |date=2003 |volume=22 |issue=21 |pages=5712–5722 |doi=10.1093/emboj/cdg557|pmid=14592970 |pmc=275414 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Patel, Nitin |author2=Singh, Sudha B. |author3=Basu, Sandip K. |author4=Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha |title=Leishmania requires Rab7-mediated degradation of endocytosed hemoglobin for their growth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2008 |volume=105 |issue=10 |pages=3980–3985 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0800404105|pmid=18319337 |pmc=2268841 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105.3980P |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Plasmodium falciparum]]
* [[Leishmaniasis]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mpikg.mpg.de/events/3539/5625660 |title=Indo-German Workshop on "Chemical Biology of Infectious Diseases" |date=2014 |website=Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces |access-date=2017-11-25}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Amitabha}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:Washington University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Weill Medical College of Cornell University faculty]]

1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-27T03:38:20Z

JVLEricka167: general cleaned up page per sources further and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|State assembly election in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1957
| election_date = 19 February 1962
| elected_members =
| next_election = 1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1967
| seats_for_election= All 288 seats in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 145
| registered = {{formatnum:15874238}}<ref name="results_1962">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1962.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh|access-date= November 23, 2020}}</ref>
| turnout = 44.52%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = Stamp_of_India_-_2001_-_Colnect_160764_-_Dwarka_Prasad_Mishra.jpeg
| leader1 = [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 232
| seats1 = 142
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}90
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 = 38.54%
| swing1 =

| party2 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| image2 = Oil lamp.svg
| leader2 = undeclared
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 10
| seats2 = 42
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}32
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 = 16.66%
| swing2 =


| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption =

| title = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}
Elections to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 1962. 1,336 candidates contested for the 288 constituencies in the Assembly.<ref name="results_1962"/> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats and [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] was sworn in for his second term as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/loh_.htm |title=मध्‍यप्रदेश के माननीय मुख्‍यमंत्रियों/सदन का नेता की सूची |language=hi |trans-title=List of the honorable Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh |website=mpvidhansabha.nic.in |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961'', double-member constituencies were eliminated and Madhya Pradesh's Legislative Assembly was assigned 288 single-member constituencies.<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1962.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=2527257|seats1=142|sc1={{decrease}}90
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=1092237|seats2=41|sc2={{increase}}31
|party3=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes3=703188|seats3=33|sc3={{increase}}21
|party4=[[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]]|votes4=310181|seats4=14|sc4=New
|party5=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes5=248525|seats5=10|sc5={{increase}}5
|party6=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes6=211639|seats6=6|sc6={{decrease}}1
|party7=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes7=80470|seats7=2|sc7=New
|party8=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes8=132440|seats8=1|sc8={{decrease}}1
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=82345|seats9=0|sc9=New
|party10=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes10=16913|seats10=0|sc10=New
|party11=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes11=1151955|seats11=39|sc11={{increase}}19
|total_sc=0
|invalid=2338719
|electorate=15874238
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for
!Elected Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Morena district|'''Morena District''']]
|-
| [[Sheopur Assembly constituency|Sheopur]] || None || Ram Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Bijeypur || None || Naval Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency|Sabalgarh]] || SC || Buddha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Joura Assembly constituency|Joura]] || None || Panchamsingh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Morena Assembly constituency|Morena]] || None || Jabar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Dimni || SC || Summer Singh Ammrayya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]] || None || Jagdish Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bhind district|'''Bhind District''']]
|-
| [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] || None || Ramcharanlal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Attair || None || Ramkrishana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]] || None || [[Narsinghrao Jabarsingh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] || None || Ramdhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ron Assembly constituency|Ron]] || None || Mahadeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]] || SC || Prabhudayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Gwalior district|'''Gwalior District''']]
|-
| [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] || SC || Raja Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] || None || Brinda Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]] || None || Prem Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laskar || None || Ramniwas Bangad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Morar || None || Chandra Kala Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gird || None || [[Mahesh Dutta Mishra (Gird politician)|Mahesh Dutta Mishra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Datia district|'''Datia District''']]
|-
| Seondha || None || Kamta Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] || None || Surya Deo Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shivpuri district|'''Shivpuri District''']]
|-
| [[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera]] || None || Gautam Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] || None || Laxmi Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]] || None || Anand Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pohri || SC || Tularam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] || None || Manorama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Guna district|'''Guna District''']]
|-
| [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] || None || Brindawan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Chachaura || None || Prabhu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Raghogarh Assembly constituency|Raghogarh]] || SC || Dulichand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]] || None || Ram Dayal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] || None || Chandra Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Tikamgarh district|'''Tikamgarh District''']]
|-
| [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]] || SC || Nathu Ram Niwari || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Lidhaura || None || Lakshmi Narain || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]] || None || Narendra Singh Dev || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]] || None || Gyanendra Singh Dev || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhatarpur district|'''Chhatarpur District''']]
|-
| Malehra || SC || Hans Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] || None || Govind Singh Ju Deo || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatarpur]] || None || Ram Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maharajpur]] || SC || Nathooram || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Laundi Assembly constituency|Laundi]] || None || Raghunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Panna district|'''Panna District''']]
|-
| [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]] || None || [[Narendra Singh Ju Deo|Narendra Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Devendranagar || None || Devendra Vijay Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]] || SC || Jagsuriya || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Satna district|'''Satna District''']]
|-
| [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] || None || Gopal Sharan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]] || None || Gulsher Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raghurajnagar || None || [[Govind Narayan Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Unchera || SC || Gaya Deen || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]] || None || Sukhendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Baraundha || None || Ram Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rewa district|'''Rewa District''']]
|-
| [[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]] || None || Lal Kamleshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan]] || None || Rukmini Raman Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirmaur || None || Jamuna Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]] || None || Shatrughan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gurh Assembly constituency|Gurh]] || None || Vrajraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deotalao || None || Raghvendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mauganj Assembly constituency|Mauganj]] || SC || Chhotelal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sidhi district|'''Sidhi District''']]
|-
| [[Sidhi Assembly constituency|Sidhi]] || None || Chandra Pratap Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Deosar Assembly constituency|Deosar]] || None || Laxmi Kant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Singrauli Assembly constituency|Singrauli]] || None || Shyam Kartik || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| Gopadbanas || ST || Dadhi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Majhauli || None || [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shahdol district|'''Shahdol District''']]
|-
| [[Beohari Assembly constituency|Beohari]] || None || [[Ram Kishore Shukla]] || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| Bandhogarh || None || Mishrilal || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Sohagpur Assembly constituency|Sohagpur]] || None || Shambhunath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pushparajgarh || ST || Chinta Ram || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Burhar || None || [[Krishna Pal Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Kotma Assembly constituency|Kotma]] || ST || Girja Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur]] || ST || Ram Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Surguja district|'''Surguja District''']]
|-
| [[Manendragarh Assembly constituency|Manendragarh]] || ST || Ratti Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]] || None || Jawala Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhaiyathan || ST || Mahadeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Surajpur || None || Bansrup || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Pal || None || Chandikeshwar Saran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Samri Assembly constituency|Samri]] || ST || Jai Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Lundra Assembly constituency|Lundra]] || SC || Atmaram Ingole || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]] || None || Amresh Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]] || ST || Mokshmadan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Raigarh district|'''Raigarh District''']]
|-
| [[Jashpur Assembly constituency|Jashpur]] || ST || Shakuntala Devi || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Bagicha || None || Nairityapal || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| [[Lailunga Assembly constituency|Lailunga]] || None || Narhiri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Ghargoda || ST || [[Surendra Kumar Singh (politician)|Surendra Kumar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pathalgaon Assembly constituency|Pathalgaon]] || ST || Laljit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| [[Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency|Dharamjaigarh]] || None || Kishori Mohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]] || None || Niranjan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pussour || None || Nareshchandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]] || SC || Nanhudai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|'''Bilaspur District''']]
|-
| [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] || None || Dhansai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malkharoda || SC || Vedram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sakti Assembly constituency|Sakti]] || None || Tankrajeshwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Champa || None || Jiwanlal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Nawagarh || None || [[Bisahu Das Mahant]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]] || None || Thakur Bhuwan Bhaskar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Janjgir || None || Rameshwar Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barpali || None || Pyarelal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Katghora Assembly constituency|Katghora]] || ST || Rudrasaran Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tanakhar || ST || Yagyaseni Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gaurella || None || Mathura Prasad Dube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kota || ST || Lal Chandrasekhar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]] || None || Yeshwantraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| [[Mungeli Assembly constituency|Mungeli]] || SC || Mool Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jarhagaon || None || Sheo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Takhatpur Assembly constituency|Takhatpur]] || None || Murlidhar Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || None || Ramcharan Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Masturi Assembly constituency|Masturi]] || SC || Ganeshram Anant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Belha || None || Chitrakant Jayaswal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Raipur district|'''Raipur District''']]
|-
| [[Bhatapara Assembly constituency|Bhatapara]] || None || Sheolal Mehta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dharsiwan || None || Hari Prem Baghel || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Baloda || None || Bazar Manohar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pallari || SC || Bhanwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]] || None || Bhupendra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]] || SC || [[Reshamlal Jangade]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]] || None || Rajmahendra Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]] || None || Abdul Hamid Dani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithora || None || Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]] || SC || Paran || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]] || SC || [[Jagmohan Das]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]] || None || Lakhanlal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raipur || None || Sharda Charan Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kurud Assembly constituency|Kurud]] || None || Yeshwant Rao || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rajim || None || [[Shyama Charan Shukla]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindranawagarh || ST || Kham Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Dhamtari Assembly constituency|Dhamtari]] || None || Pandhari Rao || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Sihawa Assembly constituency|Sihawa]] || ST || Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Bastar district|'''Bastar District''']]
|-
| [[Kanker Assembly constituency|Kanker]] || None || Bhanupratap Deo || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Keskal || ST || [[Manku Ram Sodhi]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bhanpuri || SC || Mangal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Jagdalpur Assembly constituency|Jagdalpur]] || SC || Chaitu Mahra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chitrakote || ST || Paklu Joga || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Konta Assembly constituency|Konta]] || ST || Bettijoga Hadma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Dantewara Assembly constituency|Dantewara]] || ST || Lachhu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bijapur (Chhattisgarh) Assembly constituency|Bijapur]] || ST || Hira Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]] || ST || Ram Bharosa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]] || ST || Ram Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Durg district|'''Durg District''']]
|-
| Chowki || ST || Deoprasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Dondi Lohara || ST || Jhumuklal Bhendia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balod || None || Kesholal Gomasta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gunderdehi Assembly constituency|Gunderdehi]] || None || Udai Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhilai || ST || Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhamdha || None || Ganesh Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Durg || None || Dhal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]] || None || Eknath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dengargaon || None || Madanlal Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Lal Bahadurnagar || SC || Tuman Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]] || None || Ganeshmal Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]] || None || Gyanendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bemetara Assembly constituency|Bemetara]] || None || Laxman Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maro || SC || Sheolal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Birendranagar || None || Padmavati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]] || None || Vishwaraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Balaghat district|'''Balaghat District''']]
|-
| [[Baihar Assembly constituency|Baihar]] || ST || Mahimalsingh Nawlsingh Masaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Lanji Assembly constituency|Lanji]] || None || Narbada Prasad Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Kirnapur Assembly constituency|Kirnapur]] || SC || Motiram Odgu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Waraseoni Assembly constituency|Waraseoni]] || None || Vipinlal Shankarlal Sao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khairalanjee || None || Nilkanth Tukaram || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Katangi Assembly constituency|Katangi]] || None || Ramlal Ojhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Balaghat Assembly constituency|Balaghat]] || None || Nandkishore Jaisraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Paraswada Assembly constituency|Paraswada]] || None || Ramniklal Amrutlal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandla district|'''Mandla District''']]
|-
| [[Mandla Assembly constituency|Mandla]] || None || Narayanidevi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency|Bichhiya]] || ST || Shankerlal || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Ghughri || None || Dwarika Prasad Bilthare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dindori (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori]] || ST || Basorisingh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mehedwani || ST || Roop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Niwas Assembly constituency|Niwas]] || ST || Shahju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jabalpur district|'''Jabalpur District''']]
|-
| [[Bargi Assembly constituency|Bargi]] || None || Chandrika Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jabalpur 1 || None || [[Kunji Lal Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jabalpur 2 || None || Jagdishnarain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jabalpur 3 || None || Jagmohan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Panagar Assembly constituency|Panagar]] || None || Parmanand Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sihora Assembly constituency|Sihora]] || None || Kashi Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhimerkheda || ST || Harbhagat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badwara || ST || Jagpati Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bijai || None || Raghogarh Hari Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] || None || [[Ramdas (politician)|Ramdas]] || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] || None || Balkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Patan (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || Narain Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Damoh district|'''Damoh District''']]
|-
| Nohata || None || K. B. L. Guru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]] || None || Anand Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] || None || Jugul Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Patharia || SC || Rameshwar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sagar district|'''Sagar District''']]
|-
| [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] || None || Mani Bhai Javer Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] || None || Ramcharan Khuman || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]] || None || Bhagirath Ramdayal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khurai (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]] || SC || Nand Lal Parmanand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sagar || None || Haji Mohanmmad Shafi Sheikh Subharati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]] || None || Bani Bhushan Premnarayan Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deor || None || Krishna Kumar Gouri Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Narsimhapur district|'''Narsimhapur District''']]
|-
| [[Gadarwara Assembly constituency|Gadarwara]] || None || Laxmi Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sainkheda || SC || L. A. Jamnik || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Gotegaon Assembly constituency|Gotegaon]] || None || Shashibhushan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Narsimhapur || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Seoni district|'''Seoni District''']]
|-
| [[Lakhnadon Assembly constituency|Lakhnadon]] || ST || [[Vasant Rao Uikey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhoma || None || Yogendranath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| Chhapara || ST || Thakur Deepsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barghat Assembly constituency|Barghat]] || None || Jageshwernath Bisen || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Seoni Assembly constituency|Seoni]] || None || Rajkumari Prabhawati || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Chhindwara district|'''Chhindwara District''']]
|-
| Chaurai || SC || Than Singh Hansa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Chhindwara Assembly constituency|Chhindwara]] || None || Vidyawati Vidyashanker Metha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pagara || ST || Udaibhanshah Mardanshah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Parasia Assembly constituency|Parasia]] || None || Shanti Swaroop Kartaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Damua || ST || Parasram Shivram Dhurve || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramakona || ST || Ranchusingh Doma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sausar || None || Sheshrao Govindrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Betul district|'''Betul District''']]
|-
| Masod || None || Laxmibai Biharilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Multai Assembly constituency|Multai]] || None || Balkrishna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri]] || ST || Jangusingh Nizam || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Betul Assembly constituency|Betul]] || None || [[Deepchand Gothi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhainsdahi || ST || Daddusingh Balaji || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Hoshangabad district|'''Hoshangabad District''']]
|-
| [[Harda Assembly constituency|Harda]] || None || Laxmanrao Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Timarni Assembly constituency|Timarni]] || SC || Dhannalal Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Itarsi || None || Kunwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Hoshangabad Assembly constituency|Hoshangabad]] || None || Sushila Devi Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Piparia || ST || [[Ratan Kumari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Denwa || None || Vinaykumar Dewan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Raisen district|'''Raisen District''']]
|-
| [[Udaipura Assembly constituency|Udaipura]] || None || [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sanchi Assembly constituency|Sanchi]] || None || Gulab Chand || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| Bareli || ST || Raja Daulat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Sehore district|'''Sehore District''']]
|-
| [[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]] || None || Bansi Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Ashta Assembly constituency|Ashta]] || SC || [[Umrao Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]] || None || Maulana Inmayatullah Khan Tarzi Mashriqi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhopal || None || [[Khan Shakir Ali Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| New Bhopal || None || Lokumal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Berasia Assembly constituency|Berasia]] || SC || Bhaiya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Vidisha district|'''Vidisha District''']]
|-
| [[Vidisha Assembly constituency|Vidisha]] || SC || Gorelal || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| [[Basoda Assembly constituency|Basoda]] || None || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]] || None || Takhtamal Lunkaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sironj Assembly constituency|Sironj]] || None || Madan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Rajgarh district|'''Rajgarh District''']]
|-
| [[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]] || None || Ramkaran Ugra || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Rajgarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]] || None || Shivprasad Satyendra Khujneri || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Khilchipur Assembly constituency|Khilchipur]] || None || Harisingh Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sarangpur Assembly constituency|Sarangpur]] || SC || Gangram Jatav || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Narsingarh || None || Bhanuprakash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Shajapur district|'''Shajapur District''']]
|-
| [[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur]] || None || Vishnucharan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gulana || SC || Hiralal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]] || None || Ramesh Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]] || None || Hari Bhau || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]] || None || Madanlal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ujjain district|'''Ujjain District''']]
|-
| [[Mahidpur Assembly constituency|Mahidpur]] || SC || Durgadas Bhagwandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Taran || None || Madhavsingh Ramsingh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Ujjain North Assembly constituency|Ujjain North]] || None || Abdul Gayyur Qureshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ujjain South Assembly constituency|Ujjain South]] || None || Hansaben || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khachraud || None || Bhairav Bhartiya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Barnagar || None || Ramprakash Ishwardas || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Indore district|'''Indore District''']]
|-
| [[Depalpur Assembly constituency|Depalpur]] || None || Bapusingh Ramsingh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| Mhow || None || Rustamji Kawasaji Jall || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City West || None || Mishrilal Gangwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City Central || None || Babulal Patodi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore City East || None || Gangaran Tiwari Ram Prasad Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore || None || Vyankatesh, Vishnu Dravid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sawer || SC || Sajjansingh Vishnar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dewas district|'''Dewas District''']]
|-
| [[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]] || SC || Bapulal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]] || None || Bhagirath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]] || None || Kailash Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kannod || None || Chaturbhuj || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[East Nimar district|'''East Nimar District''']]
|-
| [[Harsud Assembly constituency|Harsud]] || None || Rao Bhimsingh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Khalwa || ST || Hiralal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Shahpur (Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Shahpur]] || None || Durgabai || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Burhanpur Assembly constituency|Burhanpur]] || None || Abdul Quadir Siddiqui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khandwa Assembly constituency|Khandwa]] || None || [[Bhagwantrao Mandloi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pandhana Assembly constituency|Pandhana]] || SC || Deokaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[West Nimar district|'''West Nimar District''']]
|-
| [[Barwaha Assembly constituency|Barwaha]] || None || Rana Balbahadarsingh Rana Bhawanisingh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Meheswar || SC || Bhikaji Tantya || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bhikangaon Assembly constituency|Bhikangaon]] || None || Hiralal Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khargone Assembly constituency|Khargone]] || None || Bhalchandra Bagdare || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dhulkot || ST || Manoharsingh Chohan || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sendhwa || ST || Rupsingh Abdu || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Barwani Assembly constituency|Barwani]] || ST || Daval Nana || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Rajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajpur]] || ST || Devisingh Lonyaji || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Dhar district|'''Dhar District''']]
|-
| Manawar East || ST || Fatehbhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhar Assembly constituency|Dhar]] || None || Kanhiyalal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Badnawar Assembly constituency|Badnawar]] || None || Govardhan || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Sardarpur Assembly constituency|Sardarpur]] || None || Sumer Singh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Kukshi Assembly constituency|Kukshi]] || ST || Babu || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Jhabua district|'''Jhabua District''']]
|-
| [[Alirajpur Assembly constituency|Alirajpur]] || ST || Bhagirath Bhanwar || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Jobat Assembly constituency|Jobat]] || ST || Raysinha || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Jhabua Assembly constituency|Jhabua]] || ST || Man Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| [[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]] || ST || Pratap Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Ratlam district|'''Ratlam District''']]
|-
| [[Sailana Assembly constituency|Sailana]] || None || Laxmansingh Jhitra || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party of India (1955)}}
|-
| Ratlam || None || Babulal Nathulal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Alot Assembly constituency|Alot]] || SC || Mayaram Nanda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaora Assembly constituency|Jaora]] || None || Laxminarayan Jamnalal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="grey" | [[Mandsaur district|'''Mandsaur District''']]
|-
| [[Mandsaur Assembly constituency|Mandsaur]] || None || [[Shyam Sunder Patidar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sitamau || None || Mohansingh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Suwasra Assembly constituency|Suwasra]] || SC || Champalal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Garoth Assembly constituency|Garoth]] || None || Mohanlal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Manasa Assembly constituency|Manasa]] || None || Sunderlal || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Neemuch Assembly constituency|Neemuch]] || None || Khumansingh || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Jawad Assembly constituency|Jawad]] || None || Virendrakumar || {{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2|1963
|[[Parasia Assembly constituency|Parasia]]
|Void of S.S. Kartaram
|S. Dupey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Morena Assembly constituency|Morena]]
|Void of J. Singh
|H.R.S. Sarraf
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan=3|1964
|[[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]]
|Void of P.B. Ramdayal
|S.N. Mushran
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Sitamau
|Void of M. Singh
|K. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Sangh}}
|-
|[[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]]
|Void of B. Singh
|V. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Sangh}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1965
|Jabalpur - 3
|Death of Jagmohan Das
|H.K. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Berasia Assembly constituency|Berasia]]
|Void of B. Lal's election
|D.N. Vadivel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref name=byelections>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh|1962]]
[[Category:1960s in Madhya Pradesh|1962]]
[[Category:1962 State Assembly elections in India|Madhya Pradesh]]

Bhawras

2026-01-20T10:33:05Z

JVLEricka167: started some post and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhawras
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.570080800475814|N|76.9804497607574|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhawras''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Bhawras Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&page=25 | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{As of|2001}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

The Good Road

2026-01-05T03:22:18Z

JVLEricka167:

{{short description|2013 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Good Road
| image = The_Good_Road_Gujarati_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Gyan Correa
| producer = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] Rohandeep Singh
| writer = Gyan Correa
| starring = Ajay Gehi [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
| music = [[Rajat Dholakia]]
| cinematography = [[Amitabha Singh]]
| studio = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|7|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget = {{INR}} 2.25 [[crore]]<ref name="Pathak 2013">{{cite web | last=Pathak | first=Maulik | title=The Good Road: Footloose in Kutch | website=livemint.com/ | date=20 July 2013 | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3jWCRU1meqvviSVV9dq0SI/The-Good-Road-Footloose-in-Kutch.html | access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Good Road''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Gyan Correa. It was selected as the Indian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[86th Academy Awards]],<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97808.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922204824/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/97808.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2013 |title='The Good Road' Selected As The Official Indian Entry For Oscars |access-date=21 September 2013|work=India Glitz}}</ref><ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=India nominates The Good Road for Oscars in Best Foreign Film Category |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/india-nominates-the-good-road-for-oscars-in-best-foreign-film-category/|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> but it was not nominated. The film won the award for [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Gujarati film]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]]. It is told in a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink format]], where several stories are intertwined, with the center of the action being a highway in the rural lands of [[Gujarat]] near a town in [[Kutch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarati-film-the-good-road-to-represent-india-at-the-oscars/423659-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923044315/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarati-film-the-good-road-to-represent-india-at-the-oscars/423659-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2013|title=News18.com: CNN News18 Latest News, Breaking News India, Current News Headlines|website=News18|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The film is the first [[Gujarati film]] ever selected to represent India at the Oscars.<ref>{{cite web|author=IndiaTimes |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati-film-the-good-road-is-indias-entry-for-oscar-102581.html |title=Gujarati Film 'The Good Road' is India's Entry for Oscar | Entertainment |publisher=www.indiatimes.com |date= 21 September 2013|access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Shamji Dhana Kerasia as Pappu
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Kiran
* Ajay Gehi as David
* Keval Katrodia as Aditya
* Poonam Kesar Singh as Poonam
* Priyank Upadhyay as Shaukat

==Awards==
The film won the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Gujarati film]] award at the [[60th National Film Awards]] for "capturing the flavor of the never-ending and undulating highways of the other India and its hidden facets."<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref> The film won the Best Feature Film Jury Award at the Indian Film Festival, Houston in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title= 'The Good Road' wins Houston (IFFH) Award!|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/cinema/The-Good-Road-wins-Houston-IFFH-Award/articleshow/23986304.cms|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131016071109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-11/cinema/42940036_1_indian-film-festival-festival-director-ritu-sarin|url-status= live|archive-date= 16 October 2013|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date= 23 November 2013}}</ref>

===Oscar selection===
The film was selected out of 20 films initially submitted to the [[Film Federation of India]] for consideration for the Oscars. Ritesh Batra's film ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' was considered to be the frontrunner and certain lock for India's Oscar selection, with many critics unanimously praising it and voting for it to be the representative film. Director [[Karan Johar]] also put his support behind the film saying "All kinds of audience can connect with it and yet within the parameters of love story it is completely unusual. You feel all the love in the world for the protagonists and the unusual aspect of it is they haven't met."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Hope-The-Lunchbox-wins-an-Oscar-Karan-Johar/Article1-1123347.aspx |title=Hope The Lunchbox wins an Oscar: Karan Johar |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918033407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Hope-The-Lunchbox-wins-an-Oscar-Karan-Johar/Article1-1123347.aspx |archive-date=18 September 2013 }}</ref>

However, the selection committee, which deliberated on 17 September 2013, unanimously decided that ''The Good Road'' was the perfect film to represent India. Head of the committee was award-winning filmmaker [[Gautam Ghose]], who said, "This is a new film but ''The Good Road'' surprises as it shows the unknown India through the story of a boy who is lost and then found while his family is on a holiday trip to Kutch".<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-good-road-nominated-as-indias-entry-for-oscars/article5153986.ece?homepage=true |title='The Good Road' nominated as India's entry for Oscars |work=The Hindu |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister]] of Gujarat at that time, [[Narendra Modi]] tweeted that he was proud that a Gujarati film was selected for the Oscars for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/381389443849932800 |title=Twitter / narendramodi: Delighted to know that Gujarati |publisher=Twitter.com |date= |access-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 86th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[Gujarati cinema]]
* [[List of Gujarati films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3037260|The Good Road}}

{{Indian submission for Academy Awards |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Good Road}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:2010s drama road movies]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]

Tholu bommalata

2025-12-19T02:25:59Z

JVLEricka167: new some post w/ sources!

{{short description|Shadow puppet theatre of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Hanuman and Ravana in Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India.JPG|thumb|270px|[[Hanuman]] and [[Ravana]] in ''Tholu bommalata'', the shadow puppet tradition of [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
'''''Tholu bommalata''''' is the [[shadow puppet]] theatre tradition of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]] with roots dating back to 3rd century [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name=ccrt/><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Osnes |first=Beth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTkCI62oXjEC&dq=Tholu+bommalata&pg=PA335 |title=Acting: An International Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |isbn=978-0-87436-795-9 |pages=152, 335 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=leather+puppet+play+Andhra+Indonesia&pg=PA1317 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1317|quote=Puppetry is one of the most ancient Indian folk arts and Andhra history records that this art was in vogue during the Satavahana period in the 4th century B.C. Art critics opine that the puppetry spread from Andhra to Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and from there to Africa, Greece, Macedonia and the Byzantine empire.|language=en |author-link=Amaresh Datta}}</ref> Its performers are part of a group of wandering entertainers and peddlers who pass through villages during the course of a year and offer to sing ballads, tell fortunes, sell amulets, perform acrobatics, charm snakes, weave fishnets, tattoo local people and mend pots. ''Tholu bommalata'' has a history of consistent royal patronage.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osnes |first=Beth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykQlV616gX4C&dq=Tholu+bommalata&pg=PA27 |title=The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Malaysia: A Study of Wayang Kulit with Performance Scripts and Puppet Designs |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn=978-0-7864-5792-2 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref> It is the ancestor of [[Wayang]], the Indonesian puppet theatre play which has been a staple of Indonesian tourism and designated by [[UNESCO]] as [[Intangible cultural heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]].{{Refn|name=Ind|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayang {{!}} Indonesian theatre |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/wayang |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |quote=Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the tholu bommalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of shadow puppetry probably spread to Java with the spread of Hinduism.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Rawlings |date=November 1999 |title=Observations on the historical development of puppetry - Chapter Two |url=http://pages.citenet.net/users/ctmw2400/chapter2.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website= |quote=Perhaps the most interesting of the south-Indian puppet types for me, however, were the tholu bommalata -- the articulated, leather, shadow puppets -- which are the probable ancestors of Indonesia's wayang.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Currell |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUbHDOdulAwC&q=bommalata++wayang |title=The Complete Book of Puppetry |date=1974 |publisher=Pitman |isbn=978-0-273-36118-3 |pages=25 |language=en |quote=The tolu bommalata shadow puppets are found in the Andhra region and may be the origin of the Javanese wayang kulit puppets.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rāmarāju |first=Bi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=744OAAAAYAAJ&q=leather+puppet+play |title=Glimpses Into Telugu Folklore |date=1991 |publisher=Janapada Vijnana Prachuranalu |pages=90 |language=en |quote=Leather puppet shadow play is one of the most ancient performing folk art forms known to Andhras from 3rd century B.C. Historians and art critics opine that it spread to Java, Malaysia, and Indonesia from Andhra.}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Manorma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Le7ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Tholu+Bommalata+Wayang+Telugu |title=Folk India: A Comprehenseive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7574-140-9 |pages=33 |language=en |quote=Indonesian version of Tholu Bommalata known as "Wayang" has roots in the Telugu-speaking region.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Autiero |first=Serena |title=Tholu Bommalata: Telugu Shadow Puppet Theatre |url=https://www.academia.edu/37454976 }}</ref>}}

This ancient custom, which for centuries before radio, film, and television provided knowledge of [[Hindu epic]]s and local folk tales, not to mention news, spread to the most remote corners of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="ccrt">{{cite web|title=Puppet Forms of India|url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/puppetforms.htm|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224842/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/puppetforms.htm|archive-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> The puppeteers comprise some of the various entertainers who perform all night and usually reenact various stories from Hindu epics such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date= |title=Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.puppetryindia.org/page2/page8/page8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224116/http://www.puppetryindia.org/page2/page8/page8.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Puppetryindia.org}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Tholu bommalata'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] literally means "the dance of leather puppets" (''tholu'' – "leather", ''bomma – "''puppet/doll" and ''aata'' – "play/dance").<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VeFCwAAQBAJ&dq=leather+puppet+shadow+play+Andhras&pg=PT279 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |date=2016-02-05 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-27885-6 |language=en}}</ref> It is also translated as "the play of leather dolls" or "the dance of leather dolls".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&dq=Tholu+bommalata&pg=PA290 |title=The Culture of India |date=2010-08-15 |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |editor-last=Kuiper |editor-first=Kathleen |pages=290 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== History ==
Andhra history records that shadow puppetry was in vogue during the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana period]] (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> Art critics opine that the puppetry spread from Andhra to [[Indonesia]], [[Cambodia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Wayang]], the Indonesian puppet theatre play which has been a staple of Indonesian tourism and designated by [[UNESCO]] as [[Intangible cultural heritage|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]], has its origins in ''Tholu bommalata''.{{Refn|name=Ind}} Some of the shadow plays are improvised based on ''[[Ranganatha Ramayanamu]]'' ({{Circa|1300 CE}}).<ref name=":5" />

== Tholu Bommalaata ==
The performance begins with a series of sung invocations and a line of ornate, strikingly stylized puppets pinned in overlapping fashion onto the sides of the screen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Don |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=maGU4ziPQJQC&dq=leather+puppet+shadow+play+one+of+most+ancient+performing+folk+art+forms+known+to+Andhras&pg=PA162 |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-26087-9 |pages=162 |language=en}}</ref> The puppets are mounted in the middle on a palm stem, extended to form a handle used to move the body of the puppet. Their articulated arms are moved with detachable sticks that have a small piece of string with a peg at the end, which slip into holes on the hands. Generally, one puppeteer manipulates all three sticks of a single puppet, holding the central handle stick in one hand and two arm-control sticks in the other. Often two to three puppeteers operate puppets on the screen at the same time, each one delivering the lines for his or her own puppet.

As the players manipulate the puppets, placing them on the screen and then moving them away, they create the illusion of the figures suddenly materializing and then fading out. They also cause the figures to walk, sway, hop, and fly through the air. They can swivel a dancer's detachable head and manipulate her hands while keeping her hips swaying to create a remarkable illusion of twirling.

The puppeteers accompany all the character's speeches with animated movement of the arms and hands, which they can flip over to create a three-dimensional effect. The swaying of freely dangling legs also adds to the feeling of animation. When several puppets are stationary on the screen at the same time, they can be pinned to the screen with date palm thorns. A puppet can be rapidly pinned with one or two of the long, thin thorns passed through perforations in a headdress or shoulder ornaments. Such puppets are still able to engage in animated conversation by means of the sticks moving their hands. Characters that engage in rough fighting, such as the monkey king Hanuman or the jesters, are often held from the hip, enabling them to be moved with greater control than by the central stick alone.

Every few minutes throughout the performance, the action will be broken by the episodes of broad comic relief from the jesters speaking in a slangy, quirky style and engaging in slapstick antics. Some of these depend on puns or risqué allusions. Except for certain commonly used expletives, their language is not obscene, though sequences may be bawdy to a degree not observed in other popular forms of entertainment.

Interspersed with spoken dialogue, verse passages in literary [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and even [[Sanskrit]] are sung with instrumental accompaniment. These occur especially in contexts of heightened emotion or important events, rather like the [[aria]]s in European operas. The players serve as their own musicians and all members of the troupe know the music that accompanies the various passages.

=== Musical instruments ===
The musical instruments consist of a [[Pump organ|harmonium]], a portable keyboard organ that sometimes serves only as a drone; a long, two-headed South Indian drum with tapering ends ([[mrudangam]]); strings of bells worn on the ankles and wrists; and pairs of finger cymbals. A wooden shoe with stilts is used to keep its wearer above the mud during the rainy season, and can be struck against schoolchildren's seating planks to create dramatic clacking and banging sound effects for fight scenes.

The singing style and the conventions of vocal delivery that accompany ''tholu bommalata'' closely resemble the form of singing from an old-fashioned drama genre known as ''Satyabhamakalapam''. Accompanied only by the drum and finger cymbals, the player sings raising his hand up to one ear, as if to listen to what he is singing.

===Puppets and cinema===
Comparisons of shadow plays to movies can be informative. The shadow play was an ingenious technology of animating pictures, developed centuries before the advent of the motion picture industry. Here was a method of enabling four or five people to bring a hundred or more colorful mythological characters to life in the most remote village, all accompanied by virtuoso singing, contagious rhythms, and dramatic sound effects. The characters' costumes were elaborate, with swirling sashes and ornate necklaces and garlands, all cut to let points of light glisten in intricate patterns.

===Puppet making===
Three types of skins have been used to manufacture puppets: antelope, spotted deer and goat.<ref name=":3" /> Antelope skins are reserved for making a limited number of auspicious characters, such as the gods and epic heroes. Deer skin, noted for its strength and resistance to rough handling, is employed in the figures of the warrior [[Bhima]] and the ten-headed demon king [[Ravana]]. All other puppets are typically made from goat skin, readily available locally. Most puppets are made from a single skin, though some require more. At least four skins are necessary for Ravana – one for his body, one for his legs, and one to make each set of five arms. The puppets are made from 'nonviolent leather', that is the skin of animals that died a natural death is used rather than slaughtering animals for their skin.<ref name=":2" />

==Current state of affairs==
{{Commons category|Tholu Bommalata}}

The shadow play has been only one set of techniques for dramatizing the vastly rich Hindu epics. It has now been superseded by motion pictures and television, which have reinvigorated the epics for the electronic age. But the shadow play was a brilliant innovation, one whose visual artifacts hold clues to the history of South Asian art and drama and deserve to be preserved for the delight of generations to come.<ref>{{cite book |author = Bruce Tapper |title =Asian Art & Culture|volume=7 |issue=2 | publisher = Oxford University Press in Association with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Smithsonian Institution, New York| isbn = 9780195088694 |date = Spring–Summer 1994 }}</ref>

Currently the Tholu Bommalatta toys and other accessories are produced in the village of Nimmalkunta in Andhra Pradesh. <ref>https://indokrafts.com/collections/nimmalkunta</ref>

==See also==

* [[Chadar Badar]], puppet art of Santhal people of India
* [[Gopalila]], puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Kathputli (puppetry)]], puppet art of Rajasthan state of India
* [[Nokkuvidya pavakali]], puppet art of Kerala state of India
* [[Rabana Chhaya]], shadow puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Sakhi kandhei]], string puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Shadow play]], shadow puppet art which originated in first millennium BCE in India
* [[Tholpavakoothu]], shadow puppet art of Kerala and Tami Nadu states of India
* [[Togalu gombeyaata]], shadow puppet art of Karnataka state of India
* [[Wayang]], puppet art of Indonesia inspired by Indian puppetry

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Puppetry in India]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shadow play]]

Nawada Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-18T01:11:08Z

JVLEricka167: added first stub more to come

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawada
| type = LS
| incumbent_image = Nitish Kumar with Vivek Thakur and others in Warsaliganj (cropped).jpg
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Vivek Thakur]] {{Small|S/O: [[Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| preceded_by = [[Chandan Singh (politician)|Chandan Singh]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party}}
| assembly_cons = [[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]] [[Rajauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajauli]] [[Hisua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisua]] [[Nawada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nawada]] [[Gobindpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gobindpur]] [[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]]
| alliance = [[File:National Democratic Alliance.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
}}
'''Nawada''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Nawada Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 lead
|-
|170
|[[Barbigha Assembly constituency|Barbigha]]
|[[Sheikhpura district|Sheikhpura]]
|Kumar Puspanjay
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|235
|[[Rajauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajauli]] (SC)
| rowspan="5" |[[Nawada district|Nawada]]
|Vimal Rajbanshi
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|-
|236
|[[Hisua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hisua]]
|[[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|237
|[[Nawada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
|[[Vibha Devi Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|238
|[[Gobindpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gobindpur]]
|Binita Mehta
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
|239
|[[Warisaliganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Warisaliganj]]
|Anita Mahto
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[BJP]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this Lok Sabha constituency:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx |title=All Members of Lok Sabha (Since 1952) |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=17 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116233330/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/lokprev.aspx |archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Brajeshwar Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[Ram Dhani Das]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Satyabhama Devi]]
|-
|[[Ram Dhani Das]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Ram Dhani Das]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Surya Prakash Puri
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Sukhdeo Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Nathuni Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunwar Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Prem Pradeep]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Prem Chand Ram]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Kameshwar Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Malti Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Sanjay Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Virchandra Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Bhola Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Giriraj Singh]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|2019]]
|[[Chandan Singh (politician)|Chandan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Bihar|2024]]
|[[Vivek Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nawada]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0439.htm|title=Result 2024}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nawada">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Nawada |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0439.htm |accessdate=23 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623171622/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0439.htm |archivedate=23 June 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vivek Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,10,608|percentage=47.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Shravan Kushwaha|votes=3,42,938|percentage=39.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=12,592|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ranjit Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=16,316|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Binod Yadav|party=Independent (politician)|votes=39,519|percentage=4.54|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gunjan Kumar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=29,682|percentage=3.41|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=67,670|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,71,838|percentage=43.37|change=-6.46}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nawada]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Chandan Singh (politician)|Chandan Singh]]
|votes = 4,95,684
|percentage = 52.59
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vibha Devi Yadav|Vibha Devi]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=3,47,612|percentage=36.88|change=+8.6%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=35,147|percentage=3.73|change=+2.88%}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,48,072|percentage=15.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,44,691|percentage=49.73|change=-2.45%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party
|loser= BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nawada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |year=2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |at=Constituency: 39. Nawada |format=PDF |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=82 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Giriraj Singh]]|votes=3,90,248|percentage=44.12|change=+21.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raj Ballabh Prasad|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=2,50,091|percentage=28.28|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kaushal Yadav (politician)|Kaushal Yadav]]|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,68,217|percentage=19.02|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,489|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,40,187|percentage=15.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,84,474|percentage=52.18|change=+10.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +21.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Nawada district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}
{{Bihar elections}}

{{coord|24.89|85.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Nawada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sheikhpura district]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Konkani

2025-12-04T02:56:31Z

JVLEricka167: added initial info basic info

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2011 || Jofa Gonsalves || ''Nirnay'' || Short Story ||
|-
| 2012 || Naman Dhawasker Sawant || ''Muktamann'' || Essays ||
|-
| 2013 || Yogini Borkar || ''Matyentle Gandh'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2014 || Naresh Chandra Naik || ''Gauman'' || Short Story || <ref>{{cite news |title=Poetry dominates Sahitya Akademi Yuva awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poetry-dominates-sahitya-akademi-yuva-awards/article6342960.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Shrinisha Nayak || ''Khany Geli Aaji'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2016 || Anwesha Singbal || ''Sulus'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Amey Vishram Naik || ''Mog Dot Com'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2018 || Vilma Bantwal || ''Mukhaddin'' || Poetry || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Hemant Aiya || ''Kathaakar'' || Short Story ||
|-
| 2020 || Sampada Shenvi Kunkoliekar || ''Char Panvala Ashiyent'' || Travelogue || <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Shraddha Garad || ''Kavya Parmal'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Fr. Myron Jeson Barreto || ''Tallo-The Voice'' || Essays ||
|-
| 2023 || Tanvi Kamat Bambolkar || ''Shots'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Adwait Salgaonkar || ''Pedanyacha Samaaram'' || Essays ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Glynis Dias || ''Gaavgaathaa'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Konkani]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Konkani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Al-Fawz al-Kabir

2025-11-10T06:46:06Z

JVLEricka167: started first data first draft!

{{Short description|Book by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Al-Fawz al-Kabir fi Usul al-Tafsir
| image = English cover of Al-Fawz al-Kabir.jpg
| caption = English cover
| author = [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
| title_orig = الفوز الكبير في أصول التفسير
| orig_lang_code = ar
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Arabic
| subject = [[Principles of Quranic Exegesis]]
| published = [[18th century]]
| media_type = Print
| dewey = 297.1227
| isbn = 978-1842001349
| isbn_note = (Ta-Ha Publishers, English, 2014)
| oclc = 10424402
}}
'''''Al-Fawz al-Kabir fi Usul al-Tafsir''''' ({{langx|ar|الفوز الكبير في أصول التفسير}}) or simply '''''Al-Fawz al-Kabir''''', is an 18th-century Arabic book on the principles of [[Tafsir|Qur'anic exegesis]], written by [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]. The work aims to provide insights not found in earlier tafsir books and emphasizes a direct understanding of the Qur'an. It is one of the author's major works and has been translated into several languages. The book has also been used as a textbook in many higher education institutions across the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== Background ==
In the preface of the book, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi states that the book provides insights into the principles of Quranic interpretation ([[tafsir]]) not found in earlier works and offers guidance for a better understanding of the Quran.<ref name=":0" /> The work presents a methodical and rational approach to tafsir, encouraging readers to engage directly with the Quranic text.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashfaq |first=Naeem |last2=Salamon |first2=Hussin bin |last3=Abu Hussin |first3=Mohd Fauzi Bin |last4=Rosman |first4=Arieff Salleh |last5=Ruskam |first5=Aminuddin Bin |last6=Mohamed |first6=Ahmad Kilani |last7=Bin Husin |first7=Ezwan Rafiq |date=2019 |title=Exploring Al-Fauz al-Kabir's Five Thematic Analysis of the Qur'an: A Perspective from Shah Wali Allah al-Dehlavi |url=https://mgesjournals.com/hssr/article/view/hssr.2019.7146 |journal=Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=396 |doi=10.18510/hssr.2019.7146 |issn=2395-6518|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although the book does not encompass all aspects of usul al-tafsir (the methodology of exegesis), it reflects Waliullah's independent reasoning and intellectual synthesis of scholarly and mystical traditions. His background in both madrasa learning and Sufi thought, as well as his view that divine knowledge ('ilm al-ladunni) informs spiritual understanding, shaped the analytical and reflective tone of the work.<ref name=":0" />

''Al-Fawz al-Kabir'' has been widely circulated and translated, and it has been used as a textbook in many higher education institutions across the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Gulshan |date=2025 |title=Al-Fawzul Kabir fi Usul al-Tafsir: A Theoretical Review |url=https://dshcir.du.ac.bd/al-fawzul-kabir-fi-usul-al-tafsir-a-theoretical-review/ |journal=Journal of Dr Serajul Haque Centre for Islamic Research |volume=13 |issue=29 |page=1 |doi=10.63267/JSHCIR.V13I29A6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Early editions include those printed in Egypt (1295 AH) alongside Firuzabadi's ''Sifr al-Sa'ada'' and in [[Delhi]] (1296 AH) appended to Mu'in al-Din al-Iji's ''Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an''. Another edition was produced in Pusad by the Muhammadiyya Press, with the first four sections in Persian and the fifth, titled ''al-Fath al-Kabir'', in Arabic. Later independent editions appeared in India (1405/1984) and [[Beirut]] (1407/1987). A comprehensive bibliographic overview is provided in Mehmet Sofuoğlu's Turkish translation published in [[Istanbul]] in 1980.<ref name=":0">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=el-FEVZÜ'l-KEBÎR|last=Güngör|first=Mevlüt|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/el-fevzul-kebir}}</ref>

== Content ==
The work is organized into five main sections, each addressing distinct aspects of Quranic interpretation. The first section presents what Waliullah identifies as the five principal themes in the Quran. These include the science of divine injunctions, covering rulings related to worship, ethics, and governance; the science of disputation, addressing arguments against [[Jews]], [[Christians]], [[Polytheism|polytheists]], and [[Munafiq|hypocrites]]; the science of divine favours, describing God's blessings in creation and human sustenance; the science of historical events, highlighting lessons from divine reward and retribution; and the science concerning death and the hereafter, explaining resurrection, judgment, paradise, and hell. Collectively, these themes encompass the Quran's moral, theological, and legal dimensions.<ref>{{harv|Ashfaq|Salamon|Abu Hussin|Rosman|2019|pp=397, 401, 402, 408}}</ref>

The second section examines interpretive challenges in understanding the Quran. Topics include gharib al-Quran (rare expressions), [[Naskh (tafsir)|naskh]] (abrogation), [[Asbab al-Nuzul|asbab al-nuzul]] (occasions of revelation), literary features, and the distinction between clear ([[Muhkam and Mutashabih|muhkam]]) and ambiguous ([[Muhkam and Mutashabih|mutashabih]]) verses. Waliullah analyzes the issue of abrogation by reviewing classifications provided by [[al-Suyuti]] and concludes that only a limited number of verses were subject to abrogation. The section reflects a systematic approach to reconciling seemingly conflicting scriptural rulings.<ref name=":0" />

The third section focuses on the Quran's style and structure. Waliullah observes that the Quran is not arranged by subject but according to thematic and rhetorical principles. He compares its expression to Arabic poetry to illustrate its eloquence and distinguishes its moral and spiritual objectives from literary composition. The repetition and distribution of topics are interpreted as a deliberate method to reinforce key messages.<ref name=":0" />

The fourth section categorizes different methods of Quranic interpretation, including theological ([[kalam]]i), juridical ([[fiqh]]i), linguistic (lugawi), and mystical ([[Sufism|tasawwufi]]) approaches. Waliullah examines early exegetical traditions from the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] and [[Tabi'un|Followers]], particularly regarding occasions of revelation and abrogation. The section also addresses interpretive principles such as deriving rulings, analyzing semantics and eloquence, and distinguishing between apparent and hidden meanings, highlighting the diversity of scholarly methodologies.<ref name=":0" />

The fifth section supplements the discussion on gharib al-Quran and asbab al-nuzul. Waliullah reviews individual [[surah]]s, collecting narrations that clarify uncommon words and the circumstances of revelation. This section provides linguistic and historical information necessary for understanding the Quran's vocabulary and context.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Sunni books]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:20221226 20221226 1443|Arabic version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:fawz-al-kabir-compressed|English version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [[iarchive:20210812 20210812 1538|Bengali version]] at [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/al-fauz-ul-kabeer-fi-usool-ut-tafseer-shah-waliullah-dehlvi-ebooks Urdu version] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{Tafsir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hanafi tafsir literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]
[[Category:Sunni tafsir]]
[[Category:Tafsir works]]
[[Category:18th-century Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian books]]

Ulta Gadha Dham

2025-09-21T19:01:51Z

JVLEricka167:

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Ulta Gadha Dham
| image = Ulta Gadha Dham Gauriganj Amethi.jpg
| alt = Ulta Gadha Dham
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amethi district]]
| location = [[Gauriganj]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Hanuman| Hanuman Ji]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Ulta Gadha Dham''', which is also called '''Garha Mafi''', about eight kilometers from [[Gauriganj]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://amethi.nic.in/tourist-place/gadhamafi/ | title=Gadhamafi | website=amethi.nic.in}}</ref> located on the Munshiganj road from Gauriganj, about three kilometers from the Darpipur intersection, there is a 55 feet statue of [[Hanuman|Shri Hanuman ji]] located in the village Gadha Mafi, which is upside down.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://uptodaynews.com/dakshin-mukhi-hanuman-ji-ki-kripa-se-bna-bhavy-sthan-ulta-gadha/| title=दक्षिणमुखी हनुमानजी की कृपा से बना भव्य स्थान उल्टागढ़ा | website= uptodaynews.com | date=10 September 2019 }}</ref> Its height is 55 feet from the claws and its height is 75 feet from the ground, here along with [[Brahma|Brahma ji]], [[Lord Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi|Mata Lakshmi]], [[Lord Shankar|Shankar ji]], [[Parvati|Parvati Mata]], [[Durga]] Ji and [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]]'s platform are established.

==History==
According to the local people, 200 years ago there was the kingdom of Raja Raktambha Singh. It is said that he was a descendant of [[Lord Rama]], It is said that once this place, which is called Garha Mafi, used to be the palace of King Maharajos, but sometimes for some reason just some objectionable incident happened due to which the place turned upside down, which is today known as Ulta Gadha. The fort located here was turned upside down due to earthquake or divine calamity hundreds of years ago. Due to which this place is also called by the local people upside down.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur/156019070717-sultanpur-news179| title=
पर्यटन स्थल के रूप में विकसित होगा गढ़ामाफी| website=amarujala.com}}</ref>

Apart from the government, the information about the existence of ruins and arches of the fort has also been given to the Archaeological Department.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/10-religious-places-will-be-renovated-in-amethi-minister-smriti-irani-ask-proposal-in-meeting | title=अमेठी के दस धार्मिक स्थलों का होगा कायाकल्प | website=amarujala.com}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The closest airport to Ulta Gadha Dham is [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Charan Singh Airport]], Lucknow. The nearest railway station is [[Gauriganj railway station|Gauriganj Railway Station]] which connected with all important cities in the country. There are also private taxis available from Gauriganj on the journey, car rickshaws, rickshaws and tempos.

==See also==
* [[Mata Mawai Dham]]
* [[Lodi Baba Mandir]]
* [[Nandmahar Dham]]
* [[Durgan Dham Temple]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url= https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ulta+Garha+A/@26.2235991,81.692031,12z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x399a58dc0890f9e9:0x4b1ec8c2c0e285b4!8m2!3d26.2235937!4d81.7620698 | title= UltaGarha}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amethi district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Peter Mundy

2025-09-11T23:22:49Z

JVLEricka167: cleanup

{{Short description|British merchant trader, traveller and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{hatnote|For the American developmental psychologist, see [[Peter Clive Mundy]].}}

'''Peter Mundy''' (born-1597 ~ 1667) was a seventeenth-century English factor, merchant trader, traveller and writer. He was the first Englishman to record, in his ''Itinerarium Mundi'' ('Itinerary of the World'), tasting ''[[Tea|Chaa]]'' (tea) in China and travelled extensively in Asia, Russia and Europe.<ref>Peter Mundy, Merchant Adventurer, Ed. R E Pritchard, 2011, Bodleian Library, Oxford</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Ascension crake.png|thumb|Mundy's drawing of the [[Ascension flightless crake]], now extinct]]Mundy came from [[Penryn, Cornwall|Penryn]] in south [[Cornwall]]. In 1609 he accompanied his father, a [[pilchard]] trader <ref>"His father was engaged in 'the pilchard business'." [[Carrington, Dorothy]] (1949) ''The Traveller's Eye''. London: Pilot Press; p. 178</ref> to [[Rouen]] across the [[English Channel|Channel]] in Normandy, and was then sent to [[Gascony]] to learn French. In May 1611 he went as a cabin-boy in a merchant ship, and gradually rose in life until he became of independent circumstances.

He visited [[Constantinople]] in 1617, returning to London and overland via Bulgaria, [[Sarajevo]], [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Venice]], [[Chambéry]] and Paris with the English Ambassador [[Sir Paul Pindar]], and afterwards made a journey to Spain as a clerk in the employ of Richard Wyche. Following Wyche's death and a brief spell in the family Pilchard business, he returned to London and obtained employment on account of his language skills, travelling experience and reference from Pindar, with the [[East India Company]] on a salary of 25 pounds.
[[File:Peter Mundy's Relations.jpg|thumb|The title page of Mundy's Relations]]
As a fisherman and sailor it is likely that he spoke at least some [[Cornish language|Cornish]] of which he makes some account of its relation to Welsh, visiting [[Wales]] (and climbing [[Ysgyryd Fawr]]) in 1639 where he noted "few of the common or poorer sort understand any English at all".<ref>Peter Mundy, Merchant Adventurer, ed. R.E. Pritchard, 2011, Bodleian Library Press, Oxford; p, 148</ref>

He went on further voyages to India, China, and Japan, when he started from [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 14 April 1636. His journals record his being served "''Chaa''" or tea by the Chinese and tasting chocolate aboard a Spanish merchant vessel. The fleet of four ships and two [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]]s were sent out by [[Sir William Courten]], and Mundy seems to have been employed as a factor. His journals end somewhat abruptly, but a manuscript in the [[Thomas Rawlinson (barrister)|Rawlinson collection]] at the [[Bodleian Library]] continues the narrative of his life, spending many years living in the [[Hanseatic League|Hansa]] free city of [[Danzig]] - modern [[Gdańsk]] - including journeys to Denmark, Prussia, and Russia, which lasted from 1639 to 1648. Mundy himself made the drawings for the volume and traced his routes in red on the maps of [[Hondius]]. In 1663 he declared his travelling days over and retired to Falmouth. His journals record his own calculation of the distance he had travelled in his many voyages as 100,833 and 5/8th miles. His manuscripts were lost for nearly 300 years before being published by the [[Hakluyt Society]] (1905-36).

[[Philip Marsden]]'s history of Falmouth, ''The Levelling Sea'', published in 2011, provides a brief account of Peter Mundy's life on pages 131–137.

He also left the earliest description of the ''[[Musaeum Tradescantianum]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/amulets/tradescant/tradescant03.html| title = Ashmolean| access-date = 24 October 2009| archive-date = 5 August 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170805002810/http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/amulets/tradescant/tradescant03.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

== Travels to India ==
Peter Mundy travelled from [[England]] to [[Surat]], which he reached at September 1628. In 1630, it was agreed to transfer Peter Mundy to [[Agra]]. He began his journey on 11 November, reaching Agra on 3 January 1631. He served his superiors but then he was told to go to [[Patna]] to make an investment in cloth. On 6 August 1632, he set out for Patna, travelling 500 miles and reaching his destination on 20 September 1632. He did not make a good profit in Patna and decided to return to Agra in November. He reached Agra on 22 December and stayed there for two months, during which time he witnessed the marriage of [[Shah Jahan]]'s two elder sons. He appears to have enjoyed visiting [[Fatehpur Sikri]], which was deserted by [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia 1608 - 1667 Vol. II: Travels in Asia, 1628 - 1634|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/travels-peter-mundy-europe-and-asia-1608-1667-vol-ii-travels-asia-1628-1634|access-date=2022-02-17|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103151335/https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/travels-peter-mundy-europe-and-asia-1608-1667-vol-ii-travels-asia-1628-1634|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Character==
"It is rare to find a man so representative of his period as was Peter Mundy. In an age when curiosity was the outstanding characteristic of intelligent Englishmen, curiosity was the ruling passion of this life. ... His insatiable appetite for information, his eye for detail, his desire for accuracy, would have made him in modern times a first-rate scientist. ... True to his period, also, was his heartlessness ... he was more interested in the appearances of things than their implications in the lives of human beings. ... But if he was unfeeling, he was by no means insensitive; each strange item in the surprising world he had inherited is described with a spontaneous brilliance seldom to be found in modern writing."<ref>Carrington, Dorothy (1949) ''The Traveller's Eye''. London: Pilot Press; p. 178-79</ref>[[File:Mundy-Jew at Constantinople.jpg|right|thumb|"Jew at Constantinople", "A briefe relation of the Turckes, their kings, Emperors, or Grandsigneurs, their conquests, religion, customes, habbits, etc" - Istanbul 1618]]
==Itinerary==
*1530s Grandfather was ''Chanoor'' or ''Chantor'' at [[Glasney College]]
*1596 Born at [[Penryn, Cornwall|Penryn]], his father was Richard Mundy
Religious education with uncle in Devon
*1608 first voyage to [[Rouen]] with his Father trading pilchards
*1610 [[Bayonne]], Gascony to learn 'the French Tongue'
*1611 No further mention of his mother
*1613 [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda|San Lucar]] with Mr Parker
*1615 [[Seville]] with Mr Weaver, "attains" the Spanish Tongue
*1617 [[Constantinople]] with James Wyche; returns overland via [[Belgrade]]; [[Sarajevo]]; [[Split, Croatia|Split]]; [[Venice]]; [[Padua]]; [[Verona]]; [[Milan]]; crosses the Alps to [[Lyon]]s; [[Orléans|Orleans]]; [[Paris]]; [[Calais]]; [[London]]
*1620-21 Returns overland to Penryn
*1621 Seville for ‘the Copper Contract’; apparently a Falmouth-based family venture with sparse details recorded initially.
*1625 [[Valladolid]]
*1626 [[Saint-Malo|St Malo]] and [[Jersey]] – apparently an excursion for pleasure
*1628 Applies to the East India Company to [[Surat]], India on £25 salary
*1635-38 India to Japan
* 1637 June to December in Macao
*1639 ‘Petty Progress’ in England & [[Wales]]
*1640-1647 [[Amsterdam]] and [[Holland]], [[Prussia]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Poland]], [[Russia]] – based from the free city of Dantzigk / [[Gdańsk|Gdansk]]
*1647 Returns to [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]]
*1650-54 Begins writing in earnest in London
*1655-56 3rd Voyage to India on the Alleppo Merchant
*1658 Stays in London
*1663-67 Returns to complete memoires in Penryn.

==Notes==
{{commonscat|Peter Mundy}}
{{Portal bar|Cornwall|Biography|History}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{DNB|wstitle=Mundy, Peter}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundy, Peter}}
[[Category:1590s births]]
[[Category:1677 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English writers]]
[[Category:17th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:Factors]]
[[Category:Explorers from Cornwall]]
[[Category:Writers from Cornwall]]
[[Category:English male writers]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:People from Penryn, Cornwall]]
[[Category:17th-century travelers]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]

Tengra Khali

2025-08-16T19:00:30Z

JVLEricka167: new some bio basic info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tengra Khali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3094|N|88.6219|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Canning I]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.08
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_total = 1221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743329
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 3218
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar (SC)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Canning Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Canning Paschim (SC)]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tengra Khali''' is a village within the jurisdiction of the [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] police station in the [[Canning I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Canning subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|15|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Canning subdivision (Canning I & II, Basanti, Gosaba CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' R: rural/ urban centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|23|7|N|88|31|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Kalaria| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Kalaria]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|22|20|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Gaur Daha| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Gaur Daha]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|32|57|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Banshra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Banshra, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|20|0|N|88|36|9|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Rajapur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Rajapur, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|45|N|88|36|23|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Taldi| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Taldi]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|20|10|N|88|37|17|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bayarsing| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bayarsing]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|19|24|N|88|38|52|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Matla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Matla, Canning]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|17|50|N|88|40|4|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Dighirpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dighirpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Canning| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] (R)|shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Jibantala| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Jibantala]] (R)|shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|18|33|N|88|37|18|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tengra Khali| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Tengra Khali (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|22|50|N|88|33|15|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Makhal Tala| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Makhal Tala]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Deuli| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)|shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Basanti| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|12|45|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Sonakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|16|52|N|88|41|3|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Bhangonkhali| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Bhangonkhali]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jharkhali| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color17=#0048BA
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|9|54|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Gosaba| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Gosaba]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|12|29|N|88|45|6|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Pathankhali| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Pathankhali]] (R)|shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|44|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chhota Mollakhali| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chhota Mollakhali]] (R) |shape-color20=#0048BA
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|22|42|N|88|44|41|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Matherdighi| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Matherdighi]] (R) |shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|22.0482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label22=Sundarbans National Park| label-color22 = Black| label-angle22=-0| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.0882 |N|88.7068|E}}| label23=Bidyadhari River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-50| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22.1182|N|88.6282|E}}| label24=Matla River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Area overview===
Canning subdivision has a very low level of urbanization. Only 12.37% of the population lives in the urban areas and 87.63% lives in the rural areas. There are 8 [[census town]]s in the Canning I CD block and only 2 in the rest of the subdivision. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] with numerous islands in the southern part of the region. The area (shown in the map alongside) borders on the [[Sundarbans National Park]] and a major portion of it is a part of the [[Sundarbans settlements]]. It is a flat low-lying area in the South Bidyadhari plains. The [[Matla River]] is prominent and there are many streams and water channels locally known as ''khals''. A comparatively recent country-wide development is the guarding of the coastal areas with a special coastal force.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 19, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Tengra Khali is located at {{coord|22.3094|N|88.6219|E|display=inline}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Tengra Khali had a total population of 1, 221 of which 641 (52%) were males and 580 (48%) were females. There were 110 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate persons in Tengra Khali was 839 (75.52% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Baruipur-Canning Road links Tengra Khali to the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

[[Canning railway station (India)|Canning railway station]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-canning-local-34520/17315/325/7925#st | title = 34520 Sealdah-Canning Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 14 November 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Bankim Sardar College]], established in 1955, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It offers honours courses in English, Bengali, Sanskrit, history, political science, education, physics, botany, zoology, B.Com. Hons., general courses in arts, science, commerce and post graduation in Bengali.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://collegedunia.com/college/502-bankim-sardar-college-south-24-parganas |title = Bankim Sardar College |publisher= College Dunia | access-date = 16 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://bankimsardarcollege.org/Home | title = Welcome to Bankim Sardar College | publisher = BSC | access-date = 16 November 2019}}</ref>

Tengra Khali PJP School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1949.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.schoolsworld.in/schools/showschool.php?school_id=19180909001 | title = Tangrakhali PJP School | publisher = Schools World | access-date = 1 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Ghutiari Sharif Block Primary Health Centre at Ghutiari Sharif, with 10 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Canning I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =14 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Pakhi Kalan

2025-08-13T21:37:31Z

JVLEricka167: created info

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot district of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakhi Kalan
| native_name = ਪੱਖੀ ਕਲਾਂ
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|30.748916622220168|N|74.75961321903502|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| parts_type = Block
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151203
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]|
}}
'''Pakhi Kalan''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਪੱਖੀ ਕਲਾਂ) is a [[village]] located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakhi Kalan · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pakhi+Kalan,+Punjab+151203/@30.7501153,74.7491848,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919e2c2f755bc67:0xcc98a3d2f4a3b0b8!8m2!3d30.7507716!4d74.7600404!16s/g/1thg8vdw?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQyMC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Pakhi Kalan · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the population census of 2011, the village has population of 4300 of which 2292 are males while 2008 were females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakhi Kalan Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35556-pakhi-kalan-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The geographical area of village is 1691 Hectares/16.91 KM2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakhi Kalan (80) village in Faridkot taluka, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://vill.co.in/punjab/faridkot/faridkot-045002420/pakhi-kalan-80-002420355560/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The Postal code of village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pin Code: PAKHI KALAN, FARIDKOT, PUNJAB, India, Pincode.net.in |url=https://pincode.net.in/PUNJAB/FARIDKOT/P/PAKHI_KALAN |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=pincode.net.in}}</ref> The Nearest Railway Station is Pipli-Pakhi Kalan, 3.24 km which is about 3.24 Kilometers away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakhi Kalan {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Pakhi-Kalan/HdKnpaICGI |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Parveen Haque Sikder

2025-06-01T19:13:33Z

JVLEricka167: cleanup intro also and corrected details

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parveen Haque Sikder
| native_name = পারভীন হক সিকদার
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = [[List of members of the 11th Jatiya Sangsad|Member of 11th Jatiya Sangsad of Reserved Seats for Women - 39]]
| term_start = 30 January 2019
| term_end = 10 January 2024
| predecessor = [[Hazera Khatun]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|01|03|df=y}}
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| father = [[Zainul Haque Sikder]]
}}

'''Parveen Haque Sikder,''' known as '''Parveen Sikder''' (born 3 January 1963)<ref name=bio>{{Cite web |title=Constituency 339_11th_En |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=4315 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815162918/http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english?layout=edit&id=4315 |archive-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member from the Women's Reserved Seat 39.<ref name=bio/>

==Background==
Sikder was born on 3 January 1963 in the village of Kartikpur, [[Bhedarganj Upazila|Bhedarganj]] to industrialist Zainul Haque Sikder (1930–2021), founding chairman of the Sikder Group of Companies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Sikder Group Chairman Zainul Haque Sikder passes away |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/sikder-group-chairman-zainul-haque-sikder-passes-away-2042549 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref name=father>{{Cite web |title=Businessman Zainul Haque Sikder dies aged 88 |url=https://bdnews24.com/business/businessman-zainul-haque-sikder-dies-aged-88 |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=bdnews24.com |date=2021-02-10}}</ref> She has two brothers, Rick Haque Sikder and Ron Haque Sikder.<ref name=father/>

==Career==
Sikder was elected to the parliament from a women's reserved seat as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aroma, Suborna to become MP as Awami League names 41 for reserved seats |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/aroma-suborna-to-become-mp-as-awami-league-names-41-for-reserved-seats |accessdate=3 April 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=8 February 2019}}</ref> She is a director of [[National Bank Limited]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mokfor Uddin Sikder's death anniv observed |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/93586/mokfor-uddin-sikders-death-anniv-observed |accessdate=3 April 2020 |work=New Age |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikder, Parveen Haque}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bhedarganj Upazila]]
[[Category:BAF Shaheen College Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]

{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}

Hera Pheri 3

2025-05-27T22:43:56Z

JVLEricka167: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Hera Pheri (film series)#Hera Pheri 3 (TBA)]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Kurugodu

2025-05-10T20:03:40Z

JVLEricka167: general adjust page as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kurugodu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kurugodu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Kurugodu Taluk Map.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kurugodu Taluk Map
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.346|N|76.836|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bellary]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Kurugodu
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17379
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA 34
| website = {{URL|kurugodutown.mrc.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Kurugodu''' is a town in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 913400 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India |access-date=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=2008-12-18 }} Kurugodu, Bellary, Karnataka</ref> It is headquarters of Kurugodu [[taluk]] in [[Bellary district]] of Karnataka. The Sri [[Dodda Basaveshwara Temple]] (Big Basava) is located here. Every year Ratha Mahothsava of the Swamy Dodda Basaveshwara held on holy [[Purnima|Poornima]].

== Name ==
The name ''Kuṟugōḍu'' is presumably derived from the [[Kannada]] words ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B1%E0%B3%81 kuṟu]'' and ''[https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81 kōḍu]'', giving it a meaning "the hill with a small or low top". The name was presumably given in reference to one of the various hills on the north and west sides of the village. The spelling ''Kuṟugōḍu'' is attested in several medieval records (see below).<ref name="Barnett 1917">{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=Lionel D. |author1-link=Lionel Barnett |title=Two Inscriptions From Kurgod |journal=[[Epigraphia Indica]] |date=1917–18 |volume=14 |pages=265–84 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48790/page/n327 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>{{rp|265}}

== History ==
In the 1100s, Kurugodu was the site of a prominent [[hillfort]] (''durga''). It is mentioned in lists of fortresses captured by the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] kings [[Vishnuvardhana]] and [[Viraballala II]], as well as two separate inscriptions from Kurugodu itself, one on each side of the same stone slab. Inscription A, which unusually starts in [[Sanskrit]] before switching into [[Prakrit]] and then into Kannada, records four different donations to a temple of Shiva, two of which are dated: one to 6 December 1173 and the other to 24 October 1181. The inscription itself is undated, but according to [[Lionel Barnett]], it was probably made on or shortly after the 1181 date. Inscription B is incomplete and undated, but is dated to the reign of the same ruler as Inscription A: [[Rachamalla II (Sinda)|Rachamalla II]] of the [[Sinda dynasty (Karnataka)|Sinda dynasty]]. It describes the construction of a temple to Shiva at Kurugodu, and its incomplete part was probably intended to record a donation made to that temple.<ref name="Barnett 1917"/>{{rp|265–7, 278–9}}

The inscriptions identify Kurugodu as part of the contemporary district of [[Ballakunde]] (which another inscription identifies as a [[number-districts in medieval India|300-district]] within the larger region of [[Sindavadi|Sindavāḍi]]).<ref name="Barnett 1917"/>{{rp|266–7}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:Water Map of Kurugodu Taluk.pdf|thumb|left|Water Map of Kurugodu Taluk]]
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Kurugodu had a population of 17,379 with 8,815 males and 8,564 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==Geography==
* [[Bellary]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Bellary.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Bellary district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ballari district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Ballari district]]

{{Bellary-geo-stub}}

Shivakant Shukla

2025-04-04T01:00:18Z

JVLEricka167: small changes

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Shivakant Shukla
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Shivakant Shivprasad Shukla

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|1|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year1 = 2003–2010
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = 2011–2018
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 3

| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 83
| runs1 = 4189
| bat avg1 = 30.35
| 100s/50s1 = 7/19
| top score1 = 178[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 1959
| wickets1 = 26
| bowl avg1 = 41.23
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/12
| catches/stumpings1 = 87/0

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 35
| runs2 = 909
| bat avg2 = 27.54
| 100s/50s2 = 1/4
| top score2 = 122[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 215
| wickets2 = 7
| bowl avg2 = 25.28
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/20
| catches/stumpings2 = 7

| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 5
| runs3 = 32
| bat avg3 = 6.40
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 11
| deliveries3 = –
| wickets3 = –
| bowl avg3 = –
| fivefor3 = –
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = –
| catches/stumpings3 = 0/0

| date = 17 December
| year = 2017
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34017.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Shivakant Shukla''' (born 26 January 1986) is an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er who played for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/34017.html |title=Shivakant Shukla |accessdate=17 October 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=34017}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Shivakant}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Prayagraj]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1986-stub}}

Suresh Singh Chauhan

2025-03-19T18:27:56Z

JVLEricka167: new a bio nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Suresh Singh Chauhan''' (born 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gangotri Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttarkashi district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhratiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangotri Uttarakhand Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate SURESH SINGH CHAUHAN wins from Gangotri , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/gangotri-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-winuttarakhand-assembly-election-2022-news-1518616 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangotri Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Suresh Singh Chauhan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gangotri-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854083.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chauhan is from [[Gangotri]], Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Prem Singh Chauhan. He completed his Class 12 in 1994 and later discontinued his studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Singh Chauhan(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GANGOTRI(UTTARKASHI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=122 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chauhan won from Gangotri Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 29,619 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vijaypal Singh Sajwan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 8, 029 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangotri, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP retains Gangotri seat, Suresh Singh Chauhan wins with 27035 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gangotri-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922962-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangotri Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Suresh Singh Chauhan of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gangotri-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854083.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Uttarakhand Election Result 2022: BJP wins 45 seats, leads in 2; Congress wins 17 seats, leads in 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-assembly-election-result-2022-live-updates/liveblog/90112945.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, after heavy rains and resultant landslides, he approached the chief minister, who directed the Disaster Management secretary and other officials to assess the damage and arrange for distribution of compensation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Rain havoc: Gangotri MLA meets CM - Pioneer Edge {{!}} Uttarakhand News in English {{!}} Dehradun News Today{{!}} News Uttarakhand {{!}} Uttarakhand latest news |url=https://www.pioneeredge.in/rain-havoc-gangotri-mla-meets-cm/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.pioneeredge.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Suresh Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Uttarkashi district]]

Saidabad Mosque

2025-03-04T10:46:57Z

JVLEricka167: new new pg first draft!

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Saidabad Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Saidabad_Mosque.png
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 1941
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| coordinates =
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| established = {{AH|1014|link=yes}}
| founded_by = [[Mir Mu'min Astarabadi]]
| materials = [[Basalt]]
}}
The '''Saidabad Mosque''' is a [[mosque]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |author-link=M. A. Nayeem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V48MAQAAMAAJ&q=saidabad |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad |date=2006 |publisher=Hyderabad Publishers |isbn=978-81-85492-23-0 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref> The mosque was completed in the early part of the 17th century.

== History ==
The mosque was commissioned by [[Mir Mu'min Astarabadi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zore |first=Syed Mohiuddin Qadri |author-link=Mohiuddin Qadri Zore |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/meer-mohammad-momin-hayat-aur-karname-syed-muhiuddin-qadri-zor-ebooks |title= |year=1941 |pages=65 |lang=ur |script-title=ur: میر محمّد مومن: حیات اور کارنامے |trans-title=Mir Muhammad Muʼmin: Life and Achievements}}</ref> Along with the mosque was a quadrangle with fifty-six rooms. It might have served as a [[caravanserai]], or as lodging for students and teachers of a [[madrasa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty |date=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=316–317 |language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The prayer hall measures {{convert|30|by|21|ft|m|order=flip}}, and the [[façade]] contains three arched entrances.<ref name=":0" />

The [[mihrab]] is made out of black [[basalt]]. Over it is an inscription in the [[Thuluth]] script. {{AH|1014|link=yes}} is given in the inscription as the date of the mosque's erection. The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Salawat|durood]] is carved on either side of the niche.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Syed Ali Asgar Bilgrami |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280768/page/n47/mode/2up |title=Landmarks Of The Deccan |date=1927 |pages=31–32}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
[[File:Inscriptions from the Saidabad Mosque.png|thumb|Inscriptions from the mosque]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{coords missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1600s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1605]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Deccan Park (park)

2024-10-10T14:24:38Z

JVLEricka167: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Deccan Park
| photo =
| photo_width =
| photo_caption =
| map =
| map_width =
| type = Public
| location = [[Qutb Shahi tombs]], Hyderabad
| nearest_city =
| lat_d =
| long_d =
| region =
| source =
| coords_ref =
| area =
| created =
| operator = QQSUDA
| visitation_num =
| status =
| awards =
| open =
| website = 
}}
'''Deccan Park''' is a 31 acre [[Urban park|public park]] located near [[Qutb Shahi tombs|Quli Qutb Shahi tombs]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. The work ran into controversy right from its inception in 1984, since it is adjoining the historic monuments.<ref>{{cite news |title= At last, Deccan Park to be opened|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2895376.ece?homepage=true|newspaper= The Hindu|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= City to have a new park|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-to-have-a-new-park/articleshow/8502177.cms|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120709205039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-01/hyderabad/27140296_1_boating-new-park-forest-land|url-status= live|archive-date= 9 July 2012|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>

The park was originally planned to inaugurate in 2002,<ref>{{cite news |title= Deccan Park getting ready for inauguration|url= http://www.hindu.com/2002/04/30/stories/2002043006080300.htm|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126094124/http://www.hindu.com/2002/04/30/stories/2002043006080300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 26 January 2013|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2002-04-30|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> but opened in 2017.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Parks in Hyderabad, India]]

Railmagra tehsil

2024-08-16T15:26:05Z

JVLEricka167:

{{primary sources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Railmagra''' is a town in Railmagra [[Tehsil]] in [[Rajsamand District]] in [[Rajasthan]] state in India.

Railmagra is 24.6 km from its district headquarter [[Rajsamand]]. It is 271 km from its state's capital [[Jaipur]].

Nearby villages include Kuraj (6 km), Sakarawas (6.3 km), Sadri (6.3 km), Sindesar Kalan (6.5 km), and Jeetawas (7.1 km). Nearest towns are Railmagra (0 km), Rajsamand (28.1 km), Amet (36.9 km), Khamnor (41.5 km).
Rajpura-Dariba, Chokri, Dhaneriya, Charana, Gilund, Gogathala and Jawasiya are some of other villages.

== Villages in Railmagra tahsil ==
Amarpura,
Anjana,
Ardakiya,
Bakhantpura,
Bakhatpura,
Bamniya Kalan,
Banediya,
Bethumbi,
Bhama Khera,
Bharai,
Bhoorwara,
Chanpa Kheri,
Charana,
Chawandiya,
Chhapri,
Chhdanga Ka Khera,
Chhdanga Kheri,
Chhtri Khera,
Chokdi,
Damodarpura,
Dariba, (CT)
Dhaneriya,
Dheeli,
Dolatpura,
Gamerpura,
Ganeshpura,
Ganeshpura,
Gangas,
GAWARDI,
Gilund,
Gogathala,
Jagatsingh Ji Ka Khera,
Jagpura,
Jawasya,
Jeetawas,
Jeewa Khera,
Joonda,
Joonda Ki Kheri,
Kabra,
Karma Kheri,
Karoliya,
Katiya Khera,
Khandel,
Khar Bamaniya,
Khatookra,
Kolpura,
Kotrii,
Kundiya,
Kuraj,
Ladpacha,
Lakhmipura,
Lapasiya Khera,
Lathiya Kheri,
Laxmipura,
Madara,
Mahenduriya,
Makhanpuriya,
Mali Khera,
Mali Khera,
Mataji Ka Khera,
Mau,
Mega Khera,
Meniya,
Morra,
Nataji Ka Khera,
Ora,
Pachhmata,
Panotiya,
Peepali Aheeran,
Peepali Dodiyan,
Peepawas,
Pema Khera,
Phoonkiya,
Prempura,
Railmagra,
Rajpura,
Rampuriya,
Sadri,
Sakarawas,
Sansera,
Sanwaliya Khera,
Sanwalpura,
Sarwariya Kheri,
Shivpura,
Shoupura,
Sindesar Kalan,
Sindesarkhurd,
Soniyana,
Sunariya Khera,
Tara Khera,
Turkya Kheri,
Udalpura

== External links ==
* [http://www.railmagra.in www.railmagra.in]
* [http://wikimapia.org/13929797/Lalit-Samar Map of Railmagra]

[[Category:Rajsamand district]]

Garhi Kalyan

2024-01-11T21:34:52Z

JVLEricka167: Done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Garhi Kalyan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Garhi Kalyan.png
| map_caption = Map showing Garhi Kalyan in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.35611|N|78.42773|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.828
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1471
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Garhi Kalyan''' ({{IAST|Gaṛhī Kalyān}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,471, in 252 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Garhi Kalyan had a population of 1,471, in 252 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|95}} This population was 54.5% male (801) and 45.5% female (670). The 0-6 age group numbered 278 (149 male and 129 female), making up 18.9% of the total population. 738 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 50.2% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98–9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Garhi Kalyan as having a population of 922 people (504 male and 418 female), in 164 households and 162 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186–7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Garhi Kalyan as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 528 people (291 male and 237 female), in 115 households and 70 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 715 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Garhi Kalyan had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by well, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|95–100}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Mukkur N. Subramanian

2022-01-21T18:45:10Z

JVLEricka167: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Mukkur N. Subramanian''' is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Cheyyar (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyar constituency]]. He represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> He was Minister for Information Technology in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers, Govt. of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

Subramanian did not obtain support from the AIADMK to stand in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016 elections]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/polur-aiadmk-workers-condemn-it-minister/article8512407.ece |title=Polur AIADMK workers condemn IT Minister |date=23 April 2016 |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Mukkur N.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

List of districts in Andhra Pradesh

2019-11-01T14:14:37Z

JVLEricka167: added references

#REDIRECT [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh]]

Tamil (language)

2005-12-31T05:11:33Z

JVLEricka167:

#REDIRECT [[Tamil language]]