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Sanchi Stupa

2026-05-01T16:24:16Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating stub!

{{Short description|Buddhist complex in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{for|the crude oil tanker|Sanchi (tanker)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| image = East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4398.JPG
| image_caption = The Great Stupa at Sanchi, Raisen district
| pushpin_map = India#India Madhya Pradesh#South Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Sanchi Stupa
| pushpin_label = Sanchi Stupa
| building_type = [[Stupa]] and surrounding buildings
| location = [[Sanchi Town]], [[Raisen district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| location_town = [[Sanchi]], [[Raisen district]]
| location_country = India
| architectural_style = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]], Mauryan
| construction_start_date = 3rd century BCE
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height = {{convert|16.46|m|ft|abbr=on}} (dome of the Great Stupa)
| diameter = {{convert|36.6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (dome of the Great Stupa)
| other_dimensions =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Official_name = Buddhist Monument at Sanchi
|ID = 524
|Year = 1989
|Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi
}}
}}
'''Sanchi Stupa''' is a [[Buddhist art|Buddhist complex]], famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at [[Sanchi Town]] in [[Raisen District]] of the [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is located, about 23 kilometers from [[Raisen|Raisen town]], the district headquarter and {{convert|46|km}} north-east of [[Bhopal]], capital of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

The Great [[Stupa]] at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an important monument to the historical [[architecture of India]].<ref>[http://www.frontline.in/archives.htm Buddhist Art] Frontline Magazine 13–26 May 1989</ref> It was originally commissioned by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. It was crowned by the [[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]], a parasol-like structure symbolising high rank, which was intended to honour and shelter the relics. The original construction work of this stupa was overseen by Ashoka, whose wife Devi was the daughter of a merchant of nearby [[Vidisha]]. Sanchi was also her birthplace as well as the venue of her and Ashoka's wedding. In the 1st century BCE, four elaborately carved [[torana]]s (ornamental gateways) and a balustrade encircling the entire structure were added. The stupa at Sanchi built during the Mauryan period was made of bricks. The composite flourished until the 11th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Sanchi is the center of a region with a number of stupas, all within a few miles of Sanchi, including [[Satdhara]] (9 km to the W of Sanchi, 40 stupas, the [[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]], now enshrined in the new Vihara, were unearthed there), [[Bhojpur Stupas|Bhojpur]] (also called Morel Khurd, a fortified hilltop with 60 stupas) and [[Andher Stupas|Andher]] (respectively 11 km and 17 km SE of Sanchi), as well as [[Sonari Stupa|Sonari]] (10 km SW of Sanchi).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&q=buddhist+landscape Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 12 Aug 2016]</ref><ref name="BCCI">Buddhist Circuit in Central India: Sanchi, Satdhara, Sonari, Andher, Travel ... [https://books.google.com/books?id=TOrKExVXXpkC&pg=PT3 p. 31]</ref> Further south, about 100 km away, is [[Saru Maru]]. [[Bharhut]] is 300 km to the northeast.

Sanchi Stupa is depicted on the reverse side of the [[Indian 200-rupee note|Indian currency note of {{INR}}200]] to signify its importance to Indian cultural heritage.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/821450/rs-50-rs-200-rs-500-and-rs-2000-notes-images-here-are-the-new-currency-notes-released-by-rbi/lite/] Rs 50, Rs 200, Rs 500 and Rs 2000 notes images: Here are the new currency notes released by RBI</ref>

==Overview==
The monuments at Sanchi today comprise a series of Buddhist monuments starting from the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] period (3rd century BCE), continuing with the [[Gupta Empire]] period (5th century CE), and ending around the 12th century CE.<ref name="BC">{{cite book |title=Buddhist Circuit in Central India: Sanchi, Satdhara, Sonari, Andher, Travel Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=9789380262055 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOrKExVXXpkC&pg=PT12}}</ref> It is probably the best preserved group of Buddhist monuments in India.<ref name="BC" /> The oldest, and also the largest monument, the Great Stupa also called Stupa No. 1, initially built under the Mauryans, and adorned with one of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]].<ref name="BC" /> During the following centuries, especially under the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]] and the [[Satavahana Empire|Satavahanas]], the Great Stupa was enlarged and decorated with gates and railings, and smaller stupas were also built in the vicinity, especially [[Sanchi Stupa No.2|Stupa No.2]], and Stupa No.3.<ref name="BC" />

Simultaneously, various temple structures were also built, down to the [[Gupta Empire]] period and later. Altogether, Sanchi encompasses most of the evolutions of [[ancient Indian architecture]] and ancient [[Buddhist architecture]] in India, from the early stages of Buddhism and its first artistic expression, to the [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent|decline of the religion in the subcontinent]].<ref name="BC" /><gallery heights="175" mode="packed">
File:General view of the Stupas at Sanchi.jpg|''General view of the Stupas at Sanchi'' by [[Frederick Charles Maisey|F.C. Maisey]], 1851 (The Great Stupa on top of the hill, and Stupa 2 at the forefront)
File:रायसेनमण्डलम्.jpg|The Great Stupa (Stupa No.1), started in the 3rd century BCE
File:Sanchi Stupa No2.jpg|Stupa No.2
File:003 Front View (33709016166).jpg|Stupa No.3
File:Temple 17 - Buddhist Monument - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4494.JPG|Buddhist Temple, No.17
</gallery>{{Clear}}

== Mauryan Period (3rd century BCE)==
[[File:Sanchi pillar of Ashoka.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Ashoka pillar at Sanchi.]]
[[File:Plan of Sanchi.jpg|thumb|300px|Plan of the monuments of the hill of Sanchi, numbered 1 to 50.]]
The "Great Stupa" at Sanchi is the oldest structure and was originally commissioned by the emperor [[Ashoka]] the Great of the [[Maurya Empire]] in the 3rd century BCE.<ref name="Alī Jāvīd p.50">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA50]</ref> Its nucleus was a hemispherical brick structure built over the [[Śarīra|sacred relics of the Buddha]],<ref name="Alī Jāvīd p.50" /> with a raised terrace encompassing its base, and a railing and stone umbrella on the summit, the [[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra]], a parasol-like structure symbolizing high rank.<ref name="Marshall 31">Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 31]</ref><ref>The [[Butkara Stupa]] is an example of such a hemispherical stupa structure from the Maurya period, that was extensively documented through archaeological work</ref> The original Stupa only had about half the diameter of today's stupa, which is the result of enlargement by the [[Shungas]]. It was covered in brick, in contrast to the stones that now cover it.<ref name="Marshall 31" />

According to one version of the [[Mahavamsa]], the Buddhist chronicle of [[Sri Lanka]], Ashoka was closely connected to the region of Sanchi. When he was heir-apparent and was journeying as Viceroy to [[Ujjain]], he is said to have halted at [[Vidisha]] (10 kilometers from Sanchi), and there married the daughter of a local banker. She was called [[Devi (wife of Ashoka)|Devi]] and later gave Ashoka two sons, Ujjeniya and [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahendra]], and a daughter [[Sanghamitta]]. After Ashoka's accession, Mahendra headed a Buddhist mission, sent probably under the auspices of the Emperor, to Sri Lanka, and that before setting out to the island he visited his mother at Chetiyagiri near Vidisa, thought to be Sanchi. He was lodged there in a sumptuous vihara or monastery, which she herself is said to have had erected.<ref>Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 8ff] Public Domain text</ref>

=== Ashoka pillar ===
{{see also|Pillars of Ashoka}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width = 300|caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| image1 = Sanchi capital of Ashoka.jpg
| image2 = Sanchi Wheel reconstruction by Percy Brown.jpg
| image3 = Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg
| footer = The [[capital (architecture)|capital]] of the Sanchi pillar of [[Ashoka]], as discovered (left), and simulation of original appearance by [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]] (center).<ref>Reconstitution with four lions and crowning wheel by Percy Brown: [[:File:Sanchi Great Stupa diagram.jpg|Diagram of Sanchi Great Stupa]]</ref> It is very similar to the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] at [[Sarnath]], except for the [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]], here adorned with [[flame palmette]]s and facing [[geese]], 250 BCE. [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]].<ref name="p.25-28 Ashoka pillar">Described in Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 pp. 25-28 Ashoka pillar].</ref> To the right: depiction of the four lions capital surmounted by a [[Wheel of Law]] at Sanchi, [[Satavahana]] period, 1st century CE, South gateway of [[stupa]] 3.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |page=783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AcwAQAAIAAJ |language=en|quote=It may be mentioned that the motif of lions carrying a wheel occurs at Sanchis which might be a representation of the Sarnath's Asokan pillar capital .}}</ref>
}}
A pillar of finely polished sandstone, one of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]], was also erected on the side of the main [[Torana]] gateway. The bottom part of the pillar still stands. The upper parts of the pillar are at the nearby [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]]. The capital consists in four lions, which probably supported a [[Wheel of Law]],<ref name=":1">Buddhist Architecture by Huu Phuoc Le [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA155 p. 155]</ref> as also suggested [[:File:Carving of Ashokan pillar at Sanchi.jpg|by later illustrations among the Sanchi reliefs]]. The pillar has an Ashokan inscription ([[List of Edicts of Ashoka|Schism Edict]])<ref name=":1"/> and an inscription in the ornamental [[Sankha Lipi]] from the Gupta period.<ref name="Alī Jāvīd p.50" /> The Ashokan inscription is engraved in early [[Brahmi]] characters. It is unfortunately much damaged, but the commands it contains appear to be the same as those recorded in the [[Sarnath]] and [[Kausambi]] edicts, which together form the three known instances of Ashoka's "Schism Edict". It relates to the penalties for schism in the Buddhist sangha:

{{blockquote|... the path is prescribed both for the monks and for the nuns. As long as (my) sons and great-grandsons (shall reign; and) as long as the Moon and the Sun (shall endure), the monk or nun who shall cause divisions in the [[Sangha]], shall be compelled to put on white robes and to reside apart. For what is my desire? That the Sangha may be united and may long endure.|Edict of [[Ashoka]] on the Sanchi pillar.<ref>John Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 93] Public Domain text</ref>}}

The pillar, when intact, was about 42 feet in height and consisted of round and slightly tapering monolithic shaft, with bell-shaped capital surmounted by an [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]] and a crowning ornament of four lions, set back to back, the whole finely finished and polished to a remarkable luster from top to bottom. The abacus is adorned with four [[flame palmette]] designs separated one from the other by pairs of [[geese]], symbolical perhaps of the flock of the Buddha's disciples. The lions from the summit, though now quite disfigured, still testify to the skills of the sculptors.<ref name="Marshall 90">Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 90ff] Public Domain text</ref>

The [[sandstone]] out of which the pillar is carved came from the quarries of [[Chunar]] several hundred miles away, implying that the builders were able to transport a block of stone over forty feet in length and weighing almost as many tons over such a distance. They probably used water transport, using rafts during the rainy season up until the Ganges, Jumna and Betwa rivers.<ref name="Marshall 90" />

===Temple 40===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sanchi Temple 40.jpg
| width1 = 215
| caption1 = Sanchi Temple 40 was a 3rd-century BCE temple, one of the first known in India, constructed around the same time as the core of the Great Stupa.
| image2 = IA Temple 40 Sanchi.jpg
| width2 = 160
| caption2 = Conjectural reconstruction of the original timber-built Temple 40, burnt down in the 2nd century BCE.
}}
Another structure which has been dated, at least partially, to the 3rd century BCE, is the so-called [[:Commons:category:Sanchi Temple 40|Temple 40]], one of the first instances of free-standing temples in India.<ref name="BA147">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p. 147</ref> Temple 40 has remains of three different periods, the earliest period dating to the Maurya age, which probably makes it contemporary to the creation of the Great Stupa. An inscription even suggests it might have been established by [[Bindusara]], the father of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology |date=2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=9789351506454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmAlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |language=ar}}</ref> The original 3rd century BCE temple was built on a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52×14×3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. It was an [[apsidal]] hall, probably made of timber. It was burnt down sometime in the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=(Firm) |first2=Rough Guides |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781843530893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&pg=PA393}}</ref><ref name="Guide to Sanchi">{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Guide to Sanchi |date=1955 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.4365/4365#page/n153/mode/2up}}</ref>

Later, the platform was enlarged to 41.76×27.74 metres and re-used to erect a pillared hall with fifty columns (5×10) of which stumps remain. Some of these pillars have inscriptions of the 2nd century BCE. In the 7th or 8th century a small shrine was established in one corner of the platform, re-using some of the pillars and putting them in their present position.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip K. |title=India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT424}}</ref><ref name="Guide to Sanchi"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|+ style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%; text-align:center"| Maurya structures and decorations at Sanchi (3rd century BCE)
|-
|align="center" style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:Sanchi Great Stupa Mauryan configuration.jpg|250px]] Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa with its [[pillar of Ashoka]], under the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryas]] {{Circa|260 BCE}}.
|
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Ashokan Pillar - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4361.JPG|Remains of the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashokan Pillar]] in polished stone (right of the Southern Gateway), with its Edict.
File:Minor Pillar Edict of Ashoka at Sanchi.jpg|Sanchi [[Minor Pillar Edicts|Minor Pillar Edict]] of [[Ashoka]], in-situ (detail of the previous image).
File:Ashoka pillar remains near Southern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|Remains of the shaft of the pillar of Ashoka, under a shed near the Southern Gateway.
File:Sanchi capital right side view.jpg|Side view of the capital. [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]].<ref name="p.25-28 Ashoka pillar"/>
</gallery>
|}

== Shunga period (2nd century BCE)==
On the basis of [[Ashokavadana]], it is presumed that the stupa may have been vandalized at one point sometime in the 2nd century BCE, an event some have related to the rise of the Shunga emperor [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] who overtook the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] as an army general. It has been suggested that [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]] may have destroyed the original stupa, and his son [[Agnimitra]] rebuilt it.<ref>"Who was responsible for the wanton destruction of the original brick stupa of [[Ashoka]] and when precisely the great work of reconstruction was carried out is not known, but it seems probable that the author of the former was [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Pushyamitra]], the first of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] kings (184-148 BC), who was notorious for his hostility to Buddhism, and that the restoration was affected by [[Agnimitra]] or his immediate successor." in John Marshall, ''A Guide to Sanchi,'' p. 38. Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918).</ref> The original brick stupa was covered with stone during the Shunga period.

Given the rather decentralized and fragmentary nature of the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga state]], with many cities actually issuing their own coinage, as well as the relative dislike of the Shungas for [[Buddhism]], some authors argue that the constructions of that period in Sanchi cannot really be called "Shunga". They were not the result of royal sponsorship, in contrast with what happened during the Mauryas, and the dedications at Sanchi were private or collective, rather than the result of royal patronage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Julia |title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD |date=12 August 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-43263-2 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 |language=en|quote="It is inaccurate to refer to the post-Mauryan monuments at Sanchi as Sunga. Not only was Pusyamitra reputedly animical to Buddhism, but most of the donative inscriptions during this period attest to predominantly collective and nonroyal modes of sponsorship."}}</ref>

The style of the Shunga period decorations at Sanchi bear a close similarity to those of [[Bharhut]], as well as the peripheral balustrades at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]].
[[File:Sanchi Great Stupa under the Sungas.jpg|thumb|300px|The Great Stupa under the [[Sungas]]. The Sungas nearly doubled the diameter of the initial stupa, encasing it in stone, and built a [[balustrade]] and a [[guard rail|railing]] around it.]]

=== Great Stupa (No 1) ===

During the later rule of the Shunga, the stupa was expanded with stone slabs to almost twice its original size. The dome was flattened near the top and crowned by three superimposed parasols within a square railing. With its many tiers it was a symbol of the [[dharma]], the Wheel of the Law. The dome was set on a high circular drum meant for [[circumambulation]], which could be accessed via a double staircase. A second stone pathway at ground level was enclosed by a stone balustrade. The railings around Stupa 1 do not have artistic reliefs. These are only slabs, with some dedicatory inscriptions. These elements are dated to circa 150 BCE,<ref name="Shaw 88" /> or 175–125 BCE.<ref name="HP 149" /> Although the railings are made up of stone, they are copied from a wooden prototype, and as John Marshall has observed the joints between the coping stones have been cut at a slant, as wood is naturally cut, and not vertically as stone should be cut. Besides the short records of the donors written on the railings in Brahmi script, there are two later inscriptions on the railings added during the time of the Gupta Period.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Marshall|first1=John|title=A guide to Sanchi|date=1936|publisher=Eastern Book House|location=Patna|isbn=81-85204-32-2|page=36}}</ref> Some reliefs are visible on the stairway balustrade, but they are probably slightly later than those at Stupa No2,<ref name="Allen" /> and are dated to 125–100 BCE.<ref name="HP 149">''Buddhist Architecture'' Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA149 p. 149]</ref> Some authors consider that these reliefs, rather crude and without obvious Buddhist connotations, are the oldest reliefs of all Sanchi, slightly older even than the reliefs of [[Sanchi Stupa No.2]].<ref name="HP 149" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
| colspan=2 style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%; text-align:center"| '''Great Stupa (No1). Shunga period structures and decorations (2nd century BCE)'''
|-
| style ="background:#DEB887; font-size: 100%; width: 1%; text-align: center"|[[File:Great Sanchi Stupa Side view.jpg|200px]] Great Stupa (Stupa expansion and balustrades only are Shunga). Undecorated ground railings dated to approximately 150 BCE.<ref name="Shaw 88" /> Some reliefs on the stairway balustrade.
|
<gallery>
File:Interiors of Stupa 1.JPG|Shunga balustrade and staircase.
File:Great Sanchi Stup masonry work.jpg|Shunga stonework.
File:Donation engravings on Vedika, Sanchi.jpg|Shunga vedika (railing) with inscriptions.
File:Great Sanchi Stupa Gallery (3).jpg|Deambulatory pathway.
File:Stupa 1, Sanchi 03.jpg|Summit railing and umbrellas.
</gallery> 
'''Stairway balustrade reliefs''' 
<gallery mode="packed" heights="70px">
Balustrade flame palmette Sanchi Stupa No1.jpg|[[Flame palmette]].
Balustrade flame palmette and lotus Sanchi Stupa No1.jpg|Flame palmette and lotus.
Balustrade peacock Sanchi Stupa No1.jpg|[[Peacock]].
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade Centaur.jpg|Woman riding a [[Centaur]].
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade Lotus.jpg|Lotus.
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade half lotus.jpg|Half lotus.
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade lion.jpg|Lion.
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade elephant.jpg|Elephant.
File:Sanchi Stupa 1 Ballustrade Elephant with branch.jpg|Elephant with branch.
Balustrade floral motif Sanchi Stupa No1.jpg|Floral motif.
</gallery>
|}

=== Stupa No. 2: the first Buddhist reliefs ===

{{main|Sanchi Stupa No. 2}}
[[File:Sanchi Stupa 2 man on horse.jpg|thumb|left|Mason's marks in [[Kharoshti]] indicate that craftsmen from the north-west were responsible for foreign reliefs of Stupa No. 2.<ref name="AG" /> This medallion was made circa 115 BCE.<ref name="Shaw 90" />]]
The stupas which seem to have been commissioned during the rule of the Shungas are the Second and then the Third [[stupa]]s (but not the highly decorated gateways, which are from the following [[Satavahana]] period, as known from inscriptions), following the ground balustrade and stone casing of the Great Stupa (Stupa No 1). The reliefs are dated to circa 115 BCE for the medallions, and 80 BCE for the pillar carvings,<ref name="Shaw 90">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90]</ref> slightly before the reliefs of [[Bharhut]] for the earliest, with some reworks down to the 1st century CE.<ref name="Shaw 88">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 p. 88ff]</ref><ref name="Shaw 90" />

[[File:Sunga railings detail.jpg|thumb|Sunga period railings were initially blank (left: Great Stupa), and only started to be decorated circa 115 BCE with [[Sanchi Stupa No.2|Stupa No.2]] (right).<ref name="Walters" /><ref name="Bell 15" />]]
[[Sanchi Stupa No.2|Stupa No. 2]] was established later than the Great Stupa, but it is probably displaying the earliest architectural ornaments.<ref name="Allen">Ornament in Indian Architecture Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA18 p. 18]</ref> For the first time, clearly Buddhist themes are represented, particularly the four events in the life of the Buddha that are: the Nativity, the Enlightenment, the First Sermon and the Decease.<ref>Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA149 p. 149]</ref>

The decorations of Stupa No. 2 have been called "the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence",<ref name="Walters">"The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E." Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters, SUNY Press, 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PnnG8sclrdYC&pg=PA197 p. 197]</ref> and this Stupa is considered as the birthplace of [[Jataka]] illustrations.<ref name="Bell 15">Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=77hHrXX4COgC&pg=PA15 p. 15ff]</ref> The reliefs at Stupa No.2 bear mason marks in [[Kharoshthi]], as opposed to the local [[Brahmi]] script.<ref name="AG" /> This seems to imply that foreign workers from the north-west (from the region of [[Gandhara]], where [[Kharoshthi]] was the current script) were responsible for the motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa.<ref name="AG">An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by [[Amalananda Ghosh]], BRILL [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA295 p. 295]</ref> Foreigners from Gandhara are otherwise known to have visited the region around the same time: in 115 BCE, the embassy of [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]] from [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Antialkidas]] to the court of the [[Sungas]] king [[Bhagabhadra]] in nearby [[Vidisha]] is recorded, in which Heliodorus established the [[Heliodorus pillar]] in a dedication to [[Vāsudeva]]. This would indicate that relations had improved at that time, and that people traveled between the two realms.<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170 p. 170]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="2" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|+ style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%; text-align: center"| [[Sanchi Stupa No.2|Stupa No. 2]]. Shunga structures and decorations (end of 2nd century BCE)
|-
| style="background:#DEB887; text-align:center ; width: 10%;" |[[File:Sanchi Stupa No2.jpg|200px]] Stupa No. 2 Shunga period, but mason's marks in [[Kharoshti]] point to craftsmen from the north-west (region of [[Gandhara]]) for the earliest reliefs (circa 115 BCE).<ref name="AG" /><ref name="Shaw 90"/><ref name="Shaw 88"/>
|
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 man on horse.jpg|Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BCE.<ref name="Shaw 90" />
File:Lakshmi Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|[[Lakshmi]] with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from [[:File:Venus with two cupids 2.jpg|similar images of Venus]]<ref>An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950) [https://ja.scribd.com/document/260301968/An-Indian-Statuette-From-Pompeii p. 171]</ref>
Flying griffin Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|[[Griffin]] with [[Brahmi script]] inscription.
Female riding a Centaur Sanchi Stupa 2.jpg|Female riding a [[Centaur]].
File:Lotus within beads and reels motif Stupa No2 Sanchi.jpg|Lotus within [[beads and reels]] motif.
</gallery>
|}

=== Stupa No. 3 ===

Stupa No. 3 was built during the time of the Shungas, who also built the railing around it as well as the staircase. The [[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]], the disciples of the Buddha are said to have been placed in Stupa No. 3, and relics boxes were excavated tending to confirm this.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 81]</ref>

The reliefs on the railings are said to be slightly later than those of Stupa No. 2.<ref name="HP 149" />

The single torana gateway oriented to the south is not Shunga, and was built later under the [[Satavahanas]], probably circa 50 BCE.<ref name="HP 149" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|+ style="background:#CD853F; font-size: 100%; text-align: center"|Stupa No. 3. Shunga structures and decorations (2nd century BCE)
|-
| architectural_style ="background:#DEB887; text-align:center"|[[File:Stupa 3 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4268.JPG|200px]] Stupa No. 3 (Stupa and balustrades only are Shunga).
|
<gallery>
File:005 Stairway Railing (33364948500).jpg|Stairway and railing.
File:006 Floral Design (33749716585).jpg|Lotus medallions.
File:007 Floral Design (33620496811).jpg|Floral designs.
File:Post relief Stupa 3 Sanchi.jpg|Post relief.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 82]</ref>
File:Sanchi Stupa No 3 relics.jpg|[[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]].
</gallery>
|}

=== Sunga Pillar ===
[[File:Sanchi pillar 25 with own capital.jpg|thumb|upright|Sunga pillar No25 with own capital on the side.]]
Pillar 25 at Sanchi is also attributed to the Sungas, in the 2nd–1st century BCE, and is considered as similar in design to the [[Heliodorus pillar]], locally called ''Kham Baba'' pillar, dedicated by [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]], the ambassador to the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Antialkidas]], in nearby [[Vidisha]] {{Circa|100 BCE}}.<ref name="Marshall 95">Marshall, "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 95 Pillar 25]. Public Domain text</ref> That it belongs to about the period of the Sunga, is clear alike from its design and from the character of the surface dressing.

The height of the pillar, including the capital, is 15 ft, its diameter at the base 1 ft. 4 in. Up to a height of 4 ft. 6 in. the shaft is [[octagonal]]; above that, sixteen-sided. In the octagonal portion all the facets are flat, but in the upper section the alternate facets are fluted, the eight other sides being produced by a concave chamfering of the [[arris]]es of the [[octagon]]. This method of finishing off the arris at the point of transition between the two sections are features characteristic of the second and first centuries BCE. The west side of the shaft is split off, but the tenon at the top, to which the capital was mortised, is still preserved. The capital is of the usual bell-shaped [[Persepolitan]] type, with [[lotus flower|lotus]] leaves falling over the shoulder of the bell. Above this is a circular cable necking, then a second circular necking relieved by a [[bead]] and lozenge pattern, and, finally, a deep square [[abacus]] adorned with a [[Guard rail|railing]] in relief. The crowning feature, probably a lion, has disappeared.<ref name="Marshall 95" />

== Satavahana period (1st century BCE – 1st century CE)==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header = Satavahana gateways (from 50 - 0 BCE)
| total_width = 400
| image1 = South Gateway - Rear Side - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4383 with arrow.jpg
| caption1 = The southern gateway of the Great Stupa (Stupa 1) at Sanchi was, according to an inscription (see arrow), donated under the rule of "King Satakarni", probably [[Satakarni II]].<ref name="EP169">{{cite book |last1=Alcock |first1=Susan E. |last2=Alcock |first2=John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E. |last3=D'Altroy |first3=Terence N. |last4=Morrison |first4=Kathleen D. |last5=Sinopoli |first5=Carla M. |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521770200 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA169}}</ref>
| image2 = Siri-Satakani inscription Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway Rear of top architrave.jpg
| caption2 = The inscription appears on the relief of a stupa at the center of the top architrave, at the rear. It is written in three lines in early [[Brahmi script]] over the dome of the stupa in this relief.<ref name="p.48">John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi", [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 48]</ref> Dated circa 50 BCE- 0 CE.
| footer =
}}
The [[Satavahana Empire]] under [[Satakarni II]] conquered eastern [[Malwa]] from the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]].<ref name="IH251">{{cite book |title=Indian History |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=9781259063237 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA251}}</ref> This gave the Satavahanas access to the Buddhist site of Sanchi, in which they are credited with the building of the decorated gateways around the original [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Sunga]] [[stupa]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120808249 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA154}}</ref> From the 1st century BCE, the highly decorated gateways were built. The balustrade and the gateways were also colored.<ref name="Alī Jāvīd p.50" /> Later gateways/toranas are generally dated to the 1st century CE.<ref name="Allen"/>

The ''[[:File:Siri-Satakani inscription Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway Rear of top architrave.jpg|Siri-Satakani inscription]]'' in the [[Brahmi script]] records the gift of one of the top [[architrave]]s of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana king [[Satakarni II]]:<ref name="EP169">{{cite book |last1=Alcock |first1=Susan E. |last2=Alcock |first2=John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E. |last3=D'Altroy |first3=Terence N. |last4=Morrison |first4=Kathleen D. |last5=Sinopoli |first5=Carla M. |title=Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521770200 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA169}}</ref>
{{blockquote|{{Script|Brah|𑀭𑀸𑀜𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺𑀲}} (Rāño Siri Sātakaṇisa) {{Script|Brah|𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀲𑀡𑀺𑀲 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀻𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲}} (āvesaṇisa vāsitḥīputasa) {{Script|Brah|𑀆𑀦𑀁𑀤𑀲 𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀁}} (Ānaṁdasa dānaṁ)"Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of [[raja]]n Siri Satakarni"|[[:File:Siri-Satakani inscription Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway Rear of top architrave.jpg|Inscription of the Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa]]<ref name="p.48"/>}}

There are some uncertainties about the date and the identity of the [[Satakarni]] in question, as a king Satakarni is mentioned in the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] which is sometimes dated to the 2nd century BCE. Also, several Satavahana kings used the name "Satakarni", which complicates the matter. Usual dates given for the gateways range from 50 BCE to the 1st century CE, and the builder of the earliest gateways is generally considered to be [[Satakarni II]], who ruled in 50-25 BCE.<ref name="IH251"/><ref name="Allen" /> Another early Satavahana monument is known, [[:File:Nasik cave 19.jpg|Cave No.19]] of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] (100-70 BCE) at the [[Nasik Caves]], which is much less developed artistically than the Sanchi toranas.

=== Material and carving technique ===
{{Multiple image
|align=right
|header=From ivory to stone carving under the Satavahanas
|image1=Statuetta indiana di Lakshmi, avorio, da pompei, 1-50 dc ca., 149425, 02.JPG
|caption1=[[Pompeii Lakshmi]], 1st century CE.
|width1=138
|image2=Yakshini Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg
|caption2=Yashini, East Gateway, Sanchi.
|width2=170
}}
Although made of stone, the [[torana]] gateways were carved and constructed in the manner of wood and the gateways were covered with narrative sculptures. It has also been suggested that the stone reliefs were made by ivory carvers from nearby [[Vidisha]], and an inscription on the Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa ("''[[:File:Worship of the Bodhisattva's hair Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway.jpg|The Worship of the Bodhisattva's hair]]''") was dedicated by the Guild of Ivory Carvers of [[Vidisha]].<ref name="p.51">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA51 p. 51]</ref><ref>In the Realm of Gods and Kings by Andrew Topsfield, Philip Wilson Publishers, 2014 [https://books.google.com/books?id=cEBcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 p. 250]</ref>

[[File:Vidisha ivory carvers inscription in Sanchi.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1|Inscription ''"Vedisakehi daṃtakārehi rupakaṃmaṃ kataṃ"'' ({{Script|Brah|𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺𑀲𑀓𑁂𑀨𑀺 𑀤𑀁𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀨𑀺 𑀭𑀼𑀧𑀓𑀁𑀫𑀁 𑀓𑀢𑀁}}, "Ivory workers from [[Vidisha]] have done the carving").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Manika |title=Mālwa in Post-Maurya Period: A Critical Study with Special Emphasis on Numismatic Evidences |date=1981 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jba1AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>]]
The inscription reads: ''"[[:File:Vidisha ivory carvers inscription in Sanchi.jpg|Vedisakehi damtakārehi rupakammam katam]]"'' meaning "The ivory-workers from Vidisha have done the carving".<ref name="ReferenceA">Indian and Foreign Review – Volume 23 – Page 58, 1985</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vogel |first1=Jean Ph |title=India antiqua |date=1947 |publisher=Brill Archive |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA130}}</ref>

The reliefs show scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated with everyday events that would be familiar to the onlookers and so make it easier for them to understand the Buddhist creed as relevant to their lives. At Sanchi and most other stupas the local population donated money for the embellishment of the stupa to attain spiritual merit. There was no direct royal patronage. Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favourite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. This accounts for the random repetition of particular episodes on the stupa.<ref>Dehejia 1992</ref>

On these stone carvings the Buddha was never depicted as a human figure, due to [[aniconism in Buddhism]]. Instead the artists chose to represent him by certain attributes, such as the horse on which he left his father's home, his footprints, or a canopy under the [[bodhi tree]] at the point of his enlightenment. The human body was thought to be too confining for the Buddha.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Architecture: evolution of the load-bearing pillar capital ===
{{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width = 400|caption_align = center|align = right
| header = Evolution of the Indian load-bearing pillar capital, down to 1st century Sanchi
| image1 = Pataliputra capital. Department of Archaeology, Government of India.jpg
| caption1 = Mauryan capital ([[Pataliputra capital]]) 4th-3rd c. BCE
| image2 = Sarnath capital in Sarnath Museum.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sarnath capital]], [[Sarnath]], c.3rd-1st c. BCE
| image4 = Bharhut pillar capital.jpg
| caption4 = [[Bharhut]] capital 2nd c. BCE
| image5 = Sanchi lion pillar with flame palmette.jpg
| caption5 = Sanchi lion capital 1st c. BCE
| image6 = Elephants Eastern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg
| caption6 = Sanchi elephant capital 1st c. BCE/CE
| image7 = Dwarfs - West Face - North Pillar - West Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4326.JPG
| caption7 = Sanchi [[Yaksha]]s capital 1st c. CE
}}
Similarities have been found in the designs of the [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] of various areas of northern India from the time of [[Ashoka]] to the time of the [[Satavahanas]] at Sanchi: particularly between the [[Pataliputra capital]] at the [[Mauryan Empire]] capital of [[Pataliputra]] (3rd century BCE), the pillar capitals at the [[Sunga Empire]] Buddhist complex of [[Bharhut]] (2nd century BCE), and the pillar capitals of the Satavahanas at Sanchi (1st centuries BCE/CE).<ref name="Tadgell" />

The earliest known example in India, the [[Pataliputra capital]] (3rd century BCE) is decorated with rows of repeating [[rosette (design)|rosettes]], [[ovolo]]s and [[bead and reel]] mouldings, [[Meander (art)|wave-like]] [[Scroll (art)|scrolls]] and side [[volute]]s with central [[Rosette (decoration)|rosettes]], around a prominent central [[flame palmette]], which is the main motif. These are quite similar to [[Classical Greece|Classical Greek]] designs, and the capital has been described as quasi-[[Ionic order|Ionic]].<ref>A Companion to Asian Art and Architecture by Deborah S. Hutton, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7DX-CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA438 p. 438]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA44 "Buddhist Architecture" by Huu Phuoc Le Grafikol, 2010, p. 44]</ref> Greek influence,<ref>the "pilaster capitals with Greek florals and a form which is of Greek origin (though generally described as Persian) go back to [[Archaic Greece|Late Archaic]]."in "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity" John Boardman, Princeton University Press, 1993, p. 110</ref> as well as [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[Achaemenid architecture|Achaemenid influence]] have been suggested.<ref name="auto1">"The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE-200 CE" Robin Coningham, Ruth Young Cambridge University Press, 31 aout 2015, p. 414 [https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414]</ref>

The [[Sarnath capital]] is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient [[Buddhist]] site of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite book |title=Archaeological Survey Of India Annual Report 1906-7 |date=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474/page/n132 72] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474}}</ref> The pillar displays [[Ionic order|Ionic]] volutes and [[palmette]]s.<ref name="BRM">{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=B. R. |title=Sarnath : Archaeology, Art and Architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60 60] |url=https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=B. |title=Guide to Sarnath |date=1937 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293/page/n63 41] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293}}</ref> It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the [[Mauryan Empire]] period,<ref>Presented as a "Mauryan capital, 250 BC" with the addition of recumbent lions at the base, in the page "Types of early capitals" in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Percy |title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu) |date=1959 |page=x |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="ASI"/> to the 1st century BCE, during the [[Sunga Empire]] period.<ref name="BRM"/> One of the faces shows a galopping horse carrying a rider, while the other face shows an elephant and its [[Mahout|mahaut]].<ref name="BRM"/>

The pillar capital in Bharhut, dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, also incorporates many of these characteristics,<ref>Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PR16 p. 16]</ref><ref>Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott [https://books.google.com/books?id=WoSuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 p. 17]</ref> with a central [[anta capital]] with many [[rosette (design)|rosettes]], [[bead and reel|beads-and-reels]], as well as a central [[palmette]] design.<ref name="Tadgell">The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven, Architecture in context II, Routledge, 2015, by Christopher Tadgell [https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 p. 24]</ref><ref>India Archaeological Report, Cunningham, pp. 185-196</ref><ref>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas by Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA376 p. 376 sq]</ref> Importantly, recumbent animals (lions, symbols of Buddhism) were added, in the style of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]].

The Sanchi pillar capital is keeping the general design, seen at Bharhut a century earlier, of recumbent lions grouped around a central square-section post, with the central design of a [[flame palmette]], which started with the Pataliputra capital. However the design of the central post is now simpler, with the flame palmette taking all the available room.<ref>A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set), Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 2003 [https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA87 p. 87]</ref> Elephants were later used to adorn the pillar capitals (still with the central palmette design), and lastly, [[Yakshas]] (here the palmette design disappears).

=== Main themes of the reliefs ===
[[File:Sanchi3.jpg|thumb|300px|The Great Stupa at the time of the [[Satavahanas]].]]

==== Jatakas ====
{{see also|Jataka tales}}
Various Jatakas are illustrated. These are Buddhist moral tales relating edifying events of the former lives of the Buddha as he was still a [[Bodhisattva]]. Among the Jatakas being depicted are the [[Syama Jataka]], the [[Vessantara]] Jataka and the [[Mahakapi Jataka]].

==== Miracles ====
Numerous miracles made by the Buddha are recorded. Among them:
* [[:File:Miracle of the Buddha walking on a River - East Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|The miracle of the Buddha walking on water]].<ref name=":0"/>
* [[:File:Miracle of fire and wood Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|The miracle of fire and wood]]

==== Temptation of the Buddha ====
Numerous scene refer to the temptation of the Buddha, when he was confronted with the seductive daughters of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] and with his army of demons. Having resisted the temptations of Mara, the Buddha finds enlightenment.
Other similar scenes on the same subject:
* [[:File:Temptation of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing.jpg|Temptation of the Buddha]] with Mara's army fleeing.
* [[:File:Temptation and enlightenment of the Buddha.jpg|Enlightenment of the Buddha]] with Mara's army fleeing.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 71]</ref>
[[File:Temptation of the Buddha with Mara and his daughters and the demons of Mara fleeing Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|thumb|1000px|center|Temptation of the Buddha, with the Buddha on the left (symbolized by his throne only) surrounded by rejoicing devotees, [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] and his daughters (center), and the demons of Mara fleeing (right).<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 55]</ref>]]

==== War over the Buddha's Relics ====
{{See also|Śarīra|Relics associated with Buddha}}
The southern gate of Stupa No1, thought to be oldest and main entrance to the stupa,<ref>[A Guide To Sanchi, Marshall, John, 1918 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35740 p. 37]</ref> has several depictions of the story of the Buddha's relics, starting with the War over the Relics.

After the death of the Buddha, the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s of [[Kushinagar]] wanted to keep his ashes, but the other kingdoms also wanting their part went to war and besieged the city of Kushinagar. Finally, an agreement was reached, and the Buddha's cremation relics were divided among 8 royal families and his disciples.<ref name="Lopez Jr">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/83105/Buddha/230773/The-Buddhas-relics | first =Donald S Jr. | last = Lopez| title = The Buddha's relics| date = 15 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Relics of the Buddha|first=J.S. |last=Strong|author-link=John S. Strong |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-11764-5 |pages=136–37}}</ref> This famous view shows warfare techniques at the time of the Satavahanas, as well as a view of the city of [[Kushinagar]] of the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s, which has been relied on for the understanding of ancient Indian cities.

Other narrative panels related to the War over the Buddha's Relics at Sanchi are:
* "''[[:File:King of the Mallas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara.jpg|The King of the Mallakas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara]]''", right after the death of the Buddha, before the War itself. In this relief, the king is seen seated on an elephant, holding the relics on his head.<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 pp. 68-69]</ref>
* "''[[:File:Siege of Kushinagara by the seven kings.jpg|The siege of Kushinagara by the seven kings]]''", another relief on the same subject.

[[File:War of the Relics of the Buddha Sanchi Stupa 1Southern Gateway.jpg|thumb|1000px|center|War over the Buddha's Relics, kept by the city of [[Kushinagar]], South Gate, Stupa no.1, Sanchi.<ref name="p.83ff">Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin [https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA83 p. 83ff]</ref>]]

==== Removal of the relics by Ashoka ====
According to Buddhist legend, a few centuries later, the relics would be removed from the eight guardian kingdoms by [[King Ashoka]], and enshrined into 84,000 stupas.<ref name="Lopez Jr"/>{{sfn|Strong|2007|pp=136–37}}<ref>Asoka and the Buddha-Relics, T.W. Rhys Davids, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1901, pp. 397-410 [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/rhy1.htm]</ref> Ashoka obtained the ashes from seven of the guardian kingdoms, but failed to take the ashes from the [[Nāga|Nagas]] at [[Ramagrama]] who were too powerful, and were able to keep them. This scene is depicted in one of the transversal portions of the southern gateway of Stupa No1 at Sanchi. Ashoka is shown on the right in his chariot and his army, the stupa with the relics is in the center, and the Naga kings with their serpent hoods at the extreme left under the trees.<ref>Asiatic Mythology by J. Hackin [https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA84 p. 84]</ref>
[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|thumb|1000px|center|King [[Ashoka]] visits [[Ramagrama]], to take relics of the Buddha from the [[Nāga|Nagas]], but he failed, the Nagas being too powerful. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, Southern Gateway, Sanchi.<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674975279 |page=162 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162}}</ref>]]

==== Building of the Bodh Gaya temple by Ashoka ====
[[File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg|thumb|left|Ashoka in grief, supported by his two queens, in a relief at Sanchi. Stupa 1, Southern gateway. The identification with Ashoka is confirm by a similar relief from [[Kanaganahalli]] inscribed "Raya Asoko".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200 |page=333 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA333}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199088683 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27}}</ref><ref name="Harvard University Press"/>]]
[[File:Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi, Stupa 1, Southern gateway.]]
Ashoka went to [[Bodh Gaya]] to visit the [[Bodhi Tree]] under which the Buddha had his enlightenment, as described his [[Major Rock Edict|Major Rock Edict No.8]]. However Ashoka was profoundly grieved when he discovered that the sacred [[pipal tree]] was not properly being taken care of and dying out due to the neglect of Queen Tiṣyarakṣitā.<ref name="Lahiri">Ashoka in Ancient India Nayanjot Lahiri, Harvard University Press, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 p. 296]</ref>

As a consequence, Ashoka endeavoured to take care of the Bodhi Tree, and built a temple around it. This temple became the center of [[Bodh Gaya]]. A sculpture at Sanchi, southern gateway of Stupa No1, shows Ashoka in grief being supported by his two Queens. Then the relief above shows the Bodhi Tree prospering inside its new temple. Numerous other sculptures at Sanchi show scenes of devotion towards the Bodhi Tree, and the Bodhi Tree inside its temple at Bodh Gaya.<ref name="Lahiri" />

Other versions of the relief depicting the temple for the Bodhi Tree are visible at Sanchi, such as the [[:File:Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|Temple for the Bodhi Tree (Eastern Gateway).]]

==== Foreign devotees ====
[[File:Foreigners at Sanchi Stupa I North Gateway.jpg|thumb|350px|Foreign devotees and musicians on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I.<ref name="RS441">"Musicians generally described as "Greeks" from the eastern gateway at Sanchi" in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691185385 |pages=441–444, Fig. 15.6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441}}</ref>]]
Some of the friezes of Sanchi also show devotees in Greek attire, wearing kilted tunics and some of them a Greek ''[[Pileus (hat)|piloi]]'' hat.<ref>"Sculptures showing Greeks or the Greek type of human figures are not lacking in ancient India. Apart from the proverbial Gandhara, Sanchi and Mathura have also yielded many sculptures that betray a close observation of the Greeks." in Graeco-Indica, India's cultural contacts, by [[Udai Prakash Arora]], published by Ramanand Vidya Bhawan, 1991, p. 12</ref><ref>These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100</ref><ref name="RS441"/> They are also sometimes described as [[Sakas]], although the historical period seems too early for their presence in Central India, and the two pointed hats seem too short to be Scythian.<ref name="RS441"/> The official notice at Sanchi describes "[[:File:Scene Index - North Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4272.JPG|Foreigners worshiping Stupa]]".<ref>[[:File:Scene Index - North Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4272.JPG|Sanchi notice "Foreigners worshiping Stupa"]]</ref> The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a [[headband]] of the type commonly seen on [[Ancient Greek coinage|Greek coins]]. The clothing too is Greek, complete with [[tunic]]s, capes and sandals, typical of the [[:File:Greek travelling costume.jpg|Greek travelling costume]].<ref name="Manjari Ukil Originals 2006, p.162">"The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief." in Foreign influence on Indian culture: from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D., Manjari Ukil Originals, 2006, p. 162</ref> The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the "thoroughly Greek" double flute called [[aulos]].<ref name="RS441"/><ref name="HPR"/> Also visible are [[carnyx]]-like [[Cornu (horn)|horns]].<ref name="HPR">"The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments, some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia" in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Cambridge University Press, 2003 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA255 p. 255]</ref>

The actual participation of [[Yavanas]]/[[Yonas]] (Greek donors)<ref name="IAS">{{cite book|title=Purātattva, Number 8|date=1975|publisher=Indian Archaeological Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW9DAAAAYAAJ|page=188|quote=A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha. '''The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor'''}}</ref> to the construction of Sanchi is known from three inscriptions made by self-declared Yavana donors:
* The clearest of these reads "''Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam''" ("Gift of the [[Yona]] of Setapatha"),<ref>Epigraphia Indica Vol.2 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.100320/2015.100320.Archaeological-Survey-Of-India-Epigraphia-Indica-Vol-2 p. 395 inscription 364]</ref><ref>John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p. 348 inscription No.475]</ref> Setapatha being an uncertain city, possibly a location near [[Nasik]],<ref name="Singh">The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology, [[SAGE Publications]] India, Upinder Singh, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=KIWTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 p. 18]</ref> a place where other dedications by Yavanas are known, in cave No.17 of the [[Nasik Caves]] complex, and on the pillars of the [[Karla Caves]] not far away.
* A second similar inscription on a pillar reads: ''"[Sv]etapathasa (Yona?)sa danam"'', with probably the same meaning, ("Gift of the [[Yona]] of Setapatha").<ref name="Singh" /><ref>John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p. 308 inscription No.89]</ref>
* The third inscription, on two adjacent pavement slabs reads ''"Cuda yo[vana]kasa bo silayo"'' ("Two slabs of Cuda, the Yonaka").<ref>John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p. 345 inscription No.433]</ref><ref name="Singh" />

Around 113 BCE, [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]], an ambassador of the [[Indo-Greek]] ruler [[Antialcidas]], is known to have dedicated a pillar, the [[Heliodorus pillar]], around 5 miles from Sanchi, in the village of [[Vidisha]].

Another rather similar foreigner is also depicted in [[Bharhut]], the [[Bharhut Yavana]] ({{Circa|100 BCE}}), also wearing a tunic and a royal headband in the manner of a Greek king, and displaying a Buddhist [[triratna]] on his sword.<ref name="p.180">Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics by Andrew Stewart [https://books.google.com/books?id=1SUw29Q_SeMC&pg=PA180 p. 180]</ref><ref name="Antiquity, John Boardman 1993, p.112">"The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity", John Boardman, 1993, p. 112</ref> [[:File:Udayagiri Yavana warrior.jpg|Another one]] can be seen in the region of [[Odisha]], in the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan=1 cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|align="center" colspan=1 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Northwestern foreigners at Sanchi'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Sanchi Stupa 2 man on horse.jpg|Foreigner on a horse, circa 115 BCE, Stupa No2.<ref name="AG"/><ref name="Shaw 90"/>
File:Foreigners in Greek dress playing carnyxes and aolus flute at Sanchi.jpg|Detail of the foreigners, in Greek dress and playing [[carnyx]]es and [[Musical system of ancient Greece|aolus]] flute. Northern Gateway of Stupa I (detail).
File:Foreigners riding winged lions Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|Foreigners holding grapes and riding winged lions, Sanchi Stupa 1, Eastern Gateway.<ref>"The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p. 112 Note 91</ref>
File:Torana of Stupa 3 in Sanchi Foreign riders.jpg|Foreign horseriders, Southern Gateway of Stupa 3.
File:Torana of Stupa 3 in Sanchi Foreigner fighting a Makara.jpg|Foreigner with headband fighting a [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]. Southern Gateway of Stupa 3.
File:Sanchi foreigners Western gate rear top architrave.jpg|Foreigners on horses, wearing headbands, caps and boots. Western gate of Stupa 1.
</gallery>
|}

==== Aniconism ====
[[File:Miracle at Kapilavastu Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air with only path visible Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|thumb|Aniconism in ''Miracle at [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]'': King [[Suddhodana]] praying as his son the [[Buddha]] rises in the air, praised by celestial beings (but only his path, the horizontal slab in the air, is visible).<ref name="p.58 Third Panel">Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 58 Third Panel]</ref>]]
{{see also|Aniconism in Buddhism}}
In all these scenes, the Buddha is never represented, being absent altogether even from scenes of his life where he is playing a central role: in the ''[[:File:Miracle of the Buddha walking on a River - East Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|Miracle of the Buddha walking on the river Nairanjana]]'' he is just represented by his path on the water;<ref name="p.64">Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 64]</ref> in the ''[[:File:Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu in full Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu]]'', he walks in the air at the end of the procession, but his presence is only suggested by people turning their heads upward toward the symbol of his path.<ref name="p.64"/>

[[File:Chankrama.jpg|thumb|left|"The promenade of the Buddha", or [[Chankrama]], used to depict the Buddha in motion in [[Aniconism in Buddhism|Buddhist aniconism]].]]
In one of the reliefs of the ''[[:File:Miracle at Kapilavastu Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air with only path visible Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|Miracle at Kapilavastu]]'', King [[Suddhodana]] is seen praying as his son the [[Buddha]] rises in the air. The Buddha praised is praised by celestial beings, but only his path is visible in the form of a slab hanging in middle air, called a ''chankrama'' or "promenade".<ref name="p.58 Third Panel"/>

Otherwise, the presence of the Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne, as in the scene of ''[[:File:Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.jpg|Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha]]''.<ref name=":0">A Guide to Sanchi, Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 65]</ref> Similar scenes would later appear in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], but this time with representations of the Buddha. [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] detailed every panel in his seminal work "A Guide to Sanchi".<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 A Guide to Sanchi, John Marshall]</ref>

This aniconism is relation to the image of the Buddha could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, known from the ''[[Sarvastivada]] [[vinaya]]'' (rules of the early Buddhist school of the [[Sarvastivada]]): ''""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. Is that acceptable?" The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava""''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |date=1994 |pages=220–221 |doi=10.2307/3250056 |jstor=3250056 }}</ref>

=== The Gateways or Toranas ===
The gateways depict various scenes of the life of the Buddha, as well as events after his death, in particular the War of the Relics and the efforts of emperor [[Ashoka]] to spread the Buddhist faith.

==== Stupa 1 Southern Gateway ====
The Southern Gateway of Stupa No1 is thought to be oldest and main entrance to the stupa.<ref>A Guide To Sanchi, Marshall, John, 1918 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35740 p. 37]</ref> The narrative friezes of this gateway put great emphasis on the relics of the Buddha, and on the role of [[Ashoka]] in spreading the Buddhist faith. This gateway is one of the two which were reconstructed by Major Cole in 1882–83. The whole of the right jamb and half of the left are new and blank, as well as the west end of the lowest architrave, the east end of the middle architrave, and the six vertical uprights between the architraves.<ref name="Marshall 46" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F0E68C; font-size: 100%;"| '''[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi gateways : South gateway of stupa 1|Southern Gateway]]''' ("Great Stupa" No1, Sanchi. 1st century BCE.)
|-
|colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:Sanchi (2).JPG|250px]]
|'''The Southern Gateway of Stupa 1'''. The Southern Gateway of Stupa 1 is one of the four richly carved gateways or [[torana]]s, surrounding Stupa 1, the "Great Stupa". It is the main one as it was erected in front of the steps by which the terrace was ascended. The Southern Gateway was also the first to be erected. Then followed, in chronological order, the Northern, the Eastern and the Western, their succession in each case being demonstrated by the style of their carvings. It is probable, however, that not more than three or four decades intervened between the building of the Southern and Western gateways.

A few of the surfaces of the Southern Gateway are undecorated or lost. Like the other gateways, the Southern Gateway is composed of two square pillars surmounted by capitals, which in their turn support a superstructure of three architraves with volute ends.<ref name="Marshall 37">John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 37ff] (Public Domain text)</ref>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Architraves'''
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Architraves with Four Lions Pillar Heads - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4352.JPG|120px]]
Front architraves
|align="center"|[[File:Architraves - Rare Side - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4384.jpg|120px]]
Rear architraves
|Some material was lost over two thousand years, and the restoration had to make up for lost elements with some blank slabs. The whole of the right jamb and half of the left are new, as well as the west end of the lowest architrave, the east end of the middle architrave, and the six vertical uprights between the architraves. When the gateway was restored, the top and the lowest lintels appear to have been reversed by mistake, since the more important sculptures on them now face the stupa instead of facing outwards.<ref name="Marshall 46" />
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|250px]]
Front middle architrave
|'''Emperor [[Ashoka]] visits [[Ramagrama]]'''. Emperor [[Ashoka]] visited [[Ramagrama]], to take relics of the Buddha from the [[Nāga|Nagas]], but he failed, the Nagas being too powerful. 
After the death of the [[Buddha]], his relics were originally divided into eight portions, and shared between eight princes. Each of the princes constructed a [[stupa]] at or near his capital city, within which the respective portion of the ashes was enshrined.<ref name=Shrestha1999>{{cite journal|last=Shrestha|first=SS|title=Ramagrama excavation|journal=Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology|volume=142|pages=1–12|year=1999|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_142_01.pdf|access-date=2014-11-30}}</ref> These eight stupas were erected at [[Rajagriha]], [[Vaisali]], [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], [[Allakappa]], [[Ramagrama]], [[Vothadvipa]], [[Pava]] and [[Kusinara]].<ref name="Marshall 50" /> 
About two centuries later, in order to spread the Buddhist faith, [[Asoka]] endeavored to gather the eight shares of the relics to divide them up, and distribute them among 84,000 stupas, which he himself erected. He only obtained seven of these portions: he failed to secure the relics of Ramagrama in the [[Ancient Nepal|Nepal]] [[Tarai]], in face of the resolute opposition of their devoted guardians, the [[Nāga|Nagas]].<ref name="Marshall 46" /> 
Here, in the centre of the architrave, is depicted the stupa of Ramagrama. Above the stupa are heavenly figures bearing garlands in their hands. To the right, the Emperor Asoka is approaching in his chariot, accompanied by a retinue of elephants, horsemen and footmen; and to the left, the Nagas and Nagis, in human form with serpent hoods, worshiping at the stupa, bringing offerings, or emerging from the waters of a lotus-pond.<ref name="Marshall 46">John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 46ff] (Public Domain text)</ref>
On the projecting end of this architrave is an elephant in a lotus-pond with mahaut and females on its back, and a second female scrambling up behind; in the background, a pavilion with female figures looking out. To what particular incident this relief refers, is not known.<ref name="Marshall 46" /> 
An inscription on the dome of the stupa records that the architrave was the gift of one Balamitra, pupil of "Ayachuda (Arya-Kshudra), the preacher of the Law".
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:022 Stupas and Bodhi Trees representing the Seven Buddhas (33772342726).jpg|250px]]
Rear top architrave
|'''The seven Buddhas'''.
{{see also|List of the named Buddhas}}
Six Buddhas of the past and Gautama Buddha, with his [[Bodhi Tree]] at the extreme right. In the central section are three stupas alternating with four trees with thrones in front of them, adored by figures both human and divine. These represent the six Buddhas of the past (namely : [[Vipassī Buddha|Vipassi]], [[Sikhī Buddha|Sikhi]], [[Vessabhū Buddha|Vessabhu]], [[Kakusandha Buddha|Kakusandha]], [[Koṇāgamana Buddha|Konagamana]] and [[Kassapa Buddha|Kaasapa]]) and [[Gautama Buddha]]. Three are symbolized by their stupas, and four by the trees under which each respectively attained enlightenment. The tree on the extreme right is the [[pipal tree]] of Gautama Buddha and the one next to it is the [[banyan tree]] of [[Kasyapa]] Buddha. The identification of the others is less certain.
[[File:Siri-Satakani inscription Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway Rear of top architrave.jpg|thumb|120px|The [[Satakarni II|Siri-Satakani]] inscription]]
The inscription on the dome of the central stupa reads "L. 1. rano Siri Satakanisa/ L. 2. avesanisa vasithiputasa/ L. 3. Anamdasa danam" ("Gift of Anamda, the son of Vdsithi (Vdsishthi ), the foreman of the artisans (avesanin) of [[raja]]n [[Satakarni II|Siri-Satakani]]).<ref name="Marshall 46" /> This inscription has been decisive in attributing the construction of the gateways to the time of the [[Satavahana Empire]]. 
On each of the projecting ends of this lintel is a horse with attendants and royal umbrella, issuing from a city gate. Possibly it is Kanthaka, the horse of Gautama, when he was going forth from the city of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].<ref name="Marshall 46" /> 
When the gateway was restored, this lintel (together with the bottom one) appears to have been reversed by mistake, since the more important sculptures on them now face the stupa instead of facing outwards.<ref name="Marshall 46" />
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:War over the Buddha's Relics, South Gate, Stupa no. 1, Sanchi.jpg|250px]]
Rear bottom architrave 
[[File:Sanchi3 N-MP-220.jpg|200px]] 
Full architrave with wings
|'''War over the Buddha's Relics'''.
{{see also|Relics associated with Buddha}}
[[File:Conjectural reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara circa 500 BCE adapted from a relief at Sanchi.jpg|thumb|This Sanchi relief permitted this reconstruction of the city of [[Kushinagara]] circa 500 BCE.]]
The Buddha died in [[Kushinagara]], the capital of the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s, who initially tried to keep all the relics of the Buddha for themselves. A war erupted in which the chiefs of seven other clans waged war against the Mallakas of Kushinara for the possession of the Buddha's relics. In the centre of the architrave, the siege of Kushinara is in progress; to right and left, the victorious chiefs are departing in chariots and on elephants, with the relics borne on the heads of the latter.<ref name="Marshall 46" /> 
The scene is carried through on to the projecting ends of the architrave, and the seated elephants on the intervening false capitals are clearly intended to be part and parcel of the scene.<ref name="Marshall 46" /><ref name="p.83ff"/> 
When the gateway was restored, this lintel (together with the top one) appears to have been reversed by mistake, since the more important sculptures on them now face the stupa instead of facing outwards.<ref name="Marshall 46" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillar capitals'''
|-
|align="center"|[[File:018 Lions uphold the Pillar (33428081050).jpg|120px]]
Left
|align="center"|[[File:Four Lions - East Pillar Top - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4356.JPG|120px]]
Right
|The pillars of the Southern Gateway feature lions in the manner of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. They are the only pillar capitals of the Sanchi complex to do so.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillars'''
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"|'''External faces'''
|-
|align=center|[[File:Left external side Southern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|80px]]
|align=center|[[File:Right external side Southern Getaway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|80px]]
|The left external face consists in a foliage scroll inhabited by numerous animals and garlands, as well as an amorous couple repeated several time. Of the right pillar external face, nothing remains, and it has been left blank by the reconstitution under Marshall.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Front face'''
|-
|architectural_style ="width: 10%;"|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Ashoka with his two Queens visiting the Deer Park Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Ashoka]] with his two queens visiting the [[Sarnath|Deer Park]]'''. A Persepolitan column, rising from a stepped base and supporting a wheel with thirty-two spokes and an equal number of [[triratna]] devices on its outer rim. This is the [[dharmachakra]] or "Wheel of the Law", the emblem of the Buddha's first sermon. On either side of the wheel are celestial figures with garlands; below them are four groups of worshipers, and below the latter, [[deer]]s, to indicate the spot where the first sermon was preached, namely, in the [[Sarnath|Deer Park]] (Mrigadava) near [[Benares]]. In each of the groups of worshipers is a king with attendant females, the same figures apparently being repeated four times. They probably represent Asoka with his two queens visiting the Deer Park during his pilgrimage to the holy places of Buddhism.<ref name="Marshall 50">A Guide to Sanchi, John Marshall [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 50ff] Public Domain text</ref>
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Procession of King Ashoka on his charriot Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Procession of Emperor [[Ashoka]] on his chariot'''. The Emperor Asoka in his chariot with his retinue around.<ref name="Marshall 50" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Cortège of Mara - South Face - West Pillar - South Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4353.JPG|120px]]
|'''The Cortège of Mara'''. According to Marshall, relating the panel to the next one on the inner face, deities are seen on foot, on horseback and on elephants, hastening to do homage to the Bodhisattva's locks.<ref name="Marshall 50" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Inner face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Bodhi tree temple of [[Bodh Gaya]] built by Ashoka.''' The temple around the [[Bodhi Tree]] (the [[pipal tree]] beneath which the Buddha had attained enlightenment) was erected by Asoka himself. This Temple is [[hypaethral]]. Here the sanctity of the tree is indicated by umbrellas and garlands, and on the throne inside the shrine are three [[triratna]] symbols.<ref name="Marshall 50" />
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Sanchi King Ashoka with his Queens, South Gate, Stupa no. 1.jpg|120px]]
|'''Ashoka in grief, supported by his two queens'''. Ashoka is in grief as he saw the pipal tree of the Buddha being neglected by the jealous Empress [[Tissarakkha|Tishyarakshita]]. He is so shocked that he has to be supported by two of his wives. He would thereafter build a temple around the tree, seen in the panel above, and which would become the sacred temple of [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>Interpretation in "Ashoka in Ancient India", by Nayanjot Lahiri, Harvard University Press, 2015 [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 p. 296]</ref><ref name="Marshall 50" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Trayastrimsa Heaven.jpg|120px]]
|'''Worship of the [[Bodhisattva]]'s hair'''. In the lowest panel of the inner face is a company of deities in the [[Trayastrimsa]] heaven, where [[Indra]] held sway, rejoicing over and worshiping the hair of the [[Bodhisattva]]. The story told in the Buddhist scriptures is that, before embracing a religious life, Gautama divested himself of his princely garments and cut off his long hair with his sword, casting both hair and turban into the air, whence they were borne by the devas to the Trayastrimsa heaven and worshiped there.<ref name="Marshall 50" />
This particular relief was dedicated by the Guild of Ivory Carvers of [[Vidisha]] (horizontal inscription on the lintel), suggesting that a part of the gateways at least was made by ivory carvers.<ref name="p.51"/> At the least, the delicacy of workmanship and spatial effect attained in the panel of the Trayastrimsa heaven is particularly striking, and makes it understandable that, as the inscription on it records, it was the work of ivory-carvers of [[Vidisha]]. The inscription reads: 'Vedisehi dantakarehi rupadamam katam' meaning "The ivory-carvers from Vidisha have done the carving".<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Epigraphia Indice Vol.2 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.100320/2015.100320.Archaeological-Survey-Of-India-Epigraphia-Indica-Vol-2 p. 378 Inscription No.200]</ref> Some of the [[Begram ivories]] or the "''[[Pompeii Lakshmi]]''" give an indication of the kind of ivory works that could have influenced the carvings at Sanchi.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Rear face'''
|-
|Unique panel
|align="center"|[[File:Rear view Left pillar Stupa 1 South Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|To the left of the panel, a royal figure is seated beneath a canopy, holding a female by the hand; in the middle, another female seated on a low stool; to the right, two other figures standing, with a child behind bearing a garland (?). At the back of them is a [[True plantains|plantain]] tree, and above, a [[Chaitya]]'s window with an umbrella on either side. The meaning of this scene is uncertain.<ref name="Marshall 50" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar'''
|-
|
|
|Blank. All reliefs and inscriptions lost.
|}
<noinclude>

==== Stupa 1 Northern Gateway ====
The Northern Gateway is the best preserved of all the gateways, and was the second to be erected. The numerous panels relate various events of the life of the Buddha. Only one atypical panel (Right pillar, Inner face/ Top panel) shows ''[[:File:Foreigners making a dedication to Stupa 1at the Northern Gateway of Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|Foreigners making a dedication at the Southern Gateway of Stupa No 1]]''.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=3 style="background:#A9A9A9; font-size: 100%;"| '''[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi gateways : North gateway of stupa 1|Northern Gateway]]''' ("Great Stupa" No1, Sanchi. 1st century BCE.)
|-
|colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:North Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4273.JPG|250px]]
|'''The Northern Gateway of Stupa 1'''. The Northern Gateway of Stupa 1 is one of the four richly carved gateways or [[torana]]s, surrounding Stupa 1, the "Great Stupa". The Northern Gateway was the second to be erected.

The best preserved of all four gateways is the Northern one, which still retains most of its ornamental figures and gives a good idea of the original appearance of all the gateways. Like the other gateways, the Northern Gateway is composed of two square pillars surmounted by capitals, which in their turn support a superstructure of three architraves with volute ends.<ref name="Marshall 37"/>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Architraves'''
|-
|[[File:Sanchi Stupa, Bhopal, Inda 16.JPG|120px]]
Front architraves
|[[File:GATEWAY OF PEACE.JPG|120px]]
Rear architraves
|The architraves are all almost intact. They are crowned by two large decorated [[Shrivatsa]] symbols in the round, symbols of Buddhism, as well as the remnants of a [[Dharmachakra]] (Wheel of the Law) at the center. The lintels have seated lions and [[Yakshini]]s, also in the round, at their ends.
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Temptation of the Buddha with Mara and his daughters and the demons of Mara fleeing Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|250px]]
Rear central architrave
|[[File:Vajrasana Diamond Throne of Ashoka at Bodh Gaya.jpg|thumb|upright|The actual "[[Diamond throne]]" at [[Bodh Gaya]], built by Ashoka {{Circa|260 BCE}}.]]
'''Temptation of the Buddha with [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] and his daughters, and the demons of Mara fleeing'''. Towards the left end of the panel is the [[pipal tree]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] with an umbrella and streamers above, and, in front, the [[diamond throne]] (Vajrasana) of the Buddha, whereon he sat when he withstood the temptations and threats of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], the Satan of Buddhism, and when he attained to Buddhahood. Human and celestial beings are adoring it. The figure to the left of it is perhaps [[Gautama Buddha#Ascetic life and awakening|Sujata]], bringing the meal which she prepared for Gautama before he began his last meditation prior to his enlightenment. Near the middle of the panel is Mara, seated on a throne with attendants around, and advancing from him towards the throne are his daughters, who sought by their blandishments to seduce Gautama from his purpose. On his other side, i.e., in the right half of the panel, are the hosts of Mara's demons, personifying the vices, the passions and the fears of mankind. The vigor and humor with which these fantastic beings are portrayed is very striking, and far more forceful than anything of the kind produced by the artists of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 55ff] Public Domain text</ref> 
See also [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/19. Mara's Defeat|Mara's Defeat (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillar capitals'''
|-
|align="center"|[[File:Left capital Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
Left
|align="center"|[[File:Right capital Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
Right
|Elephants facing the four directions decorate the top of the gateway pillars and support the architraves. They are gathered around a central pillar of square section decorated with a large [[flame palmette]] design. The capitals are flanked by a dancing [[Yakshini]] under foliage.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillars'''
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''External faces'''
|-
|align=center|[[File:Left side Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|40px]]
Left
|align=center|[[File:Right external face of Northwern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|40px]]
Right
|'''Left'''. The external side of the left pillar (facing the east) doesn't have narrative reliefs, but only displays [[Buddhist symbolism|Buddhist symbols]] as well as intricate vegetal designs. The external face is separated vertically in three bands, the central band consisting in a superposition of numerous [[flame palmette]]s (nine in total), and the two external bands consisting in a superposition of hooks holdings [[garland]]s. The bottom of the pillar face has two [[Buddha footprint|footprints of the Buddha]] with a [[Dharmachakra|wheel of the Law]] on their sole. The pillar face is crowned by a decorated [[Shrivatsa]] symbol.<ref name="Marshall 58">John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 58ff] (Public Domain text)</ref>
'''Right'''. The external face on the right side has the same background decoration, with the three vertical bands and the superposition of [[flame palmette]]s, and hooks holdings [[garland]]s, but lacks the bottom and top symbols of the [[Buddha footprint]] and the decorated [[Shrivatsa]].
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Front face''' (Most of the scenes on this face appear to relate to [[Sravasti]].)
|-
|architectural_style ="width: 10%;"|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Great Miracle at Savrasti (also called Miracle of the Mango Tree) Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|[[File:Buddha performs miracle of Sravasti Gandhara.jpg|thumb|150px|The Buddha in [[Levitation (physics)|levitation]] performing the Miracle of Sravasti, Gandhara, 100-200 CE.]]
'''[[Great Miracle at Sravasti]] (also called Mango Tree Miracle, when the Buddha walks in the air)'''. 
In the center, a [[mango tree]] with the throne of the [[Buddha]] in front (the Buddha, of course, [[aniconism|not being illustrated]]). Round the Buddha is a circle of his followers bringing garlands to the tree or in attitudes of adoration. It was beneath a mango tree that, according to the [[Pali]] texts, Buddha performed the great miracle at [[Sravasti]], when he walked in the air, and flames broke from his shoulders and streams of water from his feet. But here there is no definite indication of the miracle.<ref name="Marshall 58"/>

In the [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] (non-[[aniconism|aniconic]]) [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], the Buddha would simply be shown in his human form, rising slightly in the air, with flames springing from his feet and water emanating from his shoulders.
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Jetavana of Sravasti Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Jetavana]] of [[Sravasti]], showing the three preferred residences of the Buddha'''.
[[File:Bharhut Jetavana Jataka.jpg|thumb|150px|Jetavana story, [[Bharhut]], 2nd century BCE.]]
The [[Jetavana]] at [[Sravasti]], showing the three favourite residences of the Buddha: the Gandhakuti, the Kosambakuti and the Karorikuti, with the throne of the Buddha in the front of each. The Jetavana garden was presented to the Buddha by the rich banker [[Anathapindika]], who purchased it for as many gold pieces as would cover the surface of the ground. Hence, the foreground of the relief is shown covered with ancient Indian coins ( [[karshapana]]s ), just as it is in the similar relief at [[Bharhut]], where the details of the coins are more in evidence.<ref name="Marshall 58" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Aerial promenade of the Buddha Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Aerial promenade of the Buddha'''. Presumably, the long band on top of the heads of devotees is the promenade the Buddha is walking on. The long open pavilion (mandapa) calls to mind the one at [[Sravasti]], which is portrayed in the [[Bharhut]] relief.<ref name="Marshall 58" />
|-
|4th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Procession of Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha.jpg|120px]]
|'''Procession of King [[Prasenajit]] of [[Kosala]] leaving [[Sravasti]] to meet the Buddha'''. A royal procession issuing from a city gate, probably [[Prasenajit]] of [[Kosala]] going forth from [[Sravasti]] to meet the Buddha.<ref name="Marshall 58" />
|-
|5th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Paradise of Indra (nandana) Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Paradise of [[Indra]] (nandana)'''. The meaning of this scene, which is analogous to several others on the gateways, is not clear. Perhaps, like the scene on the gateways of
Stupa No3, it may represent the Paradise of [[Indra]] (nandana), where pleasure and passion held sway.<ref name="Marshall 58" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Inner face''' (This face refers particularly to [[Rajagriha]])
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:The Visit of Indra to the Buddha in the Indrasaila cave near Rajagriha Sanchi Stupa 1Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|[[File:Indras Visit to Indrasala Cave - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Kushana Period - Loriyan Tangai - ACCN 5100-A23290 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1519.JPG|thumb|The same scene in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]]. [[Loriyan Tangai]].]]
'''Visit of [[Indra]] to the Buddha in the [[Indrasaila cave]] near [[Rajagriha]]'''. In the upper part of the panel is an artificial cave resembling in its facade many [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] Buddhist [[chaitya]] shrines in [[Western India|Western]] and [[Central India]]. In front of the door is the throne which marks the presence of the Buddha. The animals peering out from among the rocks serve to indicate the wildness of the spot. Below is the company of Indra in attitudes of worship, but which of these figures represents Indra and which his musician [[Panchasikha]] who accompanied him, it is not possible to determine.<ref name="Marshall 58" />
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Royal cortege leaving Rajagriha.jpg|120px]]
|'''Royal cortege leaving [[Rajagriha]]'''. A king and his royal cortege issuing from a city. As the panel on this side of the pillar relates particularly to Rajagriha, it is probable that the King is either [[Bimbisara]] or [[Ajatashatru]], on a visit to the Buddha at the [[Gridhrakuta]] Hill, and that the city is Rajagriha.<ref name="Marshall 58" /> See also: [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/16. Siddhartha and King Vimbasara|Siddhartha and King Bimbasara (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at Rajagriha, the visit of Bimbisara.jpg|120px]]
|'''Bamboo garden (Venuvana) at [[Rajagriha]], the visit of [[Bimbisara]]'''. The Bamboo garden (Venuvana ) at Rajagriha, with the throne of the Buddha in the center and devotees around. The identity of the spot is indicated by the bamboos on either side of the panel.<ref name="Marshall 58" /> This event refers to a visit of King [[Bimbisara]] to the Buddha.<ref name="Marshall 58" /> 
{{See also|s:The Life of Buddha/Part Two/7. The Buddha at the Bamboo Grove|l1=The Buddha at the Bamboo Grove (in "The Life of Buddha")}}
|-
|4th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Dvarapala Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Dvarapala]] guardian deity'''. Positioned as it is, in the inside panel of the gateway, the deity guards the left side of the entrance to the stupa. This Dvarapala is faced by another one on the right side.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Inner face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Sanchi Great Stupa Northern Gateway foreigners.jpg|120px]]
|'''Foreigners making a dedication to Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa'''. Probably the dedication of a stupa, but it might also refer to the death ([[parinirvana]]) of the Buddha. Among the crowds who are celebrating the occasion with music and dancing, some are wearing dresses and high boots suggestive of a cold climate. The individual and realistic features of the people can also be noticed.<ref name="Marshall 57">John Marshall, A Guide to Sanchi, 1918 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 57ff] (Public Domain text)</ref> The official notice at Sanchi reads "[[:File:Scene Index - North Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4272.JPG|Foreigners worshiping Stupa]]". The relief shows 18 of these foreigners and 4 [[Gandharva]] celestial deities in the sky above. 
[[File:Foreigners in Greek dress playing carnyxes and aolus flute at Sanchi.jpg|thumb|150px|Foreigners playing [[carnyx]]es and [[aulos]] flute at Sanchi (detail).]]
These have been called "Greek-looking foreigners"<ref>Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100</ref> wearing Greek clothing complete with [[tunic]]s, capes and sandals, typical of the [[:File:Greek travelling costume.jpg|Greek travelling costume]],<ref name="Manjari Ukil Originals 2006, p.162"/> and using Greek and [[Central Asian]] musical instruments ( the double flute [[aulos]], or the [[carnyx]]-like [[Cornu (horn)|Cornu horns]]), possibly pointing to the [[Indo-Greeks]]. 
Another rather similar foreigner is also depicted in [[Bharhut]], the [[:File:Bharhut Stupa Yavana.jpg|Bharhut Yavana]], also wearing a tunic and a royal headband in the manner of a Greek king, and displaying a Buddhist [[triratna]] on his sword.<ref name="p.180"/><ref name="Antiquity, John Boardman 1993, p.112"/> The top of the panel show celestial divinities celebrating the dedication of the Stupa.
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Offering of a bowl of honey to the Blessed One by a monkey Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Offering of a bowl of honey to the Blessed One by a monkey'''. The offering of a bowl of honey to the Blessed One by a monkey. The Buddha is here represented by his [[pipal tree]] and throne, to which devotees are doing obeisance. The figure of the monkey is twice repeated, first with the bowl and then with empty hands after the gift has been made. The incident is portrayed in much the same way on the reliefs of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].<ref name="Marshall 57" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Miracle at Kapilavastu Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air with only path visible Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Miracle at [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]'''. [[Suddhodana]] praying as his son the [[Buddha]] rises in the air, praised by celestial beings (only his path is visible). This panel is to be interpreted in conjunction with the corresponding panel adjoining it on the front face of the same pillar. When Buddha returned to his native city of Kapilavastu, his father Suddhodana came forth with a royal retinue to meet him, and a question of etiquette arose as to which should salute the other first: the father, who was king, or the son, who had become the Buddha. Thereupon the Buddha solved the difficulty by walking miraculously in mid-air. Here, in the panel on the inner face, we see a [[banyan tree]], and, in front of it, the throne symbolizing the Buddha; while suspended in the air above it is the chahkrama or promenade on which the Buddha used to take his exercise and which here symbolises that he is walking in the air. Above it are celestial beings ([[gandharva]]s) with garlands in their hands. To the right of the tree is King [[Suddhodana]] with attendants, one of whom is holding the royal umbrella. The reason for the banyan tree ([[Ficus Indica]], Skr : nyagrodha) is that King Suddhodana presented a park of banyan trees to his son on his return, and the tree, therefore, helps to localize the incident. In the corresponding scene on the front face the Buddha is probably represented in this park with disciples (but invisible due to [[aniconism]]) and followers around him.<ref name="Marshall 57" />
|-
|4th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Dvarapala Sanchi Stupa 1Northern Gateway right pillar.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Dvarapala]] guardian deity'''. Positioned as it is, in the inside panel of the gateway, the deity guards the right side of the entrance to the stupa. This Dvarapala is faced by another one on the left side.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Front face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|[[File:05 Descent to Sankasya, 3c (34342993764).jpg|thumb|120px|The same scene in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].]]'''Descent of the Buddha from the [[Trayastrimsa]] Heaven at [[Sankissa]]'''. The descent of the Buddha from the [[Trayastrimsa]] Heaven, where [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]], his mother, had been reborn and whither he himself ascended to preach the Law to her. This miracle is supposed to have taken place at [[Sankissa]] (Sankasya). In the center of the relief is the miraculous ladder by which the Buddha descended, attended by [[Brahma]] and [[Indra]]. At the top of the ladder is the tree and throne of the Buddha with the gods on either side in an attitude of adoration. Other [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]] attend on him as he descends, among whom the one to the right of the ladder holding a [[chauri]] and [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] may be Brahma. At the foot of the ladder the tree and throne are repeated with a trio of devotees on either side, indicating that the Buddha has returned again to earth.<ref name="Marshall 56">Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 56]</ref>
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Departure of the Buddha from Kapilavastu Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gate.jpg|120px]]
|'''The Great Departure of the Buddha from [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]'''. A royal figure in a chariot drives forth from a city gate, with a horse in front. The scene is analogous to the scene of Buddha's departure from Kapilavastu on the East Gateway, but in that case there is no chariot, and in this case there is no umbrella above the horse to indicate the presence of the Buddha. However, a royal umbrella being held over an empty spot in the chariot would suggest the presence of the Buddha. The figure standing at its side with a water-pot (bhrihgara) in his hand indicates that a gift is being made. Alternatively, it could be King Suddhodana going forth from Kapilavastu to meet his son, the Buddha, on the occasion when he presented him with a park of mango trees.<ref name="Marshall 56" /> 
See also [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/12. Siddhartha Leaves His Father's Palace|Siddhartha Leaves His Father's Palace (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Teaching the Sakyans Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Teaching the [[Sakyans]]''': This panel may represent the Buddha teaching the [[Sakyans]]. It can also be interpreted in relation to the panel of the Miracle at Kapilavastu on the same pillar (Right pillar, Inner face,3rd panel). When Buddha returned to his native city of Kapilavastu, his father Suddhodana came forth with a royal retinue to meet him, and the Buddha performed his Miracle of the Walk in the Air. In this scene, on the front face of the pillar, the Buddha is probably represented in this very park with disciples and followers around him.<ref name="Marshall 56" />
|-
|4th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Broken scene Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|Unidentified broken scene.
|}<noinclude>

==== Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway ====
The Eastern Gateway describes historical events during the life of the Buddha, as well as several miracles performed by the Buddha. It was the third gateway to be erected.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=3 style="background:#FFDAB9; font-size: 100%;"| '''[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi gateways : East gateway of stupa 1|Eastern Gateway]]''' ("Great Stupa" No1, Sanchi. 1st century BCE/CE.)
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4398.JPG|250px]]
|'''The Eastern Gateway of Stupa 1'''. The Eastern Gateway of Stupa 1 is one of the four richly carved gateways or [[torana]]s, surrounding Stupa 1, the "Great Stupa". It is the third gateway to have been constructed. Like the other gateways, the Southern Gateway is composed of two square pillars surmounted by capitals, which in their turn support a superstructure of three architraves with volute ends.<ref name="Marshall 37"/>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Architraves'''
|-
|[[File:Sanchi 6-09.jpg|120px]]
Front architraves
|[[File:Sanchi2 N-MP-220.jpg|120px]]
Rear architraves
|The architraves are all almost intact. They were crowned by two large decorated [[Shrivatsa]] symbols in the round, symbols of Buddhism (only one of them remains). The lintels have elephants mounted by [[mahout]]s, and a single seated lion, at their ends. A single remaining [[Yakshini]] (top right corner) suggests that many more have been lost.
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Sanchi Eastern Gateway The Great Departure.jpg|250px]] 
Front architrave, center
|'''The Great Departure'''. During the night, Prince [[Gautama Buddha|Siddharta]] leaves the Palace of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] (far left) while his wife [[Yasodhara]], his baby [[Rahula]] and the dancers are sleeping. Siddharta rides his horse Kanthaka, who is being lifted above the ground by [[Yaksha]]s in order to keep quiet and avoid awakening the guards. The horse is seen progressing from left to right, away from the city, and progressively higher in the air. Siddharta is not visible, but a royal [[Chatra (umbrella)|chatra parasol]] is held by [[Chandaka]] in order to signify the fact that Siddharta is riding the horse. After his arrival in the forest on the right, Siddharta discards his robes, cuts off his hair and returns the horse to Chandaka. The horse is seen returning without a rider, now walking on the ground, devoid of the chatra. When Siddharta stays in the forest, he is symbolized by the two soles of his feet (extreme right). Siddharta has renounced the world.<ref>The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA4 p. 4]</ref>
|-
|Central front architrave, right
|align="center"|[[File:Yakshini Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|The famous [[Yakshini]], under foliage and hanging in front of an elephant, on the side.of the East Gateway.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillar capitals'''
|-
|Right capital
|align="center"|[[File:Elephants Eastern Gateway Stupa 1 Sanchi.jpg|120px]]
|The pillars of the Eastern Gateway feature elephants in the four direction, conducted by [[mahout]]s holding a Buddhist banner. They are gathered around a pillar of square section, decorated with a [[flame palmette]] design. A [[Yakshini]] under foliage flanks them on the side.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillars'''
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Front face'''
|-
|architectural_style ="width: 10%;"|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Chankrama Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway Left pillar Front top panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti'''. While the Buddha walks in the air, devotees are aligned and look upwards. The Buddha is not visible ([[aniconism]]), and only his path ([[chankrama]]) is, separating the panel horizontally in two parts.
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Pipal tree temple of Bodh Gaya depicted in Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|[[File:Diamond throne discovery.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[Diamond throne]] as discovered.]]
'''Temple for the [[Bodhi Tree]] in [[Bodh Gaya]]'''. 
The illumination of the Buddha occurred here under the [[Bodhi Tree]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], and Asoka built a [[Diamond throne]] at the location, as well as a temple to protect the Bodhi Tree within. Spreading through its upper windows, the branches of the sacred tree can be seen. To right and left of the temple are four figures in an attitude of adoration, perhaps the Guardian Kings of the Four Quarters ([[Lokapalas]]).<ref name="Marshall 60" />

The throne was discovered after excavations near the location of the Bodhi tree in the 19th century, and is now revered at the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]].
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Miracle of the Buddha walking on a River - East Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|120px]]
|'''Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River [[Nairanjana]]'''. The Nairanjana river is shown in flood and [[Kasyapa]] accompanied by a disciple and a boatman are hastening in a boat to the rescue of the Buddha. Then, in the lower part of the picture, the Buddha, represented by his promenade (chahbama), appears walking on the face of the waters, and in the foreground the figures of Kasyapa and his disciple are twice repeated, now on dry ground and doing homage to the Master (represented by the throne at the right hand, bottom corner).<ref name="Marshall 60" /> 
Throughout, The Buddha is not visible (aniconism), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right.<ref name="Marshall 60">Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 60ff] Public Domain text</ref>
|-
|Bottom panel
|align="center"|[[File:Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Bimbisara]] with his royal cortege issuing from the city of [[Rajagriha]] to visit the Buddha'''. Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of [[Rajagriha]], on a visit to the Buddha, here symbolized by his empty throne. This visit took place after the conversion of [[Kasyapa]], which was brought about by a series of miracles, one of which is illustrated in the panel above.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Inner face''' (This face is concerned with the miracles by which Buddha converted the [[Brahman]] [[Kasyapa]] and his disciples.)
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Visit of Indra and Brahma to the Buddha Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway Left pillar Inner top panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''Visit of [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]] to the Buddha'''. The visit of [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]] to the Buddha takes place in the town of [[Uruvilva]]. Near the center of the panel is the throne indicating the presence of the Buddha, surmounted by the umbrella; behind it, Indra and Brahma standing in an attitude of adoration; in the background, the houses of Uruvilva and the people at their daily tasks. To the left, a man and woman, the woman grinding spices on a "cari" stone; nearby, to the right, another woman is at work at a table, while a third is pounding rice with pestle and mortar, and a fourth winnowing the grain with a fan. In the foreground is the river Nairanjana, with cattle on its banks and a woman drawing water in a pitcher. One of the villagers has his hands joined in the attitude of prayer.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Buddha tames the Naga at Uruvela Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway Left pillar Inner 2nd panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''Buddha tames the [[Nāga|Naga]] at [[Uruvilva]]''' This panel is about the victory of the Buddha over the serpent in the fire chapel at Uruvilva. The Buddha obtained the permission of Kasyapa to pass the night in a fire chapel at his hermitage, which was inhabited by a fearsome [[Nāga|Naga]]. The Naga attacked him with smoke and fire but was met with the same weapons, and being overcome crept into the Buddha's begging bowl. In the middle of the panel is the fire temple with a fire altar in front and a throne indicating the presence of the Buddha within, while behind the throne is the five-headed Naga. Flames are issuing from the windows in the roof. On either side of the temple are the Brahmanical ascetics standing in an attitude of respect and veneration. 
In the foreground, to the right, is a leaf-hut (parna-sala) and an ascetic at its threshold seated on a mat, with his knees bound up by a band and his hair (jafa) twisted turban-wise about his head. Evidently he is a Brahman doing penance. Before him is another Brahman standing and apparently reporting to him the miracle; and near by is a small fire altar and the instruments of [[Vedic]] sacrifice. To the left is the Nairanjana river, in which another ascetic is bathing and from which three young novices are drawing water.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Miracle of fire and wood Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''The miracle of fire and wood'''. This is a depicting of the miracles of the wood, the fire and the offering. In the story of [[Kasyapa]]'s conversion it is related that, after the miracle of the fire temple, a sacrifice was prepared by the Brahmans, but the wood for the fire could not be split, the fire could not be made to burn, and the oblation could not be offered, until in each case the Buddha gave his consent. 
In the relief, this triple miracle is dramatically represented. In the foreground, to the right, a [[Brahmin]] ascetic has his axe raised to split the wood, but the axe will not descend until Buddha gives the word; then we see the axe driven home into the log. Similarly, a Brahman is engaged fanning the fire on an altar, but the fire will not burn until the Buddha permits it. Then we see the altar repeated and flames blazing upon it. The third phase of the miracle, that of the oblation, is indicated by the single figure of a Brahman holding an oblation spoon over a flaming altar. 
The other figures in this panel, of two novices bringing wood and provisions, are mere accessories, while the [[stupa]] in the background, decorated with shell designs and surrounded by a square railing, serves to give local color to the scene.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|Bottom panel
|align="center"|[[File:Dvarapala - North Face - South Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4441.JPG|120px]]
|[[Dvarapala]] guardian.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Inner Face''' (This face of the pillar is devoted to scenes at [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], the birthplace of Gautama) 
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Homage of King Suddhodana Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway Right pillar inner top panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''Homage of King [[Suddhodana]] to the Buddha'''. In the center, the tree and throne of the Buddha, with a group of worshipers around, including King Suddhodana, the father of the Buddha, who is standing immediately in front of the throne. The king wears the same headdress here as in the panel below. The episode represented is the homage paid by the King
to his son after his return to Kapilavastu.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|Second panel
|align="center"|[[File:Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu in full Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''Procession of king [[Suddhodana]] from [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]'''.
[[File:Maya's dream Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern gateway.jpg|thumb|200px|At the top of the panel, [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]]'s dream of the visit of an elephant, in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]. See also [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/2. Maya's Dream|Maya's Dream (in "The life of Buddha)"]].]]
At the top is portrayed the dream of [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]], the mother of the Buddha, otherwise called the conception of the [[Bodhisattva]]. Maya, the queen, is
seen lying in a pavilion of the palace, and on her is descending the Bodhisattva in the form of a white elephant. This scene, which was well known to all Buddhists, serves to identify the city here represented as [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]. 
Below it is a royal procession threading its way through the streets of the city and issuing forth from the gate. This is the procession of King Suddhodana, when he went forth to meet his son on his return to Kapilavastu. Then, at the bottom of the panel, is portrayed the miracle which Buddha performed on this occasion by walking in mid-air; and, in the extreme
left hand bottom corner, is a [[banyan tree]] (nyagrodha) to signify the park of banyans which Suddhodana presented to his son. The Buddha walking in mid-air is represented, as on the Northern Gateway, by his promenade (chankrama); and suggested by the upturned faces of the king and his retinue as they gaze wonderingly on the miracle.<ref name="Marshall 60" />
|-
|Bottom panel
|align="center"|[[File:Dvarapala - South Face - North Pillar - East Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4438.JPG|120px]]
|[[Dvarapala]] guardian.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Front Face'''
|-
|Full length
|align="center"|[[File:The six inferior heavens of the Gods Sanchi Stupa 1 East Gateway Right pillar front.jpg|120px]]
|'''The six inferior heavens of the Gods'''. The six inferior heavens of the gods ([[Devaloka]]s ) or "Kamavachara heavens", in which the passions are still unsubdued, an integral part of [[Buddhist cosmology]]. Starting from the base they are as follows: (1) The heaven of the Four Great Kings: the Regents of the Four Quarters ([[Lokapala]]; [[Chaturmaharajika]]); (2) The heaven of the Thirty-three gods ([[Trayastrimisa]]) over whom [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakra]] presides; (3) The heaven over which [[Yama]], the God of Death, reigns, where there is no change of day or night; (4) The Tushita heaven, where the [[Bodhisattvas]] are born before they appear on earth as the saviors of mankind, and where Maitreya now resides; (5) The heaven of the [[Nirmanarati]], who create their own pleasures; (6) The heaven of the [[Parinirmita]]-[[Vasavartin]] gods, who indulge in pleasures created for them by others and over whom [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] is king. 
Each of these six heavens or devalokas is represented by a storey of a palace, the front of which is divided by pillars into three bays, the pillars in the alternate storeys being
either plain or provided with elaborate Persepolitan capitals. In the central bay there sits a god, like an Indian king, holding a thunderbolt ([[vajra]]) in his right hand and a flask containing nectar ([[amrita]]) in his left. Behind him are his women attendants holding the royal umbrella (muttra) and flywhisk ([[chauri]]). In the bay to his right, seated on a slightly lower seat, is his viceroy ([[uparaja]]); and to his left are the court musicians and dancers. With slight variations the same figures are repeated in each of the six heavens.
Nothing, perhaps, could give a better idea of the monotony of pleasure in the Buddhist heavens than the sameness of these reiterations. 
The topmost panel of all, with two figures seated on a terrace and attendants behind, is treated quite differently from the Devalokas below and appears to represent the lowest of the Brahmaloka, which according to the Buddhist ideas rise above the inferior heavens.<ref>A Guide to Sanchi, Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 62ff] Public Domain text</ref>
|}<noinclude>

==== Stupa 1 Western Gateway ====
The Western Gateway of Stupa 1 is the last of the four gateway of the Great Stupa to have been built.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=3 style="background:#E9967A; font-size: 100%;"| '''[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi gateways : West gateway of stupa 1|Western Gateway]]''' ("Great Stupa" No1, Sanchi, 1st century BCE/CE.)
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:Sanchi portique ouest.jpg|250px]][[File:Sanchi_Stupa_gateway.jpg|center|thumb|462x462px|Western gateway of Stupa I at Sanchi Stupa]]
|'''The Western Gateway of Stupa 1'''. The Western Gateway of Stupa 1 is one of the four richly carved gateways or [[torana]]s, surrounding Stupa 1, the "Great Stupa". It is the last of the four gateway to have been constructed.
Like the other gateways, the Western Gateway is composed of two square pillars surmounted by capitals, which in their turn support a superstructure of three architraves with volute ends.<ref name="Marshall 37"/>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Architraves'''
|-
|align=center|[[File:West Torana, Sanchi 03.jpg|120px]]
Front architraves
|align=center|[[File:Upper part of the gateway at Sanchi Stupa.jpg|120px]]
Rear architraves
||The architraves are all almost intact, but there are almost no remains of "in the round" decorations around or on top of the lintels. Only remains a fragment of [[capital (architecture)|capital]] with a base composed of lions, at the center top of the [[torana]].
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:King of the Mallas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara.jpg|250px]]
Rear top architrave
|'''Ruler of the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s bringing the relics of the Buddha to [[Kushinagara]]'''. After the death of the Buddha his relics were taken possession of by the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s of [[Kushinagara]], whose chief is here depicted riding on an elephant and bearing the relics into the town of Kusinagara on his own head. The tree behind the throne in front of the city gate appears to be a [[Shala tree]] ( shorea robusta ), and to refer to the fact that Buddha's [[parinirvana]] took place in a grove of those trees. The two groups of figures carrying banners and offerings, which occupy the ends of this architrave, are probably connected with the central scene, serving to indicate the rejoicing of the Mallakas over the possession of the relics.<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Siege of Kushinagara by the seven kings.jpg|250px]]
Rear middle architrave
|[[File:King of the Mallas under siege.jpg|thumb|120px|Ruler of the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s of [[Kushinagara]] under siege (left end of the architrave).]]
'''Siege of [[Kushinagara]] by the seven kings.''' This is another portrayal of "The war of the relics" (see Southern Gateway architrave). Here the seven rival claimants, distinguished by their seven royal umbrellas, are advancing with their armies to the city of [[Kushinagara]], the siege of which has not yet begun. The seated chiefly figure at the left end of
the architrave may represent the chief of the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s within the city. The princely figures in the corresponding relief at the right end appear to be repetitions of some of the rival claimants.<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Temptation of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing.jpg|250px]]
Rear bottom architrave
|'''Temptation of the Buddha with [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s army fleeing.''' This scene extends over the three sections of the architrave, In the center is the temple of [[Bodh Gaya]] with the [[pipal tree]] and the throne of the Buddha within; to the right, the armies of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] fleeing discomfited from the Buddha; to the left, the devas celebrating the victory of the Buddha over the Evil One and exalting his glorious achievements. The temple at Bodh Gaya, which enclosed the [[Bodhi tree]], was built two centuries later by Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Its portrayal in this scene, therefore, is an anachronism.<ref name="Marshall 68" /> 
{{See also|s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/20. Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha|l1=Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha")}}
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillar capitals'''
|-
|[[File:Dwarfs - West Face - North Pillar - West Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4326.JPG|120px]]
Left
|[[File:Dwarfs - West Face - South Pillar - West Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4322.JPG|120px]]
Right
|The pillar capitals consist in groups of four [[Yaksha]]s (tectonic deities) supporting the architraves.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillars'''
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Front face'''
|-
|architectural_style ="width: 10%;"|Unique panel
|align="center"|[[File:Scenes of Enjoyments - West Face - North Pillar - West Gateway - Stupa 1 - Sanchi.jpg|120px]]
|'''Paradise of Indra'''. Probably the "Paradise of [[Indra]]" (nandana) with the river [[Mandakini River|Mandakini]] in the foreground. This can be related to the scenes on the North Gateway and on the small gateway of the Third Stupa.<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Inner face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Syama Jataka Sanchi Stupa 1Western Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Syama Jataka]]''' Syama, the Buddha in a previous life, was the only son of a blind hermit and his wife, whom he supports with devotion. One day, Syama goes to draw water at the river and is shot with an arrow by the King of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Benaras]], who is out hunting. Owing to the king's penitence and his parents' sorrow [[Indra]] intervenes and allows Syama to be healed and his parents' sight to be restored. At the right hand top corner of the panel arc the two hermitages with the father and mother seated in front of them. Below them their son Syama is coming to draw water from the stream. Then, to the left, we see the figure of the King thrice repeated, first shooting the lad in the water, then with bow in hand, then standing penitent with bow and arrow discarded; and in the left top corner are the father, mother and son restored to health, and by their side the god Indra and the king. The Buddha in a previous life was thus given as an example of [[filial piety]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 Marshall]</ref>
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Enlightenment of the Buddha with the Nagas rejoincing.jpg|120px]]
|'''Enlightenment of the Buddha with the [[Nāga|Nagas]] rejoincing'''. The scene depicts the enlightenment (sambodhi ) of the Buddha. In the center is the throne of the Buddha beneath the [[pipal tree]], which is being garlanded by divine musicians ([[gandharvas]]); round about are the [[Nāga|Nagas]] and Nagis celebrating the victory of the Buddha over [[Mara (demon)|Mara]].<ref name="p.73">Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 73]</ref> See also: [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/20. Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha|Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|Bottom panel
|align="center"|[[File:Miraculous crossing of the Ganges by the Buddha when he left Rajagriha to visit Vaisali.jpg|120px]]
|[[File:Maisey Sanchi relief.jpg|thumb|120px|Full relief.<ref name="Maisey" />]]
'''Miraculous crossing of the [[Ganges]] by the Buddha when he left [[Rajagriha]] to visit [[Vaisali]]''' (partial remain). Only the upper part of this panel remains, but it appears to depict the miraculous crossing of the Ganges by the Buddha when he left [[Rajagriha]] to visit [[Vaisali]]. 
The lower part of the panel appears to have been cut away, when the gateway was restored by Col. Cole. The panel is shown complete in Maisey's illustration in ''Sanchi and its remains'' (Plaque XXI)<ref name="Maisey">Maisey, ''Sanchi and its remains'', [https://archive.org/details/cu31924095909390 Plaque XXI]</ref>
<ref name="p.73"/> See also: [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part Three/16. The Buddha Instructs the Monks of Vaisali|The Buddha Instructs the Monks of Vaisali (in "The Life of Buddha")]]
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Inner Face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Temptation and enlightenment of the Buddha.jpg|120px]]
|'''Enlightenment of the Buddha with [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s army fleeing'''. The enlightenment ([[sambodhi]]) of the Buddha. Towards the top of the panel is the [[pipal tree]] and the throne of the Buddha, and round them a throng of worshipers, men and women, gods and animals. It is the moment after the discomfiture of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]] and his hosts. The [[Nāga|Nagas]], winged creatures, angels and archangels, each urging his comrades on, went up to the Great Being at the [[Bodhi tree]]'s foot and as they came they shouted for joy that the sage had won; that the Tempter was overthrown. 
The deva with the giant head, riding either on the elephant or on the lion to the right of the panel, is probably meant to be [[Indra]] or [[Brahma]]. The interpretation of the three sorrowing figures standing on three sides of the throne in the foreground is problematical. In the Mahabhinishkramana scene on the East Gateway we have already seen that the artist inserted a [[jambul|jambu]] tree in the middle of the panel, to remind the spectator of the first meditation of the Bodhisattva and the path on which it led him. So, here, these three figures, which are strikingly similar to the three sorrowing Yakshas in the Mahdbhinishkramana scene and were probably executed by the same hand, may be a reminder of the Great Renunciation which led to the attainment of Buddhahood, the gateway behind being also a reminder of the gateway of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]].<ref name="Marshall 68">Marshall "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 68ff] Public Domain text</ref> See also: [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part One/20. Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha|Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|Second panel
|align="center"|[[File:The Gods entreating Buddha to preach Sanchi Stupa 1 Western Gateway right pillar Inner panel No2.jpg|120px]]
|'''The Gods entreating Buddha to preach'''. The gods entreating the Buddha to preach. The Buddhist scriptures tell us that after his enlightenment the Buddha hesitated to make known the truth to the world. Then [[Brahma]], [[Indra]], the four [[Lokapalas]] (Regents of the Four Quarters) and the archangels of the heavens approached him and besought him to turn the Wheel of the Law. It was when the Buddha was seated beneath the banyan tree (nyagrodha) shortly after his enlightenment, that this entreaty was made, and it is a banyan tree with the throne beneath that is depicted in this relief. The four figures side by side in the foreground may be the four Lokapalas.<ref name="Marshall 68" /> See also: [[s:The Life of Buddha/Part Two/2. The Buddha is Prepared to Preach the Doctrine|The Buddha is Prepared to Preach the Doctrine (in "The Life of Buddha")]].
|-
|Bottom panel
|align="center"|[[File:Dvarapala Sanchi Stupa 1 Western Gateway.jpg|120px]]
|[[Dvarapala]] guardian.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Front Face'''
|-
|Top panel
|align="center"|[[File:Mahakapi Jataka.jpg|120px]]
|'''[[Mahakapi Jataka]]'''. The story runs that the [[Bodhisattva]] was born as a monkey, ruler over 80,000 monkeys. They lived at a spot near the [[Ganges]] and ate of the fruit of a great [[mango tree]]. King [[Brahmadatta]] of [[Benares]], desiring to possess the mangoes, surrounded the tree with his soldiers, in order to kill the animals, but the Bodhisattva formed a bridge over the stream with his own body and by this means enabled the whole tribe to escape into safety. 
[[File:Mahakapi Jataka in Bharhut.jpg|120px|thumb|The Mahakapi Jataka in [[Bharhut]].]]
[[Devadatta]], the jealous and wicked cousin of the Buddha, was in that life one of the monkeys and, thinking it a good chance to destroy his enemy, jumped on the Bodhisattva's back and broke his heart. The king, seeing the good deed of the Bodhisattva and repenting of his own attempt to kill him, tended him with great care when he was dying and
afterwards gave him royal obsequies. 
Down the panel of the relief flows, from top to bottom, the river Ganges. To the left, at the top, is the great mango tree to which two monkeys are clinging, while the king of the monkeys is stretched across the river from the mango tree to the opposite bank, and over his body some monkeys have already escaped to the rocks and jungles beyond. In
the lower part of the panel, to the left, is king Brahmadatta on horseback with his soldiers, one of whom with bow and arrow is aiming upwards at the Bodhisattva. Higher up the panel the figure of the king is repeated, sitting beneath the mango tree and conversing with the dying Bodhisattva, who, according to the Jataka story, gave the king good advice on the duties of a chief.<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|2nd panel
|align="center"|[[File:The Bodhisattva preaching in the Tushita Heaven Sanchi Stupa 1 Western Gateway Right pillar Front second panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''The [[Bodhisattva]] preaching in the [[Tushita]] Heaven'''. In the center of the panel is the tree and throne of the Buddha, and round about the throne a company of gods standing upon clouds in attitudes of adoration. At the top of the panel are [[gandharvas]] bringing garlands and below them, on each side of the
tree, come [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]], riding on lion-like creatures. A conventional method is used to depict the clouds beneath the feet of the gods in the foreground and among the figures in the upper part of the panel. They have the appearance almost of rocks with flames breaking from them.<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|3rd panel
|align="center"|[[File:Visit of Sakra Sanchi Western Gateway Right Pillar 3rd Front panel.jpg|120px]]
|'''The visit of Sakra'''. The Buddha, represented by his throne, beneath a flowery tree with hills and jungle around. Possibly the tree is the [[Buchanania latifolia|rajayatana]] tree at [[Bodh Gaya]], beneath which the Buddha sat shortly after his enlightenment. The figures in the foreground adoring the Buddha appear to be [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]].<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|-
|4th panel
|align="center"|[[File:Sanchi - lions.JPG|120px]]
|'''Heraldic lions'''. Three heraldic lions standing on conventionalized floral device. The turn in the upper leaves is peculiar. This method of treating foliage is peculiar to the Early School and is never found in later work. The inscription over this panel records that the pillar was a gift of Balamitra, pupil of Ayachuda (Arya-kshudra).<ref name="Marshall 68" />
|}<noinclude>

==== Stupa 3 Southern Gateway ====
The gateway of Stupa No 3, is the last of all the [[Satavahana]] gateways that were built at Sanchi. It is located to the immediate south of Stupa No 3, is smaller than the four gateways encircling the Great Stupa. It is also slightly older, and generally dated to the 1st century CE.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="3" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=3 style="background:#90EE90; font-size: 100%;"| '''[[:Commons:Category:Sanchi gateways : South gateway of stupa 3|Southern Gateway]]''' (Stupa No 3, Sanchi. 1st century CE.)
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"|[[File:Sanchi Stupa No.2 Front view1.jpg|240px]]
|The gateway of Stupa No 3, located to the immediate south of Stupa No 3, is smaller than the four gateways encircling the Great Stupa. It is also slightly older, and generally dated to the 1st century CE. This gateway stands 17 feet high, and is adorned with reliefs in the same style as those on the gateways of the Great Stupa. Indeed, the majority of these reliefs are mere repetitions of the subjects and scenes portrayed on the larger gateways, with a few exceptions, especially the front face of the lowest architrave.<ref name="Marshall 83">Marshall, " A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 83] Public Domain text</ref>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Architraves'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|Front architraves [[File:Stupa 3 front architraves.jpg|240px]]
|Architrave posts, or "false capitals", are roughly square-shaped and can be seen at the junction between architrave and pillar, and between the architraves themselves. Here, there are nine of them altogether on just the surface of the front architraves.
<gallery>
File:Torana of Stupa 3 in Sanchi Foreigner fighting a Makara.jpg|Foreign heroe fighting a [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]
Stupa 3 front architrave bottom panel right post.jpg|Hero with headband wrestling a Makara.
File:Torana of Stupa 3 in Sanchi Foreign riders.jpg|Foreigners riding horses.
File:Stupa 3 front architraves middle panel right post.jpg|Indians riding horses.
File:Stupa 3 front architraves top panel left post.jpg|Indians riding bulls.
File:Stupa 3 front architraves top panel right post.jpg|Indians riding bulls.
File:059 Queen Maya lustrated by Elephants (33364982300).jpg|Queen Maya lustrated by Elephants.
File:024 Buddha represented by Dharmacakra (32936540413).jpg|The Buddha represented by the [[Dharmacakra]].
File:025 Bodhi Tree (32936538733).jpg|Bodhi Tree.
</gallery>
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Stupa 3 front architraves top panel.jpg|240px]]
Top front architrave
|[[File:GandharaScrolls.JPG|thumb|Floral scrolls in the art of Gandhara.]]
Genies among foliage forming scrolls. This kind of scrolls are generally considered to be of [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] origin, and were to be used extensively in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]] as well.<ref>Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon, and Java, Jean Philippe Vogel, Adriaan Jacob Barnouw, Asian Educational Services, 1936 [https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ2x0cbZkn0C&pg=PA41 p. 41]</ref><ref>The Goose in Indian Literature and Art, Brill Archive [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58 p. 58]</ref>
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Stupa 3 front architrave middle panel.jpg|240px]]
Middle front architrave
|Buddhas represented by a [[Chaitya]] and two [[Bodhi Tree]]s and empty thrones.
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:019 Nandanavana with Indra (32936548653).jpg|240px]]
Bottom front architrave
|The only scene which differs materially from those on the gateways of the Great Stupa is the one delineated on the front face of the lowest architrave, which appears to represent the Heaven of [[Indra]] (Nandanavana). In the centre is the pavilion of the god, with Indra himself seated on a throne surrounded by women attendants. In the foreground is the river MandakinI, which bounds the heaven of Indra, and to right and left of the pavilion are mountains and jungle forming a pleasure-garden for the gods and demigods who are taking their case therein. Then, in the corners next to the false capitals, are [[Nāga|Naga]] kings seated with their attendants on the folds of seven-hooded Nagas, whose coils mingled with the waters of the river are carried through to the ends of the architrave, and go to form the spirals adorning its extremities. The sea monsters ([[Makara Guardians|Makaras]]) and the heroes wrestling with them, which are portrayed on the false capitals of this architrave, are particularly appropriate in this position, where their coils combine effectively with those of the Nagas.<ref name="Marshall 83" />
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|Rear architraves [[File:Stupa 3 rear architraves.jpg|240px]] 
|Ordered left to right, from top to bottom:
<gallery>
File:046 Lion (33593460712).jpg|Winged lion.
File:047 Lions (33365000720).jpg|Winged lions.
File:057 Buddha represented by Dharmacakra (33749746625).jpg|The Buddha represented by the [[Dharmacakra]].
File:051 Men and Women on Elephants (33364997340).jpg|Men and Women on Elephants.
File:052 Men and Women on Elephants (33364996150).jpg|Men and Women on Elephants.
File:062 Stupa representing a Buddha (33620520931).jpg|[[Stupa]] representing a Buddha.
File:027 Lakshmi lustrated by Elephants (32936535203).jpg|[[Lakshmi]] lustrated by Elephants.
File:056 Men on Lions (33749747015).jpg|Men on lions.
File:026 Men on Lions (33593372572).jpg|Men on lions.
</gallery>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillar capitals'''
|-
|[[File:Stupa 3 Left pillar capital.jpg|110px]]
Left
|[[File:Stupa 3 Right pillar capital.jpg|110px]]
Right
|The pillar capitals consist in groups of four [[Yaksha]]s (tectonic deities) supporting the architraves. This choice is similar to the last of the gateways of the Great Stupa, the Western Gateway.
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#DCDCDC; font-size: 100%;"| '''Pillars'''
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Front face'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Stupa 3 Adoration of a Stupa Sanchi South Gateway Left pillar top panel.jpg|Adoration of a Stupa.|150px]]
|The variety and the detail of the pillar panels is much less than at the Great Stupa. Here the first panel shows the adoration of a stupa by four Indian devotees. Then, other devotees simply line up in the second and the third panels below.
<gallery>
File:Stupa 3 Left pillar front second panel.jpg|2nd panel
File:Stupa 3 Left pillar front third panel.jpg|3rd panel
</gallery>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Inner face'''
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:041 Worshipping the Bodhi Tree (32906630124).jpg|150px]]
Top panel.
|Worshipping the Bodhi Tree. This classic and rather simply depicted scene is again the unique didactic scene on this face of the pillar. The following panel in only composed of aligned devotee, and at the bottom is a panel with [[Dvarapala]] guardian deity as seen on the other gateways, or possibly a devotee, as he seems not to be armed.
<gallery>
File:042 Devotees Worshipping (33709076186).jpg|Second panel
043 Devotee (33709073556).jpg|Bottom panel [[Dvarapala]] guardian deity or devotee.
</gallery>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Left pillar, Rear face'''
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:063 Dharmacakra on Pillar (33620519361).jpg|150px]]
Top panel.
|Uncharacteristically, the rear panel of the left pillar of the gateway is fully decorated, down to its bottom. This can be explained by the fact that the stupa is not surrounded by a railing as in the Great Stupa, therefore rendering this rear space free. The right pillar of the gateway however does not have decoration on the back. The top panel is the [[Dharmacakra]] on a Pillar.
<gallery>
File:064 Worshipping the Bodhi Tree (33620517001).jpg|Second panel
File:Stupa 3 Left pillar rear Bottom panel.jpg|Possibly demons, or the attack of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]].
</gallery>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Inner Face'''
|-
|colspan=2 align=center|[[File:037 Worshipping the Bodhi Tree (32936624133).jpg|150px]]
Top panel.
|Worshipping the Bodhi Tree. This classic and rather simply depicted scene is again the unique didactic scene on this face of the pillar. It even faces a similar "Worshipping the Bodhi Tree" scene on the pillar surface facing it across the entrance. The next panel going down is only composed of aligned devotees, and at the bottom is a panel with [[Dvarapala]] guardian deity as seen on the other gateways, or possibly a devotee, as he seems not to be armed.
<gallery>
File:038 Devotees Worshipping (32906635894).jpg|Second panel
File:039 Devotee (33749765915).jpg|Bottom panel [[Dvarapala]] guardian deity or devotee.
</gallery>
|-
|align=center colspan=3 style="background:#F5F5F5; font-size: 100%;"| '''Right pillar, Front Face'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|[[File:Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka Sanchi Stupa 3 South Gateway Right pillar top panel.jpg|Adoration of the pillar of [[Ashoka]].|150px]]
|[[File:Sanchi capital right side view.jpg|thumb|100px|This would be the [[Ashoka]]n capital (wheel lost) depicted in this panel.]]
Again variety and the detail of the pillar panels is much less than at the Great Stupa. The first panel however is extremely interesting, as it shows the adoration of what looks like the pillar of Ashoka at the Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa. Then other devotees simply line up in the second and the third panels below.
<gallery>
File:Stupa 3 Right pillar front second panel.jpg|2nd panel
File:Stupa 3 Right pillar front third panel.jpg|3rd panel
</gallery>
|}<noinclude>

== Later periods ==
[[File:Stupas and monasteries at Sanchi in the early centuries of the Christian era.jpg|thumb|300px|Stupas and monasteries at Sanchi in the early centuries of the Common Era. Reconstruction, 1900]]
Further stupas and other religious Buddhist structures were added over the centuries until the 12th century CE.

===Western Satraps===
The rule of the Satavahanas in the area Sanchi during the 1st centuries BCE/CE is well attested by the finds of Satavahana copper coins in [[Vidisha]], [[Ujjain]] and [[Eran]] in the name of [[Satakarni]], as well as the Satakarni inscription on the Southern Gateway of Stupa No.1.<ref name="Shaw 58" />

Soon after, however, the region fell to the [[Indo-Scythians|Scythian]] [[Western Satraps]], possibly under [[Nahapana]] (120 CE),<ref>Indian Numismatic Studies by K. D. Bajpai [https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA100 p. 100]</ref> and then certainly under [[Rudradaman I]] (130-150 CE), as shown by his inscriptions in [[Junagadh]].<ref name="Shaw 58" /> The Satavahanas probably regained the region for some time, but were again replaced by the Western Satraps in the mid-3rd century CE, during the rule of [[Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)|Rudrasena II]] (255-278 CE). The Western Satraps remained well into the 4th century as shown by the nearby [[Kanakerha inscription]] mentioning the construction of a well by the Saka chief and "righteous conqueror" [[Sridharavarman]], who ruled {{Circa|339|368 CE}}.<ref name="Shaw 58">Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR58 pp. 58-59]</ref> Therefore, it seems that the [[Kushan Empire]] did not extend to the Sanchi area, and the few Kushan works of art found in Sanchi appear to have come from [[Mathura]].<ref name="Shaw 58" /> In particular, a few Mathura statues in the name of the Kushan ruler [[Vasishka]] (247-267 CE) were found in Sanchi.<ref name="S7">{{cite book |last1=Mitra |first1=Debala |title=Sanchi |date=2001 |publisher=Archeological Survey of India |page=[https://archive.org/details/sanchi00mitr/page/7 7] Note 1 |isbn=9788187780182 |url=https://archive.org/details/sanchi00mitr}}</ref><ref name="CAT29">{{cite book |last1=Kuraishi |first1=Mohammad Hamid |last2=Kak |first2=Ram Chandra |last3=Chanda |first3=Ramaprasad |last4=Marshall |first4=John Hubert |title=Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sanchi, Bhopal State |date=1922 |publisher=Calcutta, Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023945110/page/n36 29]–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023945110}}</ref>

===Guptas===
The next rulers of the area were the Guptas.<ref name="Shaw 58" /> Inscriptions of a victorious [[Chandragupta II]] in the year 412-423 CE can be found on the railing near the Eastern Gateway of the Great Stupa.<ref>Marshall, The Monuments of India [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p. 388]</ref>

[[File:Sanchi, inscription of Chandragupta II.jpg|thumb|left|100px|[[Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II]].]]
[[File:Sanchi temple 17.jpg|thumb|Temple 17: a [[Gupta period]] [[tetrastyle]] [[prostyle]] temple of [[Classical architecture|Classical]] appearance. 5th century CE<ref name="books.google.com">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CyLiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT283 2500 Years of Buddhism by P.V. Bapat, p. 283]</ref>]]
{{blockquote|"The glorious Chandragupta (II), (...) who proclaims in the world the good behaviour of the excellent people, namely, the dependents (of the king), and who has acquired banners of victory and fame in many battles"|[[Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II]], 412-413 CE.<ref>Marshall, The Monuments of India [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 p. 388 inscription 833]</ref>}}

Temple 17 is an early stand-alone [[temple]] (following the great cave temples of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]), as it dates to the early [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period (probably first quarter of 5th century CE). It may have been built for Buddhist use (which is not certain), but the type of which it represents a very early version was to become very significant in [[Hindu temple architecture]].<ref>Rowland, 219-220; Harle, 111; Michell (1988), 94</ref> It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. The interior and three sides of the exterior are plain and undecorated but the front and the pillars are elegantly carved, giving the temple an almost 'classical' appearance,<ref name="books.google.com"/> not unlike the 2nd century rock-cut cave temples of the [[Nasik Caves]]. The four columns are more traditional, the octagonal shafts rising from square bases to bell capitals, surmounted by large [[Abacus (architecture)|abacus]] blocks carved with back-to-back lions.<ref>Rowland, 219-220</ref>

Next to Temple 17 stands Temple 18, the framework of a mostly 7th-century apsidal [[chaitya]]-hall temple, again perhaps Buddhist or Hindu, that was rebuilt over an earlier hall. This was probably covered by a wood and thatch roof.<ref>Rowland, 219; Michell (1990), 185</ref>

Near the Northwern Gateway also used to stand a [[Vajrapani]] pillar. Another pillar of [[Padmapani]] used to stand, and [[:File:WLA vanda The Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.jpg|the statue]] is now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], [[London]].

=== Lion pillar No 26 ===
[[File:Pillar 26 capital at Sanchi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pillar 26: one of the two four-lions [[stambha]] capitals at Sanchi, with lions, central [[flame palmette]] and [[Wheel of Law]] (axis, stubs of the spokes and part of the circumference only), initially located at the Northern Gateway of the Great Stupa. [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]].]]
Pillar No26 stands a little to the north of the Sunga pillar No25. It belongs to the early Gupta age. Apart from its design, it is distinguished
from the other pillars on the site by the unusual quality and colour of its stone, which is harder than that ordinarily quarried in the [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri hill]], and of a pale
buff hue splashed and streaked with amethyst. At Sanchi this particular variety of stone was used only in monuments of the Gupta period. This pillar was approximately 22 ft. 6 in. in height and was composed of two pieces only, one comprising the circular shaft and square base, the other the bell-capital, necking, lions and crowning [[chakra]]. On the northwest side of the lowest section, which is still in situ, is a short mutilated inscription in Gupta characters recording the gift of the pillar by a ''viharasvamin'' (master of a monastery), the son of Gotaisimhabala.<ref name="Marshall 96" />

[[File:Sanchi lion and wheel pillar by Cunningham.jpg|thumb|upright|Pillar 26: lion pillar capital at time of discovery, with [[Dharmachakra]] wheel (reconstruction). Northern Gateway.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=Report of Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa in 1874-75 and 1876-77 |date=1 January 1880 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |page=Plate XXI |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3930384 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3930384}}</ref>]]
As was usual with pillars of the Gupta age, the square base projected above the ground level, the projection in this case being 1 ft. 2 in., and was enclosed by a small square platform. The lion capital of this pillar is a feeble imitation of the one which surmounted the pillar of Asoka, with the addition of a wheel at the summit and with certain other variations of detail. For example, the cable necking above the bell-capital, is composed of a series of strands bound together with a riband. Also, the reliefs on the circular [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]], consist of birds and lotuses of unequal sizes disposed in irregular fashion, not with the symmetrical precision of earlier Indian art. Finally, these lions, like those on the pillars of the Southern Gateway, are provided with five claws on each foot, and their modelling exhibits little regard for truth and little artistry.<ref name="Marshall 96">Marshall "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 96 Pillar 26]. Public Domain text</ref>

There has been much confusion about the dating of this pillars, since it was often presented from the beginning as a pillar of Ashoka. Marshall himself describes the pillar as early [[Gupta Empire]] in convincing terms, either from the points of view of material, technique or artistry.<ref name="Marshall 96" /> The Government of India Photo Division describes it in [[:File:Sanchi Ashoka pillar and capital cropped.jpg|this image]] as "An Asoka pillar and its broken lion capital near the south gateway of the Great Stupa." [http://photodivision.gov.in/IntroPhotodetails.asp?thisPage=972]. The British Library Online also describes it as 3rd century BCE Mauryan, although probably pasting the original text from the 19th century [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/p/019pho000001003u01359000.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420154220/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/p/019pho000001003u01359000.html |date=20 April 2021 }}. Sachim Kumar Tiwary in ''Monolithic Pillars of The Gupta Period'', affirms a Gupta date.<ref>Sachim Kumar Tiwary in ''Monolithic Pillars of The Gupta Period'' B.R. Publishing Corporation 2014 [http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/monolithic-pillars-of-gupta-period-NAL701/ p. 92], [http://www.exoticindiaart.com/books-2015/nal701i.jpg page scan]</ref> The [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]] gives it a date of 600 CE, which would even put it beyond the Gupta period proper, at the time of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]].<ref>[[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]] website notice [http://www.museumsanchiasi.mp.gov.in/sculptures/gallery1/lion_capital.html]</ref>

=== Pillar 35 ===
[[File:Vajrapani Pillar - Pillar 35 - Buddhist Monuments - Sanchi Hill 2013-02-21 4288.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Pillar 35 column stump (right), and bell capital with [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]], positioned upside down.]]
[[File:Sanchi Pillar 35 Vajrapani statue.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vajrapani]] statue of pillar 35, 5th c. CE. [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]].]]
The massive pillar near the North Gateway, numbered 35 in the plan, was erected during the Gupta period. Every feature, whether structural, stylistic or technical, is typical of
Gupta workmanship. Most of the shaft has been destroyed, but the stump still remains in situ, and the foundations are intact. The form, too, of the platform around its base is sufficiently clear, and the capital and statue which it is said to have supported, are both relatively well-preserved. What remains of the shaft is 9 ft. in length, 3 ft. 10 in. of which, measured from the top, are circular and smooth, and the remainder, constituting the base, square and rough-dressed. In the Gupta age, it was the common practice to keep the
bases of such monolithic columns square, whereas those of the Maurya age were invariably circular. The columns of the Maurya period are distinguished by its exquisite dressing and highly polished surface; but in this case the dressing of the stone is characterized by no such lustrous finish.<ref name="Marshall 97">Marshall "A Guide to Sanchi" [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p. 97 Pillar 35]. Public Domain text</ref>

The [[Persepolitan]] [[capital (architecture)|capital]] and square [[abacus]] ornamented with a balustrade in relief are cut entire from a single block of stone. So, too, is the statue
which was found lying alongside the capital and which is believed to have belonged to the same pillar. This statue represents a man clad in a [[dhoti]] and adorned with bracelets, earrings, bejewelled necklace and headdress. The hair falls in curls over the shoulders and back, and beneath it at the back fall the ends of two ribbons.<ref name="Marshall 97" /> It is thought that the statue represents [[Vajrapani]]. The attribution to Vajrapani is indicated by the stub of a [[vajra]] thunderbold in the right hand and a halo of 24 rays.<ref>Great Monuments of India, DK [https://books.google.com/books?id=oXa60HtlNOYC&pg=PA41 p. 41]</ref> The dedication of the Vajrapani pillar is also mentioned in a 5th-century inscription.<ref>Malwa Through The Ages, by Kailash Chand Jain [https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA277 p. 277]</ref>

An interesting feature of the image is the halo which is pierced with twelve small holes evenly disposed around its edge. Manifestly the halo, is too small in proportion to the size of the statue, and these holes were no doubt intended for the attachment of the outer rays, which were probably fashioned out of copper gilt, the rest of the statue itself being possibly painted or gilded. This statue stood on the summit of the pillar, and is a work of the Gupta period.<ref name="Marshall 97" /> The statue is currently in the [[Sanchi Archaeological Museum]] and is attributed to the 5th century CE.<ref>"Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, c. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD", Julia Shaw, Routledge, 2016 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUbUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP20 p. 20]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="1" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=1 style="background:#F4A460; font-size: 100%;"| '''Gupta period remains'''
|-
|<gallery mode="packed">
File:A Seated Buddha statue (Gupta temple).JPG|A Seated Buddha statue (Gupta temple).
File:Buddha Statue, Sanchi Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|Buddha Statue (Great Stupa).
File:Sanchi Sculpture 5.jpg|Seated Buddha (Great Stupa).
File:WLA vanda The Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.jpg|Statue of [[Padmapani]] (5th c.or 9th c.) [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].
File:Sanchi pillar with single lion.jpg|Pillar 34 with lion.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.532798 Marshall p. 52 Pillar 34]</ref>
File:Pillar capital fragment Sanchi Stupa 1.jpg|The winged lion capital of pillar 34 (lost).
</gallery>
|}
Following the destruction of the Guptas by the [[Alchon Huns]], and with the [[decline of Buddhism in India]], Buddhist artistic creation at Sanchi slowed down.

[[File:Temple 18, Sanchi.jpg|thumb|Temple 18 at Sanchi, an [[apsidal]] hall with [[Maurya]] foundations, rebuilt at the time of [[Harsha]] (7th century CE).]]
[[:File:Sanchi (Ruins of Gupta Temple).JPG|Temple 45]] was the last Buddhist temple built during the mid to late 9th century.<ref>[http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54362/1/U584463.pdf Reconstructing a Latina Temple Spire: Temple 45, Sanchi, Dissertation submitted to Cardiff University, Fiona Buckee, 2010]</ref> Another point to be noted is that at that time the monuments were enclosed within a wall.

With the decline of [[Buddhism]] in India, the monuments of Sanchi went out of use and fell into a state of disrepair. In 1818, General Taylor of the Bengal Cavalry recorded a visit to Sanchi. At that time the monuments were left in a relatively good condition. Although the jungle had overgrown the complex, several of the Gateways were still standing, and Sanchi, being situated on a hill, had escaped the onslaught of the [[Muslim]] conquerors who had destroyed the nearby city of [[Vidisha]] ([[Bhilsa]]) only 5 miles away.<ref>Ornament in Indian Architecture, Margaret Prosser Allen, University of Delaware Press, 1991 [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA18 p. 18]</ref>

== Sanchi and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara ==
Although the initial craftsmen for stone reliefs in Sanchi seem to have come from [[Gandhara]], with the first reliefs being carved at [[Sanchi Stupa No.2]] circa 115 BCE,<ref name="AG" /> the art of Sanchi thereafter developed considerably in the 1st century BCE/CE and is thought to predate the blooming of the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], which went on to flourish until around the 4th century CE. The art of Sanchi is thus considered as the ancestor of the didactic forms of [[Buddhist art]] that would follow, such as the art of Gandhara.<ref name="Bell">Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=77hHrXX4COgC&pg=PA31 p. 31ff]</ref> It is also, with [[Bharhut]], the oldest.<ref>Asoka, Mookerji Radhakumud, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1962 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXyftdtE1ygC&pg=PA204 p. 204]</ref>

As didactic Buddhist reliefs were adopted by Gandhara, the content evolved somewhat together with the emergence of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], a more theistic understanding of Buddhism. First, although many of the artistic themes remained the same (such as Maya's dream, The Great Departure, Mara's attacks...), many of the stories of the previous lives of the Buddha were replaced by the even more numerous stories about the [[Bodhisattvas]] of the Mahayana [[pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref name="Bell" /> Second, another important difference is the treatment of the image of the Buddha: whereas the art of Sanchi, however detailed and sophisticated, is [[aniconic]],<ref>The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA26 p. 26]</ref> the art of Gandhara added illustrations of the Buddha as a man wearing Greek-style clothing to play a central role in its didactic reliefs.<ref>The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA1 p. 1ff]</ref><ref>The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PMEd8Cqh-YQC&pg=PA23 p. 23]</ref>

The presence of Greeks at or near Sanchi at the time is known ([[Indo-Greek]] ambassador [[Heliodurus|Heliodorus]] at [[Vidisha]] {{Circa|100 BCE}}, the Greek-like [[:File:Foreigners at Sanchi Stupa I North Gateway.jpg|foreigners illustrated at Sanchi worshiping the Great Stupa]], or the Greek "Yavana" devotees who had dedicatory inscriptions made at Sanchi<ref name="Singh"/>), but more precise details about exchanges or possible routes of transmission are elusive.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto;" align="center" colspan="6" cellpadding="3" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;"
|-
|state = collapsed align=center colspan=6 style="background:#BC8F8F; font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"| '''Sanchi and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara'''
|-
|
|align="center"|'''Maya's dream'''
|align="center"|'''The Great Departure'''
|align="center"|'''Mara's attack'''
|align="center"|'''Enlightenment'''
|align="center"|'''The Buddha Preaching'''
|-
|align="center"|'''Sanchi''' (1st c. BCE/CE)
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Maya's dream Sanchi Stupa 1 Eastern gateway.jpg|150px]] Maya's dream of a white elephant.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Departure of the Buddha from Kapilavastu Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gate.jpg|120px]] The Buddha, under the umbrella on the chariot, is not illustrated.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Temptation and enlightenment of the Buddha.jpg|120px]] The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Enlightenment of the Buddha with the Nagas rejoincing.jpg|120px]] The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Teaching the Sakyans Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gateway.jpg|120px]] The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne.
|-
|align="center"|'''[[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]]''' (1st c.CE-4th c.CE)
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Maya's Dream and its Interpretation, Gandhara, 2nd-3rd century AD, schist - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01634.JPG|150px]] Very similar illustration from Gandhara.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Scenes from the Life of the Buddha, Gandhara, 2nd-3rd century, schist - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04149.JPG|170px]] The Buddha in person leaves the city.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:L'attaque de Mâra (musée d'art asiatique de Dahlem, Berlin) (12488794514).jpg|120px]] The Buddha is illustrated centrally.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Buddha's Sermon, Gandhara, 2nd-3rd century AD, schist - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01650.JPG|120px]] The Buddha is illustrated centrally.
|align="center" style="font-size: 80%;"|[[File:Preaching Buddha, Gandhara, c. 3rd-4th century AD, gray schist - Matsuoka Museum of Art - Tokyo, Japan - DSC07116.JPG|150px]] The Buddha is illustrated centrally.
|}

== Western Discovery ==
[[File:Sanchi Great Stupa 1851.jpg|thumb|The Great Stupa as breached by [[Thomas Herbert Maddock|Sir Herbert Maddock]] in 1822. Watercolor by [[Frederick Charles Maisey]], in 1851.]]
[[File:Ruins at Stupa 1 Sanchi Joseph Beglar 1875.jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the Southern Gateway, Sanchi in 1875.]]
[[File:A Gate to the Stupa of Sanchi 1932.jpg|thumb|upright|A Gate to the Stupa of Sanchi 1932]]
General Henry Taylor (1784–1876) who was a British officer in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Maratha War]] of 1817–1819, was the first known Western historian to document in 1818 (in English) the existence of Sanchi Stupa. The site was in a total state of abandon. The Great Stupa was clumsily breached by [[Thomas Herbert Maddock|Sir Herbert Maddock]] in 1822, although he was not able to reach the center, and he then abandoned.<ref name="JA"/> [[Alexander Cunningham]] and [[Frederick Charles Maisey]] made the first formal survey and excavations at Sanchi and the surrounding stupas of the region in 1851.<ref name="BL">{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Colin |title='Miscellaneous Series. Plate.12. Juma Masjid, Chanderi'. Maisey in a top-hat sketching in the foreground |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000546u00027000.html |work=www.bl.uk |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616100130/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000546u00027000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="JA">{{cite book |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1851 |publisher=Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society |pages=108–109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_kAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108}}</ref> Amateur [[archaeologists]] and treasure hunters ravaged the site until 1881, when proper restoration work was initiated. Between 1912 and 1919 the structures were restored to their present condition under the supervision of [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]].<ref>[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/archaeology/primarydocs/Sanchi/HistArt.htm John Marshall, "An Historical and Artistic Description of Sanchi", from ''A Guide to Sanchi,'' Calcutta: Superintendent, Government Printing (1918). pp. 7-29 on line, Project South Asia.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210033559/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/archaeology/primarydocs/Sanchi/HistArt.htm |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>

19th Century Europeans were very much interested in the Stupa which was originally built by Ashoka. French sought the permission to take away the eastern gateway to France. English, who had established themselves in India, majorly as a political force, were interested too in carrying it to England for a museum. They were satisfied with plaster-cast copies which were carefully prepared and the original remained at the site, part of Bhopal state. The rule of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site. [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]], Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928, acknowledged her contribution by dedicating his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. She had funded the museum that was built there. As one of the earliest and most important Buddhist architectural and cultural pieces, it has drastically transformed the understanding of early India with respect to Buddhism. It is now a marvellous example of the carefully preserved archaeological site by the Archeological Survey of India. The place of Sanchi Stupa in Indian history and culture can be gauged from the fact that Reserve Bank of India introduced new 200 Indian Rupees notes with Sanchi Stupa in 2017.<ref>[https://paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in/pdf/100295-1001%20Rs%20200%20note-Eng_7-1-19-01.pdf Reserve Bank of India, know your banknotes]</ref>

Since Sanchi remained mostly intact, few artefacts of Sanchi can be found in Western Museums: for example, [[:File:WLA vanda The Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.jpg|the Gupta statue of Padmapani]] is at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in [[London]], and [[Sanchi Yakshi Figure|one of the Yashinis]] can be seen at the [[British Museum]].

Today, around fifty monuments remain on the hill of Sanchi, including three main stupas and several temples. The monuments have been listed among other famous monuments in the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]] since 1989.

The reliefs of Sanchi, especially those depicting Indian cities, have been important in trying to imagine what ancient Indian cities look like. Many modern simulations are based on the urban illustrations of Sanchi.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756 Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, 1955]</ref>
{{clear}}
<gallery>
File:Great Stupa Sanchi 1875.jpg|Great Stupa, Eastern Gateway, in 1875.
File:West Gate Sanchi 1882.jpg|West Gateway in 1882.
File:South Gateway Sanchi 1882.jpg|South Gateway in 1882.
File:Northern Gateway Sanchi 1861.jpg|Great Stupa, Northern Gateway in 1861.
File:Temple 18 at Sanchi in 1861.jpg|Temple 18 in 1861.
File:A vision of ancient Indian court life, using motifs from Sanchi (wood engraving, 1878).jpg|A vision of ancient Indian court life, using motifs from Sanchi (wood engraving, 1878).
</gallery>

== Chetiyagiri Vihara and the Sacred Relics ==
[[File:Chetiyagiri Vihar 02.jpg|thumb|Chetiyagiri Vihara]]
The bone relics (asthi avashesh) of Buddhist Masters along with the reliquaries, obtained by Maisey and Cunningham were divided and taken by them to England as personal trophies.<ref>Brekke, Torkel, Bones of Contention: Buddhist Relics, Nationalism and the Politics of Archaeology, Numen, Volume 54, Number 3, 2007, pp. 270-303(34)</ref> Maisey's family sold the objects to [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] where they stayed for a long time. The Buddhists in England, Sri Lanka and India, led by the [[Mahabodhi Society]] demanded that they be returned. Some of the relics of [[Sariputta]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]] were sent back to Sri Lanka, where they were publicly displayed in 1947.<ref>"Ceylon Allowed To Keep Sanchi Relics Till May 8", ''Indian Express'' – 28 Apr 1947.</ref> It was such a grand event where the entire population of Sri Lanka came to visit them. However, they were later returned to India. But a new temple Chetiyagiri Vihara was constructed to house the relics, in 1952.<ref>BUDDHA DISCIPLES WILL BE REBURIED; Relics of Followers of Ancient Leader to Be Reinterred at Rites in India Saturday, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 25 November 1952</ref> In a nationalistic sense, this marked the formal reestablishment of the Buddhist tradition in India. Some of the relics were obtained by Burma.<ref>Sariputta and Moggallana in the Golden Land: The Relics of the Buddha's Chief Disciples at the Kaba Aye Pagoda, [[James (Jack) Daulton|Jack Daulton]], Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 4, 1999 pp. 101-128</ref>

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:Sanchi_Inscription_(BM).JPG|thumb|left|Inscribed panel from Sanchi in [[Brahmi]] script in the [[British Museum]]<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1887-0717-1 British Museum collection]</ref>]]
[[File:Danam letters on Sanchi inscription.jpg|thumb|The last two letters to the right of this inscription in [[Brahmi]] form the word "dǎnam" (donation). This hypothesis permitted the decipherment of the [[Brahmi]] script by [[James Prinsep]] in 1837.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195356663|page=207|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA206}}</ref>]]
Sanchi, especially Stupa 1, has a large number of [[Brahmi]] inscriptions. Although most of them are small and mention donations, they are of great historical significance. [[James Prinsep]] in 1837, noted that most of them ended with the same two Brahmi characters. Princep took them as "danam" (donation), which permitted the decipherment of the Brahmi script.<ref>Indian Epigraphy : A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages, Richard Salomon, [[Oxford University Press]], 1998</ref><ref>''Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor'', [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2012</ref>

An analysis of the donation records<ref>A study of inscribed reliefs within the context of donative inscriptions at Sanchi, Author: Milligan, Matthew David, Thesis, p. 77</ref> shows that while a large fraction of the donors were local (with no town specified), a number of them were from [[Ujjain]], [[Vidisha]], Kurara, Nadinagar, Mahisati, Kurghara, Bhogavadhan and Kamdagigam. Three inscriptions are known from [[Yavana]] ([[Indo-Greek]])<ref name="IAS"/> donors at Sanchi, the clearest of which reads "''Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam''" ("Gift of the [[Yona]] of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city.<ref name="Singh" />

== See also ==
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
* [[Bharhut]]
* [[Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana]]
* [[Begram ivories]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Literature ==
* Dehejia, Vidya. (1992). Collective and Popular Bases of Early Buddhist Patronage: Sacred Monuments, 100 BC-AD 250. In B. Stoler Miller (ed.) ''The Powers of Art''. Oxford University Press: Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-562842-X}}.
* Dehejia, Vidya. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*[[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Marshall, Sir John]], ''A Guide to Sanchi'', 1918, Indian Government, Calcutta
*Michell, George (1988), ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}
*Michell, George (1990), ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1990, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}
* Mitra, Debala. (1971). ''Buddhist Monuments''. Sahitya Samsad: Calcutta. {{ISBN|0-89684-490-0}}
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
*Life in Sanchi sculpture by A. L Srivastava( Book )

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Sanchi}}
{{EB1911 poster|Sānchi}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/ Source Documents and Texts in South Asian Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061121040849/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/ |date=21 November 2006 }}
* [http://sanchi.org/ Sanchi.org]
* [http://www.bergerfoundation.ch/wat4/museum1?museum=Sanchi&col=pays&country=Inde&genre=%&cd=7256-3191-2328:7256-3191-2325:7256-3191-2326&cdindex=2"Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)", Jacques-Edouard Berger Foundation, World Art Treasures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003357/http://www.bergerfoundation.ch/wat4/museum1?museum=Sanchi&col=pays&country=Inde&genre=%&cd=7256-3191-2328:7256-3191-2325:7256-3191-2326&cdindex=2 |date=27 September 2007 }}
* [http://www.kamit.jp/02_unesco/01_sanchi/san_eng.htm Monuments at Sanchi (UNESCO World Heritage)]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@23.4791463,77.7395844,2a,75y,12.7h,100.19t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1shUY4n6mtgAJjzCpyVDMlVw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en Google Street View tour of Sanchi]

{{coord|23.479223|77.739683|display=title}}
{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Raisen district}}
{{Adjacent communities
| title=Adjacent Buddhist structures
| Centre = Sanchi
| N =
| E = [[Bhojpur Stupas]]
| SE=[[Andher Stupas]]
| S = [[Saru Maru]]
| SW=[[Sonari Stupa]]
| W = [[Satdhara]]
}}

[[Category:3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:1818 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Stone buildings]]
[[Category:Villages in Raisen district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Raisen district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddha statues in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]
[[Category:Religious towers]]

[[fr:Sanchi]]

Blue Origin NS-25

2026-04-30T17:31:48Z

JAFMargie385530: Made

{{Short description|2024 private crewed sub-orbital spaceflight}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox spaceflight
| name = Blue Origin NS-25
| mission_type = [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital human spaceflight]]
| mission_duration = {{time interval|May 19, 2024, 14:35:09|May 19, 2024, 14:45:02|show=hms|sep=,}}
| suborbital_apogee = {{cvt|107|km}}
| spacecraft = [[RSS First Step|RSS ''First Step'']]
| manufacturer = [[Blue Origin]]
| crew_size = 6
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|Mason Angel|Sylvain Chiron|[[Ed Dwight]]|[[Kenneth Hess]]|Carol Schaller|Gopichand Thotakura}}
| launch_date = {{ltime|May 19, 2024|14|35|09|CDT|net=no}}<ref name=FlightStats />
| launch_rocket = [[New Shepard]] ([[New Shepard#New Shepard 4|NS4]])
| launch_site = [[Corn Ranch]], LS-1
| launch_contractor = Blue Origin
| landing_date = {{ltime|May 19, 2024|14|45|02|CDT|unlink=yes|net=no}}<ref name=FlightStats />
| landing_site = Corn Ranch
| insignia = Blue Origin NS-25 patch.png
| insignia_caption = Blue Origin NS-25 mission patch
| programme = '''[[New_Shepard#Flight list|New Shepard flights]]'''
| previous_mission = [[Blue Origin NS-24]]
| next_mission = [[Blue Origin NS-26]]
}}

'''Blue Origin NS-25''' was a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] mission, operated by [[Blue Origin]], which was launched on May 19, 2024, using the [[New Shepard]] rocket.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=New Shepard's 25th Mission Includes America's First Black Astronaut Candidate |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-25-mission-announcement |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Blue Origin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author1=Wall |first=Mike |date=2024-04-04 |title=Blue Origin will launch Ed Dwight, the 1st-ever Black astronaut candidate, to space on next New Shepard rocket flight |url=https://www.space.com/blue-origin-seventh-human-spaceflight-crew-announced |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Space.com}}</ref>

NS-25 was the first New Shepard flight to carry humans since [[Blue Origin NS-22|NS-22]] in August 2022. The New Shepard fleet was grounded following a September 2022 engine failure on a [[Blue Origin NS-23|cargo mission]]. The vehicle resumed flight in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Foust |date=2024-04-05 |title=Blue Origin to resume crewed New Shepard flights |url=https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-resume-crewed-new-shepard-flights/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=[[SpaceNews]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

NS-25 carried six passengers to a maximum altitude of {{cvt|107|km}}.<ref name=FlightStats>{{cite tweet |author=Blue Origin |author-link=Blue Origin |user=blueorigin |number=1792221180046291418 |title=Key stats from today’s mission: The Crew Capsule reached an apogee of 347,464 ft AGL / 351,111 ft MSL (106 km AGL / 107 km MSL) The booster reached an apogee of 347,105 ft AGL / 350,752 ft MSL (106 km AGL / 107 km MSL) Official launch time was 9:35:09 AM CDT / 14:35:09 UTC. Capsule landing occurred at 9:45:02 AM CDT / 14:45:02 UTC. The mission elapsed time was 9 min 53 sec; the max ascent velocity was 2,236 mph / 3,599 km/h. |access-date=January 28, 2025}}</ref> At T+03:12, the passengers experienced [[weightlessness]], and at T+03:31, the capsule passed the [[Kármán line]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Replay: New Shepard Mission NS-25 Webcast |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0H-I-jMhoA |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The booster landed seven minutes after launch, while the capsule, deploying only two of its three parachutes, touched down ten minutes after liftoff. Launch commentators assured that the capsule is designed to land safely with only two parachutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=2024-05-19 |title=Blue Origin launches 1st crewed spaceflight since August 2022 (video) |url=https://www.space.com/blue-origin-ns-25-space-tourism-mission |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Space.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=2024-05-19 |title=All the news about Blue Origin's first crewed flight since 2022 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/5/19/24160127/blue-origin-ns-25-new-shepard-6th-crewed-launch |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

== Passengers ==
{{Spaceflight crew|crew=|crew3_up={{flagicon|US}} [[Ed Dwight]]|position1=Tourist|crew1_up={{flagicon|US}} Mason Angel |flights1_up=First|position2=Tourist|crew2_up={{flagicon|France}} Sylvain Chiron |flights2_up=First|position3=Tourist|terminology=Passenger|position4=Tourist|flights3_up=First|crew4_up={{flagicon|US}} [[Kenneth Hess]]|flights4_up=First|position5=Tourist|crew5_up={{flagicon|US}} Carol Schaller|flights5_up=First|position6=Tourist|crew6_up={{flagicon|IND}} Gopichand Thotakura|flights6_up=First}}

[[Ed Dwight]] is often cited as the first African-American astronaut candidate. He made it to the second round of a 1961 Air Force program from which NASA selected astronauts, but was not selected. When he eventually flew as a space tourist on the Blue Origin suborbital flight at age {{ayd|1933|9|9|2024|5|19}}, he became the [[List of spaceflight records#Age records|oldest person to reach space]].<ref>''We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program'', Chapter 5, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, 2015, pp. 86-104</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Deblina |date=2024-05-19 |title=Blue Origin launches six tourists to the edge of space after nearly two-year hiatus |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/19/world/blue-origin-rocket-ns-25-mission-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=CNN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Blue Origin}}
{{Space tourism}}
{{Ed Dwight}}

[[Category:Suborbital space tourism flights]]
[[Category:2024 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Suborbital human spaceflights]]
[[Category:2024 in Texas]]
[[Category:New Shepard human spaceflights]]

Hoskote Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:40Z

JAFMargie385530: creating initial details first draft

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Hoskote
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| established = 1967
| abolished = 1977
| reservation = None
}}
'''Hoskote Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Mysore State]] ([[Karnataka]] from 1967 to 1977).<ref name="t262">{{cite web | title=1963–1967 Delimitation Orders Statewise Notifications | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | website=Internet Archive | date=23 October 2016 | url=https://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967/mode/2up?q=hoskote | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref> This seat came into existence in 1967 and ceased to exist in 1976, before [[1977 Indian general election|1977 Lok Sabha Elections]]. This constituency was later merged with [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[M. V. Krishnappa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] was its only representative throughout its existence from 1967 to 1977.

==Assembly constituencies==
The constituency comprised the following assembly constituencies:<ref name=delimitation1967>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/delimitation-order-1967 |title=Delimitation Orders 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=21 March 1963 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Malur Assembly constituency|Malur]]
* [[Malleswaram Assembly constituency|Malleswaram]]
* [[Yelahanka Assembly constituency|Yelahanka]]
* [[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]]
* [[Varthur Assembly constituency|Varthur]]
* [[Doddaballapur Assembly constituency|Doddaballapura]]
* [[Devanahalli Assembly constituency|Devanahalli]]
* [[Hosakote Assembly constituency|Hoskote]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<ref name=election1967/>
| rowspan=2| [[M. V. Krishnappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Indian general election]]: Hoskote<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[ M. V. Krishnappa]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes={{formatnum:160374}}
|percentage=54.61%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=S A Reddy
|party=Independent (politician)
|votes={{formatnum:98578}}
|percentage=33.57%
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes={{formatnum:}}
|percentage=
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes={{formatnum:306019}}
|percentage=60.83%
|change=
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bangalore Rural district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.07|77.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Mysore]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Sri Ganesh (politician)

2026-04-24T12:14:57Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayanan Sri Ganesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|8|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| salary =
| term = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[G. Lasya Nanditha]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| parents = M. Narayanan
| spouse = Varsha
| children = Mukul
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Narayanan Sri Ganesh''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Telangana]]. He was elected to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]] in 2024 by election as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Turncoat triumphs as Congress regains Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Turncoat triumphs as Congress regains Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/turncoat-triumphs-as-congress-regains-secunderabad-cantonment-assembly-constituency/article68250165.ece |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829203104/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/turncoat-triumphs-as-congress-regains-secunderabad-cantonment-assembly-constituency/article68250165.ece |archive-date=29 August 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sri Ganesh started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]] and later Joined in [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] before [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly Election]] and unsuccessfully contested on BJP ticket and lost to [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] candidate [[G. Sayanna]] by a margin of 37,563 votes and later joined [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]. He switched to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] before [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly Election]] and contested as [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate and lost to [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] candidate [[G. Lasya Nanditha]] by 17,169 votes.<ref name="Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Secunderabad Cantonment">{{cite news |author=Election Commission of India |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana Assembly Election Results 2023: Secunderabad Cantonment |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2971.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131638/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2971.htm |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

The bypoll to the Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency was held on 13 May 2024, necessitated due to the death of BRS MLA [[G. Lasya Nanditha]] in a road accident on 23 February 2024. Sri Ganesh switched from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] on 19 March 2024<ref name="Cantt leader Sri Ganesh leaves BJP for Congress">{{cite news |newspaper=The Times of India |title=Cantt leader Sri Ganesh leaves BJP for Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cantt-leader-sri-ganesh-switches-from-bjp-to-congress-in-hyderabad/articleshow/108629493.cms |access-date=18 November 2024 |date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118175031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cantt-leader-sri-ganesh-switches-from-bjp-to-congress-in-hyderabad/articleshow/108629493.cms |archive-date=18 November 2024}}</ref> and secured the congress ticket<ref name="Congress names Sri Ganesh as candidate for Secunderabad Cantt by-election">{{cite news |publisher=The News Minute |title=Congress names Sri Ganesh as candidate for Secunderabad Cantt by-election |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/congress-names-sri-ganesh-as-candidate-for-secunderabad-cantt-by-election |access-date=18 May 2024 |date=6 April 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref> and contested as [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate by defeating his nearest rival Dr.T.N. Vamsha Tilak of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] with a margin of 13,206 votes.<ref name="Sriganesh Narayanan Wins Secunderabad Cantonment Bypoll">{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |title=Sriganesh Narayanan Wins Secunderabad Cantonment Bypoll |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/sriganesh-narayanan-wins-secunderabad-cantonment-bypoll-897376 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work= |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118175108/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/sriganesh-narayanan-wins-secunderabad-cantonment-bypoll-897376 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sri Ganesh polled 53,651 votes, while Tilak secured 40,445 votes and Nivedita Sayanna of BRS finished third with 34,462 votes.<ref name="2024 Cantonment Assembly Bye Election">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S2971.htm|title=2024 Cantonment Assembly Bye Election|author=Election Commission of India|date=4 June 2024|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604115620/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S2971.htm|archive-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> Sri Ganesh is the only [[Tamils|Tamil]] MLA in Telangana state assembly.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Lakhvinder Singh Rana

2026-04-23T06:45:54Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1968)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| predecessor = [[Krishan Lal Thakur]]
| successor = Krishan Lal Thakur
| constituency = [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 = 2012
| predecessor1 = [[Hari Naraian Singh]]
| successor1 = Krishan Lal Thakur
| constituency1 = [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Nalagarh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (until 2005, 2022{{endash}}present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2005–2022)
| alma_mater = [[Himachal Pradesh University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| spouse = Sunita Rana
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|06|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Lakhvinder Singh Rana''' (born 13 June 1968) is an Indian businessman and politician who has served in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for two non-consecutive terms, representing the [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency]] from 2011 to 2012 and since 2017. Originally elected as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Rana defected to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in August 2022.

== Early life and career ==
Rana was born on 13 June 1968 in the village of Joghon, [[Nalagarh]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Rana attended the Govt. Degree College Nalagarh and [[Himachal Pradesh University]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1988. In 1992, Rana became the director of the Himachal Pradesh Cooperative and Rural Development Bank, serving until 1997. The following year, he became a board member of the Himachal Pradesh Small Saving Bank, holding that position until 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sh. Lakhvinder Singh Rana |url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/446 |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhuri |date=2017-11-07 |title=Congress candidate from Nalagarh assembly seat in Himachal: Lakhvinder Singh Rana |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/congress-candidate-from-nalagarh-assembly-seat-in-himachal-lakhvinder-singh-rana-2578251.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[OneIndia]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rana's political career began in 1990, when he began serving in his local [[panchayat samiti]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], later also serving in the [[Solan district]]'s [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]. From 1996 to 1997, Rana was a member of [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], a right-wing student organisation. In 1997, Rana became the state president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], serving until 1998, when he became the president of the Nalagarh BJP. From 2000 until 2003, Rana was the BJP district president in the Solan district.<ref name=":0" />

In 2005, Rana left the BJP and switched his party affiliation to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0" /> In the [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Rana stood as a candidate for the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], running as the INC nominee for the [[Nalagarh Assembly constituency]], which was a BJP stronghold. Rana was defeated by BJP incumbent [[Hari Naraian Singh]], receiving 25,108 votes compared to Singh's 28,929.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Nalagarh (Himachal Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/nalagarh.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=elections.in}}</ref> In 2008, he served as the INC spokesman for the Solan district, and from 2008 until 2022, he served as a member of the Himachal Congress Executive Committee.<ref name=":0" /> He also served as the vice president of the state party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Himachal Congress working president Pawan Kumar Kajal joins BJP |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/national/news/himachal-congress-working-president-pawan-kumar-kajal-joins-bjp-178248 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Punjab News Express}}</ref>

=== Tenure in the legislative assembly ===
Following Singh's death in office in 2011, Rana stood as a candidate in the [[by-election]] to replace him. Rana narrowly defeated Gurnam Kaur of the BJP, receiving 28,799 votes compared to Kaur's 27,200.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2011 |title=BJP wins Renuka assembly seat, Congress from Nalagarh |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-polls-2011-bjp-wins-renuka-assembly-seat-congress-from-nalagarh-1621095 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 December 2011 |title=BJP wins Renuka, Congress from Nalagarh seat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/himachal-pradesh-bypolls-bjp-congress-results-147694-2011-12-04 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The following year, Rana ran for a full term in the [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]; however, he was defeated by BJP nominee [[Krishan Lal Thakur]], receiving 26,033 votes compared to Thakur's 35,341. In the [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Rana narrowly defeated Thakur in a rematch, receiving 25,872 votes compared to Thakur's 24,630.<ref name=":1" />

During his tenure in the legislative assembly, Rana has advocated for the improvement of infrastructure in Nalagarh, which is an industrial hub. Rana has supported the re-opening an old colonial-era railway line that connects to Nalagarh from the town of [[Ghanauli]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and has claimed that the state has not sufficiently incentivized [[industrialists]] to operate in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Himachal minister warns of looming water crisis, says sources drying up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-minister-warns-of-looming-water-crisis-says-sources-drying-up-7236307/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=In rural Himachal Pradesh, 32% shortage of doctors, claims Theog MLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-rural-himachal-pradesh-32-shortage-of-doctors-claims-theog-mla-6292516/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 August 2022, Rana and [[Pawan Kumar Kajal]], the working president of the state party, both defected and joined the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Ahead of Assembly Elections, Congress MLAs Pawan Kajal, Lakhvinder Singh Rana join BJP |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/himachal-pradesh-ahead-of-assembly-elections-congress-mlas-pawan-kajal-lakhvinder-singh-rana-join-bjp-article-93615536 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> The following day, the pair were officially expelled from the INC and were barred from re-joining for six years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Congress Expels MLAs Pawan Kumar Kajal, Lakhvinder Rana From Party Membership for Six Years for 'Anti-Party' Activities After Both Join BJP |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/himachal-pradesh-congress-expels-party-leaders-pawan-kajal-and-lakhvinder-rana-from-latest-tweet-by-ani-4092743.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> The defection of the two senior Congress officials was deemed to be a major blow to the party just a few months prior to the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-17 |title=Congress leaders Pawan Kajal, Lakhvinder Singh Rana join BJP |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-leaders-pawan-kajal-lakhvinder-singh-rana-join-bjp-190030 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=News9Live |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123501/https://www.news9live.com/state/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-leaders-pawan-kajal-lakhvinder-singh-rana-join-bjp-190030 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Nalagarh Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2007}}
{{#section-h:Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Assembly By-election 2011}}
{{#section-h:Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2012}}
{{#section-h:Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}
{{#section-h:Nalagarh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Lakhvinder Singh}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solan district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

Rajesh Kumar Mandal

2026-04-20T09:15:30Z

JAFMargie385530: created new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Mandal
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]]
| predecessor = [[Lalit Kumar Yadav]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| alma_mater = [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajesh Kumar Mandal popularly known as Ishwar Mandal''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Darbhanga Rural constituency. He is also District President of [[Janata Dal (United)]], [[Darbhanga]]. He is a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAJESH KUMAR MANDAL (Winner) DARBHANGA RURAL (DARBHANGA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=542|access-date=2025-11-16|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar election results 2025: Full list of Nitish Kumar-led JD(U)'s winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-election-results-2025-full-list-of-nitish-kumar-led-jd-u-s-winners-101763117267561.html|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga Rural Election Result 2025 Highlights: Rajesh Kumar Mandal of JDU Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/darbhanga-rural-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706097.html|date=2025-11-16|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darbhanga Rural (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Rajesh Kumar Mandal of JD(U) Wins|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/darbhanga-rural-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363373/|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Rajesh Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Mahendra Nath Yadav

2026-04-20T01:41:52Z

JAFMargie385530: New

{{Short description|MLA Basti Sadar, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendra Nath Yadav
| image =
| image_size = 6*6
| caption = Mahendra Nath Yadav
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Basti district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Basti Sadar Assembly constituency|Basti Sadar]]
| term_start = 10 May 2022
| predecessor = [[Dayaram Chaudhary]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| relations =
| children =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Mahendra Nath Yadav''' is currently the MLA of [[Basti Sadar Assembly constituency|Basti Sadar]], in Uttar Pradesh, India. He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He defeated [[Dayaram Chaudhary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 assembly elections. He is also the District President of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akhileshsupporter.in/mahendra-nath-yadav/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211074728/https://akhileshsupporter.in/mahendra-nath-yadav/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-02-11|title=महेंद्र नाथ यादव बस्ती जीवन परिचय|last=Supporter staff|first=Akhilesh |date=2022-07-28|website=Akhileshsupporter.in|language=hi|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/mahendra-nath-yadav|title=Mahendra Nath Yadav|date=2022-05-10|website=PRSindia|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=12984|title=Shri Mahendra Nath Yadav|date=2022-05-10|website=upvidhansabhaproceedings|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24310.htm?ac=310|title=Gen Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result March-2022|date=2022-05-10|website=Election Commission|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harraiyatimes.com/basti-sadar-assembly-election-update-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be/|title=Basti Sadar Assembly Election Update|date=2022-05-10|website=[[Harraiya Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mahendranath Yadav was born in a village named Kalwari Ehtmali (Changahiya) in [[Basti district]]. His father's name is Shyamchandra Yadav.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4213|title=Mahendra Nath Yadav|date=2022-05-10|website=Myneta|language=en-US|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>

== Education ==
Yadav has completed master's degree from Shivharsh Kisan Degree College.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4213 | title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 | accessdate=28 December 2025}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He contested the Vidhansabha elections in 2017 on the seat of [[Basti Sadar Assembly constituency|Basti Sadar]], but he lost. From 2005, he was a member of Zilla Panchayat for 10 consecutive years. Has been the president of KDC in 2004. Apart from this, Mahendra Yadav has also held the post of District President of Lohia Vahini along with the District President of SP's Student Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akhileshsupporter.in/mahendra-nath-yadav/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211074728/https://akhileshsupporter.in/mahendra-nath-yadav/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-02-11|title=महेंद्र नाथ यादव बस्ती जीवन परिचय|date=2022-07-28|website=Akhileshsupporter.in|language=hi|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>

Mahendra Nath Yadav is currently the MLA of [[Basti Sadar Assembly constituency|Basti Sadar]]. He defeated [[Dayaram Chaudhary]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Vidhansabha elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/mahendra-nath-yadav-sp-2022-basti-sadar-329-uttar-pradesh|title=महेंद्र नाथ यादव - बस्ती सदर विधानसभा चुनाव 2022 परिणाम|date=2022-05-10|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi|access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Mahendra Nath}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Basti district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hermann Abbestée

2026-04-18T10:34:04Z

JAFMargie385530: creating some post and citations

{{Short description|Danish colonial governor (1728–1794)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Peter Hermann Abbestée
| image = Peter Herman Abbestée.jpg
| office = [[Governor of Tranquebar|Governor of Danish India]]
| monarch = [[Christian VII of Denmark|Christian VII]]
| deputy =
| term_start = 1779
| term_end = 1788
| predecessor = ''None''
| successor = [[Peter Anker]]
| birth_name = Peter Hermann Abbestée
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1728|7|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1794|12|29|1728|7|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = Copenhagen, Denmark
| spouse = {{marriage|Françoise Lange|1768}}
| children =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
}}
'''Hermann Abbestée''' (29 July 1728 – 29 December 1794) was [[Denmark|Danish]] governor of [[Tranquebar]] from 1762 to 1775 and the first royal governor of [[Danish India]] from 1779 to 1788. He served as one of the seven directors of the [[Danish Asiatic Company]] from 1775 to 1778 and was also active as a trader.

==Early life and background==
Abbestée was born on 29 July 1728 in [[Copenhagen]], the son of vintner Helvig Abbestée (1697–1742) and Maria Barbara Fabritius (1704–75). His father and mother{{mdash}}who were uncle and niece{{mdash}}belonged to the city's [[Reformed Church, Copenhagen|German Reformed congregation]]. His father went bankrupt for the second time in 1738. His mother was the younger sister of [[Michael Fabritius]] and [[Just Fabritius]]. After his father's death, his mother married the director of the [[Danish Asiatic Company]], [[Peter van Hurk]] (c. 1697–1775).<ref name="DBL">{{cite web|url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Hermann_Abbest%C3%A9e|title=Hermann Abbestée|language=Danish|website=[[Dansk Biografisk Leksikon]]|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Silhouette of Peter Hermann Abbestée.jpg|thumb|Silhouette of Hermann Abbestée]]
In 1752, Abbestée was employed by the Danish Asiatic Company as a trade assistant in [[Tranquebar]]. He arrived in 1753 on board the company's ship ''[[HSMS Södermanland (1693)|Sydermanland]]''. He was in 1755 sent on a mission to [[Travancore]] to negotiate a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Colachel]] under his own management. He was its first [[Opperhoofd]] but was already the following year appointed as Opperhoofd of the factory in [[Calicut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582517|title=Peter Hermann Abbestée (1728|language=Danish|website=Foreningen Trankebar|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

In 1760, Abbestée returned to Tranquebar and upon H. J. Forch's death, on 29 April 1761, was elected as the colony's acting governor. In 1775, he was succeeded by [[David Brown (1734–1804)|David Brown]]. He and his family returned to Copenhagen in the Danish Asiatic Company's frigate ''[[Dronning Caroline Mathilde (DAC ship)|Ganges]]''. The ship set sail from Tranquebar in February 1775, bound for Copenhagen. She reached Copenhagen on 27 August 1775.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/927623.pdf|title=Familien Abbestée.|language=Danish|author=Sommer, O. F.|website=slaegtsbibliotek.dk|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref>

Abbestée was appointed one of the seven directors of the Danish Asiatic Company. He represented the company in the commission which was set up in connection with the transfer of the East Asiatic colonies to the state in 1777. In the same year, he was appointed the first royal governor of [[Danish India]] and was granted the rank of [[Brigadier]]. He and his family boarded the ship ''[[Dronning Juliana Maria (1775 DAC ship)|Dronning Juliana Maria]]'' in December, bound for Tranquebar, but the voyage ran into complications and did not arrive until 16 January 1779. In 1782, he successfully applied for permission to leave his office and return to Copenhagen. It was granted him but due to deaths among his colleagues, he ended up acting as governor until finally being replaced by [[Peter Anker]] in 1788. He returned to Copenhagen in 1789.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-vKDwAAQBAJ&q=%3AHermann+Abbest%C3%A9e+rustenborg&pg=PR13|title=Consise History of Danish East India Company|author=sridhar, srikaanth|date=19 January 2020|publisher=Foreningen Trankebar|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

Alongside his office as governor, Abbestée also worked as a trader, partly backed by Anglo-Indian capital.<ref name="DBL"/>

==Personal life and legacy==
On 26 December 1768 Abbestée married Françoise Lange (15 January 1749 {{ndash}} 28 March 1779) in Tranquebar.<ref name="DBL" /> Their daughter Marie Barbara (1770–1832) was married to Conrad Lensgreve Blücher af Altona (1764–1845). Abbestée also had another daughter, Pauline (1772–1801), by another unidentified slave. Pauline's first marriage was to J. N. Müller (−1793) and the second to Christian Tullin Boalth (1767–1822). She was the mother of admiral Catharina Pauli (1797–1856). Her daughter Fanny (1795–1833) married [[William Halling]].

Abbestée purchased [[Amaliegade 14]] in Copenhagen shortly prior to his death in 1794. He had inherited the country house Rustenborg in [[Kongens Lyngby]] from his foster father in 1775.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Ole Feldbæk|Feldbæk. Ole]]: ''India trade under the Danish Flag 1772–1808'', 1969. –
* Larsen, Kay: ''Dansk-ostindiske personalia og data, manus. på Kgl. bibl. og Rigsark''. 1912

==External links==
* [https://www.geni.com/people/Herman-Peter-Abbestee-til-Rustenborg-i-Kongens-i-Lyngby/6000000055158660126 Hermann Abbestée] at geni.com
* [http://oldenburgbusiness.net/index.php?title=Abbest%C3%A9e,_Peter_Herman Timeline]
* [http://oldenburgbusiness.net/index.php?title=Abbest%C3%A9e,_Helvigh Timeline /dather]
* [https://natmus.dk/historisk-viden/verden/asien/indien/tranquebar/guvernoerens-residens/publikationer-om-guvernoerhuset-og-interkulturel-kulturarv/dagligliv-i-guvernoerens-residens/ Source]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbestee, Hermann}}
[[Category:Danish civil servants]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Directors of the Danish Asiatic Company]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]
[[Category:Danish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Danish Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:1728 births]]
[[Category:1794 deaths]]
[[Category:1760s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1770s in Danish India]]
[[Category:1780s in Danish India]]

Mandla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:12Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandla
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 107
| map_image = 107-Mandla.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sampatiya Uikey]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Dev Singh Saiyam
}}

'''Mandla''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mandla district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mandla.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan=4|[[Narayani Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Vijay Datt Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Mohanlal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Himmat Singh Parteti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | Chhote Lal Uikey
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Devendra Tekam
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Shivraj Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Dev Singh Saiyam
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Sanjeev Uikey
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Dev Singh Saiyam
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Sampatiya Uikey]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandla<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sampatiya Uikey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:113135}}
|percentage = 50.84
|change = +4.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ashok Marskole
|votes = {{formatnum:97188}}
|percentage = 43.67
|change = +3.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Indar Singh Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:3696}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2892}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15947}}
|percentage = 7.17
|change = +0.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:222535}}
|percentage = 82.98
|change = +4.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mandla<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dev Singh Saiyam]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88873}}
|percentage = 46.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjeev Chhotelal Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:76668}}
|percentage = 39.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kishan Lal Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:16746}}
|percentage = 8.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Manoj Gontiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2580}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Premlal Workade (Ret. S.D.M.)
|votes = {{formatnum:2465}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Laxman(Lachhi Ram) Uikey
|votes = {{formatnum:2217}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3642}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12205}}
|percentage = 6.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193191}}
|percentage = 78.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Mandla]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|22.60|80.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandla district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Keshkal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:58Z

JAFMargie385530: creating initial details first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keshkal
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sant Ram Netam
| constituency_no = 82
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = Neelkanth Tekam
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| electors = {{formatnum:207062}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Keshkal Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Keshkal''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Rajman
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Saraduram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Manku Ram Sodi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|N Moda
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ganga Ram Rana
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mangli Jhadu Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Lamodar Baliar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shiv Netam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Krishna Kumar Dhruw
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Mahesh Baghel
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Phulo Devi Netam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Mahesh Baghel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Sewakram Netam
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" |Sant Ram Netam
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Neelkanth Tekam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Keshkal<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neelkanth Tekam]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,438
|percentage = 45.39
|change = +8.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sant Ram Netam|party=Indian National Congress|votes=71,878|percentage=42.13|change=-6.20}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jugal Kishor Bodh|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=4,216|percentage=2.47|change=-0.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sonsingh Marapi|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|votes=3,048|percentage=1.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shiv Kumar Gangwal|party=Hamar Raj Party|votes=2,509|percentage=1.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santosh Kumar Mandavi|party=Independent politician|votes=1,686|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=4,335|percentage=2.54|change=-1.48}}
{{Election box majority|votes=5,560|percentage=3.26|change=-7.90}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=170,604|percentage=82.39|change=+0.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Keshkal<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sant Ram Netam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73,470
|percentage = 48.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harishankar Netam
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 56,498
|percentage = 37.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jugalkishor Bodh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 4,903
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kamlesh Kumar Salam
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,791
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Radhika Sodi
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 2,180
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Netam
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,078
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bindesh Rana
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,008
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hirau Ram Shori
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 1,963
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,113
|percentage = 4.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,972
|percentage = 11.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 151,589
|percentage = 81.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kondagaon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Kondagaon district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
{{coord|20.09|81.59|display=title}}

Hyderabad–Jaipur Meenakshi Express

2026-04-09T00:01:25Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = Jaipur–Hyderabad Meenakshi Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale =
| predecessor =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|09}}
| last =
| successor =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| formeroperator =
| ridership =
| ridership2 =
| website =
| start = [[Jaipur railway station|Jaipur]]
| stops = 20
| end = [[Hyderabad railway station|Hyderabad]]
| distance = {{convert|1849|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 00 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| trainnumber = 12719 / 12720
| line_used =
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners =
| routenumber =
| map = [[File:(Hyderabad - Jaipur) Express (via Akola) Route map.png|250px|(Hyderabad - Jaipur) Express (via Akola) Route map]]
| map_state =
}}
The 12720 / 12719 '''Hyderabad -Jaipur Express''' is a train started by [[Indian Railways]] in September 2012. It connects [[Ajmer]] in [[Rajasthan]] with [[Hyderabad]] the capital of [[Telangana]]. It replaced a train called ''Meenakshi Express'' that used to run from [[Jaipur]] to [[Kacheguda]] near [[Secunderabad]] on [[metre gauge]] but was cancelled when the track was being converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]].

==Nomenclature==
The train is unofficially called by the name of its earlier ''[[avatar]]'' ''Meenakshi Express''. At Hyderabad it is simply called Ajmer Express and at Ajmer it is simply called Hyderabad Express. An earlier train [[Nagarjuna Express]] that ran between [[Tenali]] and Secunderabad and was terminated in the middle of 2007 had the train numbers but ran on a completely different route.

==Schedule==
The train runs twice a week. Train number 12720 departs every Monday and Wednesday at 20:25 hours. from Hyderabad (station code HYB) and at 20.55 hours from Secunderabad and reaches Jaipur (station code JP) after 33 hours at 05.25 hours. on Wednesday and Friday respectively. In the return direction, train number 12719 departs Jaipur every Wednesday and Friday at 15.20 hours. and reaches Hyderabad at 00.45 hours after 33 hours. The distance is {{convert|1849|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2598| title=12720/Hyderabad – Ajmer Superfast Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Route==
The train stops at [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]], [[Mudkhed]], [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]], [[Purna]], [[Hingoli]], [[Washim]], [[Akola]], [[Burhanpur]], [[Khandwa]], [[Itarsi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Ujjain]], [[Ratlam]], [[Neemuch]], [[Mandsaur]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Bhilwara]], [[Ajmer]] & [[Phulera]] en route.

When the [[metre gauge]] track between Akola and Khandwa passing through [[Satpura]] mountains & [[Khandwa]]-[[Indore]] section are converted to broad gauge, the distance will shorten to {{convert|1573|km|abbr=on}}and the time taken by the train will be reduced to 29 hours & the train will take the original route of Meenakshi Express.

==Rake composition==
The train has one AC 2 tier, two AC 3 tier, seven sleeper, six unreserved second and two luggage-cum-brake van coaches with no pantry car
but its run with LHB rake from 2 July 2017, now{{when|date=December 2021}} it has one AC 2 tier, nine AC 3 tier, seven sleeper class, two general unreserved coaches and two generator car cum luggage van.

==Loco link==
The train uses to be led by Moula Ali Diesel Shed based Twin WDM3A Locomotive from Hyderabad in both directions. The train reverses direction at Purna and Ratlam with stoppage of 20 mins in both stations.

==History==
Delhi-Jaipur-Ahmedabad Line was laid in [[Broad Gauge]] up till Marwar bypassing Ajmer via Madar. But Malwa-Rajputhana Railways did blunder & laid Udaipur-Chanderiya-Gurla as a [[Metre Gauge]]. Thus by 1873, the British had to convert BG line from Delhi to Marwar as a [[Metre Gauge]] with addition of Ajmer station. [[Jaipur]] – Madar – [[Ratlam]] – [[Indore]] was fully laid in [[Broad Gauge]] via Chittorgarh & Nimach up till Chandrawatiganj. Again Malwa-Rajputhana Railways did blunder & laid [[Ujjain]] – Chandrawatiganj – Indore in [[Metre Gauge]] & further completed the line till [[Khandwa]]. A parallel [[Broad Gauge]] line from Omkareswar to Khandwa was laid by British along with Akola-Purna [[Broad Gauge]] line in 1890–1895 AD. But [[Nizam]] Guaranteed Railways had laid the Ajanta Line from Hyderabad to Manmad in [[Metre Gauge]] by 1895 AD. Keeping the request of Nizam, the British converted Madar – Chittorgarh – Ratlam – Chandrawatiganj & Akola – Hingoli – Purna [[Broad Gauge]] line as a [[Metre Gauge]] in 1900 AD. Thus the {{convert|1349|km|abbr=on}} long Ajmer – Chittorgarh – Ratlam/Ujjain – Chandrawatiganj – Indore – Mhow – Barwaha – Khandwa – Akola – Purna – Nanded – Kacheguda Meter Gauge Line came into existence. The parallel [[Broad Gauge]] line from [[Barwaha railway station|Barwaha]] to Khandwa was scrapped in 1901 & the [[Nizam]] Guaranteed Railways started Meenakshi Express on the metre-gauge track to link the [[Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railways]] and Malwa-Rajputhana Railways. The Khandwa–Akola metre gauge was opened in 1963 but even then no direct service was between Ajmer and Hyderabad. In 1976 railway minister Shri Kamlapat Tripathi announce amalgamation of 69/70 Ajmer-Khandwa and 581/582 Khandwa-Kacheguda passenger. Then Ajmer-Kachiguda passenger was longest {{convert|1326|km|abbr=on}} [[Metre Gauge]] Passenger train in the country. The train used to run every day to Ajmer via Nizamabad, Nanded, Purna, Akola, Khandwa, [[Indore MG]], Ratlam, Neemuch, Mandsaur and Chittorgarh. In October 1977 railway minister Shri Madhu Dandvate started 69/70 bi-weekly Ajmer-kacheguda express<ref name="budget78">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1978-79.pdf|date=21 February 1978|title= Railway Budget speech 1978–79|website=indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]}}</ref> later on Shri Madhavrao Scindia increase the frequency 2-5-7 and extended to Jaipur. Though the train does not go to [[Ujjain]], it stops at [[Fatehabad, Madhya Pradesh|Fatehabad]] junction which is about {{convert|22.80|km|abbr=on}} each from [[Ujjain]]. This train was unofficially called Meenaxi express as it was proposed to extend to Madurai where famous MEENAXI temple is there, but it was never done and the train was discontinued in phase manner due to gauge conversion.

It was named [[Minakshi]] possibly because
# The [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] [[Ekvira]] or [[Ekaveera]] Aayee, of [[Nanded]] district, which is the most adorable goddess of [[Marathi people]] and people living around Nizamabad and [[Adilabad]] districts, is also known [[Minakshi]] aayee.
# [[Mahakali]] goddess of [[Ujjain]], which is also adored as Minakshi.

Many [[Muslims]] of Hyderabad travel by the train for [[ziyarat]] to the dargah of ''Gharīb Nawāz'' Khwaja [[Moinuddin Chisti]] [[Sharif]] in Ajmer. [[Pushkar]] is a [[Hindu]] sacred place near Ajmer.

Also there are many Hindus of Hyderabad who travels to [[Pushkar]], a sacred place for Hindus.

==Another train with similar name==
[[File:(Ajmer - Hyderabad) Express (via Manmad) Route map.jpg|thumb|(Ajmer – Hyderabad) Express (via Manmad) Route map]]
Hyderabad-Ajmer Express (train numbers 17019 and 17020) is another train that runs between Hyderabad and Ajmer once a week. From Purna it goes to Manmad and then Itarsi. Therefore, the distance is longer at {{convert|2025|km|abbr=on}} and the time taken is 37 hours 30 minutes .<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/18489| title=17020/Hyderabad – Ajmer Weekly Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite press release| url=http://www.scrailway.gov.in/scr/web/press/index.jsp?id=524| author=South Central Railway| title=(untitled)}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajmer - Hyderabad Meenakshi Express}}
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]

Bhushan Gagrani

2026-04-04T03:47:20Z

JAFMargie385530: Put up a data - done

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Municipal Commissioner]] of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)]]
| term_start = 20 March 2024
| term_end =
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Iqbal Singh Chahal]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|03|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| children =
| party =
| other_party =
| alma_mater = ([[M.Com]]) [[Shivaji University]] ([[Bachelor of Law|L.L.B]]) [[Nagpur University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]]) [[University of Birmingham]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Bhushan Gagrani''' is an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service officer]] of 1990 batch from [[Maharashtra]] cadre who serves as the [[Municipal Commissioner]] of [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)]] of [[Mumbai]] since March 2024. He also secured an All India rank 3rd in [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Service Examination]] held in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=BMC gets a new municipal commissioner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bmc-gets-a-new-municipal-commissioner/articleshow/108654103.cms |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Senior bureaucrat Bhushan Gagrani is new Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation chief |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/senior-bureaucrat-bhushan-gagrani-is-new-brihanmumbai-municipal-corporation-chief-422241-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is IAS Bhushan Gagrani? New BMC Commissioner Appointed By EC, despite being highly educated he had the allegation of not being able to solve the simple bridge height mismatch issue|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/who-is-ias-bhushan-gagrani-new-bmc-commissioner-appointed-by-ec |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhushan Gagrani was born in the year of 1966 into a Marwadi family in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="lokmattimes">{{cite web |title=Bhushan Gagrani: All You Need To Know About Mumbai's New BMC Commissioner |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/bhushan-gagrani-all-you-need-to-know-about-mumbais-new-bmc-commissioner-a510/ |website=Lokmat Times |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref><ref name="gmrit">{{cite web |title=Bhushan Gagrani IAS Biography, Career, Education, and NET Worth |url=https://www.gmrit.org/bhushan-gagrani-ias-biography/ |website=GMRIT |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref> He grew up in a region known for its cultural heritage, which contributed to his understanding of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language and culture.<ref name="timesnow">{{cite web |title=IAS Bhushan Gagrani Cracked UPSC in 1990 with AIR 3, Check BMC Commissioner's Educational Qualification |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/ias-bhushan-gagrani-cracked-upsc-in-1990-with-air-3-check-bmc-commissioners-educational-qualification-article-108668096 |website=Times Now |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

Gagrani pursued his education in [[Kolhapur]], completing his post-graduation and obtained a [[Master of Commerce|M.Com]] degree from [[Shivaji University]].<ref name="timesnow"/> He later earned a [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]] degree from [[Nagpur University]] and a [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] degree from the [[University of Birmingham]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name="timesnow"/><ref name="freepressjournal">{{cite web |title=Who Is IAS Bhushan Gagrani? New BMC Commissioner Appointed by EC |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/who-is-ias-bhushan-gagrani-new-bmc-commissioner-appointed-by-ec |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=2024-06-23}}</ref>

In 1990, Gagrani secured an All India Rank (AIR) 3rd in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] [[Civil Services Examination]].<ref name="freepressjournal"/> He became the first IAS officer to clear the examination using [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as the medium of instruction for the written test.<ref name="lokmattimes"/><ref name="freepressjournal"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Naulakha Temple, Deoghar

2026-03-30T08:36:11Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub - done

{{short description|Temple in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Naulakha Temple, Deoghar|image=Naulakha Temple.jpg|deity=[[Radha Krishna]]|creator=Rani Charushila|year_completed=1940|height_max=146 ft (45 m)|location=[[Deoghar]]|district=[[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]|state=[[Jharkhand]]|materials=granite and marble|country=[[India]]|map_type=India Jharkhand|map_caption=Location in Deoghar, Jharkhand|coordinates={{coord|24|28|59|N|86|42|00|E||display=inline,title}}}}
The '''Naulakha Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Deoghar]], Jharkhand, India. It is dedicated to the [[Hindu deities]] [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=Naulakha Mandir |url=https://cm.jharkhand.gov.in/3018 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=cm.jharkhand.gov.in |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naulakha Mandir |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/jharkhand/deoghar/naulakha-mandir |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Naulakha temple is situated in Deoghar, the headquarters of the [[Deoghar district]] in Jharkhand, India. Deoghar is a renowned pilgrimage site for [[Hindus]], as it is home to one of the [[12 Jyotirlinga|twelve jyotirlingas]] of [[Hinduism]], the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwadasa Jyotirlinga Stotram - Devanagari {{!}} Vaidika Vignanam |url=https://vignanam.org/veda/dwadasa-jyotirlinga-stotram-devanagari.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=vignanam.org}}</ref>
[[File:Naulakkha Temple in Deoghar town 02.jpg|left|thumb|Naulakkha Temple side view]]
The Naulakha temple sits at a distance of 1.5 km (0.6 mi) from the Baidyanath temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naulakha Temple {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/tourist-place/naulakhatemple/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> The nearest railway station is [[Deoghar Junction railway station]], and the nearest airport is [[Deoghar Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2023-06-07 |title=Naulakha Mandir Deoghar {{!}} Naulakha Temple History And Timing {{!}} How To Reach {{!}} Where To Stay |url=https://deoghar.co/naulakha-temple/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The Naulakha temple was built by Rani Charushila, who belonged to the Ghosh family, a Bengali royal family of [[Pathuriaghata]] in [[Kolkata]]. Charushila lost her husband, Akshay Ghosh and son, Jatindra Ghosh prematurely. This devastated her, causing her to leave her home in search of peace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naulakha Temple {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/tourist-place/naulakhatemple/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-01-05 |title=9 लाख की लागत से नौ साल में तैयार हुआ देवघर का नौलखा मंदिर |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/deoghar/naulakha-temple-in-deoghar/jh20200105013022444?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

Later, while in Deoghar, Charushila came across the saint Balananda Brahmachari, at whose [[ashram]] she stayed awhile. Upon his advice, she decided to build the Naulakha temple, sanctioning an amount of nine lakh rupees for its construction—thereby earning it the name, Naulakha. The temple was completed in 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2023-06-07 |title=Naulakha Mandir Deoghar {{!}} Naulakha Temple History And Timing {{!}} How To Reach {{!}} Where To Stay |url=https://deoghar.co/naulakha-temple/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Deoghar in Jharkhand is a hub of all thing religious and beautiful |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/deoghar-in-jharkhand-is-a-hub-of-all-thing-religious-and-beautiful/photostory/90845959.cms?picid=90846035 |access-date=2023-06-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=PICS: बाबा मंदिर के अलावा देवघर में यहां भी उमड़ती है श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़, देखें इसकी खूबसूरती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deogarh/jharkhand-tourism-apart-from-baba-temple-deoghar-a-crowd-of-devotees-also-gather-in-naulakha-mandir-srn |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-18 |title=Deoghar: जितने पैसों में तैयार हुआ ये मंदिर, वही पड़ गया नाम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/deoghar-naulakha-temple-of-deoghar-is-very-famous-5066873.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ये रही बैद्यनाथ मंदिर के आसपास घूमने लायक जगह, आप भी करें मंदिर के साथ-साथ इन स्थलों पर घूमने की प्लानिंग |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/religious-trip/places-to-visit-in-baidyanath-dham-in-hindi/articleshow/86703098.cms |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
The temple stands 146 ft (45 m) tall. It is made of granite and marble. It houses idols of [[Radha]], [[Krishna]], [[Gopal (Krishna)|Gopal]] and Balananda Brahmachari. At its entrance sits a sculpture of Rani Charushila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naulakha Temple {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/tourist-place/naulakhatemple/ |access-date=2023-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> The architectural design of the temple resembles that of [[Ramakrishna Mission]], [[Belur Math]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=Naulakha Mandir |url=https://cm.jharkhand.gov.in/3018 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=cm.jharkhand.gov.in |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naulakha Temple {{!}} नौलखा मंदिर {{!}} Deoghar Jharkhand {{!}} About, Aarti, Timings, History, Photo, How to Reach |url=https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/mandir/naulakha-mandir |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=BhaktiBharat.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

Bapatla district

2026-03-29T14:40:50Z

JAFMargie385530: added info

{{Short description|District in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bapatla district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| image_skyline = Maha Stupa at Bhattiprolu 01.jpg
| image_caption = Stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]]
| image_map = Bapatla in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Bapatla district in Andhra Pradesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| established_title1 = Revised
| established_date1 = 31 December 2025
| coordinates = {{coord|15.905|80.468|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra|Kostaandhra]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bapatla]]
| native_name = 
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 3828.84
| area_footnotes ={{sfn|CPO|2022|p=13}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography {{!}} Bapatla District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/demography/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| population_total = 1586918
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/}}
| parts_type = Administrative divisions
| parts = {{bulleted list|
| [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|03 revenue divisions]]
| [[List of mandals of Andhra Pradesh|20 mandals]]
}}
| leader_title = [[District magistrate (India)|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = J. Venkata Murali, [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S.]]
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Tushar Dudi, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S.]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Krishna Prasad Tenneti]]
| leader_title4 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituencies]]
| leader_name4 = [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|05]]
}}

'''Bapatla district''' is a [[district]] in [[coastal Andhra]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] (AP) established on 4 April 2022. The administrative headquarters are in [[Bapatla]]. It has an Indian Air Force station and several universities.

==Etymology==
Named after Bhavanarayana Swamy temple, it was originally called Bhavapuri, and later to Bhavapatla and finally, Bapatla, in due course.

== History ==
Bapatla Taluka was created in 1794. During May 26-27, 1913 meeting of the first Andhra Mahasabha at the townhall, the foundation for separate state for Andhras was mooted.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2013|title=Andhra Mahasabhalu on May 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Mahasabhalu-on-May-26/articleshow/19761956.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105034632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Mahasabhalu-on-May-26/articleshow/19761956.cms|archive-date=2021-01-05|access-date=2021-01-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> During Independence movement, Chirala-Perala movement of 1919 led by Duggirala Gopalakrishnaiah became prominent at national level.<ref name="eenadu-20220405"/> In 1977, a proposal to form Bapatla district was made by Kolla Venkaiah, communist leader.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

On April 4, 2022, as part of forming districts with parliamentary constituencies as the basis, the district was created with parts from erstwhile Prakasam district and Guntur districts.<ref name="eenadu-20220405">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/bapatla/714/122066190|title=ప్రగతికి మణిహారం (ఈనాడు బాపట్ల జిల్లా సంచిక)|date=2022-04-05|access-date=2022-04-05|website=ఈనాడు}}</ref><ref name="sakshi-1">{{Cite web|date=2022-04-03|title=AP: కొత్త జిల్లాల స్వరూపమిదే.. పెద్ద జిల్లా ఏదంటే?|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/area-and-population-new-districts-ap-1446058|access-date=2022-04-03|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=Eenadu.net|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With the creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2022|title=AP issues draft gazette notification on 26 districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129231708/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260122/ap-issues-draft-gazette-notification-inviting-objections-to-having-26.html|archive-date=29 January 2022|access-date=11 February 2022|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=New districts to come into force on April 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=కొత్త జిల్లా తాజా స్వరూపం|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/ap-top-news/general/2501/122062849|access-date=31 March 2022|website=[[Eenadu.net]]|language=te}}</ref> On 31 December 2025, five mandals of [[Chirala revenue division]] were transferred back to [[Prakasam District]].<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

== Geography ==
This district is surrounded to the north by [[Guntur district]] and [[Palnadu district]] , south by the [[Bay of Bengal]], west by the [[Prakasam district]] and east by the [[Krishna district]].<ref name="district-map"/>

=== Natural resources ===
Sand reaches occur in Bhattiprolu and Kollur Mandals. Gravel is present in Amarthalur, Kollur, Bhattiprolu, Karlapalem and Bapatla mandals.<ref name="about">{{Cite web |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/about-district/ |title=About District |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Bapatla district}}
</ref>

Good deposits of coloured granites occur around [[Uppumaguluru]] and Konidena.<ref name=mining>{{cite web|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Prakasam District|url=http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|publisher=Department of mines and geology, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=16 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140616085846/http://apmines.org/?page_id=920|archive-date=16 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bapatla district as of 2025 based on 2011 census<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{Efn|Most Christians in the district identify themselves as Hindus to avail reservation benefits, the real proportion of Christians being around 15-20% of the population}}
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.99}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.21}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.35}}
}}

Based on 2011 census, Bapatla district as of the 2025 reorganisation had a population of 1,290,893, of which 284,114 (22.01%) lived in urban areas. It had a sex ratio of 1016 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 284,114 (21.78%) and 62,100 (4.81%) of the population respectively.{{sfn|CPO|2022|p=VI}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bapatla district, as of 2025 based on 2011 Census<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 92.81 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 6.30 |color2 = green
|other-label = Others |other = y |other-color = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 93.00% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 6.12% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Hinduism is a majority in the district, while Christians are a significant (underreported) minority of around 15-20% in the district. Muslim make up around 7% of the population.

== Administrative divisions ==

The district is divided into [[Bapatla revenue division|Bapatla]], [[Chirala revenue division|Chirala]] and [[Repalle revenue division|Repalle]], which are further subdivided into a total of 20 [[Tehsil|mandal]]s.<ref name="district-map">{{Cite web |title=Bapatla district map, with mandals and revenue divisions |url=https://bapatla.ap.gov.in/map-of-district/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Bapatla district, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name="districts-20253112"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-gets-76th-revenue-division-bapatlas-repalle-is-headquarters/articleshow/93491442.cms |title=Andhra Pradesh gets 76th revenue division, Bapatla's Repalle |date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=TOI}}</ref>
=== Mandals ===

The list of 20 mandals in Bapatla district, divided into 3 revenue divisions, is given below.
{{Div col}}
# [[Bapatla revenue division]]
## [[Bapatla mandal|Bapatla]]
## [[Karlapalem mandal|Karlapalem]]
## [[Martur mandal|Martur]]
## [[Parchur mandal|Parchur]]
## [[Pittalavanipalem mandal|Pittalavanipalem]]
## [[Yeddanapudi mandal|Yeddanapudi]]
# [[Chirala revenue division]]
## [[Chinaganjam mandal|Chinaganjam]]
## [[Chirala mandal|Chirala]]
## [[Inkollu mandal|Inkollu]]
## [[Karamchedu mandal|Karamchedu]]
## [[Vetapalem mandal|Vetapalem]]
# [[Repalle revenue division]]
## [[Amruthalur mandal|Amruthalur]]
## [[Bhattiprolu mandal|Bhattiprolu]]
## [[Cherukupalle mandal|Cherukupalle]]
## [[Kollur mandal|Kollur]]
## [[Nagaram mandal, Bapatla district|Nagaram]]
## [[Nizampatnam mandal|Nizampatnam]]
## [[Repalle mandal|Repalle]]
## [[Tsunduru mandal|Tsunduru]]
## [[Vemuru mandal|Vemuru]]
{{Div end}}

== Cities and towns ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Municipal Bodies in Bapatla District
!Ciy/Town!! Civil status!! Revenue Division !!Population
|-
| [[Chirala]]
| Municipality
| Chirala
| 1,62,471
|-
| [[Bapatla]]
| Municipality
| Bapatla
| 70,777
|-
| [[Repalle]]
| Municipality
| Repalle
| 50,866
|-
| [[Martur]]
| Nagar Panchayat
| Bapatla
| 21,434
|-
| [[Inkollu]]
| Nagar Panchayat
| Chirala
| 17,585
|-
| [[Parchur]]
| Nagar Panchayat
| Bapatla
| 13,375
|}

== Politics ==
The district forms part of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]] and has five assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!Parliament
|-
|89
|[[Vemuru (Assembly constituency)|Vemuru]]
|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
|-
|90
|[[Repalle Assembly constituency|Repalle]]
|None
|-
|92
|[[Bapatla Assembly constituency|Bapatla]]
|None
|-
|104
|[[Parchur Assembly constituency|Parchur]]
|None
|-
|106
|[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|None
|}

==Economy==
Agriculture contributes to major share of gross district domestic product. Agriculture and allied services based industries such as cotton spinning mills, oil mills and shrimp processing are present in the district{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=127-128}}
=== Irrigation ===
* [[Krishna western delta]] is a major irrigation project<ref name="about"/> Tanks, Tube Wells, Dug Wells, Lift
Irrigation are other sources of irrigation.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=76}}

== Education ==
The first agricultural College in South India was started on 11 July 1945 in Bapatla by the Government of Composite Madras State India. It became part of [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]], Andhra Pradesh in 1964.<ref name="about"/>

==Military institutions==
Airforce station at Suryalanka of [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] is a major defence establishment in the district. It has carried out Emergency Landing Facility trials on [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] near [[Addanki]] on 29 Dec 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sainiksamachar.nic.in/press-realease-details/3313 |title=ELF carried out in Bapatla District (AP) By Air Force Station Suryalanka of Southern Air Command |date=2022-12-29 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Sainik Samachar}}</ref>


== Tourism ==
{{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-latd=15.0|frame-long=80.45|zoom=8|text=Baptla district tourist places (After zoom, move mouse to get more details)
|type=point|id=Q3429099|title=Stupa of Bhattiprolu|marker=historic
|type2=point|id2=Q633274|title2=Bhavanarayanaswamy temple, Bapatla|marker2=place-of-worship
|type3=shape-inverse|id3=|title3=Bapatla district|description3=Bapatla District|stroke-color3=#0000FF|stroke-width3=3
|type4=point|id4=Q7647409|title4=Suryalanka beach|marker4=beach
|type5=point|id5=Q18395666|title5=Vodarevu beach|marker5=beach
|type6=point|coord6={{coord|15.777|80.383}}|title6=Ramapuram beach|marker6=beach
}}
<gallery>
File:Maha_Stupa_at_Bhattiprolu_01.jpg|Stupa at [[Bhattiprolu]]
File:Beautiful Morning at Bay of Bengal.jpg|Sunrise at [[Suryalanka Beach]]
File:Building of Vetapalem Library.jpg|[[Saraswata Niketanam]] at [[Vetapalem]]
</gallery>
Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple in [[Bapatla]] is a 5th Century CE temple dedicated to Ksheera Bhavanarayanaswamy and Sundaravalli. This temple is under the administration control of [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Chariot procession and other festivals are celebrated.{{sfn|CPO|2022|p=16}}

One of the earliest evidence of [[Brahmi script]], origin of most scripts in India, is written on an urn containing Buddha's relics placed in the Stupa of [[Bhattiprolu]]. The script has been named Bhattiprolu script.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centrally Protected Monuments|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|website=Archeological Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626104454/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/monuments.html|archive-date=2017-06-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Saraswata Niketanam]] at [[Vetapalem]] is a library founded in 1918. It is known for its large collection of palm leaf manuscripts, newspapers and books.

=== Beaches===

Nallamada, East Tungabhadra, Gundamthippa, Romperu(right) rivers meet the sea at Kappalavaripalem, Pinniboyinavaripalem. Suryalanka beach, about 9 km from Bapatla is suitable for sea bathing. [[Vodarevu Beach|Vadarevu]] and Ramapuram beaches near Chirala are also popular tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/over-one-lakh-people-take-holy-dip-at-beaches-in-bapatla-on-kartika-somavaram/article66164609.ece |title=Over one lakh people take holy dip at beaches in Bapatla district of Andhra Pradesh on Kartika Somavaram |date=2022-11-21 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[K. Viswanath|Kasinadhuni Viswanath]] who won the prestigious [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] for his contribution to films as director, screenwriter, lyricist and actor hails from Repalle.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Asha Kiran |title=K Viswanath: National Award films directed by the ace filmmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/k-viswanath-national-award-films-directed-by-the-ace-filmmaker/articleshow/68050321.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2019|access-date= 2 June 2021}}</ref> [[D. Ramanaidu]], [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records holder]] for the most films produced by an individual hailed from Karamchedu near Chirala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Venkatesh |date=2015-03-04 |title=Dream merchant |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/dream-merchant/article6951600.ece |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Pawan Kalyan]] born in Bapatla is a famous film actor and founder of [[Jana Sena Party]]. [[Daggubati Venkatesh]] known as Victory Venkatesh a notable Telugu actor hailed from Karamchedu. [[Pullela Gopichand]] former Indian Badminton player and title holder of [[All England Open Badminton Championships]] winner hails from Nagandla village of [[Inkollu]] Nagar Panchayat.

[[Konijeti Rosaiah]] elected as MLA of Chirala assembly constituency several times rose to become Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and Governor of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Former AP CM, ex-TN Guv K Rosaiah passes away|work=[[United News of India]]|url=http://www.uniindia.com/former-ap-cm-ex-tn-guv-k-rosaiah-passes-away/south/news/2582722.html}}</ref> [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] represented Bapatla assembly constituency several times and served as Andhra Pradesh Assembly Speaker, State Minister and Governor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Kona Prabhakara Rao (31.05.1985 – 02.04.1986) |url=https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/previous-governors/shri-kona-prabhakara-rao/ |website=rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===Books===
{{Cite book |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s345c48cce2e2d7fbdea1afc51c7c6ad26/uploads/2022/03/2022033064.pdf|title=District Hand Book of Statistics – Bapatla district|year=2022|author=CPO}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Bapatla district | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q110876712}}

{{Bapatla district}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Waarrior Savitri

2026-03-25T22:04:53Z

JAFMargie385530: corrected section to improve readability and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Waarrior Savitri
| image = Poster_Of_Waarior_Savitri.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Poster of movie
| director = [[Param Gill]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Upender Maheshwari &
* Dr. Bobby Kanda
}}
| writer = [[Param Gill]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Niharica Raizada]]
* [[Lucy Pinder]]
* [[Rajat Barmecha]]
* [[Om Puri]]
*[[karmveer Choudhary]]
* [[Gulshan Grover]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Kabir Lal
* Syed Shaid Lal
* Rodrick "Rip" Jones
}}
| editing = Sandeep Francis
| studio = Dr. Bobs Production
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|08|25|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmyfilmy.com/news-warrior-savitri-release-postponed-287567.htm |title=Warrior Savitri release postponed|work=filmyfilmy.com|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Waarrior Savitri''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film#Hybrid genres|action drama film]] written and directed by [[Param Gill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Director-Param-Gills-journey-from-a-homeless-shelter-in-NY-to-Hollywood/articleshow/53364751.cms |title=Director Param Gill's journey from a homeless shelter in NY to Hollywood|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-movies-releasing-in-2016/articleshow/53434004.cms |title=Hindi movie release dates|work=Times of India|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref> The film stars [[Niharica Raizada]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/3-moga-youths-join-hands-to-make-film-on-women-power/72826.html |title=3 Moga youths join hands to make film on women power |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2015-04-27 |accessdate=2016-11-03 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819193415/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/3-moga-youths-join-hands-to-make-film-on-women-power/72826.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajat Barmecha, Om Puri,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/om-puri-to-play-yamraaj-in-warrior-savitri/16996177 |title=Om Puri to play Yamraaj in 'Warrior Savitri'|website=mid-day.com|date=29 February 2016 |accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref> [[Karmveer Choudhary]] and [[Gulshan Grover]]. Upender Maheshwari and Bobby Kanda produced ''Waarrior Savitri'' under the banner of Dr Bob’s Production. It is a modern-day adaptation of the Indian fable – [[Savitri and Satyavan|Satyavan Savitri]].

''Waarrior Savitri'' has been filmed in Chandelao Garh, [[Jodhpur]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Las Vegas]]. British model [[Lucy Pinder]] made her Bollywood debut with the film. The film was released on 25 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Waarrior-Savitri-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/53173535.cms |title='Waarrior Savitri' gets a release date|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/waarrior-savitri-movie-review-tackily-mounted-film-1437999/ |title=Waarrior Savitri movie review: Tackily mounted film!|date=27 August 2016|work=india.com|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2016}}

The film was banned in many parts of India for portraying goddess Savitri as a modern 21st century woman. Director Param Gill received death threats, and the film received a very low key release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.axs.com/param-gill-set-to-release-warrior-savitri-despite-death-threats-105429 |title= Param Gill set to release 'Waarrior Savitri' despite death threats}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=November 2018}}

==Cast==
* [[Niharica Raizada]] as Savitri<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rajat-Barmecha-will-now-be-seen-in-Warrior-Savitri/articleshow/46792203.cms |title=Rajat Barmecha will now be seen in Warrior Savitri|work=Times of India|date=3 April 2015 |accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Lucy Pinder]] as Candy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-model-lucy-pinder-says-she-s-not-like-sunny-leone-2111723 |title=Model Lucy Pinder says she's not like Sunny Leone|date=7 August 2015|work=dnaindia.com|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Rajat Barmecha]] as [[Satyavan|Satya]]
* [[Om Puri]] as [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yamraj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/om-puri-to-play-yamraaj-in-warrior-savitri/ |title=Om Puri to play Yamraaj in 'Warrior Savitri'|date=29 February 2016|work=indianexpress.com|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Satya's father
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Pandit ji
* Tim Man as The Monk
* [[Ron Smoorenburg]] as Mani John
* [[Sheetal Sharma]] as Savitri's friend
* Aditya Raj Kapoor as Thakur - Savitri's father
* Palak J. Jhaveri as Baby Savitri

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Waarrior Savitri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|06|01}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:34
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Zee Music
| producer = Dr. Bob Productions
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All songs were written and composed by Param Gill.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m= |s=}}
| title1 = Chahat Ki Baarish
| extra1 = Aaniya
| music1 = Param Gill
| lyrics1 = Param Gill
| length1 = 02:45
| title2 = Jadon Teri Yaad
| extra2 = [[Ustad Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| music2 = Param Gill
| lyrics2 = Param Gill
| length2 = 03:15
| title3 = Heavy Heavy
| extra3 = Labh Janjua
| music3 = Param Gill
| lyrics3 = Param Gill
| length3 = 02:12
| title4 = Shake my Booty
| extra4 = [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| music4 = Param Gill and Vijay Verma
| lyrics4= Param Gill
| length4 = 02:49
| title5 = Night and Day
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Supriya
| music5 = [[Param Gill]]
| lyrics5 = Param Gill
| length5 = 03:10
}}

==Controversy==
The film received opposition at some places for its depiction of the [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] Savitri as a 21st-century woman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Waarrior-Savitri-stirs-up-controversy/articleshow/53825467.cms |title='Waarrior Savitri' stirs up controversy|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|waarrior-savitri}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Girls with guns films]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2016 martial arts films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Savitri and Satyavan]]

Slum Rehabilitation Act, 1995

2026-03-25T18:45:56Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The '''Slum Rehabilitation Act, 1995''' was passed by the government of the [[India]]n state [[Maharashtra]] to protect the rights of [[swamp]] dwellers and promote the [[Development studies|development]] of swamp areas. The Act protected from [[eviction]], anyone who could produce a document proving they lived in the city of [[Mumbai]] before January 1995, regardless if they lived on the swamp or other kinds of marsh land. The ACT was the result of policy development that included grassroots slum dweller organisations, particularly [[Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers|SPARC]].<ref>Development Gateway Foundation: Urban Development: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060728174354/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/urban/sdm/previewDocument.do~activeDocumentId=1001444?activeDocumentId=1001444 Empowering Slum Dwellers: Interview with Sheela Patel], 7 September 2004</ref>

Through the Act, [[pavement dwellers]] were for the first time accepted into the classification of households that are entitled to land for relocation. Following the enactment of this legislation, the government of Maharashtra and the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] set out a special policy for planning the relocation of the 20,000 households, using the information from a census [[Mahila Milan]] and [[National Slum Dwellers Federation|NSDF]] completed in 1995.<ref>Hands On - Ideas to Go: Series 4: Cash - No Questions:[https://web.archive.org/web/20060728174354/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/urban/sdm/previewDocument.do~activeDocumentId=1001444?activeDocumentId=1001444 Street Savers - India], September 2003</ref>

== Overview ==
The legislation was passed in reaction to the proliferation of slums in Indian cities, where a large section of the population lives in cramped, unsanitary circumstances with no access to essential services such as water, sewage, and power. The UN's definition of slums - those that live under one roof and lack basic amenities such as: durable housing, sufficient living area; access to improved water, access to sanitation facilities and secure tenure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UN-Habitat |title=UN |url=https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/06/indicator_11.1.1_training_module_adequate_housing_and_slum_upgrading.pdf}}</ref> The act establishes a framework for slum redevelopment with the goal of improving living conditions for slum people while simultaneously supporting urban growth.

The act calls for the establishment of a '''Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=झोपडपट्टी पुनर्वसन प्राधिकरण (एसआरए) |url=https://www.sra.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.sra.gov.in}}</ref>''' . The SRA is in charge of identifying slums and launching slum redevelopment operations. The authority is also in charge of procuring land, issuing permits, and overseeing the progress of slum redevelopment programmes.

The provision for the '''Transfer of Development rights (TDR)''' is an important aspect of the Slum Rehabilitation Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आवासन और शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |url=https://mohua.gov.in/cms/slum-rehabilitation-act.php?url=slum-rehabilitation-act |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=mohua.gov.in}}</ref> TDR is a method that permits developers to transfer the right to create more floor space to another place in exchange for the building of slum rehabilitation dwellings. This clause encourages developers to embark on slum reconstruction projects by providing them with additional floor space that can be utilised for commercial reasons. The policy also assures that slum inhabitants get better housing because rehabilitation housing must meet certain specifications and standards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Sahil |date=March 2012 |title=Economics of Affordable Housing in Indian Cities |journal=Environment and Urbanization ASIA |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=221–235 |doi=10.1177/097542531200300112 |s2cid=155636359 |issn=0975-4253}}</ref> The Slum Rehabilitation Act also includes provisions for the establishment of slum rehabilitation programmes (SRS).

An SRS is a slum redevelopment plan that comprises rehabilitation housing, infrastructure, and amenities such as water supply, drainage, and roadways.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mukhija |first=Vinit |title=Chapter 8. Rehousing Mumbai: Formalizing Slum Land Markets Through Redevelopment |date=2016-12-31 |work=Slums |pages=125–139 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|doi=10.9783/9780812292572-009 |isbn=978-0-8122-9257-2 }}</ref> The SRA is in charge of developing and executing the SRS in conjunction with slum inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ahana |last2=Bardhan |first2=Ronita |date=2020-10-01 |title=Socio-physical liveability through socio-spatiality in low-income resettlement archetypes - A case of slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai, India |journal=Cities |language=en |volume=105 |article-number=102840 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2020.102840 |issn=0264-2751 |pmc=7305060 |pmid=32834326|author-link2=Ronita Bardhan}}</ref> The SRS also provides a provision for slum dwellers to participate in the redevelopment process, ensuring that their interests are taken into account.

== Limitations of Slum Rehabilitation Act (1995) ==
The Slum Rehabilitation Act, on the other hand, has been rebuked for poor execution. One of the main concerns is that developers have utilised the statute to exploit slum inhabitants. Developers have been accused of purchasing slum land and then delaying the construction of rehabilitation houses while taking advantage of the TDR clause to create additional commercial space. As a result, slum inhabitants have been made homeless without obtaining any benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Manoj Kumar |last2=Ram |first2=Shobha |date=2022-12-21 |title=Rehabilitation of canal irrigation schemes in India: a qualitative analysis |journal=Water Policy |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.2166/wp.2022.237 |s2cid=255029573 |issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free }}</ref> Complaints have also been made that the rehabilitation housing given under the legislation is of poor quality and does not suit the needs of slum inhabitants.

== Subsequent Schemes: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Scheme ==
Slum Rehabilitation schemes have been driven in recent years by an active effort to further city planning in the light of rising urbanisation and population migration. Mumbai has incurred a massive population surge in recent decades, therefore, the government has aimed to rehouse unhoused inhabitants of slums in Mumbai into separate housing. More recently, Modi's government enforced the [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] Scheme in India where affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor. This scheme is a four pronged approach and aims to eliminate all slums by 2022. Critics suggest this is a more improved approach to the Slum Rehabilitation Act of 1995 as it also allows credit loans to beneficiaries that allows them to buy houses as well as improving the supply side of housing. This scheme in 1995 solely focus on the rehabilitation of slum housing and not tenure security and boosting home ownership for the urban poor in India.

== References ==
<references responsive="0" />

[[Category:Maharashtra state legislation]]
[[Category:Slums in India]]
[[Category:1995 in law]]

Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Station

2026-03-22T05:08:09Z

JAFMargie385530: Put up a stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Station
| image =IAF 27 Wing.png
| image-width = 200px
| caption = Badge of the 27 Wing of IAF
| IATA = BHJ
| ICAO = VABJ
| type = Military/Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Indian Air Force]] [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served =
| location = [[Bhuj]]
| elevation-f = 268
| elevation-m = 82
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|17|16|N|069|40|13|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length-f = 8,205
| r1-length-m = 2,501
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Station''' {{Airport codes|BHJ|VABJ}} is an Indian Air Force Station, which shares its runway with [[Bhuj Airport]] at the town of [[Bhuj]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is part of [[South Western Air Command]].

Bhuj Air Force Station houses the 27 Wing.

==References==
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/bhuj.htm Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base]

{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhuj]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Manipal Institute of Technology

2026-03-20T07:18:49Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{Short description|Engineering college in Karnataka, India}}
{{Distinguish||text=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]]}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=September 2025}}
{{Primary sources|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Manipal Institute of Technology
| image_name = Manipal Tech new logo.png
| image_size =
| image_upright = .7
| caption = 60th-anniversary logo of the school
| motto = Knowledge is Power
| established = {{Start date and age|1957|05|11|df=yes}}<ref name="overview">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/manipal-institute-of-technology-gets-new-director/articleshow/84547761.cms
|title=MIT Institute of Technology gets new director |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2021 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| director = Dr Anil Rana<ref>{{cite web|title=Leadership|url=https://manipal.edu/mit/about/leadership.html|publisher=MIT Manipal|access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref>
| founder = [[T. M. A. Pai]]<ref name="overview" />
| parent = [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
| students = Undergraduate : 8000+
Postgraduate and Phds : 1000+<ref name="overview" />
| city = [[Manipal]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| campus = {{convert|313|acre|km2}}, [[University town]]
| colors = White and Orange
| website = {{URL|https://manipal.edu/mit}}
| faculty = 600+<ref name="overview" />
| affiliations =
| coor = {{coord|13.35129|74.79271|display=title}}
}}

[[File:MIT Academic Block 1 - Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|250px| Manipal Institute of Technology Academic Block 1]]
'''Manipal Institute of Technology''' is a private engineering college & constituent unit under [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in India.

The institute has 18 academic departments and awards undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate degrees.<ref name="overview" /> The MIT campus is spread over 313 acres of what once used to be a desolate plateau of hard, laterite rock in southern Karnataka's Udupi district. The institute undertakes sponsored research programs supported by funding agencies such as DST, CSIR, AICTE, and the Ministry of Environmental Sciences. It has collaborative research programs in association with premier research laboratories and institutes in India and abroad.<ref name="affiliations">{{cite web|url=http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/Pages/Affiliations.aspx|title=Affiliations, MIT|access-date=5 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318000818/http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/Pages/Affiliations.aspx|archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>
In 2018, Government of India had awarded it as [[Institute of Eminence]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=IISc, MAHE gets Institute of Eminence tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/iisc-mahe-get-institute-of-eminence-tag/articleshow/64926520.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation and early years (1957–1960)===
Manipal Engineering College (MEC) was inaugurated on 11 May 1957 by the then Chief Minister of [[Mysore]], [[S. Nijalingappa]].<ref name="mitguide">{{cite web|url=http://www.mitguide.com/Manipal_Institute_of_Technology/ |title=MIT Guide |publisher=Mitguide.com |access-date=5 Feb 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714102607/http://www.mitguide.com/Manipal_Institute_of_Technology/ |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/Pages/History.aspx |title=History, MIT |publisher=Manipal.edu |access-date=16 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419033725/http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/Pages/History.aspx |archive-date=19 April 2010 }}</ref> The first President of the college was Roque Fernandes. In the initial months, lectures were held at the [[Kasturba Medical College, Manipal]] campus before the infrastructure was ready at its present campus towards the end of 1957. The institute started with 25 staff members and an annual intake of 120 students for the undergraduate courses on a campus of {{convert|180|acre|km2}}.

===Growth and expansion (1961–current)===
[[Civil engineering]] was the first discipline to be offered at the institute, but by 1961, full undergraduate programs were also available in the areas of [[mechanical engineering]] and [[electrical engineering]]. Housing facilities were operational from 1961 for outstation students.

In the initial years, the institute was affiliated with the [[Karnatak University]].<ref name="affiliations" /> In 1965, the institute got affiliated to the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name="prospectus">'' MIT Prospectus'', inside cover</ref> More courses were added over the decades as the college expanded. The MIT Manipal Student Chapter of the Institution of Engineers (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) was established in the mid-1960s.

In 1969, [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] was introduced as a branch of study, followed by Electronics and Communication engineering. In 1973, the semester scheme was adopted, and a one-year postgraduate diploma in industrial engineering was offered. In the same year, the Venugopala Temple, modelled on the famous [[Kirti Mandir, Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]] was built.

The MIT campus has been visited by several notable persons. The Tibetan spiritual leader the [[Dalai Lama]] visited the college in 1966. The 1970s saw the visit of [[Indira Gandhi]], the then Prime Minister of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Indira Gandhi visit to Manipal | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32900&n_tit=News+headlines|publisher=Daijiworld.com|access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>

In 1974, it was renamed as '''Manipal Institute of Technology'''. The institute was brought under the purview of [[Mangalore University]] in 1980.<ref name="affiliations" /> In 1979, other branches of study such as Industrial Production and Architecture, were introduced. The construction of the 4-floor library building with an area of {{convert|83000|sqft|m2}} and more hostel blocks, including 7th, 9th blocks and women's hostels were completed in the 1980s. The swimming pool was inaugurated in 1986, and the floodlit basketball court at Kamath Circle in 1989.

In 1993 [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] (MAHE) was granted [[deemed university]] status<ref>{{cite web|title=Manipal Academy of Higher Education|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/manipal.html|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703004758/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/manipal.html|archive-date=3 July 2012|access-date=5 April 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Manipal Institute of Technology became its constituent college.

[[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the then [[President of India]], visited the college and interacted with the students in 2003. This visit was later repeated in 2010 by the then President of India [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The President of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's visit to Manipal |date=March 29, 2003 |location=Manipal |url=http://www.manipal.edu/melaka/media/president.htm |publisher=Manipal.edu |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216223047/http://www.manipal.edu/melaka/media/president.htm |archive-date=2004-12-16 }}</ref>

[[File:NLHic.jpg|thumb|The New Lecture Hall Complex (near) and the Innovation Centre (far)|alt=|right]][[File:Academic Block 5 20220821 123611.jpg|thumb|Academic Block 5]]2006 saw the construction of the Innovation Centre, housing companies such as Phillips and EMC2 and associated research and development. The 7-floor 13th Block located between the 3rd and 4th blocks for housing lady students was also completed during this period. The adjoining New Lecture Hall complex ('NLH') was built anticipating the increase in intake and was inaugurated in the year 2006. 2007 saw the inauguration of Academic Block 5, the largest academic building on campus, housing classrooms, academic and research labs, and department and faculty offices.

Undergraduate courses in [[Instrumentation and Control Engineering]] were added in 2001 and [[Mechatronics]] was added in 2006 and those in [[Aeronautical Engineering]] and [[Automobile Engineering]] were added in 2008. The Department of Architecture was rechristened as ''The Faculty of Architecture'' in 2006, and then as '''Manipal School of Architecture and Planning and Design''', as a separate institute under the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] in 2011. In 2013, an integrated course in [[Computer Science]] and [[Communication Engineering]] was added, under the department of Information and Communication Technology. The annual undergraduate student intake increased from 800 spread over 12 engineering disciplines in the year 2003 to 1,500 spread over 16 disciplines in 2008. {{as of|2011|7}}, the institute has an intake of more than 2,300 students.<ref name="overview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/FastFacts/Pages/Overview.aspx |title=Overview, MIT |publisher=Manipal.edu |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723171644/http://manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/FastFacts/Pages/Overview.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref>

The institute was also visited by Smt. [[Pratibha Patil]], the then [[President of India]] for the university's annual convocation in December 2010. The then Finance Minister and future President of India, Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] also visited the institute on 26 May 2012 to inaugurate one of the Academic Blocks. The institute was visited by acclaimed South Indian film director S.S. Rajmouli in October 2017. The institute also played host to the 49th annual convention of the [[National Association of Students of Architecture]] (NASA) in January 2007.<ref>{{cite web | title=NASA held in Manipal | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=29528&n_tit=News+headlines|publisher=Daijiworld.com|access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>

The new logo of the institute was unveiled by alumni [[Nokia]] Former CEO [[Rajeev Suri|Rajiv Suri]] during the institute's 2016 convocation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://themitpost.com/curiosity-clarity-sitting-dr-rajeev-suri/|title=Curiosity Over Clarity: Sitting Down with Dr.Rajeev Suri|website=The MIT Post}}</ref> It was designed by Kartikeya Rastogi, who was then a senior year [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] undergraduate student.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.studentshow.com/gallery/50009865/MIT-Manipal-Diamond-Jubilee-Rebranding|title=MIT Manipal - Diamond Jubilee Rebranding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823203417/http://www.studentshow.com/gallery/50009865/MIT-Manipal-Diamond-Jubilee-Rebranding|archive-date=2017-08-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2018 it was among the two private institutes to be decreed with [[Institute of Eminence]].

==Campus==
MIT Manipal's campus is located 65 km (37 mi) north of [[Mangalore]]. The campus is located 3.5 km from [[Udupi]]'s railway station and is spread over an area of 188 acres (76.0 ha) housing 10 academic buildings, and 26 residential buildings(known as blocks), with 9 for boys and 15 for girls with a total capacity of more than 6,080 inhabitants.<ref name="infrastructure">{{cite web|url=http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/FastFacts/Pages/Infrastructure.aspx |title=Infrastructure, MIT |publisher=Manipal.edu |access-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527140456/http://www.manipal.edu/Institutions/Engineering/MIT/AboutMIT/FastFacts/Pages/Infrastructure.aspx |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:MIT Manipal Campus.jpg|thumb|MIT Manipal Campus|alt=|right]]

Kamath Circle was renamed and renovated as Student Plaza with a two-floored Colosseum-like structure and a musical fountain at the centre also containing a couple of general stores.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/Student-Plaza-to-come-up-on-MIT-campus/article17024872.ece|title=Student Plaza to come up on MIT Campus}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Academic programs===
[[File:Academic Block MIT, Manipur.jpg|thumb|Academic Block 1]]

MIT has been using a credit-based system since 2001, in which each course is assigned a number of credits.<ref name="prospectus" /> The odd semester starts around the month of July and ends by December and the even semester starts around January and ends by May. [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]] is accredited by the Government of India's [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) .<ref name="accreditation">{{cite web
|title=Accreditations
|url=http://www.manipal.edu/AboutUs/Administration/QualityDepartment/Pages/Accreditations.aspx
|access-date=2 September 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809020152/http://www.manipal.edu/AboutUs/Administration/QualityDepartment/Pages/Accreditations.aspx
|archive-date=9 August 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

MIT Manipal offers full-time, four/five-year undergraduate ([[Bachelor's degree]]) programs in the various disciplines. as well as [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech.) degrees and various other postgraduate programs awarding [[Master of Science]] (M.S.) in [[Software Engineering]], [[Master of Computer Applications]] (M.C.A.) and an integrated [[M.B.A.]] program (in conjunction with other programs in MAHE).

MIT Manipal also offers the International Centre for Applied Sciences (ICAS) program, a transfer program that allows students to spend their first two years at ICAS, Manipal, and the subsequent two years at a university of their choice abroad.

Admissions to postgraduate programs are either on the basis of an entrance exam or the performance in an undergraduate degree program. All applicants are required to have appropriate [[bachelor's degrees]].

The institute also offers [[Ph.D.]] programs on a [[Full-time job|full-time]] or [[Part-time student|part-time]] basis for suitably qualified candidates.

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=University and College
|NIRF_E_2024=56}}

Manipal Institute of Technology was ranked 4th among private engineering colleges in India by ''[[India Today]]'' in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Engineering Colleges 2025 in India Courses, Fees, Admission - Best Colleges |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/engineering |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Engineering (Pvt) Colleges 2025 in India Courses, Fees, Admission - Best Colleges |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/engineering-pvt |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref> 5th among private engineering colleges by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-05 |title=Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2025: Top 160 Private Engineering Institutes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/outlook-icare-rankings-2025-top-200-private-engineering-institutes |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> and 56st among engineering colleges by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160637/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Admissions===
Admission to Manipal Institute of Technology is through the Manipal Entrance Test (MET), which replaced the Manipal University Online Entrance Test (MU OET) for 2019 and beyond and is carried out at centres across India. It is a computer-based exam and consists of 200 questions testing [[Physics]], Chemistry, Mathematics, English, and logical reasoning and spans a duration of 2 hours and 30 minutes. The test is for 800 marks, +4 for every correct answer and -1 for every wrong one. MAHE offers two opportunities for a student to write the entrance exam, subject to additional payment and availability of vacancies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarvagyan - MU OET 2018: Manipal University, MUOET, Slot Booking, Admit Card, Result|date=July 2025 |url=https://www.sarvgyan.com/articles/mu-oet-2018}}</ref> The format was changed and the test now has 60 questions and the total maximum marks are 240 and spans a duration of 2 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MET 2025: Seat Allotment (Round 4 OUT), Cutoff (OUT), Dates, Admission Process |url=https://www.shiksha.com/engineering/met-exam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812090113/https://www.shiksha.com/engineering/met-exam |archive-date=2025-08-12 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.shiksha.com |language=en}}</ref> Each MCQ (Multiple Choice Question) carries 4 marks with negative marking whereas each NAT (Numerical Answer Type) carries 4 marks with no negative marking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MET 2022 Syllabus |url=https://manipal.edu/mu/admission/indian-students/online-entrance-exam-overview/test-pattern.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524192822/https://manipal.edu/mu/admission/indian-students/online-entrance-exam-overview/test-pattern.html |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> The computer-based exam scores are displayed two days later, with which one may appear for admission counselling.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Engineering (BTech) & Medical (MBBS) Entrance Exam - Manipal Academy of Higher Education (formerly, Manipal University)|url=https://manipal.edu/mu/admission/indian-students/online-entrance-exam-overview.html | website = manipal.edu }}</ref>

==Research==
The institute makes budgetary provisions for the maintenance of research equipment through capital allocation. An amount of ₹15 million was sanctioned to the institute in 2008–09 towards innovation. MITians have access to various journals and educational materials to facilitate research by students. Students of the institute take up summer [[internship]] as a part of their curriculum.<ref name="research">{{cite news|title=Research Overview |url=http://www.manipal.edu/Research/Pages/Overview.aspx |access-date=2 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905233318/http://www.manipal.edu/RESEARCH/Pages/Overview.aspx |archive-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref> Several research programs in the areas of [[nanotechnology]], [[nuclear engineering]], [[Very-large-scale integration|VLSI design]] and [[pattern recognition]] are being pursued in the interdisciplinary labs under the institute's innovation centre. Manipal is known to take research quite seriously and professors are quite keen to work with enthusiastic students on various research projects.<ref name="research" />

==Student life==
===Student bodies===
The oldest student organizations are the editorial board and the Student Council.
The Student Council, MIT Manipal is the apex student body of the institute, composed of elected student representatives. President chairs the Council followed by the General Secretary. The Cultural Secretary is overall in charge of all Cultural Clubs of the institute and is also the Convener of Revels, along with the Sports Secretary. Likewise, the Sports Secretary is responsible for all the sporting activities of the Institute and heads as well as coordinates with all the Sports Captains of various Sports Clubs and Teams of the institute. Similarly, Technical Secretary heads all the Technical Clubs and Placement Secretaries coordinate with the companies and students during the placement season.
Overall there are close to a hundred clubs and organizations in the institute. The clubs are completely run and managed by the students and they host a variety of events/ competitions throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themitpost.com/student-bodies-manipal/|title=Student Bodies in Manipal|publisher=mitpost.com}}</ref> Technical Clubs like SAE-IM (Society of Automotive Engineers- India| Manipal), ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), IE-CSE, IE-Civil, IE-E&C, IE E&E, IE-Mechatronics, Cultural Clubs like- Goonj, the Hindi literary club, Blank-101, Comedy Club Manipal, λΔQ (The Literary, Debate, and Quiz Club), RED-X (The Socio-Adventure Club), and more clubs like Ada Dramatics, Aaina Dramatics and the Music and Fine Arts Club have won several awards at major cultural fests such as [[Unmaad|Unmaad, IIM Bangalore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themitpost.com/a-breath-of-life-unmaad16/|title=A Breath of Life - Unmaad'16 |website=themitpost.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref> and [[Mood Indigo (festival)|Mood Indigo, IIT Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://canaranews.com/news/canara/Ravana-Leela-by-MITs-Aaina-Dramatics-wins-at-Mood-Indigo-2015|title="Ravana Leela" by MIT's Aaina Dramatics wins at Mood Indigo-2015 | website=canaranews.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref>[[File:MIT Student Plaza .jpg|thumb|MIT Student Plaza drone view]][[File:MIT Student Plaza 20211012 130942.jpg|thumb|MIT Student Plaza]]

The college has an official student-run media body, The MIT Post.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manipalthetalk.org/colleges/mit/clubs/clubs-mit-non-technical/|title=The Clubs of MIT: Non-Technical – MTTN|date=2016-07-10|work=MTTN|access-date=2018-03-24|language=en-US}}</ref> It was founded on 19 November 2014. The MIT Post keeps a record of all student activities on campus, including those of all other clubs and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themitpost.com/from-the-editors-desk/|title=From The Editor's Desk - The MIT Post|website=themitpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref> Another prominent name is The Photography Club, Manipal<ref>{{Cite web |title=the photography club Archives |url=https://themitpost.com/tag/the-photography-club/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The MIT Post |language=en}}</ref> which is the official photography club of the college founded all the way back in 1967.

=== National Service Scheme (NSS) ===
The institute hosts an active chapter of the [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS), a public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. The student-led organization focuses on community service and social welfare initiatives within the region. Throughout the academic year, the NSS volunteers organize various outreach programs, including large-scale blood donation camps, health awareness drives, and environmental conservation activities. The chapter is managed by a student executive board that coordinates these volunteer efforts between the student body and the local community.<ref>https://www.manipal.edu/mit/news-events/5thAnnualCamp.html</ref>

Teams from ManipalTech have won innovation and entrepreneurship competitions such as the GE Edison Innovation Challenge<ref>{{cite news | title=GE innovation win Manipal | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111251150200.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104062724/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111251150200.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=4 November 2012|location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=12 November 2008}}</ref> and consecutive victories at the Schneider Electric India Innovation Challenge.<ref>{{cite web | title=Schneider win Manipal|url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news/200812/1229423878.html|publisher=Free-press-release.com|access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>

The college has several technical clubs including international as well as national student organizations such as the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]], [[Indian Society for Technical Education|ISTE]], IEMCT and ASME. These clubs are very active on campus and organize workshops and various other events on a regular basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Clubs – MIT, Manipal Academy of Higher Education|url=https://manipal.edu/mit/mit-experience/student-clubs-overview/technical-clubs.html | website = manipal.edu }}</ref>

[[Formula Manipal]] is a student initiative aiming to conceive, design, fabricate, develop and compete with other Formula-style vehicles at International [[Formula Student]] events. They built a 600 cc race car that was selected to participate in the [[Formula SAE]] 2008 competition organized by the [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] held at Ferrari race track at Maranello in Italy, an international race car design competition which is attended by universities from across the world. In 2009, the team participated with the second prototype at FS UK, held at the Silverstone F1 Track.<ref>{{cite news | title=Formula Manipal |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550310200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914130436/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550310200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=5 September 2008}}</ref>

ThrustMIT is one of the country's first rocketry teams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} thrustMIT |url=https://thrustmit.in/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=thrustmit.in}}</ref>

Project Manas is another initiative by students and is an AI robotics team that was founded in the year 2014. They have taken part in India's biggest driverless car challenge - "Spark the Rise" - organized by Mahindra. The team qualified for three stages and is one of the top 13 teams to qualify for the prototyping phase. The prototype is capable of detecting and navigating around pedestrians, a variety of traffic signs and signals, road and non-road regions, vehicles along with a wide range of other obstacles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themitpost.com/student-bodies-manipal/|title=Student Bodies in Manipal|date=2018-05-12|website=The MIT Post|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

AeroMIT is a student project aiming towards aeromodelling and drone research. They design and fabricate RC and autonomous aerial vehicles for competition as well as research purposes. The year 2019-20 was one of the most successful years for the team. They secured podium positions in national competitions like Aerophilia 2019 and [[Techfest]], 2020. The team also secured World Rank 4 in their flagship competition SAE AeroDesign East 2020 held in Lakeland, Florida. Other than that, the team secured World Rank 1 in the category of Oral Presentation by scoring the highest points in the history of the competition and was also the only team to lift the maximum possible payload. Participating in competitions is not the only goal of the team; they also focus on various projects and research work.<ref>{{cite web |title=AeroMIT |url=https://aeromit.in |website=AeroMIT |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

Mars Rover Manipal, is a multi-disciplinary team that designs and builds rovers for the exploration of extraterrestrial environments. They regularly compete in various competitions and have steadily improved their rankings at the University Rover Challenge held by The Mars Society USA, since they first entered in 2016. It is a premier robotics competition held annually every summer at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah, USA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mars Rover Manipal|url=http://marsrovermanipal.com/|access-date=25 April 2021|website=Mars Rover Manipal}}</ref>

===Cultural and sports festivals ===

MIT hosts one festival every semester. In even semesters, there is a cultural and sports festival, "Revels". The official theme of the 2025 Revels festival was 'Elisium'. The name was inspired by the theme 'a state of great happiness'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/excitement-mounts-as-mit-manipal-prepares-for-annual-fest-revels18/articleshow/63044153.cms|title=Excitement mounts as MIT, Manipal prepares for annual fest 'Revels'18'|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> In odd semesters, there is a technical festival, "Tech Tatva". These are student-organized fests, with participants from all over India and overseas. The students of the university, with some help from the administration, carry out the festivities on the campus. The entire process of managing and organizing the fest is handled by the students with the work being divided amongst various categories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themitpost.com/how-mit-celebrates/|title=How MIT Celebrates – The MIT Post|website=themitpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref> The 2025 Revels featured "Dhvani Bhanushali", "Mithoon" and "Raftaar".

== Controversies ==
In 2012, following aggressive protests by the students of the Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), the director, Kum Kum Garg, resigned from her post. The protesting students had demanded the resignation of the director for her alleged insensitive remarks over the death of a student in a bus accident.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-17|title=MIT director quits after students stage stir|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/235021/mit-director-quits-students-stage.html|access-date=2020-12-03|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2020, MIT required students to download a software called PEXA Lite on their laptops, to conduct proctored end-semester exams. On installing the software, some students complained of their laptops slowing or crashing due to malware.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garg|first=Tina|date=2020-06-05|title=What Is PEXA And Why Are The Students Of Manipal Institution Of Technology Protesting Against It?|url=https://edtimes.in/what-is-pexa-and-why-are-the-students-of-manipal-institution-of-technology-protesting-against-it/|access-date=2020-12-03|website=ED Times {{!}} Youth Media Channel|language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2021, the students of MIT were called back to campus for the offline end-semester examinations. But on 17 March, offline classes were cancelled due to the rising number of COVID-19 cases on campus. By the first week of April, over 1000 students of MIT were infected by the coronavirus due to poor social distancing and lax safety standards in the college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5,000 students staying on MIT campus in Manipal to be tested after COVID-19 outbreak|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/mar/18/5000-students-staying-on-mit-campus-in-manipal-to-be-tested-after-covid-19-outbreak-2278328.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=The New Indian Express |date=18 March 2021 }}</ref>

In the last week of May 2021, MIT released a revised schedule for the upcoming months which was criticised by students. On 8 June 2021, MIT cancelled the end-semester examinations and opted to prorate the marks based on previous semester performances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT students need not appear for end semester exam - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/mit-students-need-not-appear-for-end-semester-exam/articleshow/83338082.cms|access-date=2021-06-14|website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==


{{Further|List of alumni from Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni}}
* [[Ravi Bapna]], American data scientist and educator
* [[Pradeep Bhandari]] journalist
* [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajeev.in/about/|title=About {{!}} Rajeev Chandrasekhar|website=Rajeev Chandrasekhar|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-17}}</ref>
* [[Mirza Faizan]], CEO and founder of Avembsys Technologies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airportsinternational.com/2011/09/preventing-runway-incursions/ |title=Preventing Runway Incursions | Airports International | The Airport Industry online, the latest airport industry news |publisher=Airports International |date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>
* [[Shubhashish Jha]], Indian actor<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-06-28 |title=VIDEO: Actor Shubhashish Jha in an EXCLUSIVE conversation with INDIA TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/entertainment/actor-shubhashish-jha-in-an-exclusive-conversation-with-india-tv-715332 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Faizal Kottikollon]], entrepreneur and chairman of KEF Holdings
* [[Amit V. Masurkar]], (dropped out) Indian Film Writer and Screen Writer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-11 |title='Some of my favourite Ray films were premiered in Berlin' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/some-of-my-favourite-ray-films-were-premiered-in-berlin/articleshow/57100313.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}
</ref>
* [[Sandeep Mukherjee]], LA based artist
* [[M. G. George Muthoot]], billionaire businessman, Former Chairman of Muthoot Finance<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Muthoot Group- Unchanging Values in Changing Times… |url=https://www.muthootgroup.com/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.muthootgroup.com}}</ref>
* [[Satya Nadella]], CEO and Chairman of [[Microsoft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/nadella/default.aspx |title=Satya Nadella | News Center |publisher=Microsoft.com |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126085040/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/nadella/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-01-26 }}</ref>
* [[Parvati Nair]], Indian model, actress and television presenter
* [[Pankaj Oswal]], billionaire, chairman and sole founder of Burrup Holdings Limited.
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]], Indian producer, director, actress
* [[Amit Sarin]], Indian actor
* [[Arvind Sastry]], film director and screenwriter
* [[Mahesh Shahdadpuri]], CEO and founder of TASC Outsourcing
* [[Arun Shenoy]], [[Grammy Award|Grammy award]] nominated musician<ref>{{cite web|author=Banmali Agrawala |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=24911758&ticker=874401 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140302080157/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=24911758&ticker=874401 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2014 |title=Banmali Agrawala BE (Mech. Eng.): Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>
* [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]], politician
* [[Amardeep Singh]], researcher, photographer and filmmaker<ref>Amardeep Singh https://lostheritage.info/about/</ref>
* [[Rajeev Suri]], CEO of [[Inmarsat]] and former CEO of [[Nokia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Inmarsat hires Nokia executive as new CEO|url=https://spacenews.com/inmarsat-hires-nokia-executive-as-new-ceo/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=SpaceNews|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Anant J Talaulicar]], president and CEO, [[Cummins]] India Ltd<ref>{{cite web|author=Anant J. Talaulicar |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140302080248/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=9301223&ticker=CMI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2014 |title=Anant J. Talaulicar: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=2015-07-23}}</ref>
* [[H. V. K. Udupa]], scientist and former director of [[Central Electro Chemical Research Institute]]



==Notable faculty==
*[[K. P. Rao]] Known for Development of Kannada Keyboard and Kannada Computing
*[[R. K. Baliga]] Father of Electronics City - Bangalore

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|https://manipal.edu/mit.html}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipal Institute Of Technology}}
[[Category:Manipal Academy of Higher Education schools]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1957]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]

Hemchandra Bandyopadhyay

2026-03-14T16:27:50Z

JAFMargie385530: creating first data needs work

{{orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Short description|Bengali poet (1838–1903)}}{{Infobox person
| name = Hemchandra Bandyopadhyay
| native_name = হেমচন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Hem Chandra Banerji.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1838|04|17}}
| birth_place = Gulita Village, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[British India]] (now Gulita Village, [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1903|05|24|1838|04|17}}
| death_place = [[Kidderpore]], [[Calcutta]], [[British India]] (now [[Khidirpur]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| occupation = Poet, clerk, teacher, lawyer
}}
'''Hemchandra Bandyopadhyay''' ({{Langx|bn|হেমচন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|Hēmacandra bandyōpādhyāẏa}}, April 17, 1838 – May 24, 1903), also known as '''Hemchandra Banerjee''', was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] poet and lawyer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=Aminur |title=Banerjee, Hemachandra |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Banerjee,_Hemchandra |publisher=Banglapedia}}</ref>

Educated at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] and the [[University of Calcutta]], he worked in various roles including clerk, headmaster, and lawyer, and also served as a government pleader. His literary career began with the poetry collection ''Chintatarangini'' (1861). He is noted for the [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''Vrittasamhara'' (1875–1877). Influenced by [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], Bandyopadhyay addressed themes such as national identity in works including ''Bharat Sangeet''.

== Early life ==
Hemchandra Bandyopadhyay was born on April 17, 1838, in Gulita Village, near [[Rajbalhat]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - হাওয়াবদল{{!}} Anandabazar Patrika - Travelogue, Photography, Recipe, Cuisine, Travel News |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/travel/2013/april/apnar-chithi.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref> the eldest of four brothers and two sisters. His father, Kailashchandra Bandyopadhyay, faced financial difficulties. He was married to Anandamayi, the daughter of Rajchandra Chakraborty, a [[solicitor]] in the [[Kolkata]] court. Following the death of his grandfather, the family's situation worsened, leading to an interruption in his education at Khidirpur Bangla School in Kolkata. In 1853, Prasannakumar Sarvadhikari, principal of Kolkata Sanskrit College, helped him gain admission to the senior school division of [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]], where he was enrolled in the second standard. In 1855, he placed second in the Junior Scholarship Examination. That same year, he married Kamini Devi. In 1857, he placed fourth in the Senior Scholarship Examination. When the scholarship ended during his fourth year, he had to discontinue his studies.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[Bangla Academy]] |editor-last=Hossain |editor-first=Selina |publication-date=February 1997 |pages=442–443 |language=bn |script-title=bn:বাংলা একাডেমী চরিতাভিধান |trans-title=[[Bangla Academy Biographical Dictionary]] |editor-last2=Islam |editor-first2=Nurul}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1859, Hemchandra began working as a clerk in the Military Audit Office. He later became headmaster of the Calcutta Training Academy. After earning his LLB degree in 1861, he began practicing law at the [[Calcutta High Court]]. In 1862, he was appointed a ''Munsif'' (junior judicial officer), but returned to the High Court after a few months. He completed his Bachelor of Laws (B.L.) in 1866 and in April 1890 was appointed as a government pleader.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |publisher=Sahitya Sangsad |isbn=978-81-7955-135-6 |editor-last=Sengupta |editor-first=Subodh |volume=1 |publication-date=November 2013 |pages=873–874 |language=bn |script-title=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |trans-title=Sangsad Bengali Biographical Dictionary |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Anjali}}</ref>

== Poetry and literature ==
Hemchandra's first poetry collection, ''Chintatarangini'', was published in 1861. He is particularly known for ''Vrittasamhara'' (''The Slaying of Vritra''), issued in two volumes between 1875 and 1877.

In July 1872, his poem ''Bharat Sangeet'' (''The Song of India'') appeared in the ''Education Gazette''. Other works addressed subjects such as national identity, including ''Bharatbilap'' (''The Lament for India''), ''Kalachakra'' (''The Wheel of Time''), ''Ripan Utsav'' (''The Ripon Festival''), ''Bharater Nidravanga'' (''India's Awakening''), ''Ganga'' (''The Ganges''), and ''Janmabhumi'' (''The Motherland'').<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |publisher=Saptrishi Prakashan |isbn=978-93-8270-654-0 |editor-last=Chattopadhyay |editor-first=Abhik |location=[[Kolkata]] |publication-date=2019 |page=91 |language=bn |script-title=bn:হেমন্ত মুখোপাধ্যায় -আনন্দধারা |trans-title=Hemanta Mukhopadhyay - Anandadhara}}</ref>

His other works include:
* ''Birbahu'' (1864)
* ''Ashakanan'' (1876)
* ''Sangarupaka Kabya''
* ''Chhayamayi'' (1880)
* ''Bibidha Kavita'' (''Various Poems'', 1300 Bangla Year)
* ''Dash Mahavidya'' (''The Ten Great Wisdoms'', 1882)<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Rafiqul |publication-date=July 1990 |pages=451–452 |language=bn |script-title=bn:কবিতা সংগ্রহ |trans-title=Poetry Collection |editor-last2=Zafar |editor-first2=Mohammad Abu |editor-last3=Haque |editor-first3=Abul Kashem Fazlul |editor-link3=Abul Kashem Fazlul Haq}}</ref>

=== Short poems ===
* ''Jiban Sangeet'' (''The Song of Life'') – an adaptation of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's]] ''[[A Psalm of Life]]''
* ''Bharat Sangeet'' (''The Song of India'')
* ''Bharat Bilap'' (''The Lament for India'')
* ''Gangar Utpatti'' (''The Origin of the Ganges'')
* ''Padmer Mrinal'' (''The Lotus Stem'')
* ''Bharat Kahini'' (''The Tale of India'')
* ''Ashoktaru''
* ''Kulin Kanyaganer Akhep'' (''The Lament of Aristocratic Daughters'')

== Death ==
In his later years, Hemchandra lived in poverty and suffered from near blindness.<ref name=":1" /> He died on May 24, 1903, in [[Kidderpore|Khidirpur]], Kolkata.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Hemchandra}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali lawyers]]

Diocese of Bongaigaon

2026-03-12T23:55:44Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub - done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Assam, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Bongaigaon
|latin = Dioecesis Bongaigaonensis
|local = बोंगईगांव के सूबा
|country = India
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
|territory = Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Baksa, Chirang, Dhubri, Kokrajhar and Nalbari
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Christ, Light of the World Cathedral in [[Bongaigaon]]
|cocathedral =
|patron = Christ Light of the World
|parishes = 29
|area_km2 = 13,630
|population = 5,497,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 62,908
|catholics_percent= 1.1
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Thomas Pulloppillil]]
|metro_archbishop = John Moolachira
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://bongaigaondiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Bongaigaon''' ({{langx|la| Bongaigaonen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Bongaigaon]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]] in India.

== History ==
* 10 May 2000: Established as Diocese of Bongaigaon from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Guwahati

== Leadership ==
* [[Bishop]]s of Bongaigaon ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Thomas Pulloppillil (10 May 2000 – present)

== References ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bong0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbong.html Catholic Hierarchy]

{{coord|26.5017|N|90.5586|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bongaigaon}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Assam]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2000]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Assam]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

V. T. Balram

2026-03-10T16:27:37Z

JAFMargie385530: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. T. Balram
| native_name =
| image = File:V T Balram.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =

| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2011||}}
| term_end = {{End date|2021||}}
| predecessor = T. P. Kunjunni
| successor = [[M. B. Rajesh]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|05|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thrithala]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science]])}}|[[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Technology]])}}|[[Government Law College, Thrissur]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Laws]])}}|Department of Commerce & Management Studies, [[University of Calicut]] {{small|([[Master of Business Administration]])}}}}
| spouse = Anupama Balram
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| source = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/v_t_balram.htm
}}

'''V. T. Balram''' (born 21 May 1978) is an Indian politician from [[Kerala]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and vice-president of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]. He was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala constituency]] for two consecutive terms. Later he was defeated by [[M. B. Rajesh]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] by a vote margin of 3173.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly Election 2021, Thrithala profile: Firebrand Congress leader VT Balram won second term in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerala-assembly-election-2021-thrithala-profile-firebrand-congress-leader-vt-balram-won-second-term-in-2016-9367581.html |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UDF's Balram, who breached Left stronghold in Thrithala, confident of another victory |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/udf%E2%80%99s-balram-who-breached-left-stronghold-thrithala-confident-another-victory-42041 |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=22 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Balram was born to K. Sreenarayanan and V. T. Saraswathy on 21 May 1978, in Othalur near [[Thrithala]] in [[Pattambi]] taluk, [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]. He did his schooling from [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Palakkad|JNV Palakkad]] and [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya|JNV Jhalawar]].

He was at universities such as Union Councillor, [[Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur]] (1997) and [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] (2002); Senate Member, [[University of Calicut]] (1999–2000 and 2006–07); Editor, [[Kerala Students Union|KSU State Kalasala]] (2007–08); State Secretary, [[Indian Youth Congress]] (2009–10); State General Secretary, Indian Youth Congress (2010–13).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/v_t_balram.htm |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |website=www.niyamasabha.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216215120/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/v_t_balram.htm |archive-date=2012-02-16}}</ref>

He was elected a second time to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from the once communist bastion, [[Thrithala Assembly constituency|Thrithala]], at a time when his front, the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]], managed to win only 47 seats out of the total 140. In [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], Balram lost the election to Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Member]] of [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]] [[M. B. Rajesh]].

==Cultural and political image==
In 2016, he supported [[Amnesty International]] in the controversy against [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bangalorewishesh.com/378-news-headlines/41220-anti-national-slogans-at-amnesty-international-meet.html | title=Anti National slogans at Amnesty international meet | date=16 August 2016 | publisher=Bangalore Wishesh | author=Aravind | access-date=11 August 2019 | archive-date=22 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322151440/http://www.bangalorewishesh.com/378-news-headlines/41220-anti-national-slogans-at-amnesty-international-meet.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He has admitted his son to a government school and declared that he does not want to raise him in any religion or caste.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chauhan|first1=Chanchal|title=Kerala leaders VT Balram, MB Rajesh leave column blank in school forms, say their children have no default religion|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/kerala-leaders-vt-balram-mb-rajesh-leave-column-blank-in-school-forms-say-their-children-have-no-default-religion-2193657/|access-date=11 January 2018|work=India.com|date=2 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=My children have no default religion: 2 Kerala leaders refuse to fill in column in school form|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/my-children-have-no-default-religion-2-kerala-leaders-refuse-fill-column-school-form-62983|access-date=11 January 2018|work=The News Minute|date=1 June 2017}}</ref> He is noted for his strong opposition to [[Hindutva]] and economic reservation for forward castes implemented by the [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.madhyamam.com/kerala/not-economic-reservation-but-savarna-reservation-congress-mla-vt-balram-559854|title=Not economic reservation but savarna reservation: Congress MLA V T Balram|website=Madhyamam}}</ref> A vegetarian for 19 years, he protested against the [[Cow protection movement|beef ban]] in [[India]] by eating beef with his friends and shared the video on social media.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vegetarian for 19 years, Kerala Congress MLA VT Balram eats beef to lodge protest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/kerala-congress-mla-vt-balram-beef-protests-eating-beef-vegetarianism-bjp-849050-2017-06-02|access-date=11 January 2018|work=India Today|date=2 June 2017}}</ref>

He was mocked by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] sympathizers for taking a photograph with transgender activist [[Sheethal Shyam]] during a [[pride parade]], for which then [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Member]] [[M. B. Rajesh]] tendered an unconditional apology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/party-cadres-mock-transgender-activist-cpim-mp-apologises-53752|title=Party cadres mock transgender activist, CPI(M) MP apologises|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

In January 2018, he faced an attack for his unsavory comments in social media on the late communist leader [[A. K. Gopalan]], accusing him of child abuse for falling in love with a 11-year-old girl.<ref>{{cite news|title=CPI(M) workers hurl rotten eggs at Kerala Congress MLA V.T. Balram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/cpim-workers-hurl-rotten-eggs-at-kerala-congress-mla-vt-balram/article22410599.ece|access-date=11 January 2018|work=The Hindu|date=10 January 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.K.|first1=Nidheesh|title=Kerala Congress MLA attacked over controversial remarks on A.K.Gopalan|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/AqQfFAYRo2ubEFl6LwVG6H/Kerala-Congress-MLA-attacked-over-controversial-remarks-on-A.html|access-date=11 January 2018|work=livemint.com/|date=10 January 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balram, VT}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]

Sapno Ka Saudagar

2026-03-04T03:51:58Z

JAFMargie385530: edit

{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sapno Ka Saudagar
| image = Sapno Ka Saudagar.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Mahesh Kaul]]
| producer = B. Ananthaswami
| writer = M. Natesan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Hema Malini]] [[Tanuja]] [[Achala Sachdeva]] [[Durga Khote]]
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Sapno Ka Saudagar''''' ({{translation|The merchant of dreams}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Mahesh Kaul]] and produced by B. Ananthaswami. The film stars [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Tanuja]] and [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]. The film's music was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]].

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2020}}
This is the story of Thakur Raibahadur Harnaam Singh ([[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]]). The movie begins with a flashback from 18 years before, on a [[Diwali]] Night. Raibahadur has a year-old baby, who had been changed by a ''banjaran''. She was threatening him to treat her well and marry her, because Raibahadur had sexual relationship with a ''banjaran''. A man appears dressed in khakhi and a red tie and socks. He gives dreams to people suffering. He meets a ''banjaran'' girl, Mahi ([[Hema Malini]]) who falls in love with this guy, called Raj Kumar / Raju ([[Raj Kapoor]]).

In the meantime Raibahadur mistreats Ranjana ([[Tanuja]]), daughter of a ''banjaran'' and promises to her, that if nobody else does, he will marry her. Mahi feels insecure and tells villagers that she is pregnant by Raju. The ''panchayat'' tells him to marry her, but he refuses. Raibahadur comes and persuades villagers to hit Raju and Mahi. They begin and suddenly a ''banjaran'' comes in the scene and reveals the truth.

==Cast==
* [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Hema Malini]]
* [[Jayant (actor)]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]]
* [[Tanuja]]
* [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]]
* [[Achala Sachdeva]]
* [[Durga Khote]]
* [[Roopesh Kumar]]

== Production ==
''Sapno Ka Saudagar'' is [[Hema Malini]]'s first Hindi film. The title was suggested by B. Ananthaswami.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/854107/how-hema-malini-came-to-be-known-as-hindi-cinemas-dream-girl|title=How Hema Malini came to be known as Hindi cinema's 'Dream Girl'|first=Ram Kamal|last=Mukherjee|website=Scroll.in|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113130/https://scroll.in/reel/854107/how-hema-malini-came-to-be-known-as-hindi-cinemas-dream-girl|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar Jaikishan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Shankar-Jaikishan-Sapnon-Ka-Saudagar/master/798146|title=Shankar Jaikishan* - Sapnon Ka Saudagar|website=Discogs|access-date=1 September 2018|archive-date=1 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145431/https://www.discogs.com/Shankar-Jaikishan-Sapnon-Ka-Saudagar/master/798146|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
!Lyricist
|-
| 1
| "Tum Pyar Se Dekho"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]]
|[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| 2
| "Nadan Ki Dosti"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 3
| "Seekha Nahin Sabak Tune Pyar Ka"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 4
| "Sapnon Ka Saudagar Aaya"
| Mukesh
|Shailendra
|-
| 5
| "Woh Zindagi"
| Mukesh
|Shailendra
|-
| 6
| "Maar Doongi Chakkoo"
| Sharda
|[[S. H. Bihari]]
|}

==Reception==
The film was a commercial failure at the box office. In 1977, Kapoor told to ''[[India Today]]'' that he dislikes the film, he also criticised Kaul's direction, and that he acted in the film for money, because "like [[Orson Welles]], I had to act in bad films to make good ones myself".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Vir |title=Raj Kapoor: Sex as an art form |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19771115-raj-kapoor-sex-as-an-art-form-823468-2014-09-05 |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 November 1977 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705185357/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19771115-raj-kapoor-sex-as-an-art-form-823468-2014-09-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0232585|Sapno Ka Saudagar}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Algebra

2026-03-03T09:48:28Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{Short description|Branch of mathematics}}
{{About||the kind of algebraic structure|Algebra over a field|other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024 |cs1-dates=ly }}
{{multiple image
|perrow=1 / 1
|total_width=350
|image1=Polynomial2.svg
|alt1=Polynomial equation: 2x^2 + 4x - 6 = 0
|link1=Polynomial equation
|caption1=[[Elementary algebra]] studies which values solve equations formed using arithmetical operations.
|image2=Ring of integers2.svg
|alt2=Signature of the ring of integers
|link2=Ring of integers
|caption2=[[Abstract algebra]] studies [[algebraic structure]]s, such as the [[ring of integers]] given by the set of [[integer]]s <math>(\Z)</math> together with [[Algebraic operation|operations]] of [[addition]] ({{tmath|1= + }}) and [[multiplication]] ({{tmath|1= \times }}).
}}

'''Algebra''' is a branch of [[mathematics]] that deals with abstract systems, known as [[algebraic structures]], and the manipulation of [[Expression (mathematics)|expressions]] within those systems. It is a generalization of [[arithmetic]] that introduces [[Variable (mathematics)|variables]] and [[algebraic operation]]s other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as [[addition]] and [[multiplication]].

[[Elementary algebra]] is the main form of algebra taught in schools. It examines mathematical statements using variables for unspecified values and seeks to determine for which values the statements are true. To do so, it uses different methods of transforming equations to isolate variables. [[Linear algebra]] is a closely related field that investigates [[linear equation]]s and combinations of them called ''[[system of linear equations|systems of linear equations]]''. It provides methods to find the values that solve all equations in the system at the same time, and to study the set of these solutions.


[[Abstract algebra]] studies [[Algebraic structure|algebraic structures]], which consist of a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of [[mathematical objects]] together with one or several [[Operation (mathematics)|operations]] defined on that set. It is a generalization of elementary and linear algebra since it allows mathematical objects other than numbers and non-arithmetic operations. It distinguishes between different types of algebraic structures, such as [[Group (mathematics)|groups]], [[Ring (mathematics)|rings]], and [[Field (mathematics)|fields]], based on the number of operations they use and the laws they follow, called [[axioms]]. [[Universal algebra]] and [[category theory]] provide general frameworks to investigate abstract patterns that characterize different classes of algebraic structures.

Algebraic methods were first studied in the [[ancient period]] to solve specific problems in fields like [[geometry]]. Subsequent mathematicians examined general techniques to solve equations independent of their specific applications. They described equations and their solutions using words and abbreviations until the 16th and 17th centuries when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of equations]] to cover diverse types of algebraic operations and structures. Algebra is relevant to many branches of mathematics, such as geometry, [[topology]], [[number theory]], and [[calculus]], and other fields of inquiry, like [[logic]] and the [[empirical sciences]].

== Definition and etymology ==
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies [[algebraic structure]]s and the [[algebraic operations|operations]] they use.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}} }}</ref> An algebraic structure is a non-empty [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of [[mathematical object]]s, such as the [[integer]]s, together with algebraic operations defined on that set, like [[addition]] and [[multiplication]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fiche|Hebuterne|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqkckiuuXg8C&pg=PT326 326]}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}} }}</ref>{{efn|When understood in the widest sense, an algebraic operation is a [[function (mathematics)|function]] from a [[Cartesian product#n-ary Cartesian power|Cartesian power of a set into that set]], expressed formally as {{tmath|1= \omega: A^n \to A }}. The addition of real numbers is an example of an algebraic operation: it takes two numbers as input and produces one number as output. It has the form {{nowrap|<math>+: \R^2 \to \R</math>.<ref>{{harvnb|Baranovich|2023|loc=Lead section}}</ref>}}}} Algebra explores the laws, general characteristics, and types of algebraic structures. Within certain algebraic structures, it examines the use of [[Variable (mathematics)|variables]] in [[Algebraic equation|equations]] and how to manipulate these equations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 1. Elementary Algebra, § 2. Abstract Algebra, § 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} }}</ref>{{efn|Algebra is covered by division 512 in the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]]<ref>{{harvnb|Higham|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ferEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 296]}}</ref> and subclass QA 150{{hyphen}}272.5 in the [[Library of Congress Classification]].<ref>{{harvnb|Library of Congress|p=3}}</ref> It encompasses several areas in the [[Mathematics Subject Classification]].<ref>{{harvnb|zbMATH Open|2024}}</ref>}}

Algebra is often understood as a generalization of [[arithmetic]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Burgin|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}} }}</ref> Arithmetic studies operations like addition, [[subtraction]], multiplication, and [[Division (mathematics)|division]], in a particular domain of numbers, such as the real numbers.<ref name="auto1">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Romanowski|2008|pp=302–303}} | {{harvnb|HC Staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|MW Staff|2023}} | {{harvnb|Bukhshtab|Pechaev|2020}} }}</ref> [[Elementary algebra]] constitutes the first level of abstraction. Like arithmetic, it restricts itself to specific types of numbers and operations. It generalizes these operations by allowing indefinite quantities in the form of variables in addition to numbers.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=129–130}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Wagner|Kieran|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uW4ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225 225]}} }}</ref> A higher level of abstraction is found in [[abstract algebra]], which is not limited to a particular domain and examines algebraic structures such as [[Group (mathematics)|groups]] and [[Ring (mathematics)|rings]]. It extends beyond typical arithmetic operations by also covering other types of operations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Wagner|Kieran|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uW4ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225 225]}} }}</ref> Universal algebra is still more abstract in that it is not interested in specific algebraic structures but investigates the characteristics of algebraic structures in general.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Grillet|2007|p=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-71568-1_15 559]}} | {{harvnb|Denecke|Wismath|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2UlZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 xiii]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|upright=.8|thumb|alt=Title page of The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|The word ''algebra'' comes from the title of [[al-Khwarizmi]]'s book {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Jabr]]}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA11 11]}} | {{harvnb|OUP Staff}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=722}} }}</ref>]]

The term ''algebra'' is sometimes used in a more narrow sense to refer only to elementary algebra or only to abstract algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=46}} | {{harvnb|Walz|2016|loc=[https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/algebra/12062 Algebra]}} }}</ref> When used as a [[countable noun]], an algebra is [[algebra over a field|a specific type of algebraic structure]] that involves a [[vector space]] equipped with a certain type of binary operation, a [[bilinear map]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=46}} | {{harvnb|Brešar|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PkvPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR33 xxxiii]}} | {{harvnb|Golan|1995|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-8502-6_18 219–227]}} }}</ref> Depending on the context, "algebra" can also refer to other algebraic structures, like a [[Lie algebra]] or an [[associative algebra]].<ref>{{harvnb|EoM Staff|2017}}</ref>

The word ''algebra'' comes from the [[Arabic]] term {{lang|ar|الجبر}} ({{transliteration|ar|al-jabr}}), which originally referred to the surgical treatment of [[bonesetting]]. In the 9th century, the term received a mathematical meaning when Persian mathematician [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] employed it to name a method for transforming equations and used it in the title of his treatise {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Jabr|al-Kitāb al-Mukhtaṣar fī Ḥisāb al-Jabr wal-Muqābalah]]}} [''The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing''] which was translated into Latin as {{lang|la|Liber Algebrae et Almucabola}}.{{efn|The exact meaning of the term {{transliteration|ar|al-jabr}} in al-Khwarizmi's work is disputed. In some passages, it expresses that a quantity diminished by subtraction is restored to its original value, similar to how a bonesetter restores broken bones by bringing them into proper alignment.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Oaks|Alkhateeb|2007|pp=45–46, 58}} | {{harvnb|Gandz|1926|p=437}} }}</ref>}} The word entered the English language in the 16th century from [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and medieval [[Latin language|Latin]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&pg=PA11 11]}} | {{harvnb|OUP Staff}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=722}} | {{harvnb|Hoad|1993|p=10}} }}</ref> Initially, its meaning was restricted to the [[theory of equations]], that is, to the art of manipulating [[polynomial equations]] in view of solving them. This changed in the 19th century{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many of the older problems of algebra. For example, the proof of the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]] demonstrated the existence of complex solutions of polynomials<ref name="auto7">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=308}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra}} }}</ref> and the introduction of [[Galois theory]] characterized the polynomials that have [[solution in radicals|general solutions]].<ref name="auto2">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=314–345}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Galois Theory, § Applications of Group Theory}} }}</ref>}} when the scope of algebra broadened to cover the study of diverse types of algebraic operations and structures together with their underlying [[axiom]]s, the laws they follow.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Structural Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref>

== Major branches ==
=== Elementary algebra ===
{{main|Elementary algebra}}

[[File:algebraic equation notation.svg|thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of an algebraic expression|Algebraic expression notation:   1 – power (exponent)   2 – coefficient   3 – term   4 – operator   5 – constant term   <math>c</math> – constant   <math>x</math> <math>y</math> – variables]]

Elementary algebra, also called school algebra, college algebra, and classical algebra,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N2R9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} | {{harvnb|Benson|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nNbnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 111–112]}} }}</ref> is the oldest and most basic form of algebra. It is a generalization of [[arithmetic]] that relies on [[Variable (mathematics)|variables]] and examines how mathematical [[Statement (logic)|statements]] may be transformed.<ref name="auto4">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=129}} | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ 1. Historical Survey}} }}</ref>

Arithmetic is the study of numerical operations and investigates how numbers are combined and transformed using the arithmetic operations of [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]], [[Division (mathematics)|division]], [[exponentiation]], extraction of [[nth root|roots]], and [[logarithm]]. For example, the operation of addition combines two numbers, called the addends, into a third number, called the sum, as in {{nowrap|<math>2 + 5 = 7</math>.<ref name="auto1"/>}}

Elementary algebra relies on the same operations while allowing variables in addition to regular numbers. Variables are [[symbol]]s for unspecified or unknown quantities. They make it possible to state relationships for which one does not know the exact values and to express general laws that are true, independent of which numbers are used. For example, the [[equation]] <math>2 \times 3 = 3 \times 2</math> belongs to arithmetic and expresses an equality only for these specific numbers. By replacing the numbers with variables, it is possible to express a general law that applies to any possible combination of numbers, like the [[Commutative property|commutative property of multiplication]], which is expressed in the equation {{nowrap|<math>a \times b = b \times a</math>.<ref name="auto4"/>}}

[[Algebraic expression]]s are formed by using arithmetic operations to combine variables and numbers. By convention, the lowercase letters {{tmath|1= x }}, {{tmath|1= y }}, and <math>z</math> represent variables. In some cases, subscripts are added to distinguish variables, as in {{tmath|1= x_1 }}, {{tmath|1= x_2 }}, and {{tmath|1= x_3 }}. The lowercase letters {{tmath|1= a }}, {{tmath|1= b }}, and <math>c</math> are usually used for [[Constant (mathematics)|constants]] and [[coefficient]]s.{{efn|Constants represent fixed numbers that do not change during the study of a specific problem.<ref>{{harvnb|Sobolev|2015}}</ref>}} The expression <math>5x + 3</math> is an algebraic expression created by multiplying the number 5 with the variable <math>x</math> and adding the number 3 to the result. Other examples of algebraic expressions are <math>32xyz</math> and {{nowrap|<math>64x_1{}^2 + 7x_2 - c</math>.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=129–130}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=RA1-PA999 999]}} | {{harvnb|Majewski|2004|p=347}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Sorell|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EksSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref>}}

Some algebraic expressions take the form of statements that relate two expressions to one another. An equation is a statement formed by comparing two expressions, saying that they are equal. This can be expressed using the [[equals sign]] ({{tmath|1= = }}), as in {{tmath|1= 5x^2 + 6x = 3y + 4 }}. [[Inequation]]s involve a different type of comparison, saying that the two sides are different. This can be expressed using symbols such as the [[less-than sign]] ({{tmath|1= < }}), the [[greater-than sign]] ({{tmath|1= > }}), and the inequality sign ({{tmath|1= \neq }}). Unlike other expressions, statements can be true or false, and their [[truth value]] usually depends on the values of the variables. For example, the statement <math>x^2 = 4</math> is true if <math>x</math> is either 2 or −2 and false otherwise.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=129–130}} | {{harvnb|Tsokos|Wooten|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zu7HBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA451 451]}} | {{harvnb|Mishra|2016|p=1.2}} }}</ref> Equations with variables can be divided into identity equations and conditional equations. Identity equations are true for all values that can be assigned to the variables, such as the equation {{tmath|1= 2x + 5x = 7x }}. Conditional equations are only true for some values. For example, the equation <math>x + 4 = 9</math> is only true if <math>x</math> is 5.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Musser|Peterson|Burger|2013|p=16}} | {{harvnb|Goodman|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TvY7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} | {{harvnb|Williams|2022}} }}</ref>

The main goal of elementary algebra is to determine the values for which a statement is true. This can be achieved by transforming and manipulating statements according to certain rules. A key principle guiding this process is that whatever operation is applied to one side of an equation also needs to be done to the other side. For example, if one subtracts 5 from the left side of an equation one also needs to subtract 5 from the right side to balance both sides. The goal of these steps is usually to isolate the variable one is interested in on one side, a process known as [[Equation solving|solving the equation]] for that variable. For example, the equation <math>x - 7 = 4</math> can be solved for <math>x</math> by adding 7 to both sides, which isolates <math>x</math> on the left side and results in the equation {{tmath|1= x = 11 }}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=130}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|1986|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51–54]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1. Elementary Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ 1. Historical Survey}} }}</ref>

There are many other techniques used to solve equations. Simplification is employed to replace a complicated expression with an equivalent simpler one. For example, the expression <math>7x - 3x</math> can be replaced with the expression <math>4x</math> since <math>7x - 3x = (7-3)x = 4x</math> by the distributive property.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tan|Steeb|Hardy|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UDb0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 306]}} | {{harvnb|Lamagna|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8PSDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150]}} }}</ref> For statements with several variables, [[Substitution (logic)#Algebra|substitution]] is a common technique to replace one variable with an equivalent expression that does not use this variable. For example, if one knows that <math>y = 3x</math> then one can simplify the expression <math>7xy</math> to arrive at {{tmath|1= 21x^2 }}. In a similar way, if one knows the value of one variable one may be able to use it to determine the value of other variables.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving Systems of Algebraic Equations}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nI7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA386 386]}} | {{harvnb|McKeague|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sq7iBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 148]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Graph (y = 0.5x - 1).svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Graph of equation "y = 0.5x − 1"|Algebraic equations can be used to describe geometric figures. All values for <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> that solve the equation are interpreted as points. They are drawn as a red, upward-sloping line in the graph above.]]

Algebraic equations can be interpreted [[Geometry|geometrically]] to describe spatial figures in the form of a [[Graph of a function|graph]]. To do so, the different variables in the equation are understood as [[Cartesian coordinate system|coordinates]] and the values that solve the equation are interpreted as points of a graph. For example, if <math>x</math> is set to zero in the equation {{tmath|1= y=0.5x - 1 }}, then <math>y</math> must be −1 for the equation to be true. This means that the <math>(x, y)</math>-pair <math>(0, -1)</math> is part of the graph of the equation. The <math>(x, y)</math>-pair {{tmath|1= (0, 7) }}, by contrast, does not solve the equation and is therefore not part of the graph. The graph encompasses the totality of <math>(x, y)</math>-pairs that solve the equation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=130–131}} | {{harvnb|Rohde|Jain|Poddar|Ghosh|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vk2XbZpsBOwC&pg=PT89 89]}} | {{harvnb|Walz|2016|loc=[https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/mathematik/algebra/12062 Algebra]}}}}</ref>

==== Polynomials ====
{{main|Polynomial}}

A polynomial is an expression consisting of one or more terms that are added or subtracted from each other, like {{tmath|1= x^4+3xy^2+5x^3-1 }}. Each term is either a constant, a variable, or a product of a constant and variables. Each variable can be raised to a positive integer power. A monomial is a polynomial with one term while two- and three-term polynomials are called binomials and trinomials. The [[degree of a polynomial]] is the maximal value (among its terms) of the sum of the exponents of the variables (4 in the above example).<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bracken|Miller|2014|pp=386–387}} | {{harvnb|Kaufmann|Schwitters|2011|p=220}} | {{harvnb|Markushevich|2015}} }}</ref> Polynomials of degree one are called ''linear polynomials''. Linear algebra studies systems of linear polynomials.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sahai|Bist|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yjkgNYfApj4C&pg=PA21 21]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Barrera-Mora|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmu8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix, 1–2]}} }}</ref> A polynomial is said to be ''univariate'' or ''multivariate'', depending on whether it uses one or more variables.<ref>{{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA46 46]}}</ref>

[[Factorization]] is a method used to simplify polynomials, making it easier to analyze them and determine the values for which they [[Zero of a function|evaluate to zero]]. Factorization consists of rewriting a polynomial as a product of several factors. For example, the polynomial <math>x^2 - 3x - 10</math> can be factorized as {{tmath|1= (x + 2)(x - 5) }}. The polynomial as a whole is zero if and only if one of its factors is zero, i.e., if <math>x</math> is either −2 or 5.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lukas|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1-dvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47–49]}} | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Algebraic Expressions, § Solving Algebraic Equations}} }}</ref> Before the 19th century, much of algebra was devoted to [[polynomial equation]]s, that is [[equation]]s obtained by equating a polynomial to zero. The first attempts for solving polynomial equations were to express the solutions in terms of [[nth root|{{mvar|n}}th roots]]. The solution of a second-degree polynomial equation of the form <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math> is given by the [[quadratic formula]]<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving algebraic equations}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Classical algebra}} }}</ref>
<math display="block">x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt {b^2-4ac\ }}{2a}.</math>

Solutions for the degrees 3 and 4 are given by the [[cubic formula|cubic]] and [[quartic formula|quartic]] formulas. There are no general solutions for higher degrees, as proven in the 19th century by the [[Abel–Ruffini theorem]].<ref name="auto3"/> Even when general solutions do not exist, approximate solutions can be found by numerical tools like the [[Newton–Raphson method]].<ref>{{harvnb|Igarashi|Altman|Funada|Kamiyama|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=58ySAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103]}}</ref>

The [[fundamental theorem of algebra]] asserts that every univariate polynomial equation of positive degree with [[real number|real]] or [[complex number|complex]] coefficients has at least one complex solution. Consequently, every polynomial of a positive degree can be [[polynomial factorization|factorized]] into linear polynomials. This theorem was proved at the beginning of the 19th century, but this does not close the problem since the theorem does not provide any way for computing the solutions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berggren|2015|loc=§ Solving algebraic equations}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=308}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra}} }}</ref>

=== Linear algebra ===
{{main|Linear algebra}}

Linear algebra starts with the study of [[System of linear equations|systems of linear equations]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Barrera-Mora|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xmu8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix, 1–2], }} }}</ref> An [[Linear equation|equation is linear]] if it can be expressed in the form {{tmath|1= a_1x_1 + a_2x_2 + ... + a_nx_n = b}}, where {{tmath|1= a_1 }}, {{tmath|1= a_2 }}, ..., <math>a_n</math> and <math>b</math> are constants. Examples are <math>x_1 - 7x_2 + 3x_3 = 0</math> and {{tmath|1= \textstyle \frac{1}{4} x - y = 4 }}. A ''system of linear equations'' is a set of linear equations for which one is interested in common solutions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=2–3}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Voitsekhovskii|2011}} }}</ref>

[[Matrix (mathematics)|Matrices]] are rectangular arrays of values that have been originally introduced for having a compact and synthetic notation for systems of linear equations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Saikia|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KhM7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Lal|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FwPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}} | {{harvnb|Mirakhor|Krichene|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G6XNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT107 107]}} }}</ref> For example, the system of equations
<math display="block"> \begin{align}
9x_1 + 3x_2 - 13x_3 &= 0 \\
2.3x_1 + 7x_3 &= 9 \\
-5x_1 - 17x_2 &= -3
\end{align}
</math>
can be written as
<math display="block">AX=B,</math>
where {{tmath|1= A }}, <math>X</math> and <math>B</math> are the matrices
<math display="block">A=\begin{bmatrix}9 & 3 & -13 \\ 2.3 & 0 & 7 \\ -5 & -17 & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad X= \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{bmatrix},\quad B = \begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 9 \\ -3 \end{bmatrix}.</math>

Under some conditions on the number of rows and columns, matrices can be [[matrix addition|added]], [[matrix multiplication|multiplied]], and sometimes [[inverse matrix|inverted]]. All methods for solving linear systems may be expressed as matrix manipulations using these operations. For example, solving the above system consists of computing an inverted matrix <math>A^{-1}</math> such that <math>A^{-1}A = I,</math> where <math>I</math> is the [[identity matrix]]. Then, multiplying on the left both members of the above matrix equation by <math>A^{-1},</math> one gets the solution of the system of linear equations as<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Brown|2015|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=POlVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30–31]}} | {{harvnb|Waerden|2003|pp=70–72}} }}</ref>
<math display="block">X=A^{-1}B.</math>

Methods of solving systems of linear equations range from the introductory, like substitution<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Young|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA697 697–698]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Sullivan|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NKaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53–54]}} }}</ref> and elimination,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Sullivan|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NKaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 55–56]}} | {{harvnb|Atanasiu|Mikusinski|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VbySDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 75]}}}}</ref> to more advanced techniques using matrices, such as [[Cramer's rule]], the [[Gaussian elimination]], and [[LU decomposition]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=7–8, 11, 491}} }}</ref> Some systems of equations are [[Consistent and inconsistent equations|inconsistent]], meaning that no solutions exist because the equations contradict each other.<ref name="auto10">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–7}} | {{harvnb|Mortensen|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYDrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 73–74]}} | {{harvnb|Young|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA714 714–715]}} }}</ref>{{efn|For example, the equations <math>x_1 - 3x_2 = 0</math> and <math>x_1 - 3x_2 = 7</math> contradict each other since no values of <math>x_1</math> and <math>x_2</math> exist that solve both equations at the same time.<ref name="auto10"/>}} Consistent systems have either one unique solution or an infinite number of solutions.<ref name="auto11">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=131}} | {{harvnb|Harrison|Waldron|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_sisAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT464 464]}} | {{harvnb|Anton|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neYGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 255]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Whether a consistent system of equations has a unique solution depends on the number of variables and [[independent equation]]s. Several equations are independent of each other if they do not provide the same information and cannot be derived from each other. A unique solution exists if the number of variables is the same as the number of independent equations. [[Underdetermined system]]s, by contrast, have more variables than independent equations and have an infinite number of solutions if they are consistent.<ref name="auto11"/>}}

The study of [[vector space]]s and [[linear map]]s form a large part of linear algebra. A vector space is an algebraic structure formed by a set with an addition that makes it an [[abelian group]] and a [[scalar multiplication]] that is compatible with addition (see [[vector space]] for details). A linear map is a function between vector spaces that is compatible with addition and scalar multiplication. In the case of [[finite-dimensional vector space]]s, vectors and linear maps can be represented by matrices. It follows that the theories of matrices and finite-dimensional vector spaces are essentially the same. In particular, vector spaces provide a third way for expressing and manipulating systems of linear equations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Valenza|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7x8MCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 vii]}} | {{harvnb|Chahal|2018|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BGR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 § 1.1 What is Linear Algebra?]}} | {{harvnb|Solomon|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpvSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57–58, 61–62]}} | {{harvnb|Ricardo|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s7bMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 389]}} }}</ref> From this perspective, a matrix is a representation of a linear map: if one chooses a particular [[Basis (linear algebra)|basis]] to describe the vectors being transformed, then the entries in the matrix give the results of applying the linear map to the basis vectors.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Solomon|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpvSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57]}} | {{harvnb|Ricardo|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s7bMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 395–396]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Linear Function Graph.svg|thumb|alt=Graph of two linear equations|Linear equations with two variables can be interpreted geometrically as lines. The solution of a system of linear equations is where the lines intersect.]]

Systems of equations can be interpreted as geometric figures. For systems with two variables, each equation represents a [[Line (geometry)|line]] in [[two-dimensional space]]. The point where the two lines intersect is the solution of the full system because this is the only point that solves both the first and the second equation. For inconsistent systems, the two lines run parallel, meaning that there is no solution since they never intersect. If two equations are not independent then they describe the same line, meaning that every solution of one equation is also a solution of the other equation. These relations make it possible to seek solutions graphically by plotting the equations and determining where they intersect.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–5}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA696 696–697]}} | {{harvnb|Sneyd|Fewster|McGillivray|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zqd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 211]}} }}</ref> The same principles also apply to systems of equations with more variables, with the difference being that the equations do not describe lines but higher dimensional figures. For instance, equations with three variables correspond to [[Plane (mathematics)|planes]] in [[three-dimensional space]], and the points where all planes intersect solve the system of equations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2013|pp=3–5}} | {{harvnb|Young|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HRLAn326zEC&pg=PA713 713]}} | {{harvnb|Sneyd|Fewster|McGillivray|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zqd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 211]}} }}</ref>

=== Abstract algebra ===
{{main|Abstract algebra}}

Abstract algebra, also called modern algebra,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Dominich|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEedNKV3nlUC&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref> is the study of [[algebraic structures]]. An algebraic structure is a framework for understanding [[Operation (mathematics)|operations]] on [[mathematical object]]s, like the addition of numbers. While elementary algebra and linear algebra work within the confines of particular algebraic structures, abstract algebra takes a more general approach that compares how algebraic structures differ from each other and what types of algebraic structures there are, such as [[Group (mathematics)|groups]], [[Ring (mathematics)|rings]], and [[Field (mathematics)|fields]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA1 1–3]}} | {{harvnb|Dominich|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uEedNKV3nlUC&pg=PA19 19]}} }}</ref> The key difference between these types of algebraic structures lies in the number of operations they use and the laws they obey.<ref name="auto9"/> In [[mathematics education]], abstract algebra refers to an advanced [[undergraduate]] course that mathematics majors take after completing courses in linear algebra.<ref>{{harvnb|Hausberger|2020|loc=Abstract Algebra Teaching and Learning}}</ref>

[[File:Binary operations as black box.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of binary operation|Many algebraic structures rely on binary operations, which take two objects as their input and combine them into a single object as output, like addition and multiplication do.]]

On a formal level, an algebraic structure is a [[Set (mathematics)|set]]{{efn|A set is an unordered collection of distinct elements, such as numbers, vectors, or other sets. [[Set theory]] describes the laws and properties of sets.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=460}} | {{harvnb|Murthy|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CBc8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 1.3]}} }}</ref>}} of mathematical objects, called the underlying set, together with one or several operations.{{efn|According to some definitions, algebraic structures include a distinguished element as an additional component, such as the identity element in the case of multiplication.<ref name="auto5">{{harvnb|Ovchinnikov|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UMbXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27]}}</ref>}} Abstract algebra is primarily interested in [[binary operation]]s,{{efn|Some of the algebraic structures studied by abstract algebra include [[unary operation]]s in addition to binary operations. For example, [[normed vector space]]s have a [[Norm (mathematics)|norm]], which is a unary operation often used to associate a vector with its length.<ref>{{harvnb|Grillet|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LJtyhu8-xYwC&pg=PA247 247]}}</ref>}} which take any two objects from the underlying set as inputs and map them to another object from this set as output.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Whitelaw|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=f2hyf0QoB_0C&pg=PA61 61]}} | {{harvnb|Nicholson|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w-GaLpapRcEC&pg=PA70 70]}} | {{harvnb|Fiche|Hebuterne|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqkckiuuXg8C&pg=PT326 326]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} }}</ref> For example, the algebraic structure <math>\langle \N, + \rangle</math> has the [[natural numbers]] ({{tmath|1= \N }}) as the underlying set and addition ({{tmath|1= + }}) as its binary operation.<ref name="auto5"/> The underlying set can contain mathematical objects other than numbers, and the operations are not restricted to regular arithmetic operations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} }}</ref> For instance, the underlying set of the [[symmetry group]] of a geometric object is made up of [[geometric transformation]]s, such as [[rotation]]s, under which the object remains [[Invariant (mathematics)|unchanged]]. Its binary operation is [[function composition]], which takes two transformations as input and has the transformation resulting from applying the first transformation followed by the second as its output.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Olver|1999|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlHYhNRAqEC&pg=PA55 55–56]}} | {{harvnb|Abas|Salman|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5snsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59]}} | {{harvnb|Häberle|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=McvSa-cFZCMC&pg=PA640 640]}} }}</ref>

==== Group theory ====
{{main|Group theory}}
Abstract algebra classifies algebraic structures based on the laws or [[axiom]]s that its operations obey and the number of operations it uses. One of the most basic types is a group, which has one operation and requires that this operation is [[Associative property|associative]] and has an [[identity element]] and [[inverse element]]s. An operation is associative if the order of several applications does not matter, i.e., if {{nowrap|<math>(a \circ b) \circ c</math>{{efn|The symbols <math>\circ</math> and <math>\star</math> are used in this article to represent any operation that may or may not resemble arithmetic operations.<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|Nicholson|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=paINAXYHN8kC&pg=PA4 4]}}</ref>}}}} is the same as <math>a \circ (b \circ c)</math> for all elements. An operation has an identity element or a neutral element if one element ''e'' exists that does not change the value of any other element, i.e., if {{tmath|1= a \circ e = e \circ a = a }}. An operation has inverse elements if for any element <math>a</math> there exists a reciprocal element <math>a^{-1}</math> that undoes {{tmath|1= a }}. If an element operates on its inverse then the result is the neutral element ''e'', expressed formally as {{tmath|1= a \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ a = e }}. Every algebraic structure that fulfills these requirements is a group.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kargapolov|Merzlyakov|2016|loc=§ Definition}} | {{harvnb|Khattar|Agrawal|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-nIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–6]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 258]}} }}</ref> For example, <math>\langle \Z, + \rangle</math> is a group formed by the set of [[integers]] together with the operation of addition. The neutral element is 0 and the inverse element of any number <math>a</math> is {{nowrap|<math>-a</math>.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Khattar|Agrawal|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-nIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6–7]}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|pp=131–132}} | {{harvnb|Adhikari|Adhikari|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lBO7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72]}}}}</ref>}} The natural numbers with addition, by contrast, do not form a group since they contain only positive integers and therefore lack inverse elements.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|McWeeny|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x3fjIXY93TsC&pg=PA6 6]}} | {{harvnb|Kramer|Pippich|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nvM-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}} }}</ref>

[[Group theory]] examines the nature of groups, with basic theorems such as the [[fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups]] and the [[Feit–Thompson theorem]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=242}} | {{harvnb|Bhattacharya|Jain|Nagpaul|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQ8e0b48swC&pg=PA141 141]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=D_XKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1020 1020]}} }}</ref> The latter was a key early step in one of the most important mathematical achievements of the 20th century: the collaborative effort, taking up more than 10,000 journal pages and mostly published between 1960 and 2004, that culminated in a complete [[classification of finite simple groups]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Elwes|2006}} | {{harvnb|Wilson|2009|p=2}} }}</ref>

==== Ring theory and field theory ====
{{main|Ring theory|Field (mathematics)}}
A ring is an algebraic structure with two operations that work similarly to the addition and multiplication of numbers and are named and generally denoted similarly. A ring is a [[commutative group]] under addition: the addition of the ring is associative, commutative, and has an identity element and inverse elements. The multiplication is associative and [[distributivity|distributive]] with respect to addition; that is, <math>a (b + c) = a b + a c</math> and <math>(b + c) a = b a + c a.</math> Moreover, multiplication is associative and has an [[identity element]] generally denoted as {{math|1}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|p=2579}} | {{harvnb|Maxwell|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yD0irRUE_u4C&pg=PA73 73–74]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 2.3 Rings}} }}</ref>{{efn|Some authors do not require the existence of multiplicative identity elements. A ring without multiplicative identity is sometimes called a {{not a typo|[[rng (algebra)|rng]].}}<ref>{{harvnb|Silverman|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}}</ref>}} Multiplication needs not to be commutative; if it is commutative, one has a [[commutative ring]].<ref>{{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA24 24]}}</ref> The [[ring of integers]] ({{tmath|1= \Z }}) is one of the simplest commutative rings.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MXu9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}}</ref>

A ''[[field (mathematics)|field]]'' is a commutative ring such that {{tmath|1\ne 0}}{{efn|This means that multiplication and addition use different identity elements.<ref>{{harvnb|Moh|1992|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=maK3sbTVhsoC&pg=PA102 102–103]}}</ref>}} and each nonzero element has a [[multiplicative inverse]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Geddes|Czapor|Labahn|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fOUwkkRxT4C&pg=PA24 24]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=1047, 2579}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 2.4 Fields}} }}</ref> The ring of integers does not form a field because it lacks multiplicative inverses. For example, the multiplicative inverse of <math>7</math> is {{tmath|1= \tfrac{1}{7} }}, which is not an integer. The [[rational numbers]], the [[real numbers]], and the [[complex numbers]] each form a field with the operations of addition and multiplication.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Irving|2004|pp=77, 236}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=1047, 2579}} | {{harvnb|Hohn|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9XlFu4XQ6nUC&pg=PA83 83–84]}} }}</ref>

[[Ring theory]] is the study of rings, exploring concepts such as [[subring]]s, [[quotient ring]]s, [[polynomial ring]]s, and [[Ideal (ring theory)|ideals]] as well as theorems such as [[Hilbert's basis theorem]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Serovajsky|2020|loc=§ Room 4B.5 Rings}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA63 63]}} | {{harvnb|Kline|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YaBuGcmLb0C&pg=PA1153 1153]}} }}</ref> Field theory is concerned with fields, examining [[field extension]]s, [[algebraic closure]]s, and [[finite fields]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2003|pp=110–114, 231, 246}} | {{harvnb|Karpilovsky|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-2WR0fw9gLMC&pg=PA45 45]}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA63 63]}} }}</ref> [[Galois theory]] explores the relation between field theory and group theory, relying on the [[fundamental theorem of Galois theory]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lang|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fge-BwqhqIYC&pg=PA261 261–262]}} | {{harvnb|Cox|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vBKrOch1AkYC&pg=PA161 161–162]}} }}</ref>

==== Theories of interrelations among structures ====

[[File:Magma to group2.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of relations between some algebraic structures|Diagram of relations between some algebraic structures. For instance, its top right section shows that a [[Magma (algebra)|magma]] becomes a [[semigroup]] if its operation is associative.]]

Besides groups, rings, and fields, there are many other algebraic structures studied by algebra. They include [[Magma (algebra)|magmas]], [[semigroup]]s, [[monoid]]s, [[abelian group]]s, [[commutative ring]]s, [[Module (mathematics)|modules]], [[Lattice (order)|lattices]], [[vector space]]s, [[Algebra over a field|algebras over a field]], and [[associative]] and [[non-associative algebras]]. They differ from each other regarding the types of objects they describe and the requirements that their operations fulfill. Many are related to each other in that a basic structure can be turned into a more specialized structure by adding constraints.<ref name="auto9">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=Lead section, § 2. Abstract Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=The Subject Matter of Algebra, Its Principal Branches and Its Connection with Other Branches of Mathematics.}} | {{harvnb|Bourbaki|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=STS9aZ6F204C&pg=PA428 428–430, 446]}} }}</ref> For example, a magma becomes a semigroup if its operation is associative.<ref>{{harvnb|Cooper|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fybzl6QB62gC&pg=PA60 60]}}</ref>

[[Homomorphism]]s are tools to examine structural features by comparing two algebraic structures.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rowen|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=34}} }}</ref> A homomorphism is a function from the underlying set of one algebraic structure to the underlying set of another algebraic structure that preserves certain structural characteristics. If the two algebraic structures use binary operations and have the form <math>\langle A, \circ \rangle</math> and <math>\langle B, \star \rangle</math> then the function <math>h: A \to B</math> is a homomorphism if it fulfills the following requirement: {{tmath|1= h(x \circ y) = h(x) \star h(y) }}. The existence of a homomorphism reveals that the operation <math>\star</math> in the second algebraic structure plays the same role as the operation <math>\circ</math> does in the first algebraic structure.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Rowen|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AhEPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA27 27–28]}} | {{harvnb|Adhikari|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MIAXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5–6]}} }}</ref> [[Isomorphisms]] are a special type of homomorphism that indicates a high degree of similarity between two algebraic structures. An isomorphism is a [[bijective]] homomorphism, meaning that it establishes a one-to-one relationship between the elements of the two algebraic structures. This implies that every element of the first algebraic structure is mapped to one unique element in the second structure without any unmapped elements in the second structure.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278 278–279]}} | {{harvnb|Ivanova|Smirnov|2012}} | {{harvnb|Deo|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 295]}} | {{harvnb|Ono|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SR2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}}}}</ref>

[[File:Venn A subset B.svg|thumb|alt=Venn diagram of a set and its subset|[[Subalgebra]]s restrict their operations to a subset of the underlying set of the original algebraic structure.]]

Another tool of comparison is the relation between an algebraic structure and its [[Subalgebra#Subalgebras in universal algebra|subalgebra]].<ref name="auto8">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Indurkhya|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=foTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 217–218]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.3 Birkhoff's Theorem}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=34}} }}</ref> The algebraic structure and its subalgebra use the same operations,{{efn|According to some definitions, it is also possible for a subalgebra to have fewer operations.<ref name="auto6">{{harvnb|Indurkhya|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=foTrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 217–218]}}</ref>}} which follow the same axioms. The only difference is that the underlying set of the subalgebra is a subset of the underlying set of the algebraic structure.{{efn|This means that all the elements of the first set are also elements of the second set but the second set may contain elements not found in the first set.<ref>{{harvnb|Efimov|2014}}</ref>}} All operations in the subalgebra are required to be [[Closure (mathematics)|closed]] in its underlying set, meaning that they only produce elements that belong to this set.<ref name="auto8"/> For example, the set of [[Parity (mathematics)|even integers]] together with addition is a subalgebra of the full set of integers together with addition. This is the case because the sum of two even numbers is again an even number. But the set of odd integers together with addition is not a subalgebra because it is not closed: adding two odd numbers produces an even number, which is not part of the chosen subset.<ref name="auto6"/>

[[Universal algebra]] is the study of algebraic structures in general. As part of its general perspective, it is not concerned with the specific elements that make up the underlying sets and considers operations with more than two inputs, such as [[ternary operation]]s. It provides a framework for investigating what structural features different algebraic structures have in common.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR13 xiii]}} }}</ref>{{efn|A slightly different approach understands universal algebra as the study of one type of algebraic structures known as universal algebras. Universal algebras are defined in a general manner to include most other algebraic structures. For example, groups and rings are special types of universal algebras.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Smirnov|2020}} | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Bahturin|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8RbvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 346]}} }}</ref>}} One of those structural features concerns the [[Identity (mathematics)#Logic and universal algebra|identities]] that are true in different algebraic structures. In this context, an identity is a [[Universal quantification|universal]] equation or an equation that is true for all elements of the underlying set. For example, commutativity is a universal equation that states that <math>a \circ b</math> is identical to <math>b \circ a</math> for all elements.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3.2 Equational Logic}} | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} }}</ref> A [[Variety (universal algebra)|variety]] is a class of all algebraic structures that satisfy certain identities. For example, if two algebraic structures satisfy commutativity then they are both part of the corresponding variety.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} | {{harvnb|Cohn|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6tbuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 162]}} | {{harvnb|Rosen|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-oVvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA779 779]}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA406 406]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Not every type of algebraic structure forms a variety. For example, both groups and rings form varieties but fields do not.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohn|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u-4ADgUgpSMC&pg=PA8 8]}}</ref>}}{{efn|Besides identities, universal algebra is also interested in structural features associated with [[quasi-identity|quasi-identities]]. A quasi-identity is an identity that only needs to be present under certain conditions (which take the form of a [[Horn clause]]<ref>{{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|p=211}}</ref>). It is a generalization of identity in the sense that every identity is a quasi-identity but not every quasi-identity is an identity. A [[quasivariety]] is a class of all algebraic structures that satisfy certain quasi-identities.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mal’cev|1973|pp=210–211}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Artamonov|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sLDGY4Hk8V0C&pg=PA873 873]}} }}</ref>}}

[[Category theory]] examines how mathematical objects are related to each other using the concept of [[Category (mathematics)|categories]]. A category is a collection of objects together with a collection of [[morphisms]] or "arrows" between those objects. These two collections must satisfy certain conditions. For example, morphisms can be joined, or ''composed'': if there exists a morphism from object <math>a</math> to object {{tmath|1= b }}, and another morphism from object <math>b</math> to object {{tmath|1= c }}, then there must also exist one from object <math>a</math> to object {{tmath|1= c }}. Composition of morphisms is required to be associative, and there must be an "identity morphism" for every object.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=347–348}} | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA6 6, 165]}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2023|p=102}} }}</ref> Categories are widely used in contemporary mathematics since they provide a unifying framework to describe and analyze many fundamental mathematical concepts. For example, sets can be described with the [[category of sets]], and any group can be regarded as the morphisms of a category with just one object.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA6 6, 165]}} | {{harvnb|Borceux|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YfzImoopB-IC&pg=PA20 20]}} | {{harvnb|Laos|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1r7dSn4ZqogC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2023|pp=128–131}} }}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of algebra|Timeline of algebra}}

[[File:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.jpg|thumb|alt=Rhind Papyrus|The [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]] from [[ancient Egypt]], dated {{circa|1650 BCE}}, is one of the earliest documents discussing algebraic problems.]]

The origin of algebra lies in attempts to solve mathematical problems involving arithmetic calculations and unknown quantities. These developments happened in the ancient period in [[Babylonia]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient China|China]], and [[Ancient India|India]]. One of the earliest documents on algebraic problems is the [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]] from ancient Egypt, which was written around 1650 BCE.{{efn|The exact date is disputed and some historians suggest a later date around 1550 BCE.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Problem-Solving in Egypt and Babylon}} | {{harvnb|Brezinski|Meurant|Redivo-Zaglia|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4IGhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 34]}} }}</ref>}} It discusses solutions to [[linear equations]], as expressed in problems like "A quantity; its fourth is added to it. It becomes fifteen. What is the quantity?" Babylonian clay tablets from around the same time explain methods to solve linear and [[Quadratic equation|quadratic polynomial equations]], such as the method of [[completing the square]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=9}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=290}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Problem Solving in Egypt and Babylon}} }}</ref>

Many of these insights found their way to the ancient Greeks. Starting in the 6th century BCE, their main interest was geometry rather than algebra, but they employed algebraic methods to solve geometric problems. For example, they studied geometric figures while taking their lengths and areas as unknown quantities to be determined, as exemplified in [[Pythagoras]]' formulation of the [[difference of two squares]] method and later in [[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=9}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=290}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Pythagoreans and Euclid}} }}</ref> In the 3rd century CE, [[Diophantus]] provided a detailed treatment of how to solve algebraic equations in a series of books called ''[[Arithmetica]]''. He was the first to experiment with symbolic notation to express polynomials.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Sialaros|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 55]}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Diophantus}} }}</ref> Diophantus's work influenced Arab development of algebra with many of his methods reflected in the concepts and techniques used in medieval Arabic algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hettle|2015|pp=139–141, 160–161}} | {{harvnb|Christianidis|Megremi|2019|pp=16–17}} }}</ref> In ancient China, ''[[The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art]]'', a book composed over the period spanning from the 10th century BCE to the 2nd century CE,<ref>{{harvnb|Burgin|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rWF2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]}}</ref> explored various techniques for solving algebraic equations, including the use of matrix-like constructs.<ref>{{harvnb|Higgins|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QANiCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 89]}}</ref>

There is no unanimity of opinion as to whether these early developments are part of algebra or only precursors. They offered solutions to algebraic problems but did not conceive them in an abstract and general manner, focusing instead on specific cases and applications.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=290–291}} | {{harvnb|Sialaros|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2PZYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 55]}} | {{harvnb|Boyer|Merzbach|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} | {{harvnb|Derbyshire|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLqaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 31]}} }}</ref> This changed with the Persian mathematician [[al-Khwarizmi]],{{efn|Some historians consider him the "father of algebra" while others reserve this title for Diophantus.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Boyer|Merzbach|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bR9HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} | {{harvnb|Derbyshire|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mLqaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]}} }}</ref> }} who published his ''[[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]]'' in 825 CE. It presents the first detailed treatment of general methods that can be used to manipulate linear and quadratic equations by "reducing" and "balancing" both sides.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=291–293}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} }}</ref> Other influential contributions to algebra came from the Arab mathematician [[Thābit ibn Qurra]] also in the 9th century and the Persian mathematician [[Omar Khayyam]] in the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2013|pp=3, 15–16, 24–25}} | {{harvnb|Jenkins|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 82]}} | {{harvnb|Pickover|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JrslMKTgSZwC&pg=PA90 90]}} }}</ref>

In India, [[Brahmagupta]] investigated how to solve quadratic equations and systems of equations with several variables in the 7th century CE. Among his innovations were the use of zero and negative numbers in algebraic equations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|pp=9–10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ The Equation in India and China}} }}</ref> The Indian mathematicians [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahāvīra]] in the 9th century and [[Bhāskara II]] in the 12th century further refined Brahmagupta's methods and concepts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Seshadri|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w_JdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 156]}} | {{harvnb|Emch|Sridharan|Srinivas|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}} }}</ref> In 1247, the Chinese mathematician [[Qin Jiushao]] wrote the ''[[Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections]]'', which includes [[Horner's method|an algorithm]] for the [[Polynomial evaluation|numerical evaluation of polynomials]], including polynomials of higher degrees.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Smorynski|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qY657eFq7UgC&pg=PA137 137]}} | {{harvnb|Zwillinger|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gE_MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA812 812]}} }}</ref>

{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=350
|image1=Francois Viete.jpeg
|alt1=Drawing of François Viète
|image2=Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes (cropped).jpg
|alt2=Painting of René Descartes
|footer=[[François Viète]] (left) and [[René Descartes]] invented a symbolic notation to express equations in an abstract and concise manner.
}}

The Italian mathematician [[Fibonacci]] brought al-Khwarizmi's ideas and techniques to Europe in books including his ''[[Liber Abaci]]''.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Waerden|2013|pp=32–35}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=293}} }}</ref> In 1545, the Italian polymath [[Gerolamo Cardano]] published his book ''[[Ars Magna (Cardano book)|Ars Magna]]'', which covered many topics in algebra, discussed [[imaginary numbers]], and was the first to present general methods for solving [[Cubic equation|cubic]] and [[quartic equation]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|p=293}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Cardano and the Solving of Cubic and Quartic Equations}} | {{harvnb|Miyake|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G0P2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268 268]}} }}</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries, the French mathematicians [[François Viète]] and [[René Descartes]] introduced letters and symbols to denote variables and operations, making it possible to express equations in an concise and abstract manner. Their predecessors had relied on verbal descriptions of problems and solutions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kvasz|2006|pp=291–292, 297–298, 302}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Viète and the Formal Equation, § Analytic Geometry}} }}</ref> Some historians see this development as a key turning point in the history of algebra and consider what came before it as the prehistory of algebra because it lacked the abstract nature based on symbolic manipulation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73]}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} }}</ref>

In the 17th and 18th centuries, many attempts were made to find general solutions to polynomials of degree five and higher. All of them failed.<ref name="auto3">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Impasse with Radical Methods}} }}</ref> At the end of the 18th century, the German mathematician [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] proved the [[fundamental theorem of algebra]], which describes the existence of [[Zero of a function|zeros]] of polynomials of any degree without providing a general solution.<ref name="auto7"/> At the beginning of the 19th century, the Italian mathematician [[Paolo Ruffini]] and the Norwegian mathematician [[Niels Henrik Abel]] were [[Abel–Ruffini theorem|able to show]] that no general solution exists for polynomials of degree five and higher.<ref name="auto3"/> In response to and shortly after their findings, the French mathematician [[Évariste Galois]] developed what came later to be known as [[Galois theory]], which offered a more in-depth analysis of the solutions of polynomials while also laying the foundation of [[group theory]].<ref name="auto2"/> Mathematicians soon realized the relevance of group theory to other fields and applied it to disciplines like geometry and number theory.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Applications of Group Theory}} | {{harvnb|Bueno|French|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kmZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 73–75]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Garrett Birkhoff.jpeg|thumb|alt=Photo of Garrett Birkhoff|[[Garrett Birkhoff]] developed many of the foundational concepts of universal algebra.|left|upright=0.8]]

Starting in the mid-19th century, interest in algebra shifted from the study of polynomials associated with elementary algebra towards a more general inquiry into algebraic structures, marking the emergence of [[abstract algebra]]. This approach explored the axiomatic basis of arbitrary algebraic operations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Structural Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref> The invention of new algebraic systems based on different operations and elements accompanied this development, such as [[Boolean algebra]], [[Vector space|vector algebra]], and [[matrix algebra]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Tanton|2005|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Matrices, § Quaternions and Vectors}} }}</ref> Influential early developments in abstract algebra were made by the German mathematicians [[David Hilbert]], [[Ernst Steinitz]], and [[Emmy Noether]] as well as the Austrian mathematician [[Emil Artin]]. They researched different forms of algebraic structures and categorized them based on their underlying axioms into types, like groups, rings, and fields.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Merzlyakov|Shirshov|2020|loc=§ Historical Survey}} | {{harvnb|Corry|2024|loc=§ Hilbert and Steinitz, § Noether and Artin}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA73 73–74]}} }}</ref>

The idea of the even more general approach associated with universal algebra was conceived by the English mathematician [[Alfred North Whitehead]] in his 1898 book ''A Treatise on Universal Algebra''. Starting in the 1930s, the American mathematician [[Garrett Birkhoff]] expanded these ideas and developed many of the foundational concepts of this field.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Grätzer|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8lNkXPJas4wC&pg=PR7 vii]}} | {{harvnb|Chang|Keisler|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uiHq0EmaFp0C&pg=PA603 603]}} | {{harvnb|Knoebel|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VWS_sgO2uvgC&pg=PA5 5]}} | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} }}</ref> The invention of universal algebra led to the emergence of various new areas focused on the algebraization of mathematics{{em dash}}that is, the application of algebraic methods to other branches of mathematics. Topological algebra arose in the early 20th century, studying algebraic structures such as [[topological groups]] and [[Lie groups]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Carlson|2024|loc=§ History of topology}} }}</ref> In the 1940s and 50s, [[homological algebra]] emerged, employing algebraic techniques to study [[Homology (mathematics)|homology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Weibel|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 xi, 4]}} }}</ref> Around the same time, [[category theory]] was developed and has since played a key role in the [[foundations of mathematics]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Krömer|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=41bHxtHxjUAC&pg=PA61 61]}} | {{harvnb|Laos|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1r7dSn4ZqogC&pg=PA100 100]}} }}</ref> Other developments were the formulation of [[model theory]] and the study of [[free algebra]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hazewinkel|1994|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PE1a-EIG22kC&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 6. Free Algebras}} }}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Applications ==
{{see also|Applied mathematics}}
The influence of algebra is wide-reaching, both within mathematics and in its applications to other fields.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Houston|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA319 319]}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_49AmSWo4_AC&pg=PR7 vii–viii]}} }}</ref> The algebraization of mathematics is the process of applying algebraic methods and principles to other [[branches of mathematics]], such as [[geometry]], [[topology]], [[number theory]], and [[calculus]]. It happens by employing symbols in the form of variables to express mathematical insights on a more general level, allowing mathematicians to develop formal models describing how objects interact and relate to each other.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kleiner|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udj-1UuaOiIC&pg=PA100 100]}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5. Algebraization of Mathematics}} | {{harvnb|Maddocks|2008|p=130}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5. Algebraization of Mathematics}} | {{harvnb|Mancosu|1999|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=60qaEePdqcoC&pg=PA84 84–85]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Sphere Quadric.png|thumb|alt=Rendered image of a sphere|The algebraic equation <math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math> describes a [[sphere]] at the [[Origin (mathematics)|origin]] with a radius of 1.]]

One application, found in geometry, is the use of algebraic statements to describe geometric figures. For example, the equation <math>y = 3x - 7</math> describes a line in two-dimensional space while the equation <math>x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1</math> corresponds to a [[sphere]] in three-dimensional space. Of special interest to [[algebraic geometry]] are [[algebraic varieties]],{{efn|Algebraic varieties studied in geometry differ from the more general varieties studied in universal algebra.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 1.4 Cartesian geometry, § 3. Universal Algebra}} | {{harvnb|Danilov|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QMWR-x66XUC&pg=PA174 174]}} }}</ref>}} which are solutions to [[systems of polynomial equations]] that can be used to describe more complex geometric figures.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.1 Algebraic Geometry}} | {{harvnb|Danilov|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-QMWR-x66XUC&pg=PA172 172, 174]}} }}</ref> Algebraic reasoning can also solve geometric problems. For example, one can determine whether and where the line described by <math>y = x + 1</math> intersects with the circle described by <math>x^2 + y^2 = 25</math> by solving the system of equations made up of these two equations.<ref>{{harvnb|Vince|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B574tQbP6WcC&pg=PA133 133]}}</ref> Topology studies the properties of geometric figures or [[topological space]]s that are preserved under operations of [[continuous deformation]]. [[Algebraic topology]] relies on algebraic theories such as [[group theory]] to classify topological spaces. For example, [[homotopy groups]] classify topological spaces based on the existence of [[Loop (topology)|loops]] or [[Hole#In mathematics|holes]] in them.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.3 Algebraic Topology}} | {{harvnb|Rabadan|Blumberg|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2967DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–50]}} | {{harvnb|Nakahara|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2C1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 121]}} | {{harvnb|Weisstein|2003|pp=52–53}} }}</ref>

Number theory is concerned with the properties of and relations between integers. [[Algebraic number theory]] applies algebraic methods and principles to this field of inquiry. Examples are the use of algebraic expressions to describe general laws, like [[Fermat's Last Theorem]], and of algebraic structures to analyze the behavior of numbers, such as the [[ring of integers]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.2 Algebraic Number Theory}} | {{harvnb|Jarvis|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0j0qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Viterbo|Hong|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=d89QRR24jbMC&pg=PA127 127]}} }}</ref> The related field of [[combinatorics]] uses algebraic techniques to solve problems related to counting, arrangement, and combination of discrete objects. An example in [[algebraic combinatorics]] is the application of group theory to analyze [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]] and symmetries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gowers|Barrow-Green|Leader|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA550 550, 561]}} | {{harvnb|Godsil|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hLs6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR8 viii]}} | {{harvnb|Betten|Kohnert|Laue|Wassermann|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G1TmCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 ix]}} }}</ref> The insights of algebra are also relevant to calculus, which uses mathematical expressions to examine [[rates of change]] and [[Integral|accumulation]]. It relies on algebra, for instance, to understand how these expressions can be transformed and what role variables play in them.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kilty|McAllister|2018|pp=x, 347, 589}} | {{harvnb|Bressoud|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GkgHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]}} }}</ref> [[Algebraic logic]] employs the methods of algebra to describe and analyze the structures and patterns that underlie [[logical reasoning]],<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Halmos|1956|p=363}} | {{harvnb|Burris|Legris|2021|loc=§ 1. Introduction}} }}</ref> exploring both the relevant mathematical structures themselves and their application to concrete problems of logic.<ref>{{harvnb|Andréka|Németi|Sain|2001|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-0452-6_3 133–134]}}</ref> It includes the study of [[Boolean algebra]] to describe [[propositional logic]]<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Andréka|Madarász|Németi|2020|loc=§ Concrete Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Pratt|2022|loc=§ 5.4 Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Plotkin|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-v3xCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155–156]}} | {{harvnb|Jansana|2022|loc=Lead section}} }}</ref> as well as the formulation and analysis of algebraic structures corresponding to more complex [[Logic#Systems_of_logic|systems of logic]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Andréka|Madarász|Németi|2020|loc=§ Abstract Algebraic Logic}} | {{harvnb|Jansana|2022|loc=§ 4. Algebras}} }}</ref>

[[File:Rubik's cube.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Picture of Rubik's cube|The faces of a [[Rubik's Cube]] can be rotated to change the arrangement of colored patches. The resulting permutations form a group called the [[Rubik's Cube group]].<ref>{{harvnb|Joyner|2008|p=92}}</ref>]]

Algebraic methods are also commonly employed in other areas, like the natural sciences. For example, they are used to express [[scientific laws]] and solve equations in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[biology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Houston|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA319 319]}} | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Anton|Rorres|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1PJ-WHepeBsC&pg=PA327 327]}} }}</ref> Similar applications are found in fields like [[economics]], [[geography]], [[engineering]] (including [[electronics]] and [[robotics]]), and [[computer science]] to express relationships, solve problems, and model systems.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Neri|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii]}} | {{harvnb|Aleskerov|Ersel|Piontkovski|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ipcSD8ZGB8cC&pg=PA1 1–9]}} | {{harvnb|Straffin|1980|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2689388 269]}} | {{harvnb|Menini|Oystaeyen|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3mlQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} | {{harvnb|Lovett|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRUqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix]}} | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_49AmSWo4_AC&pg=PR7 vii–viii]}} }}</ref> Linear algebra plays a central role in [[artificial intelligence]] and [[machine learning]], for instance, by enabling the efficient processing and analysis of large [[dataset]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wheeler|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IqQIEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29, 36–37]}} | {{harvnb|Gallier|Quaintance|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jWLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} }}</ref> Various fields rely on algebraic structures investigated by abstract algebra. For example, physical sciences like [[crystallography]] and [[quantum mechanics]] make extensive use of group theory,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Klimov|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DZK3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 ix]}} | {{harvnb|Bengtsson|Życzkowski|2017|pp=313–353}} }}</ref> which is also employed to study puzzles such as [[Sudoku]] and [[Rubik's Cube]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Terras|2019|pp=63–64, 142}}</ref> and [[Mathematics of paper folding|origami]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hull|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LdX7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref> Both [[coding theory]] and [[cryptology]] rely on abstract algebra to solve problems associated with [[data transmission]], like avoiding the effects of [[noise]] and ensuring [[data security]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lidl|Pilz|1997|pp=183–184, 239–240}} | {{harvnb|Carstensen|Fine|Rosenberger|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo6iSxRfXz0C&pg=PA326 326–327]}} }}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|Mathematics education}}

[[File:Balance scale.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|class=skin-invert-image|alt=Diagram of a balance scale|[[Balance scales]] are used in algebra education to help students understand how equations can be transformed to determine unknown values.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kieran|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OTCsKu0BZ0kC&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Kaput|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GUPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 186]}} |{{harvnb|Gardella|DeLucia|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HBXFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–22]}} }}</ref>]]

Algebra education mostly focuses on elementary algebra, which is one of the reasons why elementary algebra is also called school algebra. It is usually not introduced until [[secondary education]] since it requires mastery of the fundamentals of arithmetic while posing new cognitive challenges associated with abstract reasoning and generalization.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|p=xiii}} | {{harvnb|Dekker|Dolk|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA69 69]}} }}</ref> It aims to familiarize students with the formal side of mathematics by helping them understand mathematical symbolism, for example, how variables can be used to represent unknown quantities. An additional difficulty for students lies in the fact that, unlike arithmetic calculations, algebraic expressions are often difficult to solve directly. Instead, students need to learn how to transform them according to certain laws, often to determine an unknown quantity.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|pp=2–5}} | {{harvnb|Drijvers|Goddijn|Kindt|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA8 8–10, 16–18]}} }}</ref>

Some tools to introduce students to the abstract side of algebra rely on concrete models and visualizations of equations, including geometric analogies, manipulatives including sticks or cups, and "function machines" representing equations as [[flow diagram]]s. One method uses [[balance scales]] as a pictorial approach to help students grasp basic problems of algebra. The mass of some objects on the scale is unknown and represents variables. Solving an equation corresponds to adding and removing objects on both sides in such a way that the sides stay in balance until the only object remaining on one side is the object of unknown mass.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kieran|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OTCsKu0BZ0kC&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Kaput|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1GUPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186 186]}} |{{harvnb|Gardella|DeLucia|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HBXFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–22]}} | {{harvnb|Star|Foegen|Larson|McCallum|2015|pp=16–17}} }}</ref> [[Word problem (mathematics education)|Word problems]] are another tool to show how algebra is applied to real-life situations. For example, students may be presented with a situation in which Naomi's brother has twice as many apples as Naomi. Given that both together have twelve apples, students are then asked to find an algebraic equation that describes this situation ({{tmath|1= 2x + x = 12 }}) and to determine how many apples Naomi has {{nowrap|({{tmath|1= x = 4 }}).<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arcavi|Drijvers|Stacey|2016|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Drijvers|Goddijn|Kindt|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7sVFaMhwackC&pg=PA13 13]}} }}</ref>}}

At the university level, mathematics students encounter advanced algebra topics from linear and abstract algebra. Initial [[undergraduate]] courses in linear algebra focus on matrices, vector spaces, and linear maps. Upon completing them, students are usually introduced to abstract algebra, where they learn about algebraic structures like groups, rings, and fields, as well as the relations between them. The curriculum typically also covers specific instances of algebraic structures, such as the systems of rational numbers, the real numbers, and the polynomials.<ref>{{harvnb|Hausberger|Zandieh|Fleischmann|2021|pp=147–148}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{annotated link|Commutative algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Computer algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Exterior algebra}}
* {{annotated link|F-algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Geometric algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Non-associative algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of algebra}}
* {{annotated link|Representation theory}}
* {{annotated link|Tensor}}
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|algebra}}
{{Wikibooks|Algebra}}
{{EB1911 poster|Algebra}}

{{Algebra}}
{{Polynomials}}
{{Areas of mathematics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Algebra| ]]

Sudhandhiram

2026-03-03T04:33:14Z

JAFMargie385530: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sudhandhiram
| image = Sudhandhiram.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| screenplay = Raj Kapoor
| story = [[Anjum Rajabali]]
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]|[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]|[[Raghuvaran]]}}
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = KRG Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|02|25}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sudhandhiram''''' ({{translation|Independence}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime action film]] directed by [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] and produced by [[K. R. Gangadharan]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] while [[Raghuvaran]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Sharat Saxena]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie: Sudanthiram |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/sudanthiram/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430113128/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/sudanthiram/ |archive-date=30 April 2005 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref> It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Ghulam (film)|Ghulam]]'' (1998) which itself is based on the 1954 American film ''[[On the Waterfront]]''.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2023}}
Vishwa is a ''[[goonda]]'' and an aspiring boxing champion. He does the typical ''goonda'' jobs (like scaring a batsman of the local cricket club to make sure he becomes out) for Sopraj, the local ''dada''. He is usually bailed out by a lawyer Padmini, who believes that there is still good in him and he just needs to be given another chance. Sopraj is aiming to build a colony in the area after vacating the people already living there. Vishwa's brother Raghu, is an accountant on Sopraj's payroll. Love blossoms between Vishwa and Divya, the girlfriend of the head of a local gang. When a social worker Vikram intrudes in the affairs of Sopraj, he asks Vishwa to bring Vikram to him. Vishwa does so thinking that Sopraj is just going to talk some sense into him but Sopraj brutally kills him instead. This makes Vishwa turn over a new leaf. Though his love for his brother prevents him initially, he finally decides to turn approver against Sopraj.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Vishwa
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Divya
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Raghu
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Sopraj (voice dubbed by [[Salim Ghouse]])
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Lawyer Padmini
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sathyamoorthy
* [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Vikram
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Surf Raj
* [[Neena (Tamil actress)|Neena]] as Neena
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Charlie
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Guna
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Divya's father
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Bharathi
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]]
* [[Chaplin Balu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] and lyrics were written by Kalaikumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2000 |title=Sudhandhiram |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sudhandhiram/3mUEmUc9ctU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106103215/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sudhandhiram/3mUEmUc9ctU_ |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| Coco Cola || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 04:07
|-
| Ennanamo Matram || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 05:01
|-
| Konjam Chillunu || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || 04:07
|-
| Mazhai Mazhai || Hariharan, Sujatha || 04:43
|-
| Varthai Illamal || Hariharan, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 05:00
|}

== Release and reception ==
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "With a rough, rugged and unkempt look, Arjun does make an impression, but not the kind he created with ''[[Mudhalvan]]''. It is mainly because there is not enough clarity in the characterisation", and appreciated Vivek's comedy for limited double entendres, "terrific sense of timing and well conceived humour".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 February 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Sudhandhiram'' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125852/http://www.hindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250222.htm |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=26 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Krishna Chidambaram of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the biggest downfall after the biggest success is the little devil that haunts Arjun for so long, it has continued even after ''Mudhalvan''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிதம்பரம் |first=கிருஷ்ணா |date=19 March 2000 |title=சுதந்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-03-19/page/64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212052114/https://archive.org/details/kalki2000-03-19/page/64/mode/2up |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=11 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The film is a remake of that successful Hindi film ''Ghulam''. No doubt, it had a well-crafted screenplay and a racy narrative style. But the maker while producing a faithful copy of the screenplay has forgotten that the original's success was also due to other factors".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Swatantiram |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov30.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914001013/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov30.asp |archive-date=14 September 2003 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Dinakaran]]'' wrote, "If only had the screenplay been designed and scripted infusing into it still more nativity colour and much more spontaneity the film might have become more enjoyable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2000 |title=Review: "Sudhanthiram" |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/22-03-00/sudhant.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230220900/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/reviews/22-03-00/sudhant.htm |archive-date=30 December 2005 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

The film became a commercial failure and prompted a legal tussle between Arjun and Gangadharan soon after regarding non-payment as per contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |title=Money can be tricky! |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan072.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923225211/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/jan072.asp |archive-date=23 September 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Owing to the success of ''Mudhalvan'' in Telugu, the film's dubbing rights were bought in advance of the original release and a Telugu version titled ''Bose'' was released alongside the Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naresh |date=14 January 2000 |title=On the Sets |url=http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/jan14/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324155419/http://www.screenindia.com:80/old/jan14/south.htm |archive-date=24 March 2008 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Outlaw biker films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

The Miniaturist of Junagadh

2026-03-02T04:31:26Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating new details

{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Kaushal Oza
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = story of [[Stefan Zweig]]
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022}}
| runtime =
| country =
| language =
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Miniaturist of Junagadh''''' is a 2022 short film directed by Kaushal Oza<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=The Miniaturist of Junagadh: Naseeruddin Shah, Rasika Dugal's short film is a timely reminder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-miniaturist-of-junagadh-naseeruddin-shah-rasika-dugal-film-is-a-timely-reminder-7944756/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> that depicts the final moments of retired miniaturist Husyn Naqqash,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=The Miniaturist of Junagadh: A tale that transcends time |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/miniaturist-junagadh-tale-transcends-time-482766 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> played by [[Naseeruddin Shah]], and his family. The plot of the film charts the family's final day in their ancestral home in the princely state of [[Junagadh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Naseeruddin Shah-starrer The Miniaturist Of Junagadh manages to score in many ways in less than half an hour |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/naseeruddin-shah-starrer-the-miniaturist-of-junagadh-manages-to-score-in-many-ways-in-less-than-half-an-hour-10933921.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Husyn Naqqash<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2022-05-15 |title=Reel life: A dirge for a home and humanity |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/reel-life-a-dirge-for-a-home-and-humanity |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Nurhayat, Husyn's daughter<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Rasika Dugal on The Miniaturist of Junagadh, Naseeruddin Shah and love for period films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rasika-dugal-on-the-miniaturist-of-junagadh-naseeruddin-shah-and-love-for-period-films-10755631.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Kishorilal Randeria<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Raj Arun candid about award-winning role |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raj-arun-candid-about-award-winning-role/articleshow/91929641.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Padmavati Rao]] as Sakina, Husyn's wife{{fact|date=February 2024}}
* Uday Chandra as Tangewala{{fact|date=February 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|14381682}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miniaturist of Junagadh, The}}
[[Category:2022 short films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]

Sudev Nair

2026-02-23T08:33:07Z

JAFMargie385530: improved article

{{short description|Indian actor and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudev Nair
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|04|14}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker|model}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| awards =
}}

'''Sudev Nair''' (born 14 April 1985) is an Indian actor and model who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is best known for his performance in ''[[My Life Partner (2014 film)|My Life Partner]]'' (2014),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best Actor, Sudev |url=http://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2014-sudev-nair-nivin-pauly-chosen-best-actor-137295.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161235/http://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/kerala-state-film-awards-2014-sudev-nair-nivin-pauly-chosen-best-actor-137295.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=OneIndia.com}}</ref> for which he was awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] in [[45th Kerala State Film Awards|2014]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudev Nair, The Best actor|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sudev-nair-on-winning-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actor/article7557218.ece|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521173926/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sudev-nair-on-winning-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actor/article7557218.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He starred in the 2019 [[Hindi film]] ''[[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]'', in the title role opposite [[Arjun Kapoor]].

His other notable works include ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' (2014) and ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' (2015) and ''[[Karinkunnam 6's]]'' (2016), the latter being his [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut. He debuted in [[Telugu cinema]] with ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]'' (2023) and as the main antagonist in ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'' (2023).

Nair is an alumnus of [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].

==Early life==
Despite being placed in the campus placements after Bachelors in Engineering, Nair's passion for cinema drove him towards his post-graduation training at the [[Pune Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=I was surprised:Sudev Nair |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150811/entertainment-bollywood/article/i-was-surprised-sudev-nair |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815003900/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150811/entertainment-bollywood/article/i-was-surprised-sudev-nair |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=31 August 2015 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> His film-making career began with various short films in different genres, which were included in competitions and festivals at national and international levels. His short ad for [[Mountain Dew]] soft drink was shortlisted to the finals at the MOFILM Barcelona Ad Film Fest in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=MOFILM Barcelona Ad Film Fest announced!|url=https://www.mofilm.com/blog/mofilm-announces-barcelona-ad-competition-and-pepsi-short-film-video-competition-grand-prize-winners/}}</ref>

==Career==
Nair's acting career began with the Hindi film ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' (2014), directed by [[Soumik Sen]]. Set with a plot on the struggle of Indian Women, the film had an ensemble star cast including [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. It was praised by critics, garnering a positive response<ref>{{cite web|title=Gulab Gang, the old story of good vs evil|date=7 March 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-gulab-gang-is-actually-the-old-style-good-vs-evil-story/|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525204120/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-gulab-gang-is-actually-the-old-style-good-vs-evil-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> for the actors' performances.

Nair then starred in M. B. Padmakumar's debut, ''[[My Life Partner (2014 film)|My Life Partner]]'', which dealt with the emotional relationship between two men. The movie became garnered controversy and faced issues with its release.<ref name="THRep">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sudev-nair-on-winning-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actor/article7557218.ece|title=Following his heart|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2015|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521173926/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/sudev-nair-on-winning-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actor/article7557218.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Nair played the role of Kiran, for which he won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] in 2014.

He then appeared in ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|title=Prithviraj and Bijumenon pairs under script writer Sachy|url=http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/anarkali-debut-attempt-of-sachi-with-prithviraj-and-biju-menon-in-lead-role.html|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204204719/http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/anarkali-debut-attempt-of-sachi-with-prithviraj-and-biju-menon-in-lead-role.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023 he appeared in the lead role of ''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-09 |title=The Jengaburu Curse review: Noble intentions cannot save this rushed drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-jengaburu-curse-review-101691566558576.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223135030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-jengaburu-curse-review-101691566558576.html |archive-date=2023-12-23 |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – ''[[My Life Partner (2014 film)|My Life Partner]]''
* Malanadu TV Best Actor in a Negative Role – ''Bheeshma Parvam''

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Million Dollar Arm]]''|| News Anchor || English ||
|-
| ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' || Arjun Shankar || [[Hindi]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/551149|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508054332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/551149|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2012|title=Gulaab Gang
|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[My Life Partner (2014 film)|My Life Partner]]'' || Kiran || rowspan="12" |[[Malayalam]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/14649/malayalam/my-life-partner/index.htm|title=My Life Partner (2014)|work=Now Running|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523205358/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/14649/malayalam/my-life-partner/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
| 2015 || ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]''||Naseeb Imam ||<ref name="THRep" />

|-
| rowspan="2" |2016|| ''[[Karinkunnam 6'S]]''|| Ekru ||<ref name="CD"/>
|-
| ''[[Campus Diary]]'' || Nikhil ||<ref name="CD">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sudev-Nair-to-play-a-student-leader/articleshow/51879354.cms|title=Sudev Nair to play a student leader|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Soman|first1=Deepa|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518134113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sudev-Nair-to-play-a-student-leader/articleshow/51879354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
| 2017 ||''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]''|| Abraham Ezra ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=Arathi |title=Ezra review: Almost 'dybbuk'ed, but not debunked |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/review/2017/Feb/11/ezra-review-almost-dybbuked-but-not-debunked-1569305.html |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''Angarajyathe Jimmanmar''|| William ||
|-
|''Call''
|Call Taxi Driver
|Short film
|-
|''Men at my Door''
|Jerry
|Short film
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]''||Bro. Simon|| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-in-kayamkulam-kochunni-and-abrahaminte-santhathikal/articleshow/63009226.cms | title=Sudev Nair in 'Kayamkulam Kochunni' and 'Abrahaminte Santhathikal' | date=21 February 2018 | access-date=25 September 2021 | work=The Times Of India | archive-date=16 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616185922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-in-kayamkulam-kochunni-and-abrahaminte-santhathikal/articleshow/63009226.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''||[[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]

|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019||''[[Mikhael (film)|Mikhael]]''||Francis Davi||
|-
|''[[Athiran]]''||Jeevan Thomas||
|-
|''[[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]''||Yusuf|| Hindi ||
|-
|''[[Thakkol]]''||Silvester|| rowspan="4" |Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]''||Rarichan||
|-
|''[[Thrissur Pooram (2019 film)|Thrissur Pooram]]''||Sudheep Rangan||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || MP Dinesh Rajan ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2022 || ''[[Old Monk (film)|Old Monk]]'' || Shashank Radhakrishna || [[Kannada]] ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/trailer-talk-m-g-srinis-old-monk-promises-a-full-fledged-family-entertainer-will-plenty-of-laughs/articleshow/85662746.cms |title=Trailer Talk: M.G. Srini's 'Old Monk' promises a full-fledged family entertainer will plenty of laughs |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=Times Of India |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/trailer-talk-m-g-srinis-old-monk-promises-a-full-fledged-family-entertainer-will-plenty-of-laughs/articleshow/85662746.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' || Rajan Madhavan Nair || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || S.I Iqbal ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty One Hours]]'' || Renjith Menon || Kannada ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-rahul-madhav-and-sudev-nair-star-in-the-kannada-thriller-21-hours/articleshow/78694670.cms |title=Durga Krishna, Rahul Madhav and Sudev Nair star in the Kannada thriller, 21 Hours |date=16 October 2020 |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=The Times Of India |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/durga-krishna-rahul-madhav-and-sudev-nair-star-in-the-kannada-thriller-21-hours/articleshow/78694670.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || Padaveedan Nambi || rowspan="7" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-character-poster-of-sudev-nair-from-pathonpatham-noottandu-is-here-mm-431297.html|title=പടവീടൻ നമ്പിയായി സുദേവ് നായർ; 'പത്തൊൻപതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിലെ' ക്യാരക്റ്റർ പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി|work=News18|date=24 August 2021|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826092311/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-character-poster-of-sudev-nair-from-pathonpatham-noottandu-is-here-mm-431297.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Heaven_(2022_film)|Heaven]]'' || DySP Bijoy Kuruvilla ||
|-
| ''[[Kotthu]]'' || C.I.Indrajith ||
|-
| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || Anil Chandra ||<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Sudev Nair: I have never tried to fit in|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-i-have-never-tried-to-fit-in/articleshow/88858197.cms|access-date=20 October 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020102407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-i-have-never-tried-to-fit-in/articleshow/88858197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Timesofindia.com|title=Mohanlal, Lakshmi Manchu, Honey Rose, Sudev Nair – Here's how the cast of 'Monster' works out while shooting|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-lakshmi-manchu-honey-rose-sudev-nair-heres-how-the-cast-of-monster-works-out-while-shooting/articleshow/87862695.cms|access-date=10 September 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 November 2021|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910113058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-lakshmi-manchu-honey-rose-sudev-nair-heres-how-the-cast-of-monster-works-out-while-shooting/articleshow/87862695.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Khedda (film)|Khedda]]'' || Sarath ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhakku]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-shares-hilarious-joke-about-new-year-cake-cutting-on-vazhak-sets/articleshow/80073278.cms|title=Sudev Nair shares hilarious joke about New Year cake-cutting on Vazhak sets|date=2 January 2021|access-date=25 September 2021|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715120258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sudev-nair-shares-hilarious-joke-about-new-year-cake-cutting-on-vazhak-sets/articleshow/80073278.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=3|2023 || ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || Pacheek ||
|-
|''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''||Kasi|| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
|''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]''||Nero||
|-
| rowspan=2 |2024 || ''[[Thankamani (film)|Thankamani]]'' || Roy || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Dileep's Thankamani out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/21/first-look-of-dileeps-thankamani-out-48837.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' || Samara || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=16 February 2024 |title=Jr NTR's 'Devara: Part 1'new release date announced, locks for Dussehra 2024 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1new-release-date-announced-locks-for-dussehra-2024-858970 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929140007/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/jr-ntrs-devara-part-1new-release-date-announced-locks-for-dussehra-2024-858970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzrk4nreVOQ | title=దేవర సినిమా ఎలా ఉంటుందో...|| Villain Sudev Nair Comments on Devara Movie || Swatantra Tv Live || | website=YouTube | date=17 July 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[They Call Him OG|''They Call Him OG'']]
|Jimmy Vardhaman Mirajkar
|
|-
|[[Freedom (2025 film)|''Freedom'']]
|Chief Officer
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-09 |title=Sasikumar's Freedom gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/09/sasikumars-freedom-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]'' || Virendra Panda || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu Review: Chiranjeevi, Anil Ravipudi Deliver a Crowd-pleaser {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/south-movies/mana-shankara-vara-prasad-garu-review-chiranjeevi-anil-ravipudi-deliver-a-crowd-pleaser-80805.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic]]}} || Karmadi || Kannada English ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Yash's stylish avatar in Geethu Mohandas' directorial; 'Toxic' birthday peek goes viral |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1457734 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[The Jengaburu Curse]]''
| Dhruv Kanan
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Hindi
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Kammattam]]''
| Antonio George
|[[ZEE5]]
|Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=സീ5ല്‍ മലയാളത്തില്‍ ഇതാദ്യം..റിലീസിനൊരുങ്ങി ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലര്‍ സീരീസ് കമ്മട്ടം – MALAYALAM CRIME SERIES KAMMATTAM|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ml/!entertainment/first-malayalam-crime-thriller-series-in-zee5-named-kammattam-will-be-release-soon-kerala-news-kls25080801323 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=ETV Bharat |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sudev}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Hindustan Motors

2026-02-08T02:54:40Z

JAFMargie385530: minor changes

{{Short description|Car manufacturing company in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Hindustan Motors Limited.
| logo = Hindustan Motors.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|HINDMOTORS}}|{{BSE|500500}}}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1942|df=yes}}
| founder = [[Brij Mohan Birla]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| key_people = {{ubl|Uttam Bose (MD)|Prakash Sahu (CEO)}}
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Automotive industry]]|[[List of auto parts|Automotive parts]]}}
| revenue = {{INR}} 30 crore (US$ 3.5 million) (2024)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| owner = S Parmar
| divisions = Hindustan Motorcycles
| subsid =
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hindustan Motors''' is an Indian [[Automotive industry|automotive manufacturer]] based in [[Kolkata]]. It is a part of the [[Birla Technical Services]] conglomerate. Hindustan Motors was the largest car manufacturer in India before the rise of [[Maruti Udyog]]. Hindustan Motors manufactured the [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] and Landmaster motorcars (based on 1956 [[Morris Oxford Series III]]), both immensely popular Indian automobiles from 1957 to 2014.<ref name=IndExp>{{cite news|publisher=Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/hindustan-motors-terminates-240-managerial-staff/|title=Hindustan Motors terminates 240 managerial staff|date=7 June 2014|access-date=7 June 2014|archive-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210215916/http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/hindustan-motors-terminates-240-managerial-staff/|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of the original three car manufacturers in India, founded in 1942 by Mr. B.M. Birla,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/hindustan-motors.html |title=Hindustan Motors map, Hindustan Motors india, Hindustan Motors Limited, First Indian Car Company |publisher=Business.mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 April 2011 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520181843/http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/hindustan-motors.html |url-status=live }}</ref> it was a leader in car sales until the 1980s, when the industry was opened up from [[protectionism|protection]]. Manoj Jha was the managing director who stepped down from the post on 21 February 2012.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article2848232.ece|access-date=23 February 2012|date=23 February 2012|location=Chennai, India|title=Hindustan Motors MD Jha resigns|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306064406/http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article2848232.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2013, Hindustan Motors announced that it will demerger and transfer its Chennai plant to its fully owned subsidiary Hindustan Motor Finance Corporation Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-14 |title=Hindustan Motors to demerger Chennai plant |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/hindustan-motors-to-demerger-chennai-plant/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=CarWale |language=en}}</ref>

On 11 February 2017, Hindustan Motors executed an agreement with [[PSA Group]] (now [[Stellantis]]) for the sale of the [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador]] brand, including the trademarks, for a consideration of ₹80 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/829097/hindustan-motors-sells-ambassador-brand-to-peugeot-for-rs-80-crore|title=Hindustan Motors sells Ambassador brand to Peugeot for Rs 80 crore|author=Scroll Staff|newspaper=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en-US|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091132/https://scroll.in/latest/829097/hindustan-motors-sells-ambassador-brand-to-peugeot-for-rs-80-crore|url-status=live}}</ref> The tie-up entails two joint venture agreements between the companies of the two groups. The new Ambassador model was likely to be rolled out in December 2024. PSA would also use the plant to manufacture automobiles, engines and parts in the Chennai plant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador 2.0: The Return of India's Iconic Car After a Decade |url=https://businessviewelite.com/news/ambassador-2-0-the-return-of-indias-iconic-car-after-a-decade/ |website=Business View |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524034213/https://businessviewelite.com/news/ambassador-2-0-the-return-of-indias-iconic-car-after-a-decade/ |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |date=May 13, 2024 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PSA Peugeot-Citroen India Entry – Official Details Revealed! {{!}} CarDekho.com |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/psa-peugeotcitroen-india-entry-ndash-official-details-revealed-19911.htm |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}</ref> The Chennai plant manufactures [[Citroën]] vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-26 |title=PSA Group confirms the launch of Citroen in India by 2021 |url=https://www.autox.com/news/car-news/psa-group-confirms-the-launch-of-citroen-in-india-by-2021-105524/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=autoX |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Pragyan 2013 exhibitions vintage car.jpg|thumb|1948 Hindustan 10]]
Hindustan Motors Limited (HML) was India's pioneering automobile manufacturing company. It was established just before the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], in 1942 by B. M. Birla of the industrialist [[Birla family]] in collaboration with [[Lord Nuffield]] of [[Morris Motors]], who were already selling their cars in India. Commencing operations in a small assembly plant in Port Okha near Gujarat, the manufacturing facilities later moved to the [[Hindustan Motors factory, Uttarpara|Hindustan Motors Uttarpara unit]] in [[Uttarpara|Uttarpara, West Bengal]] in 1948, where it began the production of the Morris-designed [[Hindustan Ambassador]]. The HM-Mitsubishi Motors Plant is in Tiruvallur near Chennai in Tamil Nadu.

[[File:20150704Ambassador.jpg|thumb|Hindustan Ambassador, later model]]
[[File:Hindustan_Trekker_(built_in_India)_(17159703005).jpg|thumb|Hindustan Trekker]]
In 1948, after independence, vehicle production was shifted to a new greenfield plant spread over a large area in Uttarpara, West Bengal. The first car to roll out from the Uttarpara plant was the Hindustan 10, based on the [[Morris 10]]. Later the Hindustan 14, based on the [[Morris Oxford MO]], and baby Hindustan, based on the Morris minor, were produced. In 1954 Hindustan launched the [[Morris Oxford Series II]]-derived Hindustan Landmaster, and in 1957 the Hindustan Ambassador, based on the [[Morris Oxford Series III]], was launched. This first model, later known as Mark-1, whose basic design remained unchanged was manufactured until 2014 with various model changes on facelifts, engines and later with power steering, disc brakes, etc.

=== General Motors joint venture ===
[[File:Imlil-Bedford-sushipumpum.jpg|thumb|Bedford TJ manufactured by HM in India]]

Hindustan and [[General Motors]] have had several tie-ups in the post independence era to produce [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford Trucks]], [[Vauxhall Motors]] (1980 to 1990), [[Allison Transmission]]s and off-road equipment. In 1994, GM and Hindustan (C K Birla) formed a 50-50 joint venture, [[General Motors India]] to manufacture [[Opel Astra]] cars in the newly created mid-segment category. The production of the Astra was phased out and later replaced by the then successful [[Opel Corsa]] family of vehicles. In early 1999 General Motors India bought out the [[Halol]], Gujarat, plant from Hindustan Motors thus ending a long partnership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/general-motors-india.html |title=GM Motors, General Motors India, General Motors, General Motors Corporation |publisher=Business.mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 April 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011020454/http://business.mapsofindia.com/automobile/car-manufacturers/general-motors-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 February 2012, Mr. Manoj Jha, the managing director stepped down from his post. The decision was unanimously accepted by the board of directors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manoj Jha quits as Hind Motors' MD; Co reports net loss|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2848102.ece|work=thehindubusinessline.com|publisher=Hindu Business Line|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306120653/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article2848102.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Earthmoving Equipment Division (HMEED) ===
Hindustan motors used to make earthmovers, initially in collaboration with [[Terex]] (US) and Fermac (UK); and beginning in 1984 with [[Caterpillar Inc.]] at the HMEED plants in Thiruvallur, near Chennai and Puducherry. The operation was sold to Caterpillar in 2000 and HM quit the earthmover business. HML continue to be a joint venture partner with Caterpillar in Hindustan Power Plus, which manufactures diesel engines and generator sets.

=== Hindustan Tractors ===
The company began in 1959 as '''Tractors and Bulldozers Private Ltd''' and imported tractors. Manufacturing of [[tractor]]s began in 1963, in collaboration Motokov-Praha ([[Zetor]]) of Czechoslovakia, and was known as '''Hindustan Tractors & Bulldozers Ltd'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923220117/http://www.taa.org.uk/southeast/Singh.htm |archive-date=23 September 2006 }}</ref> In 1967, it became '''Hindustan Tractors Ltd'''. The tractors were based on the Zetor tractor design and sold under the [[Hindustan]] brand. In 1978, the Gujarat, Indian government formed Gujarat Tractors from the ailing company. In 1999, [[Mahindra Tractors]] purchased 60% of the company, and in 2001, completed purchasing the rest of the company, renaming it [[Mahindra Gujarat|Mahindra Gujarat Tractors Ltd]].<ref>http://iocg.ignou.ac.in/wiki/images/e/ee/MITI-023_B6CS4.pdf{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Isuzu joint venture ===
In 1982 Hindustan formed a collaboration with [[Isuzu]] to assemble and sell the [[Isuzu Forward|Isuzu F series - JCS]] trucks in India. These trucks came from the factory with a fully built modern metal cabin which was not common with [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] trucks at the time. They were well known for their reliability and fuel consumption, but were discontinued mainly due to falling sales, poor service facilities, and HML not being able to sell them for an affordable price.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://111emergency.co.nz/FIRE/ArapawaSI21-29/LG8684.JPG |title=Isuzu JCS Truck |access-date=18 April 2011 |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724191625/http://111emergency.co.nz/FIRE/ArapawaSI21-29/LG8684.JPG |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:1982 Isuzu Forward JCR500S (20839860170).jpg|thumb|Similar looking 1982 Isuzu Forward JCR500S]]

Hindustan Motors also entered into a technical collaboration to manufacture engines and transmissions for the [[Hindustan Contessa|Contessa]] in the late 1980s at a newly constructed state of the art engine plant at Pithampur near Indore, Madhya Pradesh. The petrol engine commonly known as Isuzu 1.8 Petrol would later serve in the Hindustan Ambassador with Multi Point Fuel Injection until 2015. Initially the joint venture produced 4-cylinder [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|G180Z 1.8L petrol]] engines and 5-speed transmissions. Later, an [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu F engine|2.0L Isuzu diesel]] engine was added to the production line to power the Contessa and the Ambassador. The technical collaboration lasted from 1983 to 1993. The Indore plant has since expanded to manufacture engines for a number of other manufacturers like Opel, Ford and Mahindra.

=== Mitsubishi joint venture ===
Hindustan has a joint venture with [[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] that began in 1998. The plant is located in Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu. In India, Mitsubishi offered the Pajero, Lancer and Outlander with mild refreshes until early 2010s, but as time went by, their sales trended down.
Mitsubishi launched Pajero Sport in 2012 with a 2.5l DI-D Variable Geometrical Turbo Diesel engine mated to a 5-speed AT (in 2WD only) or MT (in 4X4 only). Montero was also offered for a brief duration. Mitsubishi also launched the latest generation Outlander in 2018. The Lancer Evolution X was launched in India in 2013 as a CBU import, but it did not sell well in India due to the high price of ₹50 lakh.

===Gallery===
[[File:2001 Mitsubishi Lancer (CE2) GLXi sedan (2009-09-17) 01.jpg|thumb|The sixth generation Mitsubishi Lancer had a long production run in India]]
<gallery>
File:1997 Mitsubishi Pajero (NL) GLS wagon (24386593394).jpg|Mitsubishi Pajero
File:Mitsubishi Outlander Facelift front.jpg|Mitsubishi Outlander
File:Mitsubishi Pajero Sport Spotted At Kota Kinabalu.jpg|Mitsubishi Pajero Sport
File:Mitsubishi Lancer front 20071215.jpg|Mitsubishi Lancer
File:Mitsubishi Lancer 1.6 GLS 2012.jpg|Mitsubishi Lancer Cedia
File:20071001 Lancer Evolution X-front.jpg|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X
</gallery>

== Hindustan models ==
=== Discontinued models ===
====Passenger vehicles====
* Hindustan 10 - based on 1947 Morris 10, replaced by Hindustan 122.
* Hindustan 122 and Hindustan 14 -based on 1948 [[Morris Oxford MO]] Series - replaced with Landmaster.
* Baby Hindustan based on [[Morris Minor]].
* Hindustan Deluxe - based on 1948 [[Chevrolet Deluxe]].
* Hindustan Landmaster - based on [[Morris Oxford Series II]] - 1954 to 1957. Made way for Ambassador range.
* [[Hindustan Ambassador]] - ceased production in May 2014. It was one of the longest running models in the world for 56 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-19 |title=Ambassador, the world's best taxi |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/ambassador-the-worlds-best-taxi/article4933758.ece |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529064302/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/ambassador-the-worlds-best-taxi/article4933758.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Contessa]] - based on the British [[Vauxhall Victor#FE Series|Vauxhall Victor FE]] with [[Isuzu]] diesel or petrol engines.
* Other Hindustan Ambassador derived models - Pushpak, Trekker and [[Hindustan Porter|Porter]] - ceased production since April 2008 Multiutility Vehicles based on Ambassador chassis and engines (Half Ton Driveaway Chassis).

==== Commercial vehicles ====
* Lavender - a small truck with 1.8L petrol engine or 1.5L Diesel engine
* Winner 1.5 XD FBV/Semi Deck (in collaboration with Shandong Shifeng)
* MASCOT T-480 FC - commercial truck.
* RTV Ranger - Minibus

== Former/idle plants ==
* [[Pithampur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (near [[Indore]]) - Built in the 1980s it was a state of art robotic engine assembly plant as well as commercial truck assembly line for{{Clarify|date=June 2016}} then launched Isuzu F Series trucks. Later RTV & Winner were assembled here.
* [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] - Built for Off-Highway vehicles.
* [[Hind Motor]], [[Uttarpara]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] District, [[West Bengal]] - Closed since 2015. Oldest plant built in 1948, all Hindustan Ambassador badged vehicles were manufactured here.
* [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]] (near [[Chennai]]) - Built in the late 1990s for [[Mitsubishi]] range, later in 2015 started assembly for ISUZU vehicles until January 2016 when [[Isuzu]] moved to its new plant at [[Sri City]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Hindustan vehicles}}
* {{official website|http://www.hindmotor.com/ }}

{{Hindustan Motors}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Cars in India}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1942]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1942]]
[[Category:CK Birla Group]]

Taragarh Fort, Ajmer

2026-02-02T02:17:11Z

JAFMargie385530: formatting fix

{{Short description|Fort in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox monument
|name=Taragarh Fort
|type=Fort
|coordinates={{coord|26.442154|74.618288}}
|image=The Fort Wall of Taragarh, Ajmer.JPG
|location=[[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
|extra_label=built by
|extra=Parmar Rajputs and [[Ajayaraja I]]
}}
'''Taragarh Fort''' is a fortress built upon a steep hillside in the city of [[Ajmer]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It was constructed by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s, and repaired by [[Ajayaraja I|Ajayaraja Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tomars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidya Mandir Publication|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=175}}</ref> and it was originally called '''Ajaymeru Durg'''.<ref>[[#History of mughal|Ajmer, Historical and Descriptive]], pp. 50.</ref>

==History==
This fort was known for its strength and strategic importance. First Islamic attack on the fort was made in 724, during reign of Chauhan King [[Durlabharaja I|Durlabhraj I]], who bravely fought Muslim armies under caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]]. In this war, King [[Durlabharaja I|Durlabhraj I]] did not receive support from fellow rajput kings. This war witnessed India's second [[Jauhar]] conducted by queens of King [[Durlabharaja I|Durlabhraj I]], along with other females in Taragarh Fort. The war is also known for sacrifice of 7-year old Chauhan Prince Lot, who bravely fought the invading armies, and laid down his life.

[[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s assisted in capturing Taragarh fort of Ajmer۔

[[Prithviraj Sisodia|Prithviraj]], son of [[Rana Raimal]] of Mewar and elder brother of [[Rana Sanga]], captured Taragarh fort of Ajmer during the end of 15th century, after slaying Governor Mallu Khan.{{sfn | Dhoundiyal | 1966 | p=54}}<ref>[[#Sanga|Maharana Sanga The Hindupat]], p28</ref><ref>[[#History of mughal|Ajmer:Historical and Descriptive]], p45</ref> The fort is also called Taragarh, named after Prithviraj's wife Tarabai.{{sfn | Rajawat | 1991 | p=87}} It remained under control of Mewar and later [[Rana Sanga]] granted it to Karamchand Panwar{{sfn | Dhoundiyal | 1966 | p=55}}

The fort later was conquered by the victorious Mughal armies in the aftermath of [[Battle of Khanwa]] in Rana Sanga of Mewar faced a crushing defeat at the hands of [[Babur|Emperor Babur]], the Founder of the Mughal Dynasty . The fort served as the administrative center of the Mughal province of Ajmer and was an important military foothold for the [[Battle of Haldighati|Mughal Expansion into Rajputana]]. The fort remained under the nominal sovereignty of the Mughal Emperor though it was de facto in the hands of the Rajputs of Amber . With its strategic prominence lost, the fort fell into disuse and neglect.

==Architecture==
There are three gateways to the fort known as Lakshmi Pol, Phuta Darwaza, and Gagudi ki Phatak. There were 14 bastions in the wall of this fort.
Most parts of these gateways are now in ruins. The largest of its battlements is the 16th-century bastion known as the Bhim Burj, on which was once mounted a large cannon called Garbh Gunjam, or 'Thunder from the Womb'. In the fort are water reservoirs.

The fort also holds a shrine dedicated to [[Syed Meeran Hussain Khing Sawar|Miran Saheb ki Dargah]], who lost his life in 1202 CE during a [[Rajput]] attack. He was slain in a perfidious Rajput attack that took place while he and his men were conducting their prostration (namaaz).<ref name="Rough">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL_kDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271|title=The Rough Guide to India|chapter=Ajmer and around|isbn=9780241295397|last1=Guides|first1=Rough|date=3 October 2016|publisher=Rough Guides UK }}</ref><ref name="Asher1992">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA79|title=Architecture of Mughal India|last=Asher|first=Catherine Ella Blanshard|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|place=Cambridge|page=79|chapter=The Age of Akbar|isbn=9780521267281}}</ref>

After conquering the fort of Kandahar, Emperor Jahangir built this Marble Cage (Kathera) in the dargah of Meera Syed Hussain in 1615.<ref>[[Taragarh Fort, Ajmer#Author:R. Nath, History of Mughal architecture|#Author:R. Nath,
History of Mughal architecture]], pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ha5fG13V3XcC&dq=khing+sawar&pg=PA259 259]</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|author1=Crump, Vivien |author2=Toh, Irene |title= Rajasthan|location=London|publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996|type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| page = 400}}
*{{cite book|author=Michell, George, Martinelli, Antonio| title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| page = 271 pages}}
*{{cite book| last = Tillotson | first = G.H.R| title = The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style| year = 1987| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven and London| isbn = 0-300-03738-4| page = 224 pages}}
* {{cite book | last=Rajawat | first=D.S. | title=Glimpses of Rajasthan: Off the Beaten Track | publisher=Delta Publications | year=1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edofAAAAIAAJ | access-date=2022-04-07}}
* {{cite book | last=Dhoundiyal | first=B.N. | title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Ajmer. Gazetteer of India. Ajmer. Hauptbd | publisher=Bharat Printers | year=1966 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vzttgAACAAJ | access-date=2022-04-07}}
* {{cite book|title=Maharana Sanga, The Hindupat |last=Sarda|first=Har Bilas|ref=Sanga|publisher=Scottish Mission Industries Company Limited|year=1918|edition=1st|location=Ajmer}}
* {{cite book|title=Ajmer Historical and Descriptive|last=architecture|first=mughal|ref=History of mughal|publisher=Abhinav, New Delhi, 1982-<2005>, Ajmer|year=1982|location=Delhi}}ref=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Mughal_Architecture_The_trans/ha5fG13V3XcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=khing+sawar&pg=PA259&printsec=frontcover

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ajmer]]

2020 Filmfare OTT Awards

2026-01-27T16:27:31Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{short description|Annual OTT awards in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2020 Filmfare OTT Awards
| current_awards =
| image = 2020 Filmfare OTT Awards.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in OTT content
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| venue = Mumbai
| network =
| year =
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2020|12|19}}
| holder_label =
| holder = 
| most_awards = ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' & ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' (5)
| most_nominations =''Paatal Lok'' (11)
| award1_type = Best Drama Series
| award1_winner = ''Paatal Lok''
| award2_type = Best Comedy Series
| award2_winner = ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
| award3_type = Best Film - Web Originals
| award3_winner = ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
| award4_type = Best Non - Fiction Original (Series)
| award4_winner = ''[[Times of Music]]''
| award5_type =Best Series (Critics)
| award5_winner =''The Family Man''
| website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2020/ 2020 Filmfare OTT Awards]
| related =
| previous =
| main = [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| next = [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
}}

'''2020 [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]''', the first edition of OTT awards were held on 19 December 2020 in Mumbai and it included the films and web series released between August 1, 2019 and July 31, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> These awards honour artistic and technical excellence in original programming on [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] streaming media in Hindi-language. Nominations were announced by ''[[Filmfare]]'' on 16 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021/myglamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-red-carpet/articleshow/88185522.cms|title=MyGlamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Red Carpet|date=18 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Paatal Lok]]'' led the ceremony with 11 nominations, followed by ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' and [[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|''Special Ops'']] with 8 nominations each, and [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya'']], [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']] and [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']] with 7 nominations each.

''Paatal Lok'' and ''The Family Man'' won 5 awards each, with the former winning Best Drama Series, Best Director in a Drama Series (for [[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]]) and Best Actor in a Drama Series (for [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]), and the latter winning Best Series (Critics), Best Director in a Series (Critics) (for [[Raj & DK]]), Best Actor in a Drama Series (Critics) (for [[Manoj Bajpayee]]) and Best Actress in a Drama Series (Critics) (for [[Priyamani]]), thus becoming the most-awarded series at the ceremony.

== Winners and nominees ==
{{Small|Sources: nominations}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html|title=Nominations for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020|date=16 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>

{{Small|Sources: winners}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/web-series-awards/filmfare-ott-awards/2020/125|title=Filmfare OTT Awards Winners|date=19 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45407-1.html |title=Winners Of The Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards|date=19 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2021 |website= Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Small|Winners denoted in '''boldface'''}}

===Popular awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Drama Series
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Director
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
*'''''[[Paatal Lok]] –''''' [[Amazon Prime Video]]
**''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]'' – [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
** ''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]'' – [[Voot]]
** ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]'' – Hotstar
** ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
|colspan=1|
*'''[[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]] – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'''''
** [[Neeraj Pandey]] and Shivam Nair – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]''
** Oni Sen – ''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]''
** [[Raj & DK]] – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Actor (Male)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
*'''[[Jaideep Ahlawat]] – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' as Haathiram Chaudhary'''
** [[Abhishek Bachchan]] – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' as Dr. Avinash Sabharwal/J
** [[Arshad Warsi]] – ''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]'' as Dhananjay Rajput
** [[Kay Kay Menon]] – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]'' as Himmat Singh
** [[Manoj Bajpayee]] – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' as Srikant Tiwari

|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Sushmita Sen]] – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]'' as Aarya Sareen'''
** [[Jennifer Winget]] – ''[[Code M]]'' as Monica Mehra
** [[Kirti Kulhari]] – ''[[Four More Shots Please!|Four More Shots Please! (Season 2)]]'' as Anjana Menon
** [[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' as Abha Sabharwal
** [[Priyamani]] – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' as Suchitra Iyer Tiwari
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan=3 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''[[Amit Sadh]] – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' as Kabir Sawant'''
** [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' as Vishal "Hathoda" Tyagi
** [[Ishwak Singh]] – ''Paatal Lok'' as Imran Ansari
** [[Pankaj Tripathi]] – ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games (Season 2)]]'' as Khanna Guruji
** [[Sharib Hashmi]] – ''[[Asur (TV series)|Asur]]'' as Lolark Dubey
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''[[Divya Dutta]] – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]'' as Sadiya Qureshi'''
** [[Gul Panag]] – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' as Renu Chaudhary
** Maya Sarao – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]'' as Maya
** Merambam Ronaldo Singh – ''Paatal Lok'' as Mary Lyngdoh
** [[Swastika Mukherjee]] – ''Paatal Lok'' as Dolly Mehra
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Comedy Series
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Series
|-
|colspan=2 |
*'''''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]] –''''' [[Amazon Prime Video]]
**''Amit Tandon: Family Tandoncies'' – [[Netflix]]
**''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 3)]]'' – Netflix
** ''Rohan Joshi: Wake and Bake'' – Amazon Prime Video
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Actor (Male)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''[[Jitendra Kumar]] – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]'' as Abhishek Tripathi'''
** [[Dhruv Sehgal]] – ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 3)]]'' as Dhruv Vats
** [[Gulshan Devaiah]] – ''[[Afsos]]'' as Nakul
** [[Mukul Chadda]] – ''[[The Office (Indian TV series)|The Office]]'' as Jagdeep Chadda
** [[Ranvir Shorey]] – [[Metro Park (web series)|''Metro Park'']] as Kalpesh Patel
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Mithila Palkar]] – ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 3)]]'' as Kavya Kulkarni'''
** [[Maanvi Gagroo]] – ''[[Four More Shots Please!|Four More Shots Please! (Season 2)]]'' as Siddhi Patel
** [[Purbi Joshi]] – [[Metro Park (web series)|''Metro Park'']] as Payal Patel
** [[Rinku Rajguru]] – ''[[Hundred (TV series)|Hundred]]'' as Netra Patil
** [[Sumukhi Suresh]] – ''[[Pushpavalli (TV series)|Pushpavalli (Season 2)]]'' as Pushpavalli Parsuraman
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Raghubir Yadav]] – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]'' as Brij Bhushan Dubey'''
** [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]'' as Prakash Kamble
** [[Rahul Dev]] – ''[[Who's Your Daddy? (2020 TV series)|Who's Your Daddy]]'' as Prem Singh
** Shrikant Sharma – ''Breathe: Into the Shadows'' as Jai Prakash
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Neena Gupta]] – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]'' as Manju Devi'''
** [[Ahsaas Channa]] – ''[[Hostel Daze]]'' as Akanksha
** Samriddhi Dewan – ''[[The Office (Indian TV series)|The Office]]'' as Pammi Goel
** Trupti Khamkar – ''Hum Tum Aur Them'' as Gauri
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Web Originals
|-
! colspan=2 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Film
|-
|colspan=2 |
*'''''[[Raat Akeli Hai]] –''''' [[Netflix]]
**''[[Barot House]]'' – [[ZEE5]]
**''[[Bulbbul]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]'' – ZEE5
** ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' – Netflix
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Actor (Male)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] – ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' as Inspector Jatil Yadav'''
** [[Amit Sadh]] – ''[[Barot House]]'' as Amit Barot
** [[Aparshakti Khurana]] – ''[[Kanpuriye]]'' as Jaitun Mishra
** [[Manoj Bajpayee]] – ''[[Bhonsle (film)|Bhonsle]]'' as Ganpath Bhonsle
** [[Vinay Pathak]] – ''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]'' as Madan Tiwary
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Triptii Dimri]] – ''[[Bulbbul]]'' as Bulbbul'''
** [[Kiara Advani]] – ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]'' as Nanki Dutta
** [[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' as Radha
** [[Saiyami Kher]] – ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' as Sarita Patil
** [[Sayani Gupta]] – ''[[Posham Pa]]'' as Regha Sathe
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Rahul Bose]] – ''[[Bulbbul]]'' as Indranil/Mahendra'''
** [[Aditya Srivastava]] – ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' as Munna Raja
** [[Gurfateh Pirzada]] – ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]'' as Vijay “VJ” Pratap Singh
** [[Roshan Mathew]] – ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' as Sushant Pillai
** [[Vijay Raaz]] – ''[[Kanpuriye]]'' as Lampat Harami
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''[[Seema Pahwa]] – ''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]'' as Nani'''
** [[Akansha Ranjan Kapoor|Akansha Ranjan]] – ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]'' as Tanu Kumar
** Heeba Shah – ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]'' as Shanti
** [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] – ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]'' as Vasudha Singh
** [[Surekha Sikri]] – ''Ghost Stories'' as Mrs. Malik
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Writing Awards
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Original Story (Series)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Unscripted Original (Series)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'''''
** Chandan Kumar – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
** Gaurav Shukla – ''[[Asur (web series)|Asur]]''
** Mayank Sharma, Vikram Tuli, Bhavani Iyer and Arshad Sayed – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''
** [[Raj & DK]] and Suman Kumar – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
|colspan=1 |
*'''''[[Times of Music]]'' – [[MX Player]]'''
** ''Amit Tandon: Family Tandoncies'' – [[Netflix]]
** ''Go Fun Yourself'' – [[Voot]]
** ''Kenny Sebastian: The Most Interesting Person In The Room'' – Netflix
** ''[[One Mic Stand]]'' – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Screenplay
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Dialogues
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra – ''[[Paatal Lok]]'''''
** Chandan Kumar – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
** Mayank Sharma, Vikram Tuli, Bhavani Iyer – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''
** [[Raj & DK]] and Suman Kumar – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
** Trishant Srivastava, Nishank Verma – ''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]''

|colspan=1 ; valign="top"|
*'''[[Raj & DK]]'''''', Sumit Arora and Suman Kumar – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'''''
**Chandan Kumar – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
**Mayank Sharma, Vikram Tuli, Bhavani Iyer and Arshad Sayed – ''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''
**Sudip Sharma, Sagar Haveli, Hardik Mehta and Gunjit Chopra – ''[[Paatal Lok]]''
** Trishant Srivastava, Nishank Verma – ''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]''
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Music Awards
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Background Music (Series)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Original Soundtrack (Series)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''Alokananda Dasgupta – ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games (Season 2)]]'''''
** Advait Nemlekar – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]''
** Kartik Shah – ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]''
** Pritam Das – ''[[Bard of Blood]]''
**Vishal Khurana – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
|colspan=1 |
*'''Advait Nemlekar – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]'''''
** Kingshuk Chakravarty for "Kuch Iss Tarah" – ''Hum Tum and Them''
**Vishal Khurana – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
**Vishal Mishra for "Teri Hogiyaan" – ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]''
|}

===Critics' Choice Awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Director (Series)
|-
|colspan=1 |
*'''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']] – [[Amazon Prime Video]]'''

|colspan=1 |
*'''[[Raj & DK]] – [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']]'''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Male): Drama
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Drama
|-
|colspan=1 |
*'''[[Manoj Bajpayee]] – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' as Srikant Tiwari'''
|colspan=1 |
*'''[[Priyamani]] – ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' as Suchitra Iyer Tiwari'''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Male): Comedy
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Comedy
|-
|colspan=1 |
*'''[[Dhruv Sehgal]] – ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 3)]]'' as Dhruv Vats'''
|colspan=1 |
*'''[[Sumukhi Suresh]] – ''[[Pushpavalli (TV series)|Pushpavalli (Season 2)]]'' as Pushpavalli Parasuraman'''
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|
Best Art-Direction (Series)
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Cinematographer (Series)
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''Rajneesh Hedao – ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]'''''
** Amit Waghchaure, Vishwanath Mistry – ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]''
** Anna Ipe – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
** Sandeep Sharad Ravade – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]''
** Sunil Nigvekar – ''[[Bard of Blood]]''
|colspan=1 |
*'''Sylvester Fonseca and Swapnil S. Sonawane – [[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games (Season 2)'']]'''
** Chirantan Das – ''[[Bard of Blood]]''
** Richard Henkels – ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]''
** Tanay Saatam – ''[[Betaal]]''
** Will Humphris – ''[[Taj Mahal 1989]]''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Costume
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Editor
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top" |
*'''Ayesha Khanna – ''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]'''''
** Ashima Belapurkar – ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games (Season 2)]]''
** Falguni Thakore – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]''
** Preeti Sharma – ''[[The Verdict – State vs Nanavati]]''
** Theia Tekchandani – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
|colspan=1 |
*'''Praveen Kathikuloth – ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]'''''
**Abhijeet Deshpande and Sangeeth Varghese – ''[[Betaal]]''
**Khushboo Raj and Abhimanyu Chaudhary – ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]''
**Manish Jaitley – ''[[She (TV series)|She]]''
**Nitin Baid, Antara Lahiri and Sangeeth Varghese – ''[[Bard of Blood]]''
|}

== Superlatives ==

=== Nominations and wins by program ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by program
!Nominations
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
!11
|''[[Paatal Lok]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
|''[[Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''
|-
|[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|''Special Ops'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |7
|[[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya'']]
|-
|[[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']]
| rowspan="2" |Amazon Prime Video
|-
|[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']]
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
|[[Asur (TV series)|''Asur'']]
|[[Voot]]
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Netflix]]
|-
! rowspan="6" |3
|''[[Bulbbul]]''
|-
|''[[Chintu Ka Birthday]]''
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|[[Choked (film)|''Choked'']]
| rowspan="6" |Netflix
|-
|[[Guilty (2020 film)|''Guilty'']]
|-
|[[Little Things (TV series)|''Little Things (Season 3)'']]
|-
|[[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games (Season 2)'']]
|-
! rowspan="11" |2
|''Amit Tandon: Family Tandoncies''
|-
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''
|-
|''[[Barot House]]''
|ZEE5
|-
|[[Four More Shots Please!|''Four More Shots Please! (Season 2)'']]
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''
|Netflix
|-
|''Hum Tum Aur Them''
|ZEE5
|-
|''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]''
|Netflix
|-
|''[[Kanpuriye]]''
|Hotstar
|-
|''[[Metro Park (web series)|Metro Park]]''
|[[Eros Now]]
|-
|''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|''[[The Office (Indian TV series)|The Office]]''
|Hotstar
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by program
!Wins
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Paatal Lok]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']]
|-
!4
|[[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']]
|-
!3
|[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|''Special Ops'']]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
|-
! rowspan="5" |2
|''[[Bulbbul]]''
| rowspan="4" |[[Netflix]]
|-
|[[Little Things (TV series)|''Little Things (Season 3)'']]
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
|-
|[[Sacred Games (TV series)|''Sacred Games (Season 2)'']]
|-
|''[[The Forgotten Army - Azaadi Ke Liye]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|}

=== Nominations and wins by streaming media ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by streaming media
!Nominations
!Streaming Media
|-
!41
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!31
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!20
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
|-
!12
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
!6
|[[Voot]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |2
|[[Eros Now]]
|-
|[[MX Player]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by Streaming Media
!Wins
!Streaming Media
|-
!18
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!8
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!4
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2020/}}
* [https://m.filmfare.com/features/nominees-for-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45350.html Nominees for the Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Award ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|OTT, 2020]]
[[Category:2020 television awards]]
[[Category:2020 awards in India]]

Viral Acharya

2026-01-11T02:32:51Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{Short description|Indian economist (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Viral Acharya
| image = ASSA 2026 - Viral Acharya 01 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Acharya at [[American Economic Association|ASSA]] 2026
| office = [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start =23 January 2017<ref name="toi-viral-date-of-start">{{cite news|title=RBI gets its youngest deputy governor post-liberalization, with a record to boot|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/RBI-gets-its-youngest-dy-guv-post-lib-with-a-record-to-boot/articleshow/56227838.cms|access-date=13 February 2017|work=The Times of India|date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
| term_end = 23 July 2019
| governor = [[Urjit Patel]] [[Shaktikanta Das]]
| alongside =
| predecessor = [[Urjit Patel]]<ref name="ec-times-viral-rbi-deputy-director">{{cite news|title=Government names Viral V Acharya as RBI Deputy Governor|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-appoints-viral-acharya-as-deputy-governor/articleshow/56215987.cms|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Economic Times|date=28 December 2016}}</ref>
| successor = [[Michael Patra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/michael-patra-named-rbi-deputy-governor-6217017/|title=Michael Patra named RBI Deputy Governor|date=2020-01-15|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en-IN|location=[[Mumbai]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=ENS Economic Bureau}}</ref>
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|03|01}}
| birth_place =
| region =
| nationality = Indian
| boards = 
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] {{small|([[B.Tech.]])}} [[New York University]] {{small|([[Ph.D.]])}}
| profession = [[Economist]]
| workplaces = 
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| awards = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Viral V. Acharya''' (born 1 March 1974) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]]  who served as Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) from 2017 to 2019. He is currently serving as the [[C.V. Starr]] Professor of Economics at [[New York University Stern School of Business]]. Previously he was also a member of the advisory council of the RBI Academy and was a member of the Academic Council of the [[National Institute of Securities Markets]] (NISM), [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI) since 2014. <ref name="toi-viral-date-of-start" /> He resigned from the post in July 2019 with 6 months left for his completion of term.<ref name=H1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/viral-acharya-quits-as-rbi-deputy-governor-six-months-before-term-ends/article28123070.ece | title=Viral Acharya quits as RBI Deputy Governor six months before end of his term | date=24 June 2019 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=10 September 2019 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Education ===
He went to Fellowship High School, Mumbai. Acharya was ranked fifth nationally in 1991 in the [[Joint Entrance Examination - Advanced |Joint Entrance Examination]] on the basis of which admissions are made to the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] in India.<ref name="SternCV">{{Cite web |url=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~sternfin/vacharya/public_html/pdfs/ACHARYA-RESUME-Jan2017.pdf |title=Viral Acharya Resume |website=NYU Stern School of Business}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] in 1995 with a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[Computer science|Computer Science and Engineering]], receiving the President of India Gold Medal for attaining the highest grade point average in his batch.<ref name="viral-ind-express">{{cite news|title=Viral Acharya appointed as deputy governor of RBI|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/viral-acharya-rbi-deputy-governor-appointment-4448456/|access-date=10 January 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=28 December 2016|ref=viral-ind-express}}</ref><ref name="viral-nyu-stern-bio">{{cite web|title=Biography of Viral V. Acharya|url=http://www.stern.nyu.edu/faculty/bio/viral-acharya|website=NYU Stern|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="SternCV"/>
<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/newsroom-and-events/publications/economic-commentary/2022-economic-commentaries/ec-202208-planning-for-surprises-learning-from-crises.aspx| title=Planning for Surprises, Learning from Crises: The 2021 Financial Stability Conference| date=2022| doi=10.26509/frbc-ec-202208| language=en |accessdate=2022-05-11| last1=Haubrich| first1=Joseph G.| journal=Economic Commentary (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)| issue=2022–08| doi-access=free}}</ref>
In his final year at [[IIT Bombay]], he enrolled in an elective in international finance.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jLerUQgSskkZ6qeILCGD3J/Viral-V-Acharya-The-change-agent.html |title=Viral V. Acharya: The change agent |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Tamal |date=2017-06-23 |work=Mint |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref> He initially joined the [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD program]] in [[computer science]] at [[New York University]], but after a year switched to the PhD program in finance at [[New York University Stern School of Business]]. He graduated in 2001, with his dissertation thesis titled ''Essays in Banking and Financial Institutions''.<ref name="SternCV"/><ref name="viral-ind-express" />

=== Academic career ===

After obtaining his PhD, Acharya worked at the [[London Business School]] (LBS) from 2001 to 2008.<ref name="viral-ind-express" /><ref name="viral-nyu-stern-bio" /><ref name="viral-ec-times-1">{{cite news|last1=Govardhana Rangan|first1=M.C.|title=Meet Viral Acharya, RBI's new deputy governor with a music album to his name|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/meet-viral-acharya-rbis-new-deputy-governor-with-a-music-album-to-his-name/articleshow/56219912.cms|access-date=11 January 2017|work=The Economic Times|date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Between 2007 and 2009, he was the Academic Director of the Coller Institute of Private Equity at the LBS.<ref name="viral-ind-express" /><ref name="viral-nyu-stern-bio" /><ref name="viral-ec-times-1" /> In 2008, he received a Houblon-Norman Senior Fellowship at the [[Bank of England]].<ref name="viral-nyu-stern-bio" /><ref name="BoE-HN-Fellows">{{cite web|title=Houblon-Norman and Geoge Fellows|url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/houblonnorman/fellows.aspx|website=Bank of England|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=3 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803131806/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/research/Pages/houblonnorman/fellows.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SternCV"/> Since 2008, he is attached to the [[New York University Stern School of Business]] (NYU Stern), where he held the [[Cornelius Vander Starr|C.V. Starr]] Professor of Economics chair.<ref name="viral-ind-express" /><ref name="viral-nyu-stern-bio" />

=== Reserve Bank of India ===

On 28 December 2016, Acharya was appointed by the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]] as Deputy Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] for a period of three years,<ref name="ec-times-viral-rbi-deputy-director" /><ref name="rbi-press-release-viral">{{cite web|title=Press Releases: Dr. Viral V. Acharya Appointed Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=39063|website=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> starting on 20 January 2017.<ref name="toi-viral-date-of-start" /> In June 2019, Viral Acharya quit as RBI Deputy Governor six months before end of his term.<ref name=H1 />

== Personal life ==
He has composed a music album titled ''Yaadon Ke Silsile''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~sternfin/vacharya/public_html/music/index.html |title=Viral Acharya: Yaadon Ke Silsile |website=pages.stern.nyu.edu |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>

==Awards==
Acharya is a recipient of the [[Alexandre Lamfalussy]] Senior Research Fellowship of the [[Bank for International Settlements]] for 2017, and the inaugural [[Bank of France|Banque de France]] and [[Toulouse School of Economics]] Junior Prize in Monetary Economics and Finance in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stern.nyu.edu/experience-stern/news-events/viral-acharya-named-deputy-governor-of-reserve-bank-of-india |title=NYU Stern Professor Viral Acharya Named Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India |date=2017-01-09 |website=www.stern.nyu.edu |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* Viral V. Acharya, [https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/quest-for-restoring-financial-stability-in-india/book276181/ ''Quest for Restoring Financial Stability in India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814015329/https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/quest-for-restoring-financial-stability-in-india/book276181 |date=14 August 2022 }}, SAGE Publishing India, July 2020
* Viral V. Acharya, Thorsten Beck, Douglas D Evanoff, George G Kaufman and Richard Portes. [http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8865/ ''World Scientific Studies in International Economics''], 2013
* Viral V. Acharya, Thomas Cooley, Matthew Richardson and Ingo Walter. [http://voxeu.org/content/dodd-frank-one-year/ ''Dodd-Frank: One Year On''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423180529/https://voxeu.org/content/dodd-frank-one-year |date=23 April 2022 }}. New York University Stern School of Business and CEPR ebook
* Viral V Acharya, [[Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh|Stijn van Nieuwerburgh]], Matthew Richardson and Lawrence White. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9400.html/ ''Guaranteed To Fail: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Debacle of Mortgage Finance'']. Princeton University Press, March 2011 {{isbn|1-4008-3809-6}}
* Viral V. Acharya, Thomas Cooley, Matthew Richardson and Ingo Walter, editors. [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470768770.html/ ''Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105213943/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470768770.html |date=5 January 2017 }}. John Wiley & Sons, November 2010
* Viral V. Acharya and Matthew Richardson. [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470499346.html/ ''Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101127/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470499346.html |date=29 December 2016 }}. John Wiley & Sons, March 2009

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.stern.nyu.edu/faculty/bio/viral-acharya/ Viral Acharya's NYU page]
* {{cite web|title=Works Cited|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=iZAsYLgAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao|publisher=[[Google Scholar]]}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, Viral}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:New York University Stern School of Business alumni]]

Kingdom of Valabhi

2026-01-07T10:30:03Z

JAFMargie385530:

{{Short description|Kingdom in Western India (475–776)}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = ''Valabhi Rājya''
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Valabhi
| common_name =
| era =
| status =
| event_start = [[#Bhaṭārka|Bhatarka]] establishes a feudal realm in [[Valabhi]]
| year_start = 475
| date_start =
| event1 = [[#Droṇasiṁha|Dronasimha]] adopts the title of [[Maharaja]] (vassal prince)
| date_event1 = 499
| event2 = [[Sovereignty]]
| date_event2 = 553
| event3 = [[#Muslim invasions and decline|Arab invasions]]
| date_event3 = 735
| event_end = Disestablished
| year_end = 776
| date_end =
| p1 = Gupta Empire
| s1 = Chavda dynasty {{!}} Kingdom of Anahilavada
| s2 = Saindhava dynasty
| s3 =
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| image_map = South Asia historical AD590 EN.svg
| image_map_caption = Kingdom of Valabhi under Maitrakas (in blue) and their contemporaries in India in 590 AD
| capital = [[Vallabhi]]
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] Prakrit Sauraseni Apabhramsa
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Shaivism]]){{sfn | Virji | 1955 | p=225–229}}
| government_type = Monarchy
| leader1 = [[#Bhaṭārka|Bhatarka]]
| year_leader1 = 475–493
| leader2 = [[#Śilāditya VI Dhrubhaṭa|Siladitya VI]]
| year_leader2 = 762–776
| title_leader = [[Maitraka dynasty#List of kings of Valabhi|Maharajadhiraja]]
| legislature =
| image_coat = Valabhi Trident Coat of Arms.png
| coa_size = 100px
| symbol_type = [[Trishula|Valabhi Trident]]{{efn|Insignia used on Coinage}}
}}
The '''Kingdom of Valabhi''' was an [[early medieval India|early medieval]] kingdom in [[Western India]] from 475 to 776. It was founded by [[#Bhaṭārka|Bhatarka]], a [[Senapati|general]] in the [[Gupta Empire]], and ruled by the [[Maitraka dynasty]].

Following the decline of the Gupta Empire, Bhaṭārka, the military governor of the Saurashtra region, founded the Maitraka dynasty in 475. He was followed by his son Dharasena I, who also used the title of ''senapati'' (commander). His son, Droṇasiṁha proclaimed himself ''[[Maharaja]]''. Guhasena ({{reign|556|570}}) stopped recognising the suzerainty of the emperor of Magadha and his son, Dharasena II started using the sovereign title of ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''.

The kingdom came under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Kannauj during the reign of [[Harsha]] following which the kingdom became independent again after his death in 647. The kingdom collapsed in 776 after prolonged Arab invasions.

==History==
===Bhaṭārka===
[[File:Maitrakas of Valabhi.in the name of Bhatarkah. Circa 475-700 CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Silver Drachm of Bhaṭārka (Maitrakas of Valabhi). ''Obverse'': Head of the kings facing right. ''Reverse'': [[Trishula]] trident (symbol of [[Shiva]]) with legend in the [[Brahmi script]]: ''Rájño Mahákshatrapasa Bhatárakasa Mahesara–Śrí Bhaṭṭárakasa'' "Of the illustrious, the Shaivaite, Bhattaraka, the great king; the great [[Satrap|Kshtrapa]]; the Lord and devotee of [[Parameshwara (god)|Maheshwara]]."{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
The ''Senapati'' (general) Bhaṭārka, was a military governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] [[peninsula]] under the [[Gupta Empire]], who had established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat approximately in the last quarter of 5th century when the Gupta empire weakened. He continued to use the title of ''Senapati'' (general). Apart from his military accomplishments, not much is known from the copper-plates. He was Śaiva according to the title ''Parama-Maheshwara'' used for him in grants by his descendants. It seems that he transferred the capital from Girinagar ([[Girnar]]) to Vallabhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Nandini|date=2016-08-11|title=Early Maitrakas, Landgrant Charters and Regional State Formation in Early Medieval Gujarat|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=151–163|doi=10.1177/025764300101700201|s2cid=162126329 }}</ref> The legends of all Valabhi coins are marked with ''Sri-Bhaṭārka''. Almost all the Maitraka inscriptions start with his name. He is known only from the copperplate inscriptions of descendants.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=21–25}}

===Dharasena I===
[[File:Coinage of Dharasena (Maitraka, 570-606 CE, Gujarat), National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Silver Drachm of Dharasena (Maitraka, 570–606 CE, Gujarat), on the model of the [[Western Satraps]]. National Museum, New Delhi.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
Bhaṭārka was succeeded by his eldest son Dharasena I who also used only the title of ''Senapati'' (general). He reigned approximately from 174 to 180 Valabhi Era (VE) (c. 493–499 CE). It seems that he further consolidated power in weakening [[Gupta Empire]]. the Maitrkas had a marriage alliance with [[Harishena|Harisena]], the King of Avanti who had himself captured many regions formerly under Magadha. Chandralekha, who is described in ''Dharasanasara'' of Devasena as the daughter of the king of Ujjayani and the queen of Dhruvasena I.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=26–27}}

===Droṇasiṁha===
Droṇasiṁha (c. 499 - c. 519 CE), a younger brother of Dharasena I, declared himself as ''Maharaja'' known from his copperplate dated 183 VE (502 CE). It is known that his coronation was attended by some higher authority, probably [[Vakataka|Ujjain]] as they had a marriage alliance.<ref name="HRC">Roychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp.553-4</ref>{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=28–30}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Eran pillar inscription of Bhanugupta
| image1 = Eran_pillar_of_Goparaja_(detail).jpg
| caption1 = Eran pillar
| image2 = Eran_pillar_inscription_of_Goparaja.jpg
| caption2 = [[Eran]] stone pillar inscription.
| image3 = Bhanugupta Eran stone pillar inscription.jpg
| caption3 = Rubbing of the inscription.
| footer=The [[Bhanugupta|Eran stone pillar inscription]] of [[Bhanugupta]] mentions a "very big and famous battle" between the Guptas and the Maitrakas.
}}
According to the [[Eran]] inscription of [[Gupta Empire]] ruler [[Bhanugupta]] (new revised translation published in 1981),<ref name="CII"/> Bhanugupta and his chieftain or noble [[Goparaja]] participated in a battle against the "Maittras" in 510 CE, thought to be the Maitrakas (the reading being without full certainty, but "as good as certain" according to the authors).<ref name="CII"/> This would directly allude to the conflict between Valabhi and the Gupta Empire during the reign of Droṇasiṁha. The inscription reads:

{{blockquote|
*(Verses 3-4) (There is) the glorious [[Bhanugupta]], a distinguished hero on earth, a mighty ruler, brave being equal to [[Arjuna|Partha]]. And along with him [[Goparaja]], following (him) without fear, having overtaken the Maittras and having fought a very big and famous battle, went to heaven, becoming equal to Indra, the best of the gods; and (his) devoted, attached, beloved, and beauteous wife, clinging (to him), entered into the mass of fire (funeral pyre).
|[[Eran|Eran inscription]] of Bhanugupta, 510 CE.<ref name="CII">Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108395 Main text p.352sq]</ref>}}

It is also around this time, or soon after, that the [[Alchon Huns]] king [[Toramana]] invaded [[Malwa]], leading to his mention as "ruler of the earth" in the [[Eran boar inscription of Toramana]].

===Dhruvasena I===
Dhruvasena I was the third son of Bhaṭārka and the younger brother of Droṇasiṁha. He reigned c. 519 - c. 549 CE. During his rule, [[Yashodharman]] of the Kingdom of Malwa had defeated [[Harisena]] of the [[Vakataka dynasty|Ujjain]], as well as the [[Huna Kingdom|Huna]] king [[Mihirakula]] (in 528 CE). Dhruvasena probably had to acknowledge to overlord-ship of Yashodharman. It is known that they had regained their glory as Yashodharman's rule was short lived and was supplanted by the Guptas.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=31–33}}

In these grants, Dhruvasena's father Bhaṭárka and his elder brothers are described as 'great Máheśvaras' that are followers of Śiva, while Dhruvasena himself is called 'Paramabhágavata', the great Vaiṣṇava. He must be liberal in religious beliefs. In the 535 CE grant, he had made an arrangement for a Buddhist monastery at Valabhi built by his Buddhist niece Duḍḍá (or Lulá?). He had made several grants to Brahmanas of [[Vadnagar]]. The [[Vallabhi council|Jain council at Vallabhi]] was probably held during his rule which was arranged by his wife Chandralekha. During these days, he had lost his son as the Vallabhi council has condoled on loss.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=33–34}}<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part I.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=85–86|chapter=I. THE CHÁVAḌÁS (A. D. 720–956.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa Sutra]]'', the Jain text, was compiled probably during the reign of Dhruvasena, 980 or 993 years after the death (''[[Moksha (Jainism)|Nirvana]]'') of [[Mahavira]]. Kalpa Sutra mentions that the public reading of it started at Anandapura (Vadnagar) to relieve Dhruvasena from the grief of the death of his son.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=75}} Based on his grants, it known that his kingdom extended from Dwarika to Valabhi, whole Saurashtra peninsula and as far as Vadnagar in the north.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=34}}

During his rule, the [[Garulaka dynasty|Garulakas]] or Garudakas had accepted the Kingdom of Valabhi as their overlord. The Garulaka had captured [[Dvārakā|Dwarika]] probably with help of Valabhi. They probably has an emblem of the [[Garuda]] and it his clear from their grants that they were Vaishnavas. They had made grants to Brahmanas and Buddhists alike.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=33–34}}

===Dharapaṭṭa===
Dhruvasena I was succeeded by his younger brother Dharapaṭṭa who reigned for a very short period, c. 549 to c. 553. He must be old when he ascended to the throne as his elder brothers ruled before him and thus his reign may have been short. He is the only ruler described as ''Paramaditya-Bhakta'', the devotee of the sun god. He is known by the copperplate grants of his grandson.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=35–37}}

===Guhasena===
[[File:Five Bronzes Valabhipur.jpg|thumb|Five Jain Bronzes recovered from [[Vallabhi]] ]]
Dharapaṭṭa was succeeded by Guhasena who reigned from c. 553 to c. 569 CE. He must be great king as the all later ruler from Śilāditya I to the last ruler records his name in grants.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=38}}

Guhasena stopped using the term ''Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata'' along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to Magadha. He had assumed the sovereign title of ''Maharajadhiraja''. During his early rule, the Maitraka kingdom was invaded by King of KannaujIshwaravarman. The Raivataka (Girnar) hill is mentioned in his Jaunpur stone inscription but who won the war is unclear as the inscription is fragmentary. It is assumed that Guhasena must have repelled the attack.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

All his copper-plates record donations to Buddhist monasteries. He was a devotee of Shiva as mentioned in his grants and the copperplate bore the symbol of the [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the vehicle of Shiva. He was interested in Buddhism in his last years of reign which is known from his grants. Guhasena wrote poems in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Saurseni Apabhramsa.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

Early historians had considered [[Gahlot]]s (Gohil) of Mewar ([[Guhila dynasty|Guhilas of Medapata]]) as his descendants. [[James Tod]] had recorded one such legend but epigraph evidence does not support the assumption. Virji also makes the point that Gahlots were Brahmanas as per their inscriptions while the Maitrakas were Kshatriyas.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=38–42}}

===Dharasena II===
[[File:Maliya inscription of Dharasena II Year 252.jpg|thumb|300px|Maliya inscription of Dharasena II of the year 252 (571 CE).<ref>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.358795 p.164ff]</ref>]]
Gahasena was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of ''Samanta'' in his early grants and later readopts the title of ''Maharaja'' and later again as ''Mahasamanta''. He reigned from 569 to 589–90 CE. It is considered that he had become subordinate to Kannauj king [[Ishanavarman]] for sometime between which reflect in the changes in titles. From Haraha inscription it known that Ishanavarman held sway over several rulers and Dharasena may have had to submit to him.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=42–45}}

He had made land grants to Brahmanas noted in his copperplate grants. One of his grants of 254 or 257 VE mentions solar eclipse which had helped in establish the dating of the Valabhi Era (VE). His one grant mentions Sthiramati, the Buddhist monk mentioned by Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang. One independent grant dated 574 CE made by [[Garulaka dynasty|Garulaka]] king Simhaditya is also found at [[Palitana]] along with him.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=42–45}}

===Śīlāditya I===
[[File:Coinage of Shiladitya with Head of King and Geometric Designs (Maitraka, 606AD - 616CE, Gujarat) in National Museum, Delhi.jpg|thumb|left|Coinage of Śilāditya (Maitraka, 606–616 CE, Gujarat), with head of king and geometric designs. National Museum, New Delhi.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
Dharasena II was succeeded by Śīlāditya I who is also called Dharmāditya, the "sun of Dharma". He reigned from c. 590 - 615 CE. ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' assigns him thirty years. The ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'' has a prophetic account of one Śíláditya who will be a propagator of religion in Vikrama Saṃvat 477 (420 CE). The work is comparatively modern and does not correspond to chronology and dating of the Valabhi kingdom. Although no reliance can be placed on the date still his second name Dharmáditya gives support to his identification with the Śíláditya of the Máhátmya.<ref name=GBP/>{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=46–47}} Based on ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' and his grants, it is known that his rule extended from [[Malwa]] to the oceans of [[Kutch]] in western India.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=47}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
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| total_width = 250px
| caption_align = centre
| image1 = Maitraka plate 1.jpg
| image2 = Maitraka plate 2.jpg
| footer = Copper plate grant issued by Śīlāditya I, dated year 290 [?] aśvayuja badi 10 recording a donation of villages and lands.
}}
He was Shaiva. The one of his grant, to a temple of Śiva, has for its Dútaka the illustrious Kharagraha apparently the brother and successor of the king. He had made grants to sun temple and Buddhist monks show that he tolerated and respected Buddhism also. The writer of one of the grants is mentioned as the minister of peace and war Chandrabhaṭṭi; the Dútaka or causer of the gift in two of the Buddhist grants is Bhaṭṭa Ádityayaśas apparently some military officer. The Jain work ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'' mentions that its author was his preceptor. His equal treatment to all religions justifies his title ''Dharmāditya''. The ''Śatruñjaya Máhátmya'', though exaggerated, mentions that he had expelled some Buddhists from his kingdom sympathetic to his rival [[Harsha|Harṣa]]. He is praised in accounts of Hiuen Tsang as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion".<ref name=GBP/>{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=58–59}}<ref name="Mahajan">Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, pp.594-6</ref>

He had a son named Derabhaṭṭa. He was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I. It seems that there must have been a contest between his elder brother Upendra and him but finally Kharagraha I had succeeded. Derabhaṭṭa is mentioned to had helped Śilāditya is conquering some region between Sahya and Vindhya. He probably had helped Pulakeshin in a war against Kalachuris and may be gained the region as a result. He may have ruled the region independently till his death. His son and successor Śilāditya may have ruled the region as an arrangement with his brother Karagraha. A queen named Janjika is mentioned in one of copperplates which may be a wife of Śilāditya I.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=59–61}}

===Kharagraha I===
Śilāditya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I, also known as Ishwaragraha.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=63–64}}<ref name="Mahajan"/> Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included [[Ujjain]] which is mentioned as "victorious camp". He was probably in a continued struggle with Harṣa started during the reign of his brother. He was Śaiva and reigned c. 615 - 621 CE.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=63–64}}

===Dharasena III===
Kharagraha was succeeded by his son Dharasena III. He reigned from c. 621 to 627 CE. His only grant is made from the military camp at Kheṭaka ([[Kheda]]). Chapala mentioned in ''Manju-Sri-Mula-Kalpa'' as a successor of Śilāditya must be Dharasena III according to Virji while Jayaswal consider him as Kharagraha. He was Śaiva too. He had some gain in north Gujarat. He must have lost some power as his neighbouring kingdoms; Chalukya and Harshvardhan were in constant struggle.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=65–69}}

===Dhruvasena II Balāditya===
{{South Asia in 600 CE|right|Location of the Gurjaras, and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=26,146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |archive-date=2024-01-12 |access-date=2024-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|57|121|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|47px]]}}}}
After death of Dharasena III, he was succeeded by his younger brother Dhruvasena II also known as Balāditya, the "rising son". He reigned from c. 627-641 CE. He was well versed in grammar and the science of polity. Hiuen Tsang had written "a lively and hasty disposition and his wisdom and statecraft were shallow". He further adds that "he had attached himself to the precious three recently", viz. the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha of [[Buddhism]]. he had made grants to Buddhist Viharas and Hindu temples alike. He used the title of ''Paramamaheshwara'', thus Shaiva. He had renewed the grant to the Kottammhikadevi, a Hindu temple, by his ancestor Droṇasiṁha. Dadda II, the [[Gurjaras of Lata|King of Lata]] had mentioned that he had given refuge to the king of Valabhi in a struggle with Harṣa. But it is unclear that he was Dhruvasena II or Dharasena IV. Huien Tsang had mentioned that he had married the daughter of [[Harshavardhana|Harṣavardhan]] of Kannauj, probably as the marriage allegiance.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=71–75}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nanavati|first1=J. M.|last2=Dhaky|first2=M. A.|date=1969-01-01|title=The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.321094|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=26|pages=3–83|doi=10.2307/1522666|jstor=1522666}}</ref>

His rule extended to [[Ratlam]], a town west of [[Ujjain]] so whole modern central and north Gujarat were under the Maitrakas.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=71–75}}

===Dharasena IV===
Dharasena IV succeeded Dhruvasena II and reigned from c. 641 to 650 CE. He had subdued [[Gurjaras of Lata|Kingdom of Lata]] (south Gujarat) as he has issued copperplate grants from [[Bharuch]]. he had assumed the imperial titles of ''Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin''. He had made grants to Buddhist Viharas and Brahmanas. He was a patron of scholars and the master archer. Probably during his reign, the Bhatti, the author of ''Bhattikavya'' or ''Ravanavadha'', flourished. It is a grammatical poem.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=71–80}}

As Dharasena IV had no son, the succession transferred to the elder branch, Derabhaṭṭa lineage. He was succeeded by Dhruvasena III.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=80}}

===Dhruvasena III===
[[File:Parsvanatha with two other tirthankaras, yaksha and yakshi, Maitraka, 9th Century, Akota, Gujarat, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Parsvanatha with two other tirthankaras, yaksha and yakshi, Maitraka, 9th Century, Akota, Gujarat, National Museum, New Delhi]]
Dhruvasena III was a son of Derabhaṭṭa. He reigned from c. 650 to 654-655 CE. He had dropped the title of ''Chakravartin'' and was Shaiva. He may have lost his sway on Lata region to Chalukyas.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=81–82}}

===Kharagraha II===
Kharagraha II Dharamaditya was a successor of his younger brother Dhruvasena II. He had made a grant from military camp at Pulindaka which suggest that he was in a continued struggle with Chalukyas. He reigned from c. 655 to 658. He had no son.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=83–84}}

===Śilāditya II===
Śilāditya was a son of Śilāditya, the elder brother of Kharagraha II. As Kharagraha II had no son, he assumed the throne. He reigned from c. 658 to 685 CE. He has mentioned his father Derabhaṭṭa in his grants. He had probably recovered the Lata region from the Sendraka governor under the Chalukyas. The Chalukyas recovered the region under Vikramaditya I and placed his son [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman|Dharashraya Jayasimha]] as its governor. The region was still ruled by [[Gurjaras of Lata]] and Dadda III was probably in the constant struggle with the Maitrakas.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=85–88}}

Arab historians mention that the Arab commander Ismail had attacked the [[Ghogha]] in 677 CE (AH 57) but give no details. He must have been defeated by Śilāditya II.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=88}}

===Śilāditya III===
Śilāditya was a son and the successor of Śilāditya II. He reigned from c. 690 - 710 CE. Probably during this period, [[Panchasar]] held by Jayasekhara of [[Chavda dynasty]] was attacked.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=90–93}}

===Muslim invasions and decline===
====Śilāditya IV====
[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into [[Gujarat]] (724-740 CE). Śilāditya IV was affected by the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Umayyad campaigns in India]].
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|Kingdom of Valabhi (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]
Śilāditya IV was a son of Śilāditya III who probably had Dharasena as his personal name. He ruled from c. 710 to 740 CE. Chalukya king Vikramaditya II had captured the Kheṭaka region from Valabhi with the presumed help of Jayabhatta IV, the king of Lata. Sanjan plate of 733 CE informs that [[Rashtrakuta]] Indra I had forcefully married Chalukya princess Bhvanaga at Kaira (Kheda) so the region must be under them then.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=94}}

Biladuri, the Arab historian informs that the kingdom was invaded by the Arabs under [[Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri|Junaid]], Governor of the [[Caliphal province of Sind]], during the Caliphate of Hisham (724-743 CE).<ref name="CAP148">{{cite book |last1=Petrie |first1=Cameron A. |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-304-1 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbQWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT148-149 |language=en}}</ref> The invasion was carried out in 735-736 CE, and mentioned by the kingdom of Lata. The Muslims invaded all of the Gurjara region of north and south.<ref name="CAP148"/> The Navsari plate of [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]] mentions that the Tajjika (Arabs) had destroyed the Kachchelas (of [[Kutch]]), [[Saindhava]]s, Surastra, Chavotkata ([[Chavda dynasty|Chavda]]s), Mauryas and Gurjaras (of Lata) and proceeded towards the Deccan. Jayabhatta helped the Maitrakas in battle at Valabhi at which they had defeated the Arabs but eventually lost. Finally at [[Navsari]], the confederate army led by Chalukya troops routed the Arabs. Pulakeshin was awarded the titles of ''Dakshinapatha Svadharna'', the solid pillar of the Deccan, ''Anivartaka-nivartayitr'', the Repeller of the Unrepellable and ''Avanijanashraya'', the refuge of the people.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=94–96}}

====Śilāditya V====
After the Arab invasion, the fragmented western states were organised under Śilāditya V. Malwa was lost to th [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Kingdom of Gurjaradesa]] (not to be confused with Gujarat; Gurjaradesa referred to eastern Rajasthan, then, the domain of the Pratiharas) before the invasion. He probably had tried to recover Malwa as one of his grant (760 CE) is made from military camp at Godraka ([[Godhra]]). He must have failed to recover Malwa but nonetheless recovered the Kheṭaka (Kheda) region. He had to face another invasion of the Tajjika (Arabs) from the sea in 759 CE fighting for [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Umayyad Caliphate]]. The naval fleet under Amarubin Jamal was sent by Hasham, the governor of Sindh to the coast of Barda (the Barda hills near [[Porbandar]]). The invasion was defeated by the naval fleet of the [[Saindhava]] dynasty which was in allegiance with the Maitrakas. He reigned from c. 740 -762 CE.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=97–100}}

====Śilāditya VI Dhrubhaṭa====
[[File:Valabhi (Saurashtra) coinage. Late 5th-8th century Capped head right in Ksatrapa style Trident; Brahmi legend around.jpg|thumb|Valabhi (Saurashtra) drachms. Late 5th-8th century CE. Capped head right in [[Western Satraps|Ksatrapa]] style. Trident with Brahmi legend around.]]
Śilāditya VI, also known as Dhrubhaṭa, reigned c. 762 to c. 776 CE. As he had issued a grant from Anandpura (Vadnagar), it is assumed that he was on expansion again taking advantage of the prevailing situation in Rastrakutas and was in a struggle with the Pratiharas. Saurashtra was again invaded by the Tajjikas (Arabs) in 776 CE (AH 159). They captured the township of Barada but the epidemic broke out. The Arabs had to return and the Caliph had decided to stop further attempt to enter India. Agguka I of the [[Saindhava]] dynasty had claimed in his inscription a victory thus they had to withdraw. The Maitraka dynasty ended by c. 783 CE.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=101–102}}<ref name="HRC"/><ref name="Mahajan"/><ref name=Richards>
{{cite journal |last= Richards |first= J.F. |year= 1974|title= The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia|journal= Journal of South Asian Studies|volume= 4|issue= 1|pages= 91–109|doi= 10.1080/00856407408730690}}</ref> The fall of the dynasty is attributed to the [[Arab]] invasion from the [[sindh]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Chandra Mauli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSoE8qR-5BgC&dq=arab+vallabhi+ended+maitraka&pg=PA85 |title=A Journey Through India's Past |date=2005 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-194-6 |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Kalahans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9XfAAAAMAAJ&q=arab+vallabhi+ended |title=Cultural Heritage of Gujarat |date=1996 |publisher=Good Companions |pages=106 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pochhammer |first=Wilhelm von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&dq=arab+vallabhi+ended&pg=PA186 |title=India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent |date=2005 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-715-0 |pages=186 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from legendary accounts which connects fall of Vallabi with the Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source mention how the dynasty ended.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=102–105}}

The governors of Girinagar (Girnar) and Vamanasthali ([[Vanthli]]) became independent and established their own dynasty on the fall of Vallabhi.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=105}}

==Administration==
[[File:Administrative divisions in the Maitraka kingdom.png|thumb|Administrative divisions in the Maitraka kingdom|300px]]
There were administrative divisions managed by head of the division and helped by his subordinates. The highest division ''[[Vishaya]]'' were headed by Rashtrapati or Amatya and the lowest division ''Grama'' (equivalent to village) was headed by Gramakuta.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=230–247}}

Maitrakas set up a [[Vallabhi University]] which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the [[Nalanda University]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130|title=Universities in ancient India|last=Apte|first=D. G.|publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|year=1950|location=Raopura, Vadodara|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924005633130/page/n51 44]–47|via=Cornell University Library}}</ref>

==Architecture==
===Temples and monuments===
;Mentioned in the literary sources
The copper plate inscriptions of Maitrakas mentions religious edifices, Brahmanical as well as Buddhist. Some Buddhist monuments were constructed by the Maitrakas themselves. Some Brahmanical shrines includes Shiva temple at Vatapadra in Saurashtra (before 609 CE), Bhartishwara temple (extant in 631 CE), Goddess Kotammahika temple at Trisangamaka (extant in 639 CE, built during or before reign of Droṇasiṁha), Pandurarya temple at Hathab in Saurashtra (502 CE inscription). Other temples include [[Saptamatrika]] temple at Madasara-sthali (extant in 676 CE), Sun temple at Vatapadra (609 CE) and Bhadreniyaka (611 CE); all in Saurashtra.<ref name=":0" />

Several Buddhist monuments were built by Maitrakas. Majority of them were built in and around Vallabhi. Bhataraka probably the Bhataraka-vihara. Princess Dudda, sister of Dhruvasena I, built Dudda-vihara around the onset of the sixth century. Before 605 CE, Śilāditya I built Śilāditya-vihara Vamsakata in Saurashtra. Abhyantarika-vihara (before 567 CE) was built by a lady Mimma. Kakka Mankila added Kakka-vihara to Dudda-vihara mandala before 589 CE and another Gohaka-vihara was built there before 629 CE. The Yakshasura-vihara for nuns at Vallabhi was built around middle of the sixth century. Before 549 CE, Ajita, a merchant, built Ajita-vihara, probably besides the Yakshasura-vihara. Purnabhatta-vihara was built by Purnabhatta before 638 CE to the later group. Skandabhatta II, grandson of Mahasandhivigrahaka Sandabhatta I, built a Sandabhatta-vihara at Yodhavaka.<ref name=":0" />

Literary sources also mention some [[Jain temples|temples]] dedicated to the [[Arihant (Jainism)|Jinas]]. Around 601 CE, [[Shantinatha]] temple at Vallabhi existed. At the time of destruction of Vallabhi, the images of [[Chandraprabha]], [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]], [[Parshwanatha]] and [[Mahavira]] were transferred to safer places. The temples of Parshwanatha and Shantinatha existed at Vardhamana ([[Wadhwan]]) and Dostatika as well as probably the [[Ambika Temple, Girnar|temple]] of Yakshi [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] on the summit of Mount [[Girnar]].<ref name=":0" />

Most of the constructions in this period were made of non-durable materials like bricks and wood. None of them survives now.<ref name=":0" />
;Extant temples
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Old temple, general view from the north-west, Gop, Gujarat.jpg|[[Gop Temple]]
File:Firangi Deval, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India.jpg|[[Firangi Deval]] at Kalsar
File:Dharashnvel Temple (Magderu), From East.jpg|[[Magderu]], Dhrasanvel, Okhamandal
File:General view of ruined temples at Sonkansari pond, Ghumli, Saurashtra.jpg|Ruined temples at Sonkansari, [[Ghumli]]
File:Sonkansari Bhanvad 01.JPG|Temple at Sonkansari, Ghumli
File:6th to 7th-century Maitraka Group of Temples, Balej 118.jpg|Temple at Balej
File:6th to 7th century Bhanasara Group of Temples, Balej Gujarat 218.jpg|Temple at Bhansara
</gallery>
The architecture is in continuum of earlier Gupta period architecture found in caves at [[Uparkot Caves|Uparkot]] and [[Khambhalida Caves|Khambhalida]]. More than hundred temples of this period is known. Almost all of them are located along the coastal belt of the western [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] except the one at Kalsar and few temples in the Barda hills region. Several temples of them are located in the territories controlled by the [[Saindhava]]s.<ref name=":0" />

The extant temples of this period are the [[Gop Temple|temple at Gop]], Sonkansari ([[Ghumli]]), Pachtar, Prachi, [[Firangi Deval]] at Kalsar, group of temples at Vasai near [[Dwarka]], Kadvar, [[Bileshwar]], [[Sutrapada]], Visavada, Kinderkheda, Pata, Miyani, [[Pindara Group of Temples|Pindara]], Khimrana, two temples at Dhrasanvel ([[Magderu]] and Kalika Temple), two temples near Dhrewad ([[Kalika Mata Temple, Old Dhrewad|Kalika Mata Temple]]), Gayatri temple and Naga temple and Sun temple at Pasnavada, early temples at Junagadh, Gosa, Boricha, Prabhas Patan, Savri, Navadra, Suvarnatirth temple at [[Dwarka]], Jhamra, Degam near [[Porbandar]], Sarma near [[Bagasara-Ghed|Ghed]]. Other extant temples include the temple groups at Khimeshwara, [[Shrinagar, Porbandar|Shrinagar]], [[Nandeshwara]], Balej, Bhansara, Odadar; and the shrines at Bokhira, Chhaya, Visavada, Kuchadi, [[Ranavav]], Tukada, Akhodar, Kalavad, [[Bhanvad]], Pasthar, and [[Porbandar]].<ref name=":0" />

Two ''[[Temple tank|kund]]''s are known of this period, at Kadvar and Bhansara. The Shaivaite monastery at the Khimeshwara group of temples is the oldest known Brahminical monastery of India, preceding three centuries to that in central India.<ref name=":0" />

These temples are austere in their design and simple in decoration. They are important in architectural study to know the origin of Nagara-style ''shikhara'' and the beginning of their complex designs in temple architecture. These temples also point to the second of the two early Gujarat temple architecture schools; the north Gujarat early Nagara style and the Saurashtra style which initially influenced and ultimately ousted by the evolving Nagara style. The Saurashtra style disappeared by the tenth century.<ref name=":0" />

==Coinage==
[[File:Drachm of the Matraikas of Valabhi.jpg|thumb|Drachm of the Matraikas of Valabhi.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
The Maitrakas continued coinage styles established by their predecessors; the Guptas and the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s. Large number of copper and silver coins are found in Vallabhi and elsewhere. There are two types of coins found. The first were 6" in diameter and weighted 29 grains. They were perhaps earlier coins modeled after the Western Kshatrapa coins. Later coins were similar to the Gupta coins in shape, size and legends. Like Gupta coins, they were not made of pure silver but silver-coated.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}

The obverse of coin had the head of the kings facing right, as in Kshatrapa coins, but no legends or date. The reverse had [[Trishula]], the trident, the emblem of [[Shiva]]. An axe (''parashu'') is added in reverse of some later coins. These symbols are surrounded by the legend in debased characters of [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}} It reads, {{cquote|''Rájño Mahákshatrapasa Bhatárakasa Mahesara–Śrí Bhaṭṭárakasa'' or ''Rájño, Mahákshatrapasa Bhatarakasa Mahesara Śrí Śarvva Bhaṭṭárakasa'' Translation: "[This is a coin] of the illustrious the Shaivaite, Bhattaraka, the great king; the great Kshtrapa; the Lord and the devotee of Maheshwara.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}}}

==List of kings of Valabhi==
[[File:An Inscribed Copper plate of the Maitraka dynasty.jpg|thumb|An inscribed copper-plate of the Maitraka dynasty]]
{{History of Gujarat}}
The list as follows:<ref name="Mahajan"/>
* Bhaṭārka (c. 470-c. 492)
* Dharasena I (c. 493-c. 499)
* Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500-c. 520)
* Dhruvasena I (c. 520-c. 550)
* Dharapaṭṭa (c. 550-c. 556)
* Gruhasena (c. 556-c. 570)
* Dharasena II (c. 570-c. 595)
* Śīlāditya I (also known as Dharmāditya) (c. 595-c. 615)
* Kharagraha I (c. 615-c. 626)
* Dharasena III (c. 626-c. 640)
* Dhruvasena II (also known as Balāditya) (c. 640-c. 644)
* Chakravarti king Dharasena IV (also known with the titles Param Bhaṭārka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644-c. 651)
* Dhruvasena III (c. 650-c. 654-655)
* Kharagraha II (c. 655-c. 658)
* Śīlāditya II (c. 658- c. 685)
* Śīlāditya III (c. 690- c. 710)
* Śīlāditya IV (c. 710- c. 740)
* Śīlāditya V ( c. 740- c. 762)
* Śīlāditya VI Dhrubhaṭa ( c. 762- c. 776)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |date=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Virji|first=Krishnakumari Jethabhai|title=Ancient history of Saurashtra: being a study of the Maitrakas of Valabhi V to VIII centuries A. D.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287|series=Indian History and Culture Series|year=1955|publisher=Konkan Institute of Arts and Sciences}}

{{Medieval India}}

[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 5th century]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:5th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:8th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian monarchies]]

Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express

2025-12-08T13:56:02Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
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| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} (YPR)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| distance = {{convert|456|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10h 15m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16573/16574
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16573/16574 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5216&did=14938143486337693E97C4A49B53C7C1C913EAB8758E1.web91 | title=Change in composition of trains | date=3 May 2017 | publisher=Southern Railway | access-date=3 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jallikattu-protests-southern-railway-cancels-diverts-trains/articleshow/56703614.cms Jallikattu protests: Southern Railway cancels, diverts trains]</ref><ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=605&did=140263641540077CE9FF8D0174961DD28BF3BE64B29FC.web91 PR81-EXTENSION OF PERIOD OF TEMPORARY STOPPAGES PROVIDED AT VARIOUS STATIONS ]</ref>

== Service==

The 16573/Yesvantpur–Puducherry Weekly Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 456 km in 10h 15m. The 16574/Puducherry–Yesvantpur Weekly Express has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 456 km in 11h 30m. Although it does not have a stop at Karmelaram or Heelalige, it is often stopped at these stations to allow the passage or arrival of 12677 KSR Bengaluru-Intercity Express, which sometimes experiences delays of up to forty minutes.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Yesvantpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Banaswadi}}
* {{stnlnk|Hosur}}
* {{stnlnk|Dharmapuri}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Attur}}
* {{stnlnk|Chinna Salem}}
* {{stnlnk|Vriddhachalam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Puducherry}}

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 24 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 12 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[Wap 7 ]] Electric locomotive from Bangalore to Puducherry and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 16505/16506 [[Gandhidham–Bangalore City Express]], 16533/16534 [[Jodhpur–Bangalore City Express (via Guntakal)]], 16533/16534 [[Ajmer–Bangalore City Garib Nawaz Express]] and 16507/16508 [[Jodhpur–Bangalore City Express (via Hubballi)]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{stnlnk|Vriddhachalam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Puducherry railway station]]
* [[Gandhidham–Bangalore City Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi−Bangalore City Express (via Guntakal)]]
* [[Ajmer–Bangalore City Garib Nawaz Express]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi−Bangalore City Express (via Hubballi)]]
* [[Yesvantpur–Puducherry Garib Rath Express|Yesvanthpur Puducherry Garibrath Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22808 16573/Yesvantpur-Puducherry Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22809 16574/Puducherry-Yesvantpur Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yesvantpur-Puducherry Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2014]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church, West Chalakudy

2025-11-29T05:13:14Z

JAFMargie385530: created data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Perpetual Help (OMPH) Church
| fullname = Church of the Our Lady of Perpetual Help, West Chalakudy
| image = OLPH Church.jpg
| imagesize = 220px

| caption =
| location = West [[Chalakudy]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|17|48.3|N|76|19|07.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| churchmanship = [[High church]]
| membership = 3775
| attendance =
| website = {{Url|http://www.smcim.org/church/westchalakudy|Official website}}
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder = Jose Vezhaparambil
| dedication = [[Mother Mary]]
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date = 1966
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
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| architect =
| architectural type = Modern
| style =
| groundbreaking = 30 March 1963
| completed date =
| construction cost =
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| width =
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| materials =
| parish = Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church parish
| deanery = [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Chalakudy]]
| archdeaconry =
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
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| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar = Jose Palatty
| curate =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant = Wilson Mokkanamparambil
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| deaconness =
| seniorpastor =
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| reader =
| organistdom =
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| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

'''The Church of the Our Lady of Perpetual Help''', popularly known as '''Nithyasahaya Matha Palli''' or '''Moonjeli Palli''' is a parish church coming under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]].<ref name="Catholic Churches">{{cite web | url=http://catholicchurches.in/directory/irinjalakuda-churches/our-lady-of-perpetual-help-church-chalakudy-west.htm | title=Catholic Churches | publisher=Catholic Churches | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Our Lady of Perpetual Help">{{cite web | url=http://www.thecatholicdirectory.com/directory.cfm?fuseaction=display_site_info&siteid=128419 | title=Our Lady of Perpetual Help | publisher=Our Lady of Perpetual Help | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> It is situated along the [[Chalakudy]] - [[Ashtamichira]] Road, about  1 km from [[Chalakudi railway station]] at a small hamlet by name, Munjeli, in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The parish falls under the jurisdiction of [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Chalakudy|St. Mary's Forane]], Chalakudy.<ref name="Marian Pilgrim Centre">{{cite web | url=http://marianpilgrimcentre.com/old/parishunderforane.html | title=Marian Pilgrim Centre | publisher=Marian Pilgrim Centre | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075427/http://marianpilgrimcentre.com/old/parishunderforane.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:OLPH Church Flag post.jpg|thumb|left|Flag post]]
[[File:OLPH Church Grotto.jpg|thumb|left|Grotto and the stone lamp]]
Our Lady of Perpetual Help church was consecrated in 1966 and serves as the home church of the local parish which was formed delinking the catholic families belonging to the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and residing in West Chalakudy from the [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Chalakudy]].<ref name="Syro-Malabar Church">{{cite web | url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=963 | title=Syro-Malabar Church | publisher=Syro-Malabar Church | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, the parish has a strength of 765 families and 3767 members.<ref name="Indian Catholic Online profile">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Parish/Details/4623#verticalTab2 | title=Indian Catholic Online profile | publisher=Indian Catholic Online | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090940/http://indiancatholiconline.com/Parish/Details/4623#verticalTab2#verticalTab2 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Jose Vezhaparambil, a Catholic priest based at the Fransciscan Clarist Convent in Kottat, West Chalakudy, initiated the efforts to build the church in 1962 for the benefit of the local catholic families who came under the [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Chalakudy]] parish and the foundation stone of the church was laid on 30 March 1963 by [[George Alapatt]], the then Bishop of the Diocese of Thrissur, (present day [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]]).<ref name="Parish details">{{cite web | url=http://www.irinjalakudadiocese.com/parishes_details.php?chrch_id=20 | title=Parish details | publisher=Irinjalakuda Diocese | date=2015 | access-date=9 August 2015 | archive-date=27 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427141509/http://www.irinjalakudadiocese.com/parishes_details.php?chrch_id=20 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish">{{cite web | url=http://www.irinjalakudadiocese.com/photoupload/parishespdf/parpd20.pdf | title=Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish | publisher=Irinjalakuda Diocese | date=2015 | access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref> The construction of the church was completed with financial assistance from the parent parish as well as from the local residents and was consecrated in 1966 with Joseph Mundassery as the founder vicar of the parish.<ref name="Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish" />

The parish had 432 families as its members at inception. Two years later, the cemetery was constructed which preceded several additions such as a new altar, concrete roof in place of the old tiled roof, mosaic flooring, vicarage and a parish hall. The church premises is home to a grotto dedicated to Mother Mary and the stone carved lamp in front of the grotto and the church flag post are inspired by [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala temple architecture]]. The parish serves as the base for 4 priests, 56 nuns, and four male and three female novices. Twenty six [[Franciscans]] and 48 altar boys are also registered with the parish<ref name="Indian Catholic Online profile" />

==Activities==
The main festival of the church is the ''Feast of Mother Mary'' which is celebrated every year on the first Sunday on or after 10 August.<ref name="ICO details">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Parish/Details/4623#verticalTab1 | title=ICO details | publisher=Indian Catholic Online | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090940/http://indiancatholiconline.com/Parish/Details/4623#verticalTab1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The festival includes special sermons, community activities and fireworks.<ref name="Fireworks - Our Mother Perpetual Help Church, West Chalakudy">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYY0kbL-tU | title=Fireworks - Our Mother Perpetual Help Church, West Chalakudy | publisher=YouTube | date=5 March 2013 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> The feast of [[Saint Sebastian]] is another major festival, celebrated annually on the last Sunday of January. The ''Oottu Perunal'' of [[Saint Joseph]] is also celebrated on 19 March which features public serving of food to the devotees.<ref name="Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish" />

The parish hosts several catholic organizations such as [[Kerala Catholic Youth Movement]], [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]], Family Apostolate, C.L.C., Mothers Union, Social Action and Franciscan Atmaya Saba.<ref name="Indian Catholic Online profile" /> A primary school is run on the church premises for which a small school building has been constructed near the church cemetery. The church also conducts regular weekly catechism classes for the parish members and 26 volunteer teachers teach 665 students utilising the school class rooms for the purpose.<ref name="Indian Catholic Online profile" /> A periodical under the name, ''Athmajyothi'', is published by the parish<ref name="Smcim">{{cite web | url=http://www.smcim.org/church/westchalakudy | title=Smcim | publisher=Smcim | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> and the community services are carried under the banners of twenty family unions.<ref name="About the Parish">{{cite web | url=http://www.smcim.org/church/westchalakudy/article/314 | title=About the Parish | publisher=SCICM | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> It is also home to ''St. Paul's Mission House''.<ref name="Parish at a Glance">{{cite web | url=http://www.smcim.org/church/westchalakudy/parishat | title=Parish at a Glance | publisher=SCICM | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Irinjalakuda]]
* [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Chalakudy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Our Lady of Perpetual Help Syro-Malabar Church, West Chalakudy}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYY0kbL-tU | title=Fireworks - Our Mother Perpetual Help Church, West Chalakudy | publisher=YouTube | date=5 March 2013 | access-date=10 August 2015}}

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1966]]

Hyderabad FC

2025-11-04T05:27:58Z

JAFMargie385530: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[SC Delhi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Gautam Sarabhai

2025-10-23T06:41:20Z

JAFMargie385530: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gautam Sarabhai
| image_upright = [[File:Gautam's home, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|thumb|Gautam's home, Ahmedabad, 1952]]
| alma_mater = [[Cambridge]]
| occupation = Industrialist, Educator, Businessman
| known_for = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]
| notable_works = [[Calico Dome]]
| spouse = [[Kamalini Sarabhai]]
| children = Mana Sarabhai, Shyama Sarabhai
| family = [[Sarabhai family]]
}}
[[File:Gautam's home, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Gautam Sarabhai, center, with family, at Gautam's home, overlooking the Sabarmati River, in 1952. L to R: N. R. Nadkarni, Dr. Rake, Gautam Sarabhai, [[Ambalal Sarabhai]], Dr. H. B. Sreerangachar]]
'''Gautam Sarabhai''' (4 March 1917 – 28 August 1995)<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vikram-sarabhais-sister-wants-idol-theft-case-quashed/article24682898.ece Vikram Sarabhai’s sister wants idol theft case quashed]</ref> was an industrialist and businessman from the [[Sarabhai family]] of [[Ahmedabad]].

==Birth==
Gautam was born to industrialist [[Seth Ambalal Sarabhai]] and Sarladevi on 4 March 1917 in Gujarati [[ Jain ]] Business Family. He was the fifth child and second son of the couple. His elder brother was Surhid and younger was [[Vikram Sarabhai]], the father of the Indian space program.

==Family==
He was married to Kamalini Sarabhai, a trained psychoanalyst from [[Tavistock Clinic]] and the founder of BM Institute of Mental Health.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kamalini Sarabhai (née Khatau) |url=https://100years.tavistockandportman.nhs.uk/kamalini-sarabhai-and-the-tavistock-clinic/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=100 years of the Tavistock and Portman |language=en-US}}</ref> The couple has two daughters named Shyama and Mana Sarabhai Brearly. Cricketer [[Mike Brearley]] is Gautam Sarabhai's son-in-law.<ref name=x/>

==Career==
Gautam Sarabhai joined Calico in 1940 as a director at the age of 22. With his keen sense of initiative, entrepreneurial talent and an innate financial acumen,{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} he succeeded his father as chairman of the company in 1945. He took control of other group companies after death of his elder brother [[Surhid Sarabhai]] in 1945, while [[Vikram Sarabhai]] was involved in developing India's space program.

He expanded the textile mills and diversified the group into chemicals, plastics and fibres, harnessing modern technology to meet the challenge of the future. He not only looked after the Calico Mills but also helped start the [[National Institute of Design]] along with his sister [[Gira Sarabhai]] in 1961.<ref name="Lang2002">{{cite book|author=Jon T. Lang|title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&pg=PA48|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-017-6|page=48}}</ref><ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Why I Supported the Emergency: Essays and Profiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34iq9tp-S7MC&pg=PA186|year=2009|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08324-4|page=186}}</ref> The group suffered a setback in 1980s due to family feud also arose between the next of the kin of his brothers and Gautam and Surhid Jr and [[Kartikeya Sarabhai]] were ousted from management in 1982 by Gautam Sarabhai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Business World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ5aAAAAYAAJ|date=October 1987|publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited|page=130}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-IOAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Living Media India Pvt. Limited|pages=56–57}}</ref>

Kamalini and Gautam also helped start The Psychotherapy Study Group and B. M. Institute of Mental Health.<ref name="PatelThara2003">{{cite book|author1=Vikram Patel|author2=R Thara|title=Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Developing Countries: NGO Innovations in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3maJtm7f8C&pg=PA213|year=2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9699-6|page=213}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He was an avid lover of arts and had a collection of statues and paintings.<ref name="Dehejia2013">{{cite book|author=Vidya Dehejia|title=Art of the Imperial Cholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23F7vTn3hBMC&pg=PA7|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51524-5|page=7}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 28 August 1995. After his death, the Sarabhai group came into the hands of [[Kartikeya Sarabhai]].<ref name=x>{{cite book|title=Business India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzBXAAAAYAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=A.H. Advani|page=86}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarabhai, Gautam}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the textile industry]]
[[Category:Sarabhai family|Gautam]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]

Ashraf Asthanvi

2025-10-16T17:17:20Z

JAFMargie385530: Put up new post - done

{{Short description|Indian activist and writer (1967–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashraf Asthanvi
| native_name = اشرف استھانوی
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_name = Ziaul Ashraf
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1967|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Asthawan]], [[Nalanda district]], Bihar
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|11|15|1967|02|02}}
| death_place = Fakirbara, [[Patna district]], Bihar
| education = Bachelor of Arts ([[Patna University]])
}}

'''Ashraf Asthanvi''' (2 February 1967 – 15 November 2022) was an Indian Social Activist, Journalist, [[Columnist]] and Writer of [[Urdu|Urdu-language]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=श्रद्धांजलि सभा:लड़ता था जो जंग सदा उर्दू की अफसोस वो सिपाही न रहा... वरिष्ठ पत्रकार के निधन पर श्रद्धांजलि सभा हुई |trans-title=Tribute meeting: The war that used to fight, it is a pity that Urdu is not a soldier... Tribute meeting was held on the death of a senior journalist. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/gaya/amas/news/the-soldier-who-used-to-fight-always-urdu-regrets-that-he-is-no-more-a-soldier-tribute-meeting-held-on-the-death-of-senior-journalist-130583945.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He is the author of ''Adhyatmak Evam Manavta Ke Prateek'' ''Shaikh Sharfuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri'' (2013), a biographical book on [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]] and ''Professor Abdul Bari: Azeem Mujahid-e-Azadi Aur Bihar Ke Memar'' (2012), a biographical book on [[Abdul Bari (professor)|Professor Abdul Bari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anwar |first=Seraj |date=17 November 2022 |title=बिहारः चर्चित सहाफी अशरफ अस्थानवी नहीं रहे, अंतिम दिनों में विधानमंडल की कार्य प्रणाली पर लिख रहे थे पुस्तक |trans-title=Bihar: Well-known Journalist Ashraf is no more, he was writing a book on the working system of the Legislature in the last days |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/lifestyle-news/bihar-famous-sahafi-ashraf-is-no-more-last-days-he-was-writing-a-book-on-legislature-for-students-with-the-help-of-jaikrishna-25529.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in |language=hi}}</ref>

He was a regular contributor to [[Qaumi Awaz|Qaumi Awaaz]], [[Qaumi Tanzeem]], Inquilab-e-Jadeed, Mahnama Secular Bihar, [[The Inquilab|Roznama Inquilab]], Pindaar and Urdu Times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faridi |first=Mansuruddin |date=16 November 2022 |title=پٹنہ : معروف صحافی اشرف استھانوی کا انتقال |trans-title=Patna: Renowned journalist Ashraf Asthanvi passed away |url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/india-news/patna-renowned-journalist-ashraf-asthanvi-passed-away-22708.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.urdu.awazthevoice.in |language=ur}}</ref> He has served as the Bihar State President of Awaami Urdu Nefaz Committee,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2017 |title=मुहब्बत व नफासत की जुबान है उर्दू: अस्थानवी - |trans-title=Urdu is the language of love and kindness: Asthanvi |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/araria-urdu-language-16368178.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> and co-ordinator of All-India Urdu Forum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2012 |title=पुरजश्न मनेगी मदरसा शमसुल होदा की शताब्दी - |trans-title=Centenary of Madrasa Shamsul Hoda |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-9859430.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ashraf Astanvi was born as Ziaul Ashraf on 2 February 1967 at Asthanwan, Nalanda district of Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=India |first=United News of |date=2022-11-16 |title=اردو کے معروف صحافی اشرف استھانوی کا انتقال، تدفین آج |trans-title=Renowned Urdu journalist Ashraf Asthanvi passed away |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/urdu-journalist-ashraf-asthanvi-died |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Simab |title=December 2022 |url=https://rashtriyajanatadal.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/dec-2022_compressed-1.pdf |journal=Rajad Samachar |volume=1 |issue=17 |pages=13 |via=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]}}</ref>

He received his early education at local Maktab and completed Bachelor of Arts from [[Patna University]] in 1984.<ref name=":0" />

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Asthanvi |first=Ashraf |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/professor-abdul-bari-azeem-mujahid-e-azadi-aur-bihar-ke-memar-ashraf-asthanwi-ebooks |title=Professor Abdul Bari: Azeem Mujahid-e-Azadi Aur Bihar Ke Memar |publisher=Better World Mission |year=2012 |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asthanvi |first=Ashraf |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shaikh-sharfuddin-ahmad-yahya-muneri-ashraf-asthanwi-ebooks |title=Adhyatmak Evam Manavta Ke Prateek Shaikh Sharfuddin Ahmad Yahya Maneri |publisher=Alankar Printers |year=2013 |edition=1st |location=Patna |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Asthanvi |first=Ashraf |title=Tooti Slate, Aadhi Pencil Se Mukhya Mantri Ki Kursi Tak: Jitan Ram Manjhi |publisher=Alankar Printers |year=2014 |location=Patna |language=hi}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-05 |title=Manjhi's struggle penned in Hindi & Urdu, released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/manjhis-struggle-penned-in-hindi-urdu-released/articleshow/45380090.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Manjhi can move mountains |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/11591-this-manjhi-can-move-mountains/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-14 |title=अपने जीवन पर लिखी पुस्तक देख भाव विभोर हुए सीएम |trans-title=The CM was shocked to see the book written on his life |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/225802- |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2014-12-14 |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi receives his biography |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/jitan-ram-manjhi-biography-23730.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Asthanvi |first=Ashraf |title=Sada-e-Jaras: Bihar Ke Anmol Ratn |publisher=Book Imporium |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-925836-7-9 |location=Patna |language=hi}}
* Forbesganj Ka Sach<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-04 |title=One year on, justice eludes Forbesganj firing victims |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-year-on-justice-eludes-forbesganj-firing-victims/articleshow/13791832.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Haroon Rashid Award (2011)<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2011 |title=News in Brief |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/news-in-brief/cid/378128 |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ashraf Asthanvi died on 15 November 2022 at his residence in Fakirbara, Patna. He was laid to rest at Dhabri Qabristan on 17 November 2022. His Namaz-e-Janaza was held at Madrasa Muhammadia Asthawan and it was led by Maulana Atiqullah Qasmi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-11-17 |title=Ashraf Asthanwi Passed Away صحافی اشرف استھانوی سپرد خاک، وزیر اعلی اور نائب وزیر اعلی کا اظہار تعزیت |trans-title=Ashraf Asthanwi Passed Away Journalist Ashraf Asthanwi passed away, Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister expressed condolences |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/state/bihar/renowned-journalist-ashraf-asthanvi-passes-away/na20221117080955386386489 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref> His death was condoled by [[Nitish Kumar]], [[Tejashwi Yadav]], [[Afaque Ahmad Khan|Afaque Ahmed Khan]], [[Khalid Anwar]], [[Md Sohaib|Qari Sohaib]] and others.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-11-15 |title=पटना: उर्दू के मशहूर पत्रकार अशरफ अस्थानवी नहीं रहे, बिहार के पत्रकारिता जगत एवं सियासी हल्के में मातम |trans-title=Patna: Famous Urdu journalist Ashraf Asthanvi is no more, mourning in Bihar's journalism world and political light. |url=https://muslimnow.net/patna-famous-urdu-journalist-ashraf-asthanvi-is-no-more-mourning-in-bihars-journalism-and-political-circles/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Muslim Now |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-11-15 |title=Ashraf Asthanwi Passed Away مشہور صحافی اشرف استھانوی کا انتقال، صحافتی حلقوں میں غم کی لہر |trans-title=Ashraf Asthanwi Passed Away The death of famous journalist Ashraf Asthanwi, a wave of grief in journalistic circles |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/bharat/journalist-ashraf-asthanwi-passed-away-in-patna-bihar/na20221115213104619619153 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Authority control}}

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/ashraf-asthanwi/all Ashraf Asthanvi] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
* [https://sufinama.org/authors/ashraf-asthanwi/ebooks Ashraf Asthanvi] on Sufinama

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asthanvi, Ashraf}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Urdu-language columnists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]

Commercial Street, Bengaluru

2025-09-26T05:04:37Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub - done

{{Short description|Street in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{coord|12.9821663|77.6083553|display=title}}
[[File:Commercial Street, Bangalore (7870987476).jpg|thumb|Commercial Street during Eid in 2012.]]
'''Commercial Street''' is a street in [[Bangalore]], the state capital of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. One of the oldest and busiest shopping areas of the city,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Das|first1=Bhavani|title=No public toilets even on the busiest streets in Bangalore|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-no-public-toilets-even-on-the-busiest-streets-in-bangalore-1921458|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sarma|first1=Deepti|title=One-stop street for the shopaholic in you|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/2098-exploring-commercial-street|publisher=Citizen Matters|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref> the street is famous for its trade in clothes, footwear, jewellery, electronics; and food joints.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Krishna Kumar|first1=Shyama|title=One-hour Stitching Now the Rage|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/One-hour-Stitching-Now-the-Rage/2014/10/01/article2456846.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729051205/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/One-hour-Stitching-Now-the-Rage/2014/10/01/article2456846.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 July 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top ten street shopping places in India|url=http://www.abplive.in/travel/top-ten-street-shopping-places-in-india-135967|publisher=ABP Live|accessdate=31 December 2015|archive-date=18 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218044609/http://www.abplive.in/travel/top-ten-street-shopping-places-in-india-135967|url-status=dead}}</ref> With only 75 parking slots available on the street for four-wheelers,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Laiqh A.|last2=Srivatsa|first2=Sharath S.|title=The elusive parking spot in Commercial Street area|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-elusive-parking-spot-in-commercial-street-area/article6070472.ece|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref> the street is one of the most crowded in the city.

It's expands between OPH road and K Kamraj road. the shopping locations extend to its bylanes including Dispensary Road and Abrahim Sahab street.

Commercial Street lies in the heart of the city in the [[Bangalore Central Business District|Central Business District]] area in Tasker Town, close to [[M G Road, Bangalore|M G Road]], another popular shopping area, and [[Russell Market]] in [[Shivajinagar, Bangalore|Shivajinagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Commercial Street Of Bangalore|url=https://bangalore.ind.in/commercial-street-of-bangalore|publisher=bangalore.ind.in|accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Commercial Street, Bangalore by CH Doveton (1900).jpg|Commercial Street in 1900
File:Commercial Street, Bangalore, India.jpg|Commercial Street during daytime
File:Commercial st.jpg|Commercial Street during evening
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:Roads in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Ottan Thullal

2025-09-21T05:07:45Z

JAFMargie385530: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Recite-and-dance art-form of Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}
[[File:Ottamthullal kerala.jpg|thumb|Ottamthullal performance in Kerala]]

'''Ottan Thullal''' (or ''Ottamthullal'') is a recite-and-dance art-form of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was introduced in the eighteenth century by [[Kunchan Nambiar]], one of the [[Malayalam triumvirate poets|Prachina Kavithrayam]] (three famous [[Malayalam]]-language poets). The folksy performance, often laced with humour intended at criticism of society, is accompanied by a [[mridangam]] (a barrel-shaped double-headed drum) and/or the handy [[idakka]] besides a pair of [[ilathalam]] cymbals.

== History ==
[[File:Ottamthullal1.rotated.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ottamthullal performance during a temple festival]]
[[File:Ottanthullal in kalolsavam.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ottamthullal]]
[[File:Thrippunithura-Ottanthullal-Performer-2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ottamthullal]]
Like most Indian [[Performing arts|performing art]] forms, Ottamthullal has its principles influenced by the [[Natya Shastra]] ({{circa|2nd century BCE}}). The word ''Thullal'' means "to jump" or "leap about" in the [[Malayalam language]].<ref>[http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/thullal/thullal.html "Thullal."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615152437/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/thullal/thullal.html |date=15 June 2012 }} Malayalam Resource Centre website. Accessed 27 February 2014.</ref>
Legend has it that Nambiar, the poet, fell asleep while playing the [[mizhavu]] drum for a [[Chakyar Koothu]] performance, inviting ridicule from the chakyar. In response, Nambiar developed Ottamthullal, which raised prevalent sociopolitical questions and made a satire of human pedigrees and prejudices. The chakyar complained about Nambiar's production to the king of Chembakassery. The king banned performances of Ottamthullal from the [[Ambalapuzha]] temple complex. Closely related art forms are Seethankan thullal and Parayan thullal. Mathur Panikkar popularized Ottamthullal for modern audiences. Ottamthullal competitions are held<ref>Nidheesh M. K. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108070427/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Sunny-Brothers-Outshine-in-Ottamthullal/2014/01/08/article1988244.ece#.Uw8DC3k9Kto "Sunny brothers outshine in Ottamthullal."] The New Indian Express. 8 January 2014. Accessed 27 February 2014.</ref> and the art form may be used to spread a social message.<ref>[http://www.itoozhiayurveda.in/ayurveda/spreading-the-goodness-of-ayurveda-through-keralas-performing-art-ottamthullal/ "Spreading the goodness of ayurveda through Kerala's performing art, ottamthullal."] Ithoozhiay website. 29 September 2012. Accessed 27 February 2014.</ref>

== Performers ==
In Ottamthullal, a solo performer, with green makeup and a colourful costume (decorated with a long red and white band and painted wooden ornaments), acts and dances while reciting dance ''(Thullal)'' (lyrics).<ref>[http://artkerala.weebly.com/thullal.html "Ottan thullal".] Kerala's 64 Art Forms website. Accessed 27 February 2014.</ref> A chorus or one or more artists repeats each sentence as it is completed. More recently, Ottamthullal has been performed with a solo female actor and with an [[ensemble cast]].

== Theme ==
Nambiar parodies the ways of landlords and other prominent citizens, sometimes even the king. For example, the character of [[Bhima]] from the epic the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' is portrayed as an oaf. Higher castes including [[Brahmin]] are not spared.

== Language ==
Ottan thullal is performed in [[Malayalam]], which pleases local audiences. Old sayings and elements of [[folklore]] are used.

== Works ==
There may be 64 or more Ottamthullal works. Examples include:
* ''Kallyana Sougandhikam'' (a rare flower), Bhima is searching for the flower and has a long conversation with his older brother, Hanuman.
* ''Kiratham, rukmini swayamvaram, keechakavadham, Garudagarva bhangam, Santhanagopalam, Ghoshayathra etc...''

== Related images ==
<gallery>
File:Chakyarkoothu-hareesh-nambiar-at-peechi-kfri-camp.jpg|Chakyar koothu
File:Sheethankan Thullal.jpg|Sheethankan Thullal
File:Oottan Thullal at Kerala School Kalothsavam 2017.jpg|Make-up
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category|Ottan thullal}}
* [[Arts of Kerala]]
* [[Parayan Thullal]]
* [[Sheethankan Thullal]]
* [[Killikkurussimangalam]]
* [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]
* [[Chakyar koothu]]
* [[Kathakali]]
* [[Mohiniyattam]]
* [[Koodiyattam]]
* [[Panchavadyam]]
* [[Kerala Kalamandalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]

The Loyal Purbiah Regiment

2025-09-15T20:24:16Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1858-1922
|country=[[British Raj|Indian Empire]]
|branch=Army
|type=Infantry
|size=
|command_structure=[[Bengal Army]] (to 1895) [[Bengal Command]]
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=[[Edward VII]] (1904)
|ceremonial_chief_label=Colonel-in-Chief
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=Red; faced white
|colors_label=Uniform
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=1878–80 Afghanistan 1885 Suakin Tofrek
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}
The '''17th Infantry (The Loyal Regiment)''' was an infantry regiment of the [[Bengal Army]], later of the united [[British Indian Army]]. It was formed at [[Phillaur|Phillour]] in 1858 by [[Major (rank)|Major]] J. C. Innes from men of the 3rd, 36th and 61st [[Bengal Native Infantry]] regiments who remained loyal to the [[British East India Company]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Miachael|last=Barthorp|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianinfantryre00bart/page/n19 19]|title=Indian Infantry Regiments 1860-1914|year=1979|url=https://archive.org/details/indianinfantryre00bart|url-access=limited|ISBN=0-85045-307-0}}</ref> during the [[Indian Mutiny]], and designated '''''The Loyal Purbiah Regiment'''''.<ref name=QIALjan19p1086>''Quarterly Indian Army List January'' 1919, p. 1086</ref>

These men were designated as [[Purbiya (soldiers)|Purbiyas]], ''Purbiah'', or ''Poorbeah'' meaning Easterners and were recruited from the region stretching from [[Agra]] to [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Button, 17th (The Loyal Purbiah) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry, 1864-1898 |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=2013-10-20-52-62 |website=National Army Museum |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>

It was subsequently re-designated as follows:-

*17th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry – 1861
*17th (The Loyal Purbiah) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry – 1864
*17th (The Loyal Purbiah) Regiment of Bengal Infantry –1885
*17th (The Loyal Regiment) of Bengal Infantry – 1898
*17th Musalman Rajput Infantry (The Loyal Regiment) – 1902

Its final designation came in 1903 with the [[Kitchener Reforms|Kitchener reforms]] of the Indian Army.<ref name=QIALjan19p1086/>

The regiment took part in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], the [[Battle of Tofrek]] the siege of [[Suakin]] in the [[Sudan Campaign]] and [[World War I]]. During World War I they were part of the [[22nd (Lucknow) Brigade]], first attached to the [[8th Lucknow Division]] in India on internal security duties the brigade was then transferred to Egypt as part of the [[11th Indian Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/17thloyal.htm |title=Armed Forces: Units: Indian Infantry: 17th The Loyal Regiment |publisher=British Empire |date= |accessdate=2014-02-13}}</ref>

After World War I the infantry of the Indian Army was restructured by the mass amalgamation of single battalion units into a smaller number of multi-battalion regiments. The 17th Infantry was one of nine regiments disbanded in 1922, as a result of this reform.<ref>Sumner p .15</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|last2=Burn|first2=Jeffrey|year=1979|title=Indian infantry regiments 1860-1914|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=0-85045-307-0}}
*''Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919'', Army Headquarters, India. Calcutta, 1919.
*{{cite book|last=Sumner|first=Ian|title=The Indian Army 1914-1947|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84176-196-6}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loyal Purbiah Regiment}}
[[Category:British Indian Army infantry regiments]]
[[Category:Honourable East India Company regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1922]]

{{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}

Lawrence Military Asylums

2025-09-15T17:22:16Z

JAFMargie385530: Stub

'''The Lawrence Military Asylums''' were a series of military-style boarding schools envisaged by [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] highlands for the sons and daughters of British soldiers.<ref name="fibis">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Lawrence_Military_Asylum|title=Lawrence Military Asylum - FIBIwiki|publisher=wiki.fibis.org|accessdate=2015-04-01}}</ref> Two schools were established during Lawrence's lifetime, at [[Lawrence School, Sanawar|Sanawar]] and [[Mount Abu]], a third followed a year after his death at [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lovedale]], whilst a fourth was later built in his memory at [[Lawrence College, Murree|Ghora Gali]].

==History==
In his book ''The Magic Mountains'', historian Dane Kennedy states;<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj|author=Kennedy, D.K.|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520201880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC|page=136|accessdate=2015-04-01}}</ref>

{{cquote|The hill stations of colonial India functioned as sanctuaries for the British ruling race, forming enclaves of British culture in the mountains of the subcontinent. Anglican church spires, quaint Tudor-style cottages, and Victorian flower gardens lovingly evoked a distant homeland, giving hill stations a distinct British identity in the midst of a foreign environment.}}

Further excerpt from [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&brand=ucpress The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj]

{{cquote|The Lawrence Military Asylum was the earliest and most influential institution established to redeem orphans and other poor white children by transferring them to the hills. Its founder was the famed imperial consul Henry Lawrence, whose Evangelical solicitude for barrack children's moral and social fate inspired him in 1845 to propose the establishment of a military-style boarding school in the Indian highlands for the sons and daughters of British soldiers. His aim, as he described it, was to create "an Asylum from the debilitating effects of the tropical climate, and the demoralizing influence of Barrack-life; wherein they may obtain the benefits of a bracing climate, a healthy moral atmosphere, and a plain, useful, and above all religious education, adapted to fit them for employment suited to their position in life." Although Anglo-Indian children could and did gain admittance, Lawrence insisted that preference be given to children of "pure European parentage" since they were "more likely to suffer from the climate of the plains." The first of these military asylums was opened at Sanawar near Simla in 1847, its construction financed by donations from fellow officers and a large grant from the maharaja of Kashmir. Subsequent branches appeared at Mount Abu in 1854, Ootacamund (later moved over a ridge to Lovedale) in 1858, and Murree in 1860, by which point the government had assumed responsibility for their finances.

The Lawrence Asylums offered an education that stressed discipline, obedience, piety, respectability, and acquiescence to a future of limited opportunity. Boys wore artillery uniforms, girls drab jackets and white bonnets, and both were divided into military-style companies that marched on parade grounds. They did not depend on Indian servants; they did most tasks themselves so that they would become "trained in industrial habits." Lawrence envisioned his wards taking up manual trades like carpentry and smithing, creating the nucleus for a British artisanal class in India.}}

==Asylums==
Four asylums were established around the [[Indian subcontinent]], namely;

#[[Sanawar]] (in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]]) in 1847
#[[Mount Abu]] (in present-day [[Rajasthan]]) in 1856
#[[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lovedale]] near Ootacamund (in present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]) in 1858
#[[Lawrence College, Murree|Ghora Gali]] (in present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]]) in 1860.

At present, three of the four continue to function as schools, whilst the Mount Abu school was converted to Central Police Training College for the training of IPS officers after independence and after shifting of CPTC to [[Hyderabad]] as National Police Academy, the school at Mount Abu was converted to Internal Security Academy under the control of CRPF.

==See also==

*[[Henry Montgomery Lawrence]]
*[[Lawrence School, Sanawar]]
*[[Lawrence School, Lovedale]]
*[[Lawrence College Ghora Gali]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf&brand=ucpress The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj]
* [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lawrence-Military-Asylum-Account-Existence/dp/1120224713 The Lawrence Military Asylum: Being a Brief Account of the Past Ten Years of the Existence (1858)]

{{morecat|date=September 2025}}
[[Category:History of education in India]]

2024 Koshi flood

2025-07-28T19:20:31Z

JAFMargie385530: Put up new post

{{Short description|Floods in Bihar caused by the Koshi river}}
{{Infobox flood
| name = Koshi Flood 2024
| cause = Release of approximately 6.61 lakh Cusecs of Water from the Birpur Barrage
| affected = North Bihar
| duration = {{start date|2024|09|28|df=y}}-Not defined
}}
On September 28, 2024, the [[Kosi River]] flooded, causing the release of approximately 6.61 lakh cusecs of water from the ''Birpur Barrage''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=Bihar Flood Alert: Rising barrage water levels likely to affect over 16 lakh people across 13 districts |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bihar-flood-alert-rising-barrage-water-levels-likely-to-affect-over-16-lakh-people-across-13-districts/articleshow/113778956.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Flood alert in 13 districts in Bihar after release of water from barrages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-flood-alert-rain-barrage-valmikinagar-birpur-kosi-gandak-ganga-water-level-2608118-2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The flood affected Nepal and the [[Bihar]] state of India.

== Description ==
The flood was caused by the release of approximately 6.61 lakh cusecs of water from the Birpur Barrage. According to residents, it was the worst flood in 50 years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=नेपाल से निकला सैलाब बिहार में तबाही मचाने को तैयार, 56 साल बाद दिखा कोसी का ऐसा खतरनाक रूप |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/flood-coming-from-nepal-ready-to-wreak-havoc-in-bihar-kosi-seen-in-such-dangerous-form-after-56-years-ntc-rpti-2056277-2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> breaking the record of the floods in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Flood बिहार में तबाही मचा रहा नेपाल का पानी, खोले गए कोसी बराज के सभी गेट; टूट सकता है 56 साल का रिकॉर्ड - flood in bihar Kosi all gates opened Flood in West Champaran Madhubani Sheohar Sitamarhi Supaul Kishanganj Araria |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-flood-in-bihar-kosi-all-gates-opened-flood-in-west-champaran-madhubani-sheohar-sitamarhi-supaul-kishanganj-araria-23806248.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Due to the continuous heavy rain falls in the Himalayan nation, the level of water in the Koshi river increased very speedily, so all the 56 gates of the Birpur Barrage of the Koshi river was opened. The districts affected by the Koshi floods were [[Supaul district|Supaul]], [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]], [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]], [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]], [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]], [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]], [[Katihar district|Katihar]] and [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Bihar Flood: सुपौल में कोसी से बिगड़े हालात तो 8 और जिले घिरेंगे, नहीं टला है अभी बाढ़ का खतरा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bhagalpur/supaul-kosi-flood-impact-on-other-district-of-bihar-me-badh-ka-news |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Flood News : नेपाल ने कोसी और गंडक बराज से 10.5 लाख क्यूसेक पानी छोड़ा; बांध टूटा, बाढ़ की तबाही शुरू |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/bihar-news-all-56-gates-of-kosi-barrage-were-opened-fear-of-flood-in-districts-administration-alert-issued-2024-09-28 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramashankar |date=2024-09-28 |title=Alert sounded for floods in Bihar as major rivers spate |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/28/alert-sounded-for-floods-in-bihar-as-major-rivers-spate-2 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Disasters by the flood ==
The floods broke the river embankments at several places in the region.

In the [[Darbhanga district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[North Bihar]], disastrous floods occurred in the Kiratpur and Ghanshyampur blocks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोसी का विकराल रूप: दरभंगा में कोसी नदी का पश्चिमी तटबंध टूटा, कई इलाके पानी-पानी |url=https://ndtv.in/india/bihar-kosi-river-embankment-breached-in-darbhanga-flood-water-reached-many-areas-6680501 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> In the [[Saharsa district]] of the Mithila region, evacuations occurred in several villages between the eastern and western embankments of the river. The ''Koshi Diyara'' areas of the Madhepur block in the [[Madhubani district]] were filled with floodwater. The district administration of Madhubani instructed people of the affected area to evacuate their houses and go to safe places.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Flood News: सीतामढ़ी में बांध टूटा, नेपाल में बारिश से बिहार के 12 जिलों में संकट; लाखों की आबादी परेशान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/bihar/bihar-news-live-bihar-flood-news-today-flood-in-bihar-flood-situation-live-news-bihar-kosi-river-ganga-water-2024-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

As of 28 September, the official death toll of the flood and associated landslides in Nepal was 126 with dozens reportedly still missing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal floods and landslides death toll climbs to 126, dozens still missing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/28/nepal-floods-landslides-several-people-killed-missing |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Nepal|Weather|Water}}
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in Nepal]]
[[Category:September 2024 in India]]
[[Category:September 2024 in Nepal]]
[[Category:Floods in Bihar]]
[[Category:Floods in Nepal]]

Nageshwara Rao Park

2025-07-22T00:18:58Z

JAFMargie385530: Done - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Desodharaka Nageswara Rao Pantulu Park
| photo =
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|13|2|11|N|80|15|47|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|4|acre|ha|abbr=off}}
| created = 1940
| operator = [[Corporation of Chennai]]
| visitation_num =
| status = Open all year
| embedded =
}}

'''Nageswara Rao Park''' is a {{convert|4|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} park located on Luz Corner in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The park, with a separate play area for children, is kept open to the public from 5 a.m. to 8 p.m. and is a popular place for morning walks among the locals. The park also hosts music [[kutcheri]]s<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/california-student-performs-at-nageswara-rao-park/article3755942.ece | title= California student performs at Nageswara Rao Park | access-date=10 January 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 August 2012}}</ref> and civic forums,<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Cultivating oratory skill at park
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 May 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article422882.ece
| access-date = 2 Oct 2012}}</ref> on the weekends all year round.<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| title = Green & brown: 2 shades of parks
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 6 May 2010
| url = http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Green-brown-2-shades-of-parks-17122014002011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20141225190537/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Green-brown-2-shades-of-parks-17122014002011
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 December 2014
| access-date = 25 Dec 2014}}</ref> The park has a badminton court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Health is a walk in the NR Park|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3832549.ece|access-date=1 Oct 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 August 2012}}</ref> The park is maintained by [[Sundaram Finance Group|Sundaram Finance]].<ref name="CompostMadeInPark">{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Deepa H|title=Compost made out of waste in park|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/07/stories/2009060759470400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610135403/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/07/stories/2009060759470400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2009|access-date=2 Oct 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 June 2009}}</ref>

{{Short description|Regional tourist place in India}}

==History==
[[File:Nageswara Rao Park 1.jpg|thumb|Plaque 1]]
[[File:JatinSanghvi-NageswaraRaoPlaque2.jpg|thumb|Plaque 2]]
Nageswara Rao Park was originally called ''Arathakuttai'' (big pond).<ref name="MM_TimeToRestore">{{cite journal | title = Time to restore vanishing water bodies | journal = Madras Musings | volume = XXVIII | issue = 2 | date = 1–15 May 2018 | url = http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-28-no-2/time-to-restore-vanishing-water-bodies/ | access-date = 21 October 2018}}</ref> In deference to a request by the [[Chennai Corporation]], the owners of the pond, Ramayamma Pantulu, Aravamutha Iyengar and Nainiappa Mudaliar, donated the pond to the civic body for creating a park. After its creation, the park was named after [[Nageswara Rao Pantulu|Desodharaka Nageswara Rao Pantulu]].<ref name="Hindu_WithADashOfGlamour"/> It was opened to the public by [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja]], the then Chief Minister of Madras, on 20 October 1940. Originally developed in a much smaller area on Luz Church Road, the park was expanded when more land was donated by Ramayee Ammal, M. Nainappa Mudaliyar, V. Kumaraswamy Raja, Vinjamur Govindarajachari and Aravamadhu Iyengar in the same year. In 1996, the Chennai Corporation re-developed the park and started maintaining it.<ref name="Envis_ParksOfChennai"/> A pond known as ''Aaratha kuttai'' was filled in and made into a garden.<ref name="City360">{{cite news
| last = Karthikeyan
| first = Aparna
| title = City 360 — A walk in the park
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 August 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/article3831556.ece
| access-date = 16 Sep 2012}}</ref> It was Nageswara Rao, founder of the neighbouring [[Amrutanjan Healthcare|Amrutanjan factory]], who convinced the local residents to develop the area when the pond began to dry up.<ref name="City360"/> It is in his memory that the park was named after him.

==Flora==
Tree varieties found in the park include [[Lapostromea]], [[Cassia fistula]], [[Tabulia]] and foliage trees like Pungam, [[Neem]], [[Palm (plant)|palms]], [[Ficus religiosa]] and [[Thespesia]]. Medicinal and ornamental plants such as [[Tabubia]], [[Copper pod]], [[Enterolobium saman]], [[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]] sp. and [[Ixora]] sp. are also found in the park.<ref name="Envis_ParksOfChennai">{{cite web
| last = Amirthalingam
| first = M.
| title = Parks of Chennai
| work = Envis Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sites of India
| publisher = CPREEC
| url = http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFHxgACv$o49kYS5Naq
| access-date = 4 Feb 2012
| archive-date = 3 April 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150403120808/http://ecoheritage.cpreec.org/Viewcontall.php?$mFHxgACv$o49kYS5Naq
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Developments==
In 2002, an initiative named "Project Green Spaces - Dr. Nageswara Rao Park" was started, whereby the park was adopted by the Chennai Chapter of the American Chamber of Commerce in India (AMCHAM). This also included support from the local community, which had donated for the face-lift of the park. The estimated initial costs of the face-lift was pegged at {{INR}} 3 million, while the ongoing costs at {{INR}} 600,000 per annum. The establishment of a corpus fund of {{INR}} 10 million for the upkeep of the park was also proposed.<ref name="Hindu_WithADashOfGlamour">{{cite news
| last = Frederick
| first = Prince
| title = With a dash of glamour...
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 August 2002
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/28/stories/2002082800200100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030624054159/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/28/stories/2002082800200100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 24 June 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2009, a [[compost]]ing yard consisting of three pits was set up at the rear of the park to make compost from the garden waste that are collected from eight bins in the park. The project is funded by Sundaram Finance, which also maintains the park belonging to the Chennai Corporation.<ref name="CompostMadeInPark"/>

==Incidents==
On 7 November 2010, a man was killed while taking a morning stroll on the dedicated track in the park, when a tree branch snapped off and fell on his head after a heavy rain due to cyclone that passed near the city after a gap of 14 years.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Narayanan
| first = Vivek
| title = Uprooted trees, snapped power cables cyclone Jal" leaves its impact
| location = Chennai
| date = 8 November 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/chennai/28213322_1_tree-branch-power-cables-cyclone
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104003243/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/chennai/28213322_1_tree-branch-power-cables-cyclone
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 21 Sep 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Parks in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Parks in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]

Nabgram

2025-07-20T18:19:18Z

JAFMargie385530: New

{{Other uses|Nabagram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nabgram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.678565|N|87.244724|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.51
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,626
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713363
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nabgram''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Durgapur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
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|mark-coord7={{coord|23|42|10|N|87|18|37|E}} | label-pos7=bottom|label7= Mandarbani| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Mandarbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|11|20|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Bahula| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Bahula]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|25|N|87|11|55|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chhora| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chhora]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|10|N|87|11|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Haripur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|40|15|N|87|14|5|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Sankarpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|40|47|N|87|14|41|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nabgram| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=Nabgram (CT)|shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|40|N|87|15|53|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Konardihi| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Konardihi]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|42|35|N|87|17|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Mahal| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman|Mahal]] (CT)
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|mark-coord16={{coord|23|42|49|N|87|15|13|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Dalurband| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dalurband]] (CT)
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|mark-coord24={{coord|23|40|21|N|87|17|16|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Jhanjhra Area Office | numbered24=0| mark-title24=[[Jhanjra|ECL Jhanjhra Area Office]] (A)|shape-color24=#AA6666| label-size24=12
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|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|25|N|87|16|18|E}} | label-pos28=left|label-color28=#C42222| label28= Pandabeswar | numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Pandabeswar]] (R)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|17|33|E}} | label-pos29=right|label-color29=#C42222| label29= Tilaboni | numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Tilaboni]] (R)|shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|39|0|N|87|15|55|E}} | label-pos30=left|label-color30=#C42222| label30= Shyamsundarpur | numbered30=R| mark-title30=[[Shyamsundarpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color30=#C42222
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|42|15|N|87|20|48|E}} | label-pos31=right|label-color31=#C42222| label31= Madhaipur | numbered31=R| mark-title31=[[Madhaipur]] (R)|shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23.75125|87.16556}}| label32=Ajay River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=0| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|23.554889|87.166754}}| label33=Damodar River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=20| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none}}

===Location===
Nabgram is located at {{coord|23.678565|N|87.244724|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

[[Konardihi]], Nabgram, [[Chak Bankola]], [[Sankarpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Sankarpur]], [[Haripur, Paschim Bardhaman|Haripur]], [[Bahula]], [[Chhora]] and [[Parashkol]] form a cluster of census towns in the southern portion of Pandabeswar CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Pandabeswar CD Block, page 243| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 7 September 2018}}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of the Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. The Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at [[Durgapur]] and 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Nabgram had a total population of 4,626, of which 2,431 (53%) were males and 2,195 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 609. The total number of literate persons in Nabgram was 3,032 (75.48% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Pandabeswar (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nabgram had a population of 4,643. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Nabgram has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 46%. In Nabgram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Nabgram covered an area of 4.51 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved service reservoir, tap water from treated sources, uncovered wells. It had 382 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had were 1 dispensary/ health centre. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, other school facilities at [[Ukhra]] 3 km away. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had was 1 public library. Among the important commodities it produced were coal, paddy, vegetables.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
As per the ECL website telephone numbers, operational collieries in the [[Bankola Area]] of [[Eastern Coalfields]] in 2018 are: Bankola Colliery, Khandra Colliery, Kumardih A Colliery, Kumardih B Colliery, Moira Colliery, Nakrakonda Colliery, Shankarpur Colliery, Shyamsundarpur Colliery and Tilaboni Colliery.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/bankola.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Bankola Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited| access-date = 16 August 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Nabgram has three primary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Meghna Nair

2025-05-09T05:26:00Z

JAFMargie385530: Data - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghna Nair
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|21|2010|11|14}}<ref name="DOB"/>
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_name = Meghaa Nair
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2008-2012
| homepage =
}}

'''Meghna Nair''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil and Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-01/megha-nair-kadalichu-paar-06-06-11.html |title=Megha Nair Changes Her Name - Megha Nair - Kadalichu Paar - Sathyaraj - Tamil Movie News |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kochi-to-kodambakam/239307 |title=Kochi To Kodambakam | Outlook India Magazine |website=outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

==Career==
Aged 18, Meghaa Nair first began shooting for ''[[Thangam]]'' (2008), portraying the role of the lead actress paired opposite [[Sathyaraj]]. She portrayed Sathyaraj's wife in the film, and wore make-up to present her beyond her real age. She subsequently featured in films including ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'' (2007) in [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]'s comedy track and ''[[Poova Thalaiya (2011 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]'' (2011) as a prostitute, before landing a role in [[Siva (director)|Siva]]'s ''[[Siruthai]]'' (2011) as a police officer. Siva had chosen her after being impressed with some promotional stills from her film ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' (2012), and Megha's height was also a factor in convincing the director to cast her in the film. Featuring alongside [[Karthi]] and [[Tamannaah]], ''Siruthai'' remains Megha's highest profile work to date.<ref name="DOB">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Im-just-an-upcoming-artiste-Megha-Nair/articleshow/6920195.cms |title=I'm just an upcoming artiste: Megha Nair |website=The Times of India|date=14 November 2010 }}</ref> The actress changed her stage name from Megha Nair to Meghna Nair in June 2011, hoping to garner further film offers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Megha-Nair-is-now-Meghna-Nair/articleshow/8758578.cms |title=Megha Nair is now Meghna Nair |website=The Times of India|date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> Several of her films in the late 2000s and early 2010s were shelved midst production, including Anish's ''Aadhikkam'', [[Sanjay Ram]]'s ''Sivamayam'' opposite [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] and the female-centric film, ''Manmadha Rajyam'', which saw her work alongside actresses [[Akshaya]], [[Keerthi Chawla]], [[Sanghavi]] and [[Tejashree]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In 2010, she began appearing in Malayalam films and appeared alongside [[Suresh Gopi]] in ''[[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]]'' (2010) and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] in ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=5779 |title=Ayngaran International |website=ayngaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Meghnas-loving-the-change/articleshow/8528839.cms |title=Meghna's loving the change |website=The Times of India|date=23 May 2011 }}</ref> She has appeared in a [[TV Serial]] titled "Geethanjali" aired on [[Surya TV]].She also participated in "Nestle Munch Stars" which was a celebrity [[reality show]] on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4"|2005|| ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'' ||Lekha||[[Malayalam]]||
|-
| ''[[Hai (2005 film)|Hai]]''||Thriptha||Malayalam||
|-
| ''Unakkaga''||Thriptha||Tamil||
|-
| ''OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai''||Nanditha||Malayalam||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Out of Syllabus]]'' ||Priya || Malayalam||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'' ||Savithri|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Thangam]]'' || Meenakshi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Nancy || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Deepavali (2008 film)|Deepavali]]'' || Sirisha|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]]'' || Meera || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Siruthai]]'' || Jhansi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Poova Thalaiya (2011 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]'' || Rekha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' ||Meera || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012 || ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' ||Minmini || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Nellai Santhippu]]'' || Lalitha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Kaathalichu Paar'' || Thenmozhi || Tamil ||
|-
|}

===Television===
* '''Nestle Munch Stars''' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* '''Geethanjali''' ([[Surya TV]]) as Gowri Parvathy
* '''Yakshiyum Njanum''' (Telefilm)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3833267}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Meghna}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Telingan

2025-04-17T16:21:48Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating new details!

{{Short description|Term in British Victorian racial science}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{use British English|date=October 2024}}
'''Telingan''', or '''Indian race''', was a term in [[Great Britain|British]] [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[racial science]], now discredited, referring a subset of the inhabitants of "the [[East India|eastern parts of India]], especially about [[Calcutta]], several isolated spots in other parts of [[India]], and the east coast of [[Madagascar]]" with "dark complexion, (best imitated by a mixture of red and black) the skin is soft, the features are like those of Europeans, hair straight and fine, and the beard copious":<ref name="Frost1856">{{cite book|author=John Frost|title=Grand illustrated encyclopedia of animated nature: Embracing a full description of the different races of men, and of the characteristic habits and modes of life of the various beasts, birds, fishes, insects, reptiles, and microscopic animalcula of the globe. Being a complete history of the animal kingdom|url=https://archive.org/details/grandillustrated00frosuoft|accessdate=20 April 2013|year=1856|publisher=Miller, Orton & Mulligan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/grandillustrated00frosuoft/page/8 8]–|quote=The Telingan, or Indian race, inhabits the eastern parts of India, especially about Calcutta, several isolated spots in other parts of India, and the east coast of Madagascar. The complexion is dark, (best imitated by a mixture of red and black,) the skin is soft, the features are like those of Europeans, hair straight and fine, and the beard copious}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The Eastern [[Hindus|Hindoos]], those at least who make visits to the [[East Indies|East India islands]], present great uniformity in their personal appearance; and, in this respect, they agree with the tribes and nations situated to the eastward of [[Hindustan|Hindostan]].

The [[complexion]] is much the same as in the two preceding races, and is so decidedly darker than in the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malayan]], that by common consent it is called black; although, on comparison, the [[hue]] differs widely from that of the unmixed [[Negro]]. The true colour may be formed by mixing red and black; and in reference to the use of the term of "purplebrown" and that of "olive," it should be observed that neither blue nor green enter into any variety of human complexion.

The features approximate very closely to those of the [[White race]]; but, in general, the mouth appeared to be wider, the nose rather less prominent, and the [[lips]] sensibly thicker. The profile was observed to be less vertical than in the surrounding Malays; the lower part of the face projecting with a regular arch, as in the [[Mongols|Mongolian]]; and there was a further correspondence with the latter race, in the frequent instances of the arched nose.

The skin was ascertained to be very soft. The beard occurred more frequently, and was decidedly more copious than in the Malayan race. The hair was straight and fine, and I have never seen it of any other colour than black. I have not met with Albinoes in the Telingan race.

I am unable at present to refer to a characteristic portrait of the Telingan race; most of the published figures of Hindoos having been taken either from the White race or from mixtures.<ref name="PickeringHall1854">{{cite book|author1=Charles Pickering|author2=John Charles Hall|title=The Races of Man: And Their Geographical Distribution|url=https://archive.org/details/racesmanandthei00hallgoog|accessdate=20 April 2013|year=1854|publisher=George Bell & Sons|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racesmanandthei00hallgoog/page/n268 180]–}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Race (human categorization)]]
[[Category:Scientific racism]]
[[Category:Victorian era]]
[[Category:Historical definitions of race]]

Betrayaswamy temple

2025-04-14T13:24:02Z

JAFMargie385530: Put up location - done

{{Infobox temple
| name = Betrayaswamy Temple
| image = Betarayaswamy temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|30|58|N|77|47|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| location = [[Denkanikottai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Betrayaswamy ([[Vishnu]])
Soundaryavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Hoysala architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Hindu temple in Krishnagiri}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Betrayaswamy temple''' (also called '''Denkanikottai Temple''') in [[Denkanikottai]] town in [[Krishnagiri district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. The temple is Classified one among the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. It is located 30 km from [[Hosur]] and 60 km from [[Bangalore]] and 318 km from [[Chennai]], 77 km from [[Dharmapuri]]. In this temple Constructed in the [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala style of architecture]], the temple is dedicated to Vishnu who is worshipped as Devaperumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Soundaryavalli in this temple.

As per Hindu legend, [[Venkateshwara|Venkateswara]] believed to have appeared for the sage [[Kanva]] to save him from the [[yaksha]] Devandagadagan. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower. The [[Wodeyars of Mysore]] commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century.

The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Two daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the fifteen-day annual Chittirai Kalyana Utsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April - May) and nine-day Brahmotsavam being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
The place finds mention in ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', which has eight chapters detailing the legend of the temple. As per Hindu legend, Devandagadagan, a [[yaksha]] and the relative of the famous king [[Kubera]], once got a boon from [[Brahma]] that he would get endless powers. He was very proud of his powers and started troubling the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], the celestial deities, and the sages who were doing penance in the region. He was once punished by sage [[Atri]], who cursed him to roam in the forest and said that he would be relieved of his curse once Vishnu strikes him with a [[Kaumodaki|mace]]. Ages passed by and Kanvagada was troubling the sages in the forest.<ref name=K/><ref name="dinamalar"/> Once sage [[Kanva]] was finding it difficult to spot a place to do his penance, when sage Atri advised him to go to a place on the banks of [[Cauvery]] close to Narayanagiri. Kanva started doing his penance and the yaksha started troubling the sage. A divine voice informed the sage to seek the help of Venkateswara. The sage did so and Venkateswara came to the place from his abode at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. He transformed as a hunter with a bow called [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]] and his mace called Denkani. An intense battle followed between the hunter and Devandagadaga, eventually the hunter slaying the yaksha with Denkani. In memory of the event, the place came to be known as Denkanipuram, which eventually became Denkanikottai. The sage and the yaksha were blessed with the auspicious [[Darshan (Indian religions)|vision]] of Venkateswara, who made the place his abode.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=89–95|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref>

==History==
Ballaraya was a ruler of the Paligar family, who held sway over the region and the temple. The region came to the hands of Haisala Jagadevaraya, a feudatory of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. It is believed that the fortress in the region was built during his regime. In 1652, Itapel Rao, a Maratha feudatory annexed the region, which changed hands to Chandrasekara Rao in 1653. The [[Wodeyars of Mysore]] held sway over the region till 1768,<ref>{{cite news|title=This quaint town in Tamil Nadu beckons|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/This-quaint-town-in-Tamil-Nadu-beckons/2013/06/20/article1643430.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015906/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/This-quaint-town-in-Tamil-Nadu-beckons/2013/06/20/article1643430.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=20 June 2013|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> when the [[British Raj|British]] under Casby held control of the region. When there were threats from Muslim rulers in the region, the image of the presiding deity was hidden by a devotee named Venkatapahty Rayar in the forest. The [[Vaishya]] community in the region is believed to have contributed to the major halls and shrines of the temple.<ref name=M/>

==Architecture==
Betrayaswamy temple is constructed in the [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala style of architecture]]. The temple occupies an area of {{convert|1|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and is surrounded by a granite walls. The rectangular enclosure measure {{convert|244|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|204|ft|m|abbr=on}}, while the temple tank measures {{convert|220|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|235|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The five tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, has five [[kalasam]] at the top. The sanctum houses the image of Betrayaswamy in standing posture similar to the image of Venkateswara in [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]].<ref name=M/><ref name=K/> The images of [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] are located on either of his sides. The Ardha mandapa is guarded by two [[dvarapala]]s on either sides. The shrine of Soundaravalli is located closed to the eastern gateway. There Mahamandapa houses the images of sage Kanva, [[Vedanta Desika|Vedanta Desikar]], [[Manavala Mamunigal]], the [[Azhwars|Alvars]], and [[Ramanuja]]. There are separate shrines for Venugopala housing [[Satyabhama]] and [[Rukmini]], and [[Rama]] housing [[Sita]], [[Lakshmana]], and [[Hanuman]]. There are a number of smaller shrines and halls in the precincts of the temple. There are three temple tanks associated with the temple namely Chakra Tirtha, Sundari Tirtha and Sanatkumara Tirtha.<ref name=K>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=Betrayaswami&pg=PT459|page=459|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009|isbn=9788184950243|last=Knapp|first=Stephen}}</ref>

==Festival==
The temple is one of the prominent landmarks of Denkanikottai and one of the most visited tourist destinations in the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Quick Getaway: Nashik, Etawah and Hosur|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/news/40795261_1_wine-labels-etawah-region|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034359/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/news/40795261_1_wine-labels-etawah-region|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|publisher=Economic Times|date=25 July 2013|accessdate=15 November 2015}}</ref> The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of the Vaishnavite tradition and follows the ''[[Pancharatra|Pancharatra agama]]''. The temple priests are from a hereditary family referred as Kittambi. They are believed to be from [[Thiruvellarai]] in [[Tiruchirapalli district]]. The temple rituals are performed two times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m. and ''Aravanai Pooja'' at 6:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Betrayaswamy and Soundaryavalli. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, of which the fifteen-day annual Chittirai Kalyana Utsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Chittirai'' (April - May) and nine-day Brahmotsavam being the most prominent. During the Brahmotsavam, the temple car is drawn around the streets of temple with the festival images housed in it. The temple car was damaged in a fire in 1906 and was restored in 1909.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Betrayaswamy temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=790|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> The idols of [[Vinayagar Chaturthi]] for [[visarga]] (immersion) in the region are immersed in the temple tank.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eco-friendly idols for Vinayaga Chathurthi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ecofriendly-idols-for-vinayaga-chathurthi/article1898295.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2007|accessdate=15 November 2015|location=Krishnagiri}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]

Zaina Kadal Assembly constituency

2025-01-24T15:16:16Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating new page!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Zaina Kadal
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1977
| abolished = 1987
| electors = 48,211
| mla = Ali Mohammad Charloo
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Zaina Kadal Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Molvi Mohammed Yasin Hamdani || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Ali Mohammad Charloo
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zaina Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Charloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,820 |percentage=64.42% |change={{decrease}}32.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Atta |party=Independent politician |votes=12,243 |percentage=34.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,577 |percentage=29.86% |change= {{decrease}}65.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,426 |percentage=75.56% |change= {{decrease}}19.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,211 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}32.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zaina Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Charloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=38,366 |percentage=96.94% |change={{increase}}35.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Altaf |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=461 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,779 |percentage=95.46% |change= {{increase}}71.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,576 |percentage=93.47% |change= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,700 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}35.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zaina Kadal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Molvi Mohammed Yasin Hamdani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,414 |percentage=61.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Ali Mohammad |party=Janata Party |votes=14,476 |percentage=38.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,938 |percentage=23.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,890 |percentage=85.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,128 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore

2024-10-10T14:40:47Z

JAFMargie385530: general reworked lead for consistency also and updated info

{{Short description|2011 exhibition of Rabindranath Tagore's paintings}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:The Last Harvest - Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|''The Last Harvest - Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore'']]
'''''The Last Harvest''''' was an exhibition of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s paintings to mark the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth. It was commissioned by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[India]] and organised with the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA). It consisted of 208 paintings drawn from the collections of [[Visva Bharati]] and the NGMA. The exhibition was curated by art historian [[R. Siva Kumar]]. [[Asia Art Archive]] later classified the exhibition as a "world event".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/20913|title=The Last Harvest - Asia Art Archive|publisher=}}</ref>

Within the 150th birth anniversary year it was conceived as three separate but similar exhibitions, and travelled simultaneously in three circuits. The first selection was shown at [[Museum of Asian Art]], Berlin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smb.museum/smb/kalender/details.php?objID=31839&n=0&datum=02.09.2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216001957/http://www.smb.museum/smb/kalender/details.php?objID=31839&n=0&datum=02.09.2011 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-16 |title=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Kalender |publisher=Smb.museum |accessdate=2012-12-18 }}</ref> [[Asia Society]], New York,<ref>{{cite web|author=Current Exhibitions Upcoming Exhibitions Past Exhibitions |url=http://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/rabindranath-tagore-last-harvest |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Last Harvest | New York |publisher=Asia Society |date= 9 September 2011|accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> [[National Museum of Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.go.kr/program/show/showDetailEng.jsp?menuID=002002002&searchSelect=A.SHOWKOR&showCategory1Con=SC1&showCategory2Con=SC1_1&pageSize=10&langCodeCon=LC2&showID=5371 |title=Exhibitions | Special Exhibitions |publisher=Museum.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2013-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508110825/http://www.museum.go.kr/program/show/showDetailEng.jsp?menuID=002002002&searchSelect=A.SHOWKOR&showCategory1Con=SC1&showCategory2Con=SC1_1&pageSize=10&langCodeCon=LC2&showID=5371 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Seoul, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/rabindranath-tagore-poet-and-painter/ |title=Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Painter - Victoria and Albert Museum |publisher=Vam.ac.uk |date= 6 March 2012|accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> London, [[The Art Institute of Chicago]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130507101453/http://www.artic.edu/sites/default/files/press_pdf/Tagore.pdf Tagore] </ref> Chicago, {{lang|fr|[[Petit Palais]]|italic=no}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petitpalais.paris.fr/en/expositions/rabindranath-tagore-1861-1941 |title=Le Petit Palais - Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) - Paris.fr |publisher=Petitpalais.paris.fr |date=2012-03-11 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> Paris, [[Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna]], Rome, [[National Visual Arts Gallery (Malaysia)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/tagore.php |title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) |publisher=Indianhighcommission.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> Kuala Lumpur, [[McMichael Canadian Art Collection]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mcmichael.com/exhibitions/tagore/info.cfm |title=McMichael Canadian Art Collection - The Last Harvest: Paintings by Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Mcmichael.com |date=2012-07-15 |accessdate=2012-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163139/http://mcmichael.com/exhibitions/tagore/info.cfm |archivedate=2013-12-13 }}</ref> Ontario, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=The Last Harvest |url=http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in/pdf/The-Last-Harvest-e-INVITE.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=www.ngmaindia.gov.in}}</ref> New Delhi, [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-18/people/38646057_1_rabindranath-tagore-paintings-exhibition |title=Mumbai gallery to exhibit Tagore's 'The Last Harvest' - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616150812/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-18/people/38646057_1_rabindranath-tagore-paintings-exhibition |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

An illustrated catalogue, titled ''[[The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore (book)|The Last Harvest: Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore]]'', with essays by international Tagore experts was published to accompany the exhibition. The book covered Tagore's art and other aspects of his work and life.

== The International tour of Rabindranath Tagore's Paintings ==
<gallery widths="220" heights="150">
File:Last Harvest in Chicago.jpg|''Last Harvest'' in Chicago
File:The Last Harvest at Berlin.jpg|''The Last Harvest'' at Berlin
File:The Last Harvest at Patit paleeeeais.jpg|''The Last Harvest'' at Petit palais
File:The Last Harvest in Rome.jpg|''The Last Harvest'' in Rome
File:Last Harvest in Berlin.jpg|''Last Harvest'' in Berlin
File:Last Harvest at V&A.jpg|''Last Harvest'' at V&A
</gallery>

==Reception==
''The Last Harvest'' received highly appreciable reviews across the globe. The British newspaper ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' reported,"Tagore is such a fascinating figure that for the fans of his work the art will illuminate his poems and fictions; and for those coming cold, this (''The Last Harvest'') serves as a delightful introduction." ''[[The Independent]]'' rated the exhibition as one of the five best shows
to have opened in London in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsletter JAN 2012, National Gallery of Modern Art New Delhi |url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/pdf/NGMA-E-newsletter-option17.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=www.ngmaindia.gov.in}}</ref> Mumbai Boss declared it the best museum exhibition saying, "At this gathering of about 100 works, one of the largest since his death, fluidly curated by historian [[R. Siva Kumar]], the viewer was given a peek into a less assured Tagore, as a 60-something artist, who used his innate sense of linguistic artistry to permeate his at-times fantastical works. There were animals invented, idyllic landscapes, portraits and drawings that showed him to have an astonishing grasp of what it meant to endow a visual expression with the same raw beauty as its written equivalent."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2013/12/23/best-of-mumbai-2013-culture/|title = Mumbai Boss - Making Sense of the City}}</ref> [[Daily News and Analysis]] reported, "Tagore's imagination created paintings that underline his sheer genius. Yet, they were untitled, left to viewers to interpret." According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''The Last Harvest'' was "A rare display of artworks by Tagore". "Like a skipping stone, Tagore’s style glanced off a variety of inspirations – wood-cuts, surrealist imagery, North American folk art – and yet was sharply distinctive. ''The Last Harvest'', curated by Professor [[Raman Siva Kumar]] of Visva-Bharati University, presents one of the most elaborate exhibitions of Tagore’s paintings that we’ve seen." reported [[Firstpost]].

==See also==
* [[Rabindra Chitravali]]
* [[Kala Bhavana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Last Harvest}}
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Art exhibitions in India]]
[[Category:2012 in India]]
[[Category:2012 in art]]

Hliappui

2024-07-08T19:07:34Z

JAFMargie385530: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hliappui
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7426274|N|93.1064744|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ngopa]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1428
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1547
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271302
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hliappui''' is a village in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Ngopa]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Hliappui has 321 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 97.05%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |access-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1547 || 786 || 761
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 224 || 120 || 104
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1529 || 774 || 755
|-
| Literates || 1284 || 653 || 631
|-
| Workers (all) || 952 || 498 || 454
|-
| Main workers (total) || 809 || 462 || 347
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 701 || 399 || 302
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 11 || 0 || 11
|-
| Main workers: Other || 91 || 60 || 31
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 143 || 36 || 107
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 31 || 15 || 16
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 8 || 4 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 99 || 15 || 84
|-
| Non-workers || 595 || 288 || 307
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ngopa block]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Sivaji Ganesan Memorial

2024-04-16T22:15:42Z

JAFMargie385530: Creating new page

{{Short description|Memorial for Sivaji Ganesan in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

The '''Sivaji Ganesan Memorial''' is a memorial for veteran [[Tamil cinema|Tamil actor]] [[Sivaji Ganesan]], located in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located on Durgabai Deshmukh Road in [[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]], a southern neighbourhood of the city. He was born on October 1, 1928, and died on July 21, 2001.

==The memorial==
The memorial for actor Sivaji Ganesan was built by the [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] in 2017 at a cost of {{INR}} 28 million. The memorial is spread over 28,300 square feet. The building is built in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], adorned with domes. The memorial also houses a statue of the actor.<ref name="Hindu_MemorialReadyInAWeek">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Memorial for Sivaji Ganesan to be ready in a week
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 29 June 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/memorial-for-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-ready-in-a-week/article19166686.ece
| access-date = 2 July 2017}}</ref>

The memorial complex also consists of a [[reverse osmosis]] plant for drinking water needs. The 2.35-metre-high bronze statue of the actor previously installed on Kamarajar Salai ([[Marina Beach]]) in 2006 was shifted to the memorial in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Sivaji statue removed from Kamarajar Salai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 4 August 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/sivaji-statue-removed-from-kamarajar-salai/article19422152.ece
| access-date = 6 August 2017}}</ref>

The memorial was inaugurated on his birth anniversary (October 1, 2017) by Deputy CM [[O. Panneerselvam]] in the presence of Fisheries Minister [[D. Jayakumar]], Information and Publicity Minister [[Kadambur Raju]], senior members of [[South Indian Artistes' Association]] and the family of Sivaji Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2017-10-01 |title=Deputy CM Panneerselvam inaugurates Sivaji Ganesan's memorial |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/deputy-cm-panneerselvam-inaugurates-sivaji-ganesan-memorial/article62039905.ece |access-date=2022-09-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Tholkappia Poonga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{coord|13.0163|80.2593|display=title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}