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Killbill Society (soundtrack)

2026-05-08T07:35:39Z

JAY JADABA: article

{{ai-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|2025 soundtrack album by Anupam Roy, Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and Tamalika Golder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Killbill Society
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anupam Roy]], [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]] and Tamalika Golder
| cover = Killbill Society (2025) soundtrack cover.jpeg
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = {{ubl|Ananjan's Studio, [[Kolkata]]|Niyogi's Place, Kolkata|}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 31:21<ref>{{cite news |title=Killbill Society (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/killbill-society-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/UKzV,U2giJs_ |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=JioSaavn}}</ref>
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
| prev_title = [[Bohurupi]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Aamar Boss]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = [[Anupam Roy]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Omorshongi]]
| prev_year = 2025
| title = Killbill Society
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Ranna Baati]]
| next_year = 2025
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Tamalika Golder
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = Durgo Rawhoshyo
| prev_year = 2023
| title = Killbill Society
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]
| next_year = 2025
}}
}}
'''''Killbill Society''''' is the soundtrack album to the 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[black comedy]] [[romantic thriller]] film [[Killbill Society|of the same name]], directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. A [[spiritual successor]] and thematic spin-off of his 2012 cult classic [[Hemlock Society (film)|''Hemlock Society'']], the soundtrack is primarily composed by [[Anupam Roy]], with additional compositions by [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]] and Tamalika Golder, and background score by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]].

The album was released on 29 March 2025, under the [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]] label. Lyrics were penned by Anupam and Ranajoy for their respective tracks, while Mukherji wrote the rest.

== Background and development ==
The musical identity of ''Killbill Society'' was developed as a direct response to the legacy of ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' (2012).<ref name=":0" /> While the genesis of the previous instalment focused on the "art of living" and the prevention of suicide, the 2025 film—inspired by an anecdote involving [[Angelina Jolie]] hiring a hitman for herself, revolves around the "commercial transaction of death."<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=Srijit Mukherji's 'Killbill Society' draws inspiration from Angelina Jolie's life |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjis-killbill-society-draws-inspiration-from-angelina-jolies-past-struggles-with-suicide/cid/2089803 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> [[Srijit Mukherji]] adapted this "paid killing" concept, leading to the film's title—a play on the idea of people who "kill" and then "bill."<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2025 |title=Srijit Mukherji Reveals How Angelina Jolie's Suicide Attempt Inspired Killbill Society |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/srijit-mukherji-reveals-how-angelina-jolies-suicide-attempt-inspired-killbill-society-72846.html |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> This thematic shift necessitated a soundtrack that was more cynical, experimental, and aggressive than its predecessor.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2025 |title=এটা হেনলকের ই দুনিয়ার 12 বছর পরের ঘটনা, কিন্তু কিলবিলের আনন্দকে দেখলে রোম খাড়া হয়ে যাবে.. |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kilbil-society-parambrata-chatterjee-will-be-more-in-this-character-8855325 |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref>

A central narrative in the album's production was the high-profile reunion of Mukherji and [[Anupam Roy]] for the eleventh time after ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' (2010), ''[[Baishe Sraban|Baishe Srabon]]'' (2011), ''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]'' (2012), ''[[Chotushkone]]'' (2014), ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016), ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'' (2018), ''[[Shah Jahan Regency]]'' (2019), ''[[Vinci Da]]'' (2019), ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' (2020) and ''[[Dawshom Awbotaar]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |date=1 April 2025 |title=পর্ন সাইটে কৌশানীর ঘনিষ্ঠ মুহূর্তের ভিডিও! 'কিলবিল সোসাইটি'র ট্রেলারে অ্যাঞ্জেলিনা জোলির ছায়া |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/parambrata-koushani-starrer-srijits-killbill-society-trailer-out/ |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref> Mukherji stated in an interview with ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' that returning to this "universe" felt incomplete without Anupam's lyrical sensibilities.<ref name=":0"/> Unlike their previous collaborations, which often saw Anupam as the sole composer, ''Killbill Society'' used a multi-composer approach.<ref name=":0"/> Mukherji opted for a diverse palette, bringing in Tamalika Golder and [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]], who previously worked with Mukherji on the web-series ''Durgo Rawhoshyo'' (2023) and the film ''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]'' (2024) respectively, whereas the former marked her debut in a feature-film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |date=20 February 2025 |title=অনুপম-রূপম-সোমলতা-শিলাজিৎ-অভিজিৎ-সোমলতারা টিমে! কিলবিল সোসাইটি যেন গানের জগতের রিউনিয়ন, বড় আপডেট দিলেন সৃজিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-gave-an-update-about-kilbil-society-revile-the-sings-name-of-this-movie-31740030711938.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220172706/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-gave-an-update-about-kilbil-society-revile-the-sings-name-of-this-movie-31740030711938.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Musical structure ==
The soundtrack is characterized by a "layered" approach, where each song uses specific instruments to reflect a character's psychological state.

=== Acoustic and Melancholic Tracks ===
Anupam cited the songs "Nei Tumi Aager Moto" and "Shondhe Naamey" serving as the bridge to the respective tracks "Amar Mawte" and "Ekhon Onek Raat" from ''Hemlock Society''.<ref name="t2">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=16 March 2025 |title=Does Parambrata play an agent of death in Killbill Society? A video provides the clues |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/health/does-parambrata-play-an-agent-of-death-in-killbill-society-a-video-provides-the-clues/1374078 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]}}</ref> He added the tracks relied heavily on the Piano and the Cello, creating a sense of "urban loneliness." The use of the [[Acoustic guitar]] is deliberately sparse and muted compared to Anupam's earlier works, signifying a loss of innocence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |date=7 April 2025 |title='কড়া পরিচালকটা রেপুটেশন হিসেবে ব্যবহার করি, প্যাকআপ হয়ে গেলেই…', কিলবিল মুক্তির আগে দাবি সৃজিতের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-srijit-mukherji-talk-about-his-new-up-comming-movie-killbill-society-31744006862968.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407134833/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-srijit-mukherji-talk-about-his-new-up-comming-movie-killbill-society-31744006862968.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Traditional and Philosophical Tracks ===
"Shaatjawnmer Porichoy," composed by Ranajoy, used traditional Indian instruments to ground the film's existential themes, especially [[Shehnai]] and [[Esraj]] provide a haunting, classical backdrop that contrasted with the film's modern setting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |date=6 April 2025 |title=Srijit Mukherji: আমি ফরমায়েশি ছবি করি না, করব না: সৃজিত |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-on-kaushani-mukherjee-parambrata-chatterjee-killbill-society-entertainment-news-tollywood-1128743 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref>

=== "Refereer Bnaashi": The Classical-Rock Fusion ===
The centerpiece of the album is "Refereer Bnaashi" ({{Translation|The whistle of the referee}}), a high-octane duet of [[Rupam Islam]] and [[Sidhu (musician)|Sidhu]], the two rock icons of Bengal, for the first time in the history of [[Music of Bengal|Bengali music]].<ref name=":1" /> The song is a technical experiment in [[Progressive rock|Classical-Rock Fusion]]:

==== Indian classical elements ====
The track opens with a complex [[Sarod]] and [[Sitar]] riff based on a dissonant variation of [[Raga]] [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]. The "whistle" of the title is represented by high-pitched, staccato notes on a Flute.

==== Rock Elements ====
These classical motifs are overlaid with [[Bass drum|Double-bass drumming]] and High-gain distorted Electric Guitars.

==== Symbolism ====
The fusion of the "divine" sound of the Shehnai with the "aggressive" sound of heavy metal is intended to represent the clash between destiny (the Referee) and human rebellion (the Killbill agency).<ref name=":0"/>

== Release ==
The soundtrack preceded with eight singles: "Nei Tumi Aager Moto{{En dash}}Female" was the first track released on 19 March 2025,<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |date=20 February 2025 |title=একই গানে প্রথমবার রূপম-সিধু! সৃজিতের পরিকল্পনায় 'ইতিহাস' তৈরির অজানা গল্প শোনালেন দুই রক শিল্পী |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/rupam-islam-and-sidhu-talks-about-their-first-duet-song-for-srijit-mukherji-s-killbill-society-and-they-spoke-about-their-experience-ent-136120 |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=[[Aajkal]] |language=bn}}</ref> followed by "Bhalobeshey Basho Naa" on 25 March 2025,<ref>{{cite news |date=25 March 2025 |title=The second song of Killbill Society dropped today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-second-song-of-killbill-society-dropped-today/articleshow/119462651.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325073236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-second-song-of-killbill-society-dropped-today/articleshow/119462651.cms |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> "Shondhe Naamey" on 29 March 2025,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |date=29 March 2025 |title=Birthday boy Anupam Roy's Shondhe naamey from Killbill Society is a delightful love song |url=https://t2online.in/tech/reviews/birthday-boy-anupam-roy-s-shondhe-naamey-from-killbill-society-is-a-delightful-love-song/1385123 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]]}}</ref> "Refereer Bnaashi" on 8 April 2025, "Shaatjawnmer Porichoy" on 20 April 2025, "Likhey Raakhi Prem" on 1 May 2025 and "Nei Tumi Aager Moto{{En dash}}Male" on 3 May 2025. The full album was released on 29 March 2025.<ref name=":1" /> The music launch event was held at India's tallest watch tower in Belilious Park, [[Howrah]] and the event was marked by performances from the music team in the film including Anupam Roy, [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]], Tamalika Golder, Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and Rapurna Bhattacharyya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |date=29 March 2025 |title=Music album of Srijit Mukherji's 'Killbill Society' launched at India's tallest watchtower; pictures inside |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/music-album-of-srijit-mukherjis-upcoming-film-launched-at-indias-tallest-watchtower-located-in-howrah-photogallery-prnt/cid/2091527?slide=1 |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:21
| title1 = Nei Tumi Aager Moto{{ndash}}Female
| length1 = 5:12
| lyrics1 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| music1 = Anupam Roy
| extra1 = [[Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury]]
| title2 = Bhalobeshey Basho Naa
| length2 = 4:28
| lyrics2 = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| music2 = Anupam Roy
| extra2 = Anupam Roy
| title3 = Shondhe Naamey
| length3 = 3:34
| lyrics3 = Anupam Roy
| music3 = Anupam Roy
| extra3 = Anupam Roy
| title4 = Refereer Bnaashi
| length4 = 4:58
| lyrics4 = Srijit Mukherji
| music4 = Tamalika Golder
| extra4 = [[Rupam Islam]], [[Sidhu (musician)|Sidhu]]
| title5 = Shaatjawnmer Porichoy{{ndash}}Film version
| length5 = 5:27
| lyrics5 = Srijit Mukherji
| music5 = Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| extra5 = Durnibar Saha
| title6 = Likhey Raakhi Prem
| length6 = 3:35
| lyrics6 = Srimoy Bhattacharya
| music6 = Tamalika Golder
| extra6 = Rapurna Bhattacharyya, Sudip Nandy
| title7 = Shaatjawnmer Porichoy (Ft. Abhijeet Bhattacharya)
| length7 = 5:27
| lyrics7 = Srijit Mukherji
| music7 = Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| extra7 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| title8 = Nei Tumi Aager Moto{{ndash}}Male
| length8 = 5:09
| lyrics8 = Anupam Roy
| music8 = Anupam Roy
| extra8 = Anupam Roy
}}

== Personnel ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Song
!Personnel
|-
|"Nei Tumi Aager Moto"
|Guitar: Ritaprabha Ray
|-
|"Bhalobeshey Basho Naa"
|Guitar: Anupam Roy, Rishabh Ray Bass guitar: Kaustav Biswas Violin: Souptik Mazumder Drums: Sandipan Parial
|-
|"Shondhe Naamey"
|Guitar: Rishabh Ray Saxophone: Gopal Das Bass guitar: Kaustav Biswas Drums: Sandipan Parial
|-
|"Refereer Bnaashi"
|[[Sarod]]: Subhrajyoti Sen [[Sitar]]: Purbayan Chatterjee Electric Guitar: Pritish, Soumyadeep Das [[Acoustic guitar]]: Pritish Bass: Sunny Subhadeep Saha Drums: Alloy Francis
|-
|"Shaatjawnmer Porichoy"
|[[Shehnai]]: Yogesh More [[Tabla]]: Joydeb Nandy
|-
|"Likhey Raakhi Prem"
|[[Acoustic guitar]]: Pritish
|}

=== Production ===

* Lead Composer: [[Anupam Roy]]
* Guest Composers: [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]], Tamalika Golder
* Background Score: [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
* Lyricists: Anupam Roy, [[Srijit Mukherji]]
* Music Arrangement: Nabarun Bose, Shamik Chakraborty
* Mixing & Mastering: Anindit Roy
* Label: [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Bengali film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Anupam Roy soundtracks]]
[[Category:Ranajoy Bhattacharjee soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Thriller film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

Vanathai Pola (TV series)

2026-05-07T01:27:04Z

JAY JADABA: Added The Entry V1...

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Vanathai Pola serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Family]] [[Drama]]
| creator =
| executive_producer =
| writer = Raj Prabhu
| director = A. Ramachandran R.K
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shreekumar]]
* Maanya Anand
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1146
| list_episodes =
| editor = Sajin.C
| producer = Uday Shankar
| company = [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Aura Creations
| theme_music_composer = Clement
| open_theme = "Antha Saamiya Naan Paakala"
| cinematography = Naga Krishnan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|12|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|08|17}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''''Vanathai Pola''''' ({{Translation| ''Just Like the Sky''}}) is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[family drama]] television series, starring [[Shreekumar]] and Maanya Anand. The story focuses on the bond between Chinrasu and his sister Tulasi.

It premiered on 7 December 2020 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] from Monday to Saturday<ref>{{Cite news|title=New daily soap Vanathai Pola to premiere on December 7|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-daily-soap-vanathai-pola-to-premiere-on-december-7/articleshow/79563633.cms|access-date=2023-05-20|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2020}}</ref> and ended on 17 August 2024. It was also available on the digital platform [[Sun NXT]].

During the shooting of one of the episodes for the serial, lead actor [[Shreekumar]] agreed with the option of using real human saliva instead of soap foam to shoot the sequence of [[Mahanadi Shankar]] spitting saliva on the face of Shreekumar Ganesh as part of the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=arivu |date=2023-08-01 |title=வானத்தைப்போல சீரியலில் நடிகரின் மூஞ்சில் காரி துப்பிய நடிகை.! இதுதான் காரணம் நடிகர் ஸ்ரீ விளக்கம்.. |url=https://www.tamil360newz.com/vanathapola-serial-actor-actor-sri-kumar-interview/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Tamil360Newz |language=ta-IN}}</ref> However, Mahanadi Shankar refused to spit saliva on the face of Shreekumar Ganesh, and the director opted to use one of the actresses of the serial, Chanthani Prakash, in order to shoot the sequence. Later, the scene was edited with Shankar spitting saliva on Shreekumar Ganesh's face.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinamalar |date=2023-08-01 |title=சீரியலுக்காக இவ்வளவு அர்ப்பணிப்பா...! {{!}} So much dedication for the serial...! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/115168/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/So-much-dedication-for-the-serial...!.htm |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=தினமலர் - சினிமா |language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2024}}

===Main===
*[[Shreekumar]] as Chinrasu aka Rasu: Tulasi's brother; Ponni's husband; Kumaran's father. (2021–2024)
**[[Thaman Kumar]] as Chinrasu (2020–2021)
*Maanya Anand as Tulasi: Chinrasu's sister; Vetri's ex-lover; Rajapandi's wife; Raji's mother. (2021–2024)
** Shweta Khelge as Tulasi (2020–2021)

=== Recurring ===
*Chandhini Prakash as Ponni: Muthaiah and Kamala's daughter; Chinrasu's wife; Kumaran's mother/ Preethi Kumar as Ponni
*VJ Ashwanth Karthi as Rajapandi: Sankarapandiyan and Chellathayi's son; Valli's cousin; Tulasi's husband; Raji's father (2020–2024)
*Neelima Rani as Divya: Dharshini's mother; Gowtham's wife.(2024)
*Arun Kumar Rajan as Gowtham: Dharshini's father; Divya's husband. (2024)
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Vetrivel aka Vetri: Valli's husband; Tulasi's ex-lover (2020–2024)
* Naresh Eswar as Radhakrishnan aka Krishna: Muthaiah's nephew; Meera's widower (2023)
* Shruti Shanmuga Priya as Saranya (2024)
* Geetha Lakshmi as Senbagavalli: Krishna's mother (2023–2024)
* Farzana ansari as Dharshini: Gautham and Divya's daughter (2024)
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Sankarapandiyan aka Sankarapandi: Gomathi's brother; Chellathayi's husband; Rajapandi's father (2020–2024)
* Bharath Guru as Kannan alias Muthu: Divya's brother
* [[Senthi Kumari]] as Chellathayi aka Chella: Sankrapandiyan alias Sankarapandi's wife; Rajapandi's mother (2020–2024)
* Eesan Sujatha as Gomathi: Sankarapandiyan's sister; Valli's mother (2021–2024) (Antagonist).
* Dhakshana as Valli: Gomathi's daughter; Rajapandi's cousin; Vetrivel alias Vetri's wife (2021–2024)
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]] as Inspector Veerasingam (2023–2024)
* [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] as Muthaiah: Ponni's father (2020–2024)
* Dhakshayini/ Roja sholapur as Kamala: Ponni's mother (2020–2024) (2024).
* Seeni Amma as Rajakevali: Chinrasu, Tulasi, Ponni and Rajapandi's grandmother (2020–2024)
* Britto as Pulikutty: Chinrasu and Tulasi's servant (2020–2024)
* Padmini in dual role as
* Loganayagi: Nandhini's mother (2023–2024)(Antagonist).
* Inspector Veerasingam's mother
* Godhandam as Godhandam: Chinrasu and Tulasi's Servant
* Chitra Rebecca as Nandhini: Loganayagi's daughter; Rajapandi's fiancé (2023–2024) (Antagonist).
* Sankaraesh Kumar / Santosh Daniel as Saravanan alias Saravana: Ponni's ex-love interest
* Sudha Pushpa / Unknown as Kalpana: Saravanan's mother
* Muthukuppusamy as Saravanan's father
* Unknown as Vaishavi: Saravanan's Sister
* VJ Mounika as Poorni Parameshwaran: Parameshwaran's Wife; Eshwari's daughter (2021-2023)
* Sailatha as Eswari: Vetrivel's aunt (2021)
* Ravivarman as Vetrivel's father (2021)
* Vetrivelan as Shakthivel alias (Shakthi): Vetrivel's elder brother (2021)
* Subhageetha as Vetrivel's sister-in-law, who supports Vetrivel's love; Shakthivel 's Wife (2021)
* Jennifer as Chittu: Thulasi's friend (2021)
* Unknown as Ranjith alias Parameshwaran (Paramaguru): Poorni's husband; Vetrivel's brother-in-law (2021)
* [[Bala Singh]] as Chinrasu and Tulasi's father (Posthumous photographic appearance)
* Padmini Chandrasekar as Puvaneshwari; Goutham and Vasanth's mather (2024)

===Special appearances===
* Dharish Jayaseelan as Vishwanathan alias Vishwa:Tulasi's ex-fiancé (2021)
* Unknown as Chinrasu and Tulasi's Mother (Posthumous photographic appearance)
* Ashok Pandian as Vishwanathan's father (2021)
* Sangeetha Balan as Vishwanathan's mother (2021)
* Nidhish Kutty as Lord Kartikeya Murugan and Mukhil Sivasubramaniam (2021)
* Riya Manoj as Abhirami alias Abhi Sivasubramaniam (2021)
* [[Vidhya Mohan]] as Meenal alias Meena Sivasubramaniam (2021)
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Dr. Sivasubramaniam (2021)
* [[Papri Ghosh]] as Kayalvizhi Kutty Sundaram (2021)
* Aarthi Subash as Malliga Anbu Sundaram (2021)
* Naresh Eswar as Kutty Sundaram (2021)
* Guhan Shanmugam as Anbu Sundaram (2021)
* [[Preethi Sharma]] as Venba Kavin (2022)
* [[Nandan Loganathan]] as Kavin (2022)
* Chaitra Reddy as Kayalvizhi alias Kayal (2022)
* Shamili Sukumar as Meera Radhakrishnan: Radhakrishnan alias Krishna's Wife (2023) (Dead)
* Shabana Shajahan as Anjali (mentioned and also appeared in crossover with [[Mr. Manaivi]]) (2023)
* Pavan Ravindra as Vicky (mentioned and also appeared in crossover with Mr. Manaivi) (2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Thaman Kumar]] was selected to portray the lead role as Chinrasu, In December 2021 he left the show because of an inconvenience of his role.<ref name="Thaman Kumar">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chinnarasu-aka-thaman-quits-vanathai-pola-deets-inside/articleshow/88403850.cms|title=Chinnarasu aka Thaman quits Vanathai Pola; deets inside|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-show-vanathai-pola-sees-double-exit-after-swetha-thaman-kumar-too-leaves-4582565.html|title=Tamil Show Vanathai Pola Sees Double Exit; After Swetha, Thaman Kumar Too Leaves|website=www.news18.com|date=22 December 2021 }}</ref>

[[Shreekumar]] replaced him in the role of Chinrasu from episode 313.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jyotika |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/new-chinrasu-in-vaanathai-pola-serial/174420/|title=வானத்தைப் போல சீரியல் புது சின்ராசு இவர்தான்.. இணையத்தில் வெளியானது சூட்டிங் ஸ்பாட் புகைப்படம்|website=kalakkalcinema.com|date=24 December 2021 }}</ref>

Shwetha Khelge with the series by playing as Thulasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/suntv-serial-vanathai-pola-thulasi-swetha-khelge-biography-342744/|title=கன்னட அறிமுகம்… தெலுங்கில் பாப்புலர் நடிகை.. சீரியலில் பாசமலர் சாவித்ரி… வானத்தைப் போல துளசி பர்சனல் ப்ரொஃபைல்!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref> she quit the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/first-swetha-khelge-now-actor-thaman-kumar-leaves-tamil-show-vanathai-pola-reports-4566047.html|title=First Swetha Khelge, Now Actor Thaman Kumar Leaves Tamil Show Vanathai Pola: Reports|website=www.news18.com|date=17 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/sun-tv-vanathai-pola-main-cast-quits-from-the-serial|title="அடுத்தடுத்து ஹீரோ, ஹீரோயின் விலகினா தயாரிப்பாளர் தலையிலதான் துண்டு!"- 'வானத்தைப் போல' பஞ்சாயத்துகள்|website=cinema.vikatan.com |date=20 December 2021 }}</ref>

Maanya Anand replaced her in the role of Thulasi from episode 301.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-update-shwetha-khelge-replaced-by-manya-in-vanathai-pola-serial-383396/|title=புது துளசி வந்தாச்சு; அட, நம்ம வீட்டுப் பொண்ணு மாதிரியே இருக்காங்க!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Ashwanth Karthi and [[Ashwanth Thilak]]<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jyotika |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/vanathai-pola-serial-actor-in-lady-getup/168686/|title=சன் டிவி சீரியலுக்காக லேடி கெட்டப் போட்ட பிரபல நடிகர்.. இணையத்தில் வைரலாகும் ஷாக் புகைப்படம் – பாராட்டித் தள்ளும் ரசிகர்கள்|website=kalakkalcinema.com|date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> play their supporting roles.

After Sangeetha quit the show, Preethi Kumar replaced her. However, she also left resulting in Chandini Prakash to play the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-serial-vanathai-pola-set-for-a-major-cast-change-deets-inside/articleshow/92394524.cms|title=Tamil TV serial 'Vanathai Pola' set for a major cast change|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 June 2022 }}</ref>

In August actor Naresh Eswar was cast as Radhakrishnan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-actor-narendran-eshwar-joins-the-cast-of-vaanathai-pola/articleshow/102599815.cms|title=Tamil TV actor Narendran Eshwar joins the cast of 'Vaanathai Pola'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2023 }}</ref> and Shamili Sukumar was cas as Meera Radhakrishnan in Special appearances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-shamili-sukumar-joins-the-cast-of-vaanathai-pola/articleshow/102490182.cms|title=Actress Shamili Sukumar joins the cast of 'Vaanathai Pola'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=7 August 2023 }}</ref>

In end of September 2023, actor [[Sanjeev Venkat]] was cast as Veerasingam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-actor-sanjeev-venkat-joins-the-cast-of-vaanathai-pola/articleshow/103980405.cms|title=Tamil TV actor Sanjeev Venkat joins the cast of 'Vaanathai Pola'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

On 15 June 2024, [[Neelima Rani|Neelima Rani as Divya]], Arun Kumar Rajan as Gowtham, Sruthi Shanmuga Priya as Saranya, Sreedharan Gopal as Vasanth and Barath Guru as Kannan alias Muthu. for a new parallel storyline with Chinrasu and Ponni.<ref name="Neelima Rani & Arun Kumar">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-arun-rajan-and-neelima-join-the-cast-of-vanathai-pola/articleshow/111204727.cms|title=Actors Arun Rajan and Neelima join the cast of 'Vanathai Pola'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 June 2024}}</ref>

== Crossover episodes ==
* It had a Mahasangamam with [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] from 1–7 February 2021, and then with [[Sundari (Tamil TV series)|Sundari]] from 12 to 24 July 2021 and with [[Mr. Manaivi]] from 15 May 2023 to 27 May 2023 .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-thilak-is-excited-for-mahasangamam-of-vanathai-pola-and-poove-unakkaga-read-post/articleshow/80615189.cms|title=Actor Thilak is excited for Mahasangamam of Vanathai Pola and Poove Unakkaga; read post|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=31 January 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=17158922}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about siblings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Television series by Sun Entertainment]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

P. K. Praveen

2026-05-06T00:42:04Z

JAY JADABA: Created some post w/ infobox...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. K. Praveen
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| constituency = [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1970}}
| father = K. P. Divakaran
| occupation = Businessman
| education = Post Graduate
}}

'''P. K. Praveen''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from the [[Rashtriya Janata Party]] (RJD), currently serving as the MLA for [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]].<ref name="NDTV_Kuthuparamba" /><ref name="Hindu_Praveen" />

== Personal life ==
P. K. Praveen is the son of K. P. Divakaran. He completed his post-graduation and has been active in business and local social welfare activities in Kannur district.<ref name="MyNeta_Praveen" /><ref name="Manorama_Praveen" />

== Political career ==
In a historic turn for the RJD in Kerala, Praveen won the Kuthuparamba seat as an LDF candidate in 2026.<ref name="Express_Praveen" /> He defeated the IUML candidate in one of the closest contests in the state, securing the first assembly representation for his party in Kerala.<ref name="TOI_RJD" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi_Praveen" /> His victory was celebrated as a significant breakthrough for the RJD's expansion into South India.<ref name="News18_Praveen" /><ref name="Asianet_Praveen" />

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election: Kuthuparamba
|-
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! %
|-
| style="background-color: #008000" | '''[[RJD]]''' || '''P. K. Praveen''' || '''70,448''' || '''43.03'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[IUML]] || Jayanthi Rajan || 69,162 || 42.25
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | [[BJP]] || Adv. Shijilal || 22,195 || 13.56
|}
<ref name="ECI_Kuthuparamba" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Kuthuparamba">{{cite web |title=Results 2026 - Kuthuparamba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S1114.htm |publisher=ECI}}</ref>

<ref name="NDTV_Kuthuparamba">{{cite web |title=Live: Kuthuparamba Election Results 2026 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/kerala-assembly-election-results-2026/kuthuparamba |work=NDTV}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_RJD">{{cite news |title=RJD wins a seat in Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rjd-wins-a-seat-in-kerala/articleshow/130808815.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Praveen">{{cite news |title=LDF candidate wins Kuthuparamba |work=The Hindu |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Express_Praveen">{{cite news |title=RJD scripts history in Kerala |work=The Indian Express |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Manorama_Praveen">{{cite news |title=Praveen wins for LDF |work=Malayala Manorama |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Mathrubhumi_Praveen">{{cite news |title=RJD opens account in assembly |work=Mathrubhumi |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="News18_Praveen">{{cite news |title=P. K. Praveen wins |work=News18 Kerala |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Asianet_Praveen">{{cite news |title=Kuthuparamba: Praveen wins by 1.2k votes |work=Asianet News |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta_Praveen">{{cite web |title=Affidavit: P. K. Praveen |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=153 |publisher=ADR}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]

Parwan Campaign (1840)

2026-05-05T01:25:35Z

JAY JADABA: Created first info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Battle between Afghans and British during First Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Parwan Campaign
| width =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = October 2 – November 1840<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Jonathan L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present|date=15 January 2019|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78914-010-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Dalrymple | first=W. | title=The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan | publisher=Bloomsbury | series=Borzoi book | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4088-1830-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud4_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA478 | access-date=15 June 2020 | page=478}}</ref>
| place = [[Parwan Province]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = Barakzai Afghan victory{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=254-255}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=180-182}}
| combatant1 = '''Barakzais''' [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Emirate of Kabul]] Kohistani Rebels
| combatant2 = '''Durranis''' [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Kingdom]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]] [[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|23px]] [[East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1823–1839).svg|12px]] [[Mohammad Afzal Khan]] [[Mir Masjidi Khan]]
| commander2 = Timur Mirza Durrani [[Robert Sale]] Percival Lord{{KIA}} Fraser{{WIA}} Edward Connolly{{KIA}} Ponsonby{{WIA}}
| strength1 = 400 (at Parwan Darra){{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=180}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Light
| casualties2 = Heavy, hundreds killed and wounded{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=255}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox First Anglo-Afghan War}}
| partof = [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
}}
The '''Parwan Campaign''' took place from October–November 1840, as a result of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]'s rebellion against [[Shah Shuja Durrani|Shah Shuja]] and the British backed regime. The campaign saw over thirteen battles, with each ending in an Afghan victory, including a final confrontation at Parwan Darra with [[Robert Sale]] and Dost Mohammad.

==Background==
In 1839, the British invaded [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] to restore [[Shah Shuja Durrani]], a former ruler of [[Durrani dynasty|Durrani]] descent. The British wished to restore Shah Shuja to the throne as a puppet and to counter-act growing Russian influence in the region. The British successfully invaded and forced [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] to flee from Kabul, which prompted in him leading to a growing insurgency with the Mir Wali of Khulm in northern Afghanistan.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=233-244}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=249-252}}

Khan found allies elsewhere, where he allied with the leaders of the Kohistan rebellion that had tried to depose him prior. They realized their mistake of opposition toward Dost Mohammad, and now called for his restoration, seeking to support him. They had disagreed with previous actions by the Shah Shuja.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=252}}

The rebels believed that they did not owe allegiance to Dost Mohammad. Instead, the Sadozais were their allies.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=254}} And now, having heard of Sale's attack on Jalgah, Mir Masjidi accused Ghulam Khan and the British of perfidy, fully defecting to Dost Mohammad's side alongside a group of pirs.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=254}}

The British were defeated in 13 different battles and unable to halt the Afghan resistance.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=180}}

==Battle==
On 2 November 1840, Dost Mohammad engaged battle at Parwan Darra with Sale.{{sfn|Lee|2019|pp=253-254}} Dost Mohammad held a strong defensive position with over 400 cavalrymen.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=180}} Dr. Lord, died amongst this fighting that broke out.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=255}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Dost Mohammad Khan’s Surrender 1840.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dost Mohammad Khan's surrender in 1840 following his victory at Parwan Darra.]]
Sultan Muhammad was followed by Dost Mohammad Khan during 1840.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=255}}

Despite his victory at the battle of Parwan Darra, Dost Mohammad surrendered due to rising plots of assassination against him by his Kohistani allies. This shocked even the British, with Dost Mohammad Khan perhaps not realizing how close he was to total victory.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=256}} After his surrender, he would be exiled to British India. However, following his exile, he would return to rule after his son, [[Wazir Akbar Khan]] led an active resistance that saw British withdrawal in 1842.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=256}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=290-307}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2013|p=184}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
* [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]
* [[Sher Ali Khan]]

[[Category:1840s in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:First Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Anglo-Afghan Wars|01]]
[[Category:Invasions of Afghanistan|Anglo-Afghan War 01]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1840 in Asia]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Military campaigns involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:History of Parwan Province]]

Bindi

2026-04-28T19:47:12Z

JAY JADABA:

{{Short description|Dot worn on the centre of the forehead}}
{{Otheruses}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Kullu Himachal Pradesh India Woman.jpg|upright|thumb|Hindu woman in [[Kullu]], Himachal Pradesh wearing a stick-on bindi]]

A '''bindi''' (from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Bindu (symbol)|bindú]]'' meaning "point, drop, dot or small particle")<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Etymology for bindi |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bindi |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=16 January 2022 |quote=borrowed from Hindi ''bindī'', literally, "dot, mark" (or a cognate Indo-Aryan word), going back to the Middle Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit stem ''bindu-'' "drop, spot," it’s worn by Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina and some Sikhs |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116032943/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bindi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bindi etymology |url=https://etymologeek.com/eng/bindi |publisher=Etymologeek |access-date=16 January 2022 |language=English |quote=English word bindi comes from Hindi बिंदी |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914135842/https://cooljugator.com/etymology/en/bindi |url-status=live }}</ref> is a coloured dot or, in modern times, a [[sticker]] worn on the centre of the forehead, by [[Hindus]], [[Jainism|Jains]], and [[Buddhists]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]] in place of the [[Tilaka|tilak]]. While modern stick-on bindis are worn by many women following Indian religions, they may also use [[sandalwood]] paste or create a tilak using [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kajal]] as is the original practice followed by both men and women.

A bindi is a bright dot of some colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the [[eyebrow]]s or in the middle of the forehead that is worn in the Indian subcontinent (particularly amongst female Hindus in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]])<ref name="Khanna 1979: p.171">Khanna 1979: p. 171</ref> and Southeast Asia among [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Malaysian]], [[Hinduism in Singapore|Singaporean]], [[Hinduism in Vietnam|Vietnamese]], and [[Hinduism in Myanmar|Myanmar]] Hindus. A similar marking is also worn by babies and children in [[China]] and, as in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, represents the opening of the [[third eye]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2014-09/10/content_562942.htm |title=Guidelines for school entrance in ancient China |last1=Xiaoou |first1=Yu |date=10 September 2014 |publisher=ChinaCulture.org |access-date=16 February 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930092952/http://en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2014-09/10/content_562942.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]] the bindi is associated with the [[ajna]] [[chakra]], and [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267">Mercier (2007). p. 267.</ref> is known as the [[third eye]] chakra. [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]] is the point or dot around which the [[mandala]] is created, representing the universe.<ref name="Swami Ranganathananda 1991 21">{{cite book|author=Swami Ranganathananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0vfFZh9BIIC&q=Big+Bang+theory+and+Indian+philosophy&pg=PA21|title=Human Being in Depth: A Scientific Approach to Religion|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1991|isbn=0791406792|page=21|author-link=Ranganathananda}}</ref><ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83">Shakya, pp. 82–83</ref> The bindi has a religious, historical and cultural presence in the region of [[India]] and with the Hindu, [[Indian diaspora]] around the world.<ref>''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor'', by [[Keat Gin Ooi]] p. 642</ref><ref>''Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia'' by Daigorō Chihara p. 226</ref> However, non-Hindu women in South Asian region may also wear bindi for fashion, good luck & beauty.

==Religious significance==
{{See also|Ajna|Chakra|Bindu (symbol)|Tilaka}}
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Ajna chakra.svg
| width1 = 750
| height1 = 536
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Ajna]] chakra has two lotus petals dedicated to the sun, the other to the moon (e.g. light and dark, or male and female) merged at the centre.
| image2 = IndianDancer.jpg
| width2 = 300
| height2 = 300
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Bindi and traditional head ornament with sun and moon pendants on an [[Indian classical dancer]]
| direction =
}}

Traditionally, the area between the eyebrows (where the bindi is placed) is said to be the sixth [[chakra]], ''[[ajna]]'', the seat of "concealed wisdom." The bindi is said to retain energy and strengthen concentration. The bindi also represents the [[third eye]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Couples Fuel India's Vibrant Art Scene | date = 13 October 2011 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/arts/14iht-rartcouples14.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&sq=bindi&st=cse&scp=1 | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 20 October 2011}}</ref>
The [[Nasadiya Sukta]] of the Rig Veda, the earliest known Sanskrit text, mentions the word ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]''.<ref name="nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha">{{cite web|url=http://loudthinkingkeyargomes.blogspot.ca/2012/09/nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha.html|title=nasadiya-suktha-and-purusha-suktha|date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Female figure with hair ornaments, terracotta, 200-250 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Female figure with bindi ornament, terracotta, 200–250 BCE]]

The [[Ajna]] is symbolised by a [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] with two petals, and corresponds to the colours violet, indigo or deep blue, though it is traditionally described as white. It is at this point that the two sides Nadi [[Ida (yoga)]] and Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central channel Sushumna, signifying the end of duality, the characteristic of being dual (e.g. ''light'' and ''dark'', or ''male'' and ''female''). The [[bīja|seed syllable]] for this chakra is the syllable OM, and the presiding deity is [[Ardhanarishvara]], who is a half male, half female Shiva/Shakti. The Shakti goddess of Ajna is called Hakini. In metaphysics, [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]] is considered the dot or point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state".<ref name="Khanna 1979: p.171"/><ref name="Swami Ranganathananda 1991 21"/> Bindu is the point around which the [[mandala]] is created, representing the universe.<ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83"/> [[Ajna]]'s key issues involve balancing the higher and lower selves and trusting inner guidance. Ajna's inner aspect relates to the access of intuition. Mentally, Ajna deals with visual consciousness. Emotionally, [[Ajna]] deals with clarity on an intuitive level.<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/>

[[File:Prajnaparamita Java.jpg|thumb|upright|Goddess Tara depicted with [[Ajna]] ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bhrumadhya Bindu]]'' known as ''inner gaze''. Bhrumadhya is the point in the centre of the forehead commonly referred to as the third eye, or centre of consciousness.<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/>]]

In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]].<ref name="Mercier 2007. p. 267"/> Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with ''Bhrumadhya [[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu]]'', in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows, other spot being the tip of the nose—Naasikagra. The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses one's sight, so that it helps concentration.<ref name="Shakya, p. 82-83"/>

[[File:Yakshi. Bharhut, Satna, C. 2nd cent BC. Bhopal Museum.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Relief from stupa, 2nd century B.C. Only female figures were marked with the [[Nelumbo nucifera|sacred lotus]] during this period]]

The bindi has multiple meanings:

* Archaeology has yielded clay female figurines from the Indus Valley with red pigment on the forehead and hair parting. It is unclear whether this held any religious or cultural significance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=M. Kenoyer|first1=Jonathan|title=Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195779401|page=186|edition=1st}}</ref>
* In Hinduism, the colour red represents honour, love, and prosperity, hence bindis are worn to symbolise these qualities after marriage in particular.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pintchman|first1=Tracy|title=Women's Lives, Women's Rituals in the Hindu Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/womensliveswomen00pint|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Oxford|isbn=978-0195177060|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womensliveswomen00pint/page/n106 90]–97}}</ref>
* In meditation, the point between the eyebrows (Bhrumadhya) is where one focuses one's sight, to help concentration. Most images of Hindu, Jain or Buddhist divinities in meditative poses with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between the eyebrows (another spot being the tip of the nose—naasikagra)
* Swami Muktananda writes that "auspicious [[Kumkum]]a or sandalwood paste is applied (between the eyebrows) out of respect for the inner Guru. It is the Guru's seat. There is a chakra (centre of spiritual energy within the human body) here called Ajna chakra, meaning 'Command centre'. Here is received the Guru's command to go higher in Sadhana (spiritual practice) to the 'Sahasraar' (seventh and final chakra) which leads to Self-realisation. The flame seen at the eyebrow is called 'Guru Jyoti'."<ref>''From Finite to Infinite'', by Swami Muktananda, SYDA Foundation, S. Fallsburg, New York, 1989, pp. 88–89</ref>
* The encyclopaedic ''Dictionary of Yoga'' reports that this 'Ajna Chakra' is also called the 'Third eye'. This centre is connected with the sacred syllable '[[Om]]' and presiding, is '[[Parashiva]]'. On activating this centre, the aspirant overcomes '[[Ahamkara|Ahankāra]]' (the ego or sense of individuality), the last stop on the path of spirituality.<ref>''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Yoga'', by Georg Fuerstein, Paragon House Publishers, New York, 1990, p. 15</ref>

The bindi continues to hold symbolic significance rooted in Indian mythology and is traditionally associated with Hindu culture. "wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women. The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India."

==Traditional application method==
[[File:HinduBrideIndia.jpg|thumb|right|Bride with decorative bindis and ''maang tika'' between hair parting where married women apply [[sindoor]]]]
A traditional bindi is red or maroon in colour as it mimics [[sindoor]] or [[Kumkuma|kumkum]] which is used as part Hindu religious ceremonies and rituals along with [[sandalwood]], [[turmeric]] and ash. A pinch of vermilion powder is applied with a ring-finger to make a dot. A small annular disc aids application for beginners. First, a sticky wax paste is applied through the empty centre of the disc. This is then covered with kumkum or vermilion and then the disc is removed to get a round bindi. Various materials such as [[Lac (resin)|lac]], sandal, "aguru", [[mica]], "kasturi", kumkum (made of red turmeric) and [[sindoor]] colour the dot. Saffron ground together with [[Safflower|"kusumba" flower]] can also work. Traditionally they are green in colour with a red dot in the middle.<ref>{{cite book|title=The book of Hindu festivals and ceremonies|last=Bahadur|first=Om Lata|isbn=81-86112-23-5|publisher=UBS Publishers Distributors ltd.|year=1996|location=New Delhi|edition=3rd|page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/168 168]|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/168}}</ref> The bindi is no longer restricted in colour or shape.<ref>Khadi and Village Industries Commission, Government of India</ref><ref name="hbc1">Parvesh Handa, "Home Beauty Clinic", Pustak Mahal, {{ISBN|81-223-0099-5}}</ref>

[[File:Lac Bindis.jpg|thumb|left|Ornamental bindis were made and sold by [[Lac (resin)|lac]] workers known as [[Lakhera]].]]
Historically, the ornamental bindi spangle consists of a small piece of lac over which is smeared vermilion, while above it a piece of mica or thin glass is fixed for ornament. Women wore large spangles set in gold with a border of jewels if they could afford it. The bindi was made and sold by lac workers known as [[Lakhera]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20668/20668-h/20668-h.htm|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume IV}}</ref> In Hinduism, it's part of the ''Suhāg'' or ''lucky trousseau'' at marriages and is affixed to the girl's forehead on her wedding and thereafter always worn.<ref name="hbc1"/> Unmarried girls optionally wore small ornamental spangles on their foreheads. A widow was not allowed to wear bindi or any ornamentation associated with married women.<ref name="hbc1"/> In modern times, self-adhesive bindis are available in various materials, usually made of felt or thin metal and adhesive on the other side. These are simple to apply, disposable substitutes for older lac tikli bindis. Sticker bindis come in many colours, designs, materials, and sizes.

[[File:Maker unknown, India - Krishna and Radha - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|Courtesan [[Bani Thani]] as [[Radha]] with ornamental bindi spangle, {{Circa|1750}}]]
There are different regional variations of the bindi. In Maharashtra a large [[crescent|crescent moon]] shaped bindi is worn with a smaller black dot underneath or above, associated with ''[[Chandrabindu]]'' and ''[[Bindu (symbol)|Bindu chakra]]'' represented by crescent moon, they are commonly known as ''Chandrakor'' in this region, outside Maharashtra they are popularly known as ''Marathi bindi''. In Bengal region a large round red bindi is worn, brides in this region are often decorated with ''Alpana'' design on forehead and cheeks, along with bindi. In southern India a smaller red bindi is worn with a white tilak at the bottom, another common type is a red [[tilaka|tilak]] shaped bindi. In Rajasthan the bindi is often worn round. Long [[tilaka|tilak]] shaped bindi are also common, as well as the crescent moon on some occasions. Decorative bindis have become popular among women in South Asia, regardless of religious background. Bindis are a staple and symbolic for women in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Priyabala Shah (April 1986) "Tilaka: Hindu marks on the forehead", p.88</ref>

In addition to the bindi, in India, a [[vermilion]] mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as a symbol of life-long commitment to their husbands. During all Hindu marriage ceremonies, the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride's hair.<ref name="gwynne">{{cite book|last=Gwynne|first=Paul|title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|year=2009|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Maiden, MA|isbn=9781444360059|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdsRKc_knZoC&q=Sindoor+wedding+groom&pg=RA5-PT91}}</ref>

Apart from their cosmetic use, bindis have found a modern medical application in India. Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north-west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhar|first1=Shobha|title=Iodine bindis for tribal women to fight deficiency|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Iodine-bindis-for-tribal-women-to-fight-deficiency/articleshow/46884611.cms|access-date=25 July 2015|agency=The Times of India|publisher=TNN|date=11 April 2015}}</ref>

===Related customs in other Asian regions===
[[File:Bali-Danse 0717a.jpg|thumb|A [[Balinese people|Balinese]] dancer with a white bindi]]
{{See also|Balinese Hinduism|Greater India}}
In [[Southeast Asia]], bindis are worn by the [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Javanese people|Javanese]], and [[Sundanese people]] of [[Indonesia]]. For example, bindis are often worn by brides and grooms in [[Java]] and other parts of [[Indonesia]], regardless of their religious beliefs.

The Indonesian practice of wearing a bindi originated from the cultural influence brought about by the [[Greater India|Indianized]] Hindu kingdoms that once ruled Indonesia. Historically, other Indianized kingdoms in [[Southeast Asia]] also took part in this practice.

== Teep ==
[[File:Festival_of_Colors_(7409586600).jpg|thumb|right|[[Bengalis|Bengali]] girl from [[Bangladesh]] wearing Teep on the occasion of [[Pohela Boishakh]]]]
'''Teep''' or '''tip''' is the Bengali word for the bindi. Teep is a part of [[Bengali culture]] and worn widely by both Bengali Hindu and non-Hindu Bengali women in [[West Bengal|West Bengal, India]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is a common practice for Bengali Hindu women to wear the teep or bindi regularly and especially on festivals such as Durga Puja and Saraswati Puja, while non-Hindu Bengali women adorn themselves with teeps as an ethnic practice. The adoption of the teep as an ethnic practice is rooted from the long history of Bengali Muslims living alongside Bengali Hindus and adopting their marriage, bridal, and familial customs. <ref>{{Cite web |last=চৌধুরী |first=মধুমন্তী |date=September 22, 2015 |title=পুজোর বাজারে সাবেকি টিপ |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/puja-fashion-on-teep-and-bindia-1.211756 |access-date=December 25, 2023 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tags/teep | title=Teep }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=P.K.BALACHANDRAN |date=2019-04-17 |title=Bangladesh Asserts its Bengali Identity in Mass Celebration of Pohela Boishak |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/5/16732/Bangladesh-Asserts-its-Bengali-Identity-in-Mass-Celebration-of-Pohela-Boishak-- |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=টিপটপ টিপ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/a2z/2020/03/22/889166 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.kalerkantho.com}}</ref> By the 18th century, the use of teeps had become very common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ইসলাম |first=সায়েদুল |date=April 2, 2022 |title=বাঙালি নারীদের মধ্যে টিপ পরার প্রচলন শুরু হলো যেভাবে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-60988562.amp |access-date=December 25, 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref>

== Bindis in Pakistan ==
In [[Sindh]], some Muslim Sindhi women apply a black dot or line by "Kajjal or Surmo ([[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]])" on the forehead and chin, and sometimes three dots or lines around eyes as part of historic and ancestral Hindu traditions that have sustained post-Partition. As an [[amulet]] believed to protect against the evil-eye, these dots are called Tikro or the Hindi '[[Tilaka|Tilak]]' (singular), or Tikra (plural).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ٽڪو2 : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا) |url=http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D9%BD%DA%AA%D9%882 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=www.encyclopediasindhiana.org |language=sd}}</ref>

Like in India, in Sindh, when a child is born, black dots/marks and lines are drawn on their faces. In modern times, stick-on bindiyas of different shapes and designs have become very common in rural Sindh, and are applied by both Muslims and Hindus. However, this is in decline as it is considered to be appropriately used by Sindhi Hindus only.

In the pre-modern era in Sindh, Hindu brides and even some Muslim brides were applied with many dots of "Tira" (moles) drawn upon their face and lips with needles dipped in [[antimony]] and other colouring matters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C |title=Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus |date=1851 |publisher=W. H. Allen |language=en}}</ref>

The type of forehead tattoo called Khaal or Sheen Khal was also common among Afghan and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] women,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=Khaal, The Tattoo of Afghan Womxn |url=https://www.herculture.org/blog/2021/3/31/khaal-the-tattoo-of-afghan-womxn |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Her Culture |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Moxet |date=2020-11-25 |title=Sheen Khal / blue tattoo are the Beauty Marks for Pakhtun females |url=https://pukhtoogle.com/sheen-khal-blue-tattoo-are-the-beauty-marks-for-pakhtun-females/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Pukhtoogle |language=en-US}}</ref> although it is no longer done for religious reasons. As in Sindh, dots are made using kohl or other material. Bindis are also used by [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] and some [[Baloch people|Baloch]] tribal women of Pakistan. However, many [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]] and [[Punjabis]] consider the use of bindis to be un-Islamic. Due to this, the use of bindis has declined in most of Pakistan except for the Hindu majority villages and areas of Sindh such as in Nagarparkar.

==Modern use==
[[File:2012-08 Woodstock 12.jpg|thumb|Bindis and other religious affiliated markings are worn by recent Hindu converts like [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishnas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sadananda.com/|title=Svami Sadananda Dasa: Disciple of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati and Guru of Vamandas (Walther Eidlitz)|work=sadananda.com|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042014/http://www.sadananda.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Bindis are sometimes worn purely for decorative purpose or style statement without any religious or cultural affiliation.<ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522184733/http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm2/templates/?a=139901&z=268 Khu phố Little India ở Artesia], ''Nguoi Viet Online'', 11 November 2011, Retrieved 22 November 2011</ref> Decorative and ornamental bindis were introduced to other parts of the world by immigrants from the Indian subcontinent.<ref>[http://www.elperiodic.com/denia/noticias/146263_juventud-organiza-mercadillo-solidario-beneficio-fundacion-vicente-ferrer.html Juventud organiza un mercadillo solidario a beneficio de la Fundación Vicente Ferrer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407012251/http://www.elperiodic.com/denia/noticias/146263_juventud-organiza-mercadillo-solidario-beneficio-fundacion-vicente-ferrer.html |date=7 April 2012 }}, ''elperiodic.com'', 17 November 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2011</ref> International celebrities such as [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Julia Roberts]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8270556.stm | work=BBC News | title='Pretty Woman' in temple upset | date=23 September 2009 | access-date=26 April 2010 | archive-date=29 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929194226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8270556.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],<ref>{{cite news | title = Try a bindi now with Western wear | date = 6 October 2011 | url = http://punjabnewsline.com/content/try-bindi-now-western-wear/29719 | work = Punjab Newsline | access-date = 20 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120330081155/http://punjabnewsline.com/content/try-bindi-now-western-wear/29719 | archive-date = 30 March 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Selena Gomez]] and many others have been seen wearing bindis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/selena-gomez-causes-controversy-wearing-bindi-mtv-movie-awards-I533548|title = Should Selena Gomez apologize for wearing a bindi at the MTV Movie| date=17 April 2013 }}</ref> The appropriateness of such uses has been disputed. Reacting to Gomez wearing a bindi while singing her song "[[Come & Get It (Selena Gomez song)|Come and Get It]]", Hindu leader [[Rajan Zed]] said that the bindi has religious significance and should not be used as a fashion accessory,<ref>{{cite web | last = Sieczkowski| first = Cavan | title = Selena Gomez Bindi: Hindu Leaders Demand Apology For MTV Movie Awards Costume| website = [[Huffington Post]]| date = 16 April 2013| url = https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/selena-gomez-bindi-mtv-movie-awards_n_3092129.html| access-date = 25 September 2015}}</ref> but Indian actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] praised Gomez's choice as "an embrace of Indian culture".<ref>{{cite magazine | last = DelliCarpini | first = Gregory Jr. | title = Selena Gomez's Bindi Styling: Offensive? Bollywood Star Priyanka Chopra Talks About the Star's Usage | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = 22 May 2013 | url = https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/selena-gomezs-bindi-styling-offensive-bollywood-star-priyanka-1563147/ | access-date = 25 September 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215913/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/1563147/selena-gomezs-bindi-styling-offensive-bollywood-star-priyanka | url-status = live }}</ref> Additionally, several rappers have adopted jewelled bindis, most notably [[Lil Uzi Vert]], who debuted a $24 million pink diamond bindi in February 2021. They were inspired by [[Lil B]] who wore a diamond bindi in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lil Uzi Vert's $24 Million Forehead Diamond Was Inspired by Lil B|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/lil_uzi_verts_24_million_forehead_diamond_was_inspired_by_lil_b|access-date=2021-02-17|website=exclaim.ca|language=en-ca}}</ref>
[[File:Bindi Tamil Lady.jpg|thumb|Tamil woman wearing bindi]]

==Alternative terms==
A bindi can also be called:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4248259 | title = Dazzling bindis | access-date = 20 October 2011 | date = 10 October 2011 | work = MSN India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111012051854/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/gallery/Photoviewer.aspx?cp-documentid=4248259 | archive-date = 12 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* ''Phot'' or ''Phut'' (literally meaning a small pressing mark) in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* ''Tip'' (literally meaning "a pressing") in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* ''Tikuli'' (literally meaning "a small [[Tilaka|tika]]") in [[Madheshi people|Madhyadeshi areas]]
* ''Chandlo'' (literally meaning moon shape) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
* ''[[Tilak]]a'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
* ''Tika'' in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* ''Kunkuma'' or ''Bottu'' or ''Tilaka'' in [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
* ''Tilakaya'' in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
* ''Tikli'' in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
* ''Kunkoo'' or ''Tikali'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
* ''Tikili'' in [[Odia language|Odia]]
* ''Bindi'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] meaning long red mark
* ''Pottu'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
* ''Bottu'', ''Kunkuma, or'' ''Tilakam'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* ''Tikli'' in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
* ''Tyok'' in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
* ''Tilkodi'' in [[Sindhi Language|Sindhi]]

==See also==
*[[Huadian (make-up)|Huadian]], a traditional Chinese forehead decoration
* [[Paklei Namsa]]
* [[Thirunamam]]
* [[Tilaka]]
* [[Urna]]
* [[Vibhuti]], sacred ash applied across the forehead

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bindi}}

{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindi (Traditional Ornaments)}}
[[Category:Body art]]
[[Category:Cosmetics]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Red symbols]]
[[Category:Types of jewellery]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]

[[fr:Bindi]]

A. C. Srinivasa

2026-04-28T15:04:22Z

JAY JADABA: Put Up Basic Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''A. C. Srinivasa''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Bangalore Urban district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Pulakeshinagar Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate A C Srinivasa Wins From Pulakeshinagar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sarvagnanagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601878 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakir |first=Somayya |date=2023-05-13 |title=Pulakeshinagar (SC) Election Result 2023 Live: Cong Won in This Karnataka Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pulakeshinagar-sc-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-in-karnataka-today |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Srinivasa is from Devanahalli. His father A. M. Chinnavenkataiah is a farmer. He completed his graduation on commerce in 1989 from V. V. Puram College which is affiliated with [[Bangalore University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A C Srinivasa(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PULAKESHINAGAR (SC)(B.B.M.P(NORTH)) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8220 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Srinivasa unsuccessfully contested [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]] against [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Arvind Limbavali]].<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref> But won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Pulakeshinagar Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He polled 87,316 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Akhanda Srinivas Murthy]] of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], by a margin of 62,210 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Pulakeshinagar Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: A C Srinivasa of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pulakeshinagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7794949.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasa, A. C. }}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bengaluru]]

Department of Horticulture (Punjab, India)

2026-04-23T12:22:54Z

JAY JADABA: put up a post initial version!

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Department of Horticulture, Government of Punjab
| native_name_a = {{Lang|pa|ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ, ਪੰਜਾਬ ਸਰਕਾਰ}}
| logo = Department of Horticulture, Punjab, India.png
| headquarters = Kheti Bhawan, Mohali
| chief1_name = Director of Horticulture, Punjab
| website = {{URL|horticulture.punjab.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Department of Horticulture''', [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] (Punjabi: ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ, ਪੰਜਾਬ ਸਰਕਾਰ) is the apex body for horticultural development in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It works for increasing the land under [[Horticulture|horticultural crops]], providing quality planting material, providing technical know-how to the farmers, reducing post harvest losses, etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=home |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The department is responsible for implementation of schemes such as MIDH, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, National Bee Keeping and Honey Mission and development of [[sericulture]] in the state.<ref name=":0" />

== Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020 ==
[[File:Punjab Government Gazette, Nov 6, 2020.png|thumb|372x372px|Punjab Government Gazette, CHD/092/2018-2020 notifying the Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020]]
The Department of Horticulture, Punjab is the licensing authority for seed potato production and Director of Horticulture, Punjab is the appellate authority as per the Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=Nov 6, 2020 |title=The Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%2018%20of%202020.pdf |access-date=Nov 26, 2022 |website=prsindia.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=The Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020 |work=Punjab Government Gazette, Extraordinary |publication-date=Nov 6, 2020 |url=https://dsa.punjab.gov.in/EGazette/finalreport}}</ref> The Punjab Cabinet approved Punjab Tissue Culture Based Seed Potato Act, 2020 on 30 Oct 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Cabinet nod for tissue culture-based seed potato rules |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/punjab-cabinet-nod-for-tissue-culture-based-seed-potato-rules20211107172552/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=Oct 14, 2020 |title=Punjab govt allows production of quality seed potato for boosting income |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/punjab-govt-allows-production-of-quality-seed-potato-for-boosting-income-120101401237_1.html |access-date=Nov 25, 2022}}</ref> It came into effect on 6 Nov 2020. The purpose of this act is to provide for regulating the quality of potato seeds produced through tissue culture plants in aeroponics or net houses, etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> This act makes certification and traceability of potato seed mandatory to ensure quality control.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=Govt will develop Doaba as quality potato seed hub: Rana Gurjit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/govt-will-develop-doaba-as-quality-potato-seed-hub-rana-gurjit-101639169008851.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Its implementation helps to incentivize potato production, leading to greater diversification by bringing more area under potato crop cultivation.<ref name=":3" />

== Agriculture Infrastructure Fund ==
[[File:AIF Excellence Awards 2024- Punjab wins award for Best Performing State.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Punjab wins Best Performing State (2023–24) Award at the AIF Excellence Awards held at New Delhi, presented by Minister of Agriculture, India, [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] (center)]]
The [[Government of India]] launched Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme in July 2020 with a corpus of Rs. 1,00,000 crores.to provide financial support to agri-entrepreneurs, start-ups, agri-tech players and farmer groups for infrastructure and logistics facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=PM Modi launches ₹1-lakh crore Agriculture Infrastructure Fund |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-modi-launches-financing-facility-worth-rs-1-lakh-crore-under-agri-infra-fund/article32308553.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet nod for Rs 1 lakh crore agri-infra fund |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/govt-decided-to-set-up-an-agri-infrastructure-fund/articleshow/76854880.cms |access-date=2022-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Scheme Guidelines for CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME of Financing facility under 'Agriculture Infrastructure Fund' |url=https://agriinfra.dac.gov.in/Content/DocAttachment/FINALSchemeGuidelinesAIF.pdf |access-date=Nov 25, 2022 |website=agriinfra.dac.gov.in}}</ref> In this fund, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state was initially allotted INR 4713 [[crore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fund Allocation |url=https://agriinfra.dac.gov.in/Home/FundAllocation |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=agriinfra.dac.gov.in}}</ref> Punjab achieved this initial target ahead of schedule and accordingly this allocation was increased to Rs. 7,050 Crores in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chand |first=Gopal |date=2025-02-28 |title=ਏਆਈਐੱਫ ਅਲਾਟਮੈਂਟ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ ਸੱਤ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਕਰੋੜ ਕੀਤੀ: ਭਗਤ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/chandigarh/aif-allocation-increased-to-seven-thousand-crores-bhagat/ |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Punjabi Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ਕੇਂਦਰ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਨੇ ਏ.ਆਈ.ਐਫ. ਅਲਾਟਮੈਂਟ ਨੂੰ ਵਧਾ ਕੇ 7,050 ਕਰੋੜ ਰੁਪਏ ਕੀਤਾ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/punjab/centre-lauds-punjab-agri-infrastructure-success-raises-aif-allocation-to-7050-crore/2664755 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=pa}}</ref>

The Department of Horticulture is the state nodal agency for implementation of this scheme in Punjab for which it has set up a Project Monitoring Unit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Khanna |first=Ruchika M |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Rs 1,890 cr pledged for post-harvest tech in Punjab |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/1-890-cr-pledged-for-post-harvest-tech-in-punjab-449295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2022 |title=Sarari bats for establishing value chains for agriculture & horticulture produce |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/sarari-bats-for-establishing-value-chains-for-agriculture-horiculture-produce-175293 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=Punjab News Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjha |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-08-05 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਨੇ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਫ਼ੰਡ ਸਕੀਮ ਅਧੀਨ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਅਰਜ਼ੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਵਾਨਗੀ ਨਾਲ ਦੂਜਾ ਸਥਾਨ |url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/news/punjab/punjab-ranked-second-in-the-country-with-approval-of-maximum-number-of-applications-under-agriculture-infrastructure-fund-scheme-chetan-singh-jaudamajra-736090 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=punjabi.abplive.com |language=pa}}</ref> The department organizes stakeholder activities across the various districts of Punjab to maximize the implementation and awareness of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਐਗਰੀਕਲਚਰ ਇਨਫਰਾਸਟਰੱਕਚਰ ਫੰਡ ਸਕੀਮ ਤਹਿਤ ਜ਼ਿਲ੍ਹਾ ਪੱਧਰੀ ਸੈਮੀਨਾਰ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/kapurthala-district-level-seminar-under-agriculture-infrastructure-fund-scheme-9227112.html |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=Punjabi Jagran News |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural projects worth 3300 crore rupees started in Punjab under successful implementation of AIF scheme: Jauramajra |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/agricultural-projects-worth-3300-crore-rupees-started-in-punjab-under-successful-implementation-of-aif-scheme-jauramajr-211776 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=www.punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref>

As of October 2023, Punjab state ranks No.1 in India in terms of maximum number of applications sanctioned under the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਫ਼ੰਡ ਸਕੀਮ ਤਹਿਤ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਅਰਜ਼ੀਆਂ ਮਨਜ਼ੂਰ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਸੂਬਾ ਬਣਿਆ ਪੰਜਾਬ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-punjab-became-the-first-state-to-approve-the-maximum-number-of-applications-under-the-agricultural-infrastructure-fund-scheme-9291970.html |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Punjabi Jagran News |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ ਫ਼ੰਡ ਸਕੀਮ ਤਹਿਤ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਅਰਜ਼ੀਆਂ ਮਨਜ਼ੂਰ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਸੂਬਾ ਬਣਿਆ ਪੰਜਾਬ |url=https://livingindianews.co.in/punjab/punjab-became-the-first-state-to-approve-the-maximum-number-of-applications-under-the-agricultural-i |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Living India News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanjha |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-10-19 |title=Punjab News: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਨੇ ਮਾਰਿਆ ਵੱਡਾ ਮਾਰਕਾ ! ਬਣਿਆ ਪਹਿਲਾ ਸੂਬਾ, AIF ਵਿੱਚ ਮਾਰੀ ਬਾਜ਼ੀ, ਜਾਣੋ ਕੀ ਹੈ ਖ਼ਾਸ |url=https://punjabi.abplive.com/news/punjab/punjab-hit-a-big-mark-the-first-state-formed-know-what-is-special-753023 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=punjabi.abplive.com |language=pa}}</ref>

As of June 2024, 9 out of the top 10 districts in India are from Punjab (in terms of total number of projects sanctioned).<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIPR Punjab |url=https://ipr.punjab.gov.in/en/press-releases/hq-press-releases/agriculture-infrastructure-fund/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ipr.punjab.gov.in}}</ref>

In January 2025, the Punjab government reported sanctioning of over 20,000 projects under AIF scheme in the state and highlighted the successful promotion of the scheme by the Department of Horticulture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Punjab Leads in Agricultural Infrastructure Development: Mohinder Bhagat |url=https://ipr.punjab.gov.in/en/press-releases/hq-press-releases/punjab-leads-in-agricultural-infrastructure-development-mohinder-bhagat/ |access-date=January 10, 2025 |publisher=Directorate of Information & Public Relation, Government of Punjab}}</ref>

=== Awards and Recognition ===
Punjab won the "Best Performing State" Award, 2023–24 at the AIF Excellence Awards held at New Delhi on 3 September 2024. The award was presented by [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], the Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India. The Minister of Horticulture Sh. Chetan Singh Jouramajra congratulated the Horticulture Department and the AIF Project Monitoring Unit for their role in elevating the scheme in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab News: ਪੰਜਾਬ ਨੂੰ ਏ.ਆਈ.ਐਫ. ਸਕੀਮ ਤਹਿਤ ਭਾਰਤ ’ਚ ਬਿਹਤਰੀਨ ਪ੍ਰਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਕਰਨ ਵਾਲਾ ਰਾਜ ਐਵਾਰਡ ਮਿਲਿਆ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/punjab/aif-scheme-punjab-get-best-performer-state-award-was-received-in-india/2416339 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DIPR Punjab |url=https://ipr.punjab.gov.in/en/press-releases/hq-press-releases/best-performing-state-award/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=ipr.punjab.gov.in}}</ref>

In January 2026, Punjab was awarded Best Performing State and Best State Project Monitoring Unit at the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Regional Conference held in Chandigarh by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=Punjab bags two awards for strengthening agri infra |url=http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/4103692/The-Tribune/TT-09-January-2026 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=epaper.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=Punjab honoured with two awards for strengthening agriculture infrastructure {{!}} Rozana Spokesman Epaper [Punjabi News] |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/epaperpage/21/09-01-2026/6-punjab-10/punjab-honoured-with-two-awards-for-strengthening-agriculture-infrastructure.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Rozana Spokesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Punjab Horticulture Advancement and Sustainable Entrepreneurship (PHASE) ==
[[File:Launch of Project PHASE.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Launch of Chilli Cluster under Project Phase by Kultar Singh Sandhwan, Chetan Singh Jauramajra, Fauja Singh Sarari, and other officials at Ferozepur, Punjab.]]
The Punjab Horticulture Advancement and Sustainable Entrepreneurship (PHASE) program was launched on March 17 in Ferozepur, Punjab by [[Chetan Singh Jauramajra]], [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan|Kultar Singh Sandhawan]] along with other officials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formal inauguration of first Chilly Cluster of Punjab at village Mahalam in Ferozepur by Speaker Sandhwan and Chetan Singh Jauramajra |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=161664&headline=Formal-inauguration-of-first-Chilly-Cluster-of-Punjab-at-village-Mahalam-in-Ferozepur-by-Speaker-Sandhwan-and-Chetan-Singh-Jauramajra |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title=Horticulture Advancement Sustainable Entrepreneurship project being launched in Punjab |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/horticulture-advancement-sustainable-entrepreneurship-project-being-launched-in-punjab/articleshow/98698134.cms |access-date=2023-04-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Under PHASE, the department has launched a chilli cluster at Ferozepur with the aim of increasing the efficiency in the value chain, improving the marketing of the product and encouraging crop diversification.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 17, 2023 |title=First chilli cluster inaugurated in Ferozepur |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/first-chilli-cluster-inaugurated-in-ferozepur-489031}}</ref>

As a measure to improve product quality and to develop horticulture crop clusters in major production zones of Punjab, Punjab Horticulture Advancement and Sustainable Entrepreneurship (PHASE) was announced on the state level in the Punjab State Budget 2024-25 presented by finance minister [[Harpal Singh Cheema]] at the Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Punjab budget 2024-25: Incentives for farmers to grow fruits, mushrooms and more, here’s what’s new in horticulture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/diversification-push-punjab-to-incentivize-farmers-to-grow-orchards-9195677/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Punjab Budget 2024 Focuses on Agriculture, Education and Health, Know All About It |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/news/punjab/050324/punjab-budget-2024-live-finance-min-harpal-cheema-presents-state-budg.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Rozana Spokesman |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, the first shipment of litchi was exported from the cluster in Pathankot district to Doha and Dubai. The consignment, comprising rose-scented litchi, was facilitated by the [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority]] in collaboration with the Punjab Department of Horticulture and other stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A first, rose-scented litchis from Punjab reach Qatar, UAE markets |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/a-first-rose-scented-litchis-from-punjab-reach-qatar-uae-markets/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2025 |title=India Flags Off First Consignment of Rose-Scented Litchi from Pathankot to Qatar |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2140065&reg=3&lang=2 |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=https://www.pib.gov.in/ |publisher=Press Information Bureau, New Delhi}}</ref>

In April 2026, a consignment of green chillies was exported to Dubai from the cluster in Ferozepur district, in what was described as the state’s first such shipment. The consignment was flagged off by [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]], Speaker of the Punjab Legislative Assembly. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-22 |title=Sandhwan flags off Punjab’s 1st shipment of 15 MT green chillies to Dubai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sandhwan-flags-off-punjabs-1st-shipment-of-15-mt-green-chillies-to-dubai/articleshow/130425064.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The initiative was associated with the Department's efforts efforts to enhance farmers’ market access and promote agricultural exports from the state. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab flags off first 15 MT Green Chilli export to Dubai, boost for farmers’ income |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=220075&headline=Punjab-flags-off-first-15-MT-Green-Chilli-export-%C2%A0to-Dubai,-boost-for-farmers%E2%80%99-income |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Babushahi.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Agricultural University - PAU - Ludhiana, Punjab - INDIA - pau.edu |url=https://pau.edu/index.php?_act=manageEvent&DO=viewEventDetail&dataE=datae&intID=12331 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=pau.edu}}</ref>[[File:Finance Minister announcing PHASE Scheme at Punjab Vidhan Sabha.png|thumb|265x265px|Finance Minister announcing PHASE Scheme at Punjab Vidhan Sabha]]

== Estates ==
The Department of Horticulture, Punjab works to establish various estates across Punjab based on horticultural crops. These estates are equipped with the technological information and machinery to provide facilities to the horticulturists for producing high-quality fruits and cutting the cost of fruit production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Punjab to set up horticulture estates in 4 districts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-to-set-up-horticulture-estates-in-4-districts-101665434694983.html |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-10-11 |title=Punjab to set up four horticulture estates |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/punjab-to-set-up-four-horticulture-estates/article65995329.ece |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> Training and information dissemination activities are conducted in these estates for the farmers of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਸਿਟਰਸ ਅਸਟੇਟ ਹੁਸ਼ਿਆਰਪੁਰ ਦੀ ਜਨਰਲ ਬਾਡੀ ਦੀ ਮੀਟਿੰਗ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/archive/features/news-detail-1457463 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-28 |title=ਕੀਟਨਾਸ਼ਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਲਈ ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਦੀ ਲਓ ਸਲਾਹ |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.in/farming/progressive-farming/280318/take-help-of-horticulture-department-for-the-use-of-pesticides.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Rozana Spokesman}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=Amritsar: ਨਾਖ ਦੀ ਸਫਲ ਕਾਸ਼ਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਲਗਾਈ ਗਈ ਟਰੇਨਿੰਗ |url=https://punjab.news18.com/news/amritsar/training-for-successful-cultivation-of-pear-ap-as-local18-307855.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=News18 Punjab |language=pa}}</ref> Citrus Estate, Hoshiarpur houses Punjab's first biofertilizer production laboratory.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 3, 2023 |title=State gets its first biofertiliser production lab at Hoshiarpur |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/state-gets-its-first-biofertiliser-production-lab-at-hoshiarpur-476493}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=इस राज्य में नई आधुनिक लैब शुरू, खत्म होगा रासायनिक खादों का प्रयोग... बढ़ जाएगी किसानों की इनकम |url=https://www.abplive.com/agriculture/first-biofertilizer-lab-started-in-punjab-reduce-chemical-fertilizer-2326526 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5" |List of estates<ref name=":0" />
|-
!S.no
!Name of the Estate
!Location
!Villages covered
!Image
|-
!1
|Citrus Estate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area under horticulture increases in Muktsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/area-under-horticulture-increases-in-muktsar-300340 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
|Badal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Citrus%20Estate,%20Badal |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|85
|[[File:Citrus Estate, Badal, Punjab.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!2
|Citrus Estate<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਕਿੰਨੂ ਉਤਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਈ-ਮਾਰਕੀਟਿੰਗ ਦੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/archive/features/ਕਿੰਨੂ-ਉਤਪਾਦਕਾਂ-ਨੂੰ-ਈ-ਮਾਰਕੀਟਿੰਗ-ਦੀ-ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ-ਦਿੱਤੀ-1444227 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=pa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ਬਾਗ਼ਵਾਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਦਾਬਹਾਰ ਬੂਟੇ ਲਗਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਸੱਦਾ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/archive/features/ਬਾਗ਼ਵਾਨਾਂ-ਨੂੰ-ਸਦਾਬਹਾਰ-ਬੂਟੇ-ਲਗਾਉਣ-ਲਈ-ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ-ਵਿਭਾਗ-ਨਾਲ-ਸੰਪਰਕ-ਕਰਨ-ਦਾ-ਸੱਦਾ-1239617 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=pa}}</ref>
|Bhunga<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Citrus%20Estate,%20Bhunga |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|379
|[[File:Citrus Estate, Bhunga, Punjab.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!3
|Citrus Estate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citrus Estate Hoshiarpur {{!}} District Hoshiarpur, Government of Punjab, India |url=https://hoshiarpur.nic.in/tourist-place/citrus-estate-hoshiarpur/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=ਕਿੰਨੂੰ ਦੀ ਬਰਬਾਦ ਫ਼ਸਲ ਤੋਂ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਬਣਾ ਰਹੇ ਬਾਇਓ ਐਂਜ਼ਾਈਮ |url=https://punjab.news18.com/news/punjab/news-punjab-read-punjab-farmers-creating-bio-enzymes-from-rotten-kinnows-gh-ap-264625.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=News18 Punjab |language=pa}}</ref>
|Hoshiarpur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Citrus%20Estate,%20Hoshiarpur |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|150
|[[File:Citrus Estate, Hoshiarpur.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!4
|Citrus Estate<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਪਾਣੀ ਸਟੋਰ ਟਂਕ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾ ਰਹੀ ਸਬਸਿਡੀ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/fazilka-discussions-with-gardeners-of-different-villages-of-citrus-estate-tahliwala-jatts-9076577.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Punjabi Jagran News |language=pa}}</ref>
|Tahliwala Jattan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Citrus%20Estate,%20Tahliwala%20Jattan |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|213
|[[File:Citrus Estate Tahliwala Jattan.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!5
|Citrus Estate<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=Huge losses: Area under kinnow in Punjab dips 16% on lower prices for growers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/huge-losses-area-under-kinnow-in-punjab-dips-16-on-lower-prices-for-growers/story-BUlu3M1iXQ2M6suIFF54gM.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-21 |title=Explained: How some Punjab farmers are creating bio-enzymes from kinnow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-some-punjab-farmers-are-creating-bio-enzymes-from-kinnow-7582569/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|Abohar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Citrus%20Estate,%20Abohar |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|99
|[[File:Citrus Estate Abohar.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!6
|Pear Estate<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |title=Pear estate to boost fruit trade in Amritsar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pear-estate-to-boost-fruit-trade-in-amritsar/articleshow/22448230.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
|Amritsar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Pear%20Estate |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|District Amritsar, Tarn Taran and surroundings
|[[File:Pear Estate, Amritsar.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!7
|Guava Estate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guava research centre at Wajidpur |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/guava-research-centre-at-wajidpur-607071 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=ਪਟਿਆਲਾ ਦੇ ਵਜੀਦਪੁਰ ਵਿਚ ਬਣੇਗੀ ਗੁਆਵਾ ਏਸਟੇਟ, ਅਮਰੂਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਵਾਲਿਟੀ ਸੁਧਾਰ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ ਜਾਂਚ |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.in/farming/progressive-farming/020718/guava-estate-will-build-in-patiala.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Rozana Spokesman}}</ref>
|Patiala<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Guava%20Estate |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|District Patiala and surroundings
|[[File:Guava Estate, Patiala.jpg|thumb]]
|-
!8
|Litchi Estate<ref>{{Cite news |date=Dec 19, 2014 |title=Punjab to set up two estates for litchi, pear |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/punjab-to-set-up-two-estates-for-litchi-pear-114121900930_1.html |access-date=Nov 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-12 |title=Gurdaspur to come up as litchi cultivation hub |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/gurdaspur-to-come-up-as-litchi-cultivation-hub/story-Dl5GygFd9hUL3ANIit2VhP.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|Pathankot<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Horticulture Punjab |url=https://horticulture.punjab.gov.in/?p=EStates&p1=Litchi%20Estate |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=horticulture.punjab.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|District Pathankot, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur
|[[File:Litchi Estate, Pathankot.jpg|thumb]]
|}

== Sericulture ==
[[File:Silk_Mark_Expo_2024,_Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the Silk Mark Expo 2024 in Chandigarh by Cabinet Minister Sh. Mohinder Bhagat (Government of Punjab). P. Sivakumar, Member Secretary, Central Silk Board (Government of India) on the right.]]
The Sericulture Wing of the Department of Horticulture, Punjab, is responsible for managing silk production in the state, with an emphasis on supporting small-scale and economically disadvantaged farmers. Punjab's silk production is concentrated in the Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Pathankot districts, and the state primarily produces bivoltine mulberry and eri silk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mann Govt reopens state's only silk seed grainage center in Dalhousie closed for 15 years |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=186505&headline=Mann-Govt-reopens-state's-only-silk-seed-grainage-center-in-Dalhousie-closed-for-15-years |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.babushahi.com}}</ref>

Sericulture wing of the department has won the SKOCH Silver Award in 2024 for project titled 'Women Empowerment and Socio-Economic Growth through Sericulture'. Earlier, it had achieved the semi final position in 2023.

=== Punjab Silk ===
In 2024, the Punjab government launched the "Punjab Silk" brand with an intention to provide recognition and marketability of local silk and boost farmer incomes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=ਬਾਗ਼ਬਾਨੀ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਜੌੜਾਮਾਜਰਾ ਦਾ ਐਲਾਨ, ਪੰਜਾਬ ਆਪਣੇ ਬ੍ਰਾਂਡ ਅਧੀਨ ਬਾਜ਼ਾਰ 'ਚ ਉਤਾਰੇਗਾ ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਉਤਪਾਦ; ਲੋਗੋ ਜਾਰੀ - Punjab to launch silk products under its own brand Horticulture Minister Chetan Singh Jouramajra unveils logo |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/chandigarhmohali-punjab-to-launch-silk-products-under-its-own-brand-horticulture-minister-chetan-singh-jouramajra-unveils-logo-9407049.html |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Punjabi Jagran |language=pa}}</ref>

As part of the initiative, the government reopened the Dalhousie silk seed production center, which had previously been closed. This center is aimed at enhancing the availability of silk seeds to support local production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab Govt reopens state’s only silk seed grainage centre in Dalhousie |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/govt-reopens-states-only-silk-seed-grainage-centre-in-dalhousie-633005/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, there are plans to establish a silk reeling unit in Pathankot, intended to facilitate local processing of silk cocoons and reduce production costs.

The sericulture initiative is designed to benefit approximately 1,200 to 1,400 farmers, many of whom come from disadvantaged backgrounds. By focusing on local silk processing and introducing the "Punjab Silk" brand, the department is aiming to streamline production and improve marketability for locally produced silk. These efforts are part of a broader strategy to support rural communities engaged in sericulture and strengthen the sector's economic contribution to the region's agricultural economy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-22 |title=Pb to launch silk products under own brand: Min |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-government-to-launch-silk-products-to-boost-farmers-income/articleshow/113560962.cms |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Silk Mark Expo ===
The Silk Mark Expo 2024 was conducted for the first time in Chandigarh from 4/12/24 by the [[Silk Mark]] Organization of India- Central Silk Board, in collaboration with the Sericulture Wing, Department of Horticulture, Punjab. This expo was launched to encourage silk farming in Punjab, to act as a platform for artisans and traders from all over India and to showcase the growth of sericulture in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Punjab Horticulture Minister Mohinder Bhagat inaugurates Silk Mark Expo 2024 |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=195671&headline=Punjab-Horticulture-Minister-Mohinder-Bhagat-inaugurates-Silk-Mark-Expo-2024 |work=Babushahi |department=Babushahi Bureau}}</ref>

The Expo was inaugurated by Minister of Horticulture, Shri [[Mohinder Bhagat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਮਹਿੰਦਰ ਭਗਤ ਨੇ 'ਸਿਲਕ ਮਾਰਕ ਐਕਸਪੋ-2024' ਦਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਉਦਘਾਟਨ |url=https://punjab.news18.com/news/punjab/chandigarh-punjab-horticulture-minister-mahendra-bhagat-inaugurates-silk-mark-expo-2024-hs-local18-697309.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=News18 ਪੰਜਾਬ |language=pa}}</ref> The Minister also launched a document titled 'Journey of Sericulture in Punjab' which highlights the initiatives, growth, and achievements of sericulture sector of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ ਮੰਤਰੀ ਮਹਿੰਦਰ ਭਗਤ ਨੇ ਸਿਲਕ ਮਾਰਕ ਐਕਸਪੋ- 2024 ਦਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਉਦਘਾਟਨ - mobile |url=https://m.jagbani.punjabkesari.in/punjab/news/punjab-horticulture-minister-mahendra-bhagat-inaugurates-silk-mark-expo-2024-1529913 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=jagbani}}</ref>

== Center of Excellence and other infrastructure ==
The department has established Centers of Excellence for vegetables, fruits, potato and floriculture at Kartarpur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ 'ਚ ਉਸਾਰਿਆ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ ਵੈਜੀਟੇਬਲ ਐਕਸੀਲੈਂਸ ਸੈਂਟਰ |url=https://www.punjabitribuneonline.com/news/archive/features/ਕਰਤਾਰਪੁਰ-ਚ-ਉਸਾਰਿਆ-ਜਾਵੇਗਾ-ਵੈਜੀਟੇਬਲ-ਐਕਸੀਲੈਂਸ-ਸੈਂਟਰ-519043 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=pa}}</ref> Hoshiarpur,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-04 |title=Centre of excellence for citrus fruits to come up in Hoshiarpur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/centre-of-excellence-for-citrus-fruits-to-come-up-in-hoshiarpur/story-YVOuTvnAoUNtcWQDhxdnQM.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Jalandhar,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab set to have agriculture centres of excellence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjab-set-to-have-agri-centres-of-excellence/articleshow/59292913.cms |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Ludhiana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab farms to bloom with flowers |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-farms-to-bloom-with-flowers-58613 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> respectively. These centers function as sites for front line demonstrations, training as well as sources of quality planting material. Stakeholder activities are organized in these centers for development of horticulture in the state. Other infrastructure include potato seed farms, community canning centers, fruit preservation lab, landscape units, mushroom lab and nurseries.<ref name=":0" /> The Center of Excellence for Vegetables won the SKOCH Award (Silver), while the Center of Excellence for Potato was a semi-finalist at the SKOCH Awards for the year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=ਸਕੌਚ ਐਵਾਰਡ 2023 : ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਬਾਗ਼ਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਨੇ ਸਿਲਵਰ ਐਵਾਰਡ ਅਤੇ 5 ਸੈਮੀਫ਼ਾਈਨਲ ਪੁਜ਼ੀਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਹਾਸਲ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ - Scotch Award 2023 Horticulture Department of Punjab achieved silver award and 5 semi final positions {{!}} ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਬਾਗ਼ਬਾਨੀ ਵਿਭਾਗ ਨੇ ਸਿਲਵਰ ਐਵਾਰਡ ਅਤੇ 5 ਸੈਮੀਫ਼ਾਈਨਲ ਪੁਜ਼ੀਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਹਾਸਲ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/chandigarhmohali-scotch-award-2023-horticulture-department-of-punjab-achieved-silver-award-and-5-semi-final-positions-9333539.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Punjabi Jagran |language=pa}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Punjab, India]]

Vikar Rasool Wani

2026-04-22T02:18:51Z

JAY JADABA: Added New Page With Sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikar Rasool Wani
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Banihal]], Jammu and Kashmir
| image =
| office = President [[Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee|Jammu and Kashmir Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 16 August 2022
| term_end = 16 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
| successor = [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = Molvi Abdul Rashid
| successor2 = [[Sajad Shaheen]]
| constituency1 = [[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2018
| constituency2 = [[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]
| children =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Vikar Rasool Wani'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/jk2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=871 | title=VIKAR RASOOL WANI(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Banihal(RAMBAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He represented [[Banihal Assembly constituency]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 2008 till 2018. Wani had served as the President of [[Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee]] from August 2022 to August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/cong-appoints-vikar-rasool-wani-its-jk-chief-ghulam-nabi-azad-to-head-campaign-committee/1085212/ | title=Cong appoints Vikar Rasool Wani its J&K chief; Ghulam Nabi Azad to head campaign committee | date=16 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-appoints-vikar-rasool-wani-its-j-ghulam-nabi-azad-to-head-campaign-committee/cid/1880522 | title=Ghulam Nabi Azad resigns from Congress' campaign committee hours after being appointed chairman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ghulam-nabi-azad-resigns-from-j-k-congress-campaign-committee-hours-after-being-appointed-chairman-3260411 | title=Ghulam Nabi Azad and Others Resign Key Posts in Huge Congress Revolt | publisher=NDTV | date=17 August 2022 | accessdate=29 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jammu-kashmir-congress-revamp-resignations-8094916/lite/ | title=Four resignations already, J&K Congress revamp may harm party more | date=17 August 2022 }}</ref>

Wani began his political career when he won a councillor seat from Banihal in the municipal elections. He was later named as a candidate for the [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. He won from Banihal constituency twice, in the 2008 and [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] in the state. In the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly elections]], Wani lost to Sajad Shaheen of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] by a margin of 6,110 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K election results: Congress leader Vikar Rasool Wani defeated at Banihal, Sajad Shaheen wins by 6,110 votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-election-results-congress-leader-vikar-rasool-wani-leads-from-banihal-constituency-101728251797388-amp.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||22.46%||[[Sajad Shaheen]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||36.37%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||30.65%||Bashir Ahmed Runyal||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||23.10%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Banihal Assembly constituency|Banihal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||17.38%||Showket Javeed Daing||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||11.02%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Vikar Rasool}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Ramban district]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Shailendra Singh Rawat

2026-04-21T11:49:21Z

JAY JADABA: Added Some Biography Added Tags

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shailendra Singh Rawat
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Mayor of [[Kotdwar Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = 7 February 2025
| predecessor1 = [[Hemlata Negi]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kotdwar Assembly constituency|Kotdwar]]
| term_start2 = 2007
| term_end2 = 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Surendra Singh Negi]]
| successor2 = [[Surendra Singh Negi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| profession =
| website =
}}
'''Shailendra Singh Rawat''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is the current mayor of [[Kotdwar]] and a former member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]. Rawat represented the [[Kotdwar Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttarakhand]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Kotdwar News: मेयर शैलेंद्र सिंह रावत और 37 पार्षदों ने ली पद और गोपनीयता की शपथ | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/kotdwar/mayor-shailendra-singh-rawat-and-37-councilors-took-oath-of-office-and-secrecy-kotdwar-news-c-5-1-gkp1010-613967-2025-02-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Shailendra Singh Rawat(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- YAMKESHWAR(PAURI GARHWAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=http://www.myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=342 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=SHAILENDRA SINGH RAWAT (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Kotdwar (Pauri Garhwal ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | url=https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=81 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/kotdwar/kotdwar-mayors-crown-will-be-placed-on-the-head-of-bjps-shailendra-singh-rawat-kotdwar-news-c-5-1-gkp1010-603765-2025-01-25 | title=कोटद्वार: भाजपा के शैलेंद्र सिंह रावत के सिर पर सजेगा मेयर का ताज }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Uttarakhand]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

East Shillong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:10Z

JAY JADABA: put up the stub w/ sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = East Shillong
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| type = SLA
| map_image = East Shillong Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 16
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Ampareen Lyngdoh (cropped).jpg
| mla = [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:25504}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''East Shillong''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/east-shillong.html |title= East Shillong (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]] of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election"/>
|rowspan=3| [[Ampareen Lyngdoh]] ||rowspan=3|
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: East Shillong<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,637 |percentage=39.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manuel Badwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,926 |percentage=29.36% |change={{decrease}}29.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wankitbok Pohshna |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,643 |percentage=15.75% |change={{decrease}}8.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avner Medon Pariat |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,974 |percentage=11.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajoy Nongrum |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=264 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wanpynhun Kharsyntiew |party=Independent politician |votes=243 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=259 |percentage=1.54% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,711 |percentage=10.20% |change= {{decrease}}24.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,777 |percentage=65.78% |change= {{decrease}}7.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,504 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: East Shillong<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,368 |percentage=58.65% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neil Antonio War |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,294 |percentage=24.29% |change={{increase}}18.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. M. Lanong |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,009 |percentage=11.36% |change={{decrease}}19.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romeo Phira Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=302 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,074 |percentage=34.36% |change= {{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,679 |percentage=72.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,229 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: East Shillong<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ampareen Lyngdoh|Dr. Mazel Ampareen Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,103 |percentage=62.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. M. Lanong |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,019 |percentage=31.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romeo Phira Rani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=930 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,084 |percentage=31.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,052 |percentage=74.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,495 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.58|91.95|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Vikasnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:15Z

JAY JADABA: Added Initial Post First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vikasnagar
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Dehradun]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Munna Singh Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 107,308
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| constituency_no = 16
| map_image = Vikasnagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Vikasnagar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly Constitution Detail |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It includes the [[Vikasnagar]] area of [[Dehradun]] District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> Vikasnagar is adjacent to Himachal Pradesh district Sirmour and Paonta. [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|VikasnagarTehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttarakhand/dehradun/vikasnagar-/|title=Vikasnagar}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Nav Prabhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Munna Singh Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2009 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2009 By-election]] || [[Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand)|Kuldeep Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Nav Prabhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Munna Singh Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Vikasnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,819 |percentage=50.04% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,626 |percentage=43.67% |change={{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveen Bansal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,883 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumel Singh Rathod |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=1.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deshraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=468 |percentage=0.57% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=388 |percentage=0.48% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,193 |percentage=6.37% |change= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,580 |percentage=75.46% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,113 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Vikasnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,895 |percentage=50.37% |change={{increase}}16.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,477 |percentage=42.06% |change={{decrease}}6.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipul Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=2,412 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gireesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=594 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=499 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=466 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digambar Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=392 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,418 |percentage=8.31% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,211 |percentage=70.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,208 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Vikasnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,742 |percentage=48.29% |change={{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand)|Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,885 |percentage=33.75% |change={{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumel Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,877 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=2,695 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suhail Pasha |party=Independent politician |votes=1,447 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babita Pundir |party=Independent politician |votes=829 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay Raj Singh (Pappu Bhai) |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haridass Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Sharma |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=458 |percentage=0.68% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Singh Dogra |party=Sainik Samaj Party |votes=454 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liyakat |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,857 |percentage=14.54% |change= {{increase}}13.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,806 |percentage=72.50% |change= {{increase}}13.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,524 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2009 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Vikasnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldip Kumar (Uttarakhand)|Kuldeep Kumar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,934 |percentage=37.12% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,338 |percentage=36.23% |change={{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,807 |percentage=22.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haridas Kataria |party=Independent politician |votes=702 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulfam Ali |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=591 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rao Nasim Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=378 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liyakat |party= |votes=350 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=596 |percentage=0.89% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,175 |percentage=58.88% |change= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,092 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Vikasnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,297 |percentage=40.37% |change={{increase}}24.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,141 |percentage=33.27% |change={{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Mohd. Kadir Hussain |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,742 |percentage=10.67% |change={{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghunath Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,393 |percentage=6.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vipul Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=2,334 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,636 |percentage=2.25% |change={{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Darshan Rana |party=Gorkha Democratic Front |votes=586 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulfam Ali |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=523 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=488 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,156 |percentage=7.11% |change= {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,566 |percentage=63.84% |change= {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Vikasnagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nav Prabhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,971 |percentage=16.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Munna Singh Chauhan]] |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=8,913 |percentage=16.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sahdev Singh Pundir]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,654 |percentage=16.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahid Hussain Zafari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,434 |percentage=12.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sharan Nautiyal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,296 |percentage=10.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep |party=Independent politician |votes=3,649 |percentage=6.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghunath Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,040 |percentage=3.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,635 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,081 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Antriksh Saini |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,058 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamruddin |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=988 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=58 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,978 |percentage=60.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,386 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|30.48|77.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Palamu Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:51:36Z

JAY JADABA: Created new info initial version...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palamu {{Small|JH-13}}
| type = LS
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Palamu.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Palamu Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Daltonganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daltonganj]] [[Bishrampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishrampur]] [[Chhatarpur (Jharkhand Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]] [[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hussainabad]] [[Garhwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhwa]] [[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]
}}

'''Palamu Lok Sabha constituency''' (formerly '''Palamau Lok Sabha constituency''') is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Garhwa district]] and part of [[Palamu district]].

==Assembly segments==
Palamu Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archivedate=2012-02-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|76
|[[Daltonganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Daltonganj]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Palamu district|Palamu]]
|[[Alok Kumar Chaurasiya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|77
|[[Bishrampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishrampur]]
|[[Naresh Prasad Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|78
|[[Chhatarpur (Jharkhand Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]] (SC)
|[[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|79
|[[Hussainabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hussainabad]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Singh Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|80
|[[Garhwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhwa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
|[[Satyendra Nath Tiwari]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|81
|[[Bhawanathpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhawanathpur]]
|[[Anant Pratap Deo]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gajendra Prasad Sinha]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Shashank Manjari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamla Kumari]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Ramdeni Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kamla Kumari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jorawar Ram]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Deo Ram]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Braj Mohan Ram]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Manoj Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|2006^
|[[Ghuran Ram]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kameshwar Baitha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Palamau]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=770,362|percentage=55.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mamta Bhuiyan|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=4,81,555|percentage=34.53|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=24,343|percentage=1.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,88,807|percentage=20.86|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,92,035|percentage=61.92|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Palamau]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|votes = 7,55,659
|percentage = 62.46
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ghuran Ram]]
|votes = 2,78,053
|percentage = 22.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anjana Bhuiyan
|votes = 53,597
|percentage = 4.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
|candidate = Sushma Mehta
|votes = 5,004
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,77,606
|percentage = 39.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,10,426
|percentage = 64.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Palamau]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]
|votes = 4,76,513
|percentage = 48.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = 2,12,571
|percentage = 21.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = [[Ghuran Ram]]
|votes = 1,56,832
|percentage = 16.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,63,942
|percentage = 27.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,78,159
|percentage = 59.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Palamau]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Kameshwar Baitha
|votes =1,67,995
|percentage =25.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ghuran Ram]]
|votes =1,44,457
|percentage = 22.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate = Prabhat Kumar
|votes = 90,206
|percentage = 13.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,538
|percentage = 3.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,51,579
|percentage = 45.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Palamu district]]
* [[Garhwa district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{Palamu Division topics}}

{{coord|23.8|85.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Palamu district]]
[[Category:Garhwa district]]

Reliance Foundation

2026-04-18T16:09:19Z

JAY JADABA: Created the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Private non-profit organization by Reliance Industries Ltd}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Reliance Foundation
| logo = Reliance Foundation Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[non-profit organization]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2010}}
| founder = {{unbulleted list|[[Nita Ambani]]|[[Mukesh Ambani]]}}<ref name=founders/>
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| origins =
| key_people = *[[Nita Ambani|Nita Dalal Ambani]] (''Chairperson and Managing Director'')
| focus = *[[urban planning]]
*[[rural development]]
*[[disaster management|disaster response]]
*[[crisis management]]
*[[nutrition]]
*[[education]]
*[[healthcare]]
*[[sports]] ([[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports]])
| owner = [[Reliance Industries Limited|Reliance Industries]]
| former_name = [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] Foundation
| website = {{URL|http://www.reliancefoundation.org/|reliancefoundation.org}}
}}

'''Reliance Foundation''' is an Indian [[non-profit organisation]] which was founded in 2010 by [[Mukesh Ambani]]. It is wholly [[owned]] by [[Reliance Industries Limited]]<ref name=universities>{{cite news |title=LSE, Reliance Foundation to set up universities in India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/news/27613204_1_lse-universities-asia-research-centre |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140709170915/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/news/27613204_1_lse-universities-asia-research-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2014 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 October 2010}}</ref> and is one of the largest non-profit foundations in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=How companies are spending on CSR projects|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/oyHdaJdn96pnmzdIFUIFNO/How-companies-are-spending-on-CSR-projects.html|newspaper=[[Livemint]]|date=17 October 2017|archive-date=20 October 2017|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020070131/http://www.livemint.com/Companies/oyHdaJdn96pnmzdIFUIFNO/How-companies-are-spending-on-CSR-projects.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Reliance Foundation was formerly known as '''Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation'''.<ref name=Ambani>{{cite news |title=Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation felicitates 62 SSC, HSC toppers |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Dhirubhai-Ambani-Foundation-felicitates-62-SSC-HSC-toppers/articleshow/7044777.cms |agency=[[Times News Network|TNN]] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2010 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627080913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Dhirubhai-Ambani-Foundation-felicitates-62-SSC-HSC-toppers/articleshow/7044777.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was founded in 2010 by [[Mukesh Ambani]], chairperson of Reliance Industries.<ref name=founders>{{cite news |title=The Reliance Foundation, founded by ambani in 2010 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2016/04/06/meet-nita-ambani-the-first-lady-of-indian-business/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172943/https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2016/04/06/meet-nita-ambani-the-first-lady-of-indian-business/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Purpose and activities==
The foundation's objective is to promote [[sustainable growth]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=through Reliance Foundation, the philanthropic arm to promote sustainable growth in India|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Premji-most-generous-Indian-Mukesh-Ambani-ranks-sixth/article13989360.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=12 January 2024|access-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112234614/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Premji-most-generous-Indian-Mukesh-Ambani-ranks-sixth/article13989360.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Reliance Industries Limited |title=Annual Report 2012–13 |year=2013 |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/bse_annualreports/5003250313.pdf|page=8 (pdf p. 10) }}</ref> It does so in the following spheres:

* ''Rural transformation:'' The Bharat-India Jodo is a programme for marginal farmers, and the foundation also has information service programmes bringing technical expertise to 1,400 farming and fishing villages.<ref name=AmbaniJoins>{{cite news|title=Nita Ambani joins RIL board |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nita-ambani-joins-ril-board-114061800773_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=18 June 2014}}</ref>
* ''Education:'' The foundation grants scholarships under the Dhirubhai Ambani Scholarship Programme, which started in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] in 1996 and was extended nationwide in 2009.<ref name=Ambani/><ref name=education>{{cite news|title=Reliance Foundation gives scholarships to students|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-22/news/46462824_1_scholarships-meritorious-students-reliance-foundation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140709170828/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-22/news/46462824_1_scholarships-meritorious-students-reliance-foundation|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2014|access-date=9 July 2014|agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=22 January 2014}}</ref> It also supports 13 schools, including the Dhirubhai Ambani International School,<ref name=AmbaniJoins/> and establishes universities in partnership with the [[London School of Economics]].<ref name=universities/>
* ''Health:'' The foundation sponsors the Drishti program, which provides newspapers in [[Braille]] for the blind<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Foundation launches first Hindi magazine in Braille |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-reliance-foundation-launches-first-hindi-magazine-in-braille-1664611 |website=DNA India |date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=13 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228165258/http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/report-reliance-foundation-launches-first-hindi-magazine-in-braille-1664611 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the country's largest [[cornea]] transplant programme, and developed the [[Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital|Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre]] in Mumbai.<ref name=AmbaniJoins/> {{Multiple image
| image1 = Nita ambani reliance drishti.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nita Ambani|Mrs Nita Dalal Ambani]] during the launch of India's first registered [[Braille]] newspaper in Hindi 'Drishti' by Reliance Foundation in [[Mumbai]] on March 19, 2012
| image2 = The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi rededicating Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre to the Nation, in Mumbai on October 25, 2014. The Governor of Maharashtra, Shri C. Vidyasagar Rao is also seen.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi|Shri Narendra Modi]] rededicated [[Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital|Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre]] to the nation, in [[Mumbai]] on October 25, 2014.
| image3 = Prime Minister Narendra Modi launches the Reliance Foundation Youth Sports.jpg
| caption3 = [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] launches the [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports]] in [[Delhi]] on July 23, 2016.
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 200
| image4 = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar, 2017 to the Sports for Development - Reliance Foundation, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2017.jpg
| caption4 = The [[President of India|President]], [[Ram Nath Kovind|Shri Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the [[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]], 2017 to the Sports for Development – Reliance Foundation at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in [[New Delhi]] on August 29, 2017
}}

* ''Urban renewal:'' The foundation took over development of Goda Park in [[Nashik]] after funding problems had delayed it,<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-20/news/42252355_1_goda-park-project-reliance-foundation-mns-chief-raj-thackeray |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140711122925/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-20/news/42252355_1_goda-park-project-reliance-foundation-mns-chief-raj-thackeray |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2014 |title=Goda park project to be developed by Reliance Foundation |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=20 September 2013 }}</ref> and in partnership with [[NASSCOM]] is underwriting a social media lab for Mumbai Police to improve involvement of residents in improving safety and security.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nasscom.in/social-media-lab |title=Reliance Foundation has supported this initiative as Program Partner |website=Nasscom |date=27 February 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228174523/http://www.nasscom.in/social-media-lab |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Arts, culture and heritage:'' The foundation sponsors events celebrating and continuing the cultural heritage of India, such as [[Ustad Zakir Hussain]]'s annual concert in memory of his father, ''Abbaji'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Panigrahi |first=Ipsitaa |url=http://archive.asianage.com/music/many-moods-ustad-zakir-hussain-495 |title=The many moods of Ustad Zakir Hussain |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |date=10 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182846/http://archive.asianage.com/music/many-moods-ustad-zakir-hussain-495 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Elephanta Festival on [[Elephanta Island]] in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Reliance-Foundation-pledges-support-to-Pichavai-art/articleshow/53955178.cms |title=Reliance Foundation pledges support to Pichavai art |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001184453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Reliance-Foundation-pledges-support-to-Pichavai-art/articleshow/53955178.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and also in 2012 co-sponsored with [[BP]] the ''Mummy: The Inside Story'' visiting exhibition from the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/mummy-mia/article4155281.ece |title="Mummy: The Inside Story". It is the first time that this travelling exhibition has come to India, for which Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Director General, CSMVS, thanks the British Museum, British Petroleum (BP) and Reliance Foundation for their support. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230144108/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/mummy-mia/article4155281.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2016, Reliance Foundation Drishti organized a nationwide arts and essay competition which also involved visually impaired participants. The winning entries were sent out through printed literature.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.reliancefoundation.org/rf-drishti-art-essay-ceremony.html|date=16 February 2016|publisher=Reliance Foundation Website|access-date=4 March 2016|title=RF Drishti Art & Essay Competition Award Ceremony|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307061014/http://www.reliancefoundation.org/rf-drishti-art-essay-ceremony.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSGOTwSEPTk|date=18 February 2016|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=4 March 2016|title=Smt. Nita Ambani: You have not just won a competition, you have gifted beauty to the world|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419181949/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSGOTwSEPTk|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The foundation has proposed to set up Jio Institute near [[Karjat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hrd-ministry-issues-clarification-after-institution-of-eminence-tag-to-jio-institute/articleshow/64923290.cms|title=Jio Institute: HRD ministry issues clarification after 'Institution of Eminence' tag to Jio Institute|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2018|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719083048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hrd-ministry-issues-clarification-after-institution-of-eminence-tag-to-jio-institute/articleshow/64923290.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mukesh-ambani-jio-institute-business-plan-rs-100-crore-1000-students-first-year-institute-of-eminence/story/280427.html|title=Mukesh Ambani's Jio Institute business plan: Rs 100 crore from 1,000 students in first year|website=businesstoday.in|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130955/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/mukesh-ambani-jio-institute-business-plan-rs-100-crore-1000-students-first-year-institute-of-eminence/story/280427.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The foundation also works with other philanthropies and [[NGO]]s on collaborative initiatives, for example in 2012 partnering with the television show ''[[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' to provide a grant to Muktangan Rehabilitation Centre in Mumbai to help street children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/aamir-s-satyamev-jayate-helps-de-addiction-centre-get-funds-241691 |title=Aamir's Satyamev Jayate helps de-addiction centre get funds |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=10 July 2012 |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145309/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/aamir-s-satyamev-jayate-helps-de-addiction-centre-get-funds-241691 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
*The foundation has been awarded prestigious [[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]] for year 2017 by the [[President of India]]. [[Nita Ambani]] received the 'Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Award 2017' on behalf of Reliance Foundation as its chairperson, for her initiatives on promoting grassroots sports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/reliance-foundation-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award-4819916|title=reliance-foundation-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award 2017.-/indianexpress.com|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=30 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830003929/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/reliance-foundation-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award-4819916/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abpasmita.abplive.in/sports/others-nita-ambani-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award-179943|title=nita-ambani-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award.-/abpasmita.abplive.in|website=/abpasmita.abplive.in|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831130106/http://abpasmita.abplive.in/sports/others-nita-ambani-awarded-rashtriya-khel-protsahan-award-179943/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation's Jr NBA programme entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Record]] with the participation of over 3400 Jr NBA students in India<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/29/kevin-durant-india-visit-nba-academy|title=RF-Jr.-NBA-Clinic-sets-a-world-record-(2017)/www.theguardian.com/|website=theguardian.com|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation received prestigious mBillionth South Asia Award 2017 for its efforts in Agriculture & Environment category. The foundation was conferred the award in recognition of its efforts to leverage mobile technology to enhance lives and livelihoods in rural agricultural communities across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mbillionth.in/agriculture-environment-winners-2017|title=mBillionth Award South Asia 2017/mbillionth.in/|website=mbillionth.in|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812224416/http://mbillionth.in/agriculture-environment-winners-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation bagged the India CSR Community Initiative Award 2017 for supporting the flood-affected communities through technology-driven digital platforms during relief operations in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csrvision.in/balco-bags-india-csr-award|title=India CSR Community Initiative Award 2017/www.csrvision.in/|website=csrvision.in|access-date=29 July 2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001720/http://www.csrvision.in/balco-bags-india-csr-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation bestowed with Institute of Company Secretaries of India CSR Excellence Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icsi.edu/Webmodules/CGA_Press_Release.pdf|title=First ICSICSR Excellence Awards,2016/www.icsi.edu/|website=icsi.edu|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924001519/https://www.icsi.edu/Webmodules/CGA_Press_Release.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation received the Late VD Joshi Award for the Best Ferrocement Structure for the year 2016, for construction of natural water-harvesting structures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferrocementindia.com/NEWS.htm|title=Late VD Joshi Award for the Best Ferrocement Structure for the year 2016/www.ferrocementindia.com/|website=/www.ferrocementindia.com/|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623204242/http://ferrocementindia.com/NEWS.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation received India CSR Award 2016 for Water Conservation, Agricultural Development and Best Documentary Film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiacsr.in/india-csr-honours-reliance-foundation-for-outstanding-csr-performance/indiacsr.in|title=India CSR Award 2016/indiacsr.in|website=indiacsr.in|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation bagged the prestigious Porter Prize 2015 for its "outstanding contribution to the society to meet the basic human needs, establishing blocks that allow communities to sustain quality of life and creating conditions for individuals to reach their potential".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/reliance-foundation-wins-porter-prize-for-social-contribution-2446566.html|title=Porter Prize 2015/www.firstpost.com/|website=firstpost.com|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201044322/http://www.firstpost.com/business/reliance-foundation-wins-porter-prize-for-social-contribution-2446566.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/reliance-foundation-tata-power-apollo-receive-porter-prize/articleshow/49141476.cms|title=Porter Prize 2015/economictimes.indiatimes.com/|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924003027/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/reliance-foundation-tata-power-apollo-receive-porter-prize/articleshow/49141476.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/reliance-foundation-tata-power-apollo-receive-porter-prize-473749-2015-09-28|title=Porter Prize 2015/indiatoday.intoday.in/|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/reliance-foundation-several-other-organisations-win-porter-prize-2015-1114960.html|title=Porter Prize 2015/www.news18.com/|website=news18.com|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914010754/http://www.news18.com/news/india/reliance-foundation-several-other-organisations-win-porter-prize-2015-1114960.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Reliance Foundation receives internationally acclaimed "Golden Peacock Award" for its CSR initiatives<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reliancefoundation/csrcompendiumlist/56121859.cms|title=Golden Peacock Award 2015/economictimes.indiatimes.com/|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=24 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924004533/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reliancefoundation/csrcompendiumlist/56121859.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.reliancefoundation.org Reliance Foundation official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181521/http://www.reliancefoundation.org/ |date=14 July 2014 }}
*[http://www.rfhospital.org/ Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626071100/http://www.rfhospital.org/ |date=26 June 2015 }}

{{Reliance Industries Limited|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reliance Industries]]
[[Category:Development charities based in India]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Veena Gupta

2026-04-08T00:49:40Z

JAY JADABA: Added First Details Basic Info...

{{Short description|Dogri writer and translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Veena Gupta
| native_name = वीणा गुप्ता
| native_name_lang = hi
| occupation = Writer, Translator
| language = Dogri
| nationality = Indian
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2022)
}}

'''Veena Gupta''' is a [[Dogri language]] Indian writer and translator. She was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2022 for her work ''Chee Roopak''.<ref name="dailyexcelsior">{{cite news |title=Doyens of Dogri: Sahitya Akademi Award for Veena Gupta |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/doyens-of-dogri-sahitya-akademi-award-for-veena-gupta/ |publisher=Daily Excelsior |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministy of Culture Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 – Press Release |url=https://culture.gov.in/files/press_release_document/English_Press_Release_for_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_2022_26122022.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India|date=26 December 2022 |access-date=2026-03-28 }}</ref> She also received [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2013 for ''Kalkatte Di Kahani: Via Bypass''.<ref name="sahitya-akademi1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2014-08-22|page=2}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in 2013 for ''Kalkatte Di Kahani: Via Bypass''.<ref name="sahitya-akademi1"/>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2022 for ''Chee Roopak''.<ref name="statetimes">{{cite news |title=LG Manoj Sinha congratulates eminent writers Veena Gupta & Farooq Fayaz on winning Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://statetimes.in/lg-manoj-sinha-congratulates-to-eminent-writers-veena-gupta-farooq-fayaz-on-winning-sahitya-akademi-award-2022/ |publisher=State Times |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref name="therightnews">{{cite news |title=Two J&K eminent writers bag Sahitya Akademi Award 2022 |url=https://www.therightnews.in/2022/12/23/two-jk-eminent-writers-bag-sahitya-akademi-award-2022/ |publisher=The Right News |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Festival of Letters begins with honouring 24 writers with Sahitya Akademi Award|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/festival-of-letters-begins-with-honouring-24-writers-with-sahitya-akademi-award/articleshow/98570410.cms |publisher=The Times of India
|date=11 March 2023|access-date=2026-03-28 }}</ref>
* ''Souharda Samman'' award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dogri writer Prof Veena Gupta honored with Souharda Samman |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-jammu-dogri-writer-prof-veena-gupta-honored-with-souharda-samman2021-22949839.html |publisher=Dainik Jagran |access-date=2026-03-27}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Dogri literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Dogri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Veena}}
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Anjum Sharma

2026-04-07T10:57:01Z

JAY JADABA: Put Up First Bio V1

{{Short description|Indian Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjum Sharma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anjumm Shharma
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for = ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
| spouse = Nilima Sharma
}}
'''Anjum Sharma''', also known as '''Anjumm Shharma''', is an Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/anjum-sharma-recalls-shooting-atop-a-moving-train-for-sultan-of-delhi-could-ve-been-in-a-car-but-it-is-milan-luthria-101697216910581.html |title=Anjum Sharma recalls shooting atop a moving train for Sultan of Delhi: Could've been in a car, but it is Milan Luthria |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 October 2023 |author=Sweta Kaushal |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/sultan-of-delhistarcast-tahir-raj-bhasin-and-anjum-sharma-exclusive-interview-1886400 |title=Exclusive Interview: 'सुल्तान ऑफ दिल्ली' सीरीज के बारे में अंजुम शर्मा और ताहिर राज भसीन ने 'पंजाब केसरी' गु्रप से की खास बातचीत |author=kahkasha |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |publisher=[[Punjab Kesari]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anjum-sharma-insiders-getting-contracts-meetings-easily-have-more-pressure-as-an-outsider-there-are-no-expectations-from-you/story-MCXlcceUnsSfZdWKY3ZImI.html |title=Anjum Sharma: Insiders getting contracts, meetings easily have more pressure, as an outsider there are no expectations from you |author=Rishabh Suri |date=2 December 2020 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anjumm-shharma-sultan-delhi-done-show-things-amitabh-bachchan-golden-era/ |title=Anjumm Shharma on Sultan Of Delhi, "What we have done in the show are things what Amitabh Bachchan did in the golden era" |date=27 October 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> He is best known for his role as Sharad Shukla in ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/in-mirzapur-2-sharad-shukla-s-wedding-gift-to-munna-was-not-part-of-the-script-1760214-2021-01-18 |title=In Mirzapur 2, Sharad Shukla's wedding gift to Munna was not part of the script |publisher=[[India Today]] |author=Divyanshi Sharma |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/anjum-sharma-sharad-shukla-mirzapur-2-6836853/ |title=Mirzapur 2 actor Anjum Sharma: Sharad Shukla will change the system and rules of the game |date=23 October 2020 |author=Arushi Jain |access-date=24 June 2024 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/mirzapurs-anjumm-shharma-aka-sharad-shukla-opens-up-about-initial-auditioning-days/ |title=Mirzapur's Anjumm Shharma aka Sharad Shukla opens up about initial auditioning days |author=ANI |date=24 June 2024 |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/mirzapur-season-3-new-update-release-date-plot-revealed-amazon-prime-video-sharad-shukla-new-king-in-series-2700769 |title=Mirzapur Season 3: मिर्जापुर में शरद शुक्ला पर रहेगा फोकस, कौन होगा गद्दी का नया किंग? सामने आया अपडेट |language=hi |author=निधि पाल |date=28 May 2024 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/mirzapur-3-star-anjum-sharma-aka-sharad-shukla-profile-know-unknown-facts-about-actor-life-and-struggles-2024-07-03 |title=Anjum Sharma: जौनपुर के बाद मिर्जापुर की गद्दी पर है 'शरद शुक्ला' की नजर, 12 साल के संघर्ष के बाद मिली पहचान |language=hi |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994725158/Sharad-Shukla-has-his-eyes-on-Mirzapurs-throne |title=Sharad Shukla has his eyes on Mirzapur s throne? |publisher=India Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1401445/Mirzapur-Why-Sharad-save-Kaleen-Bhaiya-in-Mirzapur |title=Mirzapur: Why did Sharad save Kaleen Bhaiya in Mirzapur? |publisher=[[Daily Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/badass-golu-returns-mirzapur-3s-shweta-tripathi-anjum-sharma-and-gurmmeet-singh-share-on-set-insights/videoshow/111584532.cms |title=Badass Golu Returns: Mirzapur 3's Shweta Tripathi, Anjum Sharma And Gurmeet Singh Share On-Set Insights |publisher=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/entertainment/web-series/mirzapur-season-3-review-amazing-twist-guddu-pandit-distroying-kaleen-bhaiya-ali-fazal-pankaj-tripathi-anjum-sharma-479817.html |title=Mirzapur 3 Review: पहले जैसा भौकाल मिसिंग, गुड्डू पंडित फिर छाए...कालीन भैया गायब; स्क्रीन टाइम ले गए शरद शुक्ला |language=hi |publisher=[[News Nation]]}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=September 2024}}

==Early life==

Anjum Sharma was born in Mumbai.<ref name="imdb">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2776317/ |title=Anjumm Shharma |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=September 2024}} He married Nilima Sharma.<ref name="imdb"/>

==Career==

Anjum Sharma started his career in 2008 with [[Slumdog Millionaire]].<ref name="imdb"/> After 12 years of struggle, he was recognized for the role of Sharad Shukla in ''Mirzapur''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/tv/news/anjum-sharma-aka-sharad-shukla-of-mirzapur-2-shares-some-interesting-things-about-him-127915692.html |title=भास्कर इंटरव्यू:12 साल के संघर्ष के बाद 'मिर्जापुर 2' के शरद शुक्ला को मिली पहचान, कभी स्टूडियो के बाहर अखबार बिछाकर भी सोना पड़ता था |author=गगन गुर्जर |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=16 November 2020 |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=24 June 2024 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/sharad-ne-kaleen-bhaiya-ko-kyon-bachaya-mirzapur-2-actor-anjum-sharma-answers-23085205 |title=Mirzapur 2 actor Anjum Sharma reveals how he landed the role |author=Mohar Basu |date=10 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994714252/Focus-will-be-on-Sharad-Shukla-in-Mirzapur |title=Focus will be on Sharad Shukla in Mirzapur |publisher=India Herald |access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/celebrity-special/mirzapur-season-3-sharad-shukla-aka-anjum-sharma-opens-about-his-journey-from-auditions-to-success-4368370 |title=Mirzapur Season 3: Sharad Shukla Aka Anjum Sharma Opens About His Journey From Auditions to Success |author=Ritika Nath |date=24 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |publisher=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/web-series/bollywood-news-its-been-12-years-but-i-realised-that-if-youre-at-it-youll-crack-it-says-mirzapur-2s-new-icy-villain-anjum-sharma-aka-sharad-shukla-exclusive-1708519/ |title='It's been 12 years, but I realised that if you're at it, you'll crack it', says Mirzapur 2's new icy bad guy, Anjum Sharma aka Sharad Shukla |author=Russel D'Silva |date=23 October 2020 |publisher=[[Bollywood Life]] |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{unreliable sources section|date=September 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| Operator
| rowspan="2" | [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British film]]
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]''
| Soheb friend
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''
| Sartaj
| [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]]
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| 2018–2024
| ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
| Sharad Shukla
| rowspan="4" | TV series
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
| Vishal Singh
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Sultan of Delhi (TV series)|Sultan of Delhi]]''
| Nilendu Bangopodhya
|<ref name="imdb"/>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Kaptaan (TV series)|Kaptaan]]''
| Munna
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name | 2776317 | Anjum Sharma }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person | anjum-sharma | Anjum Sharma }}
{{Authority control |qid=Q126897193}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anjum}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Balan (film)

2026-04-04T14:49:37Z

JAY JADABA: Put Up The Stub W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balan
| image = Balan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Nottani]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| screenplay = [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
| based_on = ''Vidhiyum Mrs. Nayarum'' by A. Sundaram
| starring = [[K. K. Aroor]] [[M. K. Kamalam]] Master Madanagopal M. V. Shanku K. Gopinath Alleppey Vincent C. O. N. Nambiar K. N. Lakshmi Baby Malathi
| narrator =
| music = [[K. K. Aroor]] Ibrahim
| cinematography = Bado Gushwalker
| editing = Varghese and [[K. D. George|K.D. George]]
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]
| distributor = Shyamala Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1938|1|19|ref1=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1426434.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175201/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1426434.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2014 |title=Remembering Malayalam's first talkie |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Balan''''' is a [[Lost film|lost]] 1938 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama]] film produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]] under the banner of [[Modern Theatres]], directed by [[S. Nottani]] and written by [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]].<ref name="popculture3">{{cite book |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |title=Pop culture India : media, arts and lifestyle |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |edition=Illustrated Hardcover |series=Popular Culture in the Contemporary World |location=USA |page=233 |chapter=Cinema}}</ref> It is notable for being the first [[sound film]] in the Malayalam language, and the third [[feature film]] in Malayalam cinema after ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'' and ''[[Marthanda Varma (film)|Marthanda Varma]].''<ref>{{cite web |date=15 August 2004 |title=A nostalgic look at Malayalam cinema |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750600400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923204358/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/07/stories/2009090750600400.htm |archive-date=23 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT3">{{cite web |author=Jonathan Crow |date=2012 |title=Balan (1938) |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/253937/Balan/overview |url-status=dead |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2011-01-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103165835/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/253937/Balan/overview |archivedate=3 November 2012 |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref> Based on the short story ''Vidhiyum Mrs. Nayarum'' by A. Sundaram. The film is a [[melodrama]] about the struggle of two orphaned children. The film stars [[K. K. Aroor]] in the title role and [[M. K. Kamalam]] as the female lead, with Master Madanagopal, M. V. Shanku, [[K. Gopinath]], [[Alleppey Vincent]] and [[A. C. N. Nambiar|C. O. N. Nambiar]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-85170-455-7 |pages=274}}</ref><ref name="History3">{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Balan: The First Talkie |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_1.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730234852/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/malayalam_his_1.html |archivedate=30 July 2014}}</ref>

The film was produced by [[T. R. Sundaram]], a [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-based producer under the banner of [[Modern Theatres]]. German cinematographer [[Gus Walker|Bado Gushwalker]] handled the camera while Varghese and [[K. D. George|K.D. George]] did the editing. The film's music was composed by [[K. K. Aroor]], himself, with lyrics written by [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]. ''Balan'' is the first Malayalam film to have a soundtrack. The sound of the film was recorded using German-made technology {{cn|date=October 2022}}. The film features twenty-three songs. ''Balan'' was shot in [[Chennai|Madras]] and on the sets of Powerful Studios. The filming of the film was done in five months.<ref name="Balan3">{{cite book |last=M. A. Oommen, Kumbattu Varkey Joseph |title=Economics of Indian cinema |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-204-0575-7 |location=India |page=45}}</ref>

==Reception==

''Balan'' was released with high expectations on 19 January 1938. It was the only Malayalam film to be produced and released that year. Despite numerous technical flaws, it received critical acclaim, with praise for the film's [[Social|social theme]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Ajay |date=2009-09-07 |title=Old is Gold: Balan (1938 ) |url=http://oldmalayalam.blogspot.com/2009/09/balan-1938.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=Old is Gold}}</ref> The film was a major box office success, becoming the first commercially successful Malayalam film.<ref name="NYT3" /> Because only a few stills and the [[Song book|songbook]] are known to survive, it is a [[lost film]]. K. K. Aroor and Alleppey Vincent also starred in the second Malayalam talkie ''[[Gnanambika]]'' two years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gnanambika (1940) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=4 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
[[File:Balan-malayalam.jpg|thumb|Screenshot from this first Malayalam sound movie, released in 1938]]
*Master Madanagopal as young Balan
*M. V. Shankar as Dr. Govindan Nair
*K. Gopinath as Kittu Panicker
*[[Alleppey Vincent]] as Shanku
*C. O. N. Nambiar as Prabhakara Menon
*K.N. Laxmikutty as Meenakshi
*Baby Malathi as young Sarasa
*A. B. Pious
*Subhadra
*Ammu
*M.K.K Nambyar
*Sivanandan
*Parukkutty
*Baby Kausalya
*A. P Padmanabha Menon

==Production==
There were several attempts to make a talkie in Malayalam, right from the days ''[[Vigathakumaran]]'' (1928) got released. One among them, A. Sundaram Pillai, had an unpublished story entitled ''Vidhiyum Mrs. Nayarum'' (''Mrs. Nair and the Fate'') with him. He contacted several production houses to adapt this story into a film. Several of his attempts failed, but at last he got a letter from T. R. Sundaram, a Tamil-based producer informing him that he was ready to produce the film.<ref name="Balan"/> T. R. Sundaram owned the production company Modern Theatres, which he established in 1936.<ref name="Balan"/> A. Sundaram had already finished casting, which included several theatre artists from Malayalam. K. Kunjunair, credited as [[K. K. Aroor]] in the film, of the Kottakkal Nataka Samithi was selected to do the title role. [[M. K. Kamalam]] was chosen as the heroine.

A. Sundaram wanted himself to direct the film, but later agreed to sign S. Nottani as the director. Nottani rejected the screenplay of A. Sundaram and wanted to rewrite it. Eventually, he signed renowned writer [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]], who wrote the screenplay and dialogues, as well as lyrics for the songs. The filming was started on 17 August 1937 from Salem.<ref name="Balan"/> After completing a length of 2000 feat, T. R. Sundaram dropped the project following differences in opinion with A. Sundaram. T. R. Sundaram had spent {{INR}} 30,000 on the project. A. Sundaram himself financed the project thereafter. Most parts of the film was shot from Powerful Studios.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |author=Jonathan Crow |date=2012 |title=Balan (1938) |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/253937/Balan/overview |url-status=dead |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2011-01-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103165835/https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/253937/Balan/overview |archivedate=3 November 2012 |department=Movies & TV Dept.}}</ref> The filming was completed within five months, in December 1937.<ref name="Balan">{{cite book | title=Economics of Indian cinema | publisher=Oxford & IBH Publications | last=M. A. Oommen, Kumbattu Varkey Joseph | year=1991 | location=India | page=45 | isbn=81-204-0575-7}}</ref> A. Sundaram could not find a distributor for many months. Later, Shyamala Pictures, [[Madras]] bought the rights and the film was released on 19 January 1938.<ref name="Balan"/> The theatrical release poster of Balan read ''Malayalathile adyathe social'' ''padam vegam varunnu'' (The first social film in Malayalam is coming out soon).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balan - first featured film in Malayalam |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Songs==
''Balan'''s music was composed by [[K. K. Aroor]], who played the male lead, and Ibrahim. It had 23 songs, most of them recorded by the actors themselves.<ref name="Balan 1938">{{cite web |author=B. Vijayakumar |date=7 September 2009 |title=Balan 1938 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article632365.ece |url-status=live |work=The Hindu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016061658/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article632365.ece |archivedate=16 October 2016 |df=dmy}}</ref> K. N. Lakshmi, [[K. K. Aroor]], [[M. K. Kamalam]] and Master Madanagopan are the credited singers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/cinema1928_m1.php?searchcin=&cyear=1930&Search=Search |title=മലയാള സിനിമ ഇതുവരെ (1928-50) |trans-title=Malayala cinema till here (1928-50) |publisher=Cini Diary |work=മലയാളസിനിമ ചരിത്രം [Malayalacinema History] |language=Malayalam |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154642/http://cinidiary.com/cinema1928_m1.php?searchcin=&cyear=1930&Search=Search |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> [[Playback singer|Playback singing]] was not possible that time, so the producer had to sign actors those who could excel in singing also.

== Legacy ==
The film was a milestone in Malayalam film history, not only for being the first talkie, but also for being one of the first commercially successful films.<ref name="Balan 19383">{{cite web |author=B. Vijayakumar |date=7 September 2009 |title=Balan 1938 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article632365.ece |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016061658/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article632365.ece |archivedate=16 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |df=dmy}}</ref> Through the film, Alleppey Vincent became the first "speaking person" of Malayalam cinema, [[K. K. Aroor]] the first "speaking hero" and [[M. K. Kamalam]] the first "speaking heroine". "Hello Mister" was the first recorded sound, which was in the voice of [[Alleppey Vincent]]. The film is considered [[Lost film|lost]]; only the song book and a few stills survive to this day.<ref name="Balan 19383" /> The film also introduced many of early Malayalam cinema's recurring archetypes, including the evil step-mother and innocent orphans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/nfaiofficial/status/986151268996526080 |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malayalam cinema]]
* [[Vigathakumaran]]
* [[Marthanda Varma (film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3
*{{IMDb title|0213481|Balan}}
{{T. R. Sundaram}}
{{Modern Theatres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balan (film)}}
[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:1938 drama films]]
[[Category:1938 lost films]]
[[Category:1930s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1930s melodrama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Nottani]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian drama films]]

Sini Shetty

2026-04-04T14:40:41Z

JAY JADABA: Added Initial Post From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Sini Shetty
| image = Sini Shetty at Grazia Young Fashion Awards 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2024
| birth_name = Sini Sadanand Shetty
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation =
| height =
| hair_color =
| eye_color =
| alma_mater = [[Somaiya Vidyavihar University]]
| title = {{ubl|[[Femina Miss India]] 2022}}
| competitions = {{ubl|Femina Miss India Karnataka 2022|(winner)|Femina Miss India 2022 |(winner)|[[Miss World 2023]] |(Top 8)}}
}}

'''Sini Sadanand Shetty''' is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder, who was crowned [[Femina Miss India]] World 2022. She represented India at [[Miss World 2023]].

== Early life and education ==
Sini Shetty was born in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra into a family originally from Karnataka. She attended St. Dominic Savio Vidhyalaya in Ghatkopar, Mumbai, followed by the SK Somaiya College of Arts, Science and Commerce in Mumbai from where she graduated with a degree in accounting and finance. She is a trained [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/who-is-sini-shetty-indias-miss-world-representative-1227069.html |title=Who is Sini Shetty, India's Miss World representative? |website=Deccan Herald|date=12 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sini-shetty-to-represent-india-at-miss-world-2023-5-facts-4107440 |title=Sini Shetty To Represent India At Miss World 2023: 5 Facts |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/women/who-is-sini-shetty-21-year-old-miss-india-2022-representing-india-at-miss-world-2023-6103394/ |title=Who Is Sini Shetty, 21 Year Old Miss India 2022 Representing India At Miss World 2023 |website=india.com}}</ref>

== Pageantry peak experience==
{{Main|Femina Miss India}}
In 2022, Shetty competed in and became Femina Miss India World, also assuming the Times Miss Body Beautiful and NIFD Miss Talent sub-title awards. The event took place on 3 July 2022 at Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai.<ref name="Rathod">{{cite web |last1=Rathod |first1=Kalwyna |title=Meet The Winners Of Femina Miss India 2022! {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/meet-the-winners-of-femina-miss-india-2022_-231273.html |website=www.femina.in |access-date=4 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> As Femina Miss India World 2022, Shetty next represented India at [[Miss World 2023]], held on 9 March 2024 at Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai, India,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-meet-sini-shetty-miss-india-2022-who-is-all-set-to-represent-india-in-miss-world-2023-3047192 |title=Meet Sini Shetty, Miss India 2022 who is all set to represent India in Miss World 2023 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pragativadi.com/sini-shetty-femina-miss-india-2022-winner-to-represent-india-in-miss-world-2023/ |title=Sini Shetty, Femina Miss India 2022 Winner, To Represent India In Miss World 2023 |website=pragativadi.com|date=11 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/meet-sini-shetty-21-year-old-miss-india-2022-who-will-represent-india-in-miss-world-2023-8054269.html |title=Meet Sini Shetty, 21-Year-Old Miss India 2022 Who Will Represent India in Miss World 2024 |website=news18.com|date=11 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/miss-world-2023-india-to-host-after-27-years-sini-shetty-10769291.html |title=India to host Miss World 2024 after 28 years. Sini Shetty to represent country |website=moneycontrol.com|date=9 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/who-is-sini-shetty/articleshow/92646039.cms#:~:text=Sini's%20height%20is%205%20feet,weight%20is%2054%20kgs%20approx. |title=Miss India 2022 winner: Everything you wanted to know about Miss India World 2022 Sini Shetty |website=The Times of India|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= [[Manasa Varanasi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India|2022]]}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Nandini Gupta]]}}
{{S-bef|before= Rati Hulji}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India Karnataka]]
|years=2022}}
{{s-aft|after= Megan Edward}}
{{S-end}}
{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}
{{Miss World 2023 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Sini}}
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Miss World 2023 delegates]]

Sindhi language

2026-03-29T14:29:36Z

JAY JADABA: typo fix

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh}}
{{Distinguish|Hindi|Sandhi|Sinti}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sindhi
| nativename = {{flatlist|
*{{Transliteration|sd|''Sindhī''|i=no}}
*{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}
*{{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}
| states = {{unbulleted list|
*[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
*[[Languages of India|India]]}}
| region = [[Sindh]] and parts of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
| speakers = 37 million
| date = 2011–2023
| ref = {{efn|[[2011 Indian Census]], [[2023 Pakistani Census]].}}
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]
| fam5 = [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Apabhraṃśa]] (''debated''){{efn|See [[#Origins|origins]]}}
| ancestor3 = [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]
| ancestor4 = [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]]
| ancestor5 = [[#British India (1843–1947)|Early Modern Sindhi]]
| script = {{ubl|'''Standard'''|[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] ([[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]])|'''Non-standard'''|[[Devanagari]]{{efn|In Pakistan, only the Perso-Arabic form of Sindhi is used. On the other hand, in India, both Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used.}}|[[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]]|'''Historical'''|[[Khojki script|Khojki]]|[[Gurmukhi]]<ref name="in">{{cite journal|title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref>}}
| stand1 = [[#Dialects|Standard Sindhi]]
| sign = [[India–Pakistan Sign Language|Signed Sindhi]]
| nation = *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
**[[Sindh]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Official languages of India|India]]<ref name="in"/>
| agency = *[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan)
*National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)
| development_body = [[Sindhi Language Authority]]
| iso1 = sd
| iso2 = snd
| iso3 = snd
| lingua = 59-AAF-f
| image = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1b = Sindhi language.svg
| photo1a = Sindhi.svg
| spacing = 15
| color =
| border = 0
| foot_montage = }}
| imagecaption = Sindhi written in the [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] (left) and [[Devanagari]] (right) scripts
| notice = IPA
| glotto = sind1272
| map = Sindhi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
| mapcaption = The proportion of people with Sindhi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sindhi}}

'''Sindhi''' ({{Lang|sd|{{resize|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}}}}, ''Sindhī'', {{IPA|sd|sɪndʱiː|}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|d|i}} {{respell|SIN|dee}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> In some instances, the diasporic Sindhi population in India uses the [[Devanagari]] script to write the language in which 'Sindhi' is written as: {{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}} In less commonly used scripts: {{lang|sd-Guru|ਸਿੰਧੀ}} ([[Gurmukhi]]), {{lang|sd-Khoj|𑈩𑈭𑈴𑈝𑈮}} ([[Khojki]]), {{lang|sd-Sind|𑋝𑋡𑋟𑋐𑋢}} ([[Khudabadi]])}} is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It is primarily spoken by the [[Sindhis|Sindhi people]] native to the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Pakistani province]] of [[Sindh]], where the language has [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|official status]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Sindhi Language |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> It constitutes the [[First language|mother tongue]] of over 34 million people in [[Pakistan]], primarily concentrated in Sindh; with [[Sindhis of Balochistan|historic communities]] in neighbouring [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] as well. It is also spoken by 1.7 million people in [[India]], mostly by the [[Sindhis in India|descendants of partition-era migrants]]; with it having the status of a [[Scheduled languages of India|scheduled language]] in the country without any state-level official status.<ref name="in"/> Sindhi is written in the [[#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi alphabet]] of the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]], the sole official script for the language in Pakistan; while in India, both the Perso-Arabic and [[Devanagari]] scripts are used.

With over 37 million native speakers, Sindhi is a major [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian language]], being the most-widely spoken language in southern Pakistan{{efn|Southern Pakistan constitutes the southern provinces, i.e. [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].}} and [[Languages of Pakistan#Major regional languages|third most-widely spoken]] in the entirety of Pakistan (after [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Pashto]]). The language is also geographically spread out of [[South Asia]] as it is spoken by the [[Sindhi diaspora]], present around the world, primarily in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], the [[Western world]] and the [[Far East]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom |url=https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 |url-status=live |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=UK Research and Innovation |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8 }}</ref>

Being classified under the [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern branch]] of the Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi, apart from other [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic languages]], is most closely related to the [[Punjabi dialects|Punjabi language varieties]]. It is descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], which gradually developed into [[Apabhraṃśa]] and then into [[#Early Sindhi (–16th century)|Early Sindhi]]. Sindhi further developed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic period in South Asia]], expanding its vocabulary under the influence of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]; with the earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language being a [[Quran translations|translation]] of the [[Quran]], dated back to 883 AD.<ref name="ELL" /> [[#Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)|Middle Sindhi]] produced the language's greatest pieces of [[Sindhi literature|literature]], including recorded forms of orally-transmitted [[Sindhi folktales|folk tales]]; as well as [[Sufi literature]], including ''[[Shah Jo Risalo]]'', the single greatest piece of Sindhi literature, by [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]]. [[#British India (1843–1947)|Modern Sindhi]] developed and was officially standardised and promoted during the [[History of Sindh#British Rule (1843–1947)|British colonial era]], replacing Persian as the primary official language of Sindh in 1848.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= [[The News on Sunday]] |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Sindhi is an [[Fusional language|inflected language]], with five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for [[#Nouns|noun]], three for [[#Personal pronouns|personal pronoun]], four for [[#Third-person pronouns|third-person pronoun]]; eleven [[#Case markers|case markers]]; two [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine); and two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, plural). The base of its vocabulary is derived from [[Sanskrit]] in the form of Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa, while a significant portion of its [[Register (sociolinguistics)#Register as formality scale|high-register speech]] is derived from Persian and Arabic, along with a number of recent loanwords borrowed from [[English language|English]]; and to a lesser extent from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]]. It has also had minor influence from and on neighbouring languages such as [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marwari language|Marwari]].<ref name="lsi">{{Linguistic Survey of India|8|3|chapter=Sindhi}}</ref>

Sindhi has a number of [[#Dialects|dialects]] and an established [[#Dialects|standard form]], referred to as ''Standard Sindhi'', which is based on the dialect of [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] and the surrounding areas of central Sindh. The primary regulatory agency for the development and promotion of the language is the [[Sindhi Language Authority]], an autonomous institution of the [[government of Sindh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sl.sindhila.org/en/lets-learn-sindhi/21-sindhila/about-sindhi/175-present-chairman|title=Present Chairman of Sindhi Language Authority|last=Official site|first=Official Site|date=26 December 2018|website=|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417182404/http://sl.sindhila.org/en/lets-learn-sindhi/21-sindhila/about-sindhi/175-present-chairman|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Dodo Chanesar Khudabadi script.png|thumb|right|Cover of a book containing the epic [[Dodo Chanesar]] written in ''Hatvanki Sindhi'' or [[Khudabadi script]].]]{{Sindhis}}

===Origins===
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] ''síndhu'', the original name of the [[Indus River]], along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html |title=Sindhi |work= The Languages Gulper|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> In the [[Bronze Age]] ({{circa|3300|1200 BCE}}), the primary language of this region was likely the [[Harappan language]], but no records exist indicating when or how that language was replaced by the [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Jennifer |title=The Sindhi language |url=http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106015921/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jscole/Sindhi_Elsevier_encyl.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref>

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan ([[Sanskrit]]) via Middle Indo-Aryan ([[Pali]], secondary Prakrits, and [[Apabhramsha]]). 20th century Western scholars such as [[George Abraham Grierson]] believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by [[Markandeya]] as being spoken in ''Sindhu-deśa'', corresponding to modern Sindh)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Apabhramsa According to Markandeya and "Dhakki" Prakrit |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1913 |pages=875–883 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00045627 |jstor=25189069 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189069 |access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grierson |first1=G. A. |title=Vrācaḍa and Sindhī |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1902 |pages=47–48 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00157077 |jstor=25208372 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208372 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref> but later work has shown this to be unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Y. K. |title=The Origin of the Sindhi Language |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1981 |volume=40 |pages=192–201 |jstor=42931119 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf |access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

The sound changes that characterise the development of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan are:
* Development of [[implosive consonant|implosives]] from [[gemination|geminate]] and initial stops (e.g. ''g-'', ''-gg'' > ''ɠ''); this is a highly distinctive sound change in NIA{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}}
* Shortening of geminates (e.g. MIA ''akkhi'' > Sindhi ''akhi'' "eye"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}
* Voicing of post-nasal consonants (e.g. MIA ''danta'' > Sindhi ''ɗ̣andu'' "tooth"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=203}}
* [[Debuccalization]] of intervocalic ''-s-'' > ''-h-'' (shared with some [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi varieties]], primarily [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=194}}
* Intervocalic ''-l-'' > ''-r-'' (likely via intermediate retroflex ''-ḷ-''), ''-ll-'' > ''-l-'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}} ''-ḍ-'' > ''-ṛ-''
* Fronting of ''r'' from medial clusters to initial (e.g. OIA ''dīrgha'' > Sindhi ''ḍrigho'' "long"){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=209}}

Additionally, the following retentions distinguish Sindhi from other New Indo-Aryan languages:
* Retention of MIA ''-ṇ-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=193}}
* Retention of final short vowels ''-a'', ''-i'', ''-u'',{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=196}} but also insertion of these into loanwords{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=197}}
* Retention of long vowels before geminates (more archaic than e.g. [[Prakrit]]){{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=198}}
* Retention of stop + ''r'' clusters but with retroflexion, e.g. ''tr-'' > ''ṭr-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=201}}{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=210}}
* Retention of ''v-''{{sfnp|Masica|1999|p=202}}

===Early Sindhi (–16th century)===
Literary attestation of early Sindhi is sparse. The earliest written evidence of Sindhi as a language can be found in a translation of the Qur’an into Sindhi dating back to 883 A.D.<ref name="ELL">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=J. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Keith |chapter=Sindhi |title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics |edition=Second |date=2006 |pages=384–387 |doi=10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02241-0 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542022410 |publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-044854-1 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Historically, [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] religious literature and poetry in India, as old as the 11th century CE, used a language that was closely related to Sindhi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]; at this point, Sindhi was not clearly established as an independent literary language. Much of this work is in the form of ''[[ginans]]'' (a kind of devotional hymn).<ref name="shackle">{{Britannica|1550738|Sindhi literature|Christopher Shackle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Literature-Ginans |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view |website=Ismaili.NET |publisher=Heritage Society |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to be in close contact with [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] following the [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad conquest of Sindh]] in 712 CE. Arabic sources thus do mention the language of Sindh in various instances. The following excerpts are translated from ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'' by [[Henry Miers Elliot]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Dawson |editor1-first=John |title=The History Of India As Told By Its Own Historians |date=1867–1877 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448955}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=The '''language of Sind is different from that of India'''. Sind is the country which is nearer to the domains of the Muslims; India is farther from them.
|author=[[al-Masudi]] ({{circa|lk=no|896}}–956 CE)
|source=''[[The Meadows of Gold]]''
}}

{{Blockquote
|text=The language of [[Mansura, Sindh|Mansúra]], [[Multan|Multán]], and those parts is Arabic and '''Sindian'''. In [[Makran|Makrán]], they use Persian and Makranic.
|author=[[Ibn Hawqal]]
|source=''[[Surat Al-Ard]]'' (977 CE)
}}

Additionally, the Korean [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk [[Hyech'o]] mentions the unique language of Sindh in his travelogue:

{{Blockquote
|text=From Takka, I walked towards the West for another month and arrived at the country of Sindhukula. The dress, customs, climate, and temperature are similar to north India, although '''the language is slightly different'''.
|author=[[Hyech'o]]
|source=''[[Wang och'ŏnch'ukkuk chŏn]]'' ({{circa|lk=no|723}}–728 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ch'o |first1=Hye |last2=Ch'ao |first2=Hui |last3=Yang |first3=Han-sŭng |title=The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India |date=1984 |publisher=Jain Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-89581-024-3 |pages=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWo47KtISe8C&pg=PA50 |language=en}} Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Hye_Ch_o_diary.html?id=9yHHzQEACAAJ Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works].</ref>
}}

===Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)===
Medieval Sindhi literature is of a primarily religious genre, comprising a syncretic [[Sufi]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] poetry, the latter in the devotional [[bhakti]] tradition. The format of this poetry is the ''[[Bayt (poetry)|bayt]]'', indicating significant influence from Arabic and Persian. The earliest known Sindhi poet of the Sufi tradition is [[Qazi Qadan]] (1493–1551). Other early poets were [[Shah Inat Rizvi]] ({{circa}} 1613–1701) and [[Shah Abdul Karim Bulri]] (1538–1623). These poets had a mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much of this period.<ref name="shackle"/>

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at various times and possibly much older than their earliest literary attestations. These include romantic epics such as [[Sassui Punnhun]], [[Sohni Mahiwal]], [[Momal Rano]], [[Noori Jam Tamachi]], [[Lilan Chanesar]], and others.<ref name="mahfil">{{cite journal |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Sindhi Literature |journal=Mahfil |date=1971 |volume=7 |issue=1/2 |pages=71–80 |jstor=40874414 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414}}</ref>

The greatest poet of Sindhi was [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were compiled into the [[Shah Jo Risalo]] by his followers. While primarily Sufi, his verses also recount traditional Sindhi folktales and aspects of the cultural history of Sindh.<ref name="shackle"/>

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by [[Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi]] (1747–1824) and published in [[Gujarat]] in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Siddiq in 1867.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|title=The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|website=Imamreza.net|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391|archive-date=15 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===British India (1843–1947)===

In 1843, the [[British conquest of Sindh]] led the region to become part of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. Soon after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province, removing the literary dominance of [[Persian language|Persian]]. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |title= The language link |first= Naseer |last= Memon |date= April 13, 2014 |work= [[The News on Sunday]] |access-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-date= April 13, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143150/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1868, the [[Bombay Presidency]] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the [[Abjad]] used in Sindhi with the ''[[Khudabadi script]]''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency, thus inciting anarchy in the [[Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve [[Martial Law]]s were imposed by the British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the development of modern Sindhi literature.

The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in [[Bombay]] beginning in 1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by [[Muhammad Hashim Thattvi]], one of the renowned religious scholars of Sindh.<ref name="mahfil"/>

===Independent Pakistan and India (1947–)===
The [[Partition of India]] in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of [[Pakistan]], commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested in resistance to the imposition of [[Urdu]] and eventually [[Sindhi nationalism]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levesque |first1=Julien |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001 |s2cid=246560343 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Sindhi language {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf|title=Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan|first=Gulshan |last=Majeed |work=Journal of Political Studies|access-date=December 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> and one of the scheduled languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution |title=Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution |publisher=Department of Official Language, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> Before the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Language and Politics in Pakistan|title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=https://www.academia.edu/7588035|website=academia.edu|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Imposition Of Urdu|url=http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|access-date=12 September 2015|publisher=NAWAIWAQT GROUP OF NEWSPAPERS|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082914/http://nation.com.pk/editorials/10-Sep-2015/the-imposition-of-urdu|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnaorg.com/research-papers-pdf/rahman-3.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Teaching of Sindhi & Sindhi ethnicity.doc|website=Apnaorg.com |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sindhi Language Movement |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005418/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/scholorly_articles/sindhi_lang_mov.pdf |archive-date=2014-09-05 |access-date=2015-09-12}}</ref>

Sindhi is additionally spoken by many members of the [[Sindhi diaspora]], particularly in [[Malaysia]], [[Oman]], [[Singapore]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] and [[United Kingdom|UK]].

===Pakistan===
[[File:Distribution of Sindhi as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Sindhi as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.]]
In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 34.40 million people, or {{sigfig|14.57|3}}% of the country's population as of the 2023 census. 33.46 million of these are found in [[Sindh]], where they account for {{sigfig|60.14|2}}% of the total population of the province.<ref name="2023 census">{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban, Census–2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220005033/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024|website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]]}}</ref> There are 0.55 million speakers in the province of [[Balochistan]], especially in the [[Kacchi Plain]].

{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
|+2023 Census Statistics<ref name="2023 census"/>
!State
!Population
|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="sorttop static-row-header"
| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}'''
| 34,401,564
|-
|{{flag+link|Languages of|Sindh}}
|33,462,299
|-
|{{flag+link|Languages of|Balochistan}}
|555,198
|-
|{{flag+link|Languages of|Punjab}}
|352,686
|-
|{{flag+link|Languages of|Islamabad}}
|21,362
|-
|{{flag+link|Languages of|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
|10,019
|}

The Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private schools in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samar |first=Azeem |date=13 March 2019 |title=PA resolution calls for teaching Sindhi as compulsory subject in private schools |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/443160-pa-resolution-calls-for-teaching-sindhi-as-compulsory-subject-in-private-schools |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PakistanToday |date=25 September 2018 |title=Sindhi to be made compulsory in all private schools across province {{!}} Pakistan Today |url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/09/25/sindhi-to-be-made-compulsory-in-all-private-schools-across-province/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Pakistan Today]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah]], and Secretary of School Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-25 |title=Private schools directed to make Sindhi compulsory subject |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1434751 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref> Sindhi is taught in all provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge system.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-24 |title=Sindh private schools told to teach Sindhi as compulsory subject |url=http://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/1556672 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Samaa TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[Festival|occasion]] of [[International Mother Language Day|'Mother Language Day]]' in 2023, the [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Assembly]] under Culture minister [[Syed Sardar Ali Shah|Sardar Ali Shah]], passed a [[Unanimity|unanimous]] [[Resolution (logic)|resolution]] to extend the use of [[language]] to [[Primary school|primary]] level<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Call for using local languages at primary level |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402116/call-for-using-local-languages-at-primary-level |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> and increase the [[Social status|status]] of Sindhi as a [[national language]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Tahir |date=2023-02-22 |title=Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> of [[Pakistan]].

Many Sindhi-language television channels are broadcasting in Pakistan, such as Time News, KTN, [[Sindh TV]], [[Awaz Television Network]], Mehran TV, and [[Dharti TV]].

===India===
The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in [[India]], making it an option for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in the Indian states of [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=National Committee for Linguistic Minorities |access-date=2018-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In India, Sindhi mother tongue speakers were distributed in the following states:
{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
|+2011 Census Statistics<ref name="india census">{{cite web|title = C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011| author = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191| access-date = 29 October 2022}}</ref>{{efn|This is the number of people who identified their mother-tongue as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]].}}
!State
!Population
|- style="background:#e6e6e6" class="sorttop static-row-header"
| '''{{flag+link|Languages of|India}}'''
| 2,772,264
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|1,184,024
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|723,748
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|386,569
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|245,161
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|93,424
|-
|[[Delhi|Delhi (NCT)]]
|31,177
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|28,952
|-
|[[Assam]]
|19,646
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|16,954
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|11,299
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|8,448
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|7,828
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|2,863
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|2,338
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|2,227
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|1,701
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|1,658
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|1,251
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|754
|-
|[[Goa]]
|656
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|894
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|236
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|134
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|94
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|82
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|62
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|30
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|19
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|14
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|12
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|7
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|2
|}

===Sindhi diaspora===
In [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Singapore]] (where Sindhi has no official status), ethnic Sindhis are largely shifting to [[English language|English]] as their first language, excepting some monolingual first-generation immigrants and second-generation speakers who use Sindhi at home. Codeswitching of varying degrees is observed in some speakers, usually with English but also with [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift, cultural maintenance, and ethnic identity; a study of a minority Community: the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1998 |issue=130 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67 |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.130.67/html |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=Language shift amongst the Sindhis of Malaysia |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |date=1999 |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khemlani-David |first1=Maya |title=The Sindhis of Singapore–Language Maintenance or Language Shift? |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=3 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/159556 |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Khemlani-David |first2=Maya |title=Language Shift and Identity Reproduction among Diaspora Sindhis in India and Southeast Asia |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=2020 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=734–763 |access-date=6 June 2025 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X20000013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/language-shift-and-identity-reproduction-among-diaspora-sindhis-in-india-and-southeast-asia/678711394095029BE7AC10943ADA6946|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similar shift to English is found in the smaller [[Hong Kong]] Sindhi community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lock |first1=Graham |last2=Detaramani |first2=Champa |title=Being Indian in post-colonial Hong Kong: Models of ethnicity, culture and language among Sindhis and Sikhs in Hong Kong |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=2006 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=267–284 |doi=10.1080/14631360600926972 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14631360600926972#page=12.27 |access-date=6 June 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Sindhi speakers by country===
{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible static-row-numbers sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:right"
!Country
!Population
|-
| {{flag+link|Languages of|Pakistan}}<ref name="2023 census"/>
| 34,401,564
|-
| {{flag+link|Languages of|India}}<ref name="india census"/>
| 2,772,264
|-
| {{flag+link|Languages of|UAE}}<ref>{{Ethnologue25}}</ref>
| 102,000
|-
| {{flag+link|Languages of|USA}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/language-use/2017-2021-lang-tables.html|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2017-2021|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref>
| 6,299
|-
| {{flag+link|Languages of|Canada}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heritage |first=Canadian |date=2024-02-07 |title=Statistics on official languages in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-languages-bilingualism/publications/statistics.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>
| 5,315
|-
| {{flag+link|South Asian languages in|Singapore}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singapore Department of Statistics |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |title=Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion |date=2011 |publisher=Singapore Department of Statistics |isbn=978-981-08-7808-5 |access-date=2018-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213154440/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 3,971
|}

==Dialects==
[[File:The dialects of Sindhi language.png|thumb|The dialects of Sindhi language shown on map.]]
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a [[dialect continuum]] at some places with neighboring languages such as [[Punjabi dialects and languages|Punjabi]] to the north and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] to the south, but not with [[Marwari language|Marwari]] to the east.<ref name="lsi"/> Some of the documented dialects of Sindhi are:<ref>{{e19|Sindhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC|title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost|last1=Austin|first1=Peter|last2=Austin|first2=Marit Rausing Chair in Field Linguistics Peter K.|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255609|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126003655|language=en}}</ref><ref name="lsi"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC7mfihnTcAC&q=sindhi+tribe |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Sind |date=1907 |publisher=Government at the "Mercantile" Steam Press |pages=188–519 |language=en}}</ref>

* '''Vicholi''': The prestige dialect spoken around [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] and central Sindh (the ''Vicholo'' region), on which the literary standard is based.
* '''Uttaradi:''' The dialect of northern Sindh (''Uttaru'', meaning "north"), with minor differences in [[Larkana District|Larkana]], [[Shikarpur District|Shikarpur]] and in parts of [[Sukkur District|Sukkur]] and [[Kandiaro Tehsil|Kandiaro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1919 |title=Uttaradi |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/1/mode/1up}}</ref>
* '''[[Lari dialect (Sindhi)|Lari]]''': The dialect of southern Sindh (''Lāṛu'') spoken around areas like [[Karachi]], [[Thatta District|Thatta]], [[Sujawal District|Sujawal]], [[Tando Muhammad Khan District|Tando Muhammad Khan]] and [[Badin District|Badin]] districts.
* [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|'''Siroli''']] (also '''Siraiki''', '''Ubheji'''): The dialect of northernmost Sindh (''Siro'', meaning "head"). {{sfnp|Shackle|2007|p=114}} Spoken in smaller number all over Sindh but mainly in [[Jacobabad District|Jacobabad]] and [[Kashmore District|Kashmore]] districts, it may be transitional with the [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] language variety of southern [[Punjab]]{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=443}} and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a dialect of Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |date=1995 |title=The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan |journal=Language Problems & Language Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=3 |doi=10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah}}</ref>
* '''[[Lasi dialect|Lasi]]''': The dialect of [[Lasbela District|Lasbela]], [[Hub District|Hub]] and [[Gwadar District|Gwadar]] districts in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in contact with [[Balochi language|Balochi]].
* '''Firaqi''': The dialect of the [[Kacchi Plain|Kachhi plains]] the north eastern districts of Balochistan, where it is referred to as Firaqi Sindhi or commonly just Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fraki Sindhi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360206034 |quote=Sindhi spoken at Sibi is known as Fraki.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-30 |title=Firaqi Sindhi |url=https://iaoj.wordpress.com/2016/11/30/dialects-of-sindhi-language/comment-page-1/ |website=Indus Asia Online Journal}}</ref>
* '''[[Thareli]]''' (also '''Tharechi'''): Spoken in the northeastern [[Thar Desert|Thar]] desert of Sindh, but mainly spoken in the western part of [[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]] district of [[Rajasthan]], India by many Sindhi Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-2&pages=494#page/122/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/onethousandlangu0000unse |title=One thousand languages: living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |location=Berkeley |publisher= University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9}}</ref>
* '''[[Sindhi Bhili]]:''' Spoken in Sindh by the Sindhi [[Sindhi Meghwars|Meghwars]] and [[Sindhi Bhils|Bhils]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil language |url=https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1706816.html?page=3 |website=LotsOfEssays.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi Bhil |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/16734 |website=Global Recordings Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhi bhil |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sbn/ |website=Ethnologue}}</ref>

Furthermore, [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] and [[Jadgali language|Jadgali]] are sometimes classified as dialects of Sindhi rather than independent languages.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Sindhi dialects Comparison<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/229/mode/1up |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |page=214}}</ref>
!English
!Vicholi
!Lari
!Uttaradi
!Lasi
!Kutchi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=The Sweet Language of Kutch |url=https://www.memeraki.com/blogs/news/the-language-of-kutch |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Memeraki Retail and Tech Pvt Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>
!Dhatki
|-
|I
|Aao(n)
|Aao(n)
|Mā(n)
|Ã
|Aau(n)
|Hu(n)
|-
|My
|Muhnjo
|Mujo
|Mānjo/Māhjo
|Mojo/Mājo
|Mujo
|Mānjo/Māhyo
|-
|You "Sin, plu" (formal)
|Awha(n)/Awhee(n)
Tawha(n)/Tawhee(n)
|Aa(n)/Aei(n)
|Taha(n)/Taa(n)/
Tahee(n)/Taee(n)
|Awa(n)/Ai(n)
|Aa(n)/Ai(n)
|Awha/Ahee(n)/ Aween
|-
|To me
|Mukhe
|Muke
|Mānkhe
|Mukh
|Muke
|Mina
|-
|We
|Asee(n)
|Asee(n), Pān
|Asā(n)
|Asee(n)
|Asee(n), Pān
|Asee(n), Asā(n)
|-
|What
|Chha/Kahirō
|Kujjāro/Kujja
|Chha/Shha
|Chho
|Kuro
|Kee
|-
|Why
|Chho
|Ko
|Chho/Shho
|Chhela
|Kolāi/Kurelāe
|Kayla
|-
|How
|Kiya(n)
|Kei(n)
|Kiya(n)
|
|Kee(n)
|Kiya(n)
|-
|No
|Na, Kōna, Kōn
|Nā(n), Kīna
|Na, Kōna, Kāna, Kon, Kān
|Nā(n), Ma
|Nā
|Nā, Ni, Ko, Kon, Ma
|-
|Legs (plural, fem)
|Tangu(n), Jjanghu(n)
|Tangu(n), Jjangu(n)
|Tangā(n), Jjanghā(n)
|
|
|
|-
|Foot
|Pair
|Pair/Pagg/Pagulo
|Pair
|Pair
|Pag
|Pagg, Pair
|-
|Far
|Pare
|Ddoor
|Pare/Parte
|Ddor
|Chhete
|Ddor
|-
|Near
|Vejhō
|Vejo/Ōdō/Ōdirō/Ore
|Vejhō/Vejhe/Orte
|Ōddō
|Wat, bājūme
|Nerro
|-
|Good/Excellent
|Sutho, Chaṅō
|Khāso/Sutho/Thhāuko
|Sutho, Bhalo, Chango
|Khāsho
|Khāso, Laat
|Sutho, Phutro, Thhāuko
|-
|High
|Utāho
|Ucho
|Mathe
|Ucho
|Ucho
|Uncho
|-
|Silver
|Rupo
|Chādi/Rupo
|Chāndi
|Rupo
|Rupo
|
|-
|Father
|Piu
|Pay/Abo/Aba/Ada
|Pee/Babo/Pirhe(n)
|Pe
|Pe, Bapa, Ada
|
|-
|Wife
|Joe/Gharwāri
|Joe/Wani/Kuwār
|Zaal/Gharwāri
|Zaal
|Vahu/Vau
|Ddosi, Luggai
|-
|Man
|Mardu
|Māņu/Mārū/Mard
/Murs/Musālu
|Mānhu/Musālo/Bhāi
/Kāko/Hamra
|Mānhu
|Māḍū/Mārū
|Mārū
|-
|Woman
|Aurat
|Zāla/ōrat/ōlath
|Māi/Ran
|Zāla
|Bāeḍi/Bāyaḍī
|
|-
|Child/Baby
|Bbār/Ningar/Bbālak
|Bbār/Ningar/Gabhur/
Bacho/Kako
|Bbār/Bacho/Adro/
Phar (animal)
|Gabhar
|Bār/Gabhar/Chokro
|
|-
|Daughter
|Dhiu/Niyāni
|Dia/Niyāni/Kañā
|Dhee/Adri
|Dhia
|Dhi/Dhikri
|Dikri
|-
|Sun
|Siju
|Sij, Sūrij
|Sijhu
|Siju
|Sūraj
|Sūraj
|-
|Sunlight
|
|Kārro
|Oosa
|
|Tarko
|
|-
|Cat
|Billi
|Bili/Pusani
|Billi
|Phushini
|Minni
|
|-
|Rain
|Barsāt/Mee(n)h
/Bārish
|Varsāt/Mee(n)/Mai(n)
|Barsāt/Mee(n)hu
|
|Varsāt
|Meh, Maiwla
|-
|And
|Aēi(n)
|Ãū(n)/Ãē(n)/Nē
|Aēi(n)/Aū(n)/Aen
|Ãē/Or
|Nē/Anē
|A'e(n)/Ān
|-
|Also
|Pin/Bhi
|Pin, Bee
|Bu/Pun
|
|Pin/Pan
|
|-
|Is
|Āhe
|Āye
|Aa/Āhe/Hai
|Āhe/Āye
|Āye
|Āhe/Āh/Āye/Hai
|-
|Fire
|Bāhe
|Bāē/āgg/jjērō
|Bāhe/Bāh
|Jjērō
|Jirō/lagāņō/āg
|
|-
|Water
|Pāņī
|Pāņī/Jal
|Pāņī
|Pāņī
|Pāņī/Jal
|Pāņī
|-
|Where
|Kithē
|Kithē
|Kithē, Kāthe, Kehda, Kāday, Kādah, Kidah, Kithrē
|Kith
|Kidhē/Kidhā
|Kith
|-
|Sleep
|Nindr(a)
|Nind(a)
|Nindr(a)
|Nind
|Ninder
|Oongh
|-
|Slap
|Thaparr/Chammāt
|Tārr
|Chamātu/Chapātu/
Lapātu/Thapu
|
|Thapaat
|
|-
|To Wash
|Dhoain(u)
|Dhun(u)
|Dhoain(u)/Dhuan(u)/
Dhowan(u)
|
|Dhowan
|Dhuwan(u)/
Dhoon(u)
|-
|Will write (Masc)
|Likhandum, Likhandus
|Likhados
|Likhdum, Likhdus
|Likhdosī
|likhdos (m) / likhdis (f)
|Likhsā(n)
|-
|I Went
|Aao(n) Vius
|Aao(n) Vēs
|Ma(n) Vayus (m)/ Vayas (f)
|Ã viosī
|Aau vyos (m) / veyis (f)
|Hu Gios
|}

== Phonology ==
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/sindhi/ | title=Sindhi Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet - MustGo }}</ref> Sindhi has 46 [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s and 10 [[vowel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Raza |first1=Sarfraz |last2=Zahid |first2=Agha Furrukh |last3=Raza |first3=Usman |title=Phonemic Inventory of Sindhi and Acoustic Analysis of Voiced Implosives |url=https://uogenglish.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/sindhi-phonemic-inventory.pdf |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=uogenglish.files.wordpress.com}}</ref> The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for the world's languages at 2.8.<ref>Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). ''Handbook of the International Phonetic Association'' (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> All [[plosive]]s, [[affricate]]s, [[nasal stop|nasals]], the [[retroflex flap]], and the [[lateral approximant]] /l/ have [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] or [[breathy voice]]d counterparts. The language also features four [[Implosive consonant|implosive]]s.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Sindhi consonants<ref>{{cite journal |title= Illustration of the IPA – Sindhi |issue= 2 |pages= 95–98 |first= Paroo |last= Nihalani |date=December 1, 1995 |journal= Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume= 25 |doi= 10.1017/S0025100300005235 |s2cid= 249410954 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
!colspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
!colspan=2| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
!colspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|(Alveolo-) Palatal]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!plain
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|m}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|م}}}} {{script/Devanagari|म}}}} 𑋗
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|n}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ن}}}} {{script/Devanagari|न}}}} 𑋑
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ण}}}} 𑋌
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڃ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ञ}}}} 𑋅
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڱ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ङ}}}} 𑊿
| colspan="2" |
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|mʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|مهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|म्ह}}}}
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|nʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|نهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|न्ह}}}}
| style="border-right:none;"| || style="border-left:none;"|{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɳʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڻهہ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ण्ह}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!plain
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|p}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|پ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|प}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|b}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ب}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ब}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪|t̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ت}}}}{{script/Devanagari|त}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪|d̪}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|د}}}}{{script/Devanagari|द}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٽ}}}} {{script/Devanagari|ट}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڊ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ड}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|چ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|च}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑋀}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ج}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ज}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|k}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڪ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|क}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊺}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ग}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊼}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڦ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|फ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|bʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڀ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|भ}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٿ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|थ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڌ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ध}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٺ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ठ}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڍ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ढ}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڇ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|छ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑋁}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|dʑʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|جهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|झ}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ک}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ख}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊻}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|گهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|घ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊾}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɓ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ٻ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॿ}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɗ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڏ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॾ}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʄ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॼ}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɠ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڳ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ॻ}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊽}}}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|f}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ف}}}}{{script/Devanagari|फ़}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|s}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|س}}}}{{script/Devanagari|स}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|z}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ز}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ज़}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʂ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ش}}}}{{script/Devanagari|श ष}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|x}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|خ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ख़}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊻𑋩}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɣ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|غ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ग़}} {{script/Khudawadi|𑊼𑋩}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|h}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ھ ه}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ह}}}}|| style="border-left:none;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!plain
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ʋ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|و}}}}{{script/Devanagari|व}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|l̪|l}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ل}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ल}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|j}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ي}}}}{{script/Devanagari|य}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|lʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|لهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ल्ह}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
!plain
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|r}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ر}}}}{{script/Devanagari|र}}}}
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ड़}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right:none;" | || style="border-left:none;" |{{nowrap|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}} {{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڙهہ}}}}{{script/Devanagari|ढ़}}}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
The retroflex consonants are [[Apical consonant|apical]] [[postalveolar]] and do not involve curling back of the tip of the tongue,{{sfnp|Nihalani|1974|p=207}}, so they could be transcribed {{IPA|[t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠, d̠ʱ n̠ n̠ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ʱ]}} in phonetic transcription. The affricates {{IPA|/tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/}} are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is similar, or truly palatal.<ref>The IPA ''Handbook'' uses the symbols {{IPA|c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ}}, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". [[#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996|Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83)]] confirm a transcription of {{IPA|[t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ʑ, d̠ʑʱ]}} and further remark that "{{IPA|/ʄ/}} is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19).</ref> {{IPA|/ʋ/}} is realised as labiovelar {{IPA|[w]}} or labiodental {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in free variation, but is not common, except before a stop.[[File:Sindhi vowel chart.svg|thumb|The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a [[vowel chart]]]]

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|æ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɑ}}
|}The vowels are modal length {{IPA|/i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/}} and short {{IPA|/ɪ ʊ ə/}}. Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: {{IPA|/pət̪o/ [pət̪ˑoː]}} 'leaf' vs. {{IPA|/pɑt̪o/ [pɑːt̪oː]}} 'worn'.

== Grammar ==

===Nouns===
Sindhi nouns distinguish two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine and feminine), two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular and plural), and five [[grammatical case|cases]] (nominative, vocative, oblique, ablative, and locative). This is a similar paradigm to [[Punjabi grammar|Punjabi]]. Almost all Sindhi noun stems end in a vowel, except for some recent loanwords. The declension of a noun in Sindhi is largely determined by its grammatical gender and the final vowel (or if there is no final vowel). Generally, ''-o'' stems are masculine and ''-a'' stems are feminine, but the other final vowels can belong to either gender.

The different paradigms are listed below with examples.<ref name="jetley">{{cite thesis |last1=Jetley |first1=Murlidhar Kishinchand |title=Morphology of Sindhi: A descriptive analysis of Vicholi, the standard Sindhi dialect |date=1964 |publisher=Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute Pune |hdl=10603/145755 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/145755}}</ref> The ablative and locative cases are used with only some lexemes in the singular number and hence not listed, but predictably take the suffixes ''-ā̃'' / ''-aū̃'' / ''-ū̃'' ({{gcl|ABL}}) and ''-i'' ({{gcl|LOC}}).

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|PL}}
! rowspan=2 | Gloss
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
|-
! rowspan=6 | {{gcl|M}}
! ''I''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرو}} {{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो}} ''chokiro''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}} {{script/Devanagari|छोकिरा}} ''chokirā''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِري}} {{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे}} ''chokire''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا}} {{script/Devanagari|छोकिरा}} ''chokirā''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرا / ڇوڪِرَ}}{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो / छोकिर}} ''chokirā'' / ''chokira''
| {{Naskh|ڇوڪِرَنِ}}{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरनि}} ''chokirani''
| boy
|-
! ''II''
| {{Naskh|ٻارُ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॿारु}} ''ɓāru''
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ٻارَ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॿार}} ''ɓāra''
| {{Naskh|ٻارو / ٻارَ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॿार /ॿारो}} ''ɓāra'' / ''ɓāro''
| {{Naskh|ٻارَنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॿारनि}} ''ɓārani''
| child
|-
! rowspan=2 | ''III''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ساٿِي}} {{script/Devanagari|साथी}} ''sāthī''
| {{Naskh|ساٿِيءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|साथीअ}} ''sāthīa''
| {{Naskh|ساٿِي}} {{script/Devanagari|साथी}} ''sāthī''
| {{Naskh|ساٿيئَرو}} {{script/Devanagari|साथीअरो}} ''sāthīaro''
| {{Naskh|ساٿيَنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|साथियनि}} ''sāthyani''
| companion
|-
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}} {{script/Devanagari|रहाकू}} ''rahākū''
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُوءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|रहाकूअ}} ''rahākūa''
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُو}} {{script/Devanagari|रहाकू}} ''rahākū''
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُئو}} {{script/Devanagari|रहाकूओ}} ''rahākuo''
| {{Naskh|رَھاڪُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|रहाकुनि}} ''rahākuni''
| inhabitant
|-
! rowspan=2 | ''IV''
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راجا}} {{script/Devanagari|राजा}} ''rājā''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راجا / راجائتو }} {{script/Devanagari|राजा / राजाइतो}} ''rājā'' / ''rājāito''
| {{Naskh|راجائُنِ }} {{script/Devanagari|राजाउनि}} ''rājāuni''
| king
|-
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سيٺُ}} {{script/Devanagari|सेठु}} ''seṭhu''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سيٺَ }} {{script/Devanagari|सेठ}} ''seṭha''
| {{Naskh|سيٺَنِ }} {{script/Devanagari|सेठनि}} ''seṭhani''
| merchant
|-
! rowspan=7 | {{gcl|F}}
! rowspan=2 | ''I''
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|زالَ}} {{script/Devanagari|ज़ाल}} ''zāla''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|زالُون}} {{script/Devanagari|ज़ालूं}} ''zālū̃''
| {{Naskh|زالُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|ज़ालुनि}} ''zāluni''
| woman, wife
|-
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|سَسُ}} {{script/Devanagari|ससु}} ''sasu''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|سَسُون}} {{script/Devanagari|ससूं}} ''sasū̃''
| {{Naskh|سَسُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|ससुनि}} ''sasuni''
| mother-in-law
|-
! rowspan=3 | ''II''
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|دَوا}} {{script/Devanagari|दवा}} ''davā''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|دَوائُون}} {{script/Devanagari|दवाऊं}} ''davāū̃''
| {{Naskh|دَوائُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|दवाउनि}} ''davāuni''
| medicine
|-
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|راتِ}} {{script/Devanagari|राति}} ''rāti''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|راتيُون}} {{script/Devanagari|रातियूं}} ''rātyū̃''
| {{Naskh|راتيُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|रातियुनि}} ''rātyuni''
| night
|-
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|هوٽَل}} {{script/Devanagari|होटल}} ''hoṭal''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|هوٽَلُون}} {{script/Devanagari|होटलूं}} ''hoṭalū̃''
| {{Naskh|هوٽَلُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|होटलुनि}} ''hoṭaluni''
| hotel
|-
! ''III''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}} {{script/Devanagari|ॻऊं}} ''ɠaū̃''
| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونَ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॻऊंअ}} ''ɠaū̃a''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڳَئُون}} {{script/Devanagari|ॻऊं}} ''ɠaū̃''
| {{Naskh|ڳَئُونِ}} {{script/Devanagari|ॻऊनि}} ''ɠaūni''
| cow
|-
! ''IV''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَدِي}} {{script/Devanagari|नदी}} ''nadī''
| {{Naskh|نَدِيءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|नदीअ}} ''nadīa''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|نَديُون}} {{script/Devanagari|नदियूं}} ''nadyū̃''
| {{Naskh|نَديُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|नदियुनि}} ''nadyuni''
| river
|}

A few nouns representing familial relations take irregular declensions with an extension in ''-r-'' in the plural. These are the masculine nouns {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउ}} ''bhāu'' "brother", {{Naskh|پِيءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|पिउ}} ''pīu'' "father", and the feminine nouns {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|धीअ}} ''dhīa'' "daughter", {{Naskh|نُونھَن}} {{script/Devanagari|नूंहं}} ''nū̃hã'' "daughter-in-law", {{Naskh|ڀيڻَ}} {{script/Devanagari|भेण}} ''bheṇa'' "sister", {{Naskh|ماءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|माउ}} ''māu'' "mother", and {{Naskh|جوءِ}} {{script/Devanagari|जोइ}} ''joi'' "wife".<ref name="jetley"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|PL}}
! rowspan=2 | Gloss
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
! {{gcl|NOM}} !! {{gcl|VOC}} !! {{gcl|OBL}}
|-
! {{gcl|M}}
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڀاءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउ}} ''bhāu''
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرُ / ڀائُرَ}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउरु / भाउर}} ''bhāuru'' / ''bhāura''
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَ / ڀائُرو}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउर / भाउरो}} ''bhāura'' / ''bhāuro''
| {{Naskh|ڀائُرَنِ / ڀائُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|भाउरनि / भाउनि}} ''bhāurani'' / ''bhāuni''
| brother
|-
! {{gcl|F}}
| colspan=3 | {{Naskh|ڌِيءَ / ڌِيءُ}} {{script/Devanagari|धीअ / धीउ}} ''dhīa'' / ''dhīu''
| colspan=2 | {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُ / ڌِيئَرُون / ڌِيئُون}} {{script/Devanagari|धीअरु / धीअरूं / धीऊं}} ''dhīaru'' / ''dhīarū̃'' / ''dhīū̃''
| {{Naskh|ڌِيئَرُنِ / ڌِيئُنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|धीअरुनि / धीउनि}} ''dhīaruni'' / ''dhīuni''
| daughter
|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Personal pronouns
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|SG}}
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}}
|-
! {{gcl|NOM}}
| {{script/Arabic|مَان}} / {{script/Arabic|آئُون}} {{script/Devanagari|मां}} / {{script/Devanagari|आऊं}} ''mā̃'' / ''āū̃''
| {{script/Arabic|تُون}} {{script/Devanagari|तूं}} ''tū̃''
| {{script/Arabic|اَسِين}} {{script/Devanagari|असीं}} ''asī̃''
| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھِين}} {{script/Devanagari|तव्हीं}} ''tavhī̃''
|-
! {{gcl|OBL}}
| {{script/Arabic|مُون}} {{script/Devanagari|मूं}} ''mū̃''
| {{script/Arabic|تو}} {{script/Devanagari|तो}} ''to''
| {{script/Arabic|اَسَان}} {{script/Devanagari|असां}} ''asā̃''
| {{script/Arabic|تَوِھَان}} {{script/Devanagari|तव्हां}} ''tavhā̃''
|-
! {{gcl|GEN}}
| {{script/Arabic|مُنھِنجو}} {{script/Devanagari|मुंहिंजो}} ''mũhinjo''
| {{script/Arabic|تُنھِنجو}} {{script/Devanagari|तुंहिंजो}} ''tũhinjo''
| colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|}
Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has first and second-person [[personal pronoun]]s as well as several types of third-person proximal and distal [[demonstrative]]s. These declines in the nominative and oblique cases. The genitive is a special form for the first and second-person singular, but formed as usual with the oblique and case marker جو {{script/Devanagari|जो}} ''jo'' for the rest. The personal pronouns are listed to the right.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}<ref name="sindhi1">{{cite web |date=April 21, 2024 |title=Structure of Sindhi Language |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028182548/http://lisindia.ciil.org/Sindhi/sindhi_struct.html |archive-date=28 October 2024 |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages |location=India Mysore}}</ref>

The third-person pronouns are listed below. Besides the unmarked demonstratives, there are also "specific" and "present" demonstratives. In the nominative singular, the demonstratives are marked for gender. Some other pronouns which decline identically to {{script/Arabic|ڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|को}} ''ko'' "someone" are {{script/Arabic|ھَرڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|हरको}} ''har-ko'' "everyone", {{script/Arabic|سَڀڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|सभको}} ''sabh-ko'' "all of them", {{script/Arabic|جيڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|जेको}} ''je-ko'' "whoever" (relative), and {{script/Arabic|تيڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|तेको}} ''te-ko'' "that one" (correlative).{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Third-person pronouns
! colspan=3 rowspan=3 |
! colspan=7 | [[Demonstratives|Demonstrative]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Interrogative pronoun|Interrogative]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Relative pronoun|Relative]]
! rowspan=3 | [[Correlative pronoun|Correlative]]
|-
! colspan=2 | Unmarked
! colspan=2 | Specific
! colspan=2 | Present
! rowspan=2 | Indefinite
|-
! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
! {{gcl|PROX|proximal}} !! {{gcl|DIST}}
|-
! rowspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}}
! {{gcl|M}}
| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}} {{script/Devanagari|ही}} ''hī''
| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}} {{script/Devanagari|हू}} ''hū''
| {{script/Arabic|اِھو}} {{script/Devanagari|इहो}} ''iho''
| {{script/Arabic|اُھو}} {{script/Devanagari|उहो}} ''uho''
| {{script/Arabic|اِجهو}} {{script/Devanagari|इझो}} ''ijho''
| {{script/Arabic|اوجهو}} {{script/Devanagari|ओझो}} ''ojho''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪو}} {{script/Devanagari|को}} ''ko''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرُ}} {{script/Devanagari|केरु}} ''keru''
| {{script/Arabic|جو}} {{script/Devanagari|जो}} ''jo''
| {{script/Arabic|سو}} {{script/Devanagari|सो}} ''so''
|-
! {{gcl|F}}
| {{script/Arabic|ھِيءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|हीअ}} ''hīa''
| {{script/Arabic|ھُوءَ}} {{script/Devanagari|हूअ}} ''hūa''
| {{script/Arabic|اِھَا}} {{script/Devanagari|इहा}} ''ihā''
| {{script/Arabic|اُھَا}} {{script/Devanagari|उहा}} ''uhā''
| {{script/Arabic|اِجَها}} {{script/Devanagari|इझा}} ''ijhā''
| {{script/Arabic|اوجَها}} {{script/Devanagari|ओझा}} ''ojhā''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪَا}} {{script/Devanagari|का}} ''kā''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}} {{script/Devanagari|केर}} ''kera''
| {{script/Arabic|جَا}} {{script/Devanagari|जा}} ''jā''
| {{script/Arabic|سَا}} {{script/Devanagari|सा}} ''sā''
|-
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}}
| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَ}} {{script/Devanagari|हिन}} ''hina''
| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَ}} {{script/Devanagari|हुन}} ''huna''
| {{script/Arabic|اِنهين}} {{script/Devanagari|इन्हें}} ''inhẽ''
| {{script/Arabic|اُنهين}} {{script/Devanagari|उन्हें}} ''unhẽ''
| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪَنْھِن}} {{script/Devanagari|कंहिं}} ''kãhĩ''
| {{script/Arabic|جَنْھِن}} {{script/Devanagari|जंहिं}} ''jãhĩ''
| {{script/Arabic|تَنْھِن}} {{script/Devanagari|तंहिं}} ''tãhĩ''
|-
! rowspan=2 | {{gcl|PL}}
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|NOM}}
| {{script/Arabic|ھِي}} {{script/Devanagari|ही}} ''hī''
| {{script/Arabic|ھُو}} {{script/Devanagari|हू}} ''hū''
| {{script/Arabic|اِھي}} {{script/Devanagari|इहे}} ''ihe''
| {{script/Arabic|اُھي}} {{script/Devanagari|उहे}} ''uhe''
| {{script/Arabic|اِجهي}} {{script/Devanagari|इझे}} ''ijhe''
| {{script/Arabic|اوجهي}} {{script/Devanagari|ओझे}} ''ojhe''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪي}} {{script/Devanagari|के}} ''ke''
| {{script/Arabic|ڪيرَ}} {{script/Devanagari|केर}} ''kera''
| {{script/Arabic|جي}} {{script/Devanagari|जे}} ''je''
| {{script/Arabic|سي}} {{script/Devanagari|से}} ''se''
|-
! colspan=2 | {{gcl|OBL}}
| {{script/Arabic|ھِنَنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|हिननि}} ''hinani''
| {{script/Arabic|ھُنَنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|हुननि}} ''hunani''
| {{script/Arabic|اِنَهنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|इन्हनि}} ''inhani''
| {{script/Arabic|اُنَهنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|उन्हनि}} ''unhani''
| colspan=2 {{n/a}}
| colspan=2 | {{script/Arabic|ڪِنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|किनि}} ''kini''
| {{script/Arabic|جِنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|जिनि}} ''jini''
| {{script/Arabic|تنِ}} {{script/Devanagari|तिनि}} ''tini''
|}

====Pronominal suffixes====
Unlike other Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has pronoun suffixes which can be used as an alternative way to express possession instead of possessive pronouns.{{r|trumpp|p=225}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronominal suffixes
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|SG}}
! colspan=3 | {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}} !! {{gcl|3}}
! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}} !! {{gcl|3}}
|-
| {{script/Arabic|-مِ}} {{script/Devanagari|-मि}} ''-mi''
| {{script/Arabic|-ِ}} {{script/Devanagari|-इ}} ''-i''
| {{script/Arabic|-سِ}} {{script/Devanagari|-सि}} ''-si''
| {{script/Arabic|-ُون}} {{script/Devanagari|-ऊं}} ''-ū̃''
| {{script/Arabic|-وَ}} {{script/Devanagari|-व}} ''-va''
| {{script/Arabic|-نِ}} {{script/Devanagari|-नि}} ''-ni''
|}

===Numerals===
{|
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Num.{{r|trumpp|p=157-158}}
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
!
|-
! 0
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻُڙِي}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿुड़ी}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓuṛi}}
|-
! 1
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|هِڪُ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|हिकु}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|hiku}}
|-
! 2
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿ}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓa}}
|-
! 3
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٽي}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|टे}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ṭe}}
|-
! 4
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چَارِ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|चारि}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|cāri}}
|-
! 5
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَنج}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|पञ्ज}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|pañja}}
|-
! 6
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڇَھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|chaha}}
|-
! 7
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَتَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सत}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|sata}}
|-
! 8
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَٺَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|अठ}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|aṭha}}
|-
! 9
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|نَوَ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|नव}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|nava}}
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! Num.
! colspan=2 | Cardinal
!
|-
! 10
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ڏَھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɗaha}}
|-
! 11
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|يَارَنھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|यारंहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|yārãhã}}
|-
! 12
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|ٻَارَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॿारहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|ɓārahã}}
|-
! 13
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|تيرَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|तेरहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|terahã}}
|-
! 14
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|چوڏَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|चोॾहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|coɗahã}}
|-
! 15
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|پَندرَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|पन्द्रहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|pandrahã}}
|-
! 16
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سورَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सोरहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|sorahã}}
|-
! 17
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|سَترَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सत्रहं}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|satrahã}}
|-
! 18
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اَرِڙَھَن / اَٺَارَھَن}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|अरिड़हं/ अठारहं}}}} || {{Transliteration|sd|ariṛahã / aṭhārahã}}
|-
! 19
| {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|اُڻوِيھَہ}}}} || {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|उणवीह}}}} ||{{Transliteration|sd|uṇvīha}}
|}
|}

===Postpositions===
Most nominal relations (e.g. the [[theta role|semantic role]] of a nominal as an argument to a verb) are indicated using postpositions, which follow a noun in the oblique case. The subject of the verb takes the bare oblique case, while the object may be in nominative case or in oblique case and followed by the [[accusative case]] marker {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|کي}}}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खे}}}} ''khe''.<ref name="trumpp">{{cite book |last1=Trumpp |first1=Ernest |title=Grammar of the Sindhi language |date=1872 |publisher=Trübner and Co. |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum}}</ref>

The postpositions are divided into '''case markers''', which directly follow the noun, and '''complex postpositions''', which combine with a case marker (usually the genitive {{lang|sd-Arab|{{script/Arabic|جو}}}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जो}}}} ''jo'').

====Case markers====
The case markers are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=399}}

The postpositions with the suffix ''-o'' decline in gender and number to agree with their governor, e.g. {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو جو پِيءُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो जो पीउ}}}} ''chokiro j-o pīu'' "the boy's father" but {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِر جِي مَاءُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो जी माउ}}}} ''chokiro j-ī māu'' "the boy's mother".

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Case markers
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| [[Nominative case|Nominative]] || — || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِرو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरो}}}} ''chokiro'' || the boy
|-
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]] [[Dative case|Dative]]
| {{script/Arabic|کي}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खे}}}} ''khe''
| {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کي}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे खे}}}} ''chokire khe''
| the boy to the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Genitive case|Genitive]]
| {{script/Arabic|جو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जो}}}} ''j-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे जो}}}} ''chokire jo''
| rowspan=2 | of the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|سَندو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सन्दो}}}} ''sand-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَندو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सन्दो}}}} ''chokire sando''
|-
| [[Sociative case|Sociative]] || {{script/Arabic|سُڌو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सुधो}}}} ''sudh-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سُڌو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सुधो}}}} ''chokire sudho'' || along with the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Comitative case|Comitative]] [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| {{script/Arabic|سَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|सां}}}} ''sā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे सां}}}} ''chokire sā̃''
| rowspan=2 | with the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|سَاڻُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|साणु}}}} ''sāṇu'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري سَاڻُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे साणु}}}} ''chokire sāṇu''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Locative case|Locative]]
| {{script/Arabic|۾}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|में}}}} ''mẽ'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ۾}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे में}}}} ''chokire mẽ''
| rowspan=2 | in the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|مَنجِهہ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|मंझि}}}} ''manjhi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَنجِهہ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे मंझि}}}} ''chokire manjhi''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Adessive case|Adessive]]
| {{script/Arabic|تي}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|टे}}}} ''te'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تي}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे टे}}}} ''chokire te'' || on the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|وَٽِ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|वटि}}}} ''vaṭi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَٽِ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे वटि}}}} ''chokire vaṭi'' || near the boy the boy has...
|-
| [[Orientative case|Orientative]] || {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَن}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾांहं}}}} ''ḍā̃hã'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَن}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ॾांहं}}}} ''chokire ḍā̃hã'' || towards the boy
|-
| [[Terminative case|Terminative]] || {{script/Arabic|تَائيِن}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ताईं}}}} ''tāī̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَائيِن}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ताईं}}}} ''chokire tāī̃'' || up to the boy
|-
| [[Benefactive case|Benefactive]] || {{script/Arabic|لاءِ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|लाइ}}}} ''lāi'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري لاءِ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे लाइ}}}} ''chokire lāi'' || for the boy
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Semblative case|Semblative]]
| {{script/Arabic|وَانگُرُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|वांगुरु}}}} ''vānguru'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري وَانگُرُ}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे वांगुरु}}}} ''chokire vānguru''
| rowspan=2 | like the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جَھْڙو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|जहड़ो}}}} ''jahṛ-o'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري جَھْڙو}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे जहड़ो}}}} ''chokire jahṛo''
|}

There are several [[ablative case]] markers formed from the spatial postpositions and the ablative ending ''-ā̃''. These indicate complex motion such as "from inside of".{{r|trumpp|p=400}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ablative case markers
! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| {{script/Arabic|کَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|खां}}}} ''khā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري کَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे खां}}}} ''chokire khā̃'' || from the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|مَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|मां}}}} ''mā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري مَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे मां}}}} ''chokire mā̃'' || from inside the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|تَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|तां}}}} ''tā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري تَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे तां}}}} ''chokire tā̃'' || from upon the boy
|-
| {{script/Arabic|ڏَانھَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|ॾांहां}}}} ''ḍā̃hā̃'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڏَانھَان}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे ॾांहां}}}} ''chokire ḍā̃hā̃'' || from the direction of the boy
|}

Finally, some case markers are found in medieval Sindhi literature and/or modern poetic Sindhi, and otherwise not used in standard speech.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Obsolete/rare case markers
! Case !! Marker !! Example !! English
|-
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]] [[Adessive case|Adessive]] || {{script/Arabic|ڪَني}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|कने}}}} ''kane'' || {{script/Arabic|ڇوڪِري ڪَني}} {{lang|sd-Deva|{{script/Devanagari|छोकिरे कने}}}} ''chokire kane'' || to/near the boy
|}

====Complex postpositions====
The complex postpositions are formed with a case marker, usually the genitive but sometimes the ablative. Many are listed below.{{r|trumpp|p=405}}

{| class="wikitable"
! {{script/Arabic|سِنڌِي}} !! {{script/Devanagari|सिन्धी}} !! Transliteration !! Explanation
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي اَڳيَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे अॻ्यां}} || ''je aɠyā̃'' || "ahead of, before"; [[apudessive case|apudessive]]
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي اَندَرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे अन्दरि}} || ''je andari'' || "inside of"; [[inessive case|inessive]]
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي بَدِرَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे बदिरां}} || ''je badirā̃'' || "instead of, in place of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي بَرَابَر}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे बराबर}} || ''je barābar'' || "equal to"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي ٻَاھَرَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ॿाहरां}} || ''je ɓāharā̃''
| rowspan=2 | "outside of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|کَان ٻَاھَرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां ॿाहरि}} || ''khā̃ ɓāhari''
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي باري ۾}} || ''{{script/Devanagari|जे बारे में}}'' || ''je bāre mẽ''|| "about, concerning"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي چَوڌَارِي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे चौधारी}} || ''je caudhārī'' || "around"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي ھيٺَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे हेठां}} || ''je heṭhā̃'' || "below, under"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي ڪَري}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे करे}} || ''je kare'' || "for, on account of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي لَاءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे लाइ}} || ''je lāi'' || "for"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي مَٿَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे मथां}} || ''je mathā̃'' || "above, on top of, upon"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|کَان پَري}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां परे}} || ''khā̃ pare'' || "far from"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي پَارِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पारि}} || ''je pāri'' || "across, on the other side of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي پَاسي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पासे}} || ''je pāse'' || "on the side of, near"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|کَان پوءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां पोइ}} || ''khā̃ poi'' || "after"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي پُٺيَان}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे पुठियां}} || ''je puṭhyā̃'' || "behind"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي سَامهون}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे साम्हों}} || ''je sāmhõ'' || "in front of, facing"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|کَان سِوَاءِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|खां सिवाइ}} || ''khā̃ sivāi'' || "besides, apart from"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي وَاسطي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे वास्ते}} || ''je vāste'' || "for the sake of, on account of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي ويجهو}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे वेझो}} || ''je vejho'' || "near"; [[adessive case|adessive]]
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي وِچِ ۾}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे विचि में}} || ''je vici mẽ'' || "between, among"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي خَاطِرِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ख़ातिरि}} || ''je xātiri'' || "for the sake of"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي خِلَافِ}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ख़िलाफ़ि}} || ''je xilāfi'' || "against"
|-
| {{script/Arabic|جي ذَرِيعي}} || {{script/Devanagari|जे ज़रिये}} || ''je zarī'e'' || "via, through"; [[perlative case|perlative]]
|}

=== Vocabulary ===
According to historian [[Nabi Bux Baloch]], most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient [[Sanskrit]]. However, owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is slightly influenced by [[Urdu]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}, with more borrowed [[tatsama|tatsam]] Sanskrit elements.{{sfnmp|Cole|2001|1pp=652–653|Khubchandani|2003|2pp=624–625}}

==Writing systems==
Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] with new letters adapted to Sindhi phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts is in use, including [[Devanagari script|Devanagari]], [[Khudabadi script|Khudabadi]], [[Khojki script|Khojki]], and [[Gurmukhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Manoj R. |date=2018-07-30 |title=The dispute over script still endures among Sindhis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/the-dispute-over-script-still-endures-among-sindhis/story-vCiMcJEBCrlgoKO1hLponN.html |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 7, 2020 |title=Sindhi becomes the first language from Pakistan to be selected for digitisation. |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/322814-sindhi-becomes-first-language-from-pakistan-to-be-selected-for-digitisation |website=Geo News}}</ref>

The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of [[Devanagari]] and [[Laṇḍā]] scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, a [[Perso-Arabic script]] developed by [[Abul Hassan Sagheer Sindhi|Abul-Hasan as-Sindi]] and [[Gurmukhi]] (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script.{{sfnp|Khubchandani|2003|p=633}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104920/http://www.ancientscripts.com/landa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script was decreed standard over Devanagari.{{sfnp|Cole|2001|p=648}}

=== Perso-Arabic script ===
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Sindhi}}
During the [[British Raj]], a variant of the [[Persian alphabet]] was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and eighteen new letters (<big>{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ}}}}</big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi.

The table presents the Sindhi Perso-Arabic alphabet. Letters shaded in yellow are solely used in writing of loanwords, and the phonemes they represent are also represented by other letters in the alphabet. Letters and digraphs shaded in green aren't usually considered part of the base alphabet. They are either commonly used digraphs representing aspirated consonants, or are [[Ligature (writing)|ligatures]] serving a grammatical function. These ligatures include the {{script/Arabic|۽}}, which is pronounced as [ãĩ̯] and represents ''and'', and the {{script/Arabic|۾}}, which is pronounced as [mẽ] and creates a locative relationship between words.

{|class="wikitable Unicode" dir="rtl"
|+ Sindhi alphabet
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ا}} {{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|aː|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ب}} {{IPAblink|b|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ٻ}} {{IPAblink|ɓ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڀ}} {{IPAblink|bʱ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ت}} {{IPAblink|t|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ٿ}} {{IPAblink|tʰ|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ٽ}} {{IPAblink|ʈ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ٺ}} {{IPAblink|ʈʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ث}} {{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|پ}} {{IPAblink|p|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ج}} {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڄ}} {{IPAblink|ʄ|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|جهہ}} {{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڃ}} {{IPAblink|ɲ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|چ}} {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڇ}} {{IPAblink|t͡ɕʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ح}} {{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|خ}} {{IPAblink|x|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|د}} {{IPAblink|d|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڌ}} {{IPAblink|dʱ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڏ}} {{IPAblink|ɗ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڊ}} {{IPAblink|ɖ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڍ}} {{IPAblink|ɖʱ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ذ}} {{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ر}} {{IPAblink|r|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڙ}} {{IPAblink|ɽ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|ڙهہ}} {{IPAblink|ɽʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ز}} {{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ژ}} {{IPAblink|ʒ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|س}} {{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ش}} {{IPAblink|ʂ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ص}} {{IPAblink|s|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ض}} {{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ط}} {{IPAblink|t|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ظ}} {{IPAblink|z|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|ع}} {{IPAblink|ɑː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|oː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|eː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|غ}} {{IPAblink|ɣ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ف}} {{IPAblink|f|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڦ}} {{IPAblink|pʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ق}} {{IPAblink|q|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڪ}} {{IPAblink|k|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ک}} {{IPAblink|kʰ|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|گ}} {{IPAblink|ɡ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڳ}} {{IPAblink|ɠ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|گهہ}} {{IPAblink|ɡʱ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڱ}} {{IPAblink|ŋ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ل}} {{IPAblink|l|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|لهہ}} {{IPAblink|lʱ|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|مـ}} {{IPAblink|m|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|مهہ}} {{IPAblink|mʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ن}} {{IPAblink|n|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|◌̃|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|نهہ}} {{IPAblink|nʰ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ڻ}} {{IPAblink|ɳ|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|ڻهہ}} {{IPAblink|ɳʰ}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|و}} {{IPAblink|ʋ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ʊ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|oː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|ɔː|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|uː|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ھ}} {{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | {{script/Arabic|هـ ه}} {{IPAblink|h|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ـہ ہ}} [ə]/[əʰ]/[∅]
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ء}} {{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|∅|audio=yes}}
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{script/Arabic|ي}} {{IPAblink|j|audio=yes}}/{{IPAblink|iː|audio=yes}}
|-
! Perso-Arabic <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|۽}} [ãĩ̯]
| style="width:7em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" bgcolor="#d0dead" | {{script/Arabic|۾}} [mẽ]
|}

The orthography of the letter ''hāʾ'' in Sindhi, especially as it comes to typing as opposed to handwriting, has been a source of confusion for many. Especially because whereas in [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], there exists one single letter for ''hāʾ'', in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], the letter has diverged into two distinct variants: ''[[gol he]]'' ("round he") and ''do-cašmi he'' ("two-eyed he"). The former is written is written round and zigzagged as "{{Nastaliq|ہـ ـہـ ـہ ہ}}", and can impart the "h" ({{IPA|/ɦ/}}) sound anywhere in a word, or the long "a" or the "e" vowels ({{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/eː/}}) at the end of a word. The latter is written in Arabic Naskh style (as a loop) ({{Nastaliq|ھ}}), in order to be used in digraphs and to create the aspirate consonants.

For most aspirated consonants, Sindhi relies on unique letters as opposed to the Urdu practice of digraphs. However, this doesn't apply to all aspirated consonants. Some are still written as digraphs. The letter ''hāʾ'' is also used in Sindhi to represent the sound [h] in native Sindhi words, in Arabic and Persian loanwords, and to represent vowels ({{IPA|/ə/}} or {{IPA|/əʰ/}}) at the end of the word. The notations and conventions in Sindhi are different from those of either Persian or Arabic and from those of Urdu. Given the variety of types of ''hāʾ'' across these languages for which [[Unicode]] characters have been designed, for the letters to be displayed correctly when typing, a correct and consistent convention needs to be followed. The following table will present these in detail.<ref>Kamal Mansour (2023), ''Handling of the Heh in Sindhi Text'', L2-23/17 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240509150748/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23117-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>Lorna Priest Evans (2021), Regarding the Sindhi Heh, L2-22/052 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240114104153/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22052-regarding-sindhi-heh.pdf Archive])</ref>

{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="2"|[[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]]
!colspan="4"|Letter or Digraphs
!rowspan="2"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!rowspan="2"|Note
!rowspan="2"|Examples
|- class="static-row-header"
! Final
! Medial
! Initial
! Isolated
|-
| [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھ}}
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـھـ}}
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھـ}}
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ھ}}
| {{IPAblink|h}}
|
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|دو{{red|ھَ}}⹁ {{red|ھُ}}و⹁ م{{red|ھ}}ينن⹁ وي{{red|ھُ}}}}
|-
| [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـه}}
| {{IPAblink|h}}
| Used for borrowed words
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|وحد{{red|هُ}} لا⹁ والل{{red|ه}}}}
|-
| [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] + [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـجهہ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـجهـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|جهہ}}
| {{IPAblink|d͡ʑʰ}}
| rowspan="2" | In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻا{{red|جَهہ}}⹁ اُ{{red|جِه}}ي⹁ من{{red|جه}}ان⹁ ڪُ{{red|جهہ}}}}
|-
| [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] + [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـگهہ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـگهـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهـ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|گهہ}}
| {{IPAblink|ɡʱ}}
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|{{red|گهہ}}⹁ {{red|گه}}وٽُ⹁ {{red|گه}}ڻ{{red|گُه}}رون⹁ س{{red|گهہ}}}}
|-
| [[:wiktionary: ه|U+0647]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهہ}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـهـ}}
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
| {{IPAblink|◌ʰ}}
| Forming part of digraph for representation of other aspirated consonants ([ɽʰ], [lʱ], [mʰ], [nʰ], [ɳʰ]). In ''isolated'' and ''final'' positions, an extra ''hāʾ'' {{script/Arabic|ـہ}} ([[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]) is added
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ٻن{{red|ه}}ي⹁ ٿال{{red|هہ}}}}
|-
| [[:wiktionary: ہ|U+06C1]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" |{{script/Arabic|ـہ}}
| colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | -
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ہ}}
| [ə] / [əʰ] / [∅]
|
| style="font-size: 110%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|ن{{red|ہ}}}}
|}

The punctuation of Sindhi Perso-Arabic script differs slightly from that of [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], and [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]. Namely, instead of using the typical ''inverted comma'' ({{script/Arabic|،}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary:،|U+060C]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) common in these mentioned alphabet, a ''reversed comma'' ({{script/Arabic|⹁}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[:wiktionary: ⹁|U+2E41]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>) is used, although many documents do indeed incorrectly use Urdu punctuations.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sindhi Arabic orthography notes | url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/arab/sd.html }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers"
|+ Comparison of Punctuations
! !! Full Stop !! Comma !!‌ Semicolon
|- class="letters-teal"
! scope="row" | Sindhi
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|⹁}}
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|⁏}}
|- class="letters-orange"
! scope="row" | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|۔}}
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|،}}
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|؛}}
|- class="letters-red"
! scope="row" | [[Persian alphabet|Persian]]/[[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
| style="font-size: 150%" dir="rtl" | {{script/Arabic|.}}
|}

[[File:Sindhi alphabet.png|thumb|Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.]]

===Devanagari script ===
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.<ref name="auto3"/> A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile |access-date=2007-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022024834/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Devanagari was seen as the most practical option for the Sindhi language in India.<ref name="in"/> [[Diacritic]]al bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] called ''[[nukta]]'' are used to form other additional consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! {{script/Devanagari|अ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|आ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|इ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ई}}
! {{script/Devanagari|उ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ऊ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ए}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ऐ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ओ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|औ}}
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|क}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ख}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ख़}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ग}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ॻ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ग़}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|घ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|ङ}}
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
| {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|च}}
! {{script/Devanagari|छ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|ज}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ॼ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ज़}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|झ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|ञ}}
|-
| {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d͡ʑʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| {{IPA|z}}
|
| {{IPA|d͡ʑ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|ट}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ठ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|ड}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ॾ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ड़}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|ढ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ढ़}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ण}}
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɽʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|त}}
! {{script/Devanagari|थ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|द}}
!colspan="3"|
! {{script/Devanagari|ध}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|न}}
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
|colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|प}}
! {{script/Devanagari|फ}}
! {{script/Devanagari|फ़}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ब}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ॿ}}
!colspan="2"|
! {{script/Devanagari|भ}}
!
! {{script/Devanagari|म}}
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
|colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|य}}
! {{script/Devanagari|र}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ल}}
! {{script/Devanagari|व}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! {{script/Devanagari|श}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ष}}
! {{script/Devanagari|स}}
! {{script/Devanagari|ह}}
!colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}

===Laṇḍā scripts===
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as [[Gurmukhi]], [[Khojki]], and the Khudabadi script, were used historically to write Sindhi.

====Khudabadi====
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Khudabadi ''or'' Sindhi
| sample =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| type =
| languages =
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U112B0.pdf U+112B0–U+112FF]
| iso15924 = Sind
| note = none
}}

The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated.

The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader community until the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name=sindhiscript>{{cite web |url = http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html |title = Sindhi Language: Script |website = Sindhilanguage.com |access-date = 15 May 2012 |archive-date = 19 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419105333/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/script.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! [[File:Vowel 1 a.svg|17px]]
! [[File:Vowel 2 aa.svg|21px]]
! [[File:Vowel 3 i.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Vowel 4 ii.svg|22px]]
! [[File:Vowel 5 u.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Vowel 6 uu.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Vowel 7 e.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 8 ai.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 9 o.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Vowel 10 au.svg|16px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 1 ka.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 2 kha.svg|12px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 3 ga.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 4 gga.svg|14px]]
! colspan="2"|
![[File:Consonant 5 gha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 6 nga.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 7 ca.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 8 cha.svg|15px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 9 ja.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 10 jja.svg|20px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 11 jha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 12 nya.svg|12px]]
|-
| {{IPA|c}}
| {{IPA|cʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɟ}}
| {{IPA|ʄ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɟʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 13 tta.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 14 ttha.svg|13px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 15 dda.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 16 ddda.svg|13px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 18 ddha.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 17 rra.svg|13px]]
! [[File:Consonant 19 nna.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|ʈ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɖ}}
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|ɽ}}
| {{IPA|ṛ}}
| {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 20 ta.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 21 tha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 22 da.svg|14px]]
! colspan="3"|
! [[File:Consonant 23 dha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 24 na.svg|14px]]
|-
| {{IPA|t}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
| {{IPA|d}}
| colspan="3"|
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 25 pa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 26 pha.svg|14px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 27 ba.svg|20px]]
! [[File:Consonant 28 bba.svg|17px]]
! colspan="2"|
! [[File:Consonant 29 bha.svg|20px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 30 ma.svg|13px]]
|-
| {{IPA|p}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|b}}
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
| colspan="2"|
| {{IPA|bʱ}}
|
| {{IPA|m}}
|-
! [[File:Consonant 31 ya.svg|16px]]
! [[File:Consonant 32 ra.svg|10px]]
! [[File:Consonant 33 la.svg|15px]]
! [[File:Consonant 34 va.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|r}}
| {{IPA|l}}
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|colspan="6"|
|-
! [[File:Consonant 35 sha.svg|17px]]
!
! [[File:Consonant 36 sa.svg|14px]]
! [[File:Consonant 37 ha.svg|14px]]
! colspan="6"|
|-
| {{IPA|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|colspan="6"|
|}
{{clear}}

====Khojki====
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3871.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2010-09-10 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf|title=Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 |publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 |date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2024-06-25}}</ref>

====Gurmukhi====
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.<ref name="sindhiscript"/><ref name="auto3"/>

=== Roman Sindhi ===
{{See also|Romanisation of Sindhi}}
The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.romanizedsindhi.org/|title=Romanized Sindhi is teaching reading, speaking, writing Sindhi language globally under alliance of Sindhi Association of Americas Inc|website=Romanizedsindhi.org|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CHOICE OF SCRIPT FOR OUR SINDHI LANGUAGE|url=http://www.chandiramani.com/choiceofascript.html|website=Chandiramani.com|access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>

== Sample text ==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|Source only has Perso-Arabic form. Devanagari, Khudabadi, and IPA forms have some errors.}}
Below is Artice 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human rights]] in the various sripts used to write Sindhi:<ref name="UDHR_Sindhi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/snd.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Sindhi|trans-title=انساني حقن جو عالمي پڌرنامو |url-status=live|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210071104/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/snd.pdf|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=2|language=sd|access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>
=== Perso-Arabic Script ===
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;">{{#invoke:lang|lang|sd|{{bo-textonly|{{naskh|دفعه ١۔ سمورا انسان آزاد ۽ عزت ۽ حقن جي حوالي کان برابر پيدا ٿيا آھن. انھن کي عقل ۽ ضمير حاصل ٿيو آھي، ان ڪري انھن کي ھڪ ٻئي سان ڀائيچاري وارو سلوڪ اختيار ڪرڻ گھرجي.}}}}}}</div>

=== Khudabadi ===
{{lang|sd-Sind|{{bo-textonly|𑋏𑋓𑋩𑊰 𑋱: 𑋝𑋗𑋤𑋙𑋠 𑊲𑋟𑋝𑋠𑋑 𑊱𑋂𑋩𑋠𑋏 𑊷𑋟 𑊲𑋂𑋩𑋪𑋂𑋩𑋍 𑊷𑋟 𑋞𑊺𑋩𑋑 𑋂𑋢 𑋞𑋛𑋠𑋚𑋥 𑊻𑋠𑋟 𑋔𑋙𑋠𑋔𑋙 𑋒𑋦𑋏𑋠 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋠 𑊱𑋞𑋡𑋑. 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑊰𑊺𑋩𑋪𑋚 𑊷𑋟 𑋂𑋩𑋗𑋢𑋙 𑋞𑋠𑋝𑋡𑋚 𑋎𑋡𑋘𑋧 𑊱𑋞𑋥, 𑊲𑋑 𑊺𑋙𑋥 𑊲𑋑𑋪𑋞𑋑 𑊻𑋥 𑋞𑋡𑊺 𑋕𑋡𑊶 𑋝𑋠𑋟 𑋖𑋠𑊳𑋀𑋠𑋙𑋥 𑋛𑋠𑋙𑋧 𑋝𑋣𑋚𑋤𑊺 𑊲𑊻𑋩𑋪𑋍𑋡𑋘𑋠𑋙 𑊺𑋙𑋌 𑊾𑋣𑋙𑋂𑋥।}}}}
=== Devanagari ===
{{lang|sd-deva|{{bo-textonly|दफ़अ १: समूरा इंसान आज़ाद ऐं इज़्ज़त ऐं हक़न जी हवाले खां बराबर पैदा थिया आहिन। इन्हन खे अक़्ल ऐं ज़मीर हासिल थियो आहे, इन करे इन्हन खे हिक ॿिए सां भाईचारे वारो सुलूक इख़्तियार करण घुरजे॥}}}}
=== Khojki ===
{{lang|sd-Khoj|{{bo-textonly|𑈛𑈠𑈶𑈀 ૧: 𑈩𑈤𑈯𑈦𑈬 𑉀𑈴𑈩𑈬𑈞 𑈁𑈐𑈶𑈬𑈛 𑈅𑈴 𑉀𑈐𑈶𑈷𑈙 𑈅𑈴 𑈪𑈿𑈞 𑈐𑈮 𑈪𑈨𑈬𑈧𑈰 𑈉𑈬𑈴 𑈡𑈦𑈬𑈡𑈦 𑈟𑈱𑈛𑈬 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈬 𑈁𑈪𑈭𑈞𑈻 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈀𑈿𑈵𑈧 𑈅𑈴 𑈐𑈶𑈤𑈮𑈦 𑈪𑈬𑈩𑈭𑈧 𑈚𑈭𑈥𑈲 𑈁𑈪𑈰, 𑉀𑈞 𑈈𑈦𑈰 𑉀𑈞𑈵𑈪𑈞 𑈉𑈰 𑈪𑈭𑈈 𑈢𑈭𑈄 𑈩𑈬𑈴 𑈣𑈬𑈂𑈎𑈬𑈦𑈰 𑈨𑈬𑈦𑈲 𑈩𑈯𑈧𑈯𑈈 𑉀𑈉𑈶𑈵𑈙𑈭𑈥𑈬𑈦 𑈈𑈦𑈘 𑈌𑈯𑈦𑈐𑈰𑈸𑈼}}}}
=== Romanisation ===
Dafa 1. Samūrā insān āzād aĩ 'izzat aĩ haqan jī havālē khā̃ barābar paidā thiyā āhin. Inhan khē aqul aĩ zamīr hāsil thiyō āhē, in karē inhan khē hik ɓiē sā̃ bhāīchārē vārō sulūk ikhtiyār karaṇ ghurjē.
=== IPA Transliteration ===
d̪əfə eːk. səmuːɾaː ɪnsaːn aːzaːd̪ ɛ̃ ɪzːət̪ ɛ̃ həqən d͡ʒiː həʋaːleː kʰãː bəɾaːbəɾ pɛːd̪aː tʰɪjaː aːhɪn. ɪnʱən kʰeː əqʊl ɛ̃ zəmiːɾ haːsɪl tʰɪjoː aːheː, ɪn kəɾeː ɪnʱən kʰeː hɪk ɓɪ.eː sãː bʱaːiːt͡ʃaːɾeː ʋaːɾoː sʊluːk ɪxt̪ɪjaːɾ kəɾəɳ gʱʊɾd͡ʒeː
=== Translation ===
'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

== Advocacy ==
{{See also|1972 Sindhi Language Bill}}
In 1972, a bill was passed by the provincial assembly of Sindh, which saw Sindhi given official status, thus becoming the first [[Languages of Pakistan|provincial language]] in [[Pakistan]] to have its own official status.
* Sindhi language was made the official language of [[Sindh]] according to [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill|Language Bill]].
* All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill.

=== Software ===
By 2001, [[Abdul-Majid Bhurgri]]{{failed verification|date=December 2022}} had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in the form of the [[Perso-Arabic]] Sindhi script, which afterwards became the basis for the communicated use by Sindhi speakers around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ismaili |first=Imdad Ali |title=Design & Development of the Graphical User Interface for Sindhi Language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257947564 |quotation=The idea is to provide a software platform to the people of Sindh as well as Sindhi diasporas living across the globe to make use of computing for basic tasks such as editing, composition, formatting, and printing of documents in Sindhi by using GUISL. The implementation of the GUISL has been done in Java technology to make the system platform independent. |journal=Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology |year=2011 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, Google introduced the first automated translator for the Sindhi language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Translate now speaks Sindhi, Pashto |url=https://india.googleblog.com/2016/02/google-translate-now-speaks-sindhi.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Official Google India Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2016-02-18 |title=Google adds Sindhi to its translate language options |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/google-adds-sindhi-to-its-translate-language-options-116021800706_1.html |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref> Later on in 2023 an offline support was introduced by [[Google Translate]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-16 |title=Google Translate brings offline support for Oriya, Sindhi and 31 other languages |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-translate-brings-offline-support-for-oriya-sindhi-and-31-other-languages/articleshow/97031560.cms |access-date=2023-03-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghazi |first=Zain |date=2023-01-18 |title=Google Translate Sindhi Offline |url=https://pakistanijournal.com/google-translate-rolls-out-support-for-33-new-offline-languages-including-sindhi/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Pakistani Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Which was followed by [[Microsoft Translator]] strengthening support in May of same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=Microsoft |date=2023-05-19 |title=Microsoft Translator adds four new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://news.microsoft.com/en-in/microsoft-translator-adds-four-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Microsoft Stories India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=C. R. N. |date=2023-05-18 |title=Microsoft Translator adds 4 new languages – Konkani, Maithili, Sindhi, and Sinhala |url=https://www.crn.in/news/microsoft-translator-adds-4-new-languages-konkani-maithili-sindhi-and-sinhala/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=CRN - India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 2014, the [[Khudabadi script]] of the Sindhi language was added to [[Unicode]], However as of now the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.

==See also==
{{Portal|Languages}}
* [[1972 Sindhi Language Bill]]
* [[Institute of Sindhology]]
* [[Sindhi Transliteration]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of Sindhi-language films]]
* [[Provincial languages of Pakistan]]
* [[Sindhi literature]]
* [[Sindhi poetry]]
* [[Kholosi language|Kholusi Language]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Nihalani |first=Paroo |title=Lingual Articulation of Stops in Sindhi |journal=Phonetica |date=1974 |doi=10.1159/000259489 |pmid=4424983 |issn=1423-0321 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=197–212 |s2cid=3325314 }}
* {{cite book |last=Addleton and Brown |year=2010 |title=Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers |url=http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |location=South Hadley |publisher=Doorlight Publications |access-date=2010-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112103/http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html |archive-date=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Bughio |first=M. Qasim |date=January–June 2006 |title=The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh |journal=Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony |url=http://www.webjournal.unior.it |editor1-last=Maniscalco |editor1-first=Fabio Maniscalco |volume=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jennifer S |year=2001 |chapter=Sindhi |editor1-last=Garry |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Rubino |editor2-first=Carl |title=Facts About the World's Languages |publisher=H W Wilson |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |pages=647–653 }}
* {{cite book |year=1999 |title=International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=Lachman M |year=2003 |chapter=Sindhi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581 |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |pages=622–658 }}
* {{SOWL}}
* {{Cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan languages |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-23420-7 |series=Cambridge language surveys |page=443}}
* {{cite book |last=Shackle |first=Christopher |title=Language and national identity in Asia |chapter=Pakistan |editor-last=Simpson |editor-first=Andrew |series=Oxford linguistics Y |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-922648-1 |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Trumpp |first=Ernest |year=1872 |title=Grammar of the Sindhi Language |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofsindhil00trum |location=London |publisher=Trübner and Co |isbn=81-206-0100-9 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=R. M |title=The rise, growth, and decline of Indo-Persian literature |year=2013 |publisher=Iran Culture House |location=New Delhi |edition=2nd |oclc=909254259 |chapter=Persian in Sindh |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=sd}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sindhi phrasebook}}
{{commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Sindhi and Lahnda|Sindhi language}}
* [https://www.sindhila.org/ Sindhi Language Authority]
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/ Sindhi Dictionary]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.sindhilanguage.com/ |date=August 31, 2015 |title=All about Sindhi language and culture }}
* [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewaram/ Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary]

{{Sindhi language}}
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Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya

2026-03-26T22:26:35Z

JAY JADABA: Added Some Details W/ Infobox

{{short description|2020 film by Venkatesh Maha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya
| image = Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Film Poster
| director = [[Venkatesh Maha]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Vijaya Praveena Paruchuri MD
*[[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|{{Unbulleted list|Shobu Yarlagadda|Prasad Devineni}}]]
}}
| screenplay = Venkatesh Maha
| story = [[Syam Pushkaran]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016)}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]]
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*Hari Chandana
*[[Roopa Koduvayur]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Appu Prabhakar]]
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| studio = [[Arka Media Works]] Mahayana Motion Pictures
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{film date|2020|7|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya''''' ({{Translation| ''Of Uma Maheswara's Anger''}}),{{efn|''Uma Sahitha Maheswara'' refers to a soft-heartened person. ''Ugya Roopasya'' means 'anger' in [[Sanskrit]]. The title refers to the anger of a soft-heartened person: the main character Uma Maheswara Rao.<ref name="c">{{Cite news |title=Venkatesh Maha explains the title Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-maha-explains-the-title-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/74593332.cms |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317120342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-maha-explains-the-title-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/74593332.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}} also known by the initialism '''''UMUR''''',<ref name="a">{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Venkatesh Maha and Satya Dev's next is 'Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-maha-and-satya-devs-next-is-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/72967700.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230000234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-maha-and-satya-devs-next-is-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/72967700.cms }}</ref> is a 2020 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[comedy drama film]], directed by [[Venkatesh Maha]]. It was produced by film producer duo [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]] alongside Vijaya Praveena Paruchuri, under their respective banners [[Arka Media Works]] and Manayana Motion Pictures. The film stars [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as Uma Maheswara Rao, alongside [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]], [[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]], Hari Chandana and [[Roopa Koduvayur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya Movie Review: The sweetest tale of revenge you'll ever see |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/movie-review/77251539.cms |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805144207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/movie-review/77251539.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Maheshinte Prathikaaram]]'' (2016),<ref name="b">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=Venkatesh Maha's next 'Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya' is a remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-mahas-next-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-is-a-remake/articleshow/72978931.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709102706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-mahas-next-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-is-a-remake/articleshow/72978931.cms }}</ref> which itself based on a true incident in the life of Thampan Purushan from [[Thuravoor, Cherthala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=It was 'Purushan's prathikaram' in real life! |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208235803/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maheshinte-prathikaaram-real-life-story-thampan-purushan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It follows Uma Maheswara Rao, a photographer, who attempts to defuse a conflict between his friend and a group of youngsters passing through their village, and is knocked to the ground. Defeated in the tussle and unable to fight back, he is embarrassed in front of his neighbours. Mahesh publicly vows that he will not wear his slippers again until he has avenged the humiliation.

Principal photography of the film took place in July 2019, and shot predominantly at the [[Araku Valley]] for 62 days. The film has music composed by [[Bijibal]] on his Telugu debut, who scored for the original counterpart film. The cinematography was handled by [[Appu Prabhakar]] and editing done by Raviteja Girijala respectively.

The film was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 17 April 2020 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="a" /> It was later directly premiered through the streaming platform [[Netflix]] on 30 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title='Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya', Telugu remake of 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', out on OTT |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-telugu-remake-maheshinte-prathikaram-out-ott-129711 |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731182915/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-telugu-remake-maheshinte-prathikaram-out-ott-129711 }}</ref> The film received positive reviews from critics, praising the performance of Satyadev, and the direction, screenplay and the adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya movie review: Satyadev Kancharana delivers the goods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-6531160/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207012239/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-6531160/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Uma Maheswara Rao is a small-time photographer who lives with his father, Manohar Rao. They run the [[digital photography]] Bhavana Studio in the Prakash region of [[Araku]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Next to the studio is a bone-setting shop owned by Mahesh's good friend, Babji. His assistant is Korra Suhas, who came to Babji, to learn about the study of traditional bone-setting. Mahesh is in a relationship with Swati, his high-school sweetheart.

Babji becomes involved in a trivial argument with a loafer in the centre of the village. The dispute escalates, but passersby calm them down. However, Suhas appears and attacks the man who had argued with Babji. The man, joined by Joginath, jumps on Suhas in retaliation. Noticing the commotion, Mahesh tries to calm everyone down but Jogi, furious at Mahesh's authoritative stance, beats him up. Manohar breaks up the fight. Embarrassed, Mahesh vows to get back at Jogi and pledges that he will wear slippers only after he has avenged his humiliation.

Swati is forced to end her relationship with Mahesh and marry a nurse residing in Canada. He learns about Jogi's whereabouts from Suhas and visits the garage where he apparently works as a welder. Its owner tells him that Jogi left for a better job in Dubai. Despite Babji's advice that he should forget the incident, Mahesh resolves to wait for Jogi's return; several weeks later, he enrolls in a [[Chinese martial arts|kung fu]] course.

Jyothi, a young college student, goes to Bhavana Studio. She tells Mahesh that she wants to participate in a women's magazine's cover competition and asks him to make her look as good as possible. Perplexed at the unusual request, Mahesh conducts the photo shoot. Jyothi's photograph turns out to be dull and unimpressive, and her irritation makes Mahesh question his skill as a photographer. Upset, he turns to his father for advice. Manohar explains photography as an art to his son. Mahesh goes through his father's photograph collection, finally understanding their angles and lighting, and gets an idea.

Instead of his familiar [[Photography|still photography]], Mahesh photographs Jyothi in motion and sends the best photo to the magazine. Shortly afterward, Jyothi goes to Mahesh's house with the magazine containing her photo. Although she rebukes him for photographing her without permission, she also praises the photo. They become interested in each other, and soon fall in love. Jyothi realises this first, and calls Mahesh to talk about their future. She tells him that she is Jogi's younger sister, but his agitation is overshadowed by love and he decides to continue their relationship.

Several weeks later, Jogi is fired from his job for slapping his manager and is deported back to India. The following day, Mahesh and Babji challenge him to a [[hand-to-hand combat]]. After a few minutes of fighting, Mahesh pins down Jogi and Babji declares him the winner. The movie ends with Mahesh visits Jogi in a hospital on the next day and introduces himself to his mother in front of Jyothi. He admits his love for Jyothi and asks Jogi, if he agrees to the relationship. Later in credits it shows that Mahesh and Jyothi are together now.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as Uma Maheswara Rao "Mahesh"
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Babji
*[[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]] as Korra Suhas
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Manohar Rao
* Hari Chandana Koppisetti as Swati
* [[Roopa Koduvayur]] as Jyothi
* Kushalini Pulapa as Mithila
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Jognath
* TNR as Nancharayya
* Jabardasth Ramprasad as Chandru
* Jyothi as Swati's mother
* Sreedhar Reddy as Kung Fu master
* Ajay Vegsena as Footwear shop owner
* [[Karuna Kumar]] as Karuna
* Vijaya Praveena Paruchuri as Brinda
* [[Venkatesh Maha]] as Tea seller (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Vijaya Praveena Paruchuri MD bought the remake rights and had Venkatesh Maha direct after bringing on board Arka Media Works as co producers. .<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2020 |title=Producer of C/o Kancharapalem producer shares the film's director's first pitch video |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-of-c/o-kancharapalem-producer-shares-the-films-directors-first-pitch-video/articleshow/75815185.cms |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522013453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-of-c/o-kancharapalem-producer-shares-the-films-directors-first-pitch-video/articleshow/75815185.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The team announced [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] to play the lead role,<ref name="a" /> whilst debutantes Hari Chandana and Roopa Koduvayur play the lead actresses in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunita Chowdary |first=Y. |date=16 June 2020 |title=How Satyadev Kancharana approached 'Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' as a fresh project than a remake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-satyadev-kancharana-approached-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-as-a-fresh-project-than-a-remake/article31840945.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=27 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827013931/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-satyadev-kancharana-approached-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-as-a-fresh-project-than-a-remake/article31840945.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2020 |title=Debutant Roopa Koduvayur excited about acting in Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/debutant-roopa-koduvayur-excited-about-acting-in-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/76923878.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811044211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/debutant-roopa-koduvayur-excited-about-acting-in-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/articleshow/76923878.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Alongst the film's technical crew, the film has Malayalam film composer [[Bijibal]] in his Telugu debut, whilst [[Appu Prabhakar]] and Raviteja Girijala, handling the cinematography and editing respectively. The film was shot in the remote regions of [[Araku Valley]], during July 2019 and went ahead for 62 days. The principal photography was completed in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=5 June 2020 |title=Venkatesh Maha to showcase another close-to-reality story with Satyadev starrer 'Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-mahas-uma-maheswara-ugra-rupasya-starring-satayadev-heads-to-netflix/article31757242.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629185714/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-mahas-uma-maheswara-ugra-rupasya-starring-satayadev-heads-to-netflix/article31757242.ece }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bijibal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 July 2020
| recorded = 2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:08
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Bijibal]]
| prev_title = [[Kozhipporu]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = Varthamanam
| next_year = 2020
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Ningi Chutte
| single1date = 6 March 2020
| single2 = Anandam
| single2date = 6 July 2020
| single3 = Rapavalu
| single3date = 13 July 2020
}}
}}
The film's [[soundtrack]] and [[Film score|score]] were composed by [[Bijibal]], who scored music for the [[Maheshinte Prathikaaram|original counterpart film]]. All the songs in the film were released as singles, before being released as an album on 23 July 2020, by [[Aditya Music]]. The lyrics for the songs were written by [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]], Rehman and Raghukul Mokirala.

The first single "Ningi Chutte" with lyrics by [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]] and performed by [[Vijay Yesudas]] was released on 6 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya: Nithiin heaps praise on the team and first lyrical song Ningi Chutte |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-nithiin-heaps-praise-on-the-team-and-first-lyrical-song-ningi-chutte/articleshow/74671847.cms |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901173354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-nithiin-heaps-praise-on-the-team-and-first-lyrical-song-ningi-chutte/articleshow/74671847.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single "Anandam" was released on 6 July and featured lyrics by Rehman and vocals by Gowtham Bharadwaj and [[Soumya Ramakrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Song from Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya released |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/song-from-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-released/articleshow/76843779.cms |access-date=2020-11-28 |archive-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215164017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/song-from-uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya-released/articleshow/76843779.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single, "Repavalu", was released on 13 July.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Third song from Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya released |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/third-song-from-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-released/articleshow/76968373.cms |access-date=2020-11-28 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804095446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/third-song-from-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-released/articleshow/76968373.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was written by Rahman and Raghukul Mokirala and is sung by Bijibal and Sangeetha Srikanth. The fourth song "Nuvvemo" sung by [[Kaala Bhairava]] and [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], was released as a part of the soundtrack album.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ningi Chutte
| lyrics1 = [[Viswa (lyricist)|Viswa]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Anandam
| lyrics2 = Rehman
| extra2 = Gowtham Bharadwaj, [[Soumya Ramakrishnan]]
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Repavalu
| lyrics3 = Rehman, Raghukul Mokirala
| extra3 = [[Bijibal]], Sangeetha Srikanth
| length3 = 3:32
| total_length =
| title4 = Nuvvemo
| length4 = 2:29
| title5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]], [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| lyrics4 = Rehman
}}

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 17 April 2020 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="a" /> On 5 June 2020, it was announced that the film was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Director Venkatesh Maha shares excitement as Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya is cleared by CBFC with U certificate |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-venkatesh-maha-shares-excitement-as-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-is-cleared-by-cbfc-with-u-certificate/articleshow/76220009.cms |access-date=2020-11-28 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216180752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-venkatesh-maha-shares-excitement-as-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-is-cleared-by-cbfc-with-u-certificate/articleshow/76220009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Producers then explored the option of releasing on digital platforms instead of a traditional theatre release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title='We are exploring options': 'Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' producer as it heads for digital release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/jun/02/we-are-exploring-options-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-producer-as-it-heads-for-digital-release-2150924.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610175012/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/jun/02/we-are-exploring-options-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-producer-as-it-heads-for-digital-release-2150924.html }}</ref> The film was released directly through the streaming platform [[Netflix]], on 30 July 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title='Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' and other Telugu films to look forward to on OTT platforms |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-and-other-telugu-films-to-look-forward-to-on-ott-platforms/article32019941.ece |access-date=14 July 2020 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715180325/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-and-other-telugu-films-to-look-forward-to-on-ott-platforms/article32019941.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated "''Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya'' packs in plenty of humour; it's a pleasant drama with a backdrop that’s rarely explored in Telugu cinema, that normalises the idea that heroism doesn’t have to be testimony of one’s masculinity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Hemanth |date=30 July 2020 |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya movie review: Satya Dev shines In Venkatesh Maha's heartwarming drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-satya-dev-shines-in-venkatesh-mahas-heartwarming-drama-8657511.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810111040/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-satya-dev-shines-in-venkatesh-mahas-heartwarming-drama-8657511.html }}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "''Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya'' is a faithful remake which retains the spirit of original."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=30 July 2020 |title='Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya' review: Venkatesh Maha's comedy is a faithful remake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-review-venkatesh-maha-s-comedy-faithful-remake-129735 |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802012806/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-review-venkatesh-maha-s-comedy-faithful-remake-129735 }}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and stated, "The cast also make the film their own without aping the original. It is these beautiful details (that might miss a non-native’s understanding) and the feel-good moments it’s dotted with that make this film worth watching."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=30 July 2020 |title=Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya Movie Review : The sweetest tale of revenge you'll ever see |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/movie-review/77251539.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805144207/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/uma-maheshwara-ugra-roopasya/movie-review/77251539.cms }}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed as "''UMUR'' is a welcome addition to new-age Telugu cinema, offering plenty of humour and moments to savour."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-07-30 |title='Uma Maheshwara Ugra Roopasya' movie review: A welcome petrichor |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/venkatesh-maha-and-satyadevs-film-is-a-heart-warming-story-of-love-hurt-anger-and-a-quest-for-self-respect/article32228784.ece |access-date=2020-11-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129182603/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/venkatesh-maha-and-satyadevs-film-is-a-heart-warming-story-of-love-hurt-anger-and-a-quest-for-self-respect/article32228784.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the verdict "Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya is built on the of masculinity and rage. It questions the need for virility and the extent men can go to flaunt."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya movie review: Endearing tale of common man's revenge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-endearing-tale-of-common-man-s-revenge/story-4nZkrGWXPoSE1i0lh16pwN.html |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124065843/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-movie-review-endearing-tale-of-common-man-s-revenge/story-4nZkrGWXPoSE1i0lh16pwN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for the ''[[Film Companion]]'', [[Baradwaj Rangan]] stated "''Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya'' isn’t as perfect as his earlier film, but it’s perhaps a better indicator of his sensibilities. To take someone else’s property and still show some kind of authorial signature means you’re holding on to who you essentially are. This is the rare remake with soul."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2020-07-30 |title=Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya On Netflix, With Satyadev Kancharana: Maheshinte Prathikaaram Gets A Sincere, Funny, Rooted Telugu Remake |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/telugu-movies-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-netflix-review-with-satyadev-kancharana-maheshinte-prathikaaram-gets-a-sincere-funny-rooted-telugu-remake-baradwaj-rangan-venkatesh-maha/ |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en-US |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207113917/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/telugu-movies-uma-maheswara-ugra-roopasya-netflix-review-with-satyadev-kancharana-maheshinte-prathikaaram-gets-a-sincere-funny-rooted-telugu-remake-baradwaj-rangan-venkatesh-maha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="5"| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|11{{ndash}}12 September 2021]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| [[Arka Media Works]], Mahayana Motion Pictures
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2020 |url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824115648/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Maha|[[Venkatesh Maha]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
| {{sort|Naresh|[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| [[Roopa Koduvayur]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11506054}}

[[Category:2020 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]

List of players who have scored 2,000 or more runs in Twenty20 International cricket

2026-03-26T03:34:39Z

JAY JADABA:

{{short description|List of cricketers}}
{{For|list of players in women's Twenty20 International cricket|List of players who have scored 2,000 or more runs in Women's Twenty20 International cricket}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
Scoring over 2,000 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) format of [[cricket]] is considered a significant achievement. In 2014, New Zealand batsman [[Brendon McCullum]] became the first batsman to score 2,000 runs in T20I. He retired as the most prolific run scorer in T20Is with a total of 2140 runs in June 2015. The record was broken by his teammate [[Martin Guptill]] in February 2018.

In terms of [[innings]], Pakistan's [[Babar Azam]] and [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] are the fastest (52 innings each) to reach the 2,000 run mark.<ref name=fastest>{{cite web|title=Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records / Fastest to 2000 runs|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/fastest-to-2000-runs-1213211|accessdate=28 July 2023|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

Currently the list of the highest run scorers is topped by [[Babar Azam]], [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Virat Kohli]].

{{As of|2026|3}}, 53 players have scored 2,000 runs in T20Is. Out of them, 6 players are from [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], 5 from [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], 4 from [[Australia cricket team|Australia]], 3 from [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[England cricket team|England]], [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[South African national cricket team|South Africa]], 2 from [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]], [[Malaysia national cricket team|Malaysia]], [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]], and [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and 1 from [[Kuwait national cricket team|Kuwait]], [[Malawi national cricket team|Malawi]], [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]], [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]], [[Uganda national cricket team|Uganda]], [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]], and [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]].

This list contains all the players who have scored 2,000 runs in T20I. By default the list is sorted in order of the day the feat is achieved. Overall career scores of these players will be updated on regular interval and not on daily basis.

==Key==

{|
|-
| valign="top" style="width:33%" |
* '''Mat.''' – denotes the number of matches played
* '''Inn.''' – denotes the number of innings batted
* '''HS''' – Highest score
| valign="top" style="width:33%" |
* '''Avg''' – [[Batting average (cricket)|Runs scored per dismissal]]
* '''S/R''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Strike rate]] runs scored per 100 balls
* '''100''' – [[Century (cricket)|Centuries]] scored
* '''50''' – [[List of cricket terms#H|Half-centuries]] scored
| valign="top" style="width:33%" |
* '''2KI''' – denotes the number of innings the player took to reach 2,000 runs
* '''Date''' – denotes the date on which the player reached the 2,000 run mark
* '''Bold text''' – denotes that the player is still active

| valign="top" style="width:25%" |
|}

==Players with 2,000 or more T20I runs==
''Player list and statistics are updated as of March 2026.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ 2,000 or more runs in T20Is<ref name="Most runs">{{Cite web |title=Batting records / Twenty20 Internationals / Cricinfo Statsguru / ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-runs-in-career-282827|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref name="fastest"/>
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Mat.
! scope="col" | [[Innings|Inn.]]
! scope="col" | [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! scope="col" | HS 
! scope="col" | [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg.]]
! scope="col" | [[Strike rate|S/R]]
! scope="col" | [[Century (cricket)|100]]
! scope="col" | [[Half century|50]]
! scope="col" | 2KI<ref name=fastest />
! scope="col" | Date<ref name=fastest />
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
| 1
| {{sortname|Brendon|McCullum}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 71 || 70 || 2140 || {{sort|1230|123}} || 35.66 || 136.21 || 2 || 13 || 66 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2014|3|29}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brendon McCullum |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/37737.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2014-03-29|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| {{sortname|Martin|Guptill}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 122 || 118 || 3531 || {{sort|1050|105}} || 31.81 || 135.70 || 2 || 20 || 68 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|1|28}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Martin Guptill |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/226492.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2018-01-28 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| {{sortname|Shoaib|Malik}}{{efn|name=fn1|Also played for [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|World XI]] and those records have been included above.}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 124 || 111 || 2435 || {{sort|750|75}} || 31.22 || 125.64 || 0 || 9 || 92 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|7|1}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoaib Malik|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/42657.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2018-07-01|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| {{sortname|Virat|Kohli}} || {{cr|IND}} || 125 || 117 || 4188 || {{sort|1225|122*}} || 48.69 || 137.04 || 1 || 38 || 56 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|7|3}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virat Kohli |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/253802.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2018-07-03|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|IND}} || 159 || 151 || 4231 || {{sort|1210|121*}} || 32.05 || 140.89 || 5 || 32 || 77 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2018|7|8}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Sharma |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/34102.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2018-07-08|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| {{sortname|David|Warner|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 110 || 110 || 3277 || {{sort|1005|100*}} || 33.43 || 142.47 || 1 || 28 || 73 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|11|1}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Warner |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/219889.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2019-11-01|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| {{sortname|Eoin|Morgan}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 115 || 107 || 2458 || {{sort|910|91}} || 28.58 || 136.17 || 0 || 14 || 84 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2019|11|10}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eoin Morgan |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/24598.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2019-11-10|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| '''{{sortname|Paul|Stirling}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} || 163 || 160 || 3895 || {{sort|1155|115*}} || 26.31 || 134.35 || 1 || 24 || 72 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|1|15}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Stirling |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/303427.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2020-01-15|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Hafeez}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 119 || 108 || 2514 || {{sort|995|99*}} || 26.46 || 122.03 || 0 || 14 || 89 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|8|30}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Hafeez |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/41434.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2020-08-30|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| {{sortname|Aaron|Finch}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 103 || 103 || 3120 || {{sort|1720|172}} || 34.28 || 142.53 || 2 || 19 || 62 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2020|9|4}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaron Finch |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/5334.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2020-09-04|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| '''{{sortname|Babar|Azam}}''' || {{cr|PAK}} || 145 || 136 || 4596 || {{sort|1220|122}} || 38.94 || 128.02 || 3 || 39 || 52 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|4|25}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Babar Azam |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/348144.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2021-04-25|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| {{sortname|Mohammad|Shahzad}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 73 || 73 || 2048 || {{sort|1185|118*}} || 29.25 || 132.12 || 1 || 12 || 68 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|10|31}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Shahazad |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/419873.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| '''{{sortname|Jos|Buttler}}''' || {{cr|ENG}} || 155 || 143 || 4037 || {{sort|1015|101*}} || 33.64 || 147.76 || 1 || 28 || 78 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|11|1}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jos Buttler |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/308967.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2021-11-01|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| {{sortname|Kane|Williamson}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 93 || 90 || 2575 || {{sort|950|95}} || 33.44 || 123.08 || 0 || 18 || 72 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2021|11|14}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kane Williamson |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/277906.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 15
| {{sortname|Mahmudullah|}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 141 || 130 || 2444 || {{sort|645|64*}} || 23.50 || 117.38 || 0 || 8 || 107 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|3|5}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahmudullah |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/56025.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-03-05|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| '''{{sortname|Glenn|Maxwell}}'''|| {{cr|AUS}} || 130 || 118 || 2897 || {{sort|1455|145*}} || 28.97 || 154.42 || 5 || 12 || 78 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|6|9}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glenn Maxwell |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/325026.html?class=3;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-06-09|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| {{sortname|Shakib|Al Hasan}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 129 || 127 || 2551 || {{sort|0840|84}} || 23.19 || 121.18 || 0 || 13 || 97 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|7|3}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakib Al Hasan |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/56143.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-07-03|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| '''{{sortname|Mohammad|Rizwan}}''' || {{cr|PAK}} || 106 || 93 || 3414 || {{sort|1045|104*}} || 47.41 || 125.37 || 1 || 30 || 52 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|9|20}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Rizwan |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/323389.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-09-20|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| '''{{sortname|KL|Rahul}}''' || {{cr|IND}} || 72 || 68 || 2265 || {{sort|1105|110*}} || 37.75 || 139.12 || 2 || 22 || 58 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|9|20}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=KL Rahul |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/422108.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-09-20|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| '''{{sortname|David|Miller|dab=South African cricketer}}'''{{efn|name=fn1}} || {{cr|RSA}} || 140 || 123 || 2804 || {{sort|1065|106*}} || 33.78 || 141.40 || 2 || 9 || 92 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|10|2}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Miller |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/321777.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-10-02|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| '''{{sortname|Quinton|de Kock}}''' || {{cr|RSA}} || 110 || 109 || 3095 || {{sort|1150|115}} || 30.95 || 142.23 || 2 || 19 || 71 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|10|4}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Quinton de Kock |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/379143.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-10-04|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| {{sortname|Alex|Hales}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 75 || 75 || 2074 || {{sort|1165|116*}} || 30.95 || 138.35 || 1 || 12 || 74 ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2022|11|10}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alex Hales |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/249866.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2022-11-10|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 23
| '''{{sortname|Richie|Berrington}}''' || {{cr|SCO}} || 106 || 97 || 2451 || {{sort|1000|100}} || 31.02 || 131.77 || 1 || 10 || 77 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|7|28}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Richie Berrington |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/25490.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2023-07-28|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| '''{{sortname|Andrew|Balbirnie}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} || 110 || 106 || 2392 || {{sort|830|83}} || 23.45 || 123.23 || 0 || 12 || 91 ||{{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|8|21}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Balbirnie |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/303423.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2023-08-21|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 25
| '''{{sortname|Virandeep|Singh}}''' || {{cr|MAS}} || 111 || 104 || 3180 || {{sort|1165|116*}} || 37.85 || 127.35 || 1 || 23 || 64 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|10|30}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virandeep Singh |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/633660.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2023-10-30|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 26
| '''{{sortname|Suryakumar|Yadav}}''' || {{cr|IND}} || 113 || 107 || 3272 || {{sort|1170|117}} || 36.35 || 162.94 || 4 || 25 || 56 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2023|12|12}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryakumar Yadav |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/446507.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 27
| '''{{sortname|Mohammad|Nabi}}''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 152 || 140 || 2448 || {{sort|890|89}} || 22.25 || 136.37 || 0 || 7 || 109 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|02|19}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Nabi |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/25913.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-02-19 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 28
| '''{{sortname|Simon|Ssesazi}}''' || {{cr|UGA}} || 88 || 86 || 2204 || {{sort|1005|100*}} || 29.00 || 123.19 || 1 || 17 || 75 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|03|21}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simon Ssesazi |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/531312.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-03-21 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 29
| '''{{sortname|George|Munsey}}''' || {{cr|SCO}} || 85 || 83 || 2436 || {{sort|1320|132}} || 31.23 || 143.29 || 2 || 14 || 69 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|06|15}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=George Munsey |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/671805.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-06-15 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 30
| {{sortname|Nicholas|Pooran}} || {{cr|WIN}} || 106 || 97 || 2275 || {{sort|0980|98}} || 26.14 || 136.39 || 0 || 13 || 84 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|06|17}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Pooran |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/604302.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-06-17 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 31
| '''{{sortname|Sikandar|Raza}}''' || {{cr|ZIM}} || 133 || 128 || 3089 || {{sort|1335|133*}} || 26.62 || 136.92 || 1 || 17 || 86 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|07|13}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikandar Raza |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/299572.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-07-13|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 32
| '''{{sortname|Syed|Aziz}}''' || {{cr|MAS}} || 117 || 111 || 2782 || {{sort|1260|126}} || 29.91 || 141.14 || 1 || 19 || 80 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|08|23}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Aziz |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/868003.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-08-23|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 33
| '''{{sortname|Nizakat|Khan}}''' || {{cr|HKG}} || 123 || 120 || 2403 || {{sort|0810|81}} || 21.64 || 120.27 || 0 || 12 || 94 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|09|03}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nizakat Khan |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/350629.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-09-03|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 34
| '''{{sortname|Reeza|Hendricks}}''' || {{cr|RSA}} || 90 || 89 || 2504 || {{sort|1170|117}} || 28.78 || 129.20 || 1 || 18 || 71 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|09|27}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reeza Hendricks |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/269280.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-09-27|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 35
| '''{{sortname|Muhammad|Waseem|dab=cricketer}}''' || {{cr|UAE}} || 97 || 97 || 3338 || {{sort|1120|112}} || 36.68 || 150.56 || 3 || 26 || 54 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|09|29}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Waseem |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/1241277.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-09-29|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 36
| '''{{sortname|Litton|Das}}''' || {{cr|BAN}} || 120 || 118 || 2655 || {{sort|0830|83}} || 23.49 || 126.48 || 0 || 16 || 90 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|10|12}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Litton Das |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/536936.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-10-12|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 37
| '''{{sortname|Max|O'Dowd}}''' || {{cr|NED}} || 91 || 88 || 2354 || {{sort|1335|133*}} || 29.06 || 121.84 || 1 || 16 || 75 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2024|11|16}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Max O'Dowd |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/643197.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2024-11-16|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 38
| '''{{sortname|Kusal|Perera}}''' || {{cr|SL}} || 95 || 93 || 2335 || {{sort|1010|101}} || 26.23 || 132.89 || 1 || 16 || 76 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|01|02}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kusal Perera |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/300631.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-01-02|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 39
| '''{{sortname|Babar|Hayat}}''' || {{cr|HKG}} || 103 || 99 || 2339 || {{sort|01220|122}} || 27.19 || 128.65 || 2 || 12 || 81 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|04|09}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Babar Hayat |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/539304.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-04-09|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 40
| '''{{sortname|Ravija|Sandaruwan}}''' || {{cr|KUW}} || 80 || 80 || 2094 || {{sort|01030|103}} || 27.19 || 145.82 || 2 || 12 || 75 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|04|13}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravija Sandaruwan |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/429809.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-04-09|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 41
| '''{{sortname|Kusal|Mendis}}''' || {{cr|SL}} || 106 || 106 || 2622 || {{sort|0860|86}} || 26.22 || 129.67 || 0 || 20 || 80 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|07|13}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kusal Mendis |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/629074.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 42
| '''{{sortname|Fakhar|Zaman|dab=cricketer}}''' || {{cr|PAK}} || 120 || 110 || 2494 || {{sort|0910|91}} || 23.98 || 132.51 || 0 || 14 || 92 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|09|02}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fakhar Zaman |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/512191.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-09-02|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 43
| '''{{sortname|Pathum|Nissanka}}''' || {{cr|SL}} || 91 || 90 || 2648 || {{sort|01070|107}} || 31.15 || 128.66 || 2 || 19 || 68 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|09|13}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathum Nissanka |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/1028655.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-09-13|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 44
| '''{{sortname|Mitchell|Marsh}}''' || {{cr|AUS}} || 85 || 80 || 2220 || {{sort|01035|103*}} || 33.63 || 141.67 || 1 || 13 || 74 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|10|31}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitchell Marsh |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/272450.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-10-31|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 45
| '''{{sortname|Rahmanullah|Gurbaz}}''' || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 87 || 87 || 2280 || {{sort|01000|100}} || 26.20 || 135.55 || 1 || 13 || 80 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|11|02}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahmanullah Gurbaz |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/974087.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-11-02|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 46
| '''{{sortname|Rovman|Powell}}''' || {{cr|WIN}} || 117 || 103 || 2261 || {{sort|01070|107}} || 25.98 || 141.84 || 1 || 10 || 91 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|11|05}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rovman Powell |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/820351.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-11-05|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 47
| '''{{sortname|Hardik|Pandya}}''' || {{cr|IND}} || 138 || 109 || 2288 || {{sort|0715|71*}} || 28.24 || 145.91 || 0 || 9 || 97 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2025|12|19}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardik Pandya |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/625371.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative|access-date=2025-12-19|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 48
| '''{{sortname|Glenn|Phillips|dab=cricketer}}''' || {{cr|NZ}} || 97 || 85 || 2286 || {{sort|1080|108}} || 31.75 || 142.69 || 2 || 12 || 75 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|1|21}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glenn Phillips |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/823509.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-01-21|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 49
| '''{{sortname|Tim|Seifert}}''' || {{cr|NZ}} || 90 || 84 || 2279 || {{sort|0975|97*}} || 31.21 || 146.37 || 0 || 17 || 77 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|2|8}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim Seifert |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/625964.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-02-08|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 50
| '''{{sortname|Mark|Chapman|dab=cricketer}}''' || {{crw|NZ}} {{crw|HK}} || 113 || 95 || 2074 || {{sort|1045|104*}} || 25.92 || 135.73 || 1 || 10 || 91 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|2|8}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark Chapman |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/438563.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-02-08|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 51
| '''{{sortname|Dipendra|Singh Airee}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} || 94 || 82 || 2125 || {{sort|1105|110*}} || 33.20 || 139.52 || 1 || 12 || 79 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|2|8}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipendra Singh Airee |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/794707.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-02-08|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 52
| '''{{sortname|Anshuman|Rath}}''' || {{cr|HKG}} || 76 || 75 || 2010 || {{sort|1005|100*}} || 29.55 || 121.08 || 1 || 10 || 75 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|3|1}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anshuman Rath |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/452472.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-03-01|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
| 53
| '''{{sortname|Sami|Sohail}}''' || {{cr|MWI}} || 68 || 64 || 2022 || {{sort|0965|96*}} || 44.93 || 124.50 || 0 || 13 || 64 || {{dts|nowrap=off|format=dmy|2026|3|25}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sami Sohail |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/1163154.html?class=3;template=results;type=batting;view=cumulative |access-date=2026-03-25|website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Twenty20 International records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics]]

Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)

2026-03-25T20:00:06Z

JAY JADABA: stub

{{Short description|Indian hospital chain}}
{{citation style|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
| logo = Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group).svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|KIMS}} {{BSE|543308}}
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| genre =
| fate =
| successor =
| foundation = 2000
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Secunderabad]]
| locations = 25 Hospitals (2026)
| area_served = India, South Asia
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Dr. Bhaskar Rao Bollineni]] (Founder, Chairman and MD)|Dr. Abhinay Bollineni (Executive Director and CEO)<ref>{{cite news |title=KIMS on expansion mode; to add 2 'greenfield' hospitals in Hyderabad, Rajahmundry |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kims-on-expansion-mode-to-add-2-greenfield-hospitals-in-hyderabad-rajahmundry/article29767309.ece |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=22 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| products =
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|3067|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|815|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|415|c}} (2025)
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ffnancial results for the period & year ending 31th March 2025 |url=https://assets.kimshospitals.com/docs/production/Pressreleasefinal_1747062615.pdf |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
| intl =
| location_country = India
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.kimshospitals.com/}}
}}

The '''Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences''' (KIMS Group of Hospitals) is an [[List of hospitals in India|Indian multi-speciality hospital]] chain. It was founded by [[Bhaskar Rao Bollineni|Dr. Bhaskar Rao Bollineni]] in 2000 in the city of [[Nellore]].<ref name="TelanganaTodayInterview">{{Cite news|url= https://telanganatoday.com/this-surgeon-gets-his-math-right
|title= This surgeon gets his math right
}}</ref> Currently, the KIMS Group of Hospitals operates 25 hospitals across the states of [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]], and [[Karnataka]].<ref name="TelanganaTodayInterview" /><ref name="TelanganaTodayDrAbhinay">{{Cite news|url= https://telanganatoday.com/kims-appoints-new-ceo
|title= KIMS appoints new CEO
}}</ref> The KIMS Group of Hospitals is certified by [[NABH]] and [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|NABL]].<ref name="NABH">{{Cite news|url= https://www.nabh.co/frmViewApplicantHosp.aspx
|title= KIMS appoints new CEO
}}</ref> It is listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].

==History==
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS Group of Hospitals) is an Indian multi-speciality hospital chain that operates a network of hospitals across several states in southern and western India. The hospital group was founded in 2000 by cardiothoracic surgeon [[Bhaskar Rao Bollineni|Dr. Bhaskar Rao Bollineni]], who opened the first hospital in [[Nellore, Andhra Pradesh]] with approximately 200 beds.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – KIMS Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref> The group has subsequently expanded its network to include multiple hospitals under the KIMS Hospitals brand with a combined capacity of over 8,300 beds.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospitals Network |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

In 2002, the group established another hospital in [[Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh]], and in 2004, it opened its flagship facility in [[Secunderabad, Telangana]], which has grown to a capacity of approximately 1,000 beds and serves as the headquarters of the hospital chain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospital at Hyderabad |url=https://www.indheal.com/hospital/kims-hospital-hyderabad |publisher=IndHeal |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref> The group expanded further throughout the 2000s and 2010s, adding hospitals in various cities including [[Srikakulam]], [[Kondapur]], [[Ongole]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Anantapur]], and [[Kurnool]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

KIMS Hospitals received the Association of Healthcare Providers India (AHPI) Award in the Patient-Friendly Hospital category in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kims Hospitals Chain |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref> In 2021, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences launched its initial public offering (IPO) and became a publicly listed company on the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

Throughout the 2020s, the group continued expanding its geographic footprint, adding new hospitals in states such as Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka, including facilities in [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]], [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], [[Sangli]], [[Thane]], and [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

==Branches==
As of 2026, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences operates a network of multi-specialty hospitals across five Indian states: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka, with a combined bed capacity exceeding 8,000 beds.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospitals Network |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

Notable hospitals in the network include:
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Secunderabad''' – Flagship hospital and corporate headquarters.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Nellore''' – The group’s first hospital, established in 2000.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Rajahmundry''' – One of the early expansion hospitals.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Kondapur, Gachibowli and KIMS-Sunshine Begumpet''' – Major urban facilities in Hyderabad, Telangana.
* '''KIMS-ICON Hospital & KIMS Hospitals, Visakhapatnam''' – Two multi-specialty units serving the north coastal Andhra region.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Srikakulam, Ongole, Kurnool and Guntur''' – Regional hospitals across Andhra Pradesh.

* '''KIMS-Saveera Hospital in [[Anantapur]]''' is the largest healthcare facility in the [[Rayalaseema]] region.<ref name="Rayalaseema">{{Cite news|url= https://medicaldialogues.in/state-news/uttar-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-kims-saveera-hospital-introduces-100-bed-critical-care-facility-63166
|title= Andhra Pradesh: KIMS-Saveera Hospital Introduces 100-Bed Critical Care Facility
}}</ref> The group also opened an emergency clinic in Anantapur in 2019.<ref name="EmergencyClinic">{{Cite news|url= https://www.apnnews.com/kims-saveera-inaugurates-emergency-healthcare-unit-at-kia-motors/
|title= KIMS Saveera inaugurates emergency healthcare unit at KIA Motors
}}</ref>

* '''KIMS Hospitals, Nagpur, Nashik, Sangli and Thane''' – Facilities in Maharashtra.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Kannur and Kollam''' – Hospitals in Kerala.
* '''KIMS Hospitals, Bengaluru''' – Multi-specialty hospital marking the group’s entry into Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospital Bengaluru launch |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ |publisher=BusinessLine |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

The group has also announced plans for future expansion, including proposed super-specialty hospitals in other major Indian cities, as part of its long-term growth strategy.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS expansion plans |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/ |publisher=Projects Today |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

==Services==
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS Group) offers a comprehensive range of healthcare services through its network of hospitals, providing integrated, multi-disciplinary care with a focus on tertiary and quaternary healthcare delivery.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – KIMS Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

The group provides medical and surgical services across more than 25 specialties and super-specialties, including cardiac sciences, oncology, neurosciences, gastroenterology, orthopaedics, organ transplantation, renal sciences, and mother and child care.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospitals Specialities |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

KIMS also delivers care in other domains such as pediatric cardiac services, perioperative care for gastrointestinal and liver transplants, and general pediatrics, among others, through dedicated specialty teams at its hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Specialities at KIMS Hospitals Bengaluru |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/bengaluru-mahadevapura/specialties |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

Across its network, the group emphasizes the use of advanced medical technology and multidisciplinary clinical protocols to support complex procedures, critical care, emergency care and chronic disease management.<ref>{{cite web |title=KIMS Hospitals Services |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

===Organ transplantation===

KIMS Hospital has infrastructure to support organ transplantation<ref name="Transplantation">{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/kidney-liver-transplants-on-the-rise-in-hyderabad | title=Kidney, Liver transplants on the rise in Hyderabad
| publisher= Telangana Today | date=2019}}</ref> and has created an organ donation swap registry.<ref name="MedDialogueTransplant">{{cite web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/kims-hospitals-sets-new-precedent-in-organ-donation-with-swap-registry?infinitescroll=1 | title=KIMS Hospitals Sets New Precedent In Organ Donation With Swap Registry | publisher= Medical Dialogues | date=2017}}</ref> In 2019, KIMS Secunderabad recorded 1,000 kidney transplant surgeries.<ref name="IndiaTodayKidney">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kims-secunderabad-records-1-000-kidney-transplant-surgeries-1569378-2019-07-15 | title=KIMS Secunderabad records 1,000 kidney transplant surgeries YAS OLD SUPAR MALTY SPASALATY HAHPATALIN ONGOL}}</ref> In a first of its kind procedure in India, KIMS Hospitals Lung Transplant Doctors successfully performed a double lung transplant surgery on a COVID-19 patient.<ref name="In a first of its kind procedure in India, KIMS Hospitals Lung Transplant Doctors successfully performed a double lung transplant surgery on a Covid-19 patient.">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hyderabad-doctors-perform-first-ever-double-lung-transplant-for-covid-19-patient/story-xf0AQKxsvhnKwwzhdbJ2CL.html |
title=Hyderabad doctors perform first-ever double lung transplant for Covid-19 patient | publisher= Hindustan Times | date=2020}}</ref>

The KIMS Heart and Lung Transplant team has performed 12 Covid Double [[Lung transplantation|Lung transplants]] and overall 50 Lung and Heart transplant procedures between September 2020 and April 2021.<ref name="KIMS performs 12 Covid double lung transplants">
{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/kims-performs-12-covid-double-lung-transplants |
title= 12 Covid Double Lung transplants and overall 50 Lung and Heart transplant procedures | publisher=Telangana today | date=2021}}</ref>

This is by far the highest number of procedures performed at a single healthcare institute in Asia in the past eight months as far as COVID Double Lung Transplants are concerned.<ref name="12 Covid Double Lung transplants and overall 50 Lung and Heart transplant procedures">
{{cite web | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/kims-hyderabad-performs-highest-covid-double-lung-transplants.html |
title= 12 Covid Double Lung transplants and overall 50 Lung and Heart transplant procedures | publisher=The pioneer | date=2021}}</ref>

===Robotic surgeries===
KIMS Group of Hospitals are one of the first few hospitals in India to focus on robotic surgeries<ref name="BusinessStd3">{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kims-hospital-performs-robotic-surgery-for-pancreatic-cancer-116120801220_1.html | title=KIMS Hospital performs robotic surgery for pancreatic cancer | newspaper=Business Standard India | publisher= Business Standard | date=2016}}</ref> and they set up South India's first robotic facility.<ref name="BusinessStd">{{cite web | url=https://www.apnnews.com/kims-to-pilot-south-indias-first-robot-assisted-surgeries-soon/ | title=KIMS to pilot South India's first robot assisted surgeries soon | publisher= APN News | date=2011}}</ref> In 2011, they performed the first robot-assisted [[Large intestine|colorectal]] surgery in India.<ref name="Siasat">{{cite web | url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/kims-performs-first-robot-assisted-surgery-india-221537/ | title=KIMS performs the first robot assisted surgery in India
| publisher= Siasat | date=2011}}</ref> The hospital performs robotic surgeries for oncology,<ref name="MedDialogues">{{cite web | url=https://speciality.medicaldialogues.in/kims-robotic-surgeons-remove-biggest-tumour-from-pancreas | title=KIMS Robotic Surgeons Remove Biggest Tumour From Pancreas
| publisher= Medical Dialogues | date=2017}}</ref> gynaecology,<ref name="IIFL">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/advanced-gynecological-robotic-surgeries-performed-at-kims-113102209395_1.html | title=Advanced Gynecological Robotic Surgeries performed at KIMS
| publisher= India Infoline | date=2011}}</ref> urology<ref name="Hans">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-09-08/KIMS-Hospitals-Robotic-surgery-on-60-year-old-removes-gall-bladder-stones/324946 | title=KIMS Hospitals Robotic surgery on 60-year-old removes gall bladder stones
| publisher= The Hans India | date=2017}}</ref> and [[gastroenterology]].<ref name="HBL">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/Krishna-Institute-of-Medical-Sciences-performs-scar-less-robotic-thyroid-surgery/article20572662.ece | title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences performs scar-less robotic thyroid surgery
| publisher= The Hindu Business Line | date=2013}}</ref><ref name="Siasat" />

===Programs===
In 2017, the cardiology department held the 13th annual Cardiology Update programme.<ref name="HansCardio">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2017-08-18/Cardiologists-update-their-knowledge/320061 | title=Cardiologists update their knowledge
| publisher= The Hans India | date=2017}}</ref>
In 2019, the orthopaedic department held a course on knee replacement for orthopaedic surgeons across [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name="HansIndiaKnee">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/meet-on-total-knee-replacement-held-518609 | title=Meet on total knee replacement held
| publisher= The Hindu Business Line | date=2019}}</ref> The hospital also conducted a Lupus Awareness Ramp Walk<ref name="LupusAwareness">{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/lupus-ramp-walk-draws-crowd-hyderabad | title=Lupus ramp walk draws crowd in Hyderabad
| publisher= Telangana Today | date=2019}}</ref> and Deep Vein Thrombosis Awareness Walk in 2019.<ref name="DVT">{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/dvt-awareness-walk-2019-held-in-hyderabad | title=Lupus ramp walk draws crowd in Hyderabad
| publisher= Telangana Today | date=2019}}</ref> In 2019, they also held a conference on bone marrow transplant in paediatrics.<ref name="BMT">{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/conference-on-bone-marrow-transplant-in-kids-held-in-hyderabad | title=Conference on bone marrow transplant in Paediatrics held in Hyderabad
| publisher= Telangana Today | date=2019}}</ref>

==Awards and accreditations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Award !! Year !! Category
|-
| NABH Accreditation || 2011 || Hospital Quality and Patient Safety Standards
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| NABL Accreditation || 2015 || Laboratory Quality Standards
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ISO 9001:2015 Certification || 2015 || Quality Management Systems
<ref>{{cite web |title=ISO 9001 Certification |url=https://www.nsf.org/knowledge-library/iso-9001-certification |publisher=NSF International |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Indo-Global Healthcare Summit & Expo Award || 2015 || Best Multi-Speciality Hospital
<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Multi Specialty Hospital Award – KIMS Hyderabad |url=https://www.indheal.com/hospital/kims-hospital-hyderabad |publisher=IndHeal |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| AHPI Award || 2017 || Patient-Friendly Hospital
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| National Quality Excellence Award || 2019 || Best Super-Speciality Hospital in Telangana
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| Times Healthcare Achievers Award || 2019–20 || Best Hospital in Orthopaedics and Surgical Oncology
<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| The Week Best Hospital Survey || 2021 || Second Best Multi-Speciality Hospital in Hyderabad
<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals Survey |url=https://www.theweek.in/hospitalsurvey.html |publisher=The Week |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| The Week Best Hospital Survey || 2022 || Second Best Multi-Speciality Hospital in Hyderabad
<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals Survey |url=https://www.theweek.in/hospitalsurvey.html |publisher=The Week |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| AACI Accreditation || 2023 || International Healthcare Standards
<ref>{{cite web |title=AACI Accreditation |url=https://www.aacihealthcare.com/ |publisher=American Accreditation Commission International |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| The Week Best Hospital Survey || 2023 || Second Best Multi-Speciality Hospital in Hyderabad
<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals Survey |url=https://www.theweek.in/hospitalsurvey.html |publisher=The Week |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| AHPI Award || 2023 || Excellence in Nursing Practices
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| AHPI Award || 2024 || Excellence in Nursing Practices
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
| AHPI Award || 2025 || Excellence in Hospital Operations (Non-Clinical)
<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards and Accreditations – KIMS Group of Hospitals |url=https://www.kimshospitals.com/about-us/awards-and-accreditations/ |publisher=KIMS Hospitals |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Other recognitions===
* Ranked among the top healthcare providers in national and regional surveys for clinical quality and patient care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group) – Awards |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group) |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=13 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.kimshospitals.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Udyog Rattan Award

2026-03-24T14:40:31Z

JAY JADABA:

{{Short description|Award for economic development in India}}
The '''Udyog Ratna Award''' (translated as Jewel of the Industry Award) is conferred annually to [[Indian people|Indian]] citizens, for their outstanding contribution to the [[Economic development in India|economic development of the country]].<ref name="Udyog Ratna Award for Bhawanishankar Sharma">{{cite web | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/udyog-ratna-award-for-bhawanishankar-sharma_356824.html | title=Udyog Ratna Award for Bhawanishankar Sharma | publisher=Money Control | date=17 September 2008 | accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> The award is conferred by the Institute of Economic Studies, India (IES),<ref name="Institute of Economics Studies, India (IES) awarded Excellence Award and Udyog Rattan Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/announcements/others/institute-of-economics-studies-ies-awarded-excellence-award-and-udyog-rattan-award/article4973347.ece | title=Institute of Economics Studies India (IES) awarded "Excellence Award" and "Udyog Rattan Award" | publisher=The Hindu Business Line | date=31 July 2013 | accessdate=March 1, 2016}}</ref> affiliated with the government of [[India]] and the selection is done by a panel of judges who are usually eminent citizens with economic backgrounds. Nominations are made by the existing members, and absolute care is taken that there is no [[bias]] or favoritism. Normally there are hundreds of nominees and it takes several weeks or sometimes months of scrutiny to short-list and finalize the recipients.

== Winners ==
* [[Motilal Oswal]]
* [[Dhananjay Datar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=King of spices: The rise of Al Adil's Dhananjay Datar from a poor boy to a multi-millionaire in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae-success-stories/king-of-spices-the-rise-of-al-adils-dhananjay-datar-from-a-poor-boy-to-a-multi-millionaire-in-dubai-1.1549956288467 |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kailash Das]]
* [[Narendra Bansal]]
* N. Jehangir
* [[Ajit Narain Haksar]]
* [[Surinder Mehta]]
* [[Om Prakash Munjal]]
* [[Viresh Oberoi]]
* [[Anu Malhotra|Mahendra Nanjundaswamy]]
* [[Shaurya Doval]]
* [[Rakesh Bakshi]]
* [[Hariharan Chandrashekar]]
* Omkar Shinde
* Jayantilal L Mistry (LMP)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|script-title=hi:नई दिल्ली, 21 अक्टूबर. मार्ग ईआरपी लिमिटेड, भारत में अग्रणी ईआरपी सॉफ्टवेयर समाधान प्रदाता जिसकी दुनिया भर के 25+ देशों में उपस्थिति है. कंपनी ने MSME को इस मामले में काफी जागरुक किया है कि किस तरह से प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग करके अपने व्यवसाय को तेज़ी प्रदान कर सकते हैं |title=Marg ERP promoter gets Udyog Rattan Award |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/marg-erp-promoter-gets-udyog-rattan-award/article29770127.ece |website=thehindubusinessline.com |date=22 October 2019}}

[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]

S. N. Lakshmi

2026-03-18T04:46:07Z

JAY JADABA: improve page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian actress (1927–2012)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. N. Lakshmi
| birth_name = Sennelkudi Narayanan Lakshmi
| image = S. N. Lakshmi.jpg
| birth_date = 1927
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|2|20|1927|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] India
| birth_place = [[Virudhunagar]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = actress
| yearsactive = 1948–2012
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Sennalkudi Narayana Lakshmi''' (1927 – 20 February 2012) was an Indian actress, who appeared in supporting roles, often playing roles of a mother or grandmother in films. A recipient of the state government's [[Kalaimamani]] and Kalaiselvam awards, Lakshmi acted in more than 1,500 films and 6,000 dramas.<ref>{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veteran-Tamil-actor-S-N-Lakshmi-dies-at-85/articleshow/11969832.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714123813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-21/chennai/31082277_1_sivaji-ganesan-kalaimamani-roles |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2013 |title=Veteran Tamil actor S N Lakshmi dies at 85 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Lakshmi was born to Narayana Thevar as the thirteenth child and left home aged 11 because her six older brothers did not give her the attention she wanted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |date=20 February 2012 |title=An actor par excellence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence/article2912927.ece |access-date=28 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628113251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-actor-par-excellence/article2912927.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Her family had to move from their village town of Sennalkudi to Virudhunagar after their father had died and her mother worked at a small hotel and also at the temple to keep the family afloat.<ref name=":0" /> Her neighbour, a dancer, helped Lakshmi join a drama troupe and she quickly picked up the steps she was taught and travelled with them from place to place.<ref name="lakshmi">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/28/stories/2010052851030100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530080657/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/28/stories/2010052851030100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2010 |title=Friday Review Chennai : Courage goaded her on ... |date=28 May 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> When the actors reached Raja Mannargudi they left her with a family which put her on a train to [[Madras]] and bade farewell. When she was wondering alone, help came in the form of a lorry driver's wife who noticed her and showed her the way to [[Gemini Studios]], which opened its doors to the destitute. It took eight years for her family to find her.<ref name="lakshmi"/>

She soon joined the studio staff at a salary of Rs. 150 and then rented a house with four other young girls and hired a cook. Before her film career began, Lakshmi had years of theatre experience, with more than 2,000 plays to her credit. From Ganandesikar's and [[N. S. Krishnan]]'s theatre troupes to S. V. Sahasranamam's Seva Stage and [[K. Balachander]]'s Ragini Recreations, Lakshmi trained under stalwarts. Lakshmi acted as a man in many all-woman plays, doing stunts and acrobatics and even fought a leopard as an extra in the MGR film, ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]''.<ref name="lakshmi"/> In 1959, she bought her first home in Royapettah on Pachaiappan Nayakkan Road. Three years later, she bought her first car, a Morris Eight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/03/02/stories/2011030250450100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306151622/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2011/03/02/stories/2011030250450100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2011 |title=Metro Plus Chennai : 'Plays were crowd pullers' |date=2 March 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
She started as a group dancer in ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]''. Plays and one-scene appearances in films continued until [[N. S. Krishnan]] gave her a pivotal role in ''Nalla Thangai'' and then her real breakthrough came through Muktha Srinivasan's maiden venture ''Thamarai Kulam'' followed by ''Engal Kula Devi'' and ''Naalu Veli Nilam''. [[Nagesh]] then recommended her to [[K. Balachander]] to star in ''[[Server Sundaram]]'', after he had been impressed with her performance in the theatre show of the same name, and the film's success prompted more offers for the actress.<ref name="lakshmi"/>

Kamal Haasan called her to feature in ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' while she was taking a break in [[Puttaparthi]] and from then until ''[[Virumaandi]]'', Lakshmi has been a part of nearly all of Kamal Haasan productions and such was his confidence in her ability that he would ask the assistants to give her the dialogue and move away, confident that she would handle it on her own.<ref name="lakshmi"/>

Before her death she was doing a role as Meenakshi's grandmother in the serial "Saravanan Meenakshi" in ''[[STAR Vijay|Vijay TV]] and also as Thulasi's grand mother in the serial "Thendral" in SunTV ''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Actress S N Lakshmi passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/228632/actress-s-n-lakshmi-passes.html |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628113250/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/228632/actress-s-n-lakshmi-passes.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lakshmi has mentioned that "marriage didn't appeal to her", and that her brothers' grandchildren and their kids are now regulars at her house.<ref name="lakshmi"/>

Until the early 2000s, Lakshmi would move around town by driving but was forced to give it up after she broke her leg. On Sunday mornings she would visit Sai Kripa, a free medical centre in [[Chennai]] and help the staff.<ref name="lakshmi"/>

==Death==
S. N. Lakshmi died in Chennai on 20 February 2012, aged 85. She had a cardiac arrest in the early hours of 20 February, following which she was rushed to a hospital. However, doctors declared her dead. Her body was kept at her Saligramam residence where film personalities made tributes. Her cremation took place in her native town of Virudhunagar.<ref>{{cite web |author=Meera Srinivasan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2913993.ece |title=Veteran actor Lakshmi dies |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729034800/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2913993.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Unreferenced section|date= January 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|| 1948 || ''[[Chandralekha (1948 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Group Dancer ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1955 || ''[[Doctor Savithri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Thangai]]'' || English Teacher ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1959 || ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Engal Kuladevi]]'' || Valli ||
|-
| ''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]'' || ||
|-
|| 1960 || ''[[Baghdad Thirudan]]'' || Maharani ||
|-
|| 1961 || ''[[Panam Panthiyile]]'' || ||
|-
|| 1962|| ''[[Avana Ivan]]'' || Amudhavalli||
|-
|| 1963 || ''[[Thulasi Maadam (film)|Thulasi Maadam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1964 || ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' || Sundaram's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Dheiva Thaai]]'' || Megala's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Naanal (film)|Naanal]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppu Panam]]'' || Sattanathan's first wife ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1965 || ''[[Panchavarna Kili]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai Padagu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaakum Karangal]]''||Shankar's mother||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1966 || ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kodimalar]]'' || Maragatham ||
|-
| ''[[Chandhrodhayam]]''|| Maheshwari ||
|-
| ''[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]''|| Kannamma||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1967|| ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'' ||Manikkam's mother||
|-
| ''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]'' || Meenakshi||
|-
| ''[[Vivasayee]]'' ||Sivagami||
|-
| rowspan="7"|1968|| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' ||Rajadurai's mother||
|-
| ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]'' ||Dancer's mother||
|-
| ''[[Thaer Thiruvizha]]'' ||Parvathi Ammal ||
|-
| ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Teacheramma (1968 film)|Teacheramma]]''||Shankar's mother||
|-
| ''[[Thamarai Nenjam (film)|Thamarai Nenjam]]'' || Narayanan's Mother||
|-
| ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]'' ||Kamatchi||
|-
|| 1969 || ''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' ||Janaki's aunt ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|1970|| ''[[Raman Ethanai Ramanadi]]'' ||Raman's grandmother||
|-
| ''[[Maattukara Velan]]'' ||Raghu's mother||
|-
| ''[[En Annan]]'' ||Murali's mother||
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivi]]'' || Suresh's mother||
|-
| ''[[Nadu Iravil]]'' || Vadivambal||
|-
| ''[[Enga Mama]]'' || Muralikrishnan's mother||
|-
|| 1971 || ''[[Then Kinnam]]'' ||Meenakshi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1972|| ''[[Dheivam]]'' ||Valliyammai's Neighbor ||
|-
| ''[[Annamitta Kai]]'' ||Gandhimathi ||
|-
| ''Naan Yen Pirandhen'' ||Chinnamma||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1973|| ''[[Vandhaale Magaraasi]]'' || Lakshmi's Mother||
|-
| ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' ||Meenatchi ||
|-
| ''[[Komatha En Kulamatha]]'' ||Arun's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai Deivam]]'' ||Blind boy’s mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1975|| ''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]'' ||Mohan's mother||
|-
| ''[[Pattikkaattu Raja]]'' ||Thangam||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1977 ||''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]'' || Maya's mother||
|-
| ''[[Navarathinam]]'' || Pangajethamma ||
|-
|1978||''[[Chittu Kuruvi (1978 film)|Chittu Kuruvi]]''|| Pangajethamma ||
|-
||1985|| ''Kanni Rasi'' ||Lakshmipathi's mother||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1988 || ''[[Ennai Vittu Pogaathe ]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' || Rajamma ||
|-
| ''[[Therkathi Kallan]]'' || Kallan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990 || ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || Tripurasundari's grandmother||
|-
| ''[[Salem Vishnu]]'' ||Vishnu's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1992 || ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' || Periyaatha ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnavar]]'' ||Muthu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Manasukkaran]]'' ||Chellakili's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' ||Kalimuthu's mother ||
|-
|| 1993 || ''[[Amma Ponnu]]'' || ||
|-
|| 1993 || ''[[Ejamaan]]'' || Midwife||
|-
|| 1994 || ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' || Saraswathi Ammal||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1995 || ''[[Muthu Kulikka Vaarieyala]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1996|| ''[[Aruva Velu]]'' ||Velu's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' ||Ramu's grandmother||
|-
|''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]'' || ||
|-
|1997|| ''[[Iruvar]]'' || Tamizhselvan's mother||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1998 || ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]'' ||Savithri's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' || Noorjahan ||
|-
| ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' ||Meiyaththa's mother ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|1999|| ''[[Suriya Paarvai]]'' || Lakshmi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kallazhagar]]'' || Aandal's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Raja]]'' || Paatti ||
|-
| ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' ||Meenu ||
|-
| ''[[Ponvizha]]'' || Ponni's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Manaivikku Mariyadhai]]'' || Pandian's grandmother ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Appatha ||
|-
| ''[[Thai Poranthachu]]'' || Parvathiammal ||
|-
| ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Chinnatha ||
|-
| ''[[Ennavalle]]'' ||Lakshmi's mother||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2001|| ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || Gautham's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Ninaikkatha Naalillai ]]'' || Arun's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' || Viruthamba ||
|-
| ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || ||
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Virumaandi's grandma||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2006|| ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' || Haritha's grandmother||
|-
| ''[[Mercury Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vathiyar]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2008|| ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Vetrivel's grandmother ||
|-
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Thamizh & Muthuvel's grandmother ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vaada (2010 film)|Vaada]]'' || ||
|-
||2011 || ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]'' || Orphanage Caretaker ||
|-
|}

==TV serials==
{{Unreferenced section|date= January 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! style="width:100px;"| Year
! style="width:150px;"| Title
! style="width:120px;"| Role
! style="width:150px;"| Channel
|-
|2000 || ''Balachandarin Chinnathirai''|| || [[Raj TV]]
|-
|2001-2003|| [[Alaigal (TV series)|''Alaigal'']] || Chandrasekhar, Rajasekhar and Savithri's mother ||rowspan=5|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2003-2007|| ''Sorgam''||
|-
|2004-2006 || ''Nimmathi''||
|-
|2005-2006 || ''Alli Rajjiyam''|| Mangamma
|-
|2007 || ''Paasam''||
|-
|2007-2009||''Vaira Nejam''||Sakthi's Grandmother || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2007-2008||''Namma Kudumbam''|| Raja's grandmother || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2008-2009||[[Kalasam (TV series)|''Kalasam'']]||Neelambari and Ranjini's grandmother|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2009-2012||''[[Thendral]]''||Thulasi's Grandmother || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2010-2012||[[Mundhanai Mudichu (2010 TV series)|''Mundhanai Mudichu'']]||Kandhaswamy's mother|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2011-2012||''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''||Meenakshi's Grandmother|| [[STAR Vijay]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6174391|S. N. Lakshmi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi, S. N.}}
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)

2026-03-15T17:18:39Z

JAY JADABA: put up a stub first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mounam Pesiyadhe TV series.jpeg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romance film|Romantic]]|[[Melodrama]]}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| director = Sanker
| writer = Saravanan Nanjappan {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Saravanan Nanjappan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Balakrishnan]]|[[Jovita Livingston]]|[[Iraa Agarwal]]|[[Fouziee Hidhayah]]}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 303
| list_episodes =
| creative_director =
| composer =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vadasery A. Mruganantham
| editor = Magathi Aji
| cinematography = Guna Rakesh
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]] Malaysia
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = Magizh Media Pvt Ltd
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|11|1}}
}}

'''''Mounam Pesiyadhe''''' ({{translation|Silence spoke}}) is a 2024-2025 Indian [[Tamil-language]] drama series which has aired since 4 November 2024 on [[Zee Tamil]] and digitally streams on [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title='மௌனம் பேசியதே': ஜீ தமிழில் புதிய வரவு.. |url=https://kumudam.com/mounam-pesiyadhe-episodes-will-broadcast-at-01-pm-at-zee-tamil|access-date=4 November 2024 |work=[[Kumudam]]|language=ta}}</ref> The show initially started with [[Jovita Livingston|Jovita Livingston Jones]] and [[Iraa Agarwal]] in the female leads. But later Fouziee Hidhayah and [[Upasana RC]] replaced in the leads with [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Balakrishnan]] as the male lead. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=சீரியலில் என்ட்ரியாகும் "வாடாமல்லி காரி" பாடல் நடிகர் அசோக்.. அவருக்கு ஜோடி பிரபல நடிகரின் மகள் தான் |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/kozhi-koovuthu-movie-actor-ashokumar-to-debut-as-lead-actor-in-upcoming-tamil-serial-mounam-pesiyadh-646817.html|access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta}}</ref> It is produced by Vadasery A. Mruganantham under the banner of Magizh Media.<ref name=":Mounam Pesiyadhe">{{Cite news |title=Is "Mounam Pesiyadhe" an inspired story from the 'National Bard of India'!|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/zee-tamil-launches-mounam-pesiyadhe/|access-date=6 November 2024 |work=www.southmoviez.com|language=en}}</ref>

The serial illustrates two love stories one set against the backdrop of [[Malaysia]] and the other in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The story is about Shiva who loses his memory in an accident.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழ் தொலைக்காட்சியில் மௌனம் பேசியதே புதிய தொடர்|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/mounam-pesiyadhe-serial-telecast-time-and-date-actor-ashok-jovita-livingston-starring-zee-tamil-new-serial-mounam-pesiyadhe-first-episode-article-114787666|access-date=4 November 2024 |work=tamil.timesnownews.com|language=ta}}</ref> The show was ended with 303 episodes from 1 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=குறுகிய காலத்தில் நிறைவடையும் மெளனம் பேசியதே தொடர்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/19/mounam-pesiyadhe-will-end-in-a-short-time-is-the-series-of-words|access-date=19 October 2025 |work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Jovita Livingston|Jovita Livingston Jones]]<ref name=":2" /> / Fouziee Hidhayah<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-mounam-pesiyadhe-actress-fouzee-acted-in-rio-rajs-film-sweet-heart/articleshow/120226377.cms|title=Did you know Mounam Pesiyadhe actress Fouzee acted in Rio Raj's film Sweet Heart?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> as Thulasi / Janani : Shiva's second wife. (2024-Jan.2025) / (Feb.-Nov.2025)
* [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok Balakrishnan]] as Shiva: Janani's and Thulasi husband
* [[Iraa Agarwal]] as Janani: Shiva's girlfriend-turned-wife
* Vasudevan SKR as Rasu Ambalam: Visalatchi's and Meghala's husband
* Kirubha as Visalatchi Rasu Ambalam: Rasu Ambalam's first wife
* Unknown as Meghala Rasu Ambalam: Rasu Ambalam's second wife
* Unknown as Dasu: Meghala's sister and Kaveri's husband
* VJ Mohana as Kaveri: Dasu's wife
* Teenu Niroshini / Akhila as Amaravathy: Rajasekar's wife, Nila's mother
* Navindar Moorthy / Unknown as Rajasekar: Amaravathy's husband
* Jaseena as Nila
* Neelima as Bhavani
* Bharani Elangovan / V. Jayalaksmi as Padmavathi: Rasu Ambalam's sister
* Sandhyadhaiyan as Ramya: Padmavathi's daughter
* Seshathri as a Manager

=== Thulasi’s family ===
* Sathya as Sethu: Chandra and Thulasi’s husband
* Kavya Bellu as Chandra: Thulasi’s sister, Sethu’s first wife (dead)
* [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] as Chandra and Thulasi’s father
* Sujatha Selvaraj as Chandra and Thulasi’s stepmother
* Devipriya as Sethu's sister
* Sofia as Sumathi: Thulasi’s friend
* Viji Prakash<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaysian Actress Viji Prakash Takes On Role in Zee Tamil Series 'Mounam Pesiyadhe'|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/malaysian-actress-viji-prakash-takes-role-zee-tamil-series-mounam-pesiyadhe-290501|access-date=6 November 2024|work=astroulagam.com|language=en}}</ref>
=== Guest Appearance ===
* [[Nisha Ganesh]] as Lawer Anbukkarasi
* [[Pandiarajan|R. Pandiarajan]] as Locker Masilamani
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Gayatri Amma

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show was produced by Vadasery A. Mruganantham under Magizh Media. It was second collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]] after ''Kannathil Muthamittal'' serial. It was directed by Shankar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழில் வரப்போகும் புதிய தொடர்... படப்பிடிப்பு தள போட்டோ, ஹீரோயின் யாரு?|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamizh-new-serial-shooting-started-1727527084|access-date= |work=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Jovita Livingston was cast as Thulasi and it's was first collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=சூர்யா படப் பெயரில் புதிய தொடரில் நடிக்கும் லிவிங்ஸ்டன் மகள்!|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Sep/30/zee-tamil-mounam-pesiyathe-serial-cast-by-jovitaa-livingston|access-date=30 September 2024 |work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> However she left the series and then later actress Fouziee replaced the role of Thulasi from February 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jovita Livingston quits Tamil daily soap 'Mounam Pesiyadhe'|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 January 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jovita-livingston-quits-tamil-daily-soap-mounam-pesiyadhe/articleshow/117736617.cms|access-date=30 January 2025|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]], a well-experienced actor who gained fame from his movie ''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]'' (2007), ''[[Kadhal Solla Aasai]]'' (2014), ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi 2]]'' (2019), was chosen for the male lead role of Shiva. It also marks the first serial debut for Ashok Kumar as lead actor on Television.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=சிரியலுக்கு வந்த பிரபல நடிகர், அவருக்கு ஜோடியாகும் ஜோவிதா...|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/zee-tamil-mounam-pesiyadhe-serial-cast-and-telecast-time-actor-ashok-jovita-starring-new-serial-mounam-pesiyadhe-promo-starting-time-and-update-article-114303927|access-date=17 October 2024 |work=tamil.timesnownews.com|language=ta}}</ref>

[[Iraa Agarwal]] was cast as other special appearance in lead roles Janani, were played by the Zee Tamil successful mega serial ''[[Raja Magal]]'' (2019–2021).<ref name=":2" /> This series the mark comeback Iraa after two years hiatus on Television series and also it was third collaboration with [[Zee Tamil]] after ''[[Raja Magal]]'' and ''Super Queen''. Sathya was cast as Sethu in a negative role.

In June 2025, actress [[Nisha Ganesh]] was cast as special Appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Thalayanai Pookal' fame Nisha Ganesh joins the cast of 'Mounam Pesiyadhe'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thalayanai-pookal-fame-nisha-ganesh-joins-the-cast-of-mounam-pesiyadhe/articleshow/121988581.cms|access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In end of July 2025, Veteran actor [[Pandiarajan]] was cast as Locker Masilamani in special Appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran Actor-Director Pandiarajan makes a special appearance in 'Mounam Pesiyadhe'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/veteran-actor-director-pandiarajan-makes-a-special-appearance-in-mounam-pesiyadhe/articleshow/122900239.cms|access-date=25 July 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 6 October 2024, the first and second Teaser was released, which gave a brief insight in Shiva and Janani and Thulasi and Sethu's background story.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழில் தொடங்கப்பட்டுள்ள புதிய சீரியல்... நாயகன், நாயகி யார், வெளிவந்த அழகிய புரொமோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/mounam-pesiyadhe-zee-tamizh-new-serial-1728283661|access-date=4 November 2024 |work=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref> The first official Launch Promo on 15 October 2024, featuring Shiva and Janani, and Thulasi and Sethu's marriage happening at a temple. Shiva, happily marries his lover Janani, in the other wedding Thulasi is forced to marry Sethu. Both the couples are traveling in the same bus, which has an accident. It ends with Shiva and Thulasi coming out together to commence their new married life.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=ஒரு ஊர்ல ரெண்டு ராஜா! சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பட நடிகர் அசோக் குமார்!|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-tamil-new-serial-mounam-pesiyathe-promo-131728975881317.html|access-date=15 October 2024 |work=tamil.hindustantimes.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref name=":Mounam Pesiyadhe" />

The serial was released on 4 November 2024, replacing ''[[Idhayam (2023 TV series)|Idhayam]]'' in its on Monday to Saturday 13:00 slot on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=ஜீ தமிழின் புதிய சீரியல் மௌனம் பேசியதே வருகையால்.. டைம் மாறும் பழைய சீரியல் - முழு விவரம் இதோ...|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/zee-tamil-s-new-serial-mounam-pesiyadhe-launch-brings-time-slot-changes-full-details-inside-650891.html|access-date=30 October 2024 |work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== Title ==
This title was taken from a 2002 ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' movie starring [[Suriya]], [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Neha Pendse]]. The English meaning of this title is ''Silence spoke''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=விஜய்யை அடுத்து சூர்யா.. லிவிங்ஸ்டன் மகள் நடிக்கும் சீரியல் டைட்டில் அறிவிப்பு..!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-livingston-daughter-jovitha-next-serial-title-announcement--news-359219|access-date=30 September 2024 |work=www.indiaglitz.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/mounam-pesiyadhe/0-6-4z5646330 ''Mounam Pesiyadhe''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt35365855}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Tangja Leela Pakhangba

2026-03-13T18:33:10Z

JAY JADABA: further updated section for accuracy also and updated info

{{Short description|First king of Ancient Manipur}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tangja Leela Pakhangba
| title = The founder of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] realm
| reign = 1445 BC – 1405 BC
| reign-type = [[Monarchy]]
| coronation = 1445 BC
| successor = [[Ningthou Kangba]]
| suc-type = Hereditary
| birth_name = Taang Chaa Lee La Paa Khangpa
| spouse = Sinbee Leima (Sinpee Leima)
| issue = [[Ningthou Kangba]]
| full name = Taangja Leelaa Paakhangba
| era name = [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Manipur]]
| era dates = 1445 BC – 1405 BC
| house = [[Tang dynasty|Tang]]-[[Shang dynasty]] (proposed theory)
| house-type = Royalty
| occupation = King of [[Ancient Kangleipak]]
| religion = Primitive [[Meiteism]] of [[Sanamahism]]
}}

'''Tangja Leela Pakhangba''' ({{Langx|omp|Taang Chaa Lee La Paa Khangpa}}) (1445 BC – 1405 BC) is the first king of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Manipur]] ([[Ancient Kangleipak|Antique Kangleipak]]) civilization.<ref name="google1993">{{Cite book |last=Tensuba |first=Keerti Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |publisher=Inter-India Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-210-0308-7}}</ref> He is the father of King [[Ningthou Kangba]] (1405 BC – 1359 BC) and the grandfather of King [[Maliyapham Palcha]] ([[Maliyapham Palcha|Koi Koi]]) (1359 BC – 1329 BC).<ref name="google1993" /> He is the consort of Queen [[Sinbee Leima]], the daughter of the chief of the Leihou tribe.
The [[history of Manipur]] accounts for many kings with the name "Pakhangba", more or less having reference to God [[Pakhangba]], among which ''"Tangja Leela Pakhangba"'' is one.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Wahengbam Ibohal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_4dAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of Manipur: An early period |publisher=Manipur Commercial Company |year=1986 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Yumlembam Gopi Devi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |page=16}}</ref>

== Other websites ==

* {{Cite book |last=Tensuba |first=Keerti Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais |publisher=Inter-India Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-210-0308-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_azACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1639 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-45157-0 |page=1639}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kings of ancient Manipur]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:15th-century BC monarchs]]

Cheyyeru River

2026-03-10T12:16:33Z

JAY JADABA: put up new place v1

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
'''Cheyyeru ''' in the [[southern India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] is a tributary of the [[Penneru River|Penneru river]].
[[File:Buddhist sites Map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|350px|'''Cheyyeru River''' has Nandalur Buddhist site on its bank]]

== Course ==
The Cheyyeru is formed by the confluence of the rivers Bahuda and Pincha that originate in Andhra Pradesh. The two streams join at [[Rayavaram, Kadapa|Rayavaram]] to form the Cheyyeru which then flows for 87 km before joining the Penneru as a right bank tributary at Gundlamada in the [[Sidhout|Sidhout taluk]] of [[Kadapa district]], [[Drainage basin|draining]] a total area of 7,325 km2.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Ajit Prasad|title=Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972|year=1972|publisher=Ministry of Irrigation and Power|location=New Delhi|page=243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3VAAAAMAAJ&q=cheyyeru+}}</ref><ref name="archive">{{cite book|last=RAO|first=S.S. JAVA|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK CUDDAPAH|year=1985|publisher=GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH|url=https://archive.org/stream/censusofindia198018806mbp/censusofindia198018806mbp_djvu.txt}}</ref> The Gunjana river is a tributary of the Cheyyeru and along the Gunjana valley several [[Paleolithic South Asia|paleolithic settlements]] have been discovered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Kenneth A. R.|title=God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia|year=2000|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&dq=cheyyeru+river&pg=PA170|isbn=0472110136}}</ref> There are several [[Canyon|gorges]] on the river including one after the confluence of its headstreams and the Balarajupalle gorge.<ref name="archive" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Spate|first=Oskar Hermann Khristian|title=India and Pakistan: a general and regional geography|year=1967|publisher=Methuen|page=721|isbn=978-0-416-42550-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TicKAQAAIAAJ&q=cheyyeru+}}</ref> The Cheyair series of rocks in the Cudappah rock system of the [[Eastern Ghats]], consisting largely of [[shales]], is named after the Cheyyeru river.<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 51, Part 1|year=1926|publisher=Governor-General of India|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjccAQAAIAAJ&q=cheyyeru+}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Krishnan|first=Maharajapuram Sitaram|title=Geology of India and Burma|year=1968|publisher=Higginbothams|page=164|isbn=9780800214579|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlTWAAAAIAAJ&q=cheyyeru+}}</ref>

== Waterworks ==
The Cheyyeru project comprising the 409 metre long Annamayya [[earthen dam]] that provides irrigation facilities to its catchment zone is on this river in the [[Rajampet|Rajampet mandal]] of [[Kadapa district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Salient Feature of Cheyyeru / Annamayya Project|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Cheyyeru_/_Annamayya_Project_D01855|publisher=Water Resources Information System of India|accessdate=11 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308180836/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Cheyyeru_%2F_Annamayya_Project_D01855|archivedate=8 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Annamayya Dam gates washed out|journal=Dams, Rivers & People|date=Jan–Feb 2004|volume=1|issue=12|page=8|url=http://sandrp.in/drp/jan_feb04.pdf|accessdate=11 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726121249/http://www.sandrp.in/drp/jan_feb04.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=State Administration Report|year=1983|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=205|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_8dAAAAIAAJ&q=cheyyeru+river}}</ref> The Togurpet project, also in the Kadapa district, is also on the Cheyyeru and was completed during the [[fourth five-year plan of India|Fourth Five-Year Plan]] period.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reddy|first=Y. Venugopal|title=Planning and development of backward regions--a case study of Rayalaseema: proceedings of seminar held from 13th to 15th March 1970|year=1971|publisher=Planning and Co-operation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|page=330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73Q8AAAAMAAJ&q=cheyyeru+}}</ref> Percolation tanks have been developed on the river at [[Nandalur]] to augment irrigation facilities in Kadapa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Collector releases irrigation water|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/05/stories/2006020506250300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194637/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/05/stories/2006020506250300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2008|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 February 2006}}</ref>

== Important places ==
[[Attirala]] is a temple town on the Cheyyeru that is associated with several myths. It is believed that the sage [[Parasurama]] in Hinduism did penance for his sin of [[matricide]] here and that Likhita, the brother of the sage Sankha had his severed hands restored to him after bathing in the river. Attirala houses a Parasurama temple and temples dedicated to [[Gadadhara]] and Treteshwara. Many members of the transgender community visit Attirala to pray for their rebirth as regular human beings and to atone for their sins.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Abode of gods|journal=Frontline|date=2007|volume=24|issue=25|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2425/stories/20080104242511400.htm|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Cheyyeru River}}
{{Penna basin}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Coord|14|26|N|79|10|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Penna River]]

Meena Alexander

2026-03-09T04:53:12Z

JAY JADABA: put up a post initial version.

{{Short description|Indian poet, scholar, and writer (1951–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = Meenaalexander.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = A picture of Alexander holding a microphone
| caption = Alexander at [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]], 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Mary Elizabeth Alexander
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1951|2|17}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|11|21|1951|2|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* Author
* Scholar
* Essayist
* Professor
}}
| language = English
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = United States
| education = [[University of Khartoum]] [[University of Nottingham]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Fault Lines: A Memoir''; ''Illiterate Heart''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = 2009 Distinguished Achievement Award, South Asian Literary Association; 2002 [[PEN Open Book Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|https://meenaalexander.commons.gc.cuny.edu/}}
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Meena Alexander''' (17 February 1951 – 21 November 2018) was an Indian American [[poet]], [[scholar]], and [[writer]]. Born in [[Allahabad]], [[India]], and raised in [[India]] and [[Sudan]], Alexander later lived and worked in [[New York City]], where she was a [[Distinguished professor|Distinguished Professor]] of English at [[Hunter College]] and the [[CUNY Graduate Center]].

==Early life and education==
Meena Alexander was born Mary Elizabeth Alexander on 17 February 1951 in [[Allahabad]], India, to George and Mary (Kuruvilla) Alexander,<ref name="Genzlinger 2018"/> originally from [[Travancore]] in India.<ref name="Statesman 2015"/><ref>Ponzanesi, Sandra. "Alexander, Meena." In [[Lorna Sage]], [[Germaine Greer]], and [[Elaine Showalter]] (eds), ''[[The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English]]''. [[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]]: Cambridge, 1999. 10. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 28 February 2010.</ref> Her father was a [[meteorologist]] for the Indian government and her mother was a homemaker.<ref name="Genzlinger 2018"/> Her paternal grandmother was in an [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged marriage]] by age eight to her paternal grandfather, who was a wealthy landlord.<ref name="Duncan 1999"/> Her maternal grandmother, Kunju, died before Alexander was born, and had both completed higher education and been the first woman to become a member of the legislative assembly in [[Travancore|Travancore State]].<ref name="Duncan 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Erika |title=A Portrait of Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=1999 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.2307/40154471 |jstor=40154471 }}</ref> Her maternal grandfather was a theologian and social reformer who worked with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]], and had been the principal of Marthoma Seminary in [[Kottayam]]; he gave Alexander a variety of books, and talked to her about serious topics such as mortality, the [[Buddha]], and apocalypse, before he died when she was eleven years old.<ref name="Duncan 1999"/>

Alexander lived in Allahabad and [[Kerala]] until she was five years old, when her family moved to [[Khartoum]] after her father accepted a post in the newly independent Sudan.<ref name="Genzlinger 2018"/><ref name="BBC biography">{{cite news |title=Meena Alexander: Life Events |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/features/womenwriters/alexander_life.shtml |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=BBC}}</ref> She continued to visit her grandparents in Kerala, was tutored at home on speaking and writing English, and finished high school in Khartoum at age 13.<ref name="Duncan 1999"/><ref name="Oliver 1986" /> Alexander recalled to Erika Duncan of ''[[World Literature Today]]'' that she began writing poetry as a child after she tried to mentally compose short stories in [[Malayalam]] but felt unable to translate them into written English; without an ability to write in Malayalam, she instead began writing her stories as poems.<ref name="Duncan 1999"/>

She enrolled in [[Khartoum University]] at age 13, and had some poems she wrote translated into [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (a language she could not read)<ref name="Duncan 1999"/> and then published in a local newspaper.<ref name="Basu 2018">{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Lopamudra |title=Meena Alexander (1951-2018): The poet from India who lived and wrote with sensitivity for the world |url=https://scroll.in/article/903171/meena-alexander-1951-2018-the-poet-from-india-who-lived-and-wrote-with-sensitivity-for-the-world |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBC biography"/> At age 15, she officially changed her name from Mary Elizabeth to Meena, the name she had been called at home.<ref name="Basu 2018"/><ref name="Valladares 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Valladares |first1=Michelle Yasmine |title=Remembering Meena Alexander |journal=WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly |date=Spring 2019 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=279–286 |id={{Project MUSE|722010}} |doi=10.1353/wsq.2019.0029 |s2cid=145938659 }}</ref> In 1969, she completed a bachelor's degree in English and French from Khartoum University.<ref name="Genzlinger 2018"/> She began her PhD at age 18 in England.<ref name="BBC biography" /> In 1970, at age 19, she had what she described as "the time-honored tradition of a young intellectual ... having a nervous breakdown", where for more than a month she lost the ability to read and retreated to the country to rest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howe |first1=Florence |last2=Stanton |first2=Domna C. |last3=Robinson |first3=Lillian S. |last4=McKay |first4=Nellie |last5=Stimpson |first5=Catharine R. |last6=Alexander |first6=Meena |last7=Morgan |first7=Robin |last8=Hedges |first8=Elaine |last9=Ferguson |first9=Mary Anne |last10=Arenal |first10=Electa |last11=Wilson |first11=J. J. |last12=Tharu |first12=Susie |title=Books That Changed Our Lives |journal=Women's Studies Quarterly |date=Fall 1991 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=15–17 |jstor=40003298 }}</ref><ref name="Duncan 1999" /> She completed her PhD in [[Romantic literature in English|British Romantic literature]] in 1973 at age 22 from [[University of Nottingham]].<ref name="Genzlinger 2018"/><ref name="Shankar 2008">{{cite journal |id={{Project MUSE|242230}} |last1=Shankar |first1=Lavina |title=Re-Visioning Memoirs Old and New: A Conversation with Meena Alexander |journal=Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism |date=2008 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=32–48 }}</ref>

After completing her PhD, Alexander returned to India, and was a lecturer in the English Department at Miranda House, [[University of Delhi]] in 1974, a lecturer in English and French at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1975, a lecturer in English at the Central Institute of English at the [[University of Hyderabad]], from 1975 to 1977, during the [[The Emergency (India)|National Emergency]] in India,<ref name="Roy 2018" /><ref name="Basu 2018"/> and a lecturer at the University of Hyderabad from 1977 to 1979.<ref name="Gale 2018" /> She published her first volumes of poetry in India through the Kolkata [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]],<ref name="Basu 2018"/> a publisher founded by [[Purushottama Lal|P. Lal]], a poet and professor of English at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]].<ref name="Roy 2018" /> She also met David Lelyveld, a historian on sabbatical from the [[University of Minnesota]], while they were in Hyderabad, and they married in 1979.<ref name="Basu 2018"/><ref name="Genzlinger 2018" /> She then moved with her husband to [[New York City]].<ref name="Genzlinger 2018" /><ref name="BBC biography" /> In 2009, she reflected on her move to the United States in the late 1970s, stating "There was a whole issue of [[Racism in the United States|racism]] that shocked me out of my wits. I never thought of myself as a person of color. I was normally the majority where I lived."<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cuny.edu/news/publications/salute-to-scholars/winter09/profile.html|title=Profile: Poet Meena Alexander|date=Winter 2009|website=The City University of New York|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128184523/http://www.cuny.edu/news/publications/salute-to-scholars/winter09/profile.html|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Alexander wrote poetry, prose, and scholarly works in English.<ref name="Valladares 2019" /> [[Ranjit Hoskote]] said of her poetry, "Her language drew as much on English as it did on Hindi and Malayalam – I always heard, in her poems, patterns of breath that seemed to come from sources in Gangetic India, where she spent part of her childhood, and her ancestral Malabar."<ref name="Wire 2018" /> Alexander spoke Malayalam fluently, but her ability to read and write in Malayalam was limited.<ref name="Maxey 2006" /> She also spoke [[French language|French]], [[Sudanese Arabic]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="Wire 2018">{{cite news |last1=The Wire Staff |title='The Angels Will Call on Me' – Meena Alexander, Indian-American Poet, Dies at 67 |url=https://thewire.in/culture/i-think-the-angels-will-call-on-me-meena-alexander-indian-american-poet-dies-at-67 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=22 November 2018}}</ref> While she lived in Khartoum, she had been taught to speak and write [[British English]];<ref name="Valladares 2019" /> in 2006, she told Ruth Maxey, "When I came to America, I found the language amazingly liberating. It was very exciting for me to hear [[American English]], not that I can speak it well, but I think in it."<ref name="Maxey 2006" /> In her 1992 essay, "Is there an Asian American Aesthetic?", she wrote of an "aesthetic of dislocation" as one aspect of the [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]], and "the other is that we have all come under the sign of America. [...] Here we are part of a [[Minorities in the United States|minority]], and the vision of being 'unselved' comes into our consciousness. It is from this consciousness that I create my work of art."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katrak |first1=Ketu H. |title=The Aesthetics of Dislocation: Writing the Hybrid Lives of South Asian Americans |journal=The Women's Review of Books |date=February 2002 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=5–6 |doi=10.2307/4023785 |jstor=4023785 }}</ref>

After moving to New York, Alexander was an assistant professor at [[Fordham University]] from 1980 until 1987, when she became an assistant professor in the English Department at Hunter College, [[City University of New York]] (CUNY).<ref name="Gale 2018">{{cite journal |id={{Gale|H1000001213}} |title=Meena Alexander |journal=Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors |date=28 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |id={{Gale|A494210535}} |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth A. |title=How CUNY Became Poetry U |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 June 2017}}</ref> She became an associate professor in 1989, and a professor in 1992.<ref name="Gale 2018"/> Beginning in 1990, she also became a lecturer in writing at Columbia University.<ref name="Gale 2018"/> She was appointed Distinguished Professor of English at [[Hunter College]]<ref name="CUNY faculty profile">{{cite web |title=Meena Alexander |url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/English/Faculty-by-Field/Meena-Alexander |website=Faculty by Field |publisher=The Graduate Center, CUNY |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621150752/https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/English/Faculty-by-Field/Meena-Alexander |archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> in 1999.<ref name="Gale 2018"/>

Some of her best known poetry collections include ''Illiterate Heart'' (2002).<ref name="Genzlinger 2018" /> She also wrote the collection ''Raw Silk'' (2004), which includes a set of poems that relate to the [[September 11 attacks]] and the time afterwards.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gioseffi |first1=Daniela |title=In the Mercy of Time-Flute Music: An Interview with Meena Alexander |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=January 2006 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=46–48 |doi=10.2307/40159031 |jstor=40159031 }}</ref> In her 1986 collection ''House of a Thousand Doors: Poems and Prose Pieces'', she republished several poems from her early works and her 1980 collection ''Stone Roots'', as well as work previously published in journals in addition to new material.<ref name="Oliver 1986" /><ref name="Malieckal 1999"/> Alexander wrote two further books with poetry and prose: ''The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial Experience'' published in 1996,<ref name="Malieckal 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Malieckal |first1=Bindu |title=Review of The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial Experience by Meena Alexander |journal=MELUS |date=Winter 1999 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=192–194 |doi=10.2307/468186 |jstor=468186 }}</ref> and ''Poetics of Dislocation'' published in 2009.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Alexander also published two novels, ''Nampally Road'' (1991), which was a ''[[Village Voice]]'' Literary Supplement Editor's Choice in 1991,<ref name="Draper 1998"/> and ''Manhattan Music'' (1997), as well as two academic studies: ''The Poetic Self: Towards a Phenomenology of Romanticism'' (1979), based on her dissertation,<ref name="Oliver 1986" /> and ''Women in Romanticism: Mary Wollstonecraft, Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Shelley'' (1989).<ref name="Roy 2018">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Souradeep |title=A Poet at the Crossroad: Tribute to Meena Alexander |url=https://thewire.in/books/a-poet-at-the-crossroad-tribute-to-meena-alexander |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=9 December 2018}}</ref> In 1993, Alexander published her autobiographical memoir, ''Fault Lines'', and published an expanded second edition in 2003, with new material that addressed her previously suppressed memories of [[Child sexual abuse|childhood sexual abuse]] by her maternal grandfather and her reflections on the September 11 attacks.<ref name="Maxey 2006 MELUS">{{cite journal |last1=Maxey |first1=Ruth |last2=Alexander |first2=Meena |title=Interview: Meena Alexander |journal=MELUS |date=Summer 2006 |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.1093/melus/31.2.21 |jstor=30029661 }}</ref><ref name="Shankar 2008" /> She also edited ''Indian Love Poems'' (2005) and ''Name Me A Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing'' (2018).<ref name="Daruwalla 2018">{{cite news |last1=Daruwalla |first1=Keki N. |title=In memory of poet Meena Alexander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/remembering-meena/article25687236.ece |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 December 2018}}</ref> Some of her poetry was adapted into music, including her poems "Impossible Grace"<ref name="Impossible Grace 2012">{{cite web |title=Faculty Member's Poem to Inspire Winning Composition |url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/News/All-News/Detail?id=12774 |website=News |publisher=The Graduate Center, CUNY |access-date=1 October 2021 |date=27 August 2012}}</ref> and "Acqua Alta".<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" /> Her work was the subject of critical analysis in the book ''Passage to Manhattan: Critical Essays on Meena Alexander'', edited by Lopamudra Basu and Cynthia Leenerts and published in 2009.<ref name="Genzlinger 2018" /><ref name="Roy 2018" />

Alexander read her poetry and spoke at a variety of literary forums, including Poetry International (London), [[Struga Poetry Evenings]], [[Poetry Africa]], [[Calabash International Literary Festival|Calabash Festival]], Harbor Front Festival, and [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" /> In 2013, she addressed the [[Yale Political Union]], in a speech titled, "What Use Is Poetry?",<ref name="Basu 2018" /><ref name="Valladares 2019" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berlatsky |first1=Noah |title=Poetry Isn't as Useless as a Lot of Poets Say It Is |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/09/poetry-isnt-as-useless-as-a-lot-of-poets-say-it-is/279539/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=12 September 2013}}</ref> which was later published in slightly revised form in ''[[World Literature Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=What Use Is Poetry? |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2013/september/what-use-poetry-meena-alexander |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[World Literature Today]] |date=September 2013}}</ref> In 1998 she was a Member of the Jury for the [[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]].<ref name="Draper 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=David Draper |title=The 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature: Jurors and Candidates |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Winter 1998 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.2307/40153536 |jstor=40153536 }}</ref> She served as an Elector, American Poets' Corner, at the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York]].<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" />

She died in New York on 21 November 2018, at the age of 67,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/memory-is-all-you-have/|title=Memory is all you have|date=23 November 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 November 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and according to her husband, the cause was [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial serous cancer]].<ref name="Genzlinger 2018">{{cite news |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil |title=Meena Alexander, Poet Who Wrote of Dislocation, Dies at 67 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/26/obituaries/meena-alexander-dead.html |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 November 2018}}</ref> In 2020, her poetry collection ''In Praise of Fragments'' was published, which includes some work previously published in journals or staged as performances, as well as new material.<ref name="Peeradina 2020">{{cite news |last1=Peeradina |first1=Saleem |title=In Praise of Fragments by Meena Alexander |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/spring/praise-fragments-meena-alexander |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Spring 2020}}</ref>

==Influences==
Influences on her writing include [[Jayanta Mahapatra]],<ref name="Oliver 1986" /> [[Kamala Surayya|Kamala Das]], [[Adrienne Rich]], [[Walt Whitman]], and [[Galway Kinnell]],<ref name="AAP profile">{{cite web |title=Meena Alexander 1951–2018 |url=https://poets.org/poet/meena-alexander |website=Poets.org |publisher=Academy of American Poets |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref> as well as [[Toru Dutt]], [[Lalithambika Antherjanam]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Audre Lorde]], [[Toni Morrison]], [[Gloria Anzaldua]], [[Leslie Marmon Silko]], [[Assia Djebar]], [[Edouard Glissant]], [[Nawal El Saadawi]], and [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]].<ref name="Basu 2018"/> In 2014, she discussed the influence of [[John Donne]], [[John Berryman]], [[Emily Dickinson]], and [[Matsuo Bashō]] on her poetic work.<ref name="Vanasco 2014" />

==Fellowships and residencies==
During the course of her career, Alexander was a University Grants Commission Fellow at [[Kerala University]], Writer in Residence at the [[National University of Singapore]], and a Frances Wayland Collegium Lecturer at [[Brown University]].<ref name="CUNY Commons bio">{{cite web |title=Meena Alexander - Biography |url=http://meenaalexander.com/biography/ |publisher=CUNY Academic Commons |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616002127/http://meenaalexander.com/biography/ |archive-date=16 June 2018}}</ref> She also held the Martha Walsh Pulver Residency for a poet at [[Yaddo]].<ref name="CUNY Commons bio"/> In addition:
* 1979 Visiting fellow at the [[University of Paris-Sorbonne]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Meena Alexander (1951 - 2018) |url=http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/aasp/people/aasp-faculty/meena-alexander-english |website=Asian American Studies Program |date=14 August 2020 |publisher=Hunter College |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
* 1988 Center for American Culture Studies, [[Columbia University]], Writer in Residence<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 1993 [[MacDowell Colony]] fellow<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 1994 [[American College, Madurai]], India, Poet in Residence<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 1995 [[Arts Council England|Arts Council of England]], International Writer in Residence<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 1995 Intercultural Resource Center, [[Columbia University]], Artist/Humanist In Residence<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 1995 Minnesota Asian American Renaissance, Lila Wallace Writer in Residence<ref name="Gale 2018" />
* 2003 [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Bellagio Residency<ref name="Gale 2018" /><ref name="Handal 2013">{{cite news |last1=Handal |first1=Nathalie |title=The City and the Writer: In New York City with Meena Alexander |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/the-city-and-the-writer-in-new-york-city-with-meena-alexander |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=Words Without Borders |date=18 December 2013}}</ref>
* 2008 [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]] Fellow<ref name="Guggenheim Foundation Fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/193-meena-alexander|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211015416/http://gf.org/fellows/193-Meena-Alexander|url-status=dead|title=Guggenheim Foundation Fellows|archivedate=11 February 2009}}</ref>
* 2011 [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Specialists Program]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Distinguished Professor Meena Alexander Receives Fulbright Specialists Award |url=http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/communications/pressroom/news/distinguished-professor-meena-alexander-receives-fulbright-specialists-award |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=Hunter College |date=22 February 2011}}</ref>
* 2014 National Fellow at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], Shimla<ref name="Scroll obit 2018"/>
* 2016 Poet in Residence in Venice<ref name="Basu 2018" />

==Honors and awards==
''Fault Lines'', her memoir,<ref name="Kirkus 1993">{{cite news |title=Fault Lines: A Memoir |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/meena-alexander/fault-lines-2/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=1 February 1993}}</ref> was chosen by ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' as one of the Best Books of 1993, and her poetry collection ''Illiterate Heart'' won the 2002 [[PEN Open Book Award]].<ref name="Maxey 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Maxey |first1=Ruth |title=An Interview with Meena Alexander |journal=[[The Kenyon Review]] |date=Winter 2006 |volume=28 |issue=1 |url=https://kenyonreview.org/journal/winter-2006/selections/an-interview-with-meena-alexander/ |access-date=27 September 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="PW 1999" /> In 2002, she was awarded the Imbongi Yesizwe Poetry International Award.<ref name="Gale 2018" /> She was the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Achievement Award from the South Asian Literary Association for contributions to [[American literature]].<ref name="Basu 2018" /><ref name="Scroll obit 2018">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/903029/poet-essayist-meena-alexander-dies-at-67|title=Poet, essayist Meena Alexander dies at 67|author=Scroll Staff|date=22 November 2018 |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> In 2016, she received a Word Masala award from the Word Masala Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Debjani |title=Milestone for Indian diaspora poets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Milestone-for-Indian-diaspora-poets/article14488579.ece |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meena Alexander receives Word Masala Award and reads poems in the House of Lords on 22nd June 2016|date=24 October 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=416KHlX5FN0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/416KHlX5FN0 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|website=Yogesh Patel |publisher=YouTube |access-date=1 October 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 1 May 2024, she was honored with a [[Google Doodle]], in honor of it being the first day of [[Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month|Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2024/05/01/meena-alexander-google-doodle/4751714561859/|title=Google celebrates poet Meena Alexander with a Doodle - UPI.com|website=UPI}}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2018}}

===Poetry===
====Early work====
* ''The Bird’s Bright Ring'' (1976) (long poem)
* ''I Root My Name'' (Calcutta: United Writers, 1977) (collection)
* ''Without Place'' (Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1977) (long poem)
* ''In the Middle Earth'' (New Delhi: Enact, 1977) (performance piece)<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" />

====Collections====
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Stone Roots |date=1981 |publisher=Arnold-Heinemann, India |isbn=978-0862491093}}
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=House of a Thousand Doors: Poems and Prose Pieces |date=1988 |publisher=Three Continents Press |isbn=9780894105548}}<ref name="Oliver 1986">{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=John Oliver |title=Exiled By A Woman's Body: Substantial Phenomena in Meena Alexander's Poetry |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=Winter 1986 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=125–132 |jstor=40872843 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rustomji-Kerns |first1=Roshni |title=Review of House of a Thousand Doors by Meena Alexander |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |date=Fall 1991 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=370–378 |jstor=40873262 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=River and Bridge |date=1996 |publisher=TSAR Publications |isbn=978-0920661567}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=John Oliver |title=Review of River and Bridge by Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=1997 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=867–868 |doi=10.2307/40153494 |jstor=40153494 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Illiterate Heart |date=2002 |publisher=TriQuarterly |isbn=978-0810151178}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=Lopamudra |title=The Poet in the Public Sphere: A Conversation with Meena Alexander |journal=[[Social Text]] |date=Fall 2002 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1215/01642472-20-3_72-31 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-abstract/20/3%20(72)/31/32645/The-Poet-in-the-Public-Sphere-A-Conversation-with |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Duke University Press|s2cid=143254134 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=Rabindra K |title=Review of Illiterate Heart by Meena Alexander |journal=Indian Literature |date=March 2004 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=202–207 |jstor=23341284 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Prageeta |title=Review: Illiterate Heart: Where Translations Perish |journal=The Women's Review of Books |date=July 2002 |volume=19 |issue=10 |page=9 |doi=10.2307/4023875 |jstor=4023875 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Raw Silk |date=2004 |publisher=TriQuarterly |isbn=978-0810151567}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pope |first1=Jacquelyn |title=Review of Raw Silk by Meena Alexander |journal=Harvard Review |date=2005 |volume=28 |pages=166–167 |jstor=27569029 }}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Quickly Changing River |date=2008 |publisher= TriQuarterly |isbn=978-0810124509}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Arundhathi |title=Meena Alexander |url=https://india.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=10598&x=1 |website=India - Poetry International Web |publisher=Poetry International |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208180632/https://india.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=10598&x=1 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Birthplace with Buried Stones |date=2013 |publisher=TriQuarterly/ Northwestern University |isbn=978-0-8101-5239-7}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Birthplace with Buried Stones |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8101-5239-7 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Vanasco 2014">{{cite news |last1=Vanasco |first1=Jeannie |title=Journeys |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/70134/journeys |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=Poetry Foundation |date=16 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Atmospheric Embroidery |date=2018 |publisher=TriQuarterly |isbn=978-0810137608}}<ref name="Bugan 2019">{{cite news |last1=Bugan |first1=Carmen |title=Review of Atmospheric Embroidery |url=https://harvardreview.org/book-review/atmospheric-embroidery/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=Harvard Review Online |date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=In Praise of Fragments |date=2020 |publisher=Nightboat Books |isbn=978-1643620121}}

====Chapbooks====
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=The Storm: A Poem in Five Parts |date=1989 |publisher=Red Dust |location=New York |isbn=9780873760621}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Night-Scene, the Garden |date=1992 |publisher=Red Dust |location=New York |isbn=978-0873760744}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Bruce |title=Review of Night-Scene, the Garden by Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=Spring 1993 |volume=67 |issue=2 |page=444 |doi=10.2307/40149305 |jstor=40149305 }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |translator-last1=Fazzini |translator-first1=Marco |title=Otto poesie da «Quickly changing river» |date=2011 |publisher=Sinopia di Venezia|isbn=9788895495330 |language=Italian}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty Book: Meena Alexander |url=https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Masters-Programs/Women-s-and-Gender-Studies/Program-News/Detail?id=6279 |website=Women's and Gender Studies |publisher=The Graduate Center, CUNY |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
* ''Impossible Grace: Jerusalem Poems'' (Al-Quds University, 2012)<ref name="Impossible Grace 2012"/>
* ''Shimla'' (2012)
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Dreaming in Shimla: Letter to my Mother |date=2015 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-9382396314}}<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" />

===Poetry and essays===
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial Experience |date=1996 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=978-0-89608-545-9}}<ref name="PW 1999">{{cite news |title=The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial Experience |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-89608-545-9 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=28 June 1999}}</ref><ref name="Sabo 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Sabo |first1=Oana |title=Creativity and Place: Meena Alexander's Poetics of Migration |journal=Interdisciplinary Literary Studies |date=2016 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=67–80 |url=https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/611218 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=Penn State University Press|doi=10.5325/intelitestud.18.1.0067 |s2cid=147575835 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Shankar 2001"/>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Poetics of Dislocation |date=2009 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0472070763}}<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" /><ref name="Genzlinger 2018" /><ref name="Sabo 2016"/><ref name="Perez 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Richard |title=Review of Poetics of Dislocation |journal=MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S. |date=Spring 2011 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.1353/mel.2011.0007 |s2cid=161140031 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/424970 |access-date=29 September 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Novels===
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Nampally Road |date=1991 |publisher=Mercury House |isbn=978-0-916515-82-9}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Nampally Road |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-916515-82-9 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=1 January 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=John Oliver |title=Review of Nampally Road by Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=364–365 |doi=10.2307/40147314 |jstor=40147314 }}</ref><ref name="Maxey 2011"/><ref>Nanda, Aparajita. "Of a 'Voice' and 'Bodies': A Postcolonial Critique of Meena Alexander's ''Nampally Road''". In Merete Falck Borch, Eva Rask, And Bruce Clunies Ross (eds), ''Bodies and Voices: the Force-Field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies''. New York and Amsterdam: Rodopi Press, 2008. 119–125.</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Manhattan Music |date=1996 |publisher=Mercury House |isbn=978-1-56279-092-9}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Manhattan Music |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-56279-092-9 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=1 January 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyengar |first1=Sunil |title=Indians in Three Worlds |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1997/04/06/indians-in-three-worlds/6efc07ca-32df-4474-8669-54c14af92d3d/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Susheela N. |title=Review of Manhattan Music by Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=Spring 1998 |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=456–457 |doi=10.2307/40153980 |jstor=40153980 }}</ref><ref name="Maxey 2011"/><ref name="Shankar 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Shankar |first1=Lavina Dhingra |title=Postcolonial diasporics "writing in search of a homeland";: Meena Alexander's Manhattan Music, Fault Lines, and The Shock of Arrival |journal=Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory |date=2001 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=285–312 |doi=10.1080/10436920108580293 |s2cid=162387004 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10436920108580293 |access-date=1 October 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Memoirs===
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Fault Lines |date=1993 |publisher=Feminist Press |isbn=1-55861-058-8}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Fault Lines: A Memoir |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55861-058-3 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=28 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Susheela N. |title=Review of Fault Lines: A Memoir by Meena Alexander |journal=World Literature Today |date=1994 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=883 |doi=10.2307/40150813 |jstor=40150813 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Natarajan |first1=Nalini |title=Review of Fault Lines by Meena Alexander |journal=MELUS |date=1995 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=143–145 |doi=10.2307/467864 |jstor=467864 }}</ref><ref name="Maxey 2011">{{cite book |last1=Maxey |first1=Ruth |title=South Asian Atlantic Literature, 1970-2010 |date=2011 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |hdl=20.500.12657/31775 |isbn=9781474423557 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31775 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Shankar 2001"/><ref>Maan, Ajit K. "Fault Lines." In ''Internarrative Identity''. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999. 19–38.</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena, [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|wa Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ]] |title=Fault Lines |date=2003 |publisher=The Feminist Press |isbn=978-1558614543|edition=2nd }}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Radhika |title=Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Feminist Press |url=https://lithub.com/celebrating-the-50th-anniversary-of-feminist-press/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=[[Literary Hub]] |date=6 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ponzanesi |first1=Sandra |title=Paradoxes of Postcolonial Culture: Contemporary Women Writers of the Indian and Afro-Italian Diaspora |date=2004 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-7914-6201-0 |pages=51–64 |chapter=The Shock of Arrival: Meena Alexander, Fault Lines}}</ref>

===Criticism===
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=The Poetic Self: Towards a Phenomenology of Romanticism |date=1979 |publisher=Humanities Press |location=Atlantic Highlands, N.J. |isbn=9780391017542}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Women in Romanticism: Mary Wollstonecraft, Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Shelley |date=1989 |publisher=Macmillan Education |location=Basingstoke |isbn=9780333391693}}

===Edited works===
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Alexander |editor1-first=Meena |title=Indian Love Poems |date=2005 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=9781400042258}} (US) {{ISBN|9781841597577}} (UK)
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Alexander |editor1-first=Meena |title=Name Me A Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=9780300222586}}

===Prefaces and introductory notes===
* Introduction to ''Truth Tales: Stories by Contemporary Indian Women Writers'' (Feminist Press, 1990)<ref name="Roy 2018" />
* Foreword to Miriam Cooke and Roshni Rustomji-Kerns (eds), ''Blood into Ink, Twentieth Century South Asian and Middle Eastern Women Write War'' (Westview Press, 1994)
*"Bodily Inventions: A Note on the Poems", Special Issue of ''The Asian Pacific American Journal'' vol. 5 no. 1, Spring/Summer 1996
* Preface to ''Cast Me Out If You Will!: Stories and Memoir Pieces'' by Lalithambika Antherjanam (Feminist Press, 1998)
* Foreword to ''Indian Love Poems'' (Knopf, 2005)<ref name="CUNY Commons bio" />

===Appearances in poetry anthologies===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=[[Gopi Kottoor]]|title=A New Book of Indian Poems in English |date=2000 |publisher=[[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] |isbn=9788175957282}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Anand Kumar |title=Travelogue : The Grand Indian Express |date=2017 |publisher=Authorspress |isbn=978-9381030776}}

===Appearances in periodicals===
{|class='wikitable sortable' width='90%'
|-
!width=25%|Title
!|Year
!|First published
!|Reprinted/collected
|-
|"Acqua Alta"
|2008
|Alexander, Meena. ''Quickly Changing River'' (TriQuarterly Books/Northwestern University Press, 2008)
|{{cite news |last1=Kejriwal |first1=Rohini |title=Five poems (or five ways) to go to the sea in November |url=https://scroll.in/article/858360/five-poems-or-five-ways-to-go-to-the-sea-in-november |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=19 November 2017}}
|-
|"Lady Dufferin's Terrace"
|2011
|{{cite magazine |author=Alexander, Meena |date=5 September 2011 |title=Lady Dufferin's Terrace |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/09/05/lady-dufferins-terrace }}
|{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Birthplace with Buried Stones |date=2013 |publisher=TriQuarterly/ Northwestern University |isbn=978-0-8101-5239-7}}
|-
|"Experimental Geography"
|2013
|{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Weekly Poem: 'Experimental Geography' |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/weekly-poem-experimental-geography |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=16 September 2013}}
|{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Birthplace with Buried Stones |date=2013 |publisher=TriQuarterly/ Northwestern University |isbn=978-0-8101-5239-7}}
|-
|"Kochi by the sea"
|2018
|{{cite magazine |author=Alexander, Meena |date=12–19 February 2018 |title=Kochi by the sea |magazine=The New Yorker |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=44–45 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/kochi-by-the-sea }}
|
|-
|"Where Do You Come From?"
|2018
|{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Where Do You Come From? |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/147706/where-do-you-come-from |work=Poetry Foundation |date=4 July 2018}}
|
|-
|"Grandmother’s Garden, Section 18"
|2020
|{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Poem: Grandmother's Garden, Section 18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/magazine/poem-grandmothers-garden-section-18.html |work=The New York Times Magazine |date=23 January 2020}}
|
|-
|}

==Critical reception==
Alexander was described as "undoubtedly one of the finest poets of contemporary times" in 2015 by [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']].<ref name="Statesman 2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/writing-a-poem-is-itself-an-act-of-hope-83790.html|title='Writing a poem is itself an act of hope' - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=19 August 2015|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> About her work, [[Maxine Hong Kingston]] said: "Meena Alexander sings of countries, foreign and familiar, places where the heart and spirit live, and places for which one needs a passport and visas. Her voice guides us far away and back home. The reader sees her visions and remembers and is uplifted."<ref name="AAP profile" /> Of the poems in her book ''Atmospheric Embroidery'', [[A. E. Stallings]] wrote: "Alexander's language is precise, her syntax is pellucid, and her poems address all of the senses, offering a simultaneous richness and simplicity." [[Vijay Seshadri]] wrote: "The beautiful paradox of Meena Alexander’s art has always been found in the distillation of her epic human and spiritual experience into pure and exquisite lyricism. That paradox and that lyricism are on triumphant display in this book."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nupress.northwestern.edu/content/atmospheric-embroidery|title=Atmospheric Embroidery|publisher=Northwestern University Press|website=nupress.northwestern.edu|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-date=24 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032224/http://www.nupress.northwestern.edu/content/atmospheric-embroidery|url-status=dead}}</ref> As to the anthology she edited, ''Name Me A Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing'', [[Simon Gikandi]] wrote: "''Name Me A Word'' is an indispensable guide for readers of Indian writing, animating the powerful impulses of the country's famous writers and introducing the multiple voices that went into the making of the most important literature of our time."<ref>{{cite book|title=Name Me a Word: Indian Writers Reflect on Writing|date=24 July 2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn = 978-0300222586}}</ref>

===Critical studies of Alexander's work===
*''Passage to Manhattan: Critical Essays on Meena Alexander''. Lopamudra Basu and Cynthia Leenerts (eds). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.
* {{cite book |last1=Maxey |first1=Ruth |title=South Asian Atlantic Literature, 1970-2010 |date=2011 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |hdl=20.500.12657/31775 |isbn=9781474423557 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31775}}
* Guiyou Huang, ed., ''Asian-American Poets: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook'' (Greenwood Press, 2002)

==Personal life==
At the time of her death, Alexander was survived by her mother, her husband, their children Adam Lelyveld and Svati Lelyveld, and her sister Elizabeth Alexander.<ref name="Genzlinger 2018" />

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|Literature|Poetry|}}
* [[Indian English Literature]]
* [[Indian literature]]
* [[Indian poetry in English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ali, Zainab, and Dharini Rashish. "Meena Alexander." ''In Words Matter: Conversations with Asian American Writers''. Ed. King-Kok Cheung. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, with UCLA Asian American Studies Center; 2000. 69–91.
* Poddar, Prem. "[http://www.himalmag.com/Questions-of-location_nw1772 Questions of Location: A Conversation with Meena Alexander]." ''HIMAL South Asia'' 14.1 (January 2001).{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Tabios, Eileen. "Gold Horizon: Interview with Meena Alexander." In ''Black Lightning: Poetry in Progress''. Ed. Eileen Tabios. New York: Asian American Writers Workshop, 1998. 196––226.
* Young, Jeffrey. "Creating a Life through Literature." ''Chronicle of Higher Education'' (14 March 1997): B8.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://meenaalexander.commons.gc.cuny.edu/ Meena Alexander CUNY website]
*[https://poets.org/poet/meena-alexander Academy of American Poets profile for Meena Alexander]
*[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002764/Meena-Alexander Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Meena Alexander]
*[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/meena-alexander Poetry Foundation page]
*[https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/133889.Meena_Alexander Goodreads page]
*[https://aaww.org/meena-alexander-collected-tribute/ "Meena’s Words Are Inscribed in Us: A Collected Tribute"] (2019)
*{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Selected poems from ''Raw Silk'' |journal=Studio |date=2007 |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=http://ccfi.educ.ubc.ca/publication/studio/v01n01/studio2a.html |publisher=The University of British Columbia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220003856/http://ccfi.educ.ubc.ca/publication/studio/v01n01/studio2a.html |archive-date=20 February 2012 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Meena |title=Zone of Radical Illiteracy: Poem Out of Place |journal=The Scholar & Feminist Online |date=Winter 2003 |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=http://www.barnard.edu/sfonline/wth/alexanes.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307100204/http://www.barnard.edu/sfonline/wth/alexanes.htm |archive-date=7 March 2010 |quote=First Published in ''Connect, Arts International'', New York: Inaugural issue on Translation. December 2000.}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Meena}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
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Bharat PetroResources

2026-03-07T19:12:01Z

JAY JADABA: Put Up First Post and Citations

{{Short description|Indian company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Bharat PetroResources
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| industry = [[Oil and gas industry|Oil and gas]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| revenue =
}}

'''Bharat PetroResources''' ('''BPRL''') is a [[Subsidiary|wholly-owned]] subsidiary of [[Bharat Petroleum|Bharat Petroleum Corporation]], a [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking company]] functioning under the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BPCL stake sale: A look at the Maharatna beyond refining and petrol pumps - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/bpcl-stake-sale-a-look-at-the-maharatna-beyond-refining-and-petrol-pumps/72358550 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref> It is engaged in the refining and marketing of petroleum products and is recognized as [[Public sector undertakings in India|Maharatna]] as well as a [[Fortune Global 500]] company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-19 |title=Norwest Energy to farm-out Perth Basin gas permits to Bharat PetroResources |url=https://www.proactiveinvestors.com.au/companies/news/16816/norwest-energy-to-farm-out-perth-basin-gas-permits-to-bharat-petroresources-20223.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Proactiveinvestors UK |language=en}}</ref>

BPRL is the upstream oil and gas exploration and production arm of BPCL with both Indian and worldwide exploration projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Transfer and Innovation in Global International Joint Venture |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311614140 |website=Researchget}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BPCL signs pact with Brazil's Petrobras to diversify crude oil sourcing - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/bpcl-signs-pact-with-brazils-petrobras-to-diversify-crude-oil-sourcing/94434968 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
BPRL was formed in 2006 with an authorised capital of ₹1,000 crore to embark on the exploration of oil fields across the globe and expand crude supply to its parent firm [[Bharat Petroleum|Bharat Petroleum Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=Key milestones of an oil major BPCL |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/corporate-file/key-milestones-of-an-oil-major/article34183276.ece |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

BPRL pursues oil and gas development projects from [[Brazil]] to [[Mozambique]]. The company has acquired a 40 percent stake in an ultra-deepwater hydrocarbon block in [[Brazil]] for USD 1.6 billion after seeking approval from the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet]] On July 27, 2022. The block is expected to start production by 2026-27. Brazil's national oil company [[Petrobras]] owns and operates it with a 60 percent interest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPCL inks pact with Brazil's Petrobras to diversify oil sourcing |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/bpcl-inks-pact-with-petrobras-to-diversify-oil-sourcing-9225541.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2022, BPRL has Participating Interest (PI) in 26 oil and gas blocks, 13 of which are located in [[India]] and an equal number in overseas.<ref name=":0" />

Of these 13 overseas blocks, six are in Brazil, two are situated in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and one each is in [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Mozambique]], [[East Timor|Timor Leste]], and [[Israel]]. The blocks of BPRL are in various stages of exploration, appraisal, pre-development, and production phases.<ref name=":0" />

BPRL has equity stake in two Russian companies including Taas-Yuryakh Neftegazodobycha, which is a subsidiary of [[Rosneft]] established in 2000 holding the license to produce oil and gas from four producing blocks in [[Russia]]. BPRL also holds a stake in the special purpose vehicle (SPV), Urja Bharat Pte Limited, which bid for the Abu Dhabi exploration block.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IndianOil-led consortium awarded Abu Dhabi onshore block |work=Arabian Business |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/energy/416124-indianoil-led-consortium-awarded-abu-dhabi-onshore-block}}</ref>

The company reported a consolidated income of Rs 181 crore and a loss of Rs 96 crore for the financial year (FY) 2018-19, as opposed to a consolidated income of Rs 216 crore and a loss of Rs 68.72 crore in the previous fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPCL stake sale: A look at the Maharatna beyond refining and petrol pumps - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/bpcl-stake-sale-a-look-at-the-maharatna-beyond-refining-and-petrol-pumps/72358550 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Board of directors ==

* [[Arun Kumar Singh]] (Director)
* Vetsa Ramakrishna Gupta (Director)
* Sanjay Khanna (Director)
* Kamal Chopra, Director (Finance)
* Krishnakant Joshi, Director (Operations & Business Development)
* Rajinder Kumar, (Government Director)
* Mona Jaiswal, (Independent Director)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://bharatpetroresources.in/About-BPRL/About-BPRL.aspx#BoardofDirectors |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=bharatpetroresources.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://bharatpetroresources.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Oil pipeline companies]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Government-owned oil and natural gas companies of India|India]]

Nagarhole National Park

2026-03-03T16:56:48Z

JAY JADABA: minor improved layout per sources and added references

{{short description|National park in Karnataka, India}}
{{Redirect|Nagarahole|the 1977 Indian film|Nagarahole (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Nagarahole National Park
| iucn_category = II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Bengal Tiger Karnataka.jpg
| image_caption = Tiger in Nagarhole National Park
| map = India Karnataka#India
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| label = Nagarahole Tiger Reserve
| coordinates = {{coord|12|3|36|N|76|9|4|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Karnataka]], India
| established = 1983
| area_km2 = 847.98
| elevation = 960 m
| governing_body =
| website =
}}
'''Nagarahole National Park''' is a [[National parks of India|national park]] located in [[Kodagu district]] and [[Mysore district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagarholenationalpark.org|title=Nagarhole National Park Complete Guide {{!}} Nagarhole National Park|website=Nagarhole National Park|access-date=2017-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412032011/https://nagarholenationalpark.org/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> This park was declared the 37th [[Tiger Reserve]] of India in 2003. It is part of the [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]. The [[Western Ghats]] Nilgiri Sub-Cluster of {{cvt|6000|km2}}, including all of Nagarhole National Park, is under consideration by the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Committee for selection as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO" >{{cite web |title=World Heritage sites, Tentative lists, Western Ghats sub cluster, Nilgiris |author=UNESCO |access-date=20 April 2007 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/ |work=World Heritage sites, Tentative lists}}</ref> The park has rich [[forest cover]], small streams, hills, valleys and waterfalls, and populations of [[Bengal tiger]], [[gaur]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital]] and [[Sambar deer]].

==Geography==
The park ranges the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]] spreading down the [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri hills]] and south towards [[Kerala]] state. It lies between the latitudes 12°15'37.69"N and longitudes 76°17'34.4"E. The park covers {{cvt|847.98|km2}} located to the north-west of [[Bandipur National Park]]. The [[Kabini River#Other attractions|Kabini reservoir]] separates the two parks. Elevation of the park ranges from {{cvt|687|to|960|m}}.{{cn|date=August 2025}}
Its water sources include the [[Lakshmana Tirtha|Lakshmmantirtha river]], Sarati Hole, Nagar Hole, Balle Halla, [[Kabini River]], four perennial streams, 47 seasonal streams, four small perennial lakes, 41 artificial tanks, several swamps, Taraka Dam and the [[Kabini reservoir]].<ref name=lal/>

==Climate and ecology==
The park receives an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1440|mm}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kaziranganationalparkassam.in/nagarhole-national-park/ |title=Nagarhole National Park |website=Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve |publisher=Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve |accessdate=14 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The park derives its name from ''nagara'', meaning snake and ''hole'', referring to streams. The park was an exclusive [[Game reserve|hunting reserve]] of the kings of the [[Wodeyar dynasty]], the former rulers of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. It was set up in 1955 as a wildlife sanctuary. It was upgraded into a national park in 1983. The park was declared a tiger reserve in 2003<ref name=date>
{{citation |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |title = Protected Areas in Karnataka |work=Protected Area Network |publisher=ENVIS |access-date=27 February 2012 |url-status =dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009113803/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_states_ut.htm |archive-date = 9 October 2011 |df =dmy-all}}</ref> and its area was increased to {{convert|643.39|km2|abbr=on}}. In 2012, the reserve was expanded to a total area of {{convert|847.98|km2|abbr=on}}.

==Flora==
[[File:Teak Forest Nagarhole Karnataka Dec21 D72 21456.jpg|thumb|Teak forest in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve]]
The dry deciduous forest harbour crocodile bark (''[[Terminalia elliptica]]''), crêpe myrtle (''[[Lagerstroemia indica]]''), Indian kino (''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]''), ''[[Grewia tiliifolia]]'' and axlewood ''([[Anogeissus latifolia]]'').<ref name="pascal">{{cite book |publisher=French institute |place=Pondicherry |title=Forest map of South India: Mercara-Mysore|year=1982 |author1=Pascal, J.P. |author2=Shyam Sundar, S. |author3=Meher-Homji, V.M.}}</ref>
Other tree species include golden shower (''[[Cassia fistula]]''), flame-of-the-forest (''[[Butea monosperma]]'') and clumping bamboo (''[[Dendrocalamus strictus]]'').<ref name="lal">{{Cite book |publisher=Centre for Public Policy, Planning, and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Public Administration |last=Lal|first=R. |title=Directory of national parks and sanctuaries in Karnataka: management status and profiles |year=1994 |pages=53–62}}</ref><ref name="rahmani">{{Cite book |publisher=OUP India |isbn=0-19-567333-6 |last=Rahmani |first=A. R. |author2=Zafar-ul Islam, M. |title=Important Bird Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservation |date=2005|pages=578–579}}</ref>

==Fauna==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2021}}

=== Mammals ===
[[File:BobChak.jpg|thumb|A dominant tigress of Nagarhole tiger reserve.]]
[[File:Elephant Herd Nagarhole Karnataka Apr22 D72 23799.jpg|thumb|Elephant herd on the bank of the [[Kabini River|Kabini reservoir]]]]
[[File:Female Indian Leopard Head Nagarhole Karnataka Apr22 D72 24071.jpg|thumb|Young female Indian leopard]]
The big predators in the park are [[Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus fusca''), [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''), [[Indian jackal]] (''Canis aureus indicus'') and [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''). Large herbivores include [[Indian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus indicus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[sambar deer]] (''Rusa unicolor''), [[chital]] (''Axis axis''), barking deer (''[[Muntiacus muntjak]]''), [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis'') and [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''). Arboreal mammals include [[gray langur]] (''Presbytes entellus''), [[bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata''), [[red slender loris]] (''Loris tardigradus''), [[red giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista petaurista''), [[Indian giant flying squirrel]] (''Petaurista philippensis'') and [[Indian giant squirrel]] (''Ratufa indica''). Small predators include [[jungle cat]] (''Felis chaus''), [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis''), [[small Indian civet]] (''Viverricula indica''), [[Asian palm civet]] (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus''), [[Indian grey mongoose]] (''Urva edwardsii''), [[Indian brown mongoose]] (''Urva fuscua''), [[stripe-necked mongoose]] (''Urva vitticolla'') and [[Eurasian otter]] (''Lutra lutra''). Other mammals include [[Indian spotted chevrotain]] (''Moschiola indica''), [[Indian hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis''), [[Indian pangolin]] (''Manis crassicaudata'') and [[Indian crested porcupine]] (''Hystrix indica'').<ref name="lal" /><ref name="rahmani" />

=== Birds ===
[[File:Black Headed Ibis Kabini Nagarhole Apr22 D72 23632.jpg|thumb|Black-headed ibis (''Threskiornis melanocephalus'')]]
[[File:Malabar Trogan.jpg|thumb|[[Malabar trogon]] in Nagarahole]]
Over 250 species of birds live in Nagarhole National Park. Besides the enormous variety of woodland birds, there are large congregations of waterfowl in the Kabini river. Birds range from [[blue-bearded bee-eater]] to the more common [[osprey]], [[heron]]s and [[duck]]s. Recognised as an [[Important Bird Area]], the park has over 270 species of birds, including the [[white-rumped vulture]] (''Gyps bengalensis''), [[lesser adjutant]] (''Leptopilos javanicus''), [[greater spotted eagle]] (''Clanga clanga'') and [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]] (''Columba elphinstonii''). [[Near-threatened species|Near threatened]] species like [[Oriental darter]] (''Anhniga melanogaster''), [[black-headed ibis]] (''Threskiornis melanocephalus''), [[grey-headed fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus ichthyaetus'') also occur. [[Endemism|Endemic]] species include the [[blue-winged parakeet]] (''Psittacula columboides''), [[Malabar grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros griseus''), [[white-bellied treepie]] (''Dendrocitta leucogastra''), [[white-cheeked barbet]] (''Psilopogon viridis''), [[Indian scimitar babbler]] (''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''), [[Malabar trogon]] (''Harpactes fasciatus'') and [[Malabar whistling thrush]] (''Myophonus horsfieldii''). Birds seen in drier regions include [[painted bush quail]] (''Perdicula erythrorhyncha''), [[Sirkeer malkoha]] (''Taccocua leschenaultii''), [[ashy prinia]] (''Prinia socialis''), [[Indian robin]] (''Copsychus fulicatus''), [[Indian peafowl]] (''Pavo cristatus'') and [[yellow-footed green pigeon]] (''Treron phonyceptaurus'').<ref name="lal" /><ref name="rahmani" />

=== Reptiles and amphibians ===
[[File:Crocodile Front Egret Kabini Nagarhole Apr22 D72 23712.jpg|thumb|Great egret (''Ardea alba'') and mugger crocodile in the Kabini Reservoir]]
Common reptiles include the [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris''), Asian vine snake (''[[Ahaetulla]]'' genus), Indian wolf snake (''[[Lycodon aulicus]]''), Oriental ratsnake (''[[Ptyas mucosa]]''), bamboo pit viper (''[[Craspedocephalus gramineus]]''), [[Russell's viper]] (''Daboia russellii''), [[common krait]] (''Bungarus caeruleus''), [[Indian python]] (''Python molurus''), [[Bengal monitor]] (''Varanus bengalensis''). Amphibians include Chunam tree frog (''[[Polypedates maculatus]]''), green pond frog (''[[Euphlyctis hexadactylus]]''), golden bullfrog (''[[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus]]'') and Asian common toad (''[[Duttaphrynus melanostictus]]'').<ref name="lal" /><ref name="rahmani" />

=== Insects ===
The [[insect biodiversity]] of Nagarhole National Park includes over 96 species of [[dung beetle]]s and 60 [[ant]] species. Unusual species of ants that have been identified, including the jumping ants, such as ''[[Harpegnathos saltator]]''. The ant species ''[[Tetraponera rufonigra]]'' may be useful as a marker for the forest health because these ants feed on termites and are abundant in places where there are many dead trees. Identified dung beetles include ''[[Onthophagus dama]]'', ''[[Heliocopris|Heliocopris dominus]]'' and ''[[Onthophagus|Onthophagus pactolus]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Tribal and native inhabitants==
The Jenu Kurubas, primary inhabitants of this forest area, are a tribe in Karnataka state and their traditional practices and rituals are slowly disappearing. The government is restricting their entry inside the National park and forest due to multiple factors including but not limited conservation efforts and bringing the community to the mainstream society. The Ministry of Home Affairs identified the Jenu Kuruba and the [[Koraga people|Koraga]] as tribal groups in Karnataka. The Jenu Kurubas are traditional food gatherers and honey collectors. In Kannada, the term 'Jenu' means 'honey' and the term 'kuruba' generally mean 'shepherd'. It is derived from the Kannada word 'kuri' which means 'sheep'. The term kuruba is also associated with non-shepherd communities. They speak a variant form of Kannada commonly known as Jenu-nudi within their family kin group, and Kannada with others. They use Kannada script. According to the Census of 1981, the population of Jenu Kuruba community is 34,747 out of which 17,867 are male and 16,880 are female.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

===Relocation efforts===
In the last decade there has been enormous activity undertaken both by the Government and NGOs to relocate tribal people to the periphery of the forests. The relocation efforts are part of a larger focus to conserve the existing tiger population and elephant habitat, which were under serious threat due to change in lifestyles of the tribal residents within the forests. There has been much resistance to relocation efforts from the tribal groups. Many schools and houses have been built with basic amenities like lighting, hospitals and roads to support the relocated tribal population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/concern-over-plan-to-rehabilitate-tribal-families-displaced-from-nagarahole/article19596539.ece|title=Concern over plan to rehabilitate tribal families displaced from Nagarahole|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In May 2025, 50 Jenu Kuruba families returned to Karadikallu Atturu Kolli village in Nagarhole Tiger Reserve, 40 years after they were evicted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=India: Evicted tribe re-occupies their homes inside famous tiger reserve, in landmark event |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/14199 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2025, [[Survival International]] reported that 250 forest guards, tiger force members and police had raided the village, tearing down seven forest shelters where women, children and older people were staying.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International |first=Survival |title=India: Police raid Indigenous settlement inside tiger reserve |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/14251 |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=www.survivalinternational.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Threats and conservation efforts==
Threats to the national park come from a large-scale cutting of sandalwood and teak trees. Timber smuggling, especially sandalwood smuggling, happens quite extensively here. Timber felling has been reported from plantation areas in Kollihadi, Vadodara Modu, Tattikere in Veerahosanahalli, and Mettiupe in Kalahari. Other places where timber felling has been reported include Arekatti, Badrikatte, Bidurukatte, Veerana Hosahalli, and Marhigodu ranges. In July 2002, hundreds of trees were cut down in the Veeranahosalli range.<ref name=paupdate392002>{{Cite web|title=ProtectedAreaUpdateon39_Oct2002|access-date=15 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate39_Oct2002.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729072741/http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate39_Oct2002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A study carried out between 1996 and 1997 revealed that hunting was the biggest threat to wildlife in [[Kudremukh]] and Nagarhole National Parks. The survey carried out on 49 actives and 19 retired hunters revealed that 26 species of wildlife were hunted at an average intensity of 216 hunter days per month per village. As much as 48% of the hunters reported hunting for the 'thrill'. The study showed that in Nagarhole, 16 mammal species weighing over 1 kg were regularly hunted with shotguns and also by traditional methods used by tribal communities.<ref name=PAupdateapril03/> Poaching of birds and other mammals is another serious issue. A high number of elephant deaths have been reported from this park, with nearly 100 elephants dying between 1991–92 and 2004–05 in the Kodagu and Hunsur Forest Division (PA Update 2005). Elephants are killed for their ivory. A study carried out by Wildlife First! found that nearly 77 elephants were reported dead between 1 January 2000 and 31 October 2002. Another study carried out by the Institute for Natural Resources, Conservation, Education, Research and Training (INSERT) in 2002 revealed that as many as seven elephants had been killed earlier that year.<ref name=paupdatedec2005>{{Citation| title = ProtectedAreaUpdateinDecember2005| access-date = 21 February 2011 |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/54apr05.doc| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175502/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/54apr05.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

A report submitted by the Project Tiger Steering Committee stated that barely 25% of the park's staff were involved in vigilance work, thus putting the park at high risk of both, [[poaching]] and tree felling. Irregular payment to the forestry staff has been reported in both Bandipur and Nagarhole National Parks and there have also been reports of improper use of project funds.<ref name=paupdatedec2005/><ref name=PAupdateapril03>{{cite web| title = Protected Area Update April 2003| access-date = 21 February 2011| url = http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/4142apr03.doc| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180348/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/4142apr03.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2012, there was a catastrophic [[forest fire]] that destroyed over {{convert|6000|acre|abbr=on}} of forest. Huge trees were reduced to cinder. Burnt remains of snakes, monitor lizards, giant Malabar squirrels lay scattered on the charred remains of what was once a verdant patch of moist-deciduous forest.<ref>{{cite web|work= IBN Live|title=Nagarhole Tiger Reserve smoulders, but who cares?|publisher=Global Broadcast News |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Nagarhole-Tiger-Reserve.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126040831/http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Nagarhole-Tiger-Reserve.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> Forest fires<ref name=PAupdateOct1999>{{Cite web |title = ProtectedAreaUpdate22onOct1999|access-date = 21 February 2011|url = http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate22%20_Oct1999.pdf|archive-date = 29 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130729083329/http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate22%20_Oct1999.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=PAupdate2004apr>{{cite web| title=Protected Area Update 2004 April| access-date = 21 February 2011| url = http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/47apr04.doc| url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180518/http://wiienvis.nic.in/paupdates/47apr04.doc| archive-date = 21 July 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref> and seasonal droughts coupled with water shortage have caused many wild animals to migrate to other greener spaces.<ref name=PAupdateapril03/><ref name=PAupdate2004apr/>

In 1997, tribal activist groups won public interest litigation in the [[Karnataka High Court]] to halt the setting up of a resort called the Gateway Tusker Lodge.<ref name=PAupdateOct1999/><ref name=pa1998sep>{{Citation| title = Protect Area Update from Sept1994 to Jul1998| access-date = 15 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/PAUpdate1_17_Sept1994_Jul1998.pdf}}</ref> With nearly 125 villages present inside the park, NGOs actively working to protect the tribal communities include, Living Inspiration for Tribals (LIFT), Coorg Organisation of Rural Development (CORD), DEED, FEDINA-VIKASA and Nagarhole Budakattu Janara Hakkustapana Samithi. In 2000, the first relocation attempts initiated by a World Bank-funded eco-development project of the local tribal population was begun with 50 tribal people. The relocated families were given land possession certificates for five acres of land and houses at Veeranahosalli, near Hunsur. The state and union government planned to relocate 1,550 tribal families at a cost of {{INR}}155 million.<ref name=PAupdateDec2000>{{Cite web |title=Protected Area Update Dec 2000 |access-date=21 February 2011 |url=http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate27n28_Dec2000.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729075810/http://www.kalpavriksh.org/images/PAUpdate/ProtectedAreaUpdate27n28_Dec2000.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[D.B.Kuppe]]
* [[Mananthavady Road]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* K K Gurung & Raj Singh: ''Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent'', Academic Press, San Diego, {{ISBN|0-12-309350-3}}
* William Riley, laura Riley: ''Nature's Strongholds. The World's Great Wildlife Reserves.'' Princeton University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-691-12219-9}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_rajivgandhi_np.php|title=ecoinfoindia.org|publisher=ecoinfoindia.org|access-date=1 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714065321/http://www.ecoinfoindia.org/lldb_rajivgandhi_np.php|archive-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead}}
*Kazmierczak, K. 2000. A field guide to the birds of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives. OM Book Service, New Delhi, India. 352 pp.
*Menon, V. 2003. A field guide to Indian mammals. DK (India) Pvt Ltd and Penguin Book India (P) Ltd. 201 pp.

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:National parks in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1955]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore district]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]

Perum Pulli

2026-03-03T05:00:24Z

JAY JADABA: quick expanded article for clarity further

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Perum Pulli.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikraman]]
| writer = Vikraman
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]] R. Mohan
| starring = [[Babu (actor)|Babu]] [[Suman Ranganathan]]
| cinematography = A. Haribabu
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|1|14|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Perum Pulli''''' ({{Translation|Bigshot}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[Vikraman]], starring [[Babu (actor)|Babu]] and [[Suman Ranganathan]]. It was released on 14 January 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1991 |title=Perum Pulli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=2 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
''Perum Pulli'' is the story of an innocent youth and his love for his mother.

== Cast ==
*[[Babu (actor)|Babu]]
*[[Suman Ranganathan]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
*[[Srividya]]
*[[Jiiva]] (uncredited role)

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perum Pulli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/perum-pulli-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1220719781 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530121550/https://music.apple.com/us/album/perum-pulli-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1220719781 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Perumpulli (1991) Tamil Super Hit Film LP Vinyl Record by S.A.Rajkumar |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/perumpulli-by-s-a-rajkumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023163039/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/perumpulli-by-s-a-rajkumar/ |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Disco Music Center}}</ref> [[Palani Bharathi]] was introduced as lyricist in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 October 2017 |title=Lyricist Palanibharathi traces his journey in films and his tryst with the world of poetry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lyricist-palanibharathi-traces-his-journey-in-films-and-his-tryst-with-the-world-of-poetry/article19888895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114053549/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lyricist-palanibharathi-traces-his-journey-in-films-and-his-tryst-with-the-world-of-poetry/article19888895.ece |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=3 June 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Aagaya Thottil Katti" (Lady) || [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=2|[[Vikraman]]
|-
| "Aagaya Thottil Katti" (Men) || [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
| "Aanum Pennum" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], P. Susheela || [[Piraisoodan]]
|-
| "Gangai Nadhi" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Pulamaipithan]]
|-
| "Ilamaiyin Vizhigalil" || K. S. Chithra || [[Palani Bharathi]]
|-
| "Mambala Thota" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Sunandha || Piraisoodan
|-
| "Manasum Manasum" || Sunandha, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || S. A. Rajkumar
|-
| "Ponmagal Vandhal" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Alangudi Somu]]
|-
| "Varuthu Varuthu" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Na. Kamarasan]]
|}

== Reception ==
N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Perum Pulli'' has a hash of a story", adding that Babu "plays the lead role with some skill, but the character does not have much chance in a hotchpotch narrative".<ref>{{Cite news |last=NKS |date=8 February 1991 |title=Perum Pulli |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910208&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vikraman}}
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikraman]]
[[Category:Films produced by R. B. Choudary]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Veluchami

2026-03-03T04:51:21Z

JAY JADABA: Added Initial Post Basic Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veluchami
| director = Arul
| writer = Arul
| producer = K. Muralidharan V. Swaminathan G. Venugopal
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Vineetha]]|Shruthi}}
| cinematography = K. Muthukumar
| editing = K. Pazhanivel
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|01|15}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Veluchami''''' ({{IPAc-en|v|eɪ|l|u|tʃ|ɑː|m|i}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Arul in his debut. The film stars [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Vineetha]] and newcomer Shruthi. It was released on 15 January 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=veluchamy ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=veluchamy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029131515/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=veluchamy |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=21 January 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Veluchami was brought up by Periya Ayya, a rich man, since his mother died and his uncle Maruthu tried to sell him when he was a kid. Later, Periya Ayya's wife died while she was pregnant. By a miracle, the baby was still alive and this baby girl was named Chinnamma, Veluchami took care of her.

Many years later, Veluchami becomes a heart-of-gold man who helps the villagers, and he cannot tolerate injustice. His uncle Maruthu and his daughter Rasathi come to his village, Rasathi falls in love with Veluchami and she compels him to marry her. In the meantime, Veluchami clashes with a rich landlord and his son Raja.

Finally, Veluchami promises Rasathi to marry her. Chinnamma's dream is having a lot of children. So Veluchami looks for a groom for her, but Periya Ayya refuses for her marriage because he promises to God that he will give her to the temple if she survived. Veluchami cannot accept it and he marries her by force to save her dreams.

In fact, Periya Ayya lied and he tells the truth to Veluchami. Chinnamma's body is too weak for giving birth, so Periya Ayya tries to postpone his daughter's marriage as late as possible. Veluchami is then heartbroken. The rest of the story is what happens to Veluchami, Chinnamma and Rasathi.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Veluchami
*[[Vineetha]] as Rasathi
*Shruthi as Chinnamma
*[[Goundamani]] as Kathavarayan
*[[Senthil]] as Kannan
*[[Jai Ganesh]] as Periya Ayya
*[[Captain Raju]]
*[[Kazan Khan]] as Raja
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chinnamma's grandmother
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Maruthu, Rasathi's father
*[[Charuhasan]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[K. R. Savithri]]
*Naveena
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*King Kong
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
}}

== Production ==
''Veluchami'' marked the directorial debut of Arul, who earlier assisted [[P. Vasu]]. This was the second time Lakshmi Movie Makers collaborated with Sarathkumar after ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' (1994). Madhubala was originally approached as lead actress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 May 1994 |title=பிரபு — டபு! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1994-05-22/kalki1994-05-22.pdf |access-date=3 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–42 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Shruti, who acted in the Hindi serial ''Sri Krishna'' made her Tamil debut with the film. The filming was entirely done at Pollachi.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரண்யா |first=அருண் |date=15 January 1995 |title=பொங்கல் ரிலீஸ் – பம்பர் அறுவடை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230909121625/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-01-15/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=9 September 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veluchami (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/veluchami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581604531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230206052505/https://music.apple.com/in/album/veluchami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1581604531 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Chinnamma" (male) || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=6|[[Vairamuthu]] || 5:08
|-
| "Chinnamma" (female) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:08
|-
| "Chinnamma Enga" || [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:48
|-
| "En Veetu Thotatil" || Gangai Amaran || 3:20
|-
| "Kan Azhagu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 4:43
|-
| "Monica Monica" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha || 4:55
|-
| "Uyire Uyire" || Swarnalatha || [[Piraisoodan]] || 5:17
|}

== Reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Despite Sarath's good acting and two pretty actresses, there is nothing much to make this movie outstanding".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=4 February 1995 |title=Good acting, pretty face in Sarath Kumar's latest |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NHBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3593%2C870319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607042642/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NHBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3593%2C870319 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Sarathkumar's performance and called the film's background score its biggest strength.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=19 February 1995 |title=வேலுச்சாமி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-19/page/n48/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230206044949/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-19/page/n48/mode/2up |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=47 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt9163658}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]

List of Hindi films of 2016

2026-03-03T00:07:39Z

JAY JADABA: further fixed details to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Bollywood films}}
This is a list of [[Bollywood]] films that were released in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2608|title=Classifications 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2610|title=Disney India – Biggest Hits Ever in 2016 But Shutdown}}</ref>

[[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']] emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing Hindi film ever]].<ref name="hindustantimes-gross">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Secret Superstar earns seven times more money in China in 1 week than what it did in India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aamir-khan-s-secret-superstar-earns-seven-times-more-money-in-china-in-1-week-than-what-it-did-in-india/story-vxL1FtqQNNdHBty9BSVRQM.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="thestatesman">{{cite news|title='Baahubali 2' to open on more than 7,000 screens in China|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern-cinema/baahubali-2-open-7000-screens-china-1502630878.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="statista">{{cite web|title=All time box office revenue of the highest grossing Bollywood movies worldwide|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/282411/bollywood-highest-grossing-movies-worldwide/|website=[[Statista]]|date=December 2017}}</ref>

==Box office collection==
The [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films]] released in 2016, by worldwide [[box office]] [[gross revenue]], are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2016
|-
!Rank !! Title !! Distributor !! Worldwide gross !! Ref.
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
| ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''
| [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| {{INRConvert|2160|c|lk=c|year=2017|mode=historical}}
| {{efn|''Dangal'' worldwide gross: {{INRConvert|{{#expr:538+1622.3}}|c|year=2017|mode=historical}}
*[[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]] — {{INRConvert|538|c}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=Aamir Khan's 'Secret Superstar' Winds Down Its Domestic Run With ₹83 Cr./$12.8M Gross|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/13/aamir-khans-secret-superstar-winds-down-its-domestic-run-with-%E2%82%B983-cr-12-8m-gross/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=13 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*[[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|Overseas]] — {{INR}}{{formatnum:{{#expr:1394.1+228.2}}|}}{{nbsp}}crore (US${{#expr:212+33.4}}{{nbsp}}million)
**[[Greater China|Chinese markets]] — {{INRConvert|{{#expr:1330+23.1+41}}|c}}
***[[List of highest-grossing films in China|China]] — {{INRConvert|1330|c}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=How to tell whether 'Secret Superstar's Taiwan numbers signal future success in China|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/25/how-to-tell-whether-secret-superstars-taiwan-numbers-signal-future-success-in-china/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=25 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
***[[Taiwan]] — {{INRConvert|41|c}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title='Secret Superstar' Tracking Well Against 'Dangal' Taiwan Run With $285K/₹1.85 Cr. Through Day 6|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/11/30/secret-superstar-tracking-well-against-dangals-taiwan-run-with-285k-1-85-cr-through-day-6/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=30 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
***[[Hong Kong]] — {{INR}}23.1{{nbsp}}crore (US$3.5{{nbsp}}million)<ref name="hk">{{cite news|last=Cain|first=Rob|title='Dangal' Continues Record Hong Kong Run To Cross ₹23 Cr./$3.5M|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/10/dangal-continues-record-hong-kong-run-to-cross-23-cr-3-5m/|work=[[Forbes]]|date=10 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
**Other territories — US$33.4{{nbsp}}million<ref name="5thForbes">{{cite news|last1=Cain|first1=Rob|title='Dangal' Tops $300 Million, Becoming The 5th Highest-Grossing Non-English Movie Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/06/12/dangal-joins-300-million-club-now-the-5th-biggest-non-english-movie-ever|access-date=14 June 2017|work=Forbes|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> ({{INR}}228.2{{nbsp}}crore)<ref name="exchange2016">{{cite web |title=Exchange Rates (68.3 INR per USD) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |year=2016 |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 2
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
| [[Yash Raj Films]]
| {{INRConvert|{{#expr:421.25+210}}|c|lk=r|year=2017|mode=historical}}
| {{efn|name=Gross|''Sultan'' worldwide gross: {{INRConvert|{{#expr:421.25+210}}|c|year=2017|mode=historical}}
*Domestic: {{INRConvert|421.25|c}}<ref name="hungama">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-sultan/|title=Special Features: Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Sultan – Box Office |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=2 September 2016}}</ref>
*Overseas: {{INRConvert|168|c}}<ref name="asianet">[http://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/10-highest-worldwide-grossing-bollywood-movies 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood movies], [[Asianet News]], 8 June 2017</ref>
}}
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 3
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| [[Fox Star Studios]]
| {{INRConvert|239.56|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-ae-dil-hai-mushkil/|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collection and Day Wise Breakup of Ae Dil Hai Mushkil|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 October 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 4
|''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''
|[[Zee Studios]]
|{{INRConvert|216.35|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
|<ref name=":0">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/msg-2-the-messenger-enters-500-crore-club-572207681.html|title=MSG-2 The Messenger Enters 500 Crore Club|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 5
| ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
| Fox Star Studios
| {{INRConvert|215.48|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-m-s-dhoni-untold-story/|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of M.S. Dhoni – The Untold Story – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 6
| ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''
| [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| {{INRConvert|209.97|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref name="boxofficeindia">{{cite web|title=Top Worldwide Grossers 2016|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php?year=2016|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 7
| ''[[Housefull 3]]''
| [[Eros International]]
| {{INRConvert|194.94|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref name="boxofficeindia"/>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 8
| ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]''
| Yash Raj Films
| {{INRConvert|188.04|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419110438/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/613|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2016|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Shah Rukh Khan's Fan|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 9
| ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''
| Fox Star Studios
| {{INRConvert|143.29|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title="Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Kapoor & Sons" |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3246 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
!10
|''[[Shivaay]]''
|[[Reliance Entertainment]]
|{{INRConvert|124.15|c|year=2016|mode=historical}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Shivaay" |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3401 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|}

''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' grossed over {{INRConvert|2209.3|c|lk=c|year=2017|mode=historical}} worldwide and is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film of all time]]. ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' has grossed over {{INRConvert|631.25|c|lk=c}} worldwide and is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|15th highest-grossing Indian film of all time]].

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;" |'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10%;" |'''Genre'''!! Studio !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''8'''
|''Chhota Bheem Himalayan Adventures'' || Rajiv Chilaka || || Animation || [[Green Gold Animation]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhota-bheem-to-be-unveiled-in-a-new-avatar/|title=Chhota Bheem to be unveiled in a new avatar|date=16 December 2015|access-date=14 September 2023|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021152419/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/chhota-bheem-to-be-unveiled-in-a-new-avatar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]'' ||[[Bejoy Nambiar]]|| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Manav Kaul]], [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[John Abraham]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Avtar Gill]] ||Thriller|| [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Vinod Chopra Films]], Getaway Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Wazir|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/wazir/ET00027022|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/749651|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918051516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/749651|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2014|title=Wazir (2015)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''15'''
| ''[[Chalk n Duster]]''|| Jayant Gilatar || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arya Babbar]], [[Richa Chadha]] ||Drama|| [[Sony Pictures India]], Surani Pictures ||<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtcubOnXgZk|title=CHALK N DUSTER – TRAILER – SHABANA AZMI – JUHI CHAWLA – DIVYA DUTTA|date=2 December 2015|access-date=30 December 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chalk N Duster|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chalk-n-duster/ET00032283|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rebellious Flower]]''|| Krishan Hooda || Prince Shah, Shashank Singh, Mantra Mugdha, Kirti Adarkar, Bachchan Pachera, Shaneel Sinha || Biopic || Zenin Multimedia Productions ||<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TbRvo_ne6s|title=Rebellious Flower official trailer|date=7 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rebellious Flower|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rebellious-flower/ET00037331|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''22''' || ''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]'' ||[[Raja Krishna Menon]]|| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Nimrat Kaur]], [[Purab Kohli]], [[Ferena Wazeir]], [[Gunjan Malhotra]]|| War/Thriller || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], Hari Om Entertainment, [[Cape of Good Films]], Emmay Entertainment, Abundantia Entertainment, [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/749492|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916002024/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/749492|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2014|title=Airlift (2016)|work=Bollywood Hungama|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airlift|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/airlift/ET00029122|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jugni (2016 film)|Jugni]]''|| Shefali Bhushan || [[Sugandha Garg]], Siddhant Behl, Sadhana Singh, Anuritta K Jha, Samir Sharma||Musical drama|| [[PVR Pictures]], Dhun Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Jugni|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jugni/ET00036781|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/videos/catch-the-official-trailer-musical-drama-jugni/|title=Catch The Official Trailer Musical Drama 'Jugni'|work=Koimoi|date=17 December 2015 |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' || Umesh Ghadge || [[Tushar Kapoor]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Mandana Karimi]], [[Meghna Naidu]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Claudia Ciesla]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], Gizele Thakral, [[VJ Andy]], Danny Saru || Adult comedy || [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], ALT Entertainment ||<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kyaa-kool-hain-hum-3/ET00035918|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''29'''
| ''[[Saala Khadoos]]'' ||[[Sudha Kongara Prasad]]|| [[R. Madhavan]], [[Ritika Singh]], [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] || Sports || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Tricolour Films, Rajkumar Hirani Films, YNOT Studios ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Saala Khadoos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/saala-khadoos/ET00028063|website=BookMyShow|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542586|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207005608/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542586|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2012|title=Saala Khadoos|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mastizaade]]'' || [[Milap Milan Zaveri]] || [[Tushar Kapoor]], [[Vir Das]], [[Sunny Leone]], [[Shaad Randhawa]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], Gizele Thakral, [[Bruna Abdullah]] || Adult comedy || [[Pen Studios]], [[Panorama Studios]], Pritish Nandy Communications ||<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Mastizaade|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mastizaade/ET00025347|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''5'''
|''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' ||[[Radhika Rao (director)|Radhika Rao]], Vinay Sapru|| [[Mawra Hocane]], [[Harshvardhan Rane]], Anurag Sinha, [[Shraddha Das]] || Romance || [[Eros International]], Soham Rockstar Entertainment, Jhoom Jhoom Productions ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sanam-Teri-Kasam-trailer-attached-with-Bajirao-Mastani/articleshow/50213703.cms|title=Sanam Teri Kasam trailer attached with Bajirao Mastani|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanam Teri Kasam|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sanam-teri-kasam/ET00036895|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ghayal: Once Again]]'' ||[[Sunny Deol]]|| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Aanchal Munjal]], Daina Khan, [[Shivam Patil]], Rishabh Arora, Abhilash Kumar || Action/drama ||[[Reliance Entertainment]], B4U Motion Pictures, PVR Cinemas, Sunny Sounds, Vijayta Films||<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Ghayal Once Again|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ghayal-once-again/ET00015438|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''12''' || ''[[Fitoor]]'' ||[[Abhishek Kapoor]]|| [[Aditya Roy Kapoor]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Akshay Oberoi]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Rahul Bhatt]] || Romance/drama|| [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Guy In The Sky Pictures ||<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapoor-s-fitoor-release-date-finalised-2067865 |title=Fitoor(2016)|work=[[DNA India]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fitoor|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/fitoor/ET00028571|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sanam Re]]'' ||[[Divya Khosla Kumar]]|| [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Bharti Singh]], Shreyas Pardiwalla || Romance || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Divya-Khosla-Kumars-next-Sanam-Re-is-a-2016-Valentine-release/articleshow/46490893.cms |title=Divya Khosla Kumar's next Sanam Re is a 2016 Valentine release|work=[[Times of India]]|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=8 March 2015 |last1=Fernandes |first1=Kasmin }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanam Re|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sanam-re/ET00032172|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''19'''
| ''[[Direct Ishq]]''||[[Rajiv S. Ruia]]|| [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Arjun Bijlani]] || Drama ||Baba Motion Pictures||<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/744602|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715032602/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/744602|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2014|title=Direct Ishq (2016)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Direct Ishq|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/direct-ishq/ET00029190|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Ishq Forever]]'' || Sameer Sippy || Krishna Chaturvedi, [[Ruhi Singh]], [[Javed Jaffrey]], [[Lisa Ray]] || Drama ||Friday Cine Entertainment||<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Ishq Forever|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ishq-forever/ET00037299|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Loveshhuda|LoveShhuda]]'' || Vaibhav Mishra || [[Girish Kumar]], [[Navneet Kaur Dhillon]], [[Benaf Dadachandji]], [[Yash Pandit]] ||Romance|| Galani Entertainments ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/754733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120133319/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/754733|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2015|title=LoveShhuda (2016)|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Loveshhuda|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/loveshhuda/ET00035716|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neerja]]'' || [[Ram Madhvani]] || [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]||Biopic/drama|| [[Fox Star Studios]], Bling Unplugged ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4123592|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410205656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4123592|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|title=Neerja|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Neerja|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/neerja/ET00035922|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''26'''
| ''Dhara 302''|| Jitender Singh Narukal || Rufy Khan, Dipti Dhotre, Gulshan Pandey|| Actiom/drama|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5005142/|title=Dhara 302 (2016)|date=19 February 2016|work=IMDb|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhara 302|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dhara-302/ET00037690|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''||[[Hansal Mehta]]||[[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Rajkummar Rao]]
|| Biopic/drama ||[[Eros International]], Karma Features ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Aligarh|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3128634|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306082601/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3128634|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aligarh|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/aligarh/ET00034814|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bollywood Diaries]]''||K.D. Satyam||[[Raima Sen]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Salim Diwan]], Karuna Pandey, [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]|| Drama || [[Zee Studios]], Rehab Pictures, Eagle Eye Entertainment ||<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5216810/|title = Bollywood Diaries: IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Diaries|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bollywood-diaries/ET00037293|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Love Shagun]]'' || Sandesh Nayak || [[Anuj Sachdeva]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Manit Joura]] || Romance/comedy || Saanvi Nayak Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Shagun|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4164598|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905175502/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4164598|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Love Shagun|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-shagun/ET00037043|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tere Bin Laden: Dead or Alive]]''|| Abhishek Sharma || [[Manish Paul]], [[Sikander Kher]], Pradhuman Singh, Sugandha Ram ||Comedy|| [[Phantom Films]], Walkwater Media, Shivantika Productions||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/718006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231004749/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/718006|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2013|title=Tere Bin Laden Dead or Alive|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tere Bin Laden – Dead or Alive|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tere-bin-laden-dead-or-alive/ET00033119|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- March!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Zubaan]]'' || Mozez Singh || [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Sarah Jane Dias]], [[Raghav Chanana]] || Drama || Wave Cinemas, Metamozez Entertainment, [[Sikhya Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Zubaan|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/741455|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902021937/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/741455|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zubaan|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/zubaan/ET00032529|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jai Gangaajal]]'' ||[[Prakash Jha]]|| [[Priyanka Chopra]], Anuj Aggarwal, [[Prakash Jha]], [[Rahul Bhatt]]|| Drama/comedy|| Prakash Jha Productions, Play Entertainments ||<ref>{{Cite news|title = 'Jai Gangaajal' new promo: Priyanka Chopra shines as a gritty cop|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jai-Gangaajal-new-promo-Priyanka-Chopra-shines-as-a-gritty-cop/articleshow/50718171.cms|website = The Times of India|access-date = 2016-01-27 | last1=Baker | first1=Rachel }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Gangaajal|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/jai-gangaajal/ET00035717|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''11'''
| ''[[Global Baba]]'' || Manoj Sidheshwari Tewari || [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Sandeepa Dhar]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Akhilendra Mishra]] || Satire || ||<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUlG4bDxNwM|title=Global Baba – Official Trailer|date=9 Feb 2016|access-date=9 Feb 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Baba|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/global-baba/ET00038257|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || Shawn Arranha || [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Farah Karimi]], [[Monica Dogra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shekhar Kapur]] ||Action/thriller/romance|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], HR Musik ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Tera Suroor 2|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6747008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6747008|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Teraa Surroor|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/teraa-surroor/ET00037307|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[OK Mein Dhokhe]]'' || Utpal S. Chaudhary || Zoya Rathore, Sapan Krishna, Vaidhei Singh, Megha Verma, Ravi Thakur, [[Milan Singh]] || Drama/thriller|| Lotus Media & Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ok Mein Dhokhe|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3112137|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401151501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3112137|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ok Mein Dhokhe|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ok-mein-dhokhe/ET00036455|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darling Don't Cheat]]''||Rajkumar Hindusthani||Gaurav Pandey, Ashish Tyagi, Neha Chaterji||Drama/thriller|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''18'''
| ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' ||[[Shakun Batra]]|| [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Fawad Khan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], Sukant Goel || Drama/comedy||Fox Star Studios, Dharma Productions ||<ref>{{Cite web|title = Alia Bhatt – Sidharth Malhotra to play siblings along with Fawad Khan in Kapoor & Sons {{!}} Bollywood News {{!}} Hindi Movies News {{!}} News – BollywoodHungama.com|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5627129/Alia-Bhatt---Sidharth-Malhotra-to-play-siblings-along-with-Fawad-Khan-in-Kapoor--Sons|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324011057/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5627129/Alia-Bhatt---Sidharth-Malhotra-to-play-siblings-along-with-Fawad-Khan-in-Kapoor--Sons|url-status = dead|archive-date = 24 March 2015|website = Bollywood Hungama|access-date = 2016-01-27|first = Bollywood|last = Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kapoor & Sons|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/kapoor-sons/ET00035719|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''25''' || ''[[Rocky Handsome]]''||[[Nishikant Kamat]]|| [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Nathalia Kaur]] ||Action|| [[Reliance Entertainment]], JA Entertainment, Azure Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Rocky Handsome|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728313|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623133105/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/728313|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 June 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rocky Handsome|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rocky-handsome/ET00025344|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|}

== April–June ==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10%;" | '''Genre''' !! Studio !! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''1'''
| ''[[Ki & Ka]]'' || [[R. Balki]] || [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]] || Romantic comedy || [[Eros International]], Hope Productions||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ki and Ka|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4850811|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080206/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4850811|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ki & Ka|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ki-ka/ET00035932|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''8'''
| ''[[Love Games (film)|Love Games]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Patralekha]], [[Tara Alisha Berry]], Gaurav Arora || Thriller || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], [[Vishesh Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Love Games|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505964|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128110436/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505964|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Love Games|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/love-games/ET00037301|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Blueberry Hunt]]'' || Anup Kurien || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Vipin Sharma]], [[Vinay Forrt]] || Thriller || Springboard Films, Divine Thought Productions, Visual Possibility, Brand Stand ||<ref>{{cite web|title=The Blueberry Hunt|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2009592/releaseinfo?ref_=tt_ov_inf|website=[[IMDb]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Blueberry Hunt|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/the-blueberry-hunt/ET00007642|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''10'''
|''[[Kaafiron Ki Namaaz]]'' || Ram Ramesh Sharma || Alok Chaturvedi, Joydip Mukhopadhyay, Megh Pant, Priya Raina, Chandrahas Tiwari ||Drama || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/04/08/kaafiron-ki-namaaz-online-release-youtube-independent-film-provocative-title|title=The Provocatively Titled 'Kaafiron Ki Namaaz' Releases Online|date=8 April 2016|website=The Quint}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''15'''
| ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' || [[Maneesh Sharma]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Waluscha de Sousa]], [[Sayani Gupta]], [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] || Action/drama/thriller || [[Yash Raj Films]] ||<ref name="release">{{cite news|title=2 POWERHOUSES. 1 SPECIAL TRIBUTE.|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Typeid=&newsid=5c9be2b0-2df2-4b4d-9b44-ee1966e7d12b|access-date=9 July 2015|agency=[[Yash Raj Films]]|work=[[Yash Raj Films]]|date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fan|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/fan/ET00025074|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''22'''
| ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' || [[Ashwini Iyer Tiwari]] || [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Ratna Pathak]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Sanjay Suri]] || Comedy/drama || [[Eros International]], [[Colour Yellow Productions]], [[JAR Pictures]], Opticus INC ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nil Battey Sannata|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7005763|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123020126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7005763|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nil Battey Sannata|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/nil-battey-sannata/ET00038274|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Rang]]'' || Syed Ahmad Afzal || [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Akshay Oberoi]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Piaa Bajpai]] || Action || Krian Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5878050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906211247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5878050|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2015|title=Yeh Laal Rang|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Laal Rang|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/laal-rang/ET00037311|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Santa Banta Pvt Ltd]]'' ||Akashdeep Sabir|| [[Vir Das]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Lisa Haydon]]|| Comedy || [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]], Cinetek Telefilms ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Santa Banta Pvt Ltd|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/santa-banta-pvt-ltd/ET00038258|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''29'''
| ''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]'' || [[Sabbir Khan]] || [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Sunil Grover]] || Action || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Baaghi|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2923803|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225065849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2923803|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baaghi|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/baaghi/ET00035721|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shortcut Safari]]'' || [[Amitabha Singh]] || [[Jimmy Shergill]], Aashi Rawal, Sharvil Patel, Mann Patel, Ugam Khetani, Stuti Dwivedi, Deah Tandon, Hardil Kanaba || Adventure, drama || Xebec Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Shortcut Safaari|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/shortcut-safaari/ET00039250|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shortcut-safaari/|title=Shortcut Safaari Synipsis|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
|- May
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''6'''
| ''[[One Night Stand (2016 film)|One Night Stand]]'' || Jasmine Moses D'Souza || [[Sunny Leone]], [[Tanuj Virwani]], [[Nyra Banerjee]]||Thriller || Swiss Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=One Night Stand|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=One Night Stand|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/one-night-stand/ET00037691|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/one-night-stand/15941|title=One Night Stand (2016) – BollywoodMDB|author=BollywoodMDB|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]'' || Rajesh Pillai || [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Kitu Gidwani]], [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Vishal Singh (TV actor born 1985)|Vishal Singh]], Jishnu Raghavan, [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] || Thriller || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=Traffic|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/traffic/ET00020333|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmdb.com/movies/traffic/15762|title=Traffic (2016) – BollywoodMDB|author=BollywoodMDB|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[1920: London]]'' || [[Tinu Suresh Desai]] || [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Meera Chopra]], [[Vishal Karwal]] ||Horror|| [[Reliance Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=1920 London|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1920 London|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1920-london/ET00040613|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Murari the Mad Gentleman]]'' || || || Comedy || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''13'''
| ''[[Azhar (film)|Azhar]]'' ||[[Tony D'Souza]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Gautam Gulati]], [[Kunaal Roy Kapur]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Karanvir Sharma]] || Biopic || [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], [[Sony Pictures Networks]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Azhar|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/azhar/ET00030627|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Azhar|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4206083|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525021740/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4206083|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Buddha in a Traffic Jam]]'' || [[Vivek Agnihotri]] || [[Arunoday Singh]], [[Mahie Gill]], Anchal Dwivedi, [[Pallavi Joshi]], [[Anupam Kher]] || Political drama || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Buddha In A Traffic jam|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/544072|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207032344/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/544072|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Buddha in a Traffic Jam|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/buddha-in-a-traffic-jam/ET00039671|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khel Toh Ab Shuru Hoga]]'' || Kunal V Singh|| [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]], Devshi Khanduri || Comedy || GMD Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Khel To Abb Shuru Hoga|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/khel-to-abb-shuru-hoga/ET00041639|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''16'''
|''[[Dear Dad (film)|Dear Dad]]'' || Tanuj Bhramar || [[Arvind Swamy]], Himanshu Sharma, [[Ekavali Khanna]] || Drama || Peppermint Studios ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/arvind-swamys-dear-dad-first-look-poster-revealed-6255-slide-40447 |title=Arvind Swamy's 'Dear Dad' first look poster revealed |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=1 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dear Dad|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dear-dad/ET00041009|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''20'''
| ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'' || [[Omung Kumar]] || [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Richa Chadha]]|| Biopic ||[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], Legend Studios ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarabjit|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4766833|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905091035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4766833|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sarbjit|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/sarbjit/ET00035934|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''27'''
|''[[Phobia (2016 film)|Phobia]]'' || Pawan Kripalani || [[Radhika Apte]], [[Satyadeep Misra]] || Thriller/horror||[[Eros International]], [[Next Gen Films]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=After Bajrangi Bhaijaan, Bajirao Mastani box office collections success, Eros International unveils film slate, 2016 with Kareena Kapoor, Katrina Kaif, others in lead roles|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/lifestyle/showbiz/201616/|website=The Financial Express|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Phobia|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/phobia/ET00041351|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || Sandeep Bharadwaj, [[Lisa Ray]], [[Sachiin Joshi]], [[Usha Jadhav]]|| Action/biopic || Viking Media & Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/veerappan-first-look-released-ram-gopal-varmas-film-clash-anurag-kashyaps-raman-raghav-674341|title='Veerappan' first look released; Ram Gopal Varma's film to clash with Anurag Kashyap's 'Raman Raghav'|date=12 April 2016|work=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Veerappan|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/veerappan/ET00041058|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fredrick (film)|Fredrick]]'' || Rajesh Butalia || [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Avinash Dhyani]] || Action || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Waiting|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fredrick|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/fredrick/ET00041382|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- June
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''3'''
| ''[[Housefull 3]]'' || [[Sajid-Farhad]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Lisa Haydon]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Nikitin Dheer]], [[Jackie Shroff]] || Comedy || [[Eros International]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Housefull 3|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/housefull-3/ET00032169|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Project Marathwada]]''||Prakash Patel, Bhavin Wadia||[[Om Puri]], [[Dalip Tahil]], [[Seema Biswas]]||Drama|| ||
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''10'''
|''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'' || [[Deepak Tijori]] || [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]] || Romantic || Dhiraj Motion Pictures, Focus Motion Pictures, Deepak Tijori Films, [[Pen Studios]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Lafzon Ki Kahani|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Do Lafzon Ki Kahani|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/do-lafzon-ki-kahani/ET00036914|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhanak]]'' || [[Nagesh Kukunoor]] || Hetal Gadda, Krrish Chabbria, [[Vipin Sharma]], [[Vibha Chibber]], [[Vijay Maurya]] || Drama || [[Drishyam Films]], Kukunoor Movies ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhanak|url=http://moifightclub.com/2016/04/06/nagesh-kukunoors-dhanak-to-release-on-10th-june-2016-new-trailer-is-out/|website=moifightclub|date=6 April 2016|access-date=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhanak|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dhanak/ET00040750|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Te3n]]'' || [[Ribhu Dasgupta]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] || Thriller || [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], Blue Waters Motion Pictures, Cinemaa, [[Kross Pictures]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Te3n|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4814290/|website=[[imdb.com]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Te3n|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/te3n/ET00041453|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''17'''
| ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' || [[Abhishek Chaubey]] || [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]]|| Crime/drama || [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Balaji Motion Pictures]], [[Phantom Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Udta Punjab|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/udta-punjab/ET00030869|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Udta Punjab|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745366|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916001959/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/745366|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#B0E0E6;"|'''24'''
| ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] || Crime/thriller || [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Phantom Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap's Raman Raghav to Release in May|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyaps-raman-raghav-2-0-to-release-in-may/|website=The Indian Express|date=7 April 2016|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raman Raghav 2.0|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/raman-raghav-2/ET00041274|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Junooniyat]]'' || [[Vivek Agnihotri]] || [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Hrishita Bhatt]] || Romance || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Junooniyat|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/744020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160321/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/744020|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2014|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Junooniyat|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/junooniyat/ET00035927|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[7 Hours to Go|7 Hours To Go]]'' || Saurabh Varma || [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Sandeepa Dhar]], [[Natasa Stankovic]], [[Varun Badola]] || Crime/thriller || Krian Pictures, Saurabh Varma Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|title=24th June 2016 Bollywood Movie Releasing|url=http://bollywoodmoviereview.in/24th-june-2016-bollywood-movie-releasing|website=Bollywood Movie Review|access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=7 Hours To Go|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/7-hours-to-go/ET00027830|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Scandall]]'' || Ishaan Shrivedi || Reeth Mazumder, [[Manav Kaul]], [[Tanvi Vyas]]|| Adult ||||<ref name="latestnews360.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.latestnews360.com/read/1203826/latest-news/'A-Scandall'-makers-have-no-issues-with-cuts-by-Censor-Board.html|title='A Scandall' makers have no issues with cuts by Censor Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Scandall|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/a-scandall/ET00043095|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rough Book]]'' || [[Ananth Narayan Mahadevan]]||[[Amaan Khan]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]||Drama|| Aerika Cineworks ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Rough Book|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rough-book/ET00032091|website=BookMyShow}}</ref><ref name="latestnews360.com"/>
|}

== July–September ==


{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10%;" | '''Genre''' !! Studio !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Shorgul]]'' || [[Pranav Kumar Singh]], Jitendra Tiwari ||[[Jimmy Sheirgill]], Suha Gezen, [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Narendra Jha]]||Political drama|| 24 FPS Films ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shorgul-to-release-across-750-screens-on-friday/articleshow/52988561.cms|title=Shorgul to release in 750 screens on Friday July 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shorgul-exposes-the-nexus-between-politics-and-religion/articleshow/52432413.cms|title='Shorgul' exposes the nexus which is there between politics and religion|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Toh Deewana Hai]]'' || [[Raja Bundela]] || Haider Khan, [[Sadha]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Sushmita Mukherjee]], [[Alok Nath]], [[Hemant Pandey]] || Comedy/romance || DSA Group ||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hungama|first1=Bollywood|title=Dil Toh Dewaana Hai 2016 Movie News, Wallpapers, Songs & Videos – Bollywood Hungama|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7748287|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417135514/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7748287|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''6'''
| ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
|[[Ali Abbas Zafar]]
|[[Salman Khan]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Amit Sadh]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Kumud Mishra]]
|Sports/drama
|[[Yash Raj Films]]
|<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537957 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224061424/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537957 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2012 |title=Sultan|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Brahman Naman]]'' || [[Qaushiq Mukherjee]] || [[Shashank Arora]], [[Sid Mallya]], [[Denzil Smith]], [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]], Tanmay Dhananiya, Vaishwath Shankar || Comedy || Riley, Corniche Pictures, Oddjoint, [[Netflix]] ||<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hungama|first1=Bollywood|title=Brahman Naman Hungama|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/brahman-naman-review-netflix-s-1st-indian-film-is-a-perverted-american-pie/story-aQMjTP6Ry2LR1DQqdtKjfK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=8 July 2016|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''15'''
| ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' || [[Indra Kumar]] || [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Shraddha Das]], [[Mishti]], [[Pooja Bose]], [[Sonali Raut]], [[Shreyas Talpade]]|| Sex comedy/horror || ALT Entertainment, Sri Adhikari Brothers, Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Maruti International ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/madaari-switches-release-dates-with-great-grand-masti-now-out-on-july-22/story-NK74lhpTkiLXbT4E0gyqfP.html|title=Madaari switches release dates with Great Grand Masti. Now out on July 22|date=8 July 2016|work=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Great Grand Masti|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4124618|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414031024/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/4124618|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''22'''
| ''[[Madaari]]'' || [[Nishikant Kamat]] || [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]|| Drama || [[Pooja Entertainment]], Miraj Group, [[EaseMyTrip]], Saptarishi Cinevision, Paramhans Creations, Dore Films ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/great-grand-masti-forces-irrfan-khans-madaari-to-push-its-release-date-2901798/|title=Great Grand Masti forces Irrfan Khan's Madaari to push its release date|date=8 July 2016|work=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Madaari|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-release-of-irrfan-khan-starrer-madaari-delayed-till-july-15-2217553|website=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|publisher=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishq Click]]'' || Anil Ballani || [[Adhyayan Suman]], [[Sara Loren]]|| Romance/drama || Algol Films ||
|-
| ''[[M Cream]]''|| [[Agneya Singh]] || [[Imaad Shah]], [[Ira Dubey]], [[Raaghav Chanana]] || Road movie || Agniputra Films ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;"|'''29'''
| ''[[Dishoom]]'' || [[Rohit Dhawan]] || [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Saqib Saleem]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Parineeti Chopra]]|| Action || [[Eros International]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2298876|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215011148/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2298876|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2015|title=Dishoom (2016)|work=Bollywood Hungama|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''Love Ke Funday'' || Indervesh Yogee || [[Shaleen Bhanot]], [[Pooja Banerjee]]|| Comedy || ||
|-
|''[[Mission Tiger]]''||Dipu Karunakaran||Vijay Raaz, T. R. Bijulal|| Documentary|| ||
|- August
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"| '''5'''
| ''[[The Legend of Michael Mishra]]'' || [[Manish Jha (director)|Manish Jha]] || [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Kayoze Irani]]|| Romance/drama || Wave Cinemas, Eye Candy Films ||<ref name="Bollywood Hungama"/>
|-
| ''[[Fever (2016 film)|Fever]]'' || Rajeev Jhaveri || [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Gauahar Khan]], [[Gemma Atkinson]], [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Caterina Murino]], [[Ankita Makwana]]|| Thriller || Niche Film Farm, Jaya Sapthagiris Productions, Indian Celebrity Management Entertainment, Plus Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Fever 2016| website=Bollywood Hungama | date=13 August 2011 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ | access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara]]'' || Monjoy Mukerji || [[Sahil Anand]]|| Comedy/Romance || || <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mid-day.com/articles/first-film-under-joy-mukherjees-revived-banner-to-release-next-month/17151155 |title=First Film under Joy Mukherjees revived banner to release next month |website=Mid Day |access-date=2016-02-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Budhia Singh – Born to Run]]'' || Soumendra Padhi || Manoj Bajpayee, Mayur Patole || Sports || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Code Red Films ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''12'''
| ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'' || [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] || [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Kabir Bedi]], [[Arunoday Singh]], [[Sharad Kelkar]] || Period drama ||[[UTV Motion Pictures]], Ashutosh Gowariker Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712001501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/743011|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2014|title=Mohenjo Daro (2016)|work=Bollywood Hungama|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''|| [[Tinu Suresh Desai]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Arjan Bajwa]] || Romance/thriller || [[Zee Studios]], [[KriArj Entertainment]], [[Cape of Good Films]], [[Plan C Studios]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Banjo|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6189666|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912201046/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6189666|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''19'''
| ''[[Happy Bhag Jayegi]]'' || [[Mudassar Aziz]] || [[Abhay Deol]], [[Diana Penty]], [[Momal Sheikh]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]|| Comedy || [[Eros International]], [[Colour Yellow Productions]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy Bhaag Jayegi|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2159539|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331121357/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/2159539|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#DBFFF8;"|'''25''' || ''[[Waarrior Savitri]]'' || [[Param Gill]] || [[Niharica Raizada]], [[Lucy Pinder]], [[Rajat Barmecha]] || Action || Dr. Bob's Productions ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Director-Param-Gills-journey-from-a-homeless-shelter-in-NY-to-Hollywood/articleshow/53364751.cms|title=Director Param Gill's journey from a homeless shelter in NY to Hollywood|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[A Flying Jatt]]''|| [[Remo D'Souza]] || [[Tiger Shroff]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Nathan Jones (wrestler)|Nathan Jones]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Amrita Singh]] || Superhero/Action/comedy || [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/a-flying-jatt-tiger-shroff-and-jacqueline-fernandez-starrer-to-hit-the-screens-on-302766-2016-01-08|title=A Flying Jatt|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
|- September
| rowspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''2'''
| ''[[Akira (2016 Hindi film)|Akira]]'' || [[A.R. Murugadoss]] || [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Amit Sadh]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Atul Kulkarni]] || Action/drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], A.R. Murugadoss Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Akira|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3481018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410205650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/3481018|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yea Toh Two Much Ho Gayaa]]'' || Anwer Khan || [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Pooja Chopra]], [[Bruna Abdullah]], Devansh Sharma|| Action/drama|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviesportal.pk/bollywood-movies/|title=Akira|website=[[Movies Portal]]|publisher=[[Movies Portal]]|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Island City (2015 film)|Island City]]''|| Ruchika Oberoi || [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Ashwin Mushran]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Amruta Subhash]] || Drama ||[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/island-city-release-september-2-india-070603733.html|title=Island City|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''9''' || ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]'' || [[Nitya Mehra]] || [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Taaha Shah]], [[Sarika]], [[Sayani Gupta]]|| Drama/Romance|| [[Eros International]], [[Dharma Productions]], [[Excel Entertainment]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Baar Baar Dekho|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Freaky Ali]]''|| [[Sohail Khan]] || [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Jas Arora]], [[Seema Biswas]], [[Nikitin Dheer]], [[Asif Basra]], [[Paresh Ganatra]], [[Alam Khan (actor)|Alam Khan]]||Comedy/sports|| Sohail Khan Productionz||
|-
|''[[Ek Kahani Julie Ki]]''||Aziz Zee|| [[Rakhi Sawant]] || Thriller || Chetna Entertainment ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''16'''
| ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]], [[Gaurav Arora]], [[Suzanna Mukherjee]]|| Horror || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], [[Vishesh Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Raaz Reboot|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5906736|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829203046/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5906736|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 August 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' || [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], Andrea Tariang, [[Angad Bedi]]|| Drama || Rashmi Sharma Films, Rising Sun Films ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Pink|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566662|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008232930/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/566662|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''23'''
| ''[[Parched]]'' || [[Leena Yadav]] || [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Radhika Apte]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Sayani Gupta]]|| Drama ||[[Entertainment One|Seville International]], [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], Shivalaya Entertainment, Blue Waters Motion Pictures, Airan Consultants, Ashlee Films, Marlylebone Entertainment ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Nonsense|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-prateik-babbar-excited-about-umrika-s-release-2258949|website=[[DNAIndia]]|publisher=[[DNA India]]|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]'' || [[Ravi Jadhav]] || [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Dharmesh Yelande]]|| Comedy/drama || [[Eros International]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Banjo|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6198101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202185358/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6198101|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Days of Tafree]]'' || [[Krishnadev Yagnik]] || Yash Soni, Nimisha Mehta || Comedy ||Anand Pandit Motion Pictures, Rashmi Sharma Films||
|-
| ''[[Wah Taj]]'' || Ajit Sinha
|| [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Manjari Phadnis]], [[Hemant Pandey]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], [[Rajeev Verma]] || Satirical ||[[Pen Studios]], Pun Films, Spyderwave Films ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;"|'''30''' || ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]'' || [[Neeraj Pandey]] || [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Anupam Kher]], Herry Tangri, [[Kiara Advani]], [[Disha Patani]], [[Bhumika Chawla]]||Biopic/sports ||[[Fox Star Studios]], Inspired Entertainment, [[Friday Filmworks]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=M.S. Dhoni – The Untold Biopic|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750165|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119124450/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/750165|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref>
|}

== October–December ==


{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" style="width:6%;"| '''Opening'''
! style="width:18%;"|'''Title'''
! style="width:10.5%;"|'''Director'''
! style="width:30%;" | '''Cast'''
! style="width:10%;" | '''Genre''' !! Studio !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" | '''7'''
| ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' || [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] || [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]], [[Saiyami Kher]], [[Om Puri]], [[Art Malik]], [[K.K. Raina]] || Drama/romance|| Cinestaan Film Company, ROMP Pictures ||<ref name="Mirzya">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/661187|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029044107/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/661187|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=Mirzya|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[MSG: The Warrior Lion Heart]]''
|[[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], Honeypreet Insan
|[[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]], Honeypreet Insan, Charapreet Insan, Kainaat Insan, Garima Insan, Rajesh Insan, Sukhottam Insan, Ashok Insan, Bhushan Insan||Adventure||Hakikat Entertainment||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/msg-warrior-lion-heart/|title=MSG The Warrior – Lion Heart|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]'' ||[[A. L. Vijay]]||[[Prabhu Deva]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Sonu Sood]]||Supernatural comedy||Prabhu Deva Studios, Pooja Entertainment, Skakti Sagar Productions||
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" | '''14'''
| ''[[Anna (2016 film)|Anna]] ''||Shashank Udapurkar||Shashank Udapurkar, [[Tanishaa Mukerji]], [[Govind Namdeo]], [[Rajit Kapur]], [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Kishor Kadam]]||Biographical||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-anna-movie-teaser-portrays-the-uncommon-journey-of-a-common-man-2255709|title=Watch: 'Anna' movie teaser portrays the uncommon journey of a common man! – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=16 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Motu Patlu: King of Kings]]''|| Suhas D. Kadavand || Saurav Chakraborty, Omi Sharma || Animation/comedy/adventure || [[Viacom18 Studios|Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Nickelodeon]], Maya Digital Studios, Cosmos Maya||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/childrens-films-have-rarely-been-successful-says-motu-patlu-king-of-kings-producer-ketan-mehta-3078459/|title=Children's films have rarely been successful, says Motu Patlu: King of Kings producer Ketan Mehta|date=12 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Beiimaan Love]]''|| Rajeev Chaudhary || [[Sunny Leone]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Daniel Weber (actor)|Daniel Weber]] || Thriller ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/sunny-leones-beiimaan-love-sonakshi-sinhas-akira-clash-box-office-686591 |title=Sunny Leone's 'Beiimaan Love' and Sonakshi Sinha's 'Akira' to clash at the box office |website=M.ibtimes.co.in |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Saat Uchakkey]]'' || [[Sanjeev Sharma]] || [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Vijay Raaz]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] || Comedy ||Wave Cinemas, Crouching Tiger Motion Pictures, [[Friday Filmworks]]||
|-
|''[[Fuddu]]'' || Sunil Subramani || Swati Kapoor, Monali A, [[Pawan Kumar Sharma]], [[Anurag Basu]] || Drama ||||
|-
|''Aakhir Kab Tak''||Mithilesh Avinash||Manisha Singh, Vinay Rana|| Social drama||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metrolehar.com/2016/09/22/film-aakhir-kab-tak-based-on-social-justice-and-fight-against-dowry-system/|title=Film "Aakhir kab tak ? " based on social justice and fight against dowry system -}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Final Cut of Director]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Nana Patekar]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]] || Thriller || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-new-releases-fail-hopefully-end-harrowing-times-bollywood/|title=Box Office: All new releases fail, hopefully end of harrowing times for Bollywood|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=28 October 2016|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Love Day - Pyaar Ka Din]]'' || [[Sandeep Choudhary]], Harish Kotian || [[Ajaz khan]], [[Sahil anand]], Harsh nagar, [[Anant Mahadevan]], [[Vaibhav Mathur]], Shalu Singh, Amit khanna, Devendra Chauhan || Comedy thriller
||||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/1137-ek-tera-saath/|title=Ek Tera Saath|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://dwarkaparichay.blogspot.in/2016/09/film-ek-tera-saath.html|title=Film EK TERA SAATH|date=27 September 2016|website=dwarkaparichay.blogspot.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newscircle.in/samachar/manoranjan/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6.html|title=फिल्म एक तेरा साथ 21 अक्टुबर को प्रदर्शित हो रही है|date=27 September 2016|website=newscircle.in|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003075134/http://newscircle.in/samachar/manoranjan/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6.html|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Umrika]]'' || [[Prashant Nair]] || [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Suraj Sharma]], [[Tony Revolori]], [[Adil Hussain]], Nidhi Bisht||Drama|| [[Drishyam Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Umrika |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-prateik-babbar-excited-about-umrika-s-release-2258949|publisher=[[DNA India]]|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[31st October (film)|31st October]]''||[[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]||[[Vir Das]], [[Soha Ali Khan]]||Drama/thriller||||
|-
|''[[My Father Iqbal]]''||[[Suzad Iqbal Khan]]||[[Narendra Jha]], [[Komal Thacker]], Paresh Mehta|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" | '''28'''
|''[[Shivaay]]'' || [[Ajay Devgn]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sayyeshaa]], Erika Kaar, Ali Kazmi, Jabbz Farooqi, [[Vir Das]], [[Bijou Thaangjam]] || Drama/action|| [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Pen Studios]], NH Studioz, [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/747472|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830113245/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/747472|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2014|title=Shivaay|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' || [[Karan Johar]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Anushka Sharma]]
| Drama || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Dharma Productions]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759456|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212100856/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/759456|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2014|title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''11''' || ''[[Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur]]''|| [[Harry Baweja]] || [[Harman Baweja]]|| Animation ||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://northbridgetimes.com/chaar-sahibzaade-2-rise-of-banda-singh-bahadur-trailer-poster-release-date/8260|title=Chaar Sahibzaade 2- Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur Trailer, Poster & Release Date|date=11 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dongri Ka Raja]]'' || Hadi Ali Abrar || [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Reecha Sinha]], [[Ronit Roy]], Sachin Suvarna, [[Ashmit Patel]]||Action/thriller||||<ref>{{cite web|title=Dongri Ka Raja |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dongri-ka-raja/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ishq Junoon]]'' || Sanjay Sharma|| [[Rajbeer Singh]], Akshay Rangshahi, Divya Singh, Raj Aryan || Romantic/erotic || ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ishq Junoon|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-junoon/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rock On 2]]'' || Sujaat Saudagar || [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Purab Kohli]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Shashank Arora]], [[Shahana Goswami]] || Drama || [[Eros International]], [[Excel Entertainment]]|| <ref name="Rock On!! 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588599|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415235749/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/588599|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2013|title=Rock On!! 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''18''' || ''[[Tum Bin II]]'' || [[Anubhav Sinha]] || [[Neha Sharma]], [[Aditya Seal]], Aashim Gulati || Romance || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]], Benaras Mediaworks ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Tum Bin 2|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418700|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314190419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418700|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Force 2]]'' || [[Abhinay Deo]] || [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] || Action || Viacom 18 Motion Pictures, JA Entertainment, Cinema Capital Venture Fund, Sunshine Pictures ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/force-2-sonakshi-sinha-and-john-abraham-starrer-to-release-in-november-324486-2016-05-19|title=Force 2: Sonakshi Sinha and John Abraham-starrer to release in November|work=intoday.in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#dbfff8;" |'''25''' || ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''
|[[Gauri Shinde]]
|[[Alia Bhatt]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Ira Dubey]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] || Drama || [[Reliance Entertainment]], [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], [[Dharma Productions]], Hope Productions ||
|-
| ''[[Saansein]]'' || [[Rajiv S. Ruia]] || [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Sonarika Bhadoria]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Neetha Shetty]], Sachi Ruia, Amir Dalvi, Vishal Malhotra|| Romantic/horror|| GPA Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saansein-last-breath/|title= Saansein – the Last Breath Movie: Review | Release Date | Songs | Music | Images | Official Trailers | Videos | Photos | News - Bollywood Hungama|website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Bollywood/2016-07-26/Saansein-release-date-confirmed/244742|title=Saansein release date confirmed|work=thehansindia.com|date=26 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Moh Maya Money]]''
|Munish Bharadwaj
|[[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Vidushi Mehra]], Ashwat Bhatt
|Crime drama
|Delhi Talkies
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babblebollywood.com/2016/moh-maya-money/|title=Moh Maya Money – Babblebollywood|date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''2''' || ''[[Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh]]'' || [[Sujoy Ghosh]] || [[Vidya Balan]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Jugal Hansraj]] || Thriller || [[Pen Studios]], Boundscript ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/kahaani-2-movie-review-story-synopsis-trailer-cast-crew-vidya-balan-kahaani-2-review/articleshow/55728361.cms|title=Kahaani 2 Movie Review, Story, Synopsis, Trailer, Cast & Crew|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''9''' || ''[[Befikre]]'' || [[Aditya Chopra]] || [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Vaani Kapoor]] || Romance || [[Yash Raj Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6283126|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210030145/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/6283126|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2015|title=Befikre|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''16''' || ''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]'' || [[Vishal Pandya]] || [[Sana Khan]], [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]] || Romance/drama || [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Tum Bin 2|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418752|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314190424/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/7418752|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=27 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#B0E0E6;" |'''23''' || ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' || [[Nitesh Tiwari]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Zaira Wasim]] || Biopic ||[[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Aamir Khan Productions ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/14967030/Kids-Zarina-Wasim-and-Suhani-Bhatnagar-roped-in-for-Aamir-Khan-starrer-Dangal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619183219/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/14967030/Kids-Zarina-Wasim-and-Suhani-Bhatnagar-roped-in-for-Aamir-Khan-starrer-Dangal|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|title=Kids Zarina Wasim and Suhani Bhatnagar roped in for Aamir Khan starrer Dangal|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dangal/ |title=Dangal|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=bollywoodhungama.com|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

==See also==

* [[List of Bollywood films of 2017]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2015]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Portal bar|Bollywood}}

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{2016 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|2016]]
[[Category:Lists of 2016 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cinema|Bollywood]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films|*]]

Basanti (community development block)

2026-03-02T16:38:50Z

JAY JADABA: small changes

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Basanti
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Basanti in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Basanti community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1983|N|88.7139|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Canning subdivision|Canning]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sonakhali, Basanti|Sonakhali]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Amjhara, Basanti, Bharatgarh, Charabidya, Chunakhali, Foolmalancha, Jharkhali, Jyotishpur, Kanthalberia, Maszidbati, Nafarganj, Ramchandrakhali, Uttar Mokamberia
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]], [[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 404.21
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 336,717
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 6,625
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 68.32 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 966 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Basanti''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Canning subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Basanti CD block is located at {{coord|22.1983|N|88.7139|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|6|m}}.

Basanti CD block is bounded by [[Canning II]] CD block in the north, [[Sandeshkhali II]] CD block in [[North 24 Parganas district]] and [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]] CD block in parts of the east, [[Sundarbans]] forests in parts of the east and south, [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]] and [[Canning I]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[Monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Basanti CD block has an area of 404.21 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 133 gram sansads (village councils), 67 [[mouza]]s and 65 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'' for South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas#Police station|Basanti]] and [[Jharkhali#Police station|Jharkhali Coastal]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Sonakhali, Basanti|Sonakhali]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Basanti CD block has 198.723 km of embankments. Breaches in these embankments varied from 6.6 km in 2002-03 to 42.3 km in 2006-07. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges. Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates. Crude cuts in embankments for drainage of accumulated rain water and channels built for providing water to large fisheries ({{transliteration|bn|bheris}}) also add to the hazards. Cyclones and tropical depressions are regular threats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218-221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram Panchayat]]s of Basanti CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Amjhara, Basanti, Bharatgarh, Charabidya, Chunakhali, Foolmalancha, Jharkhali, Jyotishpur, Kanthalberia, Maszidbati, Nafarganj, Ramchandrakhali and Uttar Mokamberia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]], Basanti CD block had a total population of 336,717, of which 330,092 were rural and 6,625 were urban. There were 171,279 (51%) males and 165,438 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 50,770. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 119,631 (35.53%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 20,060 (5.96%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 April 2016}}</ref>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Basanti CD block had a total population of 278,543, out of which 142,487 were males and 136,056 were females. Basanti CD block registered a population growth of 22.72 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 112,246 formed more than one-third the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 21,020.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]] in Basanti CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]] (6,625).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Basanti CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Kumarkhali (12,021), Char Bidyarabad (13,035), Chunakhali (9,241), Baria (4,883), Purba Bayar Siong (4,538), Sachea Khali (4,372), Manasakhali (5,019), Lebukhali (6,973), Chitrakhali (7,208), Narayantala (5,416), [[Bhangonkhali]] (15,127), Phul Malancha (14,614), Tilkumar (8,913), Khari Machan (5,704), Dhuri (9,411), Amjhara (6,179), Kathalberia (14,113), [[Sonakhali, Basanti|Sonakhali]] (10,582), Uttar Sonakhali (6,202), Khirishkhali (4,800), Ramchandrakhali (7,849), Kala Hazra (4,626), Hogalduri (4,862), Gadkhali (4,685), Jyotishpur (4,833), Radharanipur (4,976), Hiranmoypur (6,562), Bharatgar (6,413), Dakshin Mokamberia (5,160), Kalidanga (4,134), Parbattipur (4,048), Lot No. 126 (15,695), Goran Bose (12,642) and Birinchibari (5,652).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Basanti CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Nafarganj (3,744) and Uttar Mokamberia (3,446).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Basanti CD block was 195,336 (68.31% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 110,229 (75.75% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 85,137 (60.62% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 15.13%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per [[2001 Census of India]], Basanti CD block had a total literacy of 56.98 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 68.95 per cent female literacy was 44.33 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas]] district had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Basanti CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.37 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.60 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.37% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.60% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Basanti CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|53.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|43.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.28}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 179,715 and formed 53.48% of the population in Basanti CD block. Muslims numbered 151,101 and formed 43.87% of the population. Others numbered 8,901 and formed 2.65% of the population. Amongst the others, Christians numbered 7,693.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus made up 56.23% of the population, while Muslims and Christians were 41.18% and 2.50% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Basanti CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 64.89%. Basanti is one of the poorest CD blocks in the whole country. Within South 24 Parganas district, the poverty ratio in Basanti was ten times more than that in [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] CD block. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Basanti CD block'''
|value1 = 18.48
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 47.03
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 10.43
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 24.06
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Basanti CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 24,402 and formed 18.48%, agricultural labourers numbered 62,012 and formed 47.03%, household industry workers numbered 13,772 and formed 10.43% and other workers numbered 31,768 and formed 24.06%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 132,044 and formed 39.22% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 204,673 and formed 60.78% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69 , Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 64 inhabited villages in Basantii CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 64 villages (100%) have drinking water supply. 33 villages (51.56%) have post offices. 60 villages (93.75%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 32 villages (50.00%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 35 villages (54.69%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 6 villages (9.38%) have agricultural credit societies and 9 villages (14.06%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Basanti CD block 10,057.41 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 5,538.93 acres or 55.07% of the vested land was distributed amongst the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 9,397.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 97 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 63 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Basanti CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Basanti CD block produced 80,644 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 34,705 hectares, 1,907 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 533 hectares, 437 tonnes of wheat from 148 hectares, 148 tonnes of jute from 7 hectare. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Basanti CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 2,115 hectares, engaging 22,718 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 106,166 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76 , Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Basanti CD block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Basanti CD block has 10 ferry services, 6 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 16 km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Basanti CD block had 158 primary schools with 24,185 students, 26 middle schools with 4,973 students, 6 high schools with 2,199 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 16,874 students. Basanti CD block had 1 general degree college with 814 students and 655 institutions for special and non-formal education with 29,619 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Basanti CD block, amongst the 64 inhabited villages, 1 village did not have a school, 55 villages had two or more primary schools, 41 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Sukanta College]] was established at [[Bhangonkhali]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sukantacollege.org/ |title = Sukanta College |publisher= SC | access-date = 30 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Certain areas of [[South 24 Parganas]] district have been identified where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic Contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study) | access-date = 2011-09-28 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002957/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb4.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> High levels of arsenic in ground water were found in twelve CD blocks of the district. Water samples collected from tubewells in the affected places contained arsenic above the normal level (10 micrograms per litre as specified by the [[World Health Organization]]). The affected CD blocks are [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Bhangar I]], [[Bhangar II]], [[Bishnupur I]], [[Bishnupur II]], Basanti, [[Budge Budge II]], [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Magrahat II]] and [[Jaynagar I]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|title=High arsenic levels in South
|access-date=2011-09-28
|publisher= The Statesman, 24 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091658/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=183781&usrsess=1
|archive-date=2007-09-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 2014, Basanti CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centre and 5 NGO/ private nursing homes with total 80 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 63 family welfare subcentres. 1,925 patients were treated indoor and 75,231 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Basanti CD block, 4 villages had primary health centres, 35 villages had primary health subcentres, 5 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 17 villages had medicine shops and out of the 64 inhabited villages 13 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Basanti Rural Hospital at [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]], with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in Basanti CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Mahespur (PO Bharadwazpur) (with 6 beds), Kanthalberia (with 10 beds) and Herobhanga-Jharkhali (PO [[Jharkhali|Jharkhali Bazar]]) (with 6 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]

2024 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2026-02-27T08:54:39Z

JAY JADABA:

{{Short description|2024 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = 1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Opinion polls
| turnout = 64.1% ({{decrease}} 1.02 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Bishnu Pada Ray, MP of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, addressing at the inauguration of the Public Information Campaign, at Ferrargunj, South Andaman on January 03, 2016.jpg|bSize=400|cWidth=110|cHeight=120|oLeft=225|oTop=50}}
| leader1 = '''[[Bishnu Pada Ray]]'''
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| leader_since1 = 2024
| leaders_seat1 = '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]'''
| last_election1 = 45.30%, 0 seat

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg|bSize=140|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2019
| leaders_seat2 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (lost)
| last_election2 = 45.98%, 1 seat
| seats_before2 =
| seats_before1 = 
| map_image = 2024 Lok Sabha Andaman and Nicobar Islands Result Map.svg
| map_caption = Result Map of the 2024 general election in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| image1_size = 115px
| map_size = 200px
| seats1 = '''1'''
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 1
| swing1 = {{increase}} 5.29 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote1 = '''102,182'''
| percentage1 = '''50.59%'''
| popular_vote2 = 77,829
| percentage2 = 38.53%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 7.45 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held on 19 April 2024 in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to elect the 1 member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]]. BJP candidate [[Bishnu Pada Ray]] won the only seat by defeating Congress's [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]

== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
! rowspan="2" | Poll event
! Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" | I
|-
! Notification date
| 20 March 2024
|-
! Last date for filing nomination
| 27 March 2024
|-
! Scrutiny of nomination
| 28 March 2024
|-
! Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
| 30 March 2024
|-
! Date of poll
| '''19 April 2024'''
|-
! Date of counting of votes/Result
| '''4 June 2024'''
|-
! '''''No. of constituencies'''''
| 1
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| 1
|}

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{Party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| 1
|}

=== Others ===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| Arun Kumar Mallik
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px|centre]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px|centre]]
| D. Ayyappan
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
| V. S. Baskaran
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
| [[File:SUCI flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery Torch.svg|50px]]
| Salman Mustafa Mondal
| 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Other}}
| Andaman Nicobar Democratic Congress
|
| Coconut Farm
| Manoj Paul
| 1
|-
!
! colspan=4 | '''Total'''
! 5
|}

== Candidates ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Constituency
| colspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| colspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|
| colspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Other}}|
|-
! colspan=3 | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan=3 | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
! colspan=3 | Others
|-
! rowspan=3 | 1
| rowspan=3 | [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| rowspan=3 {{party color cell| Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan=3 | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| K. J. B. Selvaraj
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| Arun Kumar Mallik
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| D. Ayyappan
|}

== Surveys and polls ==

=== Opinion polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1)}}

=== Exit polls ===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}

== Results ==

=== Results by party and alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
| style="background:#fef3e8" | '''[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]'''
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,02,182
| 52.17%
| {{increase}}6.79%
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 77,829
| 38.53%
| {{decrease}}7.44%
| 1
| 0
| {{decrease}}1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan=3 | [[2024 Indian general election in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Others|Others]]
| 16,255
| 8.03%
|
| 5
|
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan=3 | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 3,974
| 1.96%
|
| 5
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="Black" |
| colspan=3 | [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| 1089
| 0.89%
|
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 202,514
! 100%
! -
! 12
! 1
! -
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" | Turnout
! colspan="7" | Winner
! colspan="7" | Runner-up
! rowspan="2" | Margin
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Candidate
! Votes
! %
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan="2" | Alliance
! Candidate
! Votes
! %
|-
! 1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 64.10%
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| 1,02,182
| 52.17%
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| 77,829
| 38.53%
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" | 24,396
|}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in Assam]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Andaman and Nicobar Islands elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:2020s in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

1992 Cricket World Cup

2026-02-26T14:32:12Z

JAY JADABA: basic updated page and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Cricket World Cup}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1992 Cricket World Cup
| image = World Cup 1992 logo.svg
| imagesize =
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = {{ubl|Australia|New Zealand}}
| fromdate = 22 February
| todate = 25 March 1992
| champions = {{cr|PAK}}
| count = 1
| runner up = {{cr|ENG}}
| participants = 9
| matches = 39
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{cricon|NZL}} [[Martin Crowe]]
| most runs = {{cricon|NZL}} [[Martin Crowe]] (456)
| most wickets = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Wasim Akram]] (18)
| previous_year = 1987
| previous_tournament = 1987 Cricket World Cup
| next_year = 1996
| next_tournament = 1996 Cricket World Cup
}}
The '''1992 Cricket World Cup''' (known as the '''Benson & Hedges World Cup 1992''' for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth [[Cricket World Cup]], the premier [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] tournament for men's national teams, organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). It was held in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] from 22 February to 25 March 1992, and finished with [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] beating [[England cricket team|England]] by 22 runs in the final to become the World Cup champions for the first time. The tournament is remembered for the controversial "rain rule".<ref>{{cite news |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |title=Were South Africa really unlucky in the 1992 World Cup? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sidharth-monga-were-south-africa-really-unlucky-in-the-1992-world-cup-1219634 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 March 2020 |access-date=8 November 2022 }}</ref>

==Host selection==
Australia and New Zealand were awarded the hosting rights in January 1989, defeating a joint India-Pakistan bid after those two nations had hosted the preceding 1987 World Cup.<ref name=ct>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/120906726|title=S. African saga not complete|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=26 January 1989}}</ref> The Australia–New Zealand bid proposed that the tournament be held in February and March 1992, at the end of the local cricket season, while the India–Pakistan bid would have seen the tournament held in late 1991.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/120906089|title=Promising bid for World Cup|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=23 January 1989}}</ref> The seven full members of the ICC were given two votes each in the ballot, while the 18 associate members were given one vote each.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102017428|title=Neighbours to bid for Cup|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=26 October 1988}}</ref> The results of the ballot were not released, but the winning bid reportedly enjoyed strong support from the ICC associate members.<ref name=ct/>

==Firsts==
The 1992 World Cup was the first to feature coloured player clothing, white cricket balls and black sight screens, with a number of matches being played under floodlights.<ref name="CricInfo Rain">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=Ruling an impossible target |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 March 2007 |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/285564.html |access-date=28 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325082314/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/285564.html |archive-date=25 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also the first Cricket World Cup to be held in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first to include [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], who had been allowed to re-join the [[International Cricket Council]] as a Test-playing nation [[Apartheid|after the end of apartheid in 1990]]. For the first time, the World Cup was not held after a four-year gap, but after a five-year gap.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishal|first=R.|date=31 January 2015|title=Benson & Hedges World Cup 1991: Pakistan's fairytale & 5 other top Highlights|url=https://www.india.com/viral/benson-hedges-world-cup-1992-pakistans-fairytale-5-other-top-highlights-266628/|access-date=6 November 2020|website=[[India.com]]}}</ref>

==Format==
The format was changed from previous tournaments, with a complete [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] replacing the former two qualifying groups. The initial draw was released with eight competing countries and 28 round-robin matches, plus two semi-finals and a final. In late 1991, [[South Africa]] were re-admitted to the [[International Cricket Council]] after 21 years of exclusion due to [[apartheid]], and the draw was amended to include them, adding another eight matches to the round-robin.

The rule for calculating the target score for the team batting second in rain-affected matches was also changed. The previous rule (the [[Average Run Rate method]]) simply multiplied the run rate of the team batting first by the number of overs available to the team batting second, but this rule had been deemed to give an unfair advantage to the team batting second.

In an attempt to rectify this, the target score would now be calculated by the [[Most Productive Overs method]]. In this system, if the team batting second had 44 overs available, their target score would be one greater than the 44 highest scoring overs of the team batting first.

While the reasoning behind the system seemed plausible, the timing of rain interruptions remained problematic: as the semi-final between [[England]] and South Africa demonstrated, where a difficult but eminently reachable 23 runs off 13 balls was reduced to 23 runs off 7 (the least productive over, a maiden, being deducted) and finally, a preposterous 22 off 1 ball (the next least productive over having given 1 run). It was seen that, if the interruption came during the second innings, the side batting second was at a significant disadvantage – one which was only overcome once, in fact, in England's group-stage victory over South Africa. The farcical end to the semi-final led to the creation of the [[Duckworth-Lewis method]].

==Teams==
The 1992 World Cup featured the seven [[Test cricket|Test]] teams at that time.

For the first time, South Africa competed as the eighth full member of the ICC, and would play their first Test in 22 years in the [[West Indies]] a month after the World Cup. [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] appeared for the third time, having qualified by winning the [[1990 ICC Trophy]] defeating the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] in the final for the second time. Zimbabwe would gain full member status following the tournament and play their first Test match later in 1992. Teams who entered were:<ref>{{cite web |title=Captains of 1992 Cricket World Cup |url=http://shugalmelaa.blogspot.com/2011/02/world-cup-captains-1992.html |date=6 February 2011 |access-date= 8 June 2011 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Full Members
|-
|style="width:150px"|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|-
|{{cr|IND}}
|-
|{{cr|NZL}}
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|-
|{{cr|RSA|1982}}
|-
|{{cr|SRI}}
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|-
!Associate Member
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|}

==Venues==

===Australia===

{{Location map+|Australia|width=300|float=right|caption=Venues in Australia|places=
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|31|57|S|115|52|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Perth]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|37|49|S|144|59|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Melbourne]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|33|53|S|151|13|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Sydney]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|42|52|S|147|22|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Hobart]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|21|8|S|149|11|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|27|29|S|153|2|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Brisbane]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|34|54|S|138|35|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Adelaide]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|37|33|S|143|51|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Ballarat]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|35|19|S|149|8|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Canberra]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|34|17|S|140|36|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Berri, South Australia|Berri]]}}
{{Location map~|Australia|coordinates={{coord|36|5|S|146|55|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Albury]]}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Venue!!City!!State/territory!!Number of matches!!Matches
|-
|[[Adelaide Oval]]||[[Adelaide]]||[[South Australia]]||3||Round robin
|-
|[[Lavington Sports Oval]]||[[Albury]]||[[New South Wales]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Eastern Oval]]||[[Ballarat]]||[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Berri Oval]]||[[Berri, South Australia|Berri]]||[[South Australia]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[The Gabba]]||[[Brisbane]]||[[Queensland]]||3||Round robin
|-
|[[Manuka Oval]]||[[Canberra]]||[[Australian Capital Territory]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Bellerive Oval]]||[[Hobart]]||[[Tasmania]]||2||Round robin
|-
|[[Ray Mitchell Oval]]||[[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]||[[Queensland]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]||[[Melbourne]]||[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]||5||Round robin, Final
|-
|[[WACA Ground]]||[[Perth]]||[[Western Australia]]||3||Round robin
|-
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground]]||[[Sydney]]||[[New South Wales]]||4||Round robin, 2nd semi-final
|}

===New Zealand===

{{Location map+|New Zealand|width=200|float=right|caption=Venues in New Zealand|places=
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|36|52|S|174|44|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Auckland]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|43|42|S|172|39|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Christchurch]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|45|53|S|170|29|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Dunedin]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|37|47|S|175|16|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|39|30|S|176|54|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|39|4|S|174|5|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[New Plymouth]]}}
{{Location map~|New Zealand|coordinates={{coord|41|18|S|174|46|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Wellington]]}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Venue!!City!!Region!!Number of matches!!Matches
|-
|[[Eden Park]]||[[Auckland]]||[[Auckland Region|Auckland]]||4||Round robin, 1st semi-final
|-
|[[Lancaster Park]]||[[Christchurch]]||[[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]]||2||Round robin
|-
|[[Carisbrook]]||[[Dunedin]]||[[Otago]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Seddon Park]]||[[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]||[[Waikato]]||2||Round robin
|-
|[[McLean Park]]||[[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]||[[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Pukekura Park]]||[[New Plymouth]]||[[Taranaki]]||1||Round robin
|-
|[[Basin Reserve]]||[[Wellington]]||[[Wellington Region|Wellington]]||3||Round robin
|}

==Officials==

===Umpires===

Eleven umpires were selected to officiate at the World Cup: two from each of the host nations and one from each of the other participating nations.

West Indies' [[Steve Bucknor]] and England's [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] were chosen as the umpires for the first semi-final,<ref name="semifinal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65154.html |title=1st SF: New Zealand v Pakistan at Auckland, Mar 21, 1992 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> while New Zealand's [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and Australia's [[Steve Randell]] were chosen for the second.<ref name="semifinal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65155.html |title=2nd SF: England v South Africa at Sydney, Mar 22, 1992 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> Bucknor and Aldridge were chosen for the final.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65156.html |title=Final: England v Pakistan at Melbourne, Mar 25, 1992 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Umpire
!Country
!Matches
|-
| [[Steve Bucknor]]
| {{Flag|West Indies}}
| 9
|-
| [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]]
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| 9
|-
| [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| {{Flag|England}}
| 8
|-
| [[Steve Randell]]
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| 8
|-
| [[Khizer Hayat]]
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| 7
|-
| [[Piloo Reporter]]
| {{Flag|India}}
| 7
|-
| [[Dooland Buultjens]]
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| 6
|-
| [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]]
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| 6
|-
| [[Steve Woodward]]
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| 6
|-
| [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| 6
|-
| [[Karl Liebenberg]]
| {{Flag|Union of South Africa|name=South Africa}}
| 6
|}

===Match referees===

Two [[match referee]]s were also selected to supervise the semi-finals and final. Australia's [[Peter Burge (cricketer)|Peter Burge]] supervised the first semi-final and the final,<ref name="semifinal1"/><ref name="final"/> while New Zealand's [[Frank Cameron]] supervised the second semi-final.<ref name="semifinal2"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Referee
!Country
!Matches
|-
| [[Peter Burge (cricketer)|Peter Burge]]
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| 2
|-
| [[Frank Cameron]]
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| 1
|}

==Squads==

{{Main|1992 Cricket World Cup squads}}

==Round-robin stage==

{{main|1992 Cricket World Cup round-robin stage}}
Co-hosts [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] proved the surprise package of the tournament, winning their first seven consecutive games to finish on top of the table after the round-robin. The other hosts, [[Australia]], one of the pre-tournament favourites lost their first two matches. They recovered somewhat to win four of the remaining six, but narrowly missed out on the semi-finals. The [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] also finished with a 4–4 record, but were just behind Australia on run-rate. [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] made a triumphant return to international cricket with a win over Australia at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] in their first match. They and [[England cricket team|England]] had solid campaigns and easily qualified for the semis, despite upset losses to [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] respectively. [[India national cricket team|India]] had a disappointing tournament and never looked likely to progress beyond the round-robin. Sri Lanka were still establishing themselves at the highest level and beat only Zimbabwe (who did not yet have Test status) and South Africa.

New Zealand were defeated only twice in the tournament. Both losses were to champions [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], once in the group stage and the second in the semi-final.

===Points table===
{{1992 Cricket World Cup points table}}
===Tournament progression===
{{stack begin|float=left|clear=true}}
{| class="wikitable" style="border:none"
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width:150px;vertical-align:center;border-right:2px solid black"| Team
!colspan="8" style="border-right:2px solid black"| Round-robin stage
!colspan="2"| Knockout
|-
!style="width:24px"| 1 !!style="width:24px"| 2 !!style="width:24px"| 3 !!style="width:24px"| 4 !!style="width:24px"| 5 !!style="width:24px"| 6 !!style="width:24px"| 7 !!style="width:24px;border-right:2px solid black"| 8 !!style="width:24px"| SF !!style="width:24px"| F
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|AUS}}
| {{nom|[[#match1|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match6|0]]}}
| {{won|[[#match12|2]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match18|2]]}}
| {{won|[[#match20|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match26|4]]}}
| {{won|[[#match30|6]]}}
| {{won|[[#match36|8]]|style=border-right:2px solid black;}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{won|[[#match2|2]]}}
| {{won|[[#match8|4]]}}
| {{no result|[[#match13|5]]}}
| {{won|[[#match18|7]]}}
| {{won|[[#match23|9]]}}
| {{won|[[#match28|11]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match31|11]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match35|11]]|style=border-right:2px solid black;}}
| {{won|[[#match38|W]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match39|L]]}}
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|IND}}
| {{nom|[[#match2|0]]}}
| {{no result|[[#match9|1]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match12|1]]}}
| {{won|[[#match16|3]]}}
| {{won|[[#match19|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match24|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match27|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match32|5]]|style=border-right:2px solid black;}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|NZL}}
| {{won|[[#match1|2]]}}
| {{won|[[#match5|4]]}}
| {{won|[[#match10|6]]}}
| {{won|[[#match15|8]]}}
| {{won|[[#match21|10]]}}
| {{won|[[#match27|12]]}}
| {{won|[[#match31|14]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match34|14]]|style=border-right:2px solid black}}
| {{nom|[[#match37|L]]}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|PAK}}
| {{nom|[[#match4|0]]}}
| {{won|[[#match7|2]]}}
| {{no result|[[#match13|3]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match16|3]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match22|3]]}}
| {{won|[[#match26|5]]}}
| {{won|[[#match33|7]]}}
| {{won|[[#match34|9]]|style=border-right:2px solid black}}
| {{won|[[#match37|W]]}}
| {{won|[[#match39|W]]}}
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|RSA|1982}}
| {{won|[[#match6|2]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match10|2]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match14|2]]}}
| {{won|[[#match17|4]]}}
| {{won|[[#match22|6]]}}
| {{won|[[#match25|8]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match28|8]]}}
| {{won|[[#match32|10]]|style=border-right:2px solid black}}
| {{nom|[[#match38|L]]}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{won|[[#match3|2]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match5|2]]}}
| {{no result|[[#match9|3]]}}
| {{won|[[#match14|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match20|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match23|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match29|5]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match33|5]]|style=border-right:2px solid black}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{won|[[#match4|2]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match8|2]]}}
| {{won|[[#match11|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match17|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match21|4]]}}
| {{won|[[#match24|6]]}}
| {{won|[[#match29|8]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match36|8]]|style=border-right:2px solid black}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|-
!style="text-align:left;border-right:2px solid black"| {{cr|ZIM}}
| {{nom|[[#match3|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match7|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match11|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match15|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match19|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match25|0]]}}
| {{nom|[[#match30|0]]}}
| {{won|[[#match35|2]]|style=border-right:2px solid black;}}
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
!style="background:#dcdcdc"|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 0 5px;width:180px"
| {{won|Won}}
| {{nom|Lost}}
| {{no result}}
|}
:{{resize|'''Note''': The total points at the end of each group match are listed.}}
:{{resize|'''Note''': Click on the points (group matches) or W/L (knockout) to see the match summary.}}
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

===Results===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 February 1992 {{anchor|match1}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 248/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 211 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Martin Crowe]] 100* (134)
| wickets1 = [[Craig McDermott]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Boon]] 100 (133)
| wickets2 = [[Gavin Larsen]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 37 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65118.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Martin Crowe]] (NZ)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 February 1992 {{anchor|match2}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 236/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 227 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Robin Smith (cricketer)|Robin Smith]] 91 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 57 (112)
| wickets2 = [[Dermot Reeve]] 3/38 (6 overs)
| result = England won by 9 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65119.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Dooland Buultjens]] and [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]]
| motm = [[Ian Botham]] (Eng)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 February 1992 {{anchor|match3}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 312/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 313/7 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Andy Flower]] 115* (152)
| wickets1 = [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] 2/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 88* (61)
| wickets2 = [[Eddo Brandes]] 3/70 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65120.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pukekura Park]], [[New Plymouth]]
| umpires = [[Piloo Reporter]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Andy Flower]] (Zim)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 February 1992 {{anchor|match4}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 220/2 (50 overs)
| score2 = 221/0 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Rameez Raja]] 102* (158)
| wickets1 = [[Roger Harper]] 1/33 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Desmond Haynes]] 93* (144)
| wickets2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 0/37 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65121.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Steve Randell]] and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| motm = [[Brian Lara]] (WI)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 February 1992 {{anchor|match5}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 206/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 210/4 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Roshan Mahanama]] 80 (131)
| wickets1 = [[Willie Watson (New Zealand cricketer)|Willie Watson]] 3/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] 65* (71)
| wickets2 = [[Ruwan Kalpage]] 2/33 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65122.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]
| umpires = [[Piloo Reporter]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] (NZ)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 February 1992 {{anchor|match6}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 170/9 (49 overs)
| score2 = 171/1 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1982}}
| runs1 = [[David Boon]] 27 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Allan Donald]] 3/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 81* (148)
| wickets2 = [[Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer)|Peter Taylor]] 1/32 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65123.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Steve Bucknor]]
| motm = [[Kepler Wessels]] (SA)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 February 1992 {{anchor|match7}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 254/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 201/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Aamir Sohail]] 114 (136)
| wickets1 = [[Iain Butchart]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andy Waller]] 44 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 3/21 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 53 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65124.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Dooland Buultjens]] and [[Steve Randell]]
| motm = [[Aamir Sohail]] (Pak)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 February 1992 {{anchor|match8}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 157 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 160/4 (39.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Keith Arthurton]] 54 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]] 3/30 (8.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graham Gooch]] 65 (101)
| wickets2 = [[Winston Benjamin]] 2/22 (9.5 overs)
| result = England won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65125.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]] (Eng)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 February 1992 {{anchor|match9}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 1/0 (0.2 overs)
| score2 =
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65126.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Ray Mitchell Oval]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]]
| umpires = [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm =
| rain = The match was initially reduced to 20 overs a side due to rain. A helicopter was used to dry the pitch but as play began, it rained again and the match was abandoned.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 February 1992 {{anchor|match10}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1982}}
| score1 = 190/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 191/3 (34.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 90 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Willie Watson (New Zealand cricketer)|Willie Watson]] 2/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mark Greatbatch]] 68 (60)
| wickets2 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 1/22 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65127.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Piloo Reporter]]
| motm = [[Mark Greatbatch]] (NZ)
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 February 1992 {{anchor|match11}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 264/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Brian Lara]] 72 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Eddo Brandes]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ali Shah (cricketer)|Ali Shah]] 60* (87)
| wickets2 = [[Winston Benjamin]] 3/27 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 75 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65128.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Brian Lara]] (WI)
| notes = West Indies and Zimbabwe would next play in Brisbane in [[2000–01 Australia Tri-Nation Series|2001]]
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 1992 {{anchor|match12}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 237/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 234 (47 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]] 90 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Kapil Dev]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammed Azharuddin]] 93 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Tom Moody]] 3/56 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 1 run (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65129.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| motm = [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]] (Aus)
| rain = Rain interrupted play after 16.2 overs in the Indian innings (45/1). India's target recalculated to 236 off 47 overs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 March 1992 {{anchor|match13}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 74 (40.2 overs)
| score2 = 24/1 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Saleem Malik]] 17 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Derek Pringle]] 3/8 (8.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ian Botham]] 6* (22)
| wickets2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 1/7 (3 overs)
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65130.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]]
| motm =
| rain = Rain commenced at lunch with England 17/1 after six overs. Only two further overs were possible after lunch, with England chasing a revised target of 64 off 16 overs and then 63 off 15 overs. With fewer than 15 overs being batted by England, no result was declared.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 March 1992 {{anchor|match14}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1982}}
| score1 = 195 (50 overs)
| score2 = 198/7 (49.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 47 (81)
| wickets1 = [[Don Anurasiri]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roshan Mahanama]] 68 (121)
| wickets2 = [[Allan Donald]] 3/42 (9.5 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65131.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] (SL)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 1992 {{anchor|match15}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 162/3 (20.5 overs)
| score2 = 105/7 (18 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Martin Crowe]] 74* (43)
| wickets1 = [[Kevin Duers]] 1/17 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andy Flower]] 30 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] 3/15 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 48 runs (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65132.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Dooland Buultjens]]
| motm = [[Martin Crowe]] (NZ)
| rain = New Zealand innings interrupted at 9/1 (2.1 overs). Match reduced to 35 overs per side. Further interruption at 52/2 (11.2 ov). Match reduced to 24 overs per side. Innings ended by a third interruption after 20.5 overs. Zimbabwe set a target of 154 from 18 overs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 1992 {{anchor|match16}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 216/7 (49 overs)
| score2 = 173 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 54* (62)
| wickets1 = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 3/59 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aamir Sohail]] 62 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/22 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 43 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65133.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| rain = Match reduced to 49 overs per side due to a slow [[over rate]] by Pakistan.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 March 1992 {{anchor|match17}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1982}}
| score1 = 200/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 56 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Malcolm Marshall]] 2/26 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gus Logie]] 61 (69)
| wickets2 = [[Meyrick Pringle]] 4/11 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 64 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65134.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Steve Randell]]
| motm = [[Meyrick Pringle]] (SA)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 March 1992 {{anchor|match18}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 171 (49 overs)
| score2 = 173/2 (40.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Tom Moody]] 51 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Ian Botham]] 4/31 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graham Gooch]] 58 (112)
| wickets2 = [[Mike Whitney]] 1/28 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65135.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm = [[Ian Botham]] (Eng)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 March 1992 {{anchor|match19}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 203/7 (32 overs)
| score2 = 104/1 (19.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 81 (77)
| wickets1 = [[John Traicos]] 3/35 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andy Flower]] 43 (56)
| wickets2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 1/35 (6 overs)
| result = India won by 55 runs (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65136.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]]
| umpires = [[Dooland Buultjens]] and [[Steve Randell]]
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| rain = After rain forced the game of 32 overs per side, Rain came again at 19.1 over in ZIM Innings thus target was recalculated to 159 runs in the 19 overs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 March 1992 {{anchor|match20}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 189/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 190/3 (44 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Aravinda de Silva]] 62 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer)|Peter Taylor]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Geoff Marsh]] 60 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] 2/29 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65137.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Piloo Reporter]] and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| motm = [[Tom Moody]] (Aus)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 March 1992 {{anchor|match21}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 203/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 206/5 (48.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Brian Lara]] 52 (81)
| wickets1 = [[Gavin Larsen]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Martin Crowe]] 81* (81)
| wickets2 = [[Winston Benjamin]] 2/34 (9.3 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65138.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]]
| motm = [[Martin Crowe]] (NZ)
| rain =
| notes = This was [[Malcolm Marshall]]'s last ODI.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 March 1992 {{anchor|match22}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1982}}
| score1 = 211/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 173/8 (36 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]] 54 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Imran Khan]] 2/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 48 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Adrian Kuiper]] 3/40 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 20 runs (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65139.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Steve Bucknor]]
| motm = [[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]] (SA)
| rain = When Pakistan was 74/2 after 21.3 overs, rain halted the play for an hour and the target was revised to 194 in 36 overs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 March 1992 {{anchor|match23}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 280/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 174 (44 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Neil Fairbrother]] 63 (70)
| wickets1 = [[Asanka Gurusinha]] 2/67 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] 36 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]] 4/30 (8 overs)
| result = England won by 106 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65140.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eastern Oval]], [[Ballarat]]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[Piloo Reporter]]
| motm = [[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]] (Eng)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 March 1992 {{anchor|match24}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 197 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 195/5 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Mohammed Azharuddin]] 61 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Anderson Cummins]] 4/33 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Keith Arthurton]] 58 (99)
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/23 (9 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 5 wickets (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65141.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]]
| umpires = [[Steve Randell]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Anderson Cummins]] (WI)
| rain = Rain came in 11th over of WI's Innings and the Revised Target became 195 in 46 Overs
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 March 1992 {{anchor|match25}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 163 (48.3 overs)
| score2 = 164/3 (45.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1982}}
| runs1 = [[Eddo Brandes]] 20 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 3/31 (5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 70 (137)
| wickets2 = [[Malcolm Jarvis]] 1/23 (9 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65142.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Peter Kirsten]] (SA)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 March 1992 {{anchor|match26}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 220/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 172 (45.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Aamir Sohail]] 76 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Steve Waugh]] 3/36 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dean Jones (cricketer)|Dean Jones]] 47 (79)
| wickets2 = [[Aaqib Javed]] 3/21 (8 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 48 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65143.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Piloo Reporter]]
| motm = [[Aamir Sohail]] (Pak)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 1992 {{anchor|match27}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 230/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 231/6 (47.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 84 (107)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] 3/55 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mark Greatbatch]] 73 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65144.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Carisbrook]], [[Dunedin]]
| umpires = [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]] and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| motm = [[Mark Greatbatch]] (NZ)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 1992 {{anchor|match28}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA|1982}}
| score1 = 236/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 226/7 (40.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Kepler Wessels]] 85 (126)
| wickets1 = [[Graeme Hick]] 2/44 (8.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Alec Stewart]] 77 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Richard Snell (cricketer)|Richard Snell]] 3/42 (7.5 overs)
| result = England won by 3 wickets (revised target)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65145.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Dooland Buultjens]]
| motm = [[Alec Stewart]] (Eng)
| rain = Rain disrupted play in England's innings for 43 minutes when they were 62/0 after 12.0 overs. The target was revised to 226 in 41 overs.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 March 1992 {{anchor|match29}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 268/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 177/9 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Phil Simmons]] 110 (125)
| wickets1 = [[Chandika Hathurusinghe]] 4/57 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Athula Samarasekera]] 40 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Carl Hooper]] 2/19 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 91 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65146.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Berri Oval]], [[Berri, South Australia|Berri]]
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] and [[Steve Woodward]]
| motm = [[Phil Simmons]] (WI)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 March 1992 {{anchor|match30}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 265/6 (46 overs)
| score2 = 137 (41.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 66* (39)
| wickets1 = [[John Traicos]] 1/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Eddo Brandes]] 23 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer)|Peter Taylor]] 2/14 (3.4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 128 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65147.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Steve Bucknor]]
| motm = [[Steve Waugh]] (Aus)
| rain = Rain stopped play with Australia 72/1 after 15 overs. Match reduced to 46 overs per side.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 March 1992 {{anchor|match31}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 200/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 201/3 (40.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Graeme Hick]] 56 (70)
| wickets1 = [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]] 2/26 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Jones (cricketer, born 1959)|Andrew Jones]] 78 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Botham]] 1/19 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 7 wickets<ref name="NZ v Eng"/>
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65148.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]]
| umpires = [[Steve Randell]] and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]]
| motm = [[Andrew Jones (cricketer, born 1959)|Andrew Jones]] (NZ)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 March 1992 {{anchor|match32}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 180/6 (30 overs)
| score2 = 181/4 (29.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1982}}
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 79 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Adrian Kuiper]] 2/28 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Peter Kirsten]] 84 (86)
| wickets2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 1/33 (5.1 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Dooland Buultjens]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm = [[Peter Kirsten]] (SA)
| rain = Rain reduced the match to 30 overs per side.
* [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] played his final ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 March 1992 {{anchor|match33}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 212/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 216/6 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Aravinda de Silva]] 43 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Javed Miandad]] 57 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Champaka Ramanayake]] 2/37 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Karl Liebenberg]] and [[Peter McConnell (umpire)|Peter McConnell]]
| motm = [[Javed Miandad]] (Pak)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 March 1992 {{anchor|match34}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 166 (48.2 overs)
| score2 = 167/3 (44.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Greatbatch]] 42 (67)
| wickets1 = [[Wasim Akram]] 4/32 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rameez Raja]] 119* (155)
| wickets2 = [[Danny Morrison (cricketer)|Danny Morrison]] 3/42 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lancaster Park]], [[Christchurch]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] and [[Steve Randell]]
| motm = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] (Pak)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 March 1992 {{anchor|match35}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 134 (46.1 overs)
| score2 = 125 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[David Houghton (cricketer)|David Houghton]] 29 (74)
| wickets1 = [[Ian Botham]] 3/23 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Alec Stewart]] 29 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Eddo Brandes]] 4/21 (10 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 9 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65152.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lavington Sports Oval]], [[Albury]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] and [[Khizer Hayat]]
| motm = [[Eddo Brandes]] (Zim)
| rain =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 March 1992 {{anchor|match36}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 216/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 159 (42.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[David Boon]] 100 (147)
| wickets1 = [[Anderson Cummins|Andy Cummins]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brian Lara]] 70 (97)
| wickets2 = [[Mike Whitney]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 57 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Piloo Reporter]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[David Boon]] (Aus)
| rain =
}}

==Knockout stage==

===Summary===

In the first semi-final, Pakistan defeated tournament favourites New Zealand in a high-scoring match to win their first semi-final in four attempts and book a place in the World Cup Final for the first time. New Zealand batted first and scored 262. Their captain Martin Crowe was injured while scoring 91, and opted to let [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] captain during Pakistan's innings rather than risk aggravating the injury, which was seen as a mistake in hindsight.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21311841/martin-crowe-1992-semi-final-heartbreak-eden-park Crowe's fatal gamble], [[ESPNcricinfo]], 30 Oct 2018</ref> When [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] came in to bat, Pakistan still needed 123 from 15 overs.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21347009/inzamam-ul-haq-chooses-big-stage-1992-world-cup Inzamam chooses the big stage], [[ESPNcricinfo]], 30 Oct 2018</ref> He smashed 60 runs in 37 balls in the chase to achieve the target with one over remaining and also won the Man of the Match award.

In the second semi-final between South Africa and England, the match ended in controversial circumstances when, after a 10-minute rain delay, the most productive overs method revised South Africa's target from 23 runs from 13 balls to an impossible 22 runs from one ball. This rule was replaced for One Day International matches in Australia after the World Cup as a result of this incident, and it was eventually superseded by the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] for the 1999 World Cup onwards. According to the late [[Bill Frindall]], had the Duckworth–Lewis method been applied at that rain interruption, the revised target would have been four runs to tie or five to win from the final ball.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/tms/6502207.stm "Stump the Bearded Wonder"], BBC Sport. 28 March 2007</ref> The Duckworth-Lewis method would also have changed the target earlier in the day, due to earlier rain interruptions.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65155.html Scorecard], [[ESPNcricinfo]]</ref>

===Bracket===
{{Round4


|21 March – [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]], New Zealand|{{cr|NZL}}|262/7|'''{{cr|PAK}}'''|'''264/6'''
|22 March – [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], Sydney, Australia|'''{{cr|ENG}}'''|'''252/6'''|{{cr|RSA|1982}}|232/6

|25 March – [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]], Australia|'''{{cr|PAK}}'''|'''249/6'''|{{cr|ENG}}|227
}}

===Semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 March 1992 {{anchor|match37}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 262/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 264/6 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Martin Crowe]] 91 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Wasim Akram]] 2/40 (10 overs) [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 2/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 60 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Willie Watson (New Zealand cricketer)|Willie Watson]] 2/39 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = Pakistan qualified for the final for the first time.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 March 1992 {{anchor|match38}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 252/6 (45 overs)
| score2 = 232/6 (43 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA|1982}}
| runs1 = [[Graeme Hick]] 83 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Meyrick Pringle]] 2/36 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Hudson (cricketer)|Andrew Hudson]] 46 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Richard Illingworth]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 19 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65155.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] (NZ) and [[Steve Randell]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Graeme Hick]] (Eng)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain interrupted play before the last ball of the 43rd over. South Africa then required 22 runs off 13 balls for victory. With 2 overs lost due to rain, the target was reduced to 21 runs from only 1 ball, using the [[Most Productive Overs method]].
* South Africa's deliberately slow over rate caused both teams to lose 5 overs in their innings.
* The SCG scoreboard and the TV coverage incorrectly displayed South Africa needing 22 off 7 balls, then 22 off 1 ball - the actual requirement to win was 21 off 1 ball
* A Duckworth/Lewis calculation under the rules in 2006 would have first set South Africa a target of 273 in 45 overs, and then reduced this to 257 from 43 overs.{{r|group=nb|r=The increased target under the [[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|Duckworth-Lewis method]] reflects the difference between England losing their final five overs - due to slow bowling by South Africa - against South Africa losing their first five overs.}}
* England qualified for the final for the third time after [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]] and [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]].
}}

===Final===
{{main|1992 Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 March 1992 {{anchor|match39}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 249/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 227 (49.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Imran Khan]] 72 (110)
| wickets1 = [[Derek Pringle]] 3/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neil Fairbrother]] 62 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 22 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65156.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Brian Aldridge (cricketer)|Brian Aldridge]] (NZ) and [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI)
| motm = [[Wasim Akram]] (Pak)
| toss= Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = This was [[Imran Khan]]'s last ODI.
}}

In a thrilling final, Pakistan beat England by 22 runs at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG). [[Derek Pringle]] took two early wickets for [[England cricket team|England]] before Imran Khan and [[Javed Miandad]] added 139 for the third wicket to steady the Pakistan innings – although both were very slow to score early on, and Imran benefited from a dropped catch just as he was trying to increase the tempo, having up to that point scored only 9 in 16 overs. He went on to score 72. At the 25 over mark, Pakistan had only scored 70, but accelerated the score to 139 by the 31st over as Javed Miandad summoned a runner, and he and Imran Khan built a steady partnership. During his innings, Imran hit a huge six off Richard Illingworth that landed far back into the members section. Imran played a captain's innings, getting a score of 72 and Miandad 58 to steady the innings, expectedly followed by an onslaught from Inzamam (42) and Wasim Akram (33) enabling Pakistan to give England a fighting target of 250.

England's start was shaky. [[Ian Botham]] was dismissed for a duck by Wasim Akram, followed by [[Alec Stewart]], Hick and Gooch, which left England tumbling at 69/4. A solid partnership of 71 between Allan Lamb and Neil Fairbrother caused Imran to give an early second spell to his main pacer Wasim Akram in the 35th over. The decision wrote the fate of the match. Two deliveries from the left arm fast bowler dismissed Allan Lamb and Chris Lewis. Soon Fairbrother was caught by [[Moin Khan]] off [[Aaqib Javed]] to seal England's fate. Imran Khan had the final say, when he had Richard Illingworth caught by [[Ramiz Raja]] off his bowling to finish the final and crown Pakistan World Champions.

This also remains as the only World Cup Final to be played during the week, being played on a Wednesday.

==Statistics==

{{main|1992 Cricket World Cup statistics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Leading run scorers
|-
! Matches !! Player !! Team !! Runs
|-
| 9 ||[[Martin Crowe]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 456
|-
| 9 ||[[Javed Miandad]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 437
|-
| 8 ||[[Peter Kirsten]] || {{cr|RSA|1982}} || 410
|-
| 8 ||[[David Boon]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 368
|-
| 8 || [[Ramiz Raja]] || {{cr|PAK}} || 349
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Leading wicket takers
|-
! Matches !! Player !! Team !!Wickets
|-
| 10 ||[[Wasim Akram]]||{{cr|PAK}} || 18
|-
| 10 ||[[Ian Botham]]||{{cr|ENG}} || 16
|-
| 9 ||[[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]]||{{cr|PAK}} || 16
|-
| 9 ||[[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]]||{{cr|NZL}} || 16
|-
| 8 ||[[Eddo Brandes]] ||{{cr|ZIM}} || 14
|}

==Tactical innovations==
A notable feature of this World Cup was the innovative tactics employed by New Zealand captain [[Martin Crowe]], who opened his team's bowling with spin bowler [[Dipak Patel (New Zealand cricketer)|Dipak Patel]], rather than with a fast bowler, as is usual practice. Another innovation was the then-unorthodox ploy of opening the batting with "[[Pinch hitter (cricket)|pinch hitters]]", such as New Zealand's [[Mark Greatbatch]].<ref name="NZ v Eng">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/-u04SkdZs5c Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140630082006/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u04SkdZs5c Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u04SkdZs5c|title=Rare: New Zealand vs England World Cup 1992 HQ Extended Highlights (15 March 1992)|date=13 March 2012|work=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[TV One (New Zealand)|TV One]]|access-date=13 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/8996320/Can-Black-Caps-recreate-the-summer-of-92|title=1992 Cricket World Cup Memories|last=Longley|first=Geoff|date=3 August 2013|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|publisher=[[Fairfax NZ News]]|access-date=13 February 2014}}</ref> These innovations reversed the immediate prior form of New Zealand who had lost 3–0 in [[English cricket team in New Zealand in 1991–92|their most recent series]] against England, with one commentator writing, "''Without a host of world-class performers, New Zealand got crafty instead''".<ref name="Stuff">{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/64120084/ken-rutherford-digs-in-on-racings-sticky-wicket |title=Ken Rutherford digs in on racing's sticky wicket |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=13 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |last=Anderson |first=Ian }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150864.html Wisden Almanack Report]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151103193726/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/SOCIETIES/ENG/ACS/LISTA_MATCH_LIST/AUS/BYSEASON/1992%2D93.html List A Limited Overs Matches played in Australia Season 1992/93]
* [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/264386.html Imran's Tigers turn the corner]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/60924.html Cricket World Cup 1992] from [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{1992 Cricket World Cup}}

[[Category:1992 Cricket World Cup| ]]
[[Category:1992 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:1992 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1991–92 to 1994]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Australia]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in New Zealand]]
[[Category:February 1992 sports events in Oceania]]
[[Category:March 1992 sports events in Oceania]]
[[Category:February 1992 sports events in Australia]]
[[Category:March 1992 sports events in Australia]]
[[Category:Australia–New Zealand sports relations]]

Colaba

2026-02-26T04:54:54Z

JAY JADABA: revise

{{For|the fort in Alibaug|Kolaba Fort}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Colaba
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kolābā
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil|Subdistrict]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.91|N|72.81|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| subdivision_name4 = 1
| subdivision_name5 = A
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400005<ref name="pcode">{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Colaba/|title=Pin code : Colaba, Mumbai
|access-date=9 February 2015|publisher=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = MH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Colaba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Colaba]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Colaba''' ({{IPA|mr|koˈlaːbaː|}}; or [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: '''Kolābā)''' is a part of the city of [[Mumbai]], India. It is one of the four peninsulas of Mumbai while the other three are [[Worli]], [[Bandra]] and [[Malabar Hill]]. During the Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Kolbhat. After the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Kolio.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Sevenislandsofbombay.png|left|120px|thumb|[[Seven Islands of Bombay|Seven Islands of Mumbai]], before reclamation]]
[[Image:Colaba Causeway construction, view from Colaba island, 1826.jpg|thumb|left|Colaba Causeway construction, view from Colaba island, 1826]]

The name Colaba comes from ''Kolabhat'', a word in the language of [[Kolis]], the indigenous inhabitants of the islands, before the arrival of the Portuguese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/printthread.php/Cat/0/Board/modEarthTourism/main/1067868/type/thread|title=Google Groups|website=bbs.keyhole.com|access-date=18 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The area that is now Colaba was originally a region consisting of two islands: Colaba and Little Colaba (or [[Old Woman's Island]]). The island of Colaba was one of the [[Seven Islands of Bombay|Seven Islands of Mumbai]], ruled by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]].

The Portuguese had acquired these lands from the [[Cambay State|Sultanate of Cambay]] by the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Vasai (1534)]]. The group of islands was given by Portugal to [[Charles II of England]] as a dowry when he married [[Catherine of Braganza]] in 1661. The cession of Mumbai and dependencies was strongly resented by Portuguese officials in [[Goa]] and Mumbai, who resisted the transfer of possession for several years, while the English representatives were confined to the island of [[Anjediva]] while negotiations continued. Angered by the back-tracking, Charles II leased these lands to the [[British East India Company]] for a nominal annual rent. [[Gerald Aungier]], the second Governor (1672), and the president of the English settlement of [[Surat]], took possession of the Colaba and [[Old Woman's Island]] on behalf of the Company in 1675.

Portugal continued to hold Little Colaba island for several decades more before ceding it to the English in about 1762, subject to the retention of Portuguese ownership of a house on the island, that is now the Blessed Sacrament Chapel in Middle Colaba. This was leased by the Portuguese Government of Goa to the [[Bishop of Damao]], the head of the [[Padroado]] party in Mumbai, as his residence. After an attempt by the [[Propaganda Fide]] party to seize the chapel, a court ruled that the house remained the property of the Government of Portugal and evicted the Propaganda Fide party.

[[File:Bombay 1909.jpg|left|upright=0.6|thumb|[[South Mumbai|Old Mumbai]], 1909]][[File:BombayReclamation 1911.jpg|left|140px|thumb|Ambitious reclamation plans from 1912 have been only partly realised.]]
[[File:Colaba Chapel, Bombay (Clutterbuck, p. 173) - Copy.jpg|thumb|upright|Colaba Chapel, Mumbai (Clutterbuck, 1889, p. 173)<ref name=Clutterbuck>{{cite journal|last1=Clutterbuck|first1=G W|title=A Sketch of the Mission in Bombay|journal=Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine|date=1889|page=[https://archive.org/details/wesleyanmethodi00unkngoog/page/n558 199]|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanmethodi00unkngoog|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref>]]

In 1743, British Colaba was leased to [[Richard Broughton (Colaba)|Richard Broughton]] at Rs. 200 yearly, and the lease was renewed in 1764.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/colaba.html|title=Colaba, Cuffe Parade and Navy Nagar: Mumbai/Bombay pages|first=Sourendu|last=Gupta|date=28 October 1999|website=theory.tifr.res.in|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> By 1796, Colaba had become a cantonment. Colaba was known for the variety of fishes – the [[bombil]] ([[Bombay duck]]), [[Eleutheronema tetradactylum|rawas]], [[Black pomfret|halwa]], turtles, crabs, prawns and lobsters.

A [[Colaba Observatory]], a [[Meteorology|meteorological]] [[observatory]] was established in 1826 in the part that was called Upper Colaba. The [[Colaba Causeway]] was completed in 1838, and thus, the remaining two islands were joined to the others. Gradually, Colaba became a commercial center, after the Cotton Exchange was opened at [[Cotton Green]] in 1844. The real estate prices in the area went up. The Colaba Causeway was widened in 1861 and 1863.

[[File:Colonial-era building opposite the Regal Cinema, Mumbai.jpg|thumb| One of the Colonial-era buildings opposite [[Regal Cinema]]]]
Colaba became a separate municipality ward in 1872. The Sick Bungalows (now known as INHS Asvini) were built in the 19th century. The construction of the [[Afghan Church]] after the [[First Afghan War]] of 1838) began in 1847. The Church was consecrated in 1858, with the work on the [[steeple (architecture)|steeple]] being concluded in 1865.

The horse-drawn tram-cars were introduced in 1873 by [[Stearns and Kitteredge]], who had their offices on the west side of the Causeway, where the Electric House now stands.

The Prong's lighthouse was constructed at the southern tip of the island in 1875. The eponymous [[Sassoon Docks]] were built by [[David Solomon Sassoon]] on reclaimed land in the same year. The BB&CI Railways established the [[Colaba railway station]] or [[Terminal station|terminus]], the site of which is now occupied by the [[Badhwar Park]] layout. The development of Colaba pushed the native [[kolis]], to the edges of the island.

The [[Bombay City Improvement Trust|Mumbai City Improvement Trust]] reclaimed around {{convert|90000|yd2|m2}} on the western shore of Colaba. Eminent citizens of Mumbai, such as Sir [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], opposed the work, fearing that the reclamation would depress prices of land. However, the reclamation work continued and was completed in 1905. There was no fall in the land prices. In 1906, a seafront road with a raised sea-side promenade was completed, and named as "[[Cuffe Parade]]" after T. W. Cuffe of the Trust.

== Present day ==
[[File:Marine Drive, Mumbai (2007).jpg|thumb|right|Marine Drive, looking at Nariman Point and Colaba]]
The [[Gateway of India]], the [[art deco]] style Regal Theatre, the cafes ([[Café Mondegar]], Cafe Royal and [[Leopold Cafe]]), and the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]], [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]], Bademiya Restaurant and Bagdadi restaurant, as well as a number of modern pubs, restaurants and clubs all add to the atmosphere. The southern tip is occupied by a military cantonment, including the large [[Navy Nagar]] layout built on reclaimed land known as Holiday Camp. The older parts of the cantonment retains its large, wooded spaces and is the only bit of green left in this otherwise congested area. In the midst of Navy Nagar lies the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), one of India's leading scientific institutions. Colaba is renowned for high-end boutiques and imitation consumer goods, and is popular with tourists. Notable residents include [[Ratan Tata]], [[Anil Ambani]], and [[Ravi Shastri]]. Colaba Causeway, or just "Causeway" as it is known in Mumbai, offers everything from bracelets to perfumes to clothes to watches, clocks, DVDs and CDs. It has an old English charm and a very modern feel as well. Colaba is also the art center of Mumbai, with all the major galleries and museums located in and around this area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Colaba|title=Colaba: Latest News, Videos and Photos - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> Even today, in 2020, the government has managed to preserve most of its colonial-era architectures.
[[File:Colaba panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|A 180° [[panoramic]] view of Colaba.]]

Colaba is home to the [[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Ground]].

=== Transport ===
Nearest railway stations:
* [[Churchgate]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] ("CSMT", Victoria Terminus)

===Visitor attractions===
* [[Colaba Causeway]]
* [[Colaba Observatory]]
* [[Cowasji Jehangir Hall]]
* [[Ballard Estate]]
* [[Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai|Cathedral of the Holy Name]]
* [[Prong's Lighthouse]]
* [[Gateway of India]]
* [[Sassoon Docks]]
* [[David Sassoon Library]]

====Gallery====
<gallery>
File:Metro House Colaba Mumbai Jul25 A7CR 05955.jpg|Cafe Mondegar in Metro House on Colaba Causeway
Image:Colaba_apartments.jpg|Colaba Apartments
</gallery>

==Terrorist attack in November 2008==
{{main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}
On 26 November 2008, terrorist strikes occurred at various places in and near Colaba, notably the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]], [[Leopold Cafe|Leopold Café]], [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] and [[Mumbai Chabad House]]. The attacks resulted in over 100 deaths and significant damages.

== See also ==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[Colaba Woods]]
* Other business districts in and around Mumbai: [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]], [[Nariman Point]], [[Vashi]], [[CBD Belapur]], [[Worli]], [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Andheri]], [[Lower Parel]]

==References==
{{commons category|Colaba}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/colaba.html History of Colaba]


{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Thomas Kurialacherry

2026-02-23T19:04:30Z

JAY JADABA: Added Initial Entry V1...

{{Short description|Catholic bishop from Kerala, India (1873–1925)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = Thomas Kurialachery
| image = Bischof Kurialacherry JS.jpg
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Bishop of Changanacherry]]
| predecessor = [[Matthew Makil]]
| successor = [[James Kalassery]]
| appointed = {{date|1896-08-11|dmy}}
| honorific_prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Beatification|Blessed]]
| term_start = {{date|1911-08-30|dmy}}
| term_end = {{date|1925-06-02|dmy}}
| consecration =
| consecrated_by = Archbishop [[Wladyslaw Michal Zaleski]]
| ordination = 27 May 1899
| ordained_by = Cardinal Cassantha
| venerated = Catholic Church
| birth_place = [[Champakulam]]
| buried = Changanassery St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral Church
| birth_date = {{date|1873-01-14|dmy}}
| death_date = {{date|1925-06-02|dmy}}
}}

[[The Venerable|Venerable]] '''Thomas of Kurialacherry''' (14 January 1873 – 2 June 1925) was a Catholic bishop from Kerala. Kurialacherry was a member of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], had his ordination in May 1899 from Cardinal Cassantha, and was bishop of what would become the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Archdiocese of Changanacherry]].<ref name=Archeparchy>[https://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/index.php/welcome/about_glimse "A Glimpse into the Past", Archeparchy of Changanacherry]</ref> He is also known for establishing the prestigious [[St. Berchmans College|SB College Changanasserry]], one of the oldest Institutions of Higher Education in Kerala, in 1922.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shambayati |first=Behdad |title=Introduction: a glance at the past, a glimpse of the future |date=2018-05-28 |work=Cytopathology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198717362.003.0001 |access-date=2024-11-14 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-871736-2}}</ref>

==Life==
Kurialacherry was born on 14 January 1873 as the sixth child of Chackochen and Accamma in [[Champakulam]], Kerala. After his primary education, Thomas joined St.Ephrem school in Mannanam.<ref name=sabs>[https://www.sabscongregation.org/FounderThomasKurialachery.php "Venerable Mar Thomas Kurialacherry", Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament (SABS)]</ref>

In 1891, the vicariate of Kottayam was renamed Changanacherry and its headquarters moved to [[Changanassery]].<ref>[https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/india-changanacherry/145 "Archdiocese of Changanacherry", UCA News]</ref>

Kurialacherry's seminary education was at the [[Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide|Propaganda Fide]] in Rome. During the nine years he spent in Rome he excelled and became prefect of the seminarians. He was ordained on 27 March 1899 by Cardinal Cassantha at the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran|Basilica of St. John in Lateran]].<ref>[https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Mar-Thomas-Kurialacherry.pdf Keerthy, G. "Mar Thomas Kurialacherry: A Socio- Religious Reformer", '' International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology''] Volume 3, Issue 1, January – 2018</ref> After his ordination, he remained some time in Italy and was a guest for some days of [[Pope Pius X|Giuseppe Cardinal Sarto]], Patriarch of Venice.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qp3mAAAAMAAJ&dq=Thomas+Kurialacherry&pg=RA1-PA45 Cathenar, S.J., "Zealous Labors of an Indian Bishop", ''Catholic Missions''] February 1916, p. 45</ref>

In 1908, he founded the Sisters of the Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament (SABS).<ref>{{cite web | title = History (SABS)| url = http://sabscongregation.org/History.php}}</ref> Kurialacherry was appointed as the apostolic vicar of the Changanassery vicariate.<ref name=Archeparchy/> He was consecrated on 3 December 1911 in [[Kandy]], Ceylon.

In 1922 he established [[St. Berchmans College]] in Changanassery.<ref name=sabs/> In 1923, [[Pope Pius XI]] established the Diocese of Changanacherry, suffragan of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Archdiocese of Ernakulam]].

In 1925 he went to Rome where he died on 2 June 1925 in Rome.<ref name=Archeparchy/> Kurialacherry was a strong advocate for the education of women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bkcollege.ac.in/message.aspx?id=%2738%27 |title=Bishop Kurialacherry College for Women, Amalagiri |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128213353/http://www.bkcollege.ac.in/message.aspx?id=%2738%27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bishop Kurialacherry College for Women in [[Amalagiri]]<ref>[https://www.bkcollege.ac.in/ Bishop Kurialacherry College for Women, Amalagiri]</ref> is named after him.

==Canonization==
In 1935, ten years after his death, his cause of canonization was initiated giving him the title "[[Servant of God]]". On 2 April 2011 [[Pope Benedict XVI]], in an audience with Cardinal [[Angelo Amato]], Prefect of the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]], approved a statement saying that Bishop Kurialachery had lived a life of heroic virtue. This gave him the additional title of "[[Venerable]]".<ref>[http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/saint_thomaskurialacherry.php?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=490&width=700 "Venerable Mar Thomas Kurialacherry", Syro-Malabar Church]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org Archdiocese of Changanacherry]

{{Authority control}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurialassery, Thomas}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Changanassery]]
[[Category:20th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kerala]]
[[Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]

Grand Mufti of India

2026-02-19T10:57:20Z

JAY JADABA: put up basic info v1

{{Short description|Senior and influential religious authority of the Muslims in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Grand Mufti of India
| image = Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]]
| incumbentsince = 24 February 2019
| style = [[Grand Mufti|Mufti Azam-e-Hind]]
| unofficial_names = [[Musliyar]]
| seat = [[Daryaganj]], [[New Delhi]] {{coord|28.6468054|77.2448409|display=inline, Headquarters}}
| residence = [[Kozhikode]]
| department = Office of the Grand Mufti of India
| formation = [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name=20121128google>{{Cite book|last1=Bowering|first1=Gerhard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcZlo12SGoC&pg=PA366|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|last2=Crone|first2=Patricia|last3=Kadi|first3=Wadad|last4=Stewart|first4=Devin J.|last5=Zaman|first5=Muhammad Qasim|last6=Mirza|first6=Mahan|date=28 November 2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3855-4|language=en|access-date=27 February 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041016/https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcZlo12SGoC&pg=PA366|url-status=live}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2020}}
| termlength = No fixed term
| nominator = [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]], [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]]
| inaugural = [[ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni]]
| website = {{URL|grandmufti.in/|Grand Mufti of India}}
}}

{{Islam in India}}

The '''Grand Mufti of India''' is the most senior and influential religious authority of the [[Sunni]] Muslim Community of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=9 June 2020|title=Grand Mufti Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad on COVID19 pandemic: Follow social distancing while visiting public places|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-grand-mufti-sheikh-abu-bakr-ahmad-on-covid19-pandemic-follow-social-distancing-while-visiting-public-places-624744|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715071425/https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/books-culture-grand-mufti-sheikh-abu-bakr-ahmad-on-covid19-pandemic-follow-social-distancing-while-visiting-public-places-624744|archive-date=15 July 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en|quote=Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmad, Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala celebrates Bakrid adhering to COVID protocols|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-celebrates-bakrid-adhering-to-covid-protocols-1.4944092|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029055719/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kerala-celebrates-bakrid-adhering-to-covid-protocols-1.4944092|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|quote=Grand Mufti of India and President of the Islamic Community of India, Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar}}</ref><ref name=outlookindia1844421>{{Cite web|title=Closed-door celebration for Kerala Muslims on Eid|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/closeddoor-celebration-for-kerala-muslims-on-eid/1844421|access-date=13 November 2020|website=outlookindia.com/|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041042/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/closeddoor-celebration-for-kerala-muslims-on-eid/1844421|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2020|title=Eid al-Fitr 2020: Closed-door celebrations Muslims across Kerala, Mangaluru on Eid|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/eid-al-fitr-2020-closed-door-celebrations-muslims-across-kerala-mangaluru-on-eid/story-Nh2RVtvz7bWhG3RTt9auoI.html|access-date=13 November 2020|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024192257/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/eid-al-fitr-2020-closed-door-celebrations-muslims-across-kerala-mangaluru-on-eid/story-Nh2RVtvz7bWhG3RTt9auoI.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=pressreader20200525>{{Cite web|title=Muted Eid Celebrations|url=https://www.pressreader.com/qatar/gulf-times/20200525/281934545152678|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041022/https://www.pressreader.com/qatar/gulf-times/20200525/281934545152678|archive-date=13 November 2020|access-date=13 November 2020|work=Gulf Times}}</ref> The incumbent is [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|title=Education is key to peace, says India's Grand Mufti|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|website=Khaleej Times|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2020|quote=Sheikh Aboobacker took charge as the Grand Mufti this February and holds the supreme authority to give fatwas in relation to Islamic religious matters in India.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527045818/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|archive-date=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> general secretary of [[All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama]],<ref name=":03">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|title=Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2019|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228040429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://al-ain.com/article/mufti-india-designation|title=تعيين الشيخ أبوبكر أحمد مفتيا للهند|work=العين الإخبارية|access-date=24 February 2019|language=ar|trans-title=Sheikh Abu Bakr Ahmed Elected as Grand Mufti of India|issn=2521-439X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194856/https://al-ain.com/article/mufti-india-designation|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> who was conferred the title in February 2019 at the Gareeb Nawaz Peace Conference held at [[Ramlila Maidan]], [[New Delhi]], organised by the [[All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam]].<ref name=":03"/>

==Role==
The Grand Mufti of India is the Islamic authority in the country.<ref name=indiatimes505211>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslim-women-should-not-take-to-the-streets-or-raise-slogans-against-caa-says-grand-mufti-of-india-505211.html|title=Muslim Women Shouldn't Raise Slogans Against CAA, Says Grand Mufti. Moral Policing Never Stops!|date=28 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2020|quote=88-year-old Kanthapuram was last year appointed as India's Grand Mufti, the senior-most Islamic cleric in a country.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205101403/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslim-women-should-not-take-to-the-streets-or-raise-slogans-against-caa-says-grand-mufti-of-india-505211.html|archive-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> His main role is to give opinions (''[[fatwa]]'') on Islamic legal matters and social affairs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/12-02-2020/a-mufti-day-is-enormous-fun-but-time-to-give-it-a-new-name/|title=A mufti day is enormous fun. But time to give it a new name|last=Pickles|first=Katie|date=12 February 2020|website=The Spinoff|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2020|quote=Grand Mufti Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad is the Indian Islamic community’s current most senior religious authority. Mufti interpret Islamic law and then issue fatwa (legal opinion).|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217002609/https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/12-02-2020/a-mufti-day-is-enormous-fun-but-time-to-give-it-a-new-name/|archive-date=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=thehindu26379629>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-grand-mufti-of-sunnis-in-india/article26379629.ece|title=Kanthapuram Grand Mufti of Sunnis in India|date=27 February 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 February 2020|url-status=live|issn=0971-751X|quote=Kanthapuram A.P. Aboobacker Musliyar has been made Grand Mufti, the top authority to give non-binding advice and opinion on Islamic jurisprudence and religious practices of the Sunni sects in India.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227203248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kanthapuram-grand-mufti-of-sunnis-in-india/article26379629.ece|archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> The Grand Mufti is traditionally chosen from the [[Barelvi]] school of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Mulla221">{{cite book |last1=Mulla, Malikarehana A |title=Sects and sub sects among the Muslims of Karnataka with special reference to North Karnataka a study |chapter=6 |page=221 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/105032/11/11_chapter%206.pdf#page=22 |access-date=27 February 2020 |quote=In India, the Grand Mufti is traditionally from the Barelvi school of Sunni Islam presently Mihammad Akhtar Raza Khan is the Grand Mufti of India. |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223439/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/105032/11/11_chapter%206.pdf#page=22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==

===Mughal period===
The first Grand Mufti of India, [[Shah Fazle Rasool Badayuni]] was appointed by the final [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]. Badayuni was a [[Hanafi]] scholar<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/hazrat-molana-shah-fazal-rasool-badayuni| title=History of Fazle Rasool Badayuni| website=ziaetaiba.com| access-date=4 March 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043503/http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/hazrat-molana-shah-fazal-rasool-badayuni| archive-date=6 March 2019| url-status=live}}</ref> who had deep knowledge of [[Islamic jurisprudence]]. His [[Urdu]] statements on Islamic subjects were published as ''Tariqi Fatwa,'' which later became famous. His grandson [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] followed him as the Grand Mufti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson5/chapter12.html|title=Chapter 12 – Akbar's Religious Views, as Described by Badauni|website=ibiblio.org|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802113152/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson5/chapter12.html|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00178_en_muntakhabuttawarikh_vol01|title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh.Vol.1|publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers and Distributors]]|location=New Delhi|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305013929/http://famineanddearth.exeter.ac.uk/displayhtml.html?id=fp_00178_en_muntakhabuttawarikh_vol01|archive-date=5 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>{{not in ref|date=September 2025}}

===British period===
In the British ruling period, Islamic scholars noted [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] who was the spiritual leader of Indian Muslims, scholar and revivalist.<ref name=20140414google>{{Cite book|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|date=14 April 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-51329-7|pages=25|language=en|quote=First, Sayyid Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921) created a populist Islamic revivalist movement in the late 1800s.|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041022/https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=20181001google>{{Cite book|last=Esposito|first=John L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOZwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|title=Religion and Violence|date=1 October 2018|publisher=MDPI|isbn=978-3-03842-143-6|pages=5|language=en|quote=Sayyid Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921) created a populist Islamic revivalist movement in late 1800s.|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOZwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=M Hassan|first1=Imam|last2=Hussain|first2=Ibrar|title=Comparative Study of 'Kanzul Iman' among other Famous Translation|url=http://www.ijfar.org/Docs/pp%2012-19.pdf|journal=International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Research|issn=2320-7973|quote=He revived love and affection of the last prophet and his teachings. Seeing his works for the revival of Islam, he deserves to be called a revivalist of 20th Century.|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303112333/http://ijfar.org/Docs/pp%2012-19.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Thousands of students and scholars were attracted to his works and requested him to become Grand Mufti, but he declined. He wanted to be engaged with educational revival and writing. Instead, his student [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]] was elected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/sadr-ul-shariah-mufti-amjad-ali-azmi |title=History of Amjad Ali Azami |website=ziaetaiba.com |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044025/http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/scholar/sadr-ul-shariah-mufti-amjad-ali-azmi |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> His book on Hanafi fiqh, ''[[Bahar-e-Shariat]]'' became a reference on this subject. Along with him, [[Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri]] s/o. [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] was the Grand Mufti during [[Indira Gandhi]]'s administration. He protested the Family Planning Program enacted by the government.

=== Grand Muftiship of Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad ===
{{Main|Grand Muftiship of Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad}}
[[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar|Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] was sworn in as the Grand Mufti of India on 24 February 2019 at the [[Ramlila Maidan]]. He became the first Grand Mufti from south India.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kanthapuram-elected-as-new-grand-mufti-religion-1.3599882|title=Kanthapuram elected as new Grand Mufti|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2019|quote=Kanthapurm will be the supreme leader of Muslim community who believe in various madhab of Sunni and Sufi sects.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103254/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kanthapuram-elected-as-new-grand-mufti-religion-1.3599882|archive-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>

== List of Grand Muftis of India ==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! width="3%" | No.
! width="30%" | Name (birth–death)
! width="10%" | [[Madhhab]]
! width="10%" | Place
! class="unsortable" width="20%" | Other works & activities
! class="unsortable" width="72%" | Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |16th century - 17th century
|- valign="top"
| 1
|
* {{Mbabel|Q3629943}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q3629943|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q3629943|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
ملا عبد القادر بدایونی (Arabic & Urdu)
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Badaun]]
| Author of [[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh]] (Arabic)
|The Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]], appointed him to the Muftiate in 1574 where he spent much of his career.
|-
! colspan="6" |17th century
|-
! colspan="6" |18th century
|-
! colspan="6" |19th century
|- valign="top"
| 5
|
* {{LinkedLabel|Q31311249}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q31311249|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q31311249|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
شاہ فضلِ رسول قادری بدایونی (Urdu, his native language), شاه فضل رسول قدري بدایونی (Arabic)
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Badaun]]
| Author of Tarikhi-Fatwa (Urdu)
| Badayuni was appointed by the final [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]].
|-
! colspan="6" |20th century
|- valign="top"
| 6
|
* {{Mbabel|Q12234997}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q6812280|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q12234997|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
مفتی اعظم محمد کفایت اللہ دہلوی ([[Urdu]], his native language), مفتی کفایت اللہ الدہلوی(Arabic)<ref name="oriental">{{cite book |title=Mufti Azam Hind, Maulana Kifayatyullah Shahjahanpuri Thumma Dehlawi |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |edition=2005}}</ref><ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/245048/7/07%20chapter%203.pdf Maulana Habibur Rahman Ludhyanvi Aur Unki Tahrik Ahar E Islam Ek Tarikhi wa Tahqeeqi Jaiza] Mohd. Irfan, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]</ref><ref name="Bio">{{cite book |title=A Biography Of Mufti Kifaayatullaah Dehlavi |page=20 |url=https://archive.org/details/akabir/page/n22/mode/1up |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Shahjahanpur]]
| Author of Kifayatul Mufti<ref>{{cite web |title=Kifayatrul Mufti |url=https://archive.org/details/KifayatUlMuftiByShaykhMuftiMuhammadKifayatullahr.a |website=archive |access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref>
|
|- valign="top"
| 7
|
* {{Mbabel|Q6812280}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q6812280|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q6812280|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
صدر الشريعہ مفتى محمد امجد على اعظمى ([[Urdu]], his native language), مفتى أمجد على أعظمى (Arabic)
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Bareilly]]
| Author of [[Bahar-e-Shariat]] (Urdu)
|
|- valign="top"
| 8
|
* {{Mbabel|Q6943319}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q6943319|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q6943319|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
مصطفٰی رضا خان قادری نوری ([[Urdu]], his native language), مصطفى رضا خان القادري النوري (Arabic)
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Bareilly]]
| Author of [[Fatawa-e-Mustafawia|Fatawa Mustawafiyah]] (Arabic)
|
|-
! colspan="6" |20th century - 21st century
|- valign="top"
| 9
|
* {{Mbabel|Q46675}} ({{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q46675|P569|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} - {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q46675|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
تاج الشریعہ اختر رضا خان ([[Urdu]], his native language), مفتي اختر رضا خان (Arabic)
| [[Hanafi]]
| [[Bareilly]]
| Founder of [[Jamiatur Raza]] and Author of [[Fatawa Taajush Shariah]] (Arabic)
|
|- valign="top"
! colspan="6" |21st century
|- valign="top"
| 10
|
* [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]] (1970{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValueFromID|Q3595379|P570|FETCH_WIKIDATA}})
ശൈഖ് അബൂബക്ർ അഹ്‌മദ്‌ ([[Malayalam]], his native language), 
الشيخ أبوبكر أحمد (Arabic)
| [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| General Secretary of [[All_India_Sunni_Jamiyyathul_Ulama|'''All India Muslim Scholars Association''']]
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Grand Mufti]]
* [[Ahmad Raza Khan]]
* [[Amjad Ali Aazmi]]
* [[Mustafa Raza Khan]]
* [[Akhtar Raza Khan]]
* [[Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar|Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite web|last=Special Correspondent|first=New Age Islam |date=6 April 2019
|title=Appointment of Two 'Grand Muftis' In India at the Same Time Reeks Of an Internal Conflict and Rivalry within the Indian Muslim Barelwi Leadership
|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2020|website=New Age Islam
|url=https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-politics/appointment-of-two-%E2%80%98grand-muftis%E2%80%99-in-india-at-the-same-time-reeks-of-an-internal-conflict-and-rivalry-within-the-indian-muslim-barelwi-leadership/d/118247
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200604234138/https://www.newageislam.com/islam-and-politics/appointment-of-two-%E2%80%98grand-muftis%E2%80%99-in-india-at-the-same-time-reeks-of-an-internal-conflict-and-rivalry-within-the-indian-muslim-barelwi-leadership/d/118247|archive-date=4 June 2020}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* '''The first Interview with the Grand Mufti after the swearing by Ashwani Kumar of [[Khaleej Times]]:''' {{Cite interview|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|title=Education is key to peace, says India's Grand Mufti|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|interviewer=Ashwani Kumar|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|publisher=[[Galadari Printing and Publishing]]|location=Abu Dhabi|access-date=4 September 2019|date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527045818/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/abu-dhabi/education-is-key-to-peace-says-indias-grand-mufti|archive-date=27 May 2019}}
*'''The second Interview with the Grand Mufti after the swearing by [[Berita Harian]]:''' {{Cite interview|last=Arifin|first=Latifah|interviewer=Latifah Arifin|title=Rujuk pertikaian agama kepada ulama berkredibiliti, diiktiraf|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/agama/2019/04/554918/rujuk-pertikaian-agama-kepada-ulama-berkredibiliti-diiktiraf|access-date=19 September 2019|newspaper=[[Berita Harian]]|location=Malaysia|date=19 April 2019}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|1=https://grandmufti.in/}}
* [https://worldsufiforum.org/events/related-information-on-sufi-scholars/ Profile of the Grand Mufti] at World Sufi Forum's official website. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408035328/https://worldsufiforum.org/events/related-information-on-sufi-scholars/ |date=8 April 2019 }}.

{{Portal bar|Islam|India|Religion|Biography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grand Mufti, India}}
[[Category:Grand muftis of India| ]]
[[Category:Titles]]
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[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian imams]]
[[Category:Lists of Islamic religious leaders]]

NALSAR University of Law

2026-02-09T11:26:52Z

JAY JADABA:

{{Short description|Public law school in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Academy for Legal Studies and Research University of Law
| other_name = NALSAR University of Law
| image = Nalsar gate entrance.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| motto = ''Dharme Sarvam Pratishthitham''
| established = {{start date and age|1998}}
| type = [[National Law University]]
| chancellor = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Telangana High Court]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Srikrishna Deva Rao]]
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Shamirpet]], [[Secunderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postalcode = 500101
| country = India
| campus = [[Suburban]], {{convert|55|acre|ha|1}}
| website = {{URL|www.nalsar.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
}}

The '''National Academy of Legal Studies and Research''' ('''NALSAR''') is a public law school and a [[National Law University]] located in [[Shamirpet]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATIONAL ACADEMY OF LEGAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH UNIVERSITY ACT, 1998 (Act No. 34 of 1998) |url=https://nalsar.ac.in/sites/default/files/2NALSAR_ACT.pdf |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=nalsar.ac.in}}</ref>

The school was among the first universities to offer a five-year integrated undergraduate law degree, postgraduate law degree and doctorate law degree. It has an intake of around 132 students from a pool of around 100,000 applicants in its undergraduate law programme, with admissions usually offered to students in the top 200 ranks; an acceptance rate of 0.2%.

As of 2025, NALSAR University of Law ranked #3 among law schools in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/LawRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251122014953/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/LawRanking.html |archive-date=2025-11-22 |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Nalsar acad entrance.jpeg|thumb|Entrance to the Academic Block]]
[[File:NASLAR Academic block.jpg|thumb|The Academic Block|257x257px]]
The NALSAR campus is spread over 55 acre (22 hectare), divided into five precincts. The first is the Administrative Block adjoining the Academic Block. The latter consists of the classrooms, conference halls, the library, the internet centre, a moot court hall, and research centres. The residential block consists of seven separate hostels for boys and girls each. The stadium forms the fourth while the law school dining hall forms the fifth. Miscellaneous structures include the commemorative 'Keerthi Stambh' and a replica of '[[The Thinker]]' by [[Auguste Rodin]].

The campus also has an auditorium, with a seating capacity around 500, inaugurated in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zabi |date=20 March 2016 |title=KCR Inaugurated Auditorium of Law at NALSAR |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/kcr-inaugurated-auditorium-law-nalsar-934735/ |access-date=18 October 2016 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref> The entire campus is WiFi network enabled.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=NALSAR Self Study Report |url=https://www.nalsar.ac.in/pdf/Self%20Study%20Report.pdf |access-date=18 October 2016 |website=www.nalsar.ac.in |publisher=NALSAR University of Law |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230204/https://www.nalsar.ac.in/pdf/Self%20Study%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Nalsar boys hostel view.jpg|thumb|Boys' Hostel|252x252px]]

==Academics==
===Undergraduate degree ===
NALSAR offers a five-year integrated B.A LL.B.(Hons.) program and Integrated Program of Management (BBA+MBA). Admission to the undergraduate program is on the basis of the [[Common Law Admission Test]] ('''CLAT''') which is taken by upwards of 100,000 students every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://information.clat.ac.in/|title=Home|website=information.clat.ac.in|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220105845/http://information.clat.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> With only about 160 seats offered at NALSAR,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2025 - NALSAR University of Law |url=https://nalsar.ac.in/images/NIRF-DATA-2025.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226091136/https://nalsar.ac.in/images/NIRF-DATA-2025.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=26 February 2025 }}</ref> the program is considered highly selective. NALSAR follows a credit-based elective system, with certain mandatory courses, which require students to earn 200 credits over a period of five years to earn the degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nalsar.ac.in/undergraduate-study|title=Undergraduate Study {{!}} NALSAR UNIVERSITY OF LAW|website=nalsar.ac.in|language=en|access-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Postgraduate degrees ===
NALSAR offers a one-year [[postgraduate]] [[LL.M.]] program. About 80 seats are offered through the [[Common Law Admission Test]] ('''CLAT'''). About ten areas of specialisation are offered, and the program requirements include a dissertation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nalsar.ac.in/pg_programme.html |title= Academic Programmes - LL.M |work= nalsar.ac.in |access-date= 19 August 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110807224226/http://www.nalsar.ac.in/pg_programme.html |archive-date= 7 August 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Additionally, two-year (four semesters) self-financed master's degree in Business Laws and Administration (MBLA)is also offered by the university apart from a one-year [[Master of Philosophy]] (M.Phil.) which is open to candidate with an LL.M. degree,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/mphil.html |title=Academic Programmes -M.Phil |work=nalsar.ac.in |access-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807220123/http://www.nalsar.ac.in/mphil.html |archive-date=7 August 2011 }}</ref> and a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/phd_programme.html |title=Academic P--~~~~rogrammes -M.Phil |work=nalsar.ac.in |access-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811073305/http://www.nalsar.ac.in/phd_programme.html |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}</ref> As a first among the Indian National Law Universities, starting academic year 2013–14, NALSAR now also offers a two-year M.B.A. program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/mba.html |title=NALSAR MBA announcement |work=nalsar.ac.in |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607164227/http://nalsar.ac.in/mba.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 }}</ref>

Similarly, CASL<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.casl.nalsar.ac.in|title=CASL Nalsar|website=www.casl.nalsar.ac.in}}</ref> has introduced innovative courses in Aviation, Space, Telecommunications, GIS and Remote Sensing. Its objective is to cater to the unprecedented growth and commercialisation of the Aviation, Space and Telecom sectors. CASL's initiative aims to institutionalise an academy-industry partnership in these sectors- a first of its kind, not just in India but perhaps in the entire Asia-Pacific Region. It offers the following two degrees: Master's Degree in Aviation Law and Air Transport Management (MALATM) and a master's degree in Space and Telecommunication Laws (MSTL).

NALSAR Pro offers PG Diploma courses in Patents Law, Cyber Laws, Media Laws and International Humanitarian Laws using web technology and direct contact programs at various centers in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nalsarpro.org/|title=Distance Education in Patents Laws, Media Laws, IHL and Cyber Law Courses|website=nalsarpro.org|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> CASL offers PG Diploma in Aviation Law and Air Transport Management (PGDALATM); PG Diploma in GIS & Remote Sensing Laws (PGDGRL).

=== Rankings ===
NALSAR is a top ranking law school in India. The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked the institute third in its law ranking of 2025.<ref name=":0" />

===Department of Management Studies (DoMS)===
{{Promotional section|date=December 2025}}
DoMS is unique among India's B-schools because it seeks to enrich the legal foundations of graduates with a working knowledge of business practices and enlighten those seeking careers in management regarding the legal requirements for business processes. The five-year Integrated Program in Management (IPM) at NALSAR is a unique program for young ignited minds aspiring to pursue a career path in Business Management. It is designed as a comprehensive management program for students after class XII. The students would be awarded Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and Master of Business Administration (MBA) by NALSAR after successful completion of five years of the program Located in a conducive learning environment, NALSAR promises to offer the best of management education embedded with the law to produce legally aware managers with critical problem-solving ability and skills to manage extremely dynamic business scenarios with the best-in-class faculty, the IPM program promises a constant dialogue with business leaders, thought leaders, civil society actors, and academicians for providing strong bedrock for the future managers.
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_L_2024=3}}

Consisting of fifteen terms spread across five years, the first 3 years of the program are aimed at providing strong theoretical underpinnings, and conceptual and practical insights in the various areas of philosophy, psychology, fine arts, mathematics, economics, law, and management. The last 2 years are aimed at nurturing holistic transformation from students into future business leaders and managers.

DoMS offers a voluntary exit to the students after successfully completing the program requirement at the end of 3 years and such students shall be awarded a degree of Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

In addition to the academic rigour, the diverse environment at DoMS opens up avenues for personal growth through its interactions with various stakeholders and facilitates the holistic personality development of students.

==Research==

=== Centres ===
[[File:SAARClaw.jpg|thumb|The SAARClaw Centre]]
NALSAR houses research centres:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/centers.html |title=Research - Research Centres |publisher=Nalsar.ac.in |access-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025160609/http://www.nalsar.ac.in/centers.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref>
*Animal Law Centre (ALC)
*M.K. Nambyar SAARC Law Research Centre
* Centre for Air and Space Law
* Centre for Land Rights
* Centre for Corporate Law and Governance
* Dr. N.C. Banerjee Centre for Intellectual Property Law Studies
* Dr. S.P. Chatterjee Centre for Environmental Law Studies
* Centre for Proximate and Continuing Education (C-PACE)
* Centre for Humanitarian Law and Refugee Law
* Centre for Alternative Dispute Resolution
* Centre for Media Law and Public Policy
* Centre for Legal Philosophy and Justice Education
* Centre for Tax Laws
* Centre for Culture, Law and Society (C-CLS)
* Centre for Constitutional Law, Policy & Good Governance
* Centre for Criminal Justice Administration and Human Rights
* Centre for Disaster Management and Law
* Centre for Family Law
* Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Centre for International Trade and Business Laws
* Centre for Tribal and Land Rights
* Milon K Banerji Arbitration Centre<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=15 February 2025 |title=Hyderabad: NALSAR launches Milon K Banerji Arbitration Centre |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-nalsar-launches-milon-k-banerji-arbitration-centre |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Library===
NALSAR's library has a collection of more than 27,000 items comprising law reports, reviews, periodicals, manuals and choicest publications of textbooks and other resources. The Law Resource Center is the hub of all library activities and aims at fulfilling the research and academic objectives of the university. Its rich collection of primary and secondary legal resources is accessible to all the users in the campus. The VPN-configured Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is accessible from any terminal in and out of the campus.<ref>''See'' pg 144, https://www.nalsar.ac.in/pdf/Self%20Study%20Report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230204/https://www.nalsar.ac.in/pdf/Self%20Study%20Report.pdf|date=22 February 2018}}</ref> It is designed to provide online information on the availability of titles and to allow the patrons to request for items that are on loan, renewal of books, access to patron accounts and other information services. Unlike the traditional OPACS, each record provides bibliographic information with hot links to the table of contents pages, reviews, publishers' notes, and peer driven reviews and ratings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Our Nalsar Library...... |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/eLibrary/aboutlibrary.html |access-date=29 April 2012 |work=nalsar.ac.in}}</ref> The library has a depository of UN collections. A separate section houses all the proceedings of the organs of the [[United Nations]]. The print collection is augmented by online access.
===Published journals===
NALSAR publishes the following law journals:<ref>{{cite web |title=Research - Publications |url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/publications.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501041454/http://nalsar.ac.in/publications.html |archive-date=1 May 2012 |access-date=29 April 2012 |work=nalsar.ac.in |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Indian Journal of Air and Space Law ( IJASL)
* M. K. Nambyar SAARC Law Journal
* NALSAR Law Review
* NALSAR Student Law Review
* Journal of Corporate Affairs and Corporate Crimes
* Indian Journal of Constitutional Law
* Media Law Review
* Environmental Law & Practice Review
* The Indian Journal Law & Economics
* Nalsar ADR Journal
* Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law
The Library is also equipped with an Accessibility Lab with specialised equipment designed to support students with disabilities. These equipment includes PEARL Scanners, Braille Printer, JAWS<ref>https://www.freedomscientific.com/products/software/jaws/</ref> and NVDA Screen readers and OpenBook.<ref>https://www.freedomscientific.com/products/software/openbook/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2022 |title=NALSAR Accessibility Lab and Otter@NALSAR – NALSAR University of Law {{!}} Library {{!}} eLibrary |url=https://library.nalsar.ac.in/nalsar-accessibility-lab-and-otternalsar/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Student life==

===Moot court competitions===
Nalsar students have excelled in [[moot court|mooting]] in both the national as well as international domain.

It was ranked among the top in the world at the international rounds of the Philip C. Jessup Moot Court Competition 2006 at Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041801870900.htm
| title = NALSAR tops Asia Pacific in Jessup competition
| publisher = The Hindu Business Line
| access-date =26 April 2006
}}</ref> In 2007, Nalsar was placed among the top eight teams in the world, at the [[Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition]]. In 2010, the team from Nalsar finished as semi-finalists in the Jessup International Law Moot Competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barandbench.com/content/australian-national-university-wins-jessup-moot-court-competition-nalsar-reaches-semi-finals |title=Australian National University wins Jessup Moot Court Competition NALSAR reaches semi-finals |publisher=Bar and Bench |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628171953/http://barandbench.com/content/australian-national-university-wins-jessup-moot-court-competition-nalsar-reaches-semi-finals |archive-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref>

NALSAR made it to the top 12 teams and competed in the International Finals of the 11th Annual Stetson Environmental Moot Court Competition held at [[Stetson University College of Law]], Florida in November 2006. Nalsar finished as runners-up in the first edition of the [[ICC Moot|ICC Trial Competition]] at The Hague, a feat it repeated in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-trialcompetition.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4 |title=Earlier Editions |publisher=Icc-trialcompetition.org |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802222204/http://www.icc-trialcompetition.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4 |archive-date=2 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Overload |first=Partner |url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201104182036/Mooting/icc-trial-success-for-nalsar-mpl-win-out-of-contention |title=ICC Trial success for Nalsar: MPL win out of contention? | Mooting | Law students |publisher=Legally India |access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In 2009, Nalsar won the D.M. Harish International Moot Court Competition. The team also won the Best Speaker and Best Researcher prizes. In 2011, Nalsar were the semi-finalists in the Asia-Pacific rounds of the Manfred Lachs Moot Court Competition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Overload |first=Partner |url=http://www.legallyindia.com/201106052138/Mooting/spectactular-gnlu-nalsar-nlu-delhi-dominate-manfred-lachs-asia-delhi-in-finals-lines-up-mpl-silver |title=Spectactular: GNLU, Nalsar, NLU Delhi dominate Manfred Lachs Asia; Delhi in finals for MPL silver | Mooting | Law students |publisher=Legally India |access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> In 2012, Nalsar won the [[Monroe Price|Monroe E. Price]] [[Monroe E. Price Media Law Moot Court Competition|International Media Law Moot Court Competition]] at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NALSAR students win international moot court competitions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/education/article3345856.ece|access-date=16 June 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 April 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2014, Nalsar won the [[Willem C. Vis Moot|Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot Court Competition]], conducted at Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barandbench.com/brief/9/2238/nalsar-wins-willem-c-vis-international-commercial-arbitration-moot-2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117143709/http://barandbench.com/brief/9/2238/nalsar-wins-willem-c-vis-international-commercial-arbitration-moot-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2013 |title=Nalsar wins Willem C Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot 2012 |publisher=Bar and Bench |access-date=24 October 2013 }}</ref>

Nalsar was judged the best in India in mooting in the first two seasons of the Mooting Premiere League in 2009-2010 and 2010–2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Mooting_Premier_League_2009-10 |title=Mooting Premier League 2009-10 - Legallypedia |publisher=Legallyindia.com |access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

===Debating===
NALSAR won India's oldest [[Parliamentary style debate|Parliamentary Debate]] at St. Stephens College, Delhi in December 2005. This was followed by victories at the Annual Parliamentary Debate held at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras in January 2007 and 2009, the debate conducted by the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad in February 2007, and that of the Young Orators Club of Secunderabad in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=The Hindu|title=NALSAR, Nasr school sweep YOCS competition|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/08/18/stories/2008081850360300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918033148/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2008/08/18/stories/2008081850360300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2008|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> NALSAR further cemented its reputation on the debating circuit by winning the inaugural IIM Bangalore Parliamentary Debating Championship 'Cicero' in January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=NALSAR University of Law|url=http://www.nalsar.ac.in/achivements.html|title=Student Achievements|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025153709/http://www.nalsar.ac.in/achivements.html|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coolavenues.com/bschools/090101/iimb-nalsar-1.php |title=NALSAR, Hyderabad Wins IIM Bangalore's Parliamentary Debating Championship 2009 |publisher=Coolavenues.com |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=19 August 2011}}</ref>

The NALSAR Intervarsity Debating Championship is the pioneer of the British Parliamentary Debating format in India. The idea for the NALSAR IV was born to introduce the British Parliamentary debate format to the national debating circuit and provide a preparatory ground for the WUDC (World Universities Debating Championship), the most prestigious debating championship in the world. Thus, the NALSAR IV is aimed at exposing debaters to the most competitive standards of adjudication. The NALSAR IV has now earned the name to be one of the most prestigious debating championships in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/04/11/stories/2011041150270100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530184428/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/04/11/stories/2011041150270100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2011 |title=Education Plus : NLU Delhi wins Parliamentary debate |date=11 April 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

===Quizzing===
NALSAR finished as runners-up in the K-Circle India Quiz 2010 and 2011, as well as winners in BITS Pilani-Hyderabad Campus' annual fest Pearl 2012, 2013 and 2015. A 4th year team won the Best College Team title at the Landmark Quiz held at Hyderabad on 6 October 2013. NALSAR also finished second in Manipal's Quiz on The Beach 2015 and Tata Crucible Hyderabad 2015. A team won the Economic Times in Campus Quiz for two years consecutively in 2014 and 2015. The university has also hosted its own QuizFests, titled 'Interrobang'.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Gender-neutral University ===
In March 2022, NALSAR announced its plans to go [[Gender neutrality|gender neutral]]. It created gender-neutral spaces in its hostels and washrooms. It also proposed to do away with Mr and Miss in the certificates / degrees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Preeti |date=2022-03-27 |title=Hyderabad: Nalsar to go gender-neutral, first in country to have such policy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nalsar-to-go-gender-neutral-1st-in-country-to-have-such-policy/articleshow/90467171.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> NALSAR is adopting a policy on Inclusive Education for Sexual and Gender Minorities, which will take into consideration self-affirmed gender of the students irrespective of their legal identification in birth certificates or [[Aadhaar]] cards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=27 March 2022 |title=Hyderabad law university creates gender-neutral spaces, drafts trans policy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-law-university-gender-neutral-spaces-7837614/ |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Legal education in India]]
* [[National Law School of India University]]
* [[Gujarat National Law University]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nalsar University of Law}}
*[http://www.nalsar.ac.in NALSAR website]
*[https://library.nalsar.ac.in Library]

{{Autonomous law schools in India}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Universities in Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|17|36|16|N|78|32|49|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NALSAR University Of Law}}
[[Category:1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Law schools in Telangana]]
[[Category:Legal research institutes]]
[[Category:National Law Universities]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:NALSAR University of Law]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:State universities in Telangana]]

Shekinah Jacob

2026-02-08T00:09:32Z

JAY JADABA: Added First Page From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian playwright}}

{{Cleanup|date=October 2022|reason=Major clean-up of this article is needed to bring it into compliance with the manual of style.|talk="Life as a playwright" section needs to be reformatted}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shekinah Jacob
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|34|2013|10|25}}
}}
'''Shekinah Jacob''' is an International playwright who has participated in the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe|Edinburgh Fringe]] and collaborated with the [[Royal Court Theatre]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Her plays go places |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/her-plays-go-places/article5092888.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214112114/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/her-plays-go-places/article5092888.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

Her notable works include the plays ''Ali J'', ''The Long Way Home'', and ''Queen of Hearts''. She is also known for her monologue ''We Are Water'', which was presented on [[BBC Radio]]. Jacob runs Open House Productions, a theatre company based in New Zealand and [[Bengaluru]], which has staged over 60 performances of short plays for corporate events, conferences, and various institutions across the world.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Early life==
{{BLP sources section|date=November 2023}}
In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Jacob mentioned that playwriting came naturally to her from a young age. After graduating from [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]], she worked at various times as a reporter, [[copywriter]], and [[technical writer]]. Jacob is married and has two children.<ref name=":0" />

=== Education ===
Jacob completed her schooling at [[Ida Scudder School]], a secondary school in [[Vellore]]. She graduated from Women's Christian College, affiliated with the [[University of Madras]], with a master's degree in English Literature. She later pursued a master's degree in Writing for Performance from the [[University of London]] as a Charles Wallace Scholar and subsequently earned a PhD in Theatre from the [[University of Victoria]].

==Career==

Jacob wrote her second full-length script while studying at Women's Christian College. However, she learned the fundamentals of [[playwriting]] during a [[workshop]] conducted by [[Mahesh Dattani]] and later received training from the [[Royal Court Theatre]] in London. Reflecting on her experience in an interview with ''The Hindu'', she said, "I learnt how drama is action. Cause and effect. Your left brain and right brain have to work together."

During her time at Women's Christian College, Jacob was required to write a play without any male actors. She wrote ''Seven for a Secret'', featuring seven female characters. This play earned her an opportunity to participate in a workshop with the Royal Court Theatre in London. The play was performed in [[Chennai]], where it won the awards for Best Script and Best Audience Response.

She participated in a playwriting workshop conducted by Mahesh Dattani, during which she wrote the play ''Only Women''. The play had a rehearsed reading at the [[British Council]].

She also wrote a [[monologue]] titled ''We Are Water'', which was broadcast on [[BBC Radio]] in September 2003.

Her play ''The Long Way Home'' was performed at the National Centre for the Performing Arts ([[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]]) and Prithvi Theatre in [[Mumbai]], as well as at the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Museum Theatre]] in Chennai.

Her play ''Ali J'' was inspired by a real story. Her brother, a lawyer working with a human rights organisation in Mumbai, told her about a young man who was imprisoned after drugs were planted in his bag. The man spent 10 years in a prison in [[Mauritius]] before being transferred to Mumbai. Around the same time, she was asked to write a [[monologue]] for the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]]. "They originally wanted one on [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and realising how little [[Indian history]] I knew, I began to read extensively on the subject," she said. After six months of research, she decided to combine the two stories. The play premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, where it ran for 25 days. It will next open the NCPA Centrestage Festival in Mumbai, after which it will tour across the country.<ref name=":0" />

In an interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'' on 25 October 2013, Jacob discussed her [[Artistic inspiration|inspirations]], saying, "I read as widely as possible – my favourite playwrights include [[Alan Bennett]] for the brilliant way in which he captures miniature shifts of mood and the textured dynamics of relationships, as well as [[Tom Stoppard]] and [[David Mamet]]. And, of course, the immortal [[Shakespeare]]." According to Jacob, good theatre is like a good democracy—"by the people, of the people, and for the people." She writes plays that she herself would enjoy watching as an audience member. She appreciates plays that are rooted in her own world, believing that theatre should serve as an ongoing dialogue between the [[audience]] and the [[actors]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/one-direction/chennai/culture/1169 |title=One direction | Indulge |publisher=Indulge.newindianexpress.com |accessdate=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928102807/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/one-direction/chennai/culture/1169 |archive-date=28 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Shekinah Jacob founded a theatre group, Open House Productions, which operates on a Robin Hood model. It is funded by corporates and well-wishers, with most of the revenue from ticket sales directed towards local NGOs.

In an interview in 2015, playwright [[Naren Weiss]] told ''[[India-West]]'' that his play ''Censored'' was inspired by the banning of Jacob's ''Ali J'' in multiple cities across India. The play was later filmed as a sketch by the [[Stray Factory]] and went [[Viral video|viral]] in India.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last1=Waraich |first1=Sonia |title=Playwright Naren Weiss: Exploring Identity Through Universal Stories |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/playwright-naren-weiss-exploring-identity-through-universal-stories/article_5f378f4e-1a8f-11e5-9a0b-af1d14230c6e.html |website=www.indiawest.com |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212004933/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/playwright-naren-weiss-exploring-identity-through-universal-stories/article_5f378f4e-1a8f-11e5-9a0b-af1d14230c6e.html |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |language=en |date=Jun 24, 2015}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |date= August 2013|title=Theatre review: Ali J at Pleasance Courtyard |url=http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/ali-j-pleasance-court-9161 |accessdate=20 August 2014 |publisher=Britishtheatreguide.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.asianage.com/arts/indian-element-edinburgh-fringe-227 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926125312/http://www.asianage.com/arts/indian-element-edinburgh-fringe-227 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=Edinburgh 2013: Our top picks for the Fringe and EIF – Features – 22 Jul 2013 |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/edinburgh-theatre/news/07-2013/edinburgh-2013-our-top-picks-for-the-fringe-and-ei_31330.html |accessdate=20 August 2014 |publisher=Whatsonstage.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2013 |title=Ali J |Edinburgh Fringe 2013 | Fringe Review | Fringe Theatre Reviews |url=http://www.fringereview.co.uk/fringeReview/5519.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206130041/http://www.fringereview.co.uk/fringeReview/5519.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=20 August 2014 |publisher=Fringe Review |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ali J, Pleasance Courtyard | the Stage Edinburgh 2013 |url=http://ed.thestage.co.uk/reviews/1693 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020142/http://ed.thestage.co.uk/reviews/1693 |archivedate=3 December 2013 |accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.nobordersmagazine.com/Articles/alij/alij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032709/http://www.nobordersmagazine.com/Articles/alij/alij.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=ED2013 Theatre Review: Ali J (Evam India and Richard Jordan Productions) | ThreeWeeks Edinburgh |url=http://www.threeweeks.co.uk/article/ed2013-theatre-review-ali-j-evam-india-and-richard-jordan-productions/#sthash.1gL1sQYP.dpuf |accessdate=20 August 2014 |publisher=Threeweeks.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Theatre review: Ali J {{!}} WOW247 |url=http://www.edinburgh-festivals.com/blog/2013/08/08/theatre-review-ali-j/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227001817/http://www.edinburgh-festivals.com:80/blog/2013/08/08/theatre-review-ali-j |archive-date=2014-02-27 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.edinburgh-festivals.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

==Works==

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Details
!Notes
|-
|2003
|''We are water''
|Monologue
|
|-
|2012
|''Goeing 747''
|
|
|-
|2012
|''The Long Way Home''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Ali J''
|25 days at [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe|Edinburgh Fringe]]
|
|-
|
|''Seven For a Secret''
|
|
|-
|
|''Only Women''
|
|
|-
|
|''Queen of Hearts''
|
|
|}
*''Ali J'' – Premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival for a three-week run in August 2013 as a Richard Jordan and Evam Entertainment Production.<ref name=":1" />
*''The Long Way Home'' – Produced by Evam Entertainment and directed by [[Karthik Kumar]], with shows at Mumbai, Chennai & Bangalore.
*''We are water'' – This [[monologue]] was broadcast on [[BBC Radio]] in 2003.
*''Seven For a Secret'' – Won the Best Script prize and Best Audience Response prize at an inter-collegiate theatre festival
*''Only Women'' - this had a rehearsed reading in the [[British Council]].
*''Goeing 747'' – A comic re-telling of the Christmas story, performed in 2012

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Shekinah}}
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moti Dungri

2026-02-05T04:37:46Z

JAY JADABA: put up a info with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Sri Moti Dungri Ganesh Ji Mandir (Jaipur)
| image = Jaipur - Sri Moti Dungri Ganesh Ji Mandir (2022) - img 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Exterior of the temple
| map_type = India Jaipur##India Rajasthan##India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.894621|N|75.816740|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Ganesha]]
| important_festivals=
| architecture =
| number_of_temples =
| number_of_monuments=
| inscriptions =
| established = 1761
| creator = Seth Jai Ram Paliwal
| website = [https://www.motidungri.com www.motidungri.com]
}}

'''Moti Dungri''' is a [[Hindu temple]] complex dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]] in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. It was built in 1761 under supervision of Seth Jai Ram Paliwal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moti Dungri Temple|url=https://www.brainwayholidays.com/MotiDungriTemple.aspx|access-date=2022-02-08|website=www.brainwayholidays.com}}</ref> The temple is a popular tourist attraction in the city and is located next to the [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Temple]].

== History ==
The Moti Dungri temple is situated at bottom of the Moti Dungri hill and the fort of Moti Dungri in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Knapp|first1=Stephen|title=SEEING SPIRITUAL INDIA: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions|date=29 May 2008|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9780595614523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&q=moti+dungri+ganesha+temple&pg=PT457|accessdate=7 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hendley|first1=Thomas Holbein|title=The Jeypore Guide|year=1876|publisher=Raj Press|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUY1AQAAMAAJ&q=moti+dungri|accessdate=7 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> The icon of the god [[Ganesha]] established in the temple is said to be more than five-hundred years old,<ref>{{cite news|title=Unique temple in Jaipur|url=https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/kehte-hain-unique-temple-in-jaipur-297089|access-date=7 October 2016|work=Nai Dunia|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> and was brought here in 1761 by Seth Jai Ram Paliwal who was accompanying [[Madho Singh I|Maharaja Madho Singh I]], from [[Udaipur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=जयपुर के मोतीडूंगरी गणेश मंदिर का उदयपुर से है पुराना नाता, मावली से गई थी गणपति प्रतिमा|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/udaipur/video-jaipur-s-moti-dungri-ganesh-temple-has-a-old-connection-with-udaipur-2329287.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Rajasthan Patrika|date=13 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ganesh Chaturthi Special: Famous Ganpati temples across India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ganesh-chaturthi-special-famous-ganpati-temples-across-india-2125766|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=DNA|date=16 September 2015}}</ref> He was brought to Udaipur from [[Gujarat]]. The temple was built under Paliwal's supervision.<ref>{{cite news|title=भारत के 8 प्रसिद्ध गणपति मंदिर-NavBharat Times|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/photos/8-famous-ganpati-temples-of-india/moti-dungri-temple-jaipur/photomazaashow/49032277.cms|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Navbharat Times|date=20 September 2015|language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=भगवान श्री गणेश के 10 प्रसिद्ध मंदिर - Interesting News|url=https://www.inextlive.com/famous-ganpati-temples-in-india-201509120022|access-date=7 October 2016|work=Jagran|date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

The trunk of the [[sindoor]]-coloured Ganesha icon is rightwards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/know-about-famous-temples-of-jaipur-2249568.html|title=जानिए, जयपुर के प्रसिद्ध मंदिर आैर लोगों की आस्था से जुड़ी खास बातें|date=6 June 2016|accessdate=7 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614181334/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/know-about-famous-temples-of-jaipur-2249568.html|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstracklive.com/news/Dungaree-pearl-of-the-Ganesha-temple-attracts-devotees-brings-1080883-1.html|title=मोती डूंगरी के गणेश जी का मंदिर श्रद्धालुओं को कर रहा है आकर्षित|date=6 September 2016|work=Newstrack Live|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref> Devotees offer [[laddo]] sweets, at least, 1.25 [[lakh]] devotees pay respect to Ganesha every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/jaipurs-moti-dungri-ganesha-temple-decked-up-for-ganesh-chaturthi-festival/15919236.shtml|title=Jaipur's Moti Dungri Ganesha temple decked up for Ganesh Chaturthi festival|date=3 September 2016|work=Meri News|author1=Dr. Lalit Kishore|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aninews.in/videos/NTQ2NzI/jaipur-revels-in-ladoo-festival-ahead-of-ganesh-chaturthi.html|title=Jaipur revels in Ladoo Festival ahead of Ganesh Chaturthi {{!}} ANI News|work=ANI News|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/dungri-ladoo-exhibition-on-ganesha-chaturthi-1293785/|title=गणेश चतुर्थीच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर लाडू प्रदर्शन…|date=31 August 2016|work=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref> A fair is organized every Wednesday in the temple complex.<ref name="divya" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaskhabar.com/picture-news/news-temple-adorned-in-beads-float-modkon-1-76945-KKN.html|title=मोती डूंगरी मंदिर में सजी मोदकों की झांकी|date=31 August 2016|work=khaskhabar|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref>

There is a [[lingam]] (icon of the god [[Shiva]]) in the Moti Dungri Fort complex, which open to visitors once a year on [[Mahashivratri]], the festival of Shiva.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Dr. Lalit Kishore|title=Jaipur devotees throng Royal Moti Dungri Shiva Temple for special pooja|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/jaipur-devotees-throng-royal-moti-dungri-shiva-temple-for-special-pooja/15895382.shtml|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Meri News|date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Dr. Lalit Kishore|title=Royal Moti Dungri Shiv Temple opened for public on Maha Shivratri in Jaipur|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/royal-moti-dungri-shiv-temple-opened-for-public-on-maha-shivratri-in-jaipur/15882642.shtml|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Meri News|date=10 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सिर्फ शिवरात्रि पर खुलते हैं इस मंदिर के द्वार, अदृश्य हो गया था यहां शिव परिवार|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/astrology-and-spirituality/this-shiv-temples-door-open-only-on-shivratri-2131826.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Rajasthan Patrika|date=27 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Birla Mandir, Jaipur|Birla Mandir]] shrine dedicated to the deities [[Lakshmi Narayan]] is situated south of Ganesha temple.<ref name="divya" />

== Festival ==
The Moti Dungri Ganeshji Temple is a popular destination for celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi. In 2023, the temple hosted a large display of laddus, which are a traditional offering to Ganesha. The display featured two laddus weighing 251 kilograms and two laddus weighing 200 kilograms. The laddus were made from a variety of ingredients, including flour, sugar, and nuts. They were offered to Ganesha by devotees from all over the city. <ref name="Chalisa Yug">{{cite web|title=Laddu display at Moti Dungri Ganeshji Temple|url=https://chalisayug.com/ganesh-chaturthi-2023/|website=Chalisa Yug|accessdate=14 September 2023}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The layout and structure of Moti Dungri is built in the [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara style]] and is based on the model of [[Scottish castles|Scottish castle]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ltd|first1=Data|last2=Goyal|first2=Ashutosh|title=RBS Visitors Guide India - Rajasthan: Rajasthan Travel guide|date=19 October 2015|publisher=Data and Expo India Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9789380844787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8TDCgAAQBAJ&q=moti+dungri+ganesha+temple&pg=PT134|accessdate=7 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=1,25,000 Ladoos Offered To Jaipur's Moti Doongri Ganesh|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/1-25-000-ladoos-offered-to-jaipur-039-s-moti-doongri-ganesh-4559.html|accessdate=7 October 2016|date=9 September 2010}}</ref> There are three entrance gates and few steps at the front.<ref name="divya">{{cite news|title=मोती डुंगरी गणेश मंदिर|url=http://www.divyahimachal.com/2014/12/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/|accessdate=7 October 2016|work=Divya Himachal|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> It was built using [[limestone]] and [[marble]] and construction work was completed in 4 months.<ref name="Rajasthan Devasthan">{{cite web|title=Temple Profile: Mandir Shri Ganesh Ji|url=http://www.devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Jaipur/Ganeshji.htm|website=Rajasthan Devasthan|publisher=Government of Rajasthan|accessdate=7 October 2016}}</ref>

== Darshan Timings ==
Moti Dungri Temple located in Jaipur is open for devotees all through the week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Reena |title=मोती डूंगरी गणेश मंदिर |url=https://janbhakti.in/hindu-temples/moti-dungri-ganesh-ji-temple/ |website=JanBhakti.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|Sr.No.
|Dharshans
|Time
|-
|1.
|Mangala Aarti
|4.00 am
|-
|2.
|Special Puja
|11.20 am
|-
|3.
|Shringar Aarti
|11.30 am
|-
|4.
|Bhog Aarti
|2.15pm
|-
|5.
|Evening Aarti
|7:00 p.m.
|-
|6.
|Shayan Aarti
|11.45 pm
|}

==Transport==
The temple is 6-[[Kilometer|km]] distant from Jaipur. [[Jaipur International Airport]] is the nearest airport and the [[Gandhinagar Jaipur railway station|Gandhi Nagar]], nearest railway station.<ref name="Rajasthan Devasthan"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.motidungri.com/}}

{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jaipur]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}

Sricharan Pakala

2026-01-30T10:31:03Z

JAY JADABA:

{{short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sricharan Pakala
| image =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupation = Music composer
| instrument = Drums, guitar, keyboard
| years_active = 2013–present
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Sricharan Pakala''' is an Indian [[music composer]] who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-celebrities/sricharan-pakala-77610|title=Sricharan Pakala|date=25 June 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

Pakala was born in [[Visakhapatnam]] into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2020-07-07|title=Sricharan Pakala: I owe my music to Vizag's hills and beaches|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/music-composer-sricharan-pakala-talks-about-krishna-and-his-leela-and-his-love-for-vizag/article32011862.ece|access-date=2020-08-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Pakala entered the film industry as a music director with the 2013 [[romcom]], ''[[Kiss (2013 film)|Kiss]]''. He went on to become popular for his work as a music director. He made his acting debut with ''[[Krishna and His Leela]]'' (2020){{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} for which he also composed music.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Sricharan Pakala and Poojan Kohli share a sneak-peek of Manase from Krishna and His Leela |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/sricharan-pakala-and-poojan-kohli-share-a-sneak-peek-of-manase-from-krishna-and-his-leela/articleshow/76672823.cms | date=28 June 2020 | accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As composer===

==== Score and soundtrack ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kiss (2013 film)|Kiss]]''||
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ravi|first=Murali|date=4 March 2019|title=Mahesh Babu unveils 'Operation Gold Fish' Teaser|work=Tollywood |url=https://www.tollywood.net/mahesh-babu-unveils-operation-gold-fish-teaser/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Kshanam]]''||
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=27 February 2016|title=Movie review 'Kshanam': Former boyfriend makes it an 'ex'cellent movie|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270216/movie-review-kshanam-former-boyfriend-makes-it-an-ex-cellent-movie.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guntur Talkies]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naruda Donoruda]]''||
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toleti|first=Siddartha|date=4 November 2016|title=Naruda Donoruda Movie Review - Rating 2.5/5 - Misses Spark|url=https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/naruda-donoruda-movie-review-misses-spark/|website=mirchi9.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]'' ||
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ranjith|first=AuthorGabbeta|title='Rangula Ratnam' in Sankranthi race|url=https://telanganatoday.com/rangula-ratnam-in-sankranthi-race|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2018 || ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' ||
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''|| [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Humble Politician Nograj' review: Good for voters, right in time for polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/jan/12/humble-politician-nograj-review-good-for-voters-right-in-time-for-polls-1752339.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The News Minute - 'Humble Politician Nograj' to be released in the US|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/humble-politician-nograj-be-released-us-75530}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=15 September 2017|title=Virat Kohli wishes success to Danish Sait's Humble Politician Nograj|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/virat-kohli-wishes-success-danish-saits-humble-politician-nograj-742205|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pelli Gola 2'' || Television series
|
|-
| ''[[Goodachari]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''Ee Office Lo'' || Television series
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Adivi Sesh dispels rumours about the Hindi remake of 'Goodachari' |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/adivi-sesh-dispels-rumours-about-the-hindi-remake-of-goodachari/articleshow/65302866.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Idam Jagath]]''||
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Idam Jagath movie review highlights: Sumanth's film is like fan-fiction |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/idam-jagath-movie-review-highlights-sumanths-film-is-like-fan-fiction/articleshow/67284198.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''Jessie''||
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=Telugu horror hit Jessie to be released in Tamil and Malayalam languages|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/telugu-horror-hit-jessie-to-be-release-in-tamil-and-malayalam-languages.html|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=AuthorSiddharth|title=Jessie: A gripping horror film|url=https://telanganatoday.com/jessie-a-gripping-horror-film|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jessie trailer out and it promises a decent horror - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jessie-trailer-out-and-it-promises-a-decent-horror/articleshow/68154166.cms|website=The Times of India|date=25 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Evaru]]'' ||
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Adivi Sesh's fan flies all the way from Japan after watching 'Evaru' |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/adivi-seshs-fan-flies-all-the-way-from-japan-after-watching-evaru/articleshow/71123578.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' ||
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chanakya Trailer: Gopichand plays a RAW agent and bank employee in this action-thriller - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chanakya-trailer-gopichand-plays-a-raw-agent-and-bank-employee-in-this-action-thriller/articleshow/71313036.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Operation Gold Fish]]'' ||
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Music Review: Operation Gold Fish |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-operation-gold-fish/articleshow/71651621.cms}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2020 || ''[[Aswathama (film)|Aswathama]]'' ||
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Aswathama: Five reasons why you should watch Naga Shaurya's film |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aswathama-five-reasons-why-you-should-watch-naga-shauryas-film/photostory/73695947.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pecheti|first=AuthorPrakash|title=Naga Shaurya wants to come out of lover-boy image|url=https://telanganatoday.com/naga-shaurya-wants-to-come-out-of-lover-boy-image|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishna and His Leela]]'' ||
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gowtam Tinnanuri raves about Krishna and His Leela, heaps praise on director Ravikanth Perepu - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gowtam-tinnanuri-raves-about-krishna-and-his-leela-heaps-praise-on-director-ravikanth-perepu/articleshow/76641720.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 July 2020|title='Krishna and his Leela' to stream on Aha from July 4|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krishna-and-his-leela-to-stream-on-aha-from-july-4/article31960657.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|te-latn|[[Gatham]]}}||
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gatham-a-psychological-thriller-made-by-us-based-students-and-it-professionals/article30989839.ece|title='Gatham', a psychological thriller, made by U.S-based students and IT professionals|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 March 2020|last1=Chowdhary|first1=Y. Sunita}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maa Vintha Gadha Vinuma]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-writer-siddhu-and-director-aditya-mandala-on-maa-vintha-gadha-vinuma/article33057995.ece|title = 'Maa Vintha Gadha Vinuma': Romance, comedy and musings on life|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 9 November 2020|last1 = Dundoo|first1 = Sangeetha Devi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Naandhi]]''||
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 June 2020|title='Naandhi' showcases a new Allari Naresh and glimpses of police brutality|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-teaser-of-telugu-film-naandhi-starring-allari-naresh-is-a-far-cry-from-his-comedies-and-shows-police-brutality/article31952756.ece|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thimmarusu: Assignment Vali]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arikatla|first=Venkat|date=2020-12-09|title=Thimmarusu Teaser: An Honest Lawyer On A Mission!|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/thimmarusu-teaser-an-honest-lawyer-on-a-mission-109444|access-date=2020-12-23|website=greatandhra.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Humble Politiciann Nograj (TV series)|Humble Politiciann Nograj]]''
|Kannada TV show, "Scam Raja" song
|
|-
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|Nominated–[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|
|-
| ''[[Major (film)|Major]]''||also shot in [[Hindi]]
|<ref>[[Major (film)]]</ref>
|-
|''[[Itlu Maredumilli Prajaneekam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022–2023 || ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]''
| Television series ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2023
|'' [[Ugram (2023 film)|Ugram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Spy (2023 film)|Spy]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Yadha Yadha Hi]]''
|[[Kannada]] film
|
|-
| ''[[The Great Indian Suicide]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vidhi (2023 film)|Vidhi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Atharva (2023 film)|Atharva]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bubblegum (2023 film)|Bubblegum]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024
|''[[Bhoothaddam Bhaskar Narayana]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tillu Square]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-06-07 |title=Starboy Siddhu and Sithara Entertainments' 'Tillu Square' release date announced |url=https://telanganatoday.com/starboy-siddhu-and-sithara-entertainments-tillu-square-release-date-announced |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sundaram Master (film) |Sundaram Master]] ''
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://filmyfocus.com/movies/sundaram-master | title=Sundaram Master: Cast, Crew, Movie Review, Release Date, Teaser, Trailer|website=filmyfocus.com }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Satyabhama (2024 film)|Satyabhama]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Satyabhama teaser: Kajal Aggarwal is a suspended police officer on a mission to catch real murderer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/satyabhama-teaser-kajal-aggarwal-cop-avatar-101699612364005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325193031/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/satyabhama-teaser-kajal-aggarwal-cop-avatar-101699612364005.html |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bahumukham]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[28 Degree Celsius]]''
|Background score only
|
|-
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shambhala (2025 film)|Shambhala]]''
|
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Cheekatilo]]''
|
|
|}

===As a singer===

==== Film songs ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
! Film
! Song
|-
|2016
| ''[[Kshanam]]'' || "Edo Laga Undhi"
|-
|2018
|''[[Goodachari]]''
|"Sakhiya"
|-
|2025
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|"Theme of Gajapathi"
|}

==== Singles (Non-film) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Single
!Co-Artist(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|"Ladi Ladi"
|[[Priya Prakash Varrier]] (co-singer), [[Rahul Sipligunj]] (composer)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priya Prakash Varrier का 'लाडी लाडी' सॉन्ग हुआ रिलीज, Video में डांस करती नजर आईं एक्ट्रेस|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bollywood/priya-prakash-varrier-ladi-ladi-full-video-song-telugu-songs-2021-youtube-2352281|access-date=2021-01-15|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-03|title=Priya Prakash Varrier Remuneration For Telugu Song Will Leave You All Shock|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/priya-prakash-varrier-remuneration-telugu-song-will-leave-you-all-shock-128434|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6044359}}
* {{Twitter|srichu08}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sricharan Pakala}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

King (2026 movie)

2026-01-29T06:53:15Z

JAY JADABA: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[King (2026 film)]]

List of internet service providers in India

2026-01-13T15:41:56Z

JAY JADABA: refine article additionally and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

This is a list of '''internet service providers in India.''' There were 1076 [[internet service providers]] (ISPs) offering broadband and narrowband internet services in [[India]] as of 30 June 2023.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators |url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/QPIR_05122023_0.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India}}</ref>

==By subscribers==
[[Broadband]] is defined by the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] as "an always-on data connection ... that offers a minimum downlink and uplink speed of 2 Mbit/s".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sep 1 |first1=Debashis Sarkar |title=TRAI to government: Fix 2Mbps as the minimum broadband internet speed across India - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/trai-to-government-fix-2mbps-as-the-minimum-broadband-internet-speed-across-india/articleshow/85836769.cms |website=The Times of India |date=September 2021 |access-date=16 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The number of internet users is 895.832 million, out of whom 34.36 million are narrowband subscribers and 861.472 million are broadband subscribers.<ref name=":0" /> The following table shows the top 5 ISPs in India by total subscriber base as of 30 June 2023.{{Fix|text=The last two rows of the table need explanation.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan=2|Rank
!rowspan=2|ISP
!rowspan=2 class=unsortable|Logo
!colspan=3|Subscribers
|-
!Narrowband
!Broadband
!Total
|-
|1
|[[Jio]]
|[[File:Reliance Jio Logo (October 2015).svg|center|30px]]
|{{NA}}
|align=right|428,200,000
|align=right|428,200,000
|-
|2
|[[Airtel India|Airtel]]
|[[File:Bharti Airtel Logo.svg|center|30px]]
|align=right|19,969,265
|align=right|268,028,831
|align=right|287,998,096
|-
|3
|[[Vodafone Idea|Vi]]
|[[File:Vodafone Idea logo.svg|center|30px]]
|align=right|11,043,432
|align=right|124,896,076
|align=right|135,939,508
|-
|4
|[[BSNL]]
|[[File:BSNL logo with slogan.svg|center|30px]]
|align=right|2,882,539
|align=right|24,588,532
|align=right|27,471,071
|-
|5
|[[Atria Convergence Technologies]]
|
|{{NA}}
|align=right|2,159,293
|align=right|2,159,293
|-
|6
|[[Hathway]]
|[[File:Hathway Cable & Datacom logo.svg|center|30px]]
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|-
|7
|[[Excitel Broadband]]
|
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|}

'''Note:'''

# On 28 February 2018 [[Aircel]] filed for [[bankruptcy]] at [[National Company Law Tribunal|NCLT]] and a substantial number of customers have migrated to other services due to closing down of most of the consumer services.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/aircel-countrys-last-small-mobile-phone-firm-file-for-bankruptcy-today/articleshow/63110441.cms|title=Aircel, country's last small mobile phone operator, files for bankruptcy|last=Sengupta|first=Devina|date=28 February 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/aircel-india/aircel-press-release/1893902820650898/|title=Aircel's bankruptcy note on Facebook}}</ref>
#The services of [[Telenor India|Telenor]] India has been merged with [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] on 14 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/dot-approves-merger-of-bharti-airtel-and-telenor-india/articleshow/64157286.cms|title=DoT approves Bharti Airtel and Telenor India merger|author=Gulveen Aulakh|work=The Economic Times|date=15 May 2018 }}</ref>
# On 31 August 2018, [[Vodafone India]] has been merged with [[Idea Cellular]] and renamed as [[Vodafone Idea Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/telecom-news/nclt-gives-go-ahead-to-idea-vodafone-merger/articleshow/65616161.cms?from=mdr|title=NCLT gives go-ahead to Idea-Vodafone merger|first=Kalyan|last=Parbat|work=The Economic Times|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Service Provider
!Internet Connection Type(s)
!Region(s) Served
!Parent/owner
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|[[Atria Convergence Technologies]]
|FTTH
|{{NA}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[BSNL Broadband]]
|FTTH
|India
|
|
|
|-
|[[DEN Networks]]
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Excitel Broadband]]
|FTTH
|Delhi, Mumbai, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|[[MTNL|MTNL Broadband]]
|FTTH
|Delhi, Mumbai
|
|
|
|-
|[[Hathway]]
|FTTH
|India
|
|
|
|-
|[[Tikona Infinet Limited|Tikona]]
|{{NA}}
|{{NA}}
|
|
|
|-
|[[Siti Networks]]
|
|
|
|
|}

== Other notable ISPs ==

{| class="wikitable"
!ISP
!Coverage area
|-
|[[RailTel Corporation of India]]
|Public Sector (state-owned) ISP with pan-India optic fiber network along Railway track
|}

==Enterprise/wholesale only==
*[[National Knowledge Network]] for educational institutions in India
*[[Power Grid Corporation of India|PowerGrid]]

== See also ==
* [[List of telecom companies in India]]
* [[Internet in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://stats.labs.apnic.net/cgi-bin/aspop?c=IN ISP market share grouped by ASNs used] ([[APNIC]] report)
* [https://ipinfo.io/countries/in List of ASNs assigned to India]
* [http://www.dot.gov.in DoT website]
* [https://trai.gov.in/consumer-info/telecom/service-provider-list List of Telecom Service Providers on TRAI website]

{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Internet service providers in India}}
[[Category:Internet-related lists]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India| ]]

Yogendra Vyas

2025-12-31T08:01:29Z

JAY JADABA: Added The Data First Draft

{{Short description|Indian writer and linguist (1940–2021)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Yogendra Dhirubhai Vyas
| image = Yogendra Vyas Gujarati author.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = Vyas at Trimandir, [[Adalaj]], Gujarat in November 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|10|6}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|09|23|1940|10|6}}
| death_place = Ahmedabad
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*writer
*linguist
}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = M.A., Ph.D.
| alma_mater =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| awards =
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child= yes
| doctoral_advisor = [[Prabodh Pandit]]
| thesis_title = A Linguistic Study of Bhili Dialects: A Descriptive Study of Central and North Bhili
| thesis_year = 1967
| thesis_url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49002
}}
}}

'''Yogendra Dhirubhai Vyas''' (6 October 1940 – 23 September 2021) was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] writer and linguist from [[Gujarat]], India. He is known for his linguistic study of Gujarati language. Born and raised in [[Ahmedabad]], Vyas studied at [[Gujarat University]], from where he obtained his doctorate in study of [[Bhili language|Bhili dialect]] under the supervision of [[Prabodh Pandit]].

==Biography==
A native of Bhalod (village in [[Bharuch district]]), Yogendra Vyas was born on 6 October 1940 in [[Ahmedabad]], where he was raised. He completed his study in Ahmedabad.<ref name="Pandya 2018">{{cite book|last=Pandya|first=Pinki|title=Gujarātī Sāhityano Itihāsa Granth 8 (Svātantryottara Yuga)|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઇતિહાસ ગ્રંથ ૮ (સ્વાતંત્રયોત્તર યુગ)|trans-title=History of Gujarati Literature Book 8 (Post-independence Era)|publisher=K. L. Study Centre, [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|isbn=978-81-939074-1-2|editor-last=Desai|editor-first=Parul Kandarp|volume=2|location=Ahmedabad|date=November 2018|pages=295–300|language=gu}}</ref>

He received his B.A. in 1961 from [[Gujarat College]] with Gujarati and [[Sanskrit]] subject. In 1963, he received his M.A. in [[Linguistics]] from [[Gujarat University]]. During 1961–63, he was appointed a Dakshina Fellow from Gujarat College. He received a [[postgraduate diploma]] in Linguistics from [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], [[Pune]] in 1963. He received his doctorate in 1967 from Gujarat University under [[Prabodh Pandit]] for his thesis ''A Linguistic Study of Bhili Dialects: A Descriptive Study of Central and North Bhili''. The thesis is based on the study of [[Bhili language]].<ref name="Pandya 2018"/><ref name="Gujaratna Adhyapakono Mahitikosh">{{Cite book|title=Gujaratna Adhyapakono Mahitikosh|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતના અધ્યાપકોનો માહિતીકોશ|publisher=Gujaratino Adhyapak Sangh|location=Ahmedabad|year=1988|editor-last=Rawal|editor-first=Vinayak|trans-title=An introduction of Professors teaching Gujarati in Various Universities of India|editor-last2=Jani|editor-first2=Balwant|editor-last3=Modi|editor-first3=Manhar|editor3-link=Manhar Modi|page=72|language=gu|oclc=20823629}}</ref>

He served as principal at Surendranagar Girls College till 1966, and then joined Arts and Commerce College, Ahmedabad as principal. He was appointed a lecturer in November 1969 and promoted to the head of department in June 1974 and retired in October 2002.<ref name="The Indian Express 2021">{{cite web|title=Gujarat: Former professor at GU and his wife 'die by suicide'|website=The Indian Express|date=24 September 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-former-professor-at-gu-and-his-wife-die-by-suicide-7530590/|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928093825/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-former-professor-at-gu-and-his-wife-die-by-suicide-7530590/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vyas, along with his wife Anjana Vyas (aged 74), committed suicide by hanging on 23 September 2021.<ref name="The Indian Express 2021"/><ref name="Ahmedabad Mirror 2021">{{cite web|title=Ex-GU prof, wife end lives in suicide pact|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|date=24 September 2021|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/ex-gu-prof-wife-end-lives-in-suicide-pact/81807541.html|access-date=28 September 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924075911/https://ahmedabadmirror.com/ex-gu-prof-wife-end-lives-in-suicide-pact/81807541.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Works==
Vyas wrote many books on linguistics in the Gujarati language, along with two novels, a short story collection, and some miscellaneous works. He presented discourses on theoretical study of various branches of linguistics in Gujarati. He studied the sounds of Gujarati language from the points of view of [[Articulatory phonetics|articulatory]], [[Auditory phonetics|auditory]] and [[acoustic phonetics]] in his book
''Bhasha ane Tenu Bhautik Swarup'' (''Language and Its Physical Form''; 1966).<ref name="Pandya 2018"/>

He wrote two novels: ''Be Kinarani Vachche'' and ''Krishnajanma''. He wrote a biographical work, ''Divo Na Bujhe'' (1986). He edited several volumes including ''Anandyatrana Sathio'' (2004), ''Anandgharni Vatsalyamurti'', and ''Suvasni Lahani''. His works of [[Children's literature in Gujarati language|children's literature]] include ''Bhilini Kishorkathao'' and ''Manoranjak Bodhkathao''.<ref name="Pandya 2018"/>

==Awards==
Vyas received the state government awards for his three books on languages in 1974, 1976 and 1977.<ref name="The Indian Express 2021"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Yogendra}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:2021 suicides]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Joint suicides]]
[[Category:Linguists from India]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Suicides by hanging in India]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]

Kashinath Singh

2025-12-31T07:41:03Z

JAY JADABA: expand article for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian writer and scholar (born 1937)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Kashinath Singh
| native_name = काशीनाथ सिंह
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Kashinath Singh bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 2652 July 28, 2018.jpg
| caption = Kashinath Singh
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1937|01|01}}
| birth_place = Jiyanpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| notableworks = ''[[Kashi Ka Assi]]'', ''Rehan Par Ragghu'', ''Kahni Upkhan''
| occupation = Writer, novelist
| relatives = [[Namvar Singh]] (brother)
| awards = {{awd|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|2011}}Sharad Joshi Samman Sahitya Bhushan Katha Samman Rajbhasha Samman Bharat Bharti Award
}}

'''Kashinath Singh''' ({{langx|hi|काशीनाथ सिंह}}, born 1937) is an Indian writer and scholar of [[Hindi]] language and known for writing novels and short stories in [[Hindi]]. He was formerly a professor of [[Hindi literature]] in [[Banaras Hindu University]]. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2011 for his novel ''Rehan Par Ragghu'', and is considered one of the best chroniclers of the city of [[Varanasi]]. He has recently received 'Bharat Bharti Award', the state's highest literary award given by U.P. government.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/narendra-modi-s-presence-has-polarised-varanasi-1.1329800 ‘Narendra Modi’s presence has polarised Varanasi’ | GulfNews.com]</ref>

==Biography==
Kashinath Singh was born in 1937 in the village of ''Jiyanpur'', in [[Chandauli]] district of north Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in a peasant family. His early schooling was done at Jiyanpur village school. He continued his education at [[Banaras Hindu University]] from where he obtained BA, MA and PhD. He started his career as a lecturer in Banaras Hindu University in 1965 and retired from there as professor and the head of the Hindi department.<ref name=kashi>{{cite web|url=http://www.samanvayindianlanguagesfestival.org/2012/kashinath-singh|title=Kashinath Singh|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> Singh presently lives with his son in Varanasi in Brij Enclave on Manduadih Road. Renowned critic Dr. [[Namvar Singh]] is elder brother of Kashinath Singh.<ref name="NDTV_death">{{cite news |title=Acclaimed Hindi Author Namvar Singh Dies at 92 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/acclaimed-hindi-author-namvar-singh-dies-at-92-1996217 |accessdate=20 February 2019 |work=NDTV.com |date=20 February 2019}}</ref> He was a friend and relative of [[Doodhnath Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Kashinath|title=तो यह था दूधनाथ सिंह|trans-title=So this was Doodhnath Singh|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/blog/story-kashinath-singh-article-on-doodhnath-singh-in-hindustan-on-13-january-1745720.html|accessdate=14 January 2018|work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|date=13 January 2018|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[Kashi Ka Assi]], published in 2008, is considered his most significant work. It is written from an insider's portrait of life on the ''ghats'', the oddball characters and the student politicians from the 1970s. The novel is considered to be unique in its detailed portrayal of the colourful life of [[Varanasi]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.bihardays.com/kashinath-singh-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-rehan-par-ragghu Kashinath Singh wins the Sahitya Akademi award for 'Rehan par Ragghu' | BiharDays]</ref>

Kashinath Singh is also known for his unique style of writing biographies of literary personalities.<ref name=kashi /> His memoirs are compiled into the volume ''Yaad Ho Ki Na Yaad Ho'', which won the Sharad Joshi Award. Parts of ''Kashi ka Assi'' have been adapted to theatre by eminent director Usha Ganguly and the novel has also been adapted into a feature film, [[Mohalla Assi]], by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]].

Kashinath Singh received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Rehan Par Ragghu'' in 2011.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> In recent times, ''Kashinama'', a play based on ''Kashi Ka Assi'' has been staged 125 times in India and abroad.<ref>[http://www.bihardays.com/kashinath-singh-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-rehan-par-ragghu/ Kashinath Singh wins the Sahitya Akademi award for 'Rehan par Ragghu' | BiharDays]</ref>

==Works==
* {{cite book
| title = [[Kashi Ka Assi]]
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2004
| publisher = [[Rajkamal Prakashan]]
| isbn = 9788126704224
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Rehan Par Regghu
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2011
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788126719648
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Yaad Ho Ki Na Yaad Ho
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2007
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788171789368
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Apna Morcha
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2007
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788126713868
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Kahani Upkhan
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2003
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788126707768
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Pratinidhi Kahaniyan
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2008
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788126702497
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Ghar Ka Jogi Jogda
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2006
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 8126712406
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Mahuacharit
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2012
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9788126722297
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Upsanhar
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2014
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 978-8126726059
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Lekhak Ki Chherchhaar
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2012
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 9789383233144
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Kavita Ki Nayi Taareekh
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 2012
| publisher = [[HarperCollins#HarperCollins India|HarperCollins India]]
| isbn = 9788172239572
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Sadi Ka Sabse Bada Admee
| author = Kashinath Singh
| year = 1986
| publisher = Rajkamal Prakashan
| isbn = 8171780164
}}

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* Sharad Joshi Samman
* Sahitya Bhushan
* Katha Samman
* Rajbhasha Samman
* Bharat Bharti Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/narendra-modi-s-presence-has-polarised-varanasi-1.1329800 Interview on Gulf News]

{{Authority control}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kashinath}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]

Tholung Monastery

2025-12-20T08:03:31Z

JAY JADABA: Added First Data Added Tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Tholung Monastery''' ({{bo|t=ཋོལུང་དགོན་པ་|w=Tho Lung dgon pa}}) is a [[gompa]] located in remote upper Dzongu, in the buffer zone of [[Khangchendzonga National Park]]. It is considered one of the most sacred monasteries in [[Sikkim]]. Tholung literally means Areasima place or Areasima country.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Monasteries/North/TholungMonastery.aspx|title=Tholung Monastery (1789 A.D)|website=Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Government of Sikkim|publisher=Department of Information Technology Government of Sikkim|accessdate=14 April 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011555/http://www.sikkimeccl.gov.in/History/Monasteries/North/TholungMonastery.aspx|archivedate=15 April 2017}}</ref>

This gompa was originally constructed during the beginning of 18th century by [[Chogyal]] [[Phuntsog Namgyal II]]. It includes unique and prized manuscripts and relics from other gompas that were placed there for protection at the time of the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Nepalese]] invasion of the area during the end of the 17th and beginning of the 19th centuries. The monastery contains a metal [[Chorten]], in which encloses the ashes of an incarnate of the revered [[Lama]] Latsun Chembo. All of these artifacts are contained within over a dozen boxes supervised by the [[Government of Sikkim]]. Every three years, the artifacts are unveiled to the public during the Kamsil Ceremony in April.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.alpineadventureclub.com/tolung-monastery-trekking.html|title=Tholung Monastery Trekking - 10 Days|website=Alpine Adventure Club|publisher=Alpine Adventure Club Treks & Expedition|accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref>

It follows the [[Nyingmapa]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref name=":0" /> It is a [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Property]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Khangchendzonga National Park: Tholung monastery in the buffer zone of KBR|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/141195|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=14 April 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Monks at Tholung Gumpa.jpg|thumb|"Monks at Tholung Gumpa" taken in 1880 - 1920s. From the Government of Sikkim Archives]]
Tholung was revealed as a sacred place by 4th Lhatsun, Kunzang Jigmed Gyatso in 1760. In 1789, Pema Dechhen Gyatso constructed a monastery at this site. It possesses ancient [[manuscripts]], [[Tibetan art|Sikkimese art]] and [[Cultural artifact|artifact]]s, which had been brought there the year prior.

During the reign of Chogyal [[Tenzing Namgyal]], The [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]] invasion from Nepal caused much turmoil to the [[Buddhist]] monks in the region; resulting in Lama Gyatso ordering the transfer of the region's precious collections to Tholung.

After Nepalese invasion, Gyatso traveled to [[Tibet]] where he selected two monks, Tagye Tshampo and Jo Tshongpon, to watch over the relics. The two briefly settled at Wolung, Nepal before being redirected to Tholung by Lama Gyatso. The descendants of these monks continued to look after the relics as curators prior to the 1940s. Thereafter, the Ecclesiastical Department of the Government of Sikkim assumed this responsibility.

Because of the region's cold and moist climate, the relics are removed from their boxes for ventilating and sunning each three years in a ceremony known as ‘Kamsil’ by the Department of Ecclesiastical. In Kamsil, the relics are distributed to the worshipers. The current structure was reconstructed in 1980, as the old structure was becoming decrepit.<ref name=":0" />

== Location ==
Tolung Monastery situated at an altitude of {{Convert|8000|ft|m}} and lies inside of Khangchendzonga National Park, [[North Sikkim]]. The gompa lies with in the restricted area, requiring an inner line permit for [[Indian citizen]]s. In order to reach the gompa, one must take a 10 km hike going up approximately {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} to reach Tholung through dense foliage (as of 2025 the road is being extended further up the river bed). There is a pilgrimage building and religious site an hour away from the gompa.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Buddhism topics}}{{Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim}}{{North East India}}

{{coord|27.637|88.461|display=title}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Nyingma monasteries and temples]]
[[Category:1760 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1760s]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Mangan district]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Sikkim]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]

Jofin T. Chacko

2025-12-17T02:11:13Z

JAY JADABA: new

{{Short description|Malayalam filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jofin T. Chacko
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mundur, Palakkad|Mundur]], [[Palakkad]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Film Director]]
| years_active = 2021-present
| known_for = ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' (2021) ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' (2025)
| notable_works =
}}
'''Jofin T. Chacko'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jofin-T-Chacko|title=Jofin T Chacko: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday | Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian [[film director]] working in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. He has directed ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]'' (2021) and ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chackos-rekhachithram/articleshow/112446617.cms|title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's 'Rekhachithram'|work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 2021, he directed his debut, ''Priest''. It stars [[Mammootty]] and [[Nikhila Vimal]] in titular roles.
In 2025, he directed his second movie ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' starring Asif Ali, [[Anaswara Rajan]], and Manoj K Jayan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/asif-ali-wraps-up-dubbing-for-jofin-t-chackos-rekhachithram-article-115084860|title=Asif Ali Wraps Up Dubbing For Jofin T Chacko's Rekhachithram|date=8 November 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-04 |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chackos-next/article68138662.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=2021-06-15 |title=Film Review: The Priest (2021) by Jofin T. Chacko |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2021/06/film-review-the-priest-2021-by-jofin-t-chacko/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-08 |title=Asif Ali-Jofin T Chacko film is titled Rekhachithram, first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/11/asif-ali-jofin-t-chacko-film-is-titled-rekhachithram-first-look-out |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=11266234}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chacko, Jofin T}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mariam Dhawale

2025-11-27T21:07:21Z

JAY JADABA: put up a post and citations.

{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mariam Dhawale
| image = Mariam Dhawale in 2024.jpg
| caption = Dhawale in 2024
| office = Member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start = 6 April 2025
| office1 = General Secretary of the [[All India Democratic Women's Association]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| predecessor1 = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
| birth_name = Mariam Bootwala
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1961|04|04}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| spouse = [[Ashok Dhawale]]
| education = [[University of Mumbai]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}

'''Mariam Dhawale''' ([[née]] '''Bootwala'''; born 4 April 1961) is an Indian politician and women's rights activist affiliated with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. She serves as a member of the party's [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Politburo]], its highest decision-making body, and has been the General Secretary of the [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] since 2016. Her political career spans student activism, rural organizing, and national leadership in mass movements for gender justice and secularism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=CPM Party Congress: More women likely to join CPM Politburo and Central Committee |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1510970&u= |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mariam Dhawale was born as Mariam Bootwala into a Muslim family. Influenced by the ideas of [[Bhagat Singh]] and other revolutionary figures, she later identified as an atheist. She completed her higher education at Wilson College in Mumbai, where her engagement in political activism began.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title='Comrades for life': Meet the new couple in CPI(M) Politburo, Mariam and Ashok Dhawale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/comrades-for-life-meet-the-new-couple-in-cpim-politburo-mariam-and-ashok-dhawale-9930017/ |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 1979, she joined the Students’ Federation of India (SFI) and quickly rose through its ranks. She became the first woman to hold the position of State General Secretary of SFI in Maharashtra, later serving as All India Vice-President of the organization from 1988 to 1994.

==Political career==
Following her involvement in the student movement, Dhawale joined the All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA) in the 1990s, focusing on organizing women in rural and tribal regions of Maharashtra. She played a significant role in mobilizing marginalized communities around issues of education, domestic violence, healthcare access, and employment rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Anil |date=2025-04-07 |title=CPM party Congress with a Dhawale effect |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Apr/07/cpm-party-congress-with-a-dhawale-effect |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, she was elected General Secretary of AIDWA, becoming the national face of the organization. Under her leadership, AIDWA expanded its campaigns to address communal violence, caste-based discrimination, and neoliberal policies affecting women workers.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Women’s plight a cause for concern: Mariam Dhawale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/womens-plight-a-cause-for-concern-mariam-dhawale/article66338749.ece |access-date=2025-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

At the 24th Congress of the CPI(M) held in Madurai in 2022, Dhawale was elected to the Polit Bureau, replacing older leaders as part of a generational transition in party leadership.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Communist Party of India (Marxist) |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawale, Mariam}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Maharashtra]]

Nagaland Information Commission

2025-10-30T13:57:54Z

JAY JADABA: put up the details needs work.

{{Short description|Statutory body in Nagaland, India}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Nagaland State Information Commission
|| native_name =
| established = 2 March 2006
| location = Kohima, Nagaland
| appeals =
| website = https://nlsic.nagaland.gov.in/
| motto = सूचना जनाधिकार:॥ ''(Soochna Janadhikaraha) Information is the right of the people.'' ([[Sanskrit]])
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = I . Meyionen
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

'''Nagaland Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted by the state government of [[Nagaland]] through a notification in [[Government gazette|official Gazette]].

== History and objective ==

Nagaland State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Nagaland State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="nic ref2">{{cite news |title=Maximum RTI applications for 'incumbency list' – Nagaland Information Commission |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/maximum-rti-applications-for-incumbency-list-nagaland-information-commission/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=easternmirrornagaland.com |date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Nagaland Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.<ref name="nic ref4">{{cite news |title=RTI Awareness Meet By Nagaland Information Commission |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/nagaland-news/rti-awareness-meet-by-nagaland-information-commission/ |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=sentinelassam.com |date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

Nagaland Information Commission was rated as the best Information Commissions those in other states of India with only 0.7 percentage of rejected applications filed under Right to Information Act.<ref name="nic ref3" />

I . Meyionen is the current Chief Information commissioner of Nagaland Information Commission.<ref name="nic ref3">{{cite news |title=Nagaland Information Commission rated as 'one of the best' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nagaland-information-commission-rated-as-one-of-the-best/articleshow/51276477.cms |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes.com |date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

== Tenure and service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Nagaland Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped [[affidavit]].

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Nagaland State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases, similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> A shortage of available staff has produced a backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the largest backlog as of October 2014. States like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Assam State Information Commissions is critical in preserving public accountability in government and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic

.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nlsic.nagaland.gov.in/ Official Website]


[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]