Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mysuru–Cuddalore Port Express

2026-05-05T14:53:39Z

IvyB800566150: creating stub

{{Short description|Express train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 30em
| color=ffba01 | name = '''Mysore–Cuddalore Port Express'''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Mayiladuthurai Express@P7.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Mysuru - Cuddalore Port (Thanjavur) Express at Thanjavur Junction Railway Station with WAP-7 Locomotive
| type = [[Mail/Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Karnataka]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| predecessor =
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989|paren=yes}}
| last =
| successor =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| formeroperator = [[Indian Railways]]
| ridership = [[Mail/Express]]
| ridership2 = [[Mail/Express]]
| website = www.indianrailways.gov.in
| start = {{rws|Mysore Junction}} '''(MYS)'''
| stops = 24
| end = {{rws|Cuddalore Port Junction}} '''(CUPJ)'''
| distance = {{convert|753|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 Hours 20 Minutes
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber =
* 16231 (UP)
* 16232 (DOWN)
| line_used =
* MS - MV : Chennai Egmore - Myiladuthurai (Mayavaram) via Cuddalore Port Junction (CUPJ) Main Line
* MV - TPJ : Trichy - Thanjavur Main Line
* TPJ - ED : Trichy - Coimbatore Main Line
* ED - SA : Coimbatore - Jolarpettai - Katpadi Main Line
* SA - MYS : Salem - Bangalore - Mysore Main Line
| class =
* 1 2nd A/C II Tire (A)
* 5 3rd A/C III Tire (B)
* 11 Sleeper (SL)
* 2 Unreserved (GS)
* 2 End On Generator (EOG)
| access = {{Access icon|30px}}
| seating = [[Corridor coach]] ({{small|unreserved}})
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation = Windows in all carriages
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Overhead racks Baggage carriage
| otherfacilities = CCTV Camera's In All Coaches
| stock =
* CUPJ - TPJ : [[WAP-7]] or [[WAG-9]] Locomotive From [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]], [[Erode]] / [[WAP-4]] Locomotive From [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]], [[Arakkonam]]
* TPJ - ED : [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] Locomotive From [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]], [[Erode]] / [[WAP-4]] Locomotive From [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]], [[Arakkonam]]
* ED - MYS : [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] and [[WAG-9]] Locomotive From [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]], [[Erode]], [[Krishnarajapuram]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (Overhead Electric Traction)
| speed = {{convert|65|km/h}}
| trainlength = 21 Coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| sharing = 16235/16236 [[Mysuru–Tuticorin Express]]
| maintenance = {{rws|Mysore Junction}}
| routenumber = 69{{\}}69A
| daily_ridership = 1550
| map =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Mysore–Cuddalore Port Express''' (previously '''Mysuru–Mayiladuthurai Express''') is a [[wikt:overnight|overnight]] [[regional rail]] service connecting {{rws|Cuddalore Port Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]] with {{rws|Mysore Junction}} in [[Karnataka]] [[wikt:via#Preposition|via]] {{rws|Bangalore City}}, {{rws|Erode Junction}}, {{rws|Tiruchchirappalli Junction}} and {{rws|Thanjavur Junction}}. From July 19, 2024, this train was extended and run between Cuddalore Port Junction and Mysore Junction.<ref name="theHindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/mysore-mayiladuthurai-express-extended-to-cuddalore-port-junction/article68417752.ece|title=Mysore-Mayiladuthurai Express extended to Cuddalore Port Junction|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:MV - MYS EXP.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]
Initially, numbered as 31{{\}}32, this service had 4 [[slip coach]]es [[portion working#possible combinations|linked]] with ''[[Island Express (train)|Island Express]]'' at [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]].<ref name=island>{{cite web|title=Trichy - Madras Central via Erode|url=http://irfca.org/apps/trip_reports/show/32|work=IRFCA|accessdate=19 March 2014|author=Aravind|date=29 October 1990}}</ref> Later, [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]], the then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], introduced an exclusive full service between [[Bengaluru]] and [[Trichy]] as Train No.6531{{\}}6532 operated by Bengaluru railway division of [[Southern Railway zone]], (before the formation of [[South Western Railway zone]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Contribution to Karnataka |url=http://www.ckjaffersharief.com/contribution.php |work=ckjaffersharief.com |accessdate=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319162225/http://www.ckjaffersharief.com/contribution.php |archivedate=19 March 2014 }}</ref>

==Extensions==
[[File:Mayiladuthurai - Mysuru Express Large Name Board.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]
Few coaches of the train were amalgamated and bifurcated at [[Karur]] for [[Madurai]], numbered as 6531A{{\}}6532A. After changing the train number from 6531{{\}}6532 to 6231{{\}}6232, it was first extended to [[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysore]], then to [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]] and to [[Nagore]].<ref name=mysncr>{{cite news|last=Syed Muthahar|first=Saqaf|title=No change in train origin|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/No-change-in-train-origin/article15236021.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 June 2008|location=Tiruchi}}</ref> On 29 June 2002, the train number was changed from 6231{{\}}6232 to 6831{{\}}6832 as the service was transferred from Mysore railway division to [[Tiruchirappalli Railway Division]] with stoppage at [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four new trains from Bengaluru soon|url=http://hindu.com/2002/06/29/stories/2002062904780500.htm|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 March 2014|location=Bengaluru|date=29 June 2002}}</ref> The Tiruchi–Nagore service was trimmed for the execution of gauge conversion in the Tiruchi–Nagore section, sanctioned in 1995–1996 Railway Budget.<ref name=rb9596>{{cite web|title=Railway Budget : 1995–1996|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1995-96.pdf|work=Indian Railways|publisher=Railway Board|accessdate=19 March 2014|page=11}}</ref> As the Tiruchi–Thanjavur part was completed in 1998, the service again extended back to Thanjavur.<ref name=mysncr/> After the completion of gauge conversion [[Thanjavur]]–[[Kumbakonam]] section in [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur line]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the then Railway Minister extended the service up to Kumbakonam,<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech: Railway Budget 2005-06|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=7351|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=19 March 2014|date=26 February 2005|website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=28 trains extended|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/27/stories/2005022704361000.htm|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 March 2014|location=New Delhi|date=27 February 2005}}</ref> which was effected since 9 January 2006 along with change in train number from 6831{{\}}6832 to 6231{{\}}6232.<ref name=extnd>{{cite news|title=Revised Train Timings of South Western Railways|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jun292005/state1918372005628.asp|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=29 June 2005|location=Hubli}}</ref><ref name=kmuextn>{{cite news|title=Express train to be extended up to Kumbakonam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/express-train-to-be-extended-up-to-kumbakonam/article3236073.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 January 2006|location=Tiruchi}}</ref> Further, the service was extended up to {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}},<ref name=rb76>{{cite web|title=Railway Budget : 2006–2007|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2006-07.pdf|work=Indian Railways|publisher=Railway Board|accessdate=19 March 2014|page=11}}</ref><ref name=0607extn>{{cite news|title=Extension of routes of 37 trains|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/extension-of-routes-of-37-trains/article3183259.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 February 2006|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=extnmv>{{cite news|title='Track-doubling work ignored in rail budget'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/trackdoubling-work-ignored-in-rail-budget/article3183857.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 February 2006|location=Mysore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Express train extended to Mayiladuthurai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/19/stories/2006051903210400.htm|work=The Hindu|accessdate=19 March 2014|location=Bengaluru|date=19 May 2006}}</ref> and was effected since 17 June 2006.<ref name=mvext>{{cite news|title=Train to be extended to Mayiladuturai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/train-to-be-extended-to-mayiladuturai/article3120656.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 June 2006|location=Mayiladuthurai}}</ref><ref name=four>{{cite news|title=Four new trains to be introduced, some others to be extended|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/four-new-trains-to-be-introduced-some-others-to-be-extended/article3099424.ece|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 July 2006|location=Hubli}}</ref> The train number was changed from 6231{{\}}6232 to 16231{{\}}16232 since December 2010 onwards as a part of train management system over the entire Indian Railways network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to Switch to 'Five' – Digit System for Numbering all its Passenger Carrying Trains from December 2010|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917|work=Press Information Bureau|date=23 September 2010|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways migrate to 5-digit number scheme to monitor trains|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=19 March 2014|location=New Delhi|date=20 December 2010}}</ref> There is a constant demand from delta people to divert this train through Salem-Namakkal-Karur line for reduce the travel time and also the fare. With effect from July 19, 2024, this train's service has been extended to [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]] (CUPJ)<ref name="theHindu" />

==Coach composition==

[[File:MYS - MV EXP.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]

The train runs consists of 21 standard LHB [[Passenger car (rail)|carriages]] (earlier was [[ICF coach]]es):
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] || EOG||UR||UR||S11||S10||S9||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A1||EOG
|}

==Traction==
earlier they used to run with [[WDP-4]] and [[WDP-4D]]. As the route fully electrified the train run end to end with [[WAP-7]] and [[WAG-9]] or [[WAP-4]]

==Schedule==
Some of the prominent stoppages include [[Dharmapuri railway station|Dharmapuri]], {{rws|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{rws|Tiruchchirappalli Junction}}, {{rws|Erode Junction}}, {{rws|Salem Junction}}, {{rws|Hosur}}, {{rws|Bangalore City}} and [[Kengeri railway station|Kengeri]]. This daily train numbered 16231 departs, {{rws|Cuddalore Port Junction}} every evening as "''Mysore Express''", reverses loco twice at Tiruchirappalli Junction and Erode Junction arrives {{rws|Mysore Junction}} next morning.<ref name="CUPJ-MYS">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for CUPJ-MYS (Mysore Exp.)|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2022-23/69.pdf|work=Indian Railways|publisher=Railway Board|accessdate=15 February 2023|page=2}}</ref> In the return journey, the train departs Mysore Junction as "''Cuddalore Express''", numbered 16232 during late noon, follows the same route and reverses loco twice at Erode Junction and Tiruchirappalli Junction arrives Cuddalore Port Junction next morning.<ref name="MYS-CUPJ">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for MYS-CUPJ (Cuddalore Exp.)|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2022-23/69.pdf|work=Indian Railways|publisher=Railway Board|accessdate=15 February 2023|page=2}}</ref>{{efn|The schedule and route are subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ffba01;" |16231 - Cuddalore Port→ Mysuru ~ Mysuru Express
|-
!Station/Junction Name
!Station Code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|[[Cuddalore Port Junction Railway Station|Cuddalore Port]]
|CUPJ
|SOURCE
|15:40
|1
|-
|[[Chidambaram]]
|CDM
|16:08
|16:10
|1
|-
|[[Sirkazhi]]
|SY
|16:25
|16:26
|1
|-
|[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
|MV
|17:30
|17:40
|1
|-
|[[Kutralam]]
|KTM
|17:52
|17:53
|1
|-
|[[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]]
|ADT
|18:05
|18:06
|1
|-
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|18:18
|18:20
|1
|-
|[[Papanasam]]
|PML
|18:31
|18:32
|1
|-
|[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]]
|TJ
|18:53
|18:55
|1
|-
|[[Budalur]]
|BAL
|19:13
|19:14
|1
|-
|[[Thiruverumbur]]
|TRB
|19:31
|19:32
|1
|-
|[[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]
|TPJ
|20:20
|20:30
|1
|-
|[[Tiruchchirappalli Fort railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Fort]]
|TP
|20:40
|20:42
|1
|-
|[[Kulithalai]]
|KLT
|21:19
|21:20
|1
|-
|[[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Junction]]
|KRR
|21:58
|22:00
|1
|-
|[[Pugalur]]
|PGR
|22:19
|22:20
|1
|-
|[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
|ED
|23:25
|23:35
|1
|-
|[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]
|SA
|00:27
|00:30
|2
|-
|[[Dharmapuri]]
|DPJ
|02:06
|02:07
|2
|-
|[[Hosur]]
|HSRA
|03:33
|03:35
|2
|-
|[[Karmelaram]]
|CRLM
|04:04
|04:05
|2
|-
|[[Bangalore Cantonment]]
|BNC
|05:04
|05:05
|2
|-
|[[KSR Bengaluru City Junction]]
|SBC
|05:35
|05:40
|2
|-
|[[Kengeri]]
|KG
|05:59
|06:00
|2
|-
|[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]]
|MAD
|06:45
|06:46
|2
|-
|[[Mandya]]
|MAY
|07:03
|07:05
|2
|-
|[[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysore Junction]]
|MYS
|08:35
| DEST
|2
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ffba01;" |16232 - Mysuru → Cuddalore~ Cuddalore Express
|-
|[[Mysore Junction railway station|Mysore Junction]]
|MYS
|SOURCE
|16:15
|1
|-
|[[Mandya]]
|MAY
|16:52
|16:53
|1
|-
|[[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]]
|MAD
|17:11
|17:12
|1
|-
|[[Kengeri]]
|KGI
|18:01
|18:02
|1
|-
|[[KSR Bengaluru City Junction]]
|SBC
|18:50
|19:00
|1
|-
|[[Bangalore Cantonment]]
|BNC
|19:11
|19:12
|1
|-
|[[Karmelaram]]
|CRLM
|19:29
|19:30
|1
|-
|[[Hosur]]
|HSRA
|19:58
|20:00
|1
|-
|[[Dharmapuri]]
|DPJ
|21:28
|21:30
|1
|-
|[[Salem Junction]]
|SA
|23:42
|23:45
|1
|-
|[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
|ED
|00:50
|01:00
|2
|-
|[[Pugalur]]
|PGR
|01:39
|01:40
|2
|-
|[[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Junction]]
|KRR
|01:58
|02:00
|2
|-
|[[Kulithalai]]
|KLT
|02:39
|02:40
|2
|-
|[[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]
|TPJ
|04:00
|04:10
|2
|-
|[[Thiruverumbur]]
|TRB
|04:28
|04:29
|2
|-
|[[Budalur]]
|BAL
|04:44
|04:45
|2
|-
|[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]]
|TJ
|05:03
|05:05
|2
|-
|[[Papanasam]]
|PML
|05:25
|05:26
|2
|-
|[[Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|05:38
|05:40
|2
|-
|[[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]]
|ADT
|05:50
|05:51
|2
|-
|[[Kutralam]]
|KTM
|06:02
|06:03
|2
|-
|[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
|MV
|06:50
|06:55
|2
|-
|[[Sirkazhi]]
|SY
|07:13
|07:14
|2
|-
|[[Chidambaram]]
|CDM
|07:31
|07:32
|2
|-
|[[Cuddalore Port Junction Railway Station|Cuddalore Port Junction]]
|CUPJ
|08:40
|DEST
|2
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mysore–Tuticorin Express|Mysore - Thoothukudi Express]]
* [[Karnataka Express]]
* [[Wodeyar Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/ South Western Railway - Official website]
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore - Cuddalore Port Express}}
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1989]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Transport in Mayiladuthurai]]

D.A.V. Post Graduate College, Dehradun

2026-05-05T08:12:56Z

IvyB800566150: Added first stub needs work

{{Short description|College in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{infobox college
| name = Dayanand Anglo Vedic Post Graduate College
| other_name = D.A.V. PG College
| latin_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto = "तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय"
| motto_translation =
| address = DAV College Road, Karanpur
| streetaddress =
| region =
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| postalcode = 248001
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.32872|78.05664|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{start date and age|1948}}
| founder =
| affiliation = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]]
| principal = Prof. Kaushal kumar
| academic_staff = 140
| key_people =
| students = 12500
| yearbook =
| website = {{url|http://www.davpgcollege.in}}
}}
'''D.A.V. (Post Graduate) College Dehradun '''is a government aided college in the city of [[Dehradun, Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Aided Colleges {{!}} Higher Education Uttarakhand {{!}} India |url=https://he.uk.gov.in/government-aided-colleges/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Arya Samaj evening school was transferred from Meerut to the valley of Dehradun in the year 1892. It was later developed into the D.A.V. School. It became Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Postgraduate College, Dehradun, in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://davpgcollegeddn.ac.in/about/the-college.php |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=davpgcollegeddn.ac.in}}</ref>

==Affiliation==
*Agra University-1948<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://davpgcollege.com/history/ |title=DAV PG College, Dehradun » History |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110123515/http://davpgcollege.com/history/ |archive-date=10 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University|HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand.]]

=== Revocation of College Affiliation ===
In 2023, the Executive Council of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal Central University announced the termination of affiliation for ten colleges, including DAV PG College, for the 2023–24 academic session. The decision affected several government-aided non-government colleges in the Garhwal region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=HNB Garhwal Univ revokes recognition of 10 U'khand colleges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/hnb-garhwal-univ-revokes-recognition-of-10-ukhand-colleges/articleshow/101175951.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The college management challenged the decision in the [[Uttarakhand High Court]], which stayed the disaffiliation order, allowing the affiliation to continue pending further legal proceedings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2023-07-04 |title=HC stays HNB Garhwal University’s decision to disaffiliate DAV PG College {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/hc-stays-hnb-garhwal-universitys-decision-to-disaffiliate-dav-pg-college/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Academics==
The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in the disciplines of arts, commerce, science, and law. Courses are available up to the master's level in select subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://davpgcollegeddn.ac.in/about/courses.php |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=davpgcollegeddn.ac.in}}</ref>

Academic programs are conducted in accordance with the regulations and curriculum prescribed by HNB Garhwal University and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].

== Controversies ==

=== 2024 boundary wall collapse ===
In 2024, a section of the boundary wall of DAV PG College, Dehradun, collapsed, resulting in the death of a 24-year-old woman and injuries to her brother. The incident occurred in the evening while they were passing by the wall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-10-21 |title=डीएवी पीजी कॉलेज की दीवार गिरने से हुई सुष्मिता की मौत पर हंगामा जारी, धरने पर बैठे छात्र संगठनों ने रखी ये मांगें |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/dehradun/protest-of-student-organizations-continues-against-death-of-a-girl-due-to-dehradun-dav-college-wall-accident/uttarakhand20231021073809782782846 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

Following the incident, a case was registered against the college management under Sections 304A and 336 of the Indian Penal Code in connection with alleged negligence. The incident led to student protests, and the college remained closed the following day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=Case filed against DAV College mgmt for wall collapse death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/case-filed-against-dav-college-mgmt-for-wall-collapse-death/articleshow/104605354.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2017 fund probe and earlier enquiry ===
In 2017, the Uttarakhand Higher Education Minister ordered a probe into missing funds of around ₹22 crore, after student organisations alleged that records for a corpus created for college maintenance and facilities were not provided by the management. The investigation aimed to clarify the status of the funds and ensure their proper use.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=Minister to order probe into ‘missing funds’ of DAV College |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/minister-to-order-probe-into-missing-funds-of-dav-college/story-HHptwNg1wj4U9XkT9ub1JI.html |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier, in 2015, student leaders met the then [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]], [[Harish Rawat]] to raise concerns about alleged irregularities at the college, leading to an enquiry ordered by the state government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-21 |title=CM orders enquiry into DAV PG ‘irregularities’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/cm-orders-enquiry-into-dav-pg-irregularities/articleshow/49485720.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Allegations of Irregular Admissions ===
In 2015, tensions arose at DAV PG College following allegations of a fraudulent student admission, leading to protest by student leaders. Demonstrators demanded the resignation of then principal Devendra Bhasin and called for a high-level investigation into the college's admission practices and financial activities over the past decade. The controversy centered on the admission of a student who allegedly did not meet eligibility criteria, though the principal denied involvement and a magisterial inquiry was initiated. Protests included demonstrations at the college gate, and students threatened further agitation if action was not taken. While some faculty members expressed support for the principal, student representatives also raised broader concerns about past admission irregularities and alleged financial misconduct within the institution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-09 |title=DAV PG students step up protest against principal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/dav-pg-students-step-up-protest-against-principal/articleshow/49292700.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2010 BCI Compliance Controversy ===
In 2010, the Law Department of DAV College in Dehradun faced criticism for failing to meet norms set by the [[Bar Council of India]], the regulatory body responsible for legal education in India. Reports at the time stated that the department lacked several facilities required under BCI guidelines, including a separate building, large classrooms, a [[moot court]], and a well-equipped library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100609/dplus.htm#1 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

During a BCI inspection around that period, individuals who accompanied the inspection team alleged that the college had misled inspectors by showing them another building and presenting classes from other departments as those of the Law Department. College officials reportedly assured the team that the required facilities would be developed in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100609/dplus.htm#1 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

Critics claimed that little progress had been made by the time another inspection was expected. The college administration cited financial constraints and relatively low student fees as reasons for delays in building new infrastructure. Supporters of the department argued that the college played an important role in providing affordable legal education and hoped that improvements in faculty and facilities would help the department meet BCI standards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Plus |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100609/dplus.htm#1 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Bachendri Pal]] (first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest)
*[[Harbans Kapoor]] (8-Times and current MLA for [[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantt. Constituency]])
*[[Ajay Kothiyal]] (founder of Youth Foundation and member of AAP)
*[[Sushil Chandra]] (Chief Election Commissioner of India)
*[[Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi]] (plant biologist and former Director of National Institute of Plant Genome Research)
*[[Vikas Lakhera]] Director General of the [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[O.P. Bhatt]] (Chairman of [[Tata Steel]], former chairman of the [[State Bank of India]]{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]

Government Medical College & ESI Hospital, Coimbatore

2026-05-04T02:31:50Z

IvyB800566150: Added a details first draft

{{Short description|Indian Hospital and Medical College}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}{{notability|1=Places|date=April 2021}}}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Medical College and ESI Hospital
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|2016}}
| closed = 
| type = Public
| affiliation = [[Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| president =
| dean =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
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| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = [[Kamarajar Road, Coimbatore|Kamarajar Road]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]]
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| postcode = 641015
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|0|33.96|N|77|1|28.04|E|type:edu_scale:10000_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map =
| campus =
| former_names = ESIC Medical college and Hospital
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
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| athletics =
| nickname =
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| affiliations =
| website = gmcesi.co.in
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Government Medical College & ESI Hospital''', is a government run [[medical college]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.
It was established in 2016 under the aegis of the [[Employees' State Insurance]] Corporation, a central autonomous body under [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] of [[Government of India]]. There is a 510-bedded tertiary care hospital attached to it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/esic-medical-college-hospital-buildings-opened/article8185926.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 April 2020|title=ESIC medical college, hospital buildings opened|date=3 February 2016|last1=Preetha|first1=M. Soundariya}}</ref> The institute has an annual intake of 100 students for undergraduate programme and five seats for postgraduate programme.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coimbatore district}}
{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Employees' State Insurance]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Medical College and ESI Hospital, Coimbatore}}

Operation Sulaimani

2026-05-03T03:35:26Z

IvyB800566150: adding first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Free food programme in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:N_Prashant.JPG|thumb|Prasanth Nair IAS is the person behind Operation Sulaimani.]]
'''Operation Sulaimani''' is a free food programme introduced in the city of [[Kozhikode]], India, by the district administration and Kerala Hotel and Restaurants Association. It is meant to enable those who cannot afford a meal to have food with dignity and to avoid [[food waste]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Operation-Sulaimani-to-Tackle-Poverty-in-Kozhikode-District/2015/04/24/article2779890.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618213243/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Operation-Sulaimani-to-Tackle-Poverty-in-Kozhikode-District/2015/04/24/article2779890.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2015 |title='Operation Sulaimani' to Tackle Poverty in Kozhikode District |publisher=Newindianexpress.com |date=2015-04-24 |access-date=2015-06-20}}</ref>

==Programme==
The program is named after Sulaimani,<ref name="World 2015">{{cite web | author=World | title=Kozhikode collector goes all social, gets more than a few likes for his work | website=The Indian Express | date=20 September 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kozhikode-collector-goes-all-social-gets-more-than-a-few-likes-for-his-work/ | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> a popular drink in [[Malabar region|Malabar]], made from black tea, cardamom and lemon juice. The idea of Operation Sulaimani is inspired by the Malayalam movie ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' where the protagonist, a hotel owner in [[Kozhikode]], feeds the hungry from his earnings. Operation Sulaimani ensures that no one in Kozhikode is denied food on account of an empty or lost wallet. It guarantees a right to food without answering any questions or long delays.

Operation Sulaimani was introduced by Prasanth Nair [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], the then [[District collector]] of Kozhikode. In his own words "Operation Sulaimani is modelled on a system existing in western countries such as Coffee-on-Wall and Food-on-the-Wall, where you pay for an extra meal or coffee".<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Operation-Sulaimani-Aim-to-feed-needy-in-Kozhikode-hotels/articleshow/47684573.cms |title='Operation Sulaimani': Aim to feed needy in Kozhikode hotels |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-06-16 |access-date=2015-06-20}}</ref>

==Operation==

Anyone can collect a Sulaimani Coupon from one of the authorised distribution centres.<ref name="World 2015"/> Food coupons are distributed at local village and taluk offices and at select hostels at railway station and bus stands. These can be exchanged for a meal in one of the hundred or so partner restaurants. A donation box is kept at these restaurants for the public to contribute to the programme. Any loss of revenue incurred by participating restaurants are compensated through the system where they match the coupons collected by each restaurant and distribution centre.

There are now more than 25 coupon distribution centres in 14 zones of Kozhikode district. As of May 2016, around 10,000 meals were served through Operation Sulaimani.<ref name="Govind 2016">{{cite web | last=Govind | first=Biju | title=How a Kerala Collector became a Facebook hit | website=The Hindu | date=9 May 2016 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/how-a-kerala-collector-became-a-facebook-hit/article8576768.ece | access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food|India}}
* [[Kozhikode]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web | last=Delhi | first=IndiaToday.in New | title='Operation Sulaimani' in play to abolish poverty from Kerala district: Everything you should know about the initiative : Did you know? | website=[[India Today]] | date=13 May 2016 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/operation-sulaimani-322703-2016-05-13 | access-date=1 October 2016}}
* {{cite web | last=Govind | first=Biju | title=Laurels for Operation Sulaimani | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=26 May 2016 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/laurels-for-operation-sulaimani/article8647843.ece | access-date=1 October 2016}}

==External links==
* http://compassionatekozhikode.in/initiatives-details/27

[[Category:Hunger relief organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]

Sanskrit nominals

2026-04-30T12:16:37Z

IvyB800566150: started

{{Short description|Aspect of Sanskrit grammar}}
{{Cleanup lang|iso=sa|date=August 2021}}
[[Sanskrit]] has an elaborate system of nominal [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]]. Endings may be added directly to the [[Root (linguistics)|root]], or more frequently and especially in the later language, to a [[Word stem|stem]] formed by the addition of a suffix to it.<ref>Burrow, §4.1.</ref>

Sanskrit is a highly [[inflection|inflected]] language that preserves all the [[declension]]al types found in Proto-Indo-European, including a few residual heteroclitic r/n-stems.<ref>Fortson, §10.46.</ref><ref>Burrow, §5.2.</ref>

== Basics ==

[[Declension]] of a [[noun]] in Sanskrit{{efn-lg|called ''sup'' or ''sub·anta'' by Pāṇini}} involves the interplay of two 'dimensions': three numbers and eight cases, yielding a combination of 24 possible forms, although owing to [[Syncretism (linguistics)|syncretism]] of some forms, the practical number is around 18 or so.<ref>Bucknell, p. 11.</ref> Further, nouns themselves in Sanskrit, like its parent Proto-Indo-European, can be in one of three genders.

In addition, [[adjectives]] behave much the same way morphologically as nouns do, and can conveniently be considered together. While the same noun cannot be seen to be of more than one gender, adjectives change gender on the [[Agreement (linguistics)|basis]] of the noun they are being applied to, along with case and number, thus giving the following variables:<ref>Bucknell, p. 12-16.</ref><ref>Whitney, §261–266.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
| 1 || 3 numbers{{efn-lg|vacana}} || singular{{efn-lg|eka·vacana}}, dual{{efn-lg|dvi·vacana}}, plural{{efn-lg|bahu·vacana}}
|-
| 2 || 3 genders{{efn-lg|liṅga}} || masculine{{efn-lg|puṃ·liṅga}}, feminine{{efn-lg|strī·liṅga}}, neuter{{efn-lg|napuṃsaka·liṅga}}
|-
| 3 || 8 cases{{efn-lg|vibhakti}} || nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, vocative
|}

== Building blocks ==

=== Roots ===

The oldest system of declension was to affix the endings{{efn-lg|prātipadika – when any declinable has not yet been declined}} directly to the nominal root. This was an ancient feature already in decline in later Proto-Indo-European. Of the daughter languages, this system has been best preserved by Sanskrit, especially the older form of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] termed [[Vedic Sanskrit]].<ref>Burrow, §4.2</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ancient noun roots in kindred languages
|-
! Sanskrit !! Latin !! [[Proto-Indo-European|PIE]] !! Gloss
|-
| pā́d- || pē(d)s, ped- || *póds || foot{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
|-
| vā́c- || vōx, vōc- || *wṓkʷs || speech
|-
| rā́j- || rēx, rēg- || *h₃rḗǵs || king, ruler{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
|}

=== Stems ===

In Proto-Indo-European, a new system developed wherein an intermediary called the [[thematic vowel]] is inserted to the root before the final endings are appended: ''*-o-'' which in Sanskrit becomes ''-a-'', producing the thematic stem.

Declension of a thematic stem is less complicated as a host of Sandhi rules apply no more, and the later stages of the Sanskrit language see an increase in the profusion of thematic nouns. Thus in classical Sanskrit, the thematic ''pā́da-s'' is more likely to be found than its athematic predecessor.<ref>Fortson, §6.43.</ref><ref>Burrow, §4.3</ref>

:<math>\underbrace{\underbrace{\mathrm{root+suffix}}_{\mathrm{stem}} + \mathrm{ending}}_{\mathrm{word}}</math>

=== Cases ===

Sanskrit nouns are declined for eight cases:

*[[Nominative case|nominative]]: marks the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]] of a verb.
*[[Accusative case|accusative]]: used for the [[direct object]] of a [[transitive verb]].
*[[Instrumental case|instrumental]]: marks the means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action, physically or abstractly.
*[[Dative case|dative]]: used to indicate the indirect object of a transitive verb.
*[[Ablative case|ablative]]: used to express motion away from something.
*[[Genitive case|genitive]]: marks a [[noun]] as modifying another noun.
*[[Locative case|locative]]: corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions ''in'', ''on'', ''at'', and ''by''.
*[[Vocative case|vocative]]: used for a word that identifies an addressee.<ref>Fortson, §6.</ref>

==== The ''kāraka'' classification ====

In the ancient literature, [[Pāṇini]] identified six classes as ''kāraka''s,{{efn|'actors'}} operating as accessories to a verb. The six ''kārakas'' are the nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, and locative cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/srb/cyber/man3.html |title=CSI: Man3 |publisher=Chass.utoronto.ca |date= |accessdate=2008-11-06}}</ref> He defined them as follows (Aṣtādhyāyi, I.4.24–54):

# ''Kartā'' :{{efn|'agent'}} 'he/that which is independent in action'. This is equivalent to the nominative case.<ref>{{cite book|first=Hartmut|last=Scharfe|year=1977|page=94|title=Grammatical literature|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|series=History of Indian literature|isbn=978-3447017060}}</ref>
#''Karman'' :{{efn|'deed'/'object'}} 'what the agent seeks most to attain': the accusative.
# ''{{IAST|Karaṇa}}'' {{efn|'instrument'}} 'that which effects most': the instrumental.
# ''Sampradāna'' :{{efn|'bestowal'}} 'he whom one aims at with the object': the dative.
#''Apādāna'' :{{efn|lit. 'take off'}} '(that which is) firm when departure (takes place)': the ablative.
# ''{{IAST|Adhikaraṇa}}'' :{{efn|'location'}} or 'substratum': the locative.

[[Pāṇini]] did not identify the genitive ''Sambandha'' and vocative ''Sambodhana'' as ''kārakas''.<ref>S.C. Vasu, The Astadhyayi of Pāṇini</ref>

=== Endings ===

The basic scheme of suffixation{{efn-lg|"su·au·jas am·auṭ·śas ṭā·bʰyām·bʰis ṅe·bʰyām·bʰyas ṅasi·bʰyām·bʰyas ṅas·os·ām ṅi·os·sup" – Pāṇini IV 1.2.<ref>Kale, §56</ref>}} is given in the table below and applies to many nouns and adjectives.

However, according to the gender and the final consonant or vowel of the uninflected word-stem, there are internal sandhi rules dictating the form of the inflected word. Furthermore, these are standalone forms, which when used in actual phrases are subject to external sandhi, such as, the mutation of ''-s'' to ''-ḥ'' or ''-r'' and so on.<ref>MacDonell, III.71, p. 33.</ref><ref>Whitney, §164–179.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Dual
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Masc./Fem
!Neu.
!Masc./Fem
!Neu.
!Masc./Fem
!Neu.
|-
!Nominative
| -s
| rowspan="2" |-∅
| rowspan="2" |-au
| rowspan="2" |-ī
| rowspan="2" |-as
| rowspan="2" |-i
|-
!Accusative
| -am
|-
!Instrumental
| colspan="2" |-ā
| rowspan="3" colspan="2" |-bhyām
| colspan="2" |-bhis
|-
!Dative
| colspan="2" |-e
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" |-bhyas
|-
!Ablative
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" |-as
|-
!Genitive
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" |-os
| colspan="2" |-ām
|-
!Locative
| colspan="2" |-i
| colspan="2" |-su
|}

== Declension ==

===Classification===
Substantives may be divided into different classes on the basis of the stem vowel before they are declined on the above basis. The general classification is:

* Short-vowel stems
** ''a''-stems
** ''i/u''-stems
** ''ṛ''-stems
* Long-vowel stems
** ''ā''-stems
** ''ī/ū''-stems
* [[Diphthong]] stems
* Consonant stems
** Bare stems (root-stems)
** ''as/is/us''-stems
** ''an/in''-stems
** ''ant/mant/vant''-stems (present active participles, etc.)
** ''vāṃs''-stems (perfect active participles)

When the nominal endings are being affixed to a noun of each class, they may undergo, in some cases, some changes, including being entirely replaced by other forms. This happens most profusely in the a-stem class. However, for reasons noted below, grammars both traditional and modern tend to start with this class.<ref>Whitney, §321–322.</ref><ref>Fortson, §10.46.</ref><ref>Burrow, §4.3–4.4.</ref>

===a-stems===

The vast majority of nouns in Sanskrit belong to this class, and are masculine or neuter. The position of the accent is maintained throughout, except in the masculine vocative singular. The paradigms are illustrated in their pre-sandhi forms, along with the formation treatment using two stems in the masculine ''devá-'' {{efn-ua|a god}}{{efn|cognate with Latin 'deus'; 'deity' & 'divine'}} and ''kā́ma-'' {{efn-ua|love}} and two in the neuter ''yugá-'' {{efn-ua|yoke}}{{efn|name=alsocognate|also cognate}} and ''phála-'' {{efn-ua|a fruit}} with different syllables accented.<ref>Whitney, §326–331.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 19-22.</ref><ref>MM-W, p. 271, 492, 716,846.</ref><ref>Burrow, §4.3–4.4.</ref>

a-stem adjectives are also to be found in big numbers, they are invariably masculine or neuter – feminines being formed either in -ā or, less frequently -ī. a-stem adjectives are also declined as below.<ref>Whitney, §332.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ a-stem masc singular
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dev·á- !! kā́m·a-
|-
| Nominative || -s || -a- + -s || -as || dev·á·s || kā́m·a·s
|-
| Accusative || -am || -a- + -<s>a</s>m || -am || dev·á·m || kā́m·a·m
|-
| Instrumental || -ā || <s>-ā</s> -ena || -ena || dev·éna || kā́m·ena
|-
| Dative || -e || -a- + -a- + e + a || -āya || dev·ā́ya || kā́m·āya
|-
| Ablative || -as || <s>-as</s> -āt || -āt || dev·ā́t || kā́m·āt
|-
| Genitive || -as || -as + ya || -asya || dev·ásya || kā́m·asya
|-
| Locative || -i || -a- + -i || -e || dev·é || kā́m·e
|-
| Vocative {{efn|name=AccentShift|accent shift away from ending}} || -Ø || – || -a || dév·a || kā́m·a
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ a-stem masc dual
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dev·á- !! kā́m·a-
|-
| Nominative Accusative Vocative || -au || -au || -au || dev·áu || kā́m·au
|-
| Instrumental Dative Ablative || -bhyām || -ā- + bhyām || -ābhyām || dev·ā́bhyām || kā́m·ābhyām
|-
| Genitive Locative || -os || -a- + -y- + -os || -ayos || dev·á·yos || kā́m·a·yos
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ a-stem masc plural
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dev·á- !! kā́m·a-
|-
| Nominative, Vocative || -as || -a- + -as || -ās || dev·ā́s || kā́m·ās
|-
| Accusative || -as || <s>as</s> -ān (-āṅs) || -ān (-āṅs {{efn|name=nsnote|the historical form resurfaces in certain environments, e.g., dev·āṅs·ca, seemingly, and misleadingly, as if it were a sandhi rule<ref>Whitney, §208–209.</ref>}}) || dev·ā́n || kā́m·ān
|-
| Instrumental || -bhis || <s>-bhis</s> -ais || -ais || dev·aís || kā́m·ais
|-
| Dative Ablative || -bhyas || -a- + -i- + -bhyas || -ebhyas || dev·ébhyas || kā́m·ebhyas
|-
| Genitive || -ām || -ā- + -n- + ām || -ānām || dev·ā́nām || kā́m·ānām
|-
| Locative || -su || -a- + -i- + su || -eṣu || dev·éṣu || kā́m·eṣu
|}

Neuters only differ from the masculine in the nominative and accusative forms, the two forms always being the same:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ a-stem neuter sing, dual, plu
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! yug·á- !! phál·a-
|-
| Nom, Acc SG || -Ø || -a- + -m || -am || yug·á·m || phál·a·m
|-
| Nom, Acc DU || -ī || -a- + -ī || -e || yug·é || phál·e
|-
| Nom, Acc PL || -i || -a- + an + -i || -āni || yug·ā́ni || phál·āni
|}

===i- and u-stems===
==== i-stems ====

Final i-stem endings are closer to the standard set compared to the a-stem declension. In general, the ''-i'' is gunated in some cases, and ''-n-'' is inserted intervocalically between the stem and the ending in a few other cases, especially in the neuter. The paradigms are illustrated here in their pre-sandhi forms for masculine ''agní-'' ,{{efn-ua|fire}}{{efn|cognate with Latin ''igni-'' ⇒ ''ignition''}} feminine ''gáti-'' {{efn-ua|gait}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}} and neuter ''vā́ri-'' .{{efn-ua|water}}<ref>Whitney, §335–339.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 19-23.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ i-stem masc/fem
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! agní- !! gáti-
|-
| Nom || -s || – || -s || agní·s || gáti·s
|-
| Acc || -am || -<s>a</s>m || -m || agní·m || gáti·m
|-
| Ins || -ā || -n- + -ā – || -nā -ā || agní-nā || gáty·ā
|-
| Da || -e || guna(i) + e || -aye || agn·áy·e || gát·ay·e
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || guna(i) + s -i- + -a- + -as || -es {{efn|name=FemEitherForm|fem either form}}|| agn·és || gát·es gáty·ās
|-
| Loc || -i || <s>-i</s> -au || -au || agn·aú || gát·au
|-
| Voc || -Ø || – || -e || ágn·e || gát·e
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! agní- !! gáti-
|-
| N.A.V || -au || <s>-au</s> -ī || -ī || agn·ī́ || gát·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || – || -bhyām || agní·bhyām || gáti·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || -i- + -os || -yos || agny·ós || gáty·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! agní- !! gáti-
|-
| Nom, Voc || -as || guna(i) + -as || -ayas || agn·áy·as || gát·ay·as
|-
| Acc || -as || <s>as</s> -īn (-īṅs) || -īn (-īṅs {{efn|name=nsnote}}) || agn·ī́n || gát·īn
|-
| Ins || -bhis || – || -bhis || agní·bhis || gáti·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || – || -bhyas || agní·bhyas || gáti·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ī + -n- ām || -īnām || agn·īnā́m || gát·īnām
|-
| Loc || -su || – || -su || agní·ṣu || gáti·ṣu
|}

Neuters as always remain identical in the nominative and accusative, and also in the vocative. In the other cases, a ''-n-''{{efn|a common feature for i-, u- and ṛ-stem neuters}}{{efn-lg|"iko'ci vibʰaktau" – Pāṇini VII 1.73}} is inserted between the stem and the standard endings in all those cases where to avoid a collision of two vowels, making the whole process almost perfectly straightforward.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ i-stem neut
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! vā́ri-
|-
| N.A.V || -Ø || – || -Ø || vā́ri
|-
| Ins || -ā || -n- || -nā || vā́ri·ṇ·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || -n- || -ne || vā́ri·ṇ·e
|-
| Abl,Gen || -as || -n- || -nas || vā́ri·ṇ·as
|-
| Loc || -i || -n- || -ni || vā́ri·ṇ·i
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! vā́ri-
|-
| N.A.V || -ī || -n- || -nī || vā́ri·ṇ·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || – || -bhyām || vā́ri·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || -n- || -nos || vā́ri·ṇ·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! vā́ri-
|-
| N.A.V || -i || -īni || -īni || vā́rī·ṇ·i
|-
| Ins || -bhis || – || -bhis || vā́ri·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || – || -bhyas || vā́ri·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ī + -n- ām || -īnām || vā́r·īṇām
|-
| Loc || -su || – || -su || vā́ri·ṣu
|}

====u-stems====

i- and u-stem declensions are so similar that they can be grouped together. The u-stem paradigms illustrated here in their pre-sandhi forms are for masculine ''śátru-'' ,{{efn-ua|enemy}} feminine ''dhenú-'' {{efn-ua|cow}} and neuter ''mádhu-'' .{{efn-ua|honey, mead}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}<ref>Whitney, §335–342.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 19-24.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ u-stem masc/fem
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! śátru- !! dhenú-
|-
| Nom || -s || – || -s || śátru·s || dhenú·s
|-
| Acc || -am || -<s>a</s>m || -m || śátru·m || dhenú·m
|-
| Ins || -ā || -n- + -ā – || -nā -ā || śátru-ṇā || dhenv·ā̀
|-
| Dat || -e || guna(u) + e || -ave || śátr·av·e || dhen·áv·e
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || guna(u) + s -u- + -a- + -as {{efn|name=FemEitherForm}}|| -os || śátr·os || dhen·ós dhenv·ā̀s
|-
| Loc || -i || <s>-i</s> -au || -au || śátr·au || dhen·aú
|-
| Voc || -Ø || – || -o || śátr·o || dhen·ó
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! śátru- !! dhenú-
|-
| N.A.V || -au || <s>-au</s> -ū || -ū || śátr·ū|| dhen·ū́
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || – || -bhyām || śátru·bhyām || dhenú·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || -u- + -os || -vos || śátrv·os || dhenv·ós
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! śátru- !! dhenú-
|-
| Nom, Voc || -as || guna(u) + -as || -avas || śátr·av·as || dhen·áv·as
|-
| Acc || -as || <s>as</s> -ūn (-ūṅs) -ūs || -ūn (-ūṅs {{efn|name=nsnote}}) -ūs|| śátr·ūn || dhen·ū́s
|-
| Ins || -bhis || – || -bhis || śátru·bhis || dhenú·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || – || -bhyas || śátru·bhyas || dhenú·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ū + -n- ām || -ūnām || śátr·ūṇām || dhen·ūnā́m
|-
| Loc || -su || – || -su || śátru·ṣu || dhenú·ṣu
|}

Neuters are also just as straightforward as for i-stems.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ u-stem neut
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! mádhu-
|-
| N.A.V || -Ø || – || -Ø || mádhu
|-
| Ins || -ā || -n- || -nā || mádhu·n·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || -n- || -ne || mádhu·n·e
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || -n- || -nas || mádhu·n·as
|-
| Loc || -i || -n- || -ni || mádhu·n·i
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! mádhu-
|-
| N.A.V || -ī || -n- || -nī || mádhu·n·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || – || -bhyām || mádhu·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || -n- || -nos || mádhu·n·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! mádhu-
|-
| N.A.V || -i || <s>-i</s> -ūni || -ūni || mádhū·n·i
|-
| Ins || -bhis || – || -bhis || mádhu·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || – || -bhyas || mádhu·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ū + -n- ām || -ūnām || mádh·ūnām
|-
| Loc || -su || – || -su || mádhu·ṣu
|}

i- and u-stem adjectives are a small class of so-called primary adjectives, such as ''bahus, -us, -u'' {{efn-ua|many}} and ''śucis, -is, -i'' ,{{efn-ua|pure}} as well as ones adapted from nouns like [[bahuvrihi|''bahuvrīhis'']]. They are inflected like the ''i-'' and ''u-''stem nouns described above; occasionally the feminine ''u'' may gain an additional ''ī'' and become ''vī''.<ref>Whitney, §344.</ref>

===ṛ-stems===
ṛ-stems are predominantly [[Agent (grammar)|agental]] derivatives like ''dātṛ'' ,{{efn-ua|giver, donor}} though also include kinship terms like ''pitṛ'' ,{{efn-ua|father}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}} ''mātṛ'' ,{{efn-ua|mother}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}} and ''svasṛ'' .{{efn-ua|sister}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}<ref>Whitney, §369–373</ref> The neuter equivalents of derivative agental nouns once again form secondary stems in ''-n'', as in the ''-i'' and ''-u'' classes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ṛ-stem masc/fem/neut
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dātṛ́- !! svásṛ- !! pitṛ́- !! dhātṛ́-{{efn-ua|lit. putter, placer}}{{efn|In the neuter}}
|-
| Nom || -s || vṛddhi(ṛ) (<s>-rs</s>) || -ā || dātā́ || svásā́|| pitā́ || dhātṛ́
|-
| Acc || -am || vṛddhi(ṛ) + -am guna(ṛ) + -am{{efn|most kinship nouns take the guṇa form, while agental nouns always take the vṛddhi form}} || -āram -aram || dāt·ā́r·am ||svás·ār·am|| pit·ár·am ||| dhātṛ́
|-
| Ins || -ā || || -ā || dātr·ā́ ||svásr·ā|| pitr·ā́ || dhātṛ́·ṇ·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || || -e || dātr·é ||svásr·e|| pitr·é || dhātṛ́·ṇ·e
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || <s>-as</s> -ur || -ur || dāt·úr ||svás·ur|| pit·úr || dhātṛ́·ṇ·as
|-
| Loc || -i || guna(ṛ) + -i || -ari || dāt·ár·i ||svás·ar·i|| pit·ár·i || dhātṛ́·ṇ·i
|-
| Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}} || -Ø || guna(ṛ) || -ar || dā́t·ar ||svás·ar|| pít·ar || dhā́tṛ, dhā́tar
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dātṛ́- !!svásṛ-!! pitṛ́- !! dhātṛ́
|-
| N.A.V || -au || vṛddhi/guna(ṛ) + -au || -ārau / -arau || dāt·ā́r·au||svás·ār·au|| pit·ár·au || dhātṛ́·ṇ·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || – || -bhyām || dātṛ́·bhyām ||svásṛ·bhyām|| pitṛ́·bhyām || dhātṛ́·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || ṛ + -os || -ros || dātr·ós ||svásr·os|| pitr·ós || dhātṛ́·ṇ·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! dātṛ́- !!svásṛ-!! pitṛ́- !! dhātṛ́
|-
| N.V || -as || vṛddhi/guna(ṛ) + -as || -āras / -aras || dāt·ār·as ||svás·ār·as|| pit·ar·as || dhātṝ́́·ṇ·i
|-
| Acc || -as || <s>as</s> -ṝn (-ṝṅs) -ṝs || -ṝn (-ṝṅs {{efn|name=nsnote}}) -ṝs || dāt·ṝ́n dāt·ṝs ||svás·ṝs|| pit·ṝ́n || dhātṝ́́·ṇ·i
|-
| Ins || -bhis || – || -bhis || dātṛ́·bhis ||svásṛ·bhis|| pitṛ́·bhis || dhātṛ́·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || – || -bhyas || dātṛ́·bhyas ||svásṛ·bhyas|| pitṛ́·bhyas || dhātṛ́·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ṛ/ṝ + -n- ām || -ṛ/ṝṇām {{efn-lg|"nṛ ca" – Pāṇini VI 4.6}} || dāt·ṝṇā́m ||svás·ṝṇām|| pit·ṝṇā́m || dhāt·ṝṇā́m
|-
| Loc || -su || – || -su || dātṛ́·ṣu ||svásṛ·ṣu|| pitṛ́·ṣu || dhātṛ́·ṣu
|}

A single irregular i-stem noun,<ref>Whitney, §343.</ref> ''sakhi'' ,{{efn-ua|friend}}{{efn|cognate with Lat. ''socius'' ⇒ 'social, society', etc.}} has a stem in ''-i'' but declines similarly to the above – simply with ''y i ī'' taking the place of ''r ṛ ṝ'':
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
| Nom
| sákh·ā || rowspan="2" | sákh·āy·au || sákh·āy·as
|-
| Acc
| sákh·āy·am || sákh·īn
|-
| Ins
| sákhy·ā || rowspan="3" | sákhi·bhyām || sákhi·bhis
|-
| Dat
| sákhy·e || rowspan="2" | sákhi·bhy·as
|-
| Abl
| rowspan="2" | sákh·ay·ur
|-
| Gen
| rowspan="2" | sákhy·os || sákh·īnām
|-
| Loc
| sákhy·au, sákh·ay·i || sákhi·ṣu
|-
| Voc
| sákh·e || sákh·āy·au || sákh·āy·as
|}

===ā, ī- and ū-stems===
This category is made of ā-, ī- and ū-stems, almost entirely feminine, polysyllabic derivative nouns.<ref>Whitney, §347, §362.</ref>

====ā-stems====
A few forms deviate from the standard in many of which an interspersed -y- can be observed. The vocative also undergoes the usual accent shift.<ref>Whitney, §362–364.</ref><ref>Burrow, §5.8.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ā-stem fem
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! sénā-{{efn-ua|army}} !! kanyā̀-{{efn-ua|girl}}
|-
| Nom || -s || <s>-s</s>|| -ā || sénā || kanyā̀
|-
| Acc || -am || || -ām || sénā·m || kanyā̀·m
|-
| Ins || -ā || <s>-ā</s> e + -ā || -ayā || sén·ay·ā || kany·ày·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || -ā + y +vṛddhi(e) || -āyai || sénā·yai || kanyā̀·yai
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || -ā + y + vṛddhi(a)s || -āyās || sénā·yās || kanyā̀·yās
|-
| Loc || -i || <s>-i</s> -ā + yām || -āyām || sénā·yām || kanyā̀·yām
|-
| Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}} || -Ø || -e || -e || sén·e || kány·e
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! sénā- !! kanyà-
|-
| N.A.V || -au || <s>-au</s> -e || -e || sé·ne|| kany·è
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || || -bhyām || sénā·bhyām || kanyā̀·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || e + -os || -ayos || sén·ay·os || kany·ày·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! sénā- !! kanyā̀-
|-
| Nom, Voc || -as || -ā + as || -ās || sénā·s || kanyā̀·s
|-
| Acc || -as || -ā + as || -ās|| sénā·s || kanyā̀·s
|-
| Ins || -bhis || || -bhis || sénā·bhis || kanyā̀·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || || -bhyas || sénā·bhyas || kanyā̀·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -ā + -n- + -ām || -ānām || sénā·nām || kanyā̀·nām
|-
| Loc || -su || || -su || sénā·su || kanyā̀·su
|}

====ī- and ū-stems====

Again most ī- and ū-stem nouns are feminine.<ref>Whitney, §362–364.</ref><ref>Burrow, §5.8.</ref> ī- and ū-stem adjectives also belong here.<ref>Whitney, §362.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ī- and ū-stems fem
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! devī́-{{efn-ua|goddess}} !! vadhū́-{{efn-ua|bride, wed(ded)}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
|-
| Nom || -s || <s>-s</s>|| {{efn|s-dropping ī-stem only}} || devī́ || vadhū́·s
|-
| Acc || -am || <s>-a</s> || -īm, -ūm || devī́·m || vadhū́·m
|-
| Ins || -ā || || -ā || devy·ā̀ || vadhv·ā̀
|-
| Dat || -e || vṛddhi(e) || -ai || devy·aì || vadhv·aì
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || vṛddhi(a)s || -ās || devy·ā̀s || vadhv·ā̀s
|-
| Loc || -i || <s>-i</s> -ām || -ām || devy·ā̀m || vadhv·ā̀m
|-
| Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}} || -Ø || ||{{efn|short end vowel}} || dévi || vádhu
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! devī- !! vadhū-
|-
| N.A.V || -au || || -au || devy·aù|| vadhv·aù
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || || -bhyām || devī́·bhyām || vadhū́·bhyām
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || || -os || devy·òs || vadhv·òs
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! Treatment !! Ending !! devī- !! vadhū-
|-
| Nom, Voc || -as || || -as || devy·às || vadhv·às
|-
| Acc || -as || <s>as</s> -īs, -ūs || -īs, -ūs || devī́·s || vadhū́·s
|-
| Ins || -bhis || || -bhis || devī́·bhis || vadhū́·bhis
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || || -bhyas || devī́·bhyas || vadhū́·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || -n- + -ām || -nām || devī́·nām || vadhū́·nām
|-
| Loc || -su || || -su || devī́·ṣu || vadhū́·ṣu
|}

=== Diphthong stems ===
Stems ending in Sanskrit diphthongs (e, ai, o, au) follow a fairly regular pattern, whilst subject to sandhi rules as usual.<ref>Kale, §85–86.</ref><ref>Whitney, §360-361.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! se !! raí{{efn-ua|wealth}}{{efn|compare cognates in Slavic ''*ràjь '', Russian ''рай'' – 'paradise, heaven', Latin ''rēs'', 'thing'}}
!gó{{efn-ua|cow}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
!naú{{efn-ua|ship}}{{efn|cognate with Latin ''nāus''}}
|-
| Nom || -s || se·s || rā́·s
|gaú·s
|naú·s
|-
| Acc || -am || say·am || rā́y·am
|gā́·m
|nā́v·am
|-
| Ins || -ā || say·ā || rāy·ā́
|gáv·ā
|nāv·ā́
|-
| Dat || -e || say·e || rāy·é
|gáv·e
|nāv·é
|-
| Abl, Gen || -as || se·s || rāy·ás
|gó·s
|nāv·ás
|-
| Loc || -i || say·i || rāy·í
|gáv·i
|nāv·í
|-
| Voc || -Ø || se || rā́·s
|gaú·s
|naú·s
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! se !! raí
!gó
!naú
|-
| N.A.V || -au || say·au|| rā́y·au
|gā́v·au
|nā́v·au
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || se·bhyām || rā·bhyā́m
|gó·bhyām
|nau·bhyā́m
|-
| Gen, Loc || -os || say·os || rāy·ós
|gáv·os
|nāv·ós
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! se !! raí
!gó
!naú
|-
| Nom, Voc || -as || say·as || rā́y·as
|gā́v·as
|nā́v·as
|-
| Acc || -as || say·as || rā́y·as
|gā́·s
|nā́v·as
|-
| Ins || -bhis || se·bhis || rā·bhís
|gó·bhis
|nau·bhís
|-
| Dat, Abl || -bhyas || se·bhyas || rā·bhyás
|gó·bhyas
|nau·bhyás
|-
| Gen || -ām || say·ām || rāy·ā́m
|gáv·ām
|nāv·ā́m
|-
| Loc || -su || se·ṣu || rā·sú
|gó·ṣu
|nau·ṣú
|}

===Bare-consonant and as/us/is-stem nouns===
Consonant stem nouns may have up to 3 different stems, as well as two special forms:
# A special lengthened form for the masculine/feminine nominative singular
# A special lengthened and/or nasalized form for the neuter nom/acc. plural
# A strong stem{{efn-lg|''aṅga''}} used for masc./fem. sing. acc., dual nom./acc. and plur. nom.
# A medium stem {{efn-lg|''pada''}} used with oblique cases with consonant endings, as well as the neuter nom./acc. sing.
# A weak stem {{efn-lg|''bha''}} used everywhere else.

One or more of these stems may be identical for some words, but this is generally not regularly predictable from either the nominative singular or the citation form stem. While the stem ending may undergo expected internal sandhi changes as normal, the endings themselves are gracefully regular.<ref>Whitney, §377–434.</ref><ref>Burrow, §5.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonant stems
|-
! Case !! Ending !! marút m.{{efn-ua|wind, wind-god}} !! trivṛ́t n.{{efn-ua|three-fold}}
! rowspan="7" |
!mánas n. {{efn-ua|mind}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
!havís n. {{efn-ua|pouring, oblation}}
|-
| Nom || <s>-s</s> various || marút || rowspan=2 | trivṛ́t
| rowspan=2 | mánas
| rowspan=2 | havís
|-
| Acc || -am || marút·am
|-
| Ins || -ā || marút·ā || trivṛ́t·ā
|mánas·ā
|havíṣ·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || marút·e ||trivṛ́t·e
|mánas·e
|havíṣ·e
|-
| Abl, gen || -as || marút·as || trivṛ́t·as
|mánas·as
|havíṣ·as
|-
| Loc || -i || marút·i || trivṛ́t·i
|mánas·i
|havíṣ·i
|-
|Voc
|<nowiki>-Ø</nowiki>
|márut
|trívṛt
!
|mánas
|hávis
|-
! Case !! Ending !! marút !! trivṛ́t
! rowspan="4" |
!mánas
!havís
|-
| N.A.V || -au, -ī || marút·au || trivṛ́t·au
|mánas·ī
|havíṣ·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || marúd·bhyām || trivṛ́d·bhyām
|máno·bhyām
|havír·bhyām
|-
| Gen, loc || -os || marút·os || trivṛ́t·os
|mánas·os
|havíṣ·os
|-
! Case !! Ending !! marút !! trivṛ́t
! rowspan="7" |
!mánas
!havís
|-
| Nom, voc || -as, -āni, etc || marút·as || rowspan=2 | trivṛ́nti
|rowspan=2 | mánāṅsi
|rowspan=2 | havī́ṅṣi
|-
| Acc || -as, -āni, etc || marút·as
|-
| Ins || -bhis || marúd·bhis || trivṛ́d·bhis
|máno·bhis
|havír·bhis
|-
| Dat, abl || -bhyas || marúd·bhyas|| trivṛ́d·bhyas
|máno·bhyas
|havír·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || marút·ām|| trivṛ́t·ām
|mánas·ām
|havíṣ·ām
|-
| Loc || -su || marút·su|| trivṛ́t·su
|mánaḥ·su
|havíḥ·su
|}

===an-stem nouns and in-stem adjectives===

an-stem nouns and in-stem adjectives (occurring prolifically in masc. and neu.) show very similar behavior and can be grouped together:<ref>Whitney, §420–440.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonant stems
|-
! Case !! Ending !! rā́jan{{efn-ua|king}} !! ātmán{{efn-ua|self}}
!nāman{{efn-ua|name}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
! rowspan="7" |
!balín{{efn-ua|strong}} m.n.
!yogín{{efn-ua|connected with, possessed of, accompanied by}} m.n.
|-
| Nom || -s || rā́jā || ātmā́
|nā́ma
|balī́, balí
|yogī́, yogí
|-
| Acc || -am || rā́jān·am || ātmā́n·am
|nā́ma
|balín·am, balí
|yogín·am, yogí
|-
| Ins || -ā || rā́jñ·ā || ātmán·ā
|nā́mn·ā
|balín·ā
|yogín·ā
|-
| Dat || -e || rā́jñ·e ||ātmán·e
|nā́mn·e
|balín·e
|yogín·e
|-
| Abl, gen || -as || rā́jñ·as || ātmán·as
|nā́mn·as
|balín·as
|yogín·as
|-
| Loc || -i || rā́jn·i, rā́jan·i || ātmán·i
|nā́mn·i, nā́man·i
|balín.i
|yogín·i
|-
|Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}}
|<nowiki>-Ø</nowiki>
|rā́jan
|ā́tman
|nā́man, nā́ma
!
|bálin, báli
|yógin, yógi
|-
! Case !! Ending !! rā́jan !! ātmán
!nā́man
! rowspan="4" |
!balín
!yogín
|-
| N.A.V || -au || rā́jān·au || ātmán·au
|nā́mn·ī, nā́man·ī
|balín·au, balín·ī
|yogín·au, yogín·ī
|-
| I.D.A || -bhyām || rā́ja·bhyām || ātmá·bhyām
|nā́ma·bhyām
|balí·bhyām
|yogí·bhyām
|-
| Gen, loc || -os || rā́jṇ·os || ātmán·os
|nā́mn·os
|balín·os
|yogín·os
|-
! Case !! Std Ending !! rā́jan !! ātmán
!nā́man
! rowspan="7" |
!balín
!yogín
|-
| Nom, voc || -as || rā́jān·as || ātmā́n·as
|nā́m·āni
|balín·as, balín·i
|yogín·as, yogín·i
|-
| Acc || -as || rā́jñ·as || ātmán·as
|nā́m·āni
|balín·as
|yogín·as
|-
| Ins || -bhis || rā́ja·bhis || ātmá·bhis
|nā́ma·bhis
|balí·bhis
|yogí·bhis
|-
| Dat, abl || -bhyas || rā́ja·bhyas|| ātmá·bhyas
|nā́ma·bhyas
|balí·bhyas
|yogí·bhyas
|-
| Gen || -ām || rā́jñ·ām|| ātmán·ām
|nā́mn·ām
|balín·ām
|yogín·ām
|-
| Loc || -su || rā́ja·su|| ātmá·su
|nā́ma·su
|balí·ṣu
|yogí·ṣu
|}

===ant-, mant- and vant-stem adjectives===

Participial forms in -ant/-at decline as below, with some stem variation with the -n-.<ref>Whitney, §443–447.</ref> Possessives in -mant and vant- display similar behavior, the difference that stands out is the nom. sing. masc. -mān & -vān.<ref>Whitney, §452–453.</ref> Forms not mentioned fit the existing pattern with full regularity:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonant stems singular
|-
! Case !! Ending !! bháv·ant-{{efn-ua|being}} m.n. !! ad·ánt-{{efn-ua|eating}} m.n.
!júhv·at-{{efn-ua|pouring, sacrificing}} m.n.
! rowspan="5" |
!paśu·mánt-{{efn-ua|cattle-having, 'pecunious'}} m.n.
!bhága·vant-{{efn-ua|god, wealthy}}{{efn|compare Slavic ''bogъ, bogatъ.'', 'god', 'wealthy'}} m.n.
|-
| Nom || -s || bháv·an, bháv·at || ad·án, adát
|júhv·an, júhv·at
|paśu·mā́n, paśu·mát
|bhága·vān, bhága·vat
|-
| Acc || -am || bháv·ant·am, bháv·at || ad·ánt·am, ad·át
|júhv·at·am, júhv·at
|paśu·mánt·am, -mát
|bhága·vant·am, -vat
|-
| Ins || -ā || bháv·at·ā || ad·at·ā́
|júhv·at·ā
|pasu·mát·ā
|bhága·vat·ā
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="5" | etc
| colspan="2" |etc
|-
|Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}}
|<nowiki>-Ø</nowiki>
|bháv·an, bháv·at
|ád·an, ád·at
|júhv·an, júhv·at
!
|páśu·man, -mat
|bhág·avan, -vat
|-
! colspan="8" |Dual
|-
|N.A.V
| -au, -ī
|bháv·ant·au, -ant·ī
|ad·ánt·au, ad·at·ī́
|júhv·at·au, júhv·at·ī
!
|paśu·mánt·au, -mát·ī
|bhága·vant·au, -vat·ī
|-
! colspan="8" |Plural
|-
|N.V
| -as, -i
|bháv·ant·as, -ant·i
|ad·ánt·as, ad·ánt·i
|júhv·at·as, júhv·at·i
!
|paśu·mánt·as, -mánti
|bhága·vant·as, -vant·i
|-
|Acc
| -as
|bháv·at·as, -ant·i
|ad·át·as, ad·ánt·i
|júhv·at·as, júhv·at·i
!
|paśu·mát·as, -mánt·i
|bhága·vat·as, -vant·i
|-
|Ins
| -bhis
|bháv·ad·bhis
|ad·ád·bhis
|júhv·ad·bhis
!
|paśu·mád·bhis
|bhága·vad·bhis
|}

=== vāṅs-stem perfect participles ===
These forms exhibit similarities with the ''-vant'' stems illustrated above, with the main exception that in the weakest forms, before vowel endings, ''-vāṅs'' is zero-graded alongside the disappearance of the ''-ṅ-''.<ref>Whitney, §458–461.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 22.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Ending
!vidvā́ṅs-{{efn-ua|knowing, knowledgeable}} m.n.
!babhūváṅs-{{efn-ua|having been}} m.n.
|-
| Nom || -s
|vid·vā́n, vid·vát
|babhū·vā́n, babhū·vát
|-
| Acc || -am
|vid·vā́ṅs·am, -vát
|babhū·vā́ṅs·am, -vát
|-
| Ins || -ā
|vid·úṣ·ā
|babhū·vúṣ·ā
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" | etc
| colspan="2" |etc
|-
|Voc {{efn|name=AccentShift}}
|<nowiki>-Ø</nowiki>
|víd·van, víd·vat
|bábhū·van, bábhu·vat
|-
! colspan="4" |Dual
|-
|N.A.V
| -au, -ī
|vid·vā́ṅs·au, vid·úṣ·ī
|babhū·vāṅs·au, babhū·vúṣ·ī
|-
! colspan="4" |Plural
|-
|N.V
| -as, -i
|vid·vāṅs·as, vid·vā́ṅs·i
|babhū·vā́ṅs·as, babhū·vúṣ·i
|-
|Acc
| -as
|vid·úṣ·as, -vā́ṅs·i
|babhū·vúṣ·as, -vā́ṅs·i
|-
|Ins
| -bhis
|vid·vád·bhis
|babhū·vád·bhis
|}

===Comparatives and superlatives===

====Primary derivation====

A small closed class of comparatives and superlatives are directly formed on adjectival roots, after dropping the original stem suffix. The comparative takes the suffix ''-īyān (yāṃsas), yasī, yas'', which declines as a consonant- and ī-stem adjective; the superlative takes ''-iṣṭhas, ā, am''. The root is strengthened to the guṇa grade.

* from ''mahān'' ,{{efn-ua|great, mega-}}{{efn|cognate with Lat. ''magno-'', Gk. ''mega-''}} root ''mah-'', is formed ''mahīyān, mahiṣṭhas'';
* from {{Transliteration|sa|sthiras}} ,{{efn-ua|stable}} root ''sthi-'', is formed ''stheyān, stheṣṭhas''.

In some adjectives the original form of the root has been obscured by internal sandhi, making the outcome somewhat irregular. Thus:

* from ''gur-us'' ,{{efn-ua|heavy}}{{efn|cognate with Lat. ''gravis''}} originally {{Transliteration|sa|g(w)ṛ-us}}, comes ''garīyān, gariṣṭhas'';
* from ''dīrgh-as'' ,{{efn-ua|long}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}} originally ''dṝgh-'' < ''dṛHgh-'' (where H denotes a [[Laryngeal theory|laryngeal]]), a ''guṇa'' placed in the second possible slot {{efn-lg|'saṃprasāraṇam'}} gives ''draHgh-'' > ''drāgh-'', whence ''drāghīyān, drāghiṣṭhas'';

====Secondary derivation====

The secondary suffixes of comparison are ''-taras, ā, am'' for comparative and ''-tamas, ā, am'' for superlative. They are appended to the inflectional base, with no modification of the stem. Usually, the ''pada'' stem is used for consonant-stem adjectives, but those in a simple -n sometimes retain it.

* ''priyatara-'', ''priyatama-'' from ''priya-'';
* ''vṛṣatara-, vṛṣatama-'' from ''vṛṣan-'', but ''vṛṣantama-'' is also attested.

==Numerals==

=== Cardinal numbers ===

The numbers<ref>Whitney, ch. 5.</ref><ref>Burrow, ch.6.1.</ref> from one to ten, along with cognates in closely related languages, are:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Numerals
|-
! Sanskrit !! Latin !! Proto-Indo-European
|-
| éka- || ūn- || *Hoi-no-, *Hoi-k(ʷ)o-
|-
| dvá- || duo || *d(u)wo-
|-
| trí- || trēs, tria || *trei-, *tri-
|-
| catúr- || quattuor || *kʷetwor-, *kʷetur-
|-
| páñca- || quīnque || *penkʷe
|-
| ṣáṣ- || sex || *s(w)eḱs
|-
| saptá-, sápta- || septem || *septm̥
|-
| aṣṭá-, áṣṭa- || octō || *oḱtō
|-
| náva- || novem || *newn̥
|-
| dáśa- || decem || *deḱm̥(t)
|}

All numbers in Sanskrit can be declined in all the cases. From one to four, the [[Cardinal numeral|cardinal numerals]] agree with the substantive they qualify in number, gender and case; from 5 to 19, in number and case, with only one form for all genders; from 20 onwards in case only.<ref>Coulson, p. 178.</ref>

''{{IAST|Éka}}'' is declined like a pronominal adjective, though the dual form does not occur. ''{{IAST|Dvá}}'' appears only in the dual. ''{{IAST|Trí}}'' and ''{{IAST|catúr}}'' are declined as below:<ref>Bucknell, p. 106.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Three
!colspan="3"| Four
|-
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| tráyas || trī́ṇi || tisrás || catvā́ras || catvā́ri || cátasras
|-
! Accusative
| trīn || trī́ṇi || tisrás || catúras || catvā́ri || cátasras
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2"| tribhís
| tisṛ́bhis
| colspan="2"| catúrbhis
| catasṛ́bhis
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2"| tribhyás
| tisṛ́bhyas
| colspan="2"| catúrbhyas
| catasṛ́bhyas
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2"| tribhyás
| tisṛ́bhyas
| colspan="2"| catúrbhyas
| catasṛ́bhyas
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2"|trayāṇā́m
| tisṛṇā́m
| colspan="2"| caturṇā́m
| catasṛṇā́m
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2"| triṣú
| tisṛ́ṣu
| colspan="2"| catúrṣu
| catasṛ́ṣu
|}

The numbers from 11 to 19 are:

ékādaśam, dvā́daśam, tráyodaśam, cáturdaśam, páñcadaśam, {{Transliteration|sa|ṣóḍaśam}}, saptádaśam, {{Transliteration|sa|aṣṭā́daśam}}, návadaśam.

The tens from 20 to 90 are:

({{Transliteration|sa|d)viṃśatí}}, {{Transliteration|sa|triṃśát}}, {{Transliteration|sa|catvāriṃśát}}, pañcāśát, {{Transliteration|sa|ṣaṣṭí}}, saptatí, aśītí, navatí.

The joint numbers:

21 – {{Transliteration|sa|ékaviṃśati}}, 22 – {{Transliteration|sa|dvā́viṃśati}}, 23 – {{Transliteration|sa|trayóviṃśati}}, ..., 26 – {{Transliteration|sa|ṣáḍviṃśati}}, ..., but 82 – dvā́śīti, 83 – trayā́śīti, 88 – {{Transliteration|sa|aṣṭā́śīti}}.

The hundreds are:

śatam, dvai śatai, {{Transliteration|sa|trīṇi}} śatāni / tri śatam, etc.

The larger numbers:

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
| 1000 || sahásra
|-
| 10,000 || ayúta
|-
| 100,000 || lakṣá
|-
| 1,000,000 || prayúta
|-
| 10,000,000 || kóṭi
|-
| 108 || arbudá
|-
| 109 || mahā́rbuda
|-
| 1010 || kharvá
|-
| 1011 || nikharvá<ref>Burrow, p. 262.</ref>{{efn|The series has been carried to great lengths, particularly among the Jains and Buddhists – Burrow}}
|-
| 10140 || asaṅkhyeya
|}

=== Compounding numbers ===

All the numerals may be compounded attributively in their stem form:<ref>Coulson, p. 178.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Compound !! Meaning
|-
| dvi-pāda- || two-footed
|-
| śata-mukha- || hundred-mouthed
|-
| daśa-kumāra-carita- || ten-youth-tale, i.e., the story of the ten princes
|}

=== Ordinal numbers ===

The ordinal numbers from one to ten are:

# prathamás, -ā́
# dvitī́yas, -ā
# {{Transliteration|sa|tṛtī́yas}}, -ā
# caturthás, -ī́
# pañcamás, -ī́
# {{Transliteration|sa|ṣaṣṭhás}}, -ī
# saptamás, -ī́
# {{Transliteration|sa|aṣṭamás}}, -ī́
# navamás, -ī́
# daśamás, -ī́

Other numbers:

11. – ekādaśás, ... 20. – {{Transliteration|sa|viṃśatitamás}} ({{Transliteration|sa|viṃśás}}), 30. – {{Transliteration|sa|triṃśattamás}} ({{Transliteration|sa|triṃśás}}), 40. – {{Transliteration|sa|catvāriṃśattamás}}, 50. – pañcāśattamás, 60. – {{Transliteration|sa|ṣaṣtitamás}}, 70. – saptatitamás, 80. – aśītitamás, 90. – navatitamás, 100. – śatatamás, 1000. – sahasratamás.

==Pronouns and determiners==


Sanskrit pronouns and determiners behave in their [[declension]] largely like other declinable classes such as [[nouns]], [[adjectives]] and [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]], so that they can all be classed together under [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominals]]. However, pronouns and determiners display certain peculiarities of their own compared to the other nominal classes.<ref>Whitney, §490.</ref><ref>Bucknell, p. 11.</ref>

Furthermore, personal pronouns have an additional dimension not present in the other nominals, but shared by verbs: [[Grammatical person|person]].<ref>Bucknell, p. 32.</ref>

Pronouns{{efn-lg|sarva·nāman}} are declined for [[grammatical case|case]]{{efn-lg|vibhakti}}, [[grammatical number|number]]{{efn-lg|vacana}}, and gender{{efn-lg|liṅga}}. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well. Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

The official list of Sanskrit pronouns is: ''sarva'', ''viśva'', ''ubha'', ''ubhaya'', ''utara'', ''utama'', ''anya'', ''anyatara'', ''tvat'', ''tva'', ''nema'', ''sama'', ''sima'', ''pūrva'', ''para'', ''avara'', ''dakṣiṇa'', ''uttara'', ''apara'', ''adhara'', ''sva'', ''antara''; ''tyad'', ''tad'', ''yad'', ''etad'', ''idam'', ''adam''; ''eka'', ''dvi'', ''yuṣmad'', ''asmad'', and ''kim''.<ref>Kale, §132.</ref>

===First- and second-person pronouns===

Sanskrit pronouns in the first{{efn-lg|uttama·puruṣa}} and second{{efn-lg|madhyama·puruṣa}} person are theoretically termed ''asmad'' and ''yuṣmad'' respectively.

They resemble one another in how they are declined, and similarly do not mark gender. These pronouns have shortened, [[enclitic]] forms in the [[accusative]], [[dative]], and [[genitive]] cases (parenthesized in the table below).<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §4.46, pp. 71 – 3.</ref><ref>Whitney, §491.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ sing., dual, plu.
|-
! Case !! asmad !! yuṣmad
|-
| N. || ahám || tvám
|-
| A. || mā́m (mā) || tvā́m (tvā)
|-
| I. || máyā || tváyā
|-
| D. || máhyam (me) || túbhyam (te)
|-
| Ab. || mát || tvát
|-
| G. || máma (me) || táva (te)
|-
| L. || máy·i || tváy·i
|-
! Case !! asmad !! yuṣmad
|-
| N.A.V || āvā́m || yuvā́m
|-
| I.D.Ab. || āvā́·bhyām || yuvā́·bhyām
|-
| G.L. || āváy·os || yuváy·os
|-
| & A.D.G. || (nau) || (vām)
|-
! Case !! asmad !! yuṣmad
|-
| N. || vayám || yūyám
|-
| A. || asmā́n (nas) || yuṣmā́n (vas)
|-
| I. || asmā́·bhis || yuṣmā́·bhis
|-
| D. || asmá·bhyam (nas) || yuṣmá·bhyam (vas)
|-
| Ab. || asmát || yuṣmát
|-
| G. || asmā́kam (nas) || yuṣmā́kam (vas)
|-
| L. || asmā́·su || yuṣmā́·su
|}

The forms ''mad'', ''asmad'', ''tvad'' and ''yuṣmad'' can be used in derivation and composition: ''mát·kṛta'', ''mát·sakhi'', ''tvát·pitṛ'', etc.<ref>Whitney, §494.</ref>

===Demonstratives===
Sanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its [[demonstrative]]s play this role when they stand independently of a substantive. The four different demonstratives in Sanskrit{{efn|cited in their theoretical form}} are:

* ''tad'', ''adas''
* ''idam'', ''etad''

Both ''tad'' and ''adas'' are used for objects of reference that are far away, the latter being more emphatic. Both are translated by the English distal demonstrative ''that''.

By contrast, ''idam'' and ''etad'' are used for nearby objects, and, again, the latter is more emphatic and has a strong [[deixis|deictic]] meaning. These two pronouns are translated by the English proximal demonstrative ''this''.<ref>Coulson, pp. 62–3, 76–7.</ref>

The masculine singular nominative form of ''tad'', ''sas'' exhibits irregular [[sandhi]] behaviour — before consonants ''saḥ'' becomes ''sa'', giving, for instance, ''sa gajaḥ'' {{efn-ua|that elephant}} rather than the expected ''*so gajaḥ''.<ref>Coulson, p. 46</ref>{{efn|This phonological irregularity does not carry over to pronouns analogous to ''tat'' such as ''etat'', ''kim'', and ''yat''.}}

''etad'', is declined almost identically to ''tad''. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixing ''e-'' to all the forms of ''tat''. Consequently {{efn|as a result of a general sandhi rule requiring the [[retroflexion]] of ''s'' in certain environments,<ref>Coulson, pp. 65 – 6.</ref><ref>Goldman & Goldman, §3.58, p. 43.</ref>}} the masculine and feminine nominative singular forms of this pronoun are ''{{IAST|eṣas}}'' and ''{{IAST|eṣā}}''.<ref>Coulson, pp. 62 – 3.</ref>

The declension of ''idam'' is somewhat irregular because it is formed from two different stems, ''i-'' and ''a-''.{{efn|both of these also form proximal pro-adverbs, for example, ''atra'' and ''iha'' both mean "here", and ''atas'' and ''itas'' both mean "in this way"<ref>Coulson, p. 76.</ref>}} The nominative and accusative forms, except the three singular nominatives, are regularly formed with the stem ''im-'', and the remaining forms from ''a-''; an extra ''-n-'' is infixed should the ending start with a vowel.

Most of the forms for ''adas'' are regularly formed using the stem ''u-'' the same way as if it were ''a-'', with the combination ''*ui-'' becoming ''ī-'' in the plural. The nominative dual and instrumental singular are formed like u-stem nouns.<ref>Whitney, §495–503.</ref><ref>Kale, §135.</ref><ref>Bucknell, tb 13–14.</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|- style="text-wrap: nowrap"
!Singular!!tad m.n.!!idam m.n!!adas m.n!!tad f!!idam f!!adas f
|-
|Nominative||sás, tát||ayám, idám||asaú, adás||sā||iyám||asaú
|-
|Accusative||tám, tát||imám, idám||amúm, adás||tā́m||imā́m||amū́m
|-
|Instrumental||téna||anéna||amúnā||táyā||anáyā||amúyā
|-
|Dative||tásmai||asmaí||amúṣmai||tásyai||asyaí||amúṣyai
|-
|Ablative||tásmāt||asmā́t||amúṣmāt||tásyās||asyā́s||amúṣyās
|-
|Genetive||tásya||asyá||amúṣya||tásyās||asyā́s||amúṣyās
|-
|Locative||tásmin||asmín||amúṣmin||tásyām||asyā́m||amúṣyām
|- style="text-wrap: nowrap"
!Dual!!sas, tad!!ayam, idam!!adas!!sā!!iyam!!amū
|-
|N. A.||taú, té||imaú, imé||amū́||té||imé||amū́
|-
|I. D. Ab.||tā́bhyām||ābhyā́m||amū́bhyām||tā́bhyām||ābhyā́m||amū́bhyām
|-
|G. L.||táyos||anáyos||amúyos||táyos||anáyos||amúyos
|- style="text-wrap: nowrap"
!Plural!!sas, tad!!ayam, idam!!adas!!sā!!iyam!!amū
|-
|N.||te, tā́ni||imé, imā́ni||amī́, amū́ni||tās||imā́s||amū́s
|-
|A.||tā́n, tā́ni||imā́n, imā́ni||amū́n, amū́ni||tā́s||imā́s||amū́s
|-
|I.||taís||ebhís||amī́bhis||tā́bhis||ābhís||amū́bhis
|-
|D. Ab.||tébhyas||ebhyás||amī́bhyas||tā́bhyas||ābhyás||amū́bhyas
|-
|G.||téṣām||eṣā́m||amī́ṣām||tā́sām||āsā́m||amū́ṣām
|-
|L.||téṣu||eṣú||amī́ṣu||tā́su||āsú||amū́ṣu
|}

===Possessive pronouns===
The personal pronouns ''asmad'' and ''yuṣmad'' allow the following forms of possessive pronouns:

* ''madīya''-, ''māmaka''-, ''māmakīna''- (my, mine)
* ''asmadīya''-, ''asmāka''-, ''asmākīna''- (our/s)
* ''tvadīya''-, ''tāvaka''-, ''tāvakīna''- (thy, thine)
* ''yuṣmadīya''-, ''yauṣmāka''-, ''yauṣmākīṇa''- (your/s)

The feminines are in ''-ā'', and so are ''tadīya-'' and ''etadīya-'' for ''tad'' and ''etad'' respectively. But in the ''-aka'' forms, it is ''-akī''. These are all conjugated like regular a-, ā and ī-stem forms.<ref>Whitney, §515</ref><ref>Kale, §146.</ref>

===Polite pronoun===
Technically a noun, ''bhavant'' {{efn|probably deriving from ''bhagavant''}} literally means 'Your Honour' and is treated like a third-person subject. It carries, however, a second person meaning and connotes politeness. This is declined very much like any [[Sanskrit nouns#ant-, mant- and vant-stem adjectives|vant-stem adjective]].

This use of ''bhavant'' is common enough to suggest that the word should be treated as a polite variant of the second person pronoun, rather than as a more elaborate honorific construction. ''Bhavant'' declines like all stems ending in ''-ant''.

In talking of someone not present, one may use ''tatrabhavant'', and conversely for someone present, ''atrabhavant'', whether being addressed or not.<ref>Coulson, ch. 9, pp. 116 – 7.</ref>

===Enclitic pronouns===
The enclitic pronoun ''enam'' is found only in a few oblique cases and numbers. It is unemphatic and mostly refers to persons.<ref>Coulson, p. 151.</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Dual
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!Masc.
!Neu.
!Fem.
!Masc.
!Neu.
!Fem.
!Masc.
!Neu.
!Fem.
|-
!Accusative
|enam
|enat
|enām
|enau
| colspan="2" |ene
|enān
|enāni
|enāḥ
|-
!Instrumental
| colspan="2" |enena
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Genitive/locative
|
|
|
| colspan="3" |enayos
|
|
|
|}

===The k-y-t series of interrogative, relative, and correlative pronouns===
In Sanskrit, [[interrogative pronoun|interrogative]] and [[relative pronoun|relative]] pronouns are formed analogously to ''tat''. The interrogative pronoun ''kim'' is declined like ''tat'', replacing the initial ''t'' or ''s'' with ''k''. The only exception to this rule is the neuter nominative/accusative singular form, which is ''kim'' rather than the expected ''*kat''. The relative pronoun ''yat'' is declined like ''tat'', without exception replacing the initial ''t'' or ''s'' with ''y''.<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §6.14, p. 103.</ref>

The demonstrative ''tat'' functions as a correlative pronoun when used in "independent clauses that 'complete' relative clauses to form complex sentences"—unlike in English (where one can say, for example, "The girl '''with whom''' you were speaking is my sister"), relative pronouns must be accompanied by correlative pronouns (which, if applied to the previous example, would be: "The girl '''with whom''' you are speaking, '''she''' is my sister").<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §6.3, pp. 97 – 8.</ref>

For a Sanskrit example of a complex sentence using corresponding relative and correlative pronouns, consider: {{Transliteration|sa|'''yasmin''' vane vasati rāmas '''tasmin''' vane na vidyante rākṣasāḥ}} ('In the forest where Rāma lives, there are no demons'). In that example, the pronouns are alike in gender, number, and case, but matching relative–correlative pronouns need not be alike in case—for example: '''''yena''' puruṣeṇa saha bhāṣate nṛpaḥ '''sa''' muniḥ'' ('The man with whom the king is speaking is a sage').<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §6.15, pp. 103 – 4.</ref>

====Indefinite and absolute negative phrases====
Aside from their primary uses, the interrogative and relative pronouns are also used to form indefinite phrases. The two ways of forming indefinite phrases are:
*placing a relative pronoun before its corresponding interrogative pronoun, which in turn is followed by the [[particle]] ''api'' (for example: ''yat kim api'', which means 'something or another'), and
*placing one of ''api'', ''cana'', or ''cit'' after the interrogative pronoun (for example: ''kiṃcit'', which means 'something').
As is evident in the examples, the first method of indicating indefiniteness is stronger, while the latter is more subtle and can simply be translated by an [[indefinite article]] in English.<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §§6.17 – 6.19, p. 105.</ref>

The absolute negative, semantically functioning as the negation of [[existential quantification]], is formed by negating an indefinite phrase.<ref>Goldman & Goldman, §6.20, p. 105.</ref>

===Reflexive pronouns===
There are a number of words in Sanskrit that function as [[reflexive pronoun]]s. The indeclinable ''svayam'' can indicate reflexivity pertaining to [[Grammatical subject|subjects]] of any person or number, and—since subjects in Sanskrit can appear in the nominative, instrumental, or genitive cases—it can have the sense of any of these cases. The noun ''ātman'' ('self') and adjective ''svaḥ'' ('own'; cf. Latin {{Lang|la|suus}}) decline so as to express reflexivity in any case, person, and number. The former is always in the masculine, even when used in relation to a female subject, but the latter declines for gender.<ref>MacDonell, III.115, p. 79</ref>

===Pronominal adjectives===
Several adjectives in Sanskrit are declined pronominally. That is, their declension differs from ordinary adjectival declension of ''a''-stems and instead follows the declension of ''tat'' in certain respects.
*''anya'' ('other'), ''anyatara'' ('either'), ''itara'' ('other'), ''katara'' ('which of two?'), ''katama'' ('which of many?'), and ''ekatama'' ('one of many') all follow the ''tat'' paradigm exactly.
*''sarva'' ('every', 'all'), ''ubhaya'' ('both'), ''eka'' ('one'), and ''ekatara'' ('either') follow the ''tat'' paradigm except in the neuter nominative/accusative singular, ending in ''-m'' rather than ''-t''.
*''pūrva'' ('prior', 'east'), ''avara'' ('posterior', 'west'), ''adhara'' ('inferior', 'west'), ''uttara'' ('subsequent', 'north'), ''dakṣiṇa'' ('south'), ''para'' ('subsequent', 'other', 'opposite'), ''apara'' ('other', 'inferior'), ''antara'' ('outer'), and ''sva'' ('own') follow the ''tat'' paradigm except (1) in the neuter nominative/accusative singular, ending in ''-am'' rather than ''-at''; (2) in the masculine/neuter ablative and locative singular, sometimes (though not necessarily) ending in ''-āt'' and ''-e'' rather than ''-asmāt'' and ''-asmin''; and (3) in the masculine nominative plural, sometimes (though not necessarily) ending in ''-āḥ'' rather than ''-e''.
*''ardha'' ('half'), ''alpa'' ('little'), ''katipaya'' ('some'), ''prathama'' ('first'), ''carama'' ('last'), and ''dvaya''/''dvitaya'' ('twofold') generally follow the regular adjective declension for ''a''-stems but sometimes (though not necessarily) follow ''tat'' in the masculine nominative plural, ending in ''-e'' rather than ''-āḥ''.
*''dvitīya'' ('second') and ''tṛtīya'' ('third') optionally follow the declension of ''tat'' in the forms of the [[oblique case]]s in the singular.

Note that when any of these adjectives are at the end of a compound, they decline exactly like ordinary ''a''-stem adjectives.<ref>MacDonell, III.120, pp. 81 – 2.</ref>

==Nominal derivation==
[[Morphological derivation|Derivation]] or word-formation in Sanskrit can be divided into the following types:<ref>Whitney, §1138.</ref><ref>Kale, §179, 337.</ref>

# Primary derivation – suffixes directly appended to roots{{efn-lg|''kṛt''}}
# Secondary derivation – suffixes appended to derivative stems{{efn-lg|''taddhita''}}
# Word-compounding – combining one more word stems

===Primary derivatives===

The root usually undergoes some change of form first, typically to first-grade, or in some cases second-grade, strengthening. A final ''-n'' or ''-m'' may sometimes be lost, a short vowel may be first followed by a ''-t'', a final palatal or ''h'' may revert to the corresponding guttural, and so on.<ref>Whitney, §1143.</ref><ref>Bucknell, pp. 152–206.</ref>

====a-suffix derivatives====

A very large number of derivatives are formed under this category, with several semantic outcomes and with varying treatment of the root, including gradation, reduplication and no change.<ref>Whitney, §1148.</ref>

# With guṇa-grading, wherever possible
#* Action nouns
#** ''√grah- ⇒ gráha-'' {{efn-ua|seize ⇒ seizure}}
#** ''√i- ⇒ áya-'' {{efn-ua|go ⇒ movement}}
#** ''√vid- ⇒ véda-'' {{efn-ua|know ⇒ knowledge}}
#** ''√tṝ- ⇒ tára-'' {{efn-ua|cross ⇒ a crossing}}
#** ''√sṛj- ⇒ sárga-'' {{efn-ua|emit ⇒ emission}}
#* Agent nouns
#** ''√jīv- ⇒ jīvá-'' {{efn-ua|live ⇒ living}}
#** ''√sṛ- ⇒ sará-'' {{efn-ua|flow ⇒ brook}}
#** ''√sṛp- ⇒ sarpá-'' {{efn-ua|creep ⇒ serpent}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
#** ''√kṣam- ⇒ kṣamá-'' {{efn-ua|endure ⇒ patient}}
# With vṛddhi-grading, where the final outcome has an ''ā''
#* Action nouns
#** ''√kam- ⇒ kā́ma-'' {{efn-ua|wish ⇒ love}}
#** ''√bhaj- ⇒ bhā́ga-'' {{efn-ua|deal/divide ⇒ share}}
#** ''√tṝ- ⇒ tā́ra-'' {{efn-ua|cross ⇒ a crossing}}{{efn|cf ''avatāra-''}}
#* Agent nouns
#** ''√gṛh- ⇒ grābhá-'' {{efn-ua|take ⇒ a grab}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
#** ''√vah- ⇒ vāhá-'' {{efn-ua|carry ⇒ carrying}}
#** ''√ni- ⇒ nāyá-'' {{efn-ua|lead ⇒ leading}}

====ti-suffix derivatives====
Another large class, mostly feminine action nouns, with some masculine agent nouns and adjectives. The root remains in zero-grade form, largely like past passive participles in ''-tá''.<ref>Whitney, §1157.</ref>

* ''√bhaj- ⇒ bhaktí-'' {{efn-ua|divide ⇒ division}}
* ''√stu- ⇒ stutí-'' {{efn-ua|praise ⇒ a praise}}
* ''√pṝ- ⇒ pūrtí-'' {{efn-ua|fill ⇒ fulfilment}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''√gam- ⇒ gáti-'' {{efn-ua|go ⇒ gait}}
* ''√man- ⇒ matí-'' {{efn-ua|think ⇒ a thought}}
* ''√dṛś- ⇒ dṛ́ṣṭi-'' {{efn-ua|see ⇒ sight}}
* ''√vac- ⇒ úkti-'' {{efn-ua|speak ⇒ speech/utterance}}
* ''√vṛdh- ⇒ vṛ́ddhi-'' {{efn-ua|grow ⇒ growth}}

====man-suffix derivatives====

This is another productive category ([[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] *-men), mostly of action-noun formations.<ref>Whitney, §1168.</ref>

* ''√kṛ- ⇒ kárman-'' {{efn-ua|do ⇒ deed}}
* ''√dhṛ- ⇒ dhárman-'' {{efn-ua|hold ⇒ rule}}
* ''√vṛt- ⇒ vártman-'' {{efn-ua|turn ⇒ track}}{{efn|cf Russian времен- ''vremen-''}}
* ''nā́man-'' {{efn-ua|name}}{{efn|cf Latin nōmen}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''bráhman-'' {{efn-ua|worship}}
* ''brahmán-'' {{efn-ua|worshiper}}
* ''áśman-'' {{efn-ua|stone}}{{efn|cf Russian ка́мень ''kaḿen''}}

====tar-suffix derivatives====

tṛ- or tar-suffix derivatives, mostly agent nouns ([[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] *-tor, English -er).<ref>Whitney, §1182.</ref>

* ''√kṛ- ⇒ kártṛ'' {{efn-ua|do ⇒ doer}}
* ''√dā- ⇒ dātṛ'' {{efn-ua|give ⇒ giver}}{{efn|cf Lat. ''dator''}}
* ''√gam- ⇒ gantṛ'' {{efn-ua|go ⇒ goer}}
* ''√hu- ⇒ hotṛ'' {{efn-ua|offer ⇒ sacrificer}}

Several basic kinship nouns are classed under here.

* ''√pā- ⇒ pitṛ́'' {{efn-ua|protect ⇒ father}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''mātṛ́'' {{efn-ua|mother}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''bhrā́tṛ'' {{efn-ua|brother}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''√duh- ⇒ duhitṛ́'' {{efn-ua|milk, suckle ⇒ daughter}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}

====tra-suffix derivatives====

Typically nouns expressing the means of doing something.<ref>Whitney, §1185.</ref>

* ''√pā- ⇒ pā́tra-'' {{efn-ua|drink ⇒ cup}}
* ''√man- ⇒ mántra-'' {{efn-ua|think ⇒ thought}}
* ''√vas- ⇒ vástra-'' {{efn-ua|clothe ⇒ clothing}}
* ''√rāj- ⇒ rāṣṭrá-'' {{efn-ua|rule ⇒ reign, kingdom}}

===Secondary derivatives===

This is used primarily to form words of adjectival meaning, and with the first vowel usually undergoing ''vṛddhi''-grade strengthening.<ref>Whitney, §1202.</ref>

====a-suffix derivatives====

A very productive class, nouns or adjectives that denote a relationship. Patronymics are also derived in this manner.<ref>Whitney, §1208.</ref>

* ''mánas- ⇒ mānasá-'' {{efn-ua|mind ⇒ mental}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''bráhman- ⇒ brāhmaṇá-'' {{efn-ua|worship ⇒ priest}}
* ''Marút- ⇒ mā́ruta-'' {{efn-ua|Maruts, wind-gods ⇒ of the wind-gods}}
* ''Mánus- ⇒ mā́nuṣa-'' {{efn-ua|Manu(s), man ⇒ descendant of Manu}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}

====ya-suffix derivatives====

Another very productive class. Closely related are ''-iya-'' and ''-īya-'' formations.<ref>Whitney, §1211.</ref>

* ''devá- ⇒ daívya-'' {{efn-ua|a god ⇒ divine}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''loká- ⇒ laúkya-'' {{efn-ua|world ⇒ worldly}}
* ''púṃs- ⇒ paúṃsya-'' {{efn-ua|male ⇒ manly}}
* ''gó- ⇒ gávya-'' {{efn-ua|cow ⇒ bovine}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''sánt- ⇒ satyá-'' {{efn-ua|is, essence ⇒ truth}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}

''-iya-'' is used after a [[consonant cluster]]:<ref>Whitney, §1214.</ref>

* ''kṣatrá- ⇒ kṣatríya-'' {{efn-ua|might ⇒ mighty}}
* ''yajñá- ⇒ yajñíya-'' {{efn-ua|offering, worship ⇒ reverend}}
* ''índra- ⇒ indriyá-'' {{efn-ua|Indra ⇒ Indran}}
* ''kṣétra- ⇒ kṣetriyá-'' {{efn-ua|field ⇒ of the field}}

====tā and tva-suffix derivatives====

These suffixes denote the ''quality of being'', analogous to '-ness' and '-hood' in English. Cf Lat ''-tas'' (-ty), Slavic ''*-ьstvo''. Coupled with the prefix ''a-'' 'un-', the sense of '-lessness' is derived.<ref>Whitney, §1237–1239.</ref>

* ''devá·tā'' {{efn-ua|deity, divinity}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''nagná·tā'' {{efn-ua|nudity}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''a·gó·tā'' {{efn-ua|poverty in cattle, lit. cowlessness}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''a·paśú·tā'' {{efn-ua|cattlelessness}}{{efn|lit. and cognate with ''im·pecu·nity''}}
* ''a·mṛta·tvá'' {{efn-ua|immortality}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''bhrātṛ·tvá'' {{efn-ua|brotherhood, fraternity}}{{efn|name=alsocognate}}
* ''śatru·tvá'' {{efn-ua|enmity}}

===Compounds===
{{Main|Sanskrit compounds}}
In traditional Sanskrit grammar, compounds{{efn|''samāsa·vṛtti''}} are divided into the following main classes:<ref name="Kale, §201">Kale, §201.</ref>

* ''[[wikt:तत्पुरुष|Tatpuruṣa]]''
** ''[[wikt:कर्मधारय|Karmadhāraya]]''
*** ''[[wikt:द्विगु|Dvigu]]''
** ''[[wikt:उपपद|Upapada]]''
* ''[[wikt:बहुव्रीहि|Bahuvrīhi]]''
** ''[[wikt:द्विगु|Dvigu]]''
* ''[[wikt:द्वन्द्व|Dvandva]]''
* ''[[wikt:अव्ययीभाव|Avyayībhāva]]''

==See also==
*[[Sanskrit verbs]]
*[[Sanskrit grammar]]
*[[Vedic Sanskrit grammar]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
*[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|20em}}

== Glossary ==
{{notelist-ua|20em}}

== Traditional glossary and notes ==
{{notelist-lg|20em}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fortson |first1=Benjamin W |author-link1=Benjamin W. Fortson IV|title=Indo-European Language and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-8895-1 |edition=2010}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burrow |first1=Thomas | author-link1=Thomas Burrow| title=The Sanskrit Language |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-1767-2 |edition=2001}}
* {{cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=William Dwight | author-link1=William Dwight Whitney|title=Sanskrit Grammar |date=January 2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0620-7 |edition=2000|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar_(Whitney)}}
* W. D. Whitney, ''The Roots, Verb-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language (A Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar)''
* Coulson, Michael. ''Teach Yourself Sanskrit.'' Oxford: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. ({{ISBN|0-340-32389-2}})
* {{cite book |last1=Coulson |first1=Michael |title=Sanskrit |year=2003 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=0-340-85990-3 |edition=2003}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bucknell |first1=Roderick S |title=Sanskrit Grammar|date=January 2010 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1188-1 |edition=2000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kale |first1=M R |title=A Higher Sanskrit Grammar |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0177-6 |edition=2002}}
* [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell|Macdonell, A. A.]] ''A Sanskrit Grammar for Students.'' London: Oxford UP, 1927. ({{ISBN|81-246-0094-5}})
*Delbrück, B. ''Altindische Tempuslehre'' (1876) [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-9K_xT8OBAC&q=Altindische]
* Goldman, Robert P. & Sally J. ''{{IAST|Devavāṇīpraveśikā}}.'' Berkeley: Center for South Asian Studies, 2004. ({{ISBN|0-944613-40-3}})
*Wackernagel, Debrunner, ''[[Altindische Grammatik]]'', Göttingen.
**vol. I. phonology [https://books.google.com/books?id=mWaIUMIoUvkC&q=Altindische] [[Jacob Wackernagel]] (1896)
**vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qql6RRqTAuIC&q=Altindische]
**vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and [[Albert Debrunner]] (1954)
**vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)

{{refend}}

[[Category:Sanskrit grammar|Noun]]
[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:Declension]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian grammars]]
[[Category:Indo-European grammars]]

Rajeev Kumar (IPS)

2026-04-23T04:20:40Z

IvyB800566150: adding some bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian police officer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2026
| term_end1 =
| predecessor = [[Saket Gokhale]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| office2 = [[West Bengal Police|Director General of West Bengal Police]]
| status2 = Acting
| term_start2 = 16 July 2024
| term_end2 = 31 January 2026
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|1|31}}
| birth_place = [[Chandausi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| badge_number=19891041
| service=
| service_years=1990–2026
| rank= [[Director General of Police (India)|Director General]]
| batch= 1989
| cadre= West Bengal
| awards=
{{plainlist|
* [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]]
* [[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|20px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India#Police awards|Police Medal of Meritious Service]]
* [[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|20px]] [[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
* [[File:75yearmedal.svg|20px]] [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
}}
| department=[[Kolkata Police]] [[West Bengal Police]]
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch =[[Kolkata Police]] [[West Bengal Police]]
| status = Active
}}
| honorific_suffix = [[President's Police Medal|PPM]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| office5 = Police Commissioner of Kolkata
| term_start5 = 21 May 2016
| term_end5 = 19 February 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Soumen Mitra]]
| successor5 = [[Anuj Sharma (IPS)|Anuj Sharma]]
| term_start6 = 14 February 2016
| term_end6 = 12 April 2016
| predecessor6 = [[Surajit Kar Purkayastha]]
| successor6 = Soumen Mitra
| order5 = 37th
| office3 = [[Additional Chief Secretary|Additional Chief Secretary, Dept of I&T, Govt. of West Bengal]]
| appointer3 = Mamata Banerjee
| predecessor3 = Debasis Sen
| successor3 = Anup Kumar Aggarwal
| term_start3 = 25 December 2019
| term_end3 = 4 June 2025
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
}}

'''Rajeev Kumar''' (born 31 January 1966) [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] PPM is a retired Indian police officer and bureaucrat, who is currently serving as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[West Bengal]] as a [[All India Trinamool Congress]] member.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Bengal DGP, SC advocate, actor among 4 TMC nominees for RS polls |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ex-bengal-dgp-sc-advocate-actor-among-4-tmc-nominees-for-rs-polls/3420691 |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Babul Supriyo, Ex-DGP Rajeev Kumar among 4 candidates named by TMC for Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/babul-supriyo-ex-dgp-rajeev-kumar-among-4-candidates-named-by-tmc-for-rajya-sabha-polls-101772209977260.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref> He served as the [[West Bengal Police|Director General of West Bengal Police]], from July 2024 till January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-07-15 |title=Bengal govt reinstates Rajeev Kumar as DGP |url=https://theprint.in/india/bengal-govt-reinstates-rajeev-kumar-as-dgp/2175763/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously he served in the same post from December 2023 until was removed by [[Election Commission of India]] in March 2024. Prior to his office, he also served as [[Additional Chief Secretary]] in [[Information technology in India|Information and Technology Department]] of the [[Government of West Bengal]] from December 2019 to June 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Kumar principal secretary in IT |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/rajeev-kumar-principal-secretary-in-it/cid/1730564 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
===Birth and education===
Kumar is from [[Chandausi]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He earned a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in Computer Science from the University of Roorkee (now [[IIT Roorkee|IIT-Roorkee]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=The importance of being IPS officer Rajeev Kumar — for either side |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/the-importance-of-being-ips-officer-rajeev-kumar-for-either-side-mamata-banerjee-chit-fund-scams-5569213/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
Kumar is the grandson of Moradabad's Gandhi and Professor Ramsaran (Ex [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]) and son of Professor Anand Kumar of SM Degree College, Chandausi, Moradabad.
Kumar belongs to [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] community.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sambhal: चंदौसी के राजीव कुमार पश्चिम बंगाल के नए डीजीपी, सीएम ममता के हैं विश्वासपात्र|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/rajeev-kumar-of-chandausi-becomes-the-new-dgp-of-west-bengal-sambhal-news-c-275-1-smbd1030-6332-2023-12-28|access-date= 17 October 2025|work= [[Amar Ujala]]|date= 28 December 2023}}</ref>

===Early police career===
Kumar joined the Indian police service in 1989 from the Uttar Pradesh cadre. He also served as the [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Bidhannagar Police Commissioner]] and the Director of [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF), [[Kolkata Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-22 |title=Rajeev Kumar reinstated as the Kolkata Police Chief after Mamata's return |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rajeev-kumar-reinstated-as-kolkata-police-chief-after-mamatas-return-2812729/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Kolkata Police (2016–2019)==

He was briefly appointed as the [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata|Kolkata Police Commissioner]] from 14 February 2016 to 12 April 2016. In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections in West Bengal]], he was removed from the post by the [[Election Commission of India]]. He was later reinstated on 21 May 2016 and served until 19 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Kumar Appointed As New Kolkata Police Commissioner |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajeev-kumar-appointed-as-new-kolkata-police-commissioner-1271592 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI Interrogates Kolkata Police Chief Rajeev Kumar in Shillong |url=https://thewire.in/government/cbi-interrogates-kolkata-police-chief-rajeev-kumar-in-shillong |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Later career==
He was the Additional Director of [[CID West Bengal|Criminal Investigation Department, West Bengal]] from 20 February 2019 until December 2019. He was then promoted to Principal Secretary of the Department of Information Technology, West Bengal until 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-02 |title=After Bengal CID, former Kolkata top cop Rajeev Kumar gets charge of STF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-bengal-cid-former-kolkata-top-cop-rajeev-kumar-gets-charge-of-stf/story-UvnmWN20loHkGUXgJZwEtI.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He was promoted to acting Director General of West Bengal Police on 31 December 2023 on the superannuation of [[Manoj Malaviya]] batch of 1988 IPS.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He retired on 31 January 2026.

==Political career==
On 27 February 2026, Kumar was announced as the Trinamool Congress party candidate from West Bengal for the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]] to be held on 16 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Bengal DGP, SC advocate, actor among 4 TMC nominees for RS polls |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ex-bengal-dgp-sc-advocate-actor-among-4-tmc-nominees-for-rs-polls/3420691 |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Babul Supriyo, Ex-DGP Rajeev Kumar among 4 candidates named by TMC for Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/babul-supriyo-ex-dgp-rajeev-kumar-among-4-candidates-named-by-tmc-for-rajya-sabha-polls-101772209977260.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref> He was sworn in as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of Rajya Sabha on 6 April 2026.<ref name="CSR_RajeevKumar_2026">{{cite web |last=The CSR Journal |title=Rajeev Kumar files Rajya Sabha nomination with cryptic message |url=https://thecsrjournal.in |website=The CSR Journal |date=14 March 2026 |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2019, Kumar was accused by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] in the Supreme Court of tampering with electronic evidence related to the [[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha chit-fund case]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-23 |title=Saradha chit fund scam: CBI, West Bengal govt. spar over contempt case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/saradha-chit-fund-scam-sc-defers-hearing-on-cbi-plea-to-quiz-wb-ex-police-commissioner-rajeev-kumar/article33912334.ece |access-date=2023-12-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Though there is no accurate evidence against him. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kumar-gets-arrest-shield-but-cant-step-out-of-home/articleshow/69589518.cms] estimated 1.8 million depositors from [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha]] contributed an estimated Rs. 2,460 crore to the case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajeev Kumar: Kolkata Police chief who was once close to being moved to insignificant post by Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/mamata-turns-street-fighter-for-cop-she-once-refused-to-trust-195343 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> It was discovered in 2012 when depositors began reporting suspicious activity to the police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saradha probe: Very serious revelations in CBI report on former Kolkata police chief, says SC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saradha-probe-sc-says-very-very-serious-revelations-made-by-cbi-in-status-report-against-former-kolkata-police-chief-1486804-2019-03-26 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=India Today |date=26 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2019-05-30 |title=Former Kolkata top cop Rajeev Kumar moves Calcutta High Court for quashing of CBI notice |url=https://theprint.in/india/former-kolkata-top-cop-rajeev-kumar-moves-calcutta-high-court-for-quashing-of-cbi-notice/243005/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajeev}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Police officers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:People charged with fraud]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]

Anupgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:13Z

IvyB800566150: Details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anupgarh
| type = SLA
| map_image =Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-6-Anupgarh.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
| division = [[Bikaner division|Bikaner]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]
| constituency_no = 6
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Shimla Devi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:245958}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Anupgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency]].

Anupgarh constituency covers all voters from [[Gharsana Tehsil|Gharsana tehsil]] and part of [[Anupgarh Tehsil|Anupgarh tehsil]], excluding [[Salempura|ILRC Salempura]] and [[Banda Colony|ILRC Banda Colony]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Pawan Kumar Duggal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Shimla Bawri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Santosh Bawri
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Shimla Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Anupgarh<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shimla Devi]] Nayak
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:102746}}
|percentage = 53.18
|change = {{increase}}21.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Santosh Bawri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64865}}
|percentage = 33.58
|change = {{decrease}}9.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shimla Bawri
|votes = {{formatnum:10933}}
|percentage = 5.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shobha Singh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:8886}}
|percentage = 4.6
|change = {{decrease}}5.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1847}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{decrease}}0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37881}}
|percentage = 19.6
|change = {{increase}}8.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193192}}
|percentage = 78.55
|change = {{decrease}}2.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
| title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Anupgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Santosh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:79383}}
|percentage = 43.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kuldeep Indora
|votes = {{formatnum:58259}}
|percentage = 31.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shimla Devi Nayak
|votes = {{formatnum:21666}}
|percentage = 11.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Duggal
|votes = {{formatnum:17688}}
|percentage = 9.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3009}}
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21124}}
|percentage = 11.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183323}}
|percentage = 81.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{Coord|29.19|73.21|display=title}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kasipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T10:50:07Z

IvyB800566150: Put Up First Post W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kasipur
| type = SLA
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1966
| electors =
}}

'''Kasipur''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Kalahandi district]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established in 1952 and abolished in 1966.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=1951 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Statewise) Order of India |date=1951}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-orders-1967 |title=1963–1967 Delimitation Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1967}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Between 1952 & 1966, 3 elections were held. It was reserved for ST in 1952 & a 2-member constituency in 1957.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Kasipur constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Jaipatna Kasipur (ST) constituency''}}
|-
| [[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Jhajuru Jhodia
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan="4"| {{center|''As Kasipur constituency''}}
|-
| rowspan=2| [[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Kishore Chandra Deo{{efn|Representing Kasipur}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| Manikrai Naik{{efn|Representing Kasipur (SC)}}
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| [[Nabakumari Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Ganatantra Parishad}}
|}

{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 disestablishments in India]]

Athagarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:22Z

IvyB800566150: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Athagarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Athagarh
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 89
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,14,063{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Athagarh''' (Sl. No.: 89) is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=89|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419214149/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=89|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Athagarh (89) District: Cuttack|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Athagad NAC, Athagarh Block, Tigiria Block and 6 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Kakhadi, Sankarpur, Badasamantarapur, Mangarajpur, Mahisalanda and Brahmapur) of Tangi-Chowdwar Block.

Nearby villages & towns of Tigiria Nizigarh are Baliput, Baneswarpada, Bindhanima, Biriput, Godarabandha, Bhiruda, Godijharia, achalkot, Haridapasi, Sanapatna.

Tigiria is the smallest princely state in Odisha and famous for many historical reasons. Even though as per revenue department it is a village but all facilities available within just one square kilometre.There are 2 Government High schools, two colleges, one head post office, Court, Police station, hospital everything available here. Places of Tourist attraction like Ansupa Lake (12 km), Bhatarika Temple (21 km), Dhabaleswar Temple (25 km) are nearby Tigiria.

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp47.htm|title= 47 - Athagarh Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 19 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.46}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|60.39}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|69.70}}
{{bar percent|2012 (bypoll)|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|65.88}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Independent}}|54.70}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.40}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|65.87}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|50.82}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|56.48}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|84.39}}
{{bar percent|1980 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|79.85}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|59.68}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|44.60}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 20 elections were held till date including 3 By elections in 1967, 1980 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf |accessdate=23 March 2014 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

List of members elected from Athagarh constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
||[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Athagarh Assembly Election Results 2024: Athagarh Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/athagarh-constituency-result-18089 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Athagarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/athagarh-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|2012 (bypoll){{efn|Supreme Court had declared the Athagarh assembly election of 2009 null and void.}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Raja wins Athgarh by-poll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Mar/22/raja-wins-athgarh-by-poll-351282.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|Ramesh Jena
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
||[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
||[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
||[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1980 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Rasananda Sahu}}<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
||[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rasananda Sahu
|-
||[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Rasamanjari Devi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
||[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |Radhanath Rath
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Independent}}
|-
||[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|1967 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Pabitra Mohan Pradhan}}
|-
||[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Pabitra Mohan Pradhan
|{{full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
||[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Achyutananda Das
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
||[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Radhanath Rath
|-
||[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Abhaya Kumar Barik by a margin of 3,584 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athagarh}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|votes = 86,006
|percentage = 49.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abhaya Kumar Barik
|votes = 82,422
|percentage = 47.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudarshan Sahoo
|votes = 2,405
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 740
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,584
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,73,881
|percentage = 81.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Brajendra Kumar Ray by a margin of 57,995 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athagarh<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|votes = 98,114
|percentage = 60.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brajendra Kumar Ray
|votes = 40,119
|percentage = 24.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Ballav Rath
|votes = 10,945
|percentage = 6.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 896
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 57,995
|percentage = 35.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,475
|percentage = 79.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Bichitrananda Muduli by a margin of 68,487 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athagarh<ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Athagarh Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/athagarh.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|votes = 1,02,605
|percentage = 69.70
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bichitrananda Muduli
|votes = 34,118
|percentage = 23.18
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Biswa Sundar Mishra
|votes = 7,132
|percentage = 4.84
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,572
|percentage = 1.07
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 68,487
|percentage = 46.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,212
|percentage = 79.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Bypoll ===
In 2012 by-election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Suresh Mohapatra by a margin of 47,390 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= 2012 Vidhan Sabha Bye-Election, Athagarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
|votes = 87,604
|percentage = 65.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Suresh Mohapatra|votes=40,214|percentage=30.24|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bikram Das|votes=2,452|percentage=1.79|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=47,390|percentage=35.64|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,949|percentage=72.26|change=''-''}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Independent politician
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Ramesh Rout defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Bichitrananda Muduli by a margin of 30,351 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=30351 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Athagarh<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ramesh Rout
|votes = 68,881
|percentage = 54.70
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bichitrananda Muduli
|votes = 43,371
|percentage = 34.44
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Subas Mohanty
|votes = 7,376
|percentage = 5.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rama Narayan Mohanty
|votes = 3,355
|percentage = 2.66
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,590
|percentage = 20.32{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,949
|percentage = 72.26
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,74,301
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.52|85.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Shabir Ahmad Kullay

2026-04-12T11:18:01Z

IvyB800566150: new

{{Short description|Indian politician (born c. 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shabir Ahmad Kullay
| birth_date = c. 1951
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| office = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| occupation = Politician, advocate
}}
'''Shabir Ahmad Kullay''' (born; {{circa|1961}}) is an Indian politician and [[advocate]],<ref name="z463"/> serving as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]], representing [[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian constituency]] since 8 October 2024.<ref name="s743">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0837.htm | access-date=8 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="z276">{{cite web | last=Jeelani | first=Gulam | title=Election Results 2024 Live: Mehbooba Mufti's PDP records historic low in J&K | website=mint | date=8 Oct 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-haryana-jammu-kashmir-chunav-result-counting-latest-news-bjp-congress-11728320232533.html | access-date=8 Oct 2024}}</ref> He participated in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly election]]s as an independent candidate.<ref name="z463">{{cite web | title=News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News | website=Shabir Ahmad Kullay, IND Candidate from Shopian Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing | date=18 Sep 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir/shabir-ahmad-kullay-u08aed2022a037e2024c005/ | access-date=8 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref name="6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=10 October 2024 |title=6 Independent MLAs may back NC, taking it to magic no. of 48 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/6-independent-mlas-may-back-nc-taking-it-to-magic-no-of-48/articleshow/114097379.cms |accessdate=23 October 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Won}}||23.74%||Sheikh Mohammad Rafi||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||21.71%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||28.52%||[[Mohammad Yousuf Bhat]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||34.20%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||13.07%||Abdul Razaq Wagay||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||21.23%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Shopian]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

N. N. Wanchoo

2026-04-11T10:00:44Z

IvyB800566150: creating new info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Niranjan Nath Wanchoo
| honorific_suffix = [[OBE]] [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]
| image = N. N. Wanchoo.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Satna]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|10|20|1910|5|1}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| education = [[Government College, Lahore]]
| alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Politician
| order2 = 5th
| office2 = Governor of Madhya Pradesh
| term_start2 = 14 October 1977
| term_end2 = 17 August 1978
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]] [[Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha]]
| predecessor2 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
| successor2 = [[C. M. Poonacha]]
| order3 = 6th
| office3 = Governor of Kerala
| term_start3 = 1 April 1973
| term_end3 = 10 October 1977
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[C. Achutha Menon]] [[K. Karunakaran]] [[A. K. Antony]]
| predecessor3 = [[V. Viswanathan]]
| successor3 = [[Jothi Venkatachalam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Niranjan Nath Wanchoo''' (also spelt Wanchu) [[OBE]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]<ref name="bare_url">{{Cite web|url=http://ndc.nic.in/contents/index/103|title=NDC Portal|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628054923/http://ndc.nic.in/contents/index/103|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1 May 1910 – 20 October 1982) was a senior [[civil servant]] and later, Governor of the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]].
His primary education was in [[Nowgong, Chhatarpur|Nowgong]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] (1916-July 1920). He was educated at the [[Government College, Lahore]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]]<ref name="rajbhavanmp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajbhavanmp.in/wanchu.asp|title=Raj Bhavan MP - सरकारी योजनाओ की जानकारी हिंदी में|date=21 October 2023|access-date=22 July 2012|archive-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724010722/http://www.rajbhavanmp.in/wanchu.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]], UK.<ref name="bare_url" />

== Civil servant ==
He was selected to the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1934 and began his career as a Sub-Collector in [[Bihar]]. Over the course of his career, he served, in among other posts, as Joint Secretary in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and Chief Controller of defence production (1948–57), Secretary to [[Government of India]], Department of Expenditure, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] (1960–61), Chairman of the [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro Steel plant]] (1965–70)<ref name="rajbhavanmp" /> and Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Industrial Development (1968–70). He was also a member of Court of Governors of the [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asci.org.in/CourtofGovernors.aspx |title=Welcome to Administrative Staff College of India |website=www.asci.org.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220041748/http://www.asci.org.in/CourtofGovernors.aspx |archive-date=2010-12-20}}</ref> He retired as Chairman, Industrial Customs and Prices Bureau in 1972.

== Governor ==
He served as the [[Governor of Kerala]] from 1 April 1973 to 10 October 1977 – with [[C. Achutha Menon]], [[K. Karunakaran]] and [[A. K. Antony]] as [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Ministers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm|title = General Info - Kerala Legislature}}</ref> and then as [[Governor of Madhya Pradesh]] from 14 October 1977 to 16 August 1978 with [[Kailash Chandra Joshi]] and [[Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha]] as [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Ministers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/whoiswho/cmlist.asp |title=Department of Public Relations :: Madhya Pradesh |accessdate=2007-08-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915171151/http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/english/whoiswho/cmlist.asp |archivedate=2007-09-15 }}</ref>

== Other roles ==
The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] appointed him the head of a committee to look into industrial development for the backward areas in India and to recommend fiscal and financial incentives for industries in these areas. The Wanchoo Committee recommended that a few areas be selected and fiscal and financial resources be spent to develop these into growth poles rather than spread out resources thinly but uniformly across all backward areas<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaish|first=Kalpana|title=Entrepreneurial Role Of Development Banks In Backward Areas|year=1993|publisher=Concept Publishers|location=Delhi|pages=32, 35}}</ref>
He was also Chairman of [[Delhi Urban Art Commission]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://duac.org/what_organisation.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615124631/http://duac.org/what_organisation.html | archive-date=2008-06-15 | title=Delhi Urban Art Commission | access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref> He died on 20 October 1982.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box |
| title = [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Governor of Madhya Pradesh]]|
| years = 8 March 1971 – 13 October 1977|
| before = [[S. N. Sinha]]|
| after = [[Cheppudira Muthanna Poonacha]]|
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanchoo, N. N.}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Governors of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]

Lalfamkima

2026-04-10T08:52:07Z

IvyB800566150: creating new details - done

{{Short description|Zoram People's Movement politician from Mizoram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lalfamkima
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2024
| office = [[List of deputy speakers of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 15 December 2023
| term_end =
| governor = [[V. K. Singh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Lalduhoma]]
| 2blankname = Speaker
| 2namedata = [[Lalbiakzama]]
| predecessor = [[H. Biakzaua]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|12|05|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| awards = 
| signature =
}}
'''Lalfamkima''' (born 5 December 1966) is an Indian politician from Mizoram. Representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]], he is the current Deputy Speaker of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and education==
Lalfamkima was born on 5 December 1966. He has completed his education up to Bachelor of Arts from [[North-Eastern Hill University]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lalfamkima (Criminal & Asset Declaration) |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=61 |website=myneta.info |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
In the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023 legislative election]], Lalfamkima had been elected to the Mizoram Legislative Assembly from [[Kolasib Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kolasib constituency assembly election results 2023: Lalfamkima of ZPM wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kolasib-constituency-assembly-election-results-2023-lalfamkima-of-zpm-wins/articleshow/105729914.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> as candidate of Zoram People's Movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Mizoram Election 2023: MNF, ZPM, Congress Full List of Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-election-2023-mnf-zpm-congress-full-list-of-candidates/3283199/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042548/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-election-2023-mnf-zpm-congress-full-list-of-candidates/3283199/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Mizoram Assembly Election 2023: Complete candidate list of Zoram People's Movement |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/mizoram/mizoram-assembly-election-2023-full-list-of-zoram-people-s-movement-zpm-candidates-list-2023-10-25-899538 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114044530/https://www.indiatvnews.com/mizoram/mizoram-assembly-election-2023-full-list-of-zoram-people-s-movement-zpm-candidates-list-2023-10-25-899538 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then elected Deputy Speaker of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram: First-time MLA Lalfamkima elected deputy speaker unopposed |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/video/mizoram-first-time-mla-lalfamkima-elected-deputy-speaker-unopposed-726648-2023-12-15 |publisher=[[India Today]] |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalfamkima}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Blood Roses (film)

2026-04-02T13:24:42Z

IvyB800566150:

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language crime thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Blood Roses (film).jpg
| director = M Gururanjan (a.k.a MGR)
| writer = MGR
| producer = Harish Kamarthi
| starring = [[Dharma Keerthiraj]] [[Apsara Rani]]
| cinematography = Ogi Reddy Siva Kumar
| editing = Ravi Teja CH
| music = Peddapalli Rohit
| studio = TBR Cine Creations
| released = {{film date|2026|2|6|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Blood Roses''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by Mandati Guru Rajan (MGR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2026-02-04 |title=Babu Mohan: బ్లడ్ రోజస్.. ట్రైలర్ ఆసక్తికరంగా ఉంది {{!}} Babu Mohan Praises Blood Roses Movie Trailer srk |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2026/tollywood/babu-mohan-praises-blood-roses-movie-trailer-srk-69589.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2026-02-06 |title=Blood Roses Movie Review: బ్లడ్ రోజెస్ సినిమా రివ్యూ.. డిఫరెంట్ కాన్సెప్ట్‌తో వచ్చిన థ్రిల్లర్..! |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/moviereviews/blood-roses-telugu-movie-review-and-rating-140175 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Produced by Harish Kamarthi under the TBR Cine Creations banner, the film stars [[Dharma Keerthiraj]] and [[Apsara Rani]] in lead roles,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-06 |title=Blood Roses: Blends power, emotion, and social consciousness |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/blood-roses-blends-power-emotion-and-social-consciousness-1046114 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> alongside Sreelu Prudhviraj and Killi Kranthi.

The film was released theatrically on 6 February 2026.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2026-02-03 |title=Blood Roses {{!}} మూవీ రివ్యూ: ఉత్కంఠభరితమైన ఇన్వెస్టిగేటివ్ థ్రిల్లర్ ‘బ్లడ్ రోజెస్’ |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/movie-review-thrilling-investigative-thriller-blood-roses-2293933 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=బ్లడ్ రోజెస్ మూవీ రివ్యూ.. ఎలా ఉందంటే? {{!}} Blood Roses Movie Review In telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/blood-roses-movie-review-telugu-2700351 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> The technical crew includes cinematographer Ogi Reddy Siva Kumar, editor Raviteja CH,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-26 |title=First look of Blood Roses unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/26/first-look-of-blood-roses-unveiled |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> and music composer Peddapalli Rohith.<ref name=":5" />

== Plot ==
The story is set in Hyderabad, where two prominent political figures, Devi Das and Bajrangi Das, are vying to launch their sons into politics during the upcoming elections.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=అప్సర రాణి ‘బ్లడ్ రోజెస్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ: క్రైమ్ ఇన్వెస్టిగేటివ్ థ్రిల్లర్.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/apasara-rani-starer-blood-roses-movie-review-and-rating-article-153489457 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref> Amidst this political climate, a series of brutal murders takes place in the city.<ref name=":1" /> Media reports link Devi Das's son, Madan, to the killings, leading Devi Das's supporters to believe this is a conspiracy orchestrated by Bajrangi Das to destroy Madan's political career.<ref name=":2" />

Circle Inspector Arun Gogoi (Dharma Keerthi Raju) takes up the investigation with integrity but is suspended due to severe political pressure.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> As the case is on the verge of being transferred to the CBI, the Police Commissioner and Home Minister intervene to appoint a special officer named Adhira (Apsara Rani).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The narrative follows Adhira's efforts to solve the mystery and identify the true killer behind the serial murders.<ref name=":2" />

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dharma Keerthiraj]] as Circle Inspector Arun Gogoi<ref name=":3" />
* [[Apsara Rani]] as Adhira<ref name=":0" />
* Sreelu Prithviraj as Janani<ref name=":4" />
* Kranti Killi as Martin<ref name=":4" />
* Gharshana Srinivas<ref name=":6" />
* Tarzan
* Rajendra
* Junior Relangi
* Jagadeeshwari
* Jabardasth GMR
* Manikumar
* Dhruva
* Anil
* Narendra
* Pragya
* Navitha,
* ETV Jeevan
* Mamatha Reddy
* Jyothi
* Acharyalu
}}
''Source''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

== Production ==
Filming was conducted primarily in the Hyderabad area.<ref name=":4" /> The first look poster of the film was unveiled on the occasion of Maha Shivaratri.<ref name=":4" /> Prior to the release, the film's trailer was launched by actor Rajendra Prasad and received praise from actor Babu Mohan.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

''[[The Hans India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5, stating that it delivers a strong message about women's empowerment and noting that the role of Adhira serves as a turning point in Apsara Rani's career.<ref name=":2" />

''[[Times Now|Times Now Telugu]]'' rated the film 3/5, praising the screenplay and the action sequences featuring the lead actress.<ref name=":6" />

Conversely, a review by ''[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]]'' found the story to be somewhat routine and the narration slow at times, though it acknowledged that the film might appeal to fans of crime stories.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Vietnam

2026-03-28T11:16:47Z

IvyB800566150: updated page

{{Short description|Country in Southeast Asia}}
{{About|the country|other uses|Vietnam (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| common_name = Vietnam
| native_name = {{native name|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}
| image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}}
| englishmotto = "Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
| national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[Tiến Quân Ca|Tiến quân ca]]}} "The Song of the Marching Troops"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Quoc ca Viet Nam.ogg]]}}
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show ASEAN|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green |region= [[Southeast Asia]] |region_color= none}}
| capital = [[Hanoi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}}
| largest_settlement = [[Ho Chi Minh City]] {{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}}
| largest_settlement_type = city {{normal|by urban population}}
| admin_center_type = Largest city {{normal|by municipal boundary}}
| admin_center = [[Da Nang]] {{coord|16|20|N|107|35|E|type:city}}
| languages_type = Official language
| languages = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref name="Vietnam"/>
| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
| 85.32% [[Viet people|Viets]] (Kinh)
| 14.68% [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2019
| religion = {{unbulleted list |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.32% [[Irreligion|no religion]] / [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk]] |6.1% [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]|4.79% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]|1.02% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |1% [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]] |0.58% [[Caodaism]] |0.07% [[Islam in Vietnam|Islam]] |0.12% [[Religion in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}{{efn|The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without formally participating in a Buddhist religious group.<ref>{{cite report |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State|access-date=11 February 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024605/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |archive-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 per cent of the population identified with an organised religion. This breakdown included 14.9 per cent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 per cent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 per cent as Hòa Hảo Buddhist, 1.2 per cent as Cao Đài, and 1.1 per cent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<ref>Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926185352/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| religion_year = 2019
| demonym = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] Viet (colloquial)
| government_type = Unitary [[communist state]]
| leader_title1 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]{{efn|The most powerful political position is [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]], not [[President of Vietnam|President]]. The general secretary controls the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Politburo]] and the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Secretariat]], Vietnam's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the ''de facto'' leader of Vietnam.}}
| leader_name1 = [[Tô Lâm]]
| leader_title2 = [[President of Vietnam|President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Lương Cường]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]]
| leader_title4 = [[Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly Chairman]]
| leader_name4 = [[Trần Thanh Mẫn]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Vietnam|Formation]]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = [[Văn Lang]]
| established_date1 = 7th century BC
| established_event2 = [[Âu Lạc]]
| established_date2 = 3rd century BC
| established_event3 = [[Han conquest of Nanyue|Han's annexation]]
| established_date3 = 111 BC
| established_event4 = [[Ngô dynasty|Independence from China]]
| established_date4 = 939
| established_event5 = [[Lê dynasty|Regaining independence]]
| established_date5 = 1428
| established_event6 = [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]'s unification
| established_date6 = 1802
| established_event7 = [[Treaty of Huế (1883)|Protectorate Treaty]]
| established_date7 = 25 August 1883
| established_event8 = [[Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Declaration of independence]]
| established_date8 = 2 September 1945
| established_event9 = [[1954 Geneva Conference|North–South partition]]
| established_date9 = 21 July 1954
| established_event10 = [[Fall of Saigon|End of Vietnam War]]
| established_date10 = 30 April 1975
| established_event11 = [[National Assembly of Vietnam#Since 1976|Reunification]]
| established_date11 = 2 July 1976
| established_event12 = [[Constitution of Vietnam#Current constitution|Current constitution]]
| established_date12 = 28 November 2013{{efn|In effect since 1 January 2014{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2014}}}}
| area_km2 = 331,344.82<ref name="area_2022">{{cite act|index=3048/QĐ-BTNMT|title=Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022|language=vi|trans-title=Approval and announcement of land area statistics for 2022|url=https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/3048-qd-btnmt_Signed.pdf|legislature=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)]]|date=18 October 2023|type=Decision}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>{{efn|The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometres,<ref name="Vietnam">{{cite web |title=Vietnam |date=17 January 2024 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometres.<ref name="Vietnam country profile">{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528080124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| area_rank = 66th
| area_sq_mi =
| percent_water = 6.38
| population_estimate = 102,300,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite report |date=January 2026 |title=Infographic social-economic situation in the 4th quarter and 2025 |url=https://www.nso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2026/01/infographic-social-economic-situation-in-the-4th-quarter-and-2025/ |publisher=[[National Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |access-date= }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2025
| population_estimate_rank = 16th
| population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}
| population_census_year = 2019
| population_density_km2 = 309
| population_density_sq_mi = 800
| population_density_rank = 43th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.786 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" >{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2024&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 23rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,484<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 104th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $490.970 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 33rd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,806<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th
| Gini = 36.1 
| Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini index - Viet Nam|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=VN|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927073033/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=VN|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.766
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 93rd
| currency = [[Vietnamese đồng]] (₫)
| currency_code = VND
| time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +07:00
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|+84]]
| cctld = [[.vn]]
| today =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}}

'''Vietnam''',{{efn|{{langx|vi|Việt Nam}} {{IPA|vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}}}{{efn|The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full marked-Vietnamese form "Việt Nam", following Vietnamese orthography, is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognised by the [[Government of Vietnam]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as the standardised country name. See also [[Names of Vietnam#Other spellings|other spellings]].}} officially the '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''' ('''SRV'''),{{efn|{{langx|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}}}{{efn|Also seen with the alternate spelling as ''Socialist Republic of Viet Nam'', or ''Socialist Republic of Việt Nam'', by Vietnamese orthography.}}  is a country at the eastern edge of [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. With an area of about 331,000 square kilometres and a population of over 102 million, it is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|16th-most populous country]]. One of two [[communist state]]s in [[Southeast Asia]],{{efn|The other one being [[Laos]].}} Vietnam is bordered by [[China]] to the north, and [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] to the west; it lies along the [[Gulf of Thailand]] to the southwest and the [[South China Sea]] to the east, where it has shared and [[Territorial disputes in the South China Sea|disputed maritime borders]] with other countries. Its capital is [[Hanoi]], while its [[List of cities in Vietnam#Largest cities by population|largest city]] is [[Ho Chi Minh City]].

Vietnam was inhabited by the [[Paleolithic]] age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the [[Red River Delta]] in modern-day [[northern Vietnam]].<ref>Seah, A., & Nair, C. M. (2004). ''Vietnam''. Marshall Cavendish.</ref> The [[Han dynasty]] annexed northern and central Vietnam, which were subsequently under [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese rule]] from 111 BC until the [[Ngô dynasty|first dynasty]] emerged in 939. Successive [[List of Vietnamese dynasties|monarchical dynasties]] absorbed Chinese influences through [[Confucianism]] and [[Buddhism]], and [[Nam tiến|expanded southward]] to the [[Mekong Delta]], [[History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars|conquering]] [[Champa]]. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of [[Đàng Trong]] and [[Đàng Ngoài]]. The [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to [[French Third Republic|France]] in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into [[French Indochina]] as three separate regions. In the immediate [[aftermath of World War II]], the [[Viet Minh]], a coalition front led by the communist revolutionary [[Ho Chi Minh]], launched the [[August Revolution]] and [[Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|declared]] Vietnam's independence from the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1945.

Vietnam went through [[Indochina wars|prolonged warfare]] in the 20th century. After [[French Indochina in World War II|World War II]], France returned to reclaim colonial power in the [[First Indochina War]], from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the [[1954 Geneva Conference|treaties signed]] between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The [[Vietnam War]] began shortly after, between the communist [[North Vietnam]], supported by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China in the Vietnam War|China]], and the anti-communist [[South Vietnam]], supported by the [[United States in the Vietnam War|United States]]. Upon the [[fall of Saigon|North Vietnamese victory]] in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[communist state]] that self-designated as a [[Socialist state (communism)|socialist state]] under the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective [[planned economy]], a trade embargo by the [[Western world|West]], and wars with [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Cambodia]] and [[Sino-Vietnamese War|China]] crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV launched [[Đổi Mới|economic and political reforms]] similar to the [[Reform and opening up|Chinese economic reform]], transforming the country to a [[socialist-oriented market economy]]. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the [[global economy]] and [[global politics|politics]].

Vietnam is a [[developing country]] with a lower-middle–income economy.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |website=The World Bank |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> It has [[Corruption in Vietnam|high levels of corruption]], [[Censorship in Vietnam|censorship]], [[Environmental issues in Vietnam|environmental issues]], and a poor [[human rights in Vietnam|human rights record]]. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions, including the [[ASEAN]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]], and the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. It has assumed a seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]] twice.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of Vietnam}}

The name {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{IPA|vi|viə̂tˀ nāːm|pron}}, [[chữ Hán]]: {{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}), literally "Viet South", means per Vietnamese word order "Viet of the South";<ref name="Brindley 2015 p27">{{cite book|title=Ancient China and the Yue Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE|first=Erica Fox|last=Brindley|date=2015|page=27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|quote=The term "Yue" survives today in the name of the Vietnamese state (yue nan 越南, or, "Viet south") – "Viet of the South", – as the Vietnamese likely took it; or "South of the Viet" – as the Chinese likely took it}}</ref> meanwhile, per [[Classical Chinese]] word order, "Việt Nam" ambiguously means either "South of the Viet"<ref name="Brindley 2015 p27"/><ref name = "AC">{{cite journal|journal= Kiến thức ngày nay|trans-journal= Knowledge Today|number= 426|date= 10 June 2002|author= An Chi|title= Chuyện Đông chuyện Tây|trans-title= Eastern and Western Matters}} Reprinted as {{cite book|language= vi|author= An Chi|year= 2006|title= Chuyện Đông chuyện Tây|chapter= Tại sao ta không tự gọi mình là người Keo (Giao)?|trans-chapter= Why Don't We Call Ourselves Keo (Giao) People?|page= 157 of 154–158|quote= Vua Gia Long ở trong một cái thế muốn hòa hoãn nên đã chấp nhận quốc hiệu "Việt Nam" nhưng cả nhà vua lẫn dân chúng đều có thể mặc nhiên hiểu rằng Việt Nam là "nước Nam của người Việt" chứ không phải "vùng đất phía Nam đất Việt".}}</ref> or "Viet people's Southern country".<ref name = "AC"/>

A variation of the name, [[Nanyue]] (or Nam Việt, {{Vi-nom|[[wikt:南越|南越]]}}), was first documented in the 2nd century BC.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}} The term "{{linktext|Việt}}" (Yue) ({{CJKV|t={{linktext|越}}|s={{linktext|越}}|p=Yuè|w=Yüeh4|cy=Yuht|v={{linktext|Việt}}}}) in [[Early Middle Chinese]] was first written using the [[logogram|logograph]] "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in [[oracle bone]] and bronze inscriptions of the late [[Shang dynasty]] ({{circa|lk=no|1200}} BC), and later as "越".{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}} At that time, it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle [[Yangtze]] were called the [[Yangyue]], a term later used for peoples further south.{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{efn|According to Ye Wenxian, as cited by Wan, the ethnonym of the Yue in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Yue in southeastern China.<ref>Wan, Xiang (2013) [https://www.academia.edu/3206564/A_Reevaluation_of_Early_Chinese_Script_The_Case_of_Yu%C3%A8_%E6%88%89_and_Its_Cultural_Connotations "A Reevaluation of Early Chinese Script: The Case of Yuè 戉 and Its Cultural Connotations: Speech at The First Annual Conference of Society for the Study of Early China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719015120/https://www.academia.edu/3206564/A_Reevaluation_of_Early_Chinese_Script_The_Case_of_Yu%C3%A8_%E6%88%89_and_Its_Cultural_Connotations |date=19 July 2022 }} Slide 36 of 70</ref>}}

Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, 'Yue'/'Việt' referred to the [[Yue (state)|State of Yue]] in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}} From the 3rd century BC, the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of southern China and northern Vietnam, with particular ethnic groups called [[Minyue]], [[Ouyue]], Luoyue (Vietnamese: [[Lạc Việt]]), etc., collectively called the [[Baiyue]] (Bách Việt, {{CJKV|t={{linktext|百越}}|s={{linktext|百越}}|p=Bǎiyuè|cy=Baak Yuet|v=Bách Việt|l=Hundred Yue/Viet}}).{{sfn|Norman|Mei|1976}}{{sfn|Meacham|1996}}{{sfn|Yue Hashimoto|1972|p=1}}

The term 'Baiyue'/'Bách Việt' first appeared in the book ''[[Lüshi Chunqiu]]'' compiled around 239 BC.{{sfn|Knoblock|Riegel|2001|p=510}} By the 17th and 18th centuries AD, educated Vietnamese apparently referred to themselves as ''người Việt'' (Viet people) or ''người Nam'' (southern people).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=405}}
[[File:Người Việt 𠊛越.png|thumb|Người Việt 𠊛越 written in chữ Nôm]]
The form {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}} ({{Vi-nom|{{linktext|越南}}}}) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem ''[[Sấm Trạng Trình]]''. The name has also been found on 12 [[stele]]s carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] that dates to 1558.{{sfn|Phan|1976|p=510}} In 1802, [[Nguyễn Phúc Ánh]] (who later became Emperor Gia Long) established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]]. In the second year of his rule, Gia Long asked the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] to confer on him the title 'King of Nam Việt / Nanyue' ({{lang|zh|南越}} in Chinese character) after seizing power in Annam. Emperor Jiaqing refused because the name was related to [[Zhao Tuo]]'s Nanyue, which included the regions of [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]] in southern China, so he decided to call the area "Việt Nam" instead,{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=38}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Shaofei|Guoqing|2016}} meaning per [[Classical Chinese]] word order "land to the south of the Viet land" ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: {{lang|vi|vùng đất phía Nam đất Việt}}) but the Vietnamese just understood "Việt Nam" as either, also per Classical Chinese word-order, "Viet people's Southern country" ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: {{lang|vi|nước Nam của người Việt}})<ref name = "AC"/> or even "Viet of the South", per Vietnamese word order.<ref name="Brindley 2015 p27"/> Between 1804 and 1813, the name Vietnam was used officially by Emperor Gia Long. It was revived in the early 20th century in [[Phan Bội Châu]]'s ''[[History of the Loss of Vietnam]]'', and later by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ).{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=117}} The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when the [[Empire of Vietnam|imperial government]] in [[Huế]] adopted {{lang|vi|Việt Nam}}.{{sfn|Tonnesson|Antlov|1996|p=126}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Vietnam}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnamese history}}

=== Prehistory and early history ===
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the [[Paleolithic]] age. Stone artefacts excavated in [[Gia Lai province]] have been claimed to date to 780,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derevianko |first1=A. P. |last2=Kandyba |first2=A. V. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Khac Su |last4=Gladyshev |first4=S. A. |last5=Nguyen |first5=Gia Doi |last6=Lebedev |first6=V. A. |last7=Chekha |first7=A. M. |last8=Rybalko |first8=A. G. |last9=Kharevich |first9=V. M. |last10=Tsybankov |first10=A. A. |title=The Discovery of a Bifacial Industry in Vietnam |journal=Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia |date=21 September 2018 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021 |s2cid=229297187 |doi-access=free |issn=1531-832X}}</ref> based on associated find of [[tektite]]s, however this claim has been challenged because tektites are often found in archaeological sites of various ages in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marwick |first1=Ben |last2=Pham |first2=Son Thanh |last3=Brewer |first3=Rachel |last4=Wang |first4=Li-Ying |title=Tektite geoarchaeology in mainland Southeast Asia |journal=PCI Archaeology |date=14 August 2021 |doi=10.31235/osf.io/93fpa |s2cid=243640447 |url=https://osf.io/93fpa/ |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117221810/https://osf.io/93fpa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Homo erectus]]'' fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in [[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]] and [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]] provinces in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|McKinney|2009}} The oldest ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of [[Middle Pleistocene]] provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.{{sfn|Akazawa|Aoki|Kimura|1992|p=321}}{{sfn|Rabett|2012|p=109}}{{sfn|Dennell|Porr|2014|p=41}} Teeth attributed to ''Homo sapiens'' from the [[Late Pleistocene]] have been found at Dong Can,{{sfn|Matsumura|Yoneda|Yukio|Oxenham|2008|p=12}} and from the Early [[Holocene]] at Mai Da Dieu,{{sfn|Matsumura|Lan Cuong|Kim Thuy|Anezaki|2001}}{{sfn|Oxenham|Tayles|2006|p=36}} Lang Gao{{sfn|Nguyen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Karlstrom|Kallen|2002|p=83}} and Lang Cuom.{{sfn|Oxenham|Buckley|2015|p=329}} Areas comprising what is now Vietnam participated in the Maritime Jade Road, as ascertained by archaeological research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsang |first=Cheng-hwa |date=24 January 2008 |title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan |url=http://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/11751 |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |volume=20 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=1835-1794}}</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref>

By about 1,000 BC, the development of wet-[[rice]] cultivation in the [[Ma River]] and [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] floodplains led to the flourishing of [[Đông Sơn culture]],{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} notable for its [[bronze]] casting used to make elaborate bronze [[Đông Sơn drums]].{{sfn|de Laet|Herrmann|1996|p=408}}{{sfn|Calo|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=31}} This culture spread to the rest of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], throughout the first millennium BC.{{sfn|Calo|2009|p=51}}{{sfn|Cooke|Li|Anderson|2011|p=46}}

=== Dynastic Vietnam ===
{{For timeline|Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule}}
[[File:Southeast Asian history - 13th century.png|thumb|[[Đại Việt]], [[Champa]], [[Khmer Empire|Angkor Empire]] and their neighbours, late 13th century]]
[[File:Nguyen Dynasty, administrative divisions map (1838).svg|thumb|Vietnam's territories around 1838, during the [[Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia|Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia]]]]
According to Vietnamese legends, the [[Hồng Bàng dynasty]] of the [[Hùng kings]], first established in 2879 BC, is considered the first state established in Vietnam (then known as Xích Quỷ and later [[Văn Lang]]).{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=151}} Văn Lang was established by [[Lạc Việt]] tribes,{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=53}} who were likely a confederacy of multilingual [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] speakers who occupied the [[Red River Delta]] in northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=42}}<ref>{{citation |surname1=Kelley |given1=Liam C. |title=Vietnam at the Vanguard: New Perspectives Across Time, Space, and Community |pages=88–107 |year=2021 |editor-surname1=Gillen |editor-given1=Jamie |editor-surname2=Kelley |editor-given2=Liam C. |editor-surname3=Le |editor-given3=Ha Pahn |chapter=Competing Imagined Ancestries: The Lạc Việt, the Vietnamese, and the Zhuang |publisher=Springer Singapore |isbn=978-9-81165-055-0 |surname2=Hong |given2=Hai Dinh}}</ref>

In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the [[Lạc Việt]] and [[Âu Việt]] tribes, who came from southern China,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chapuis |first1=Oscar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&pg=PA13 |title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc |date=1995-01-01 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-29622-2}}</ref> to form the [[Âu Lạc]], proclaiming himself [[An Dương Vương]].{{sfn|Duc Tran|Thu Ha|2000|p=8}}

In 179 BC, a Chinese general named [[Zhao Tuo]] (Triệu Đà) defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into [[Nanyue]].{{sfn|Nang Chung|Giang Hai|2017|p=31}} However, Nanyue was itself [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|incorporated into the empire]] of the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] in 111 BC after the [[Han–Nanyue War]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=932}}{{sfn|Yao|2016|p=62}} Through Han rule, [[Confucianism]] was introduced into the region and came to influence Vietnamese societal norms and governance.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nguyen | first1 = Nhu Thi | last2 = Nguyen | first2 = Quyet Thi | year = 2024 | title = The Religious Aspect of Confucianism During The Ly-Tran Dynasties, Vietnam | journal = Griot: Revista de Filosofia | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 234–246 | doi = 10.31977/grirfi.v24i2.4815 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381851573_THE_RELIGIOUS_ASPECT_OF_CONFUCIANISM_DURING_THE_LY-_TRAN_DYNASTIES_VIETNAM }}</ref> For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese rule]].{{sfn|Holmgren|1980}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1968|p=18, Ch.2}} Early independence movements, such as those of the [[Trưng Sisters]] and [[Lady Triệu]],{{sfn|Pelley|2002|p=177}} were temporarily successful,{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=15}} though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the [[Anterior Lý dynasty]] between AD 544 and 602.{{sfn|Thai Nguyen|Mung Nguyen|1958|p=33}}{{sfn|Chesneaux|1966|p=20}}{{sfn|University of California|1972|p=24}}{{verify source|date=December 2024}} By the early 10th century, northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the [[Khúc family]].{{sfn|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006|p=32}}

In AD 938, the Vietnamese lord [[Ngô Quyền]] defeated the forces of the Chinese [[Southern Han]] state at [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)|Bạch Đằng River]] and achieved full independence for Vietnam in 939 after a millennium of Chinese domination.{{sfn|Hien Le|2003|p=65}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}} By the 960s, the dynastic [[Đại Việt]] (''Great Viet'') kingdom was established, and Vietnamese society enjoyed a golden era under the Lý and [[Trần dynasty|Trần]] dynasties. During the rule of the Trần dynasty, Đại Việt repelled three [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Mongol invasions]].{{sfn|Cottrell|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=95}} Meanwhile, the [[Mahāyāna]] branch of [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] flourished and became the state religion.{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=226}}{{sfn|Keyes|1995|p=183}} Following the 1406–7 [[Ming–Hồ War]], which overthrew the [[Hồ dynasty]], Vietnamese independence was [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|interrupted briefly]] by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]], but was restored by [[Lê Lợi]], the founder of the [[Lê dynasty]].{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=111}} The Vietnamese polity reached their zenith in the Lê dynasty of the 15th century, especially during the reign of emperor [[Lê Thánh Tông]] (1460–1497).{{sfn|Hong Lien|Sharrock|2014|p=120}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2017|p=265}} Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese polity expanded southward in a gradual process known as {{lang|vi|[[Nam tiến]]}} ("Southward expansion"),{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=158}} eventually conquering the kingdom of [[Champa]] and part of the [[Post-Angkor Period|Khmer Kingdom]].{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Ooi|Anh Tuan|2015|p=212}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}

From the 16th century onward, civil strife and frequent political infighting engulfed much of Đại Việt. First, the Chinese-supported [[Mạc dynasty]] challenged the Lê dynasty's power.{{sfn|Anderson|Whitmore|2014|p=174}} After the Mạc dynasty was defeated, the Lê dynasty was nominally reinstalled. Actual power, however, was divided between the northern [[Trịnh lords]] and the southern [[Nguyễn lords]], who engaged in a [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War|civil war]] for more than four decades before a truce was called in the 1670s.{{sfn|Leonard|1984|p=131}} Vietnam was divided into North (Trịnh) and South (Nguyễn) from 1600 to 1777. During this period, the Nguyễn expanded into the [[Mekong Delta]], annexing the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] and the Khmer lands in the Mekong Delta.{{sfn|Vo|2011|p=13}}{{sfn|Phuong Linh|2016|p=39}}{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}} The division of the country ended a century later when the [[Tây Sơn]] brothers helped Trịnh to end Nguyễn; they also established a new dynasty and ended Trịnh. However, their rule did not last long, and they were defeated by the remnants of the Nguyễn lords, led by [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]]. Nguyễn Ánh unified Vietnam, and established the [[Nguyễn dynasty]], ruling under the name [[Gia Long]].{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=356}}

=== French Indochina ===
{{Further|Cochinchina campaign|Tonkin campaign|Sino-French War|French Indochina}}
[[File:Prise de Saigon 18 Fevrier 1859 Antoine Morel-Fatio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Siege of Saigon|Capture of Saigon]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] on 18 February 1859]]
[[File:ExpositionHanoi1902 GrandPalais (1).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Photograph of the Grand Palais building in Hanoi|The [[Grand Palais (Hanoi)|Grand Palais]] built for the [[Hanoi exhibition|1902–1903 world's fair]], when [[Hanoi]] became French Indochina's capital]]
In the 1500s, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explored the Vietnamese coast and reportedly erected a [[stele]] on the [[Chàm Islands]] to mark their presence.{{sfn|Hoang|2007|p=50}} By 1533, they began landing in the Vietnamese delta but were forced to leave because of local turmoil and fighting. They also had less interest in the territory than they did in China and Japan.{{sfn|Hoang|2007|p=50}} After they had settled in [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] and [[Ecclesiastical Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] to begin the profitable Macau–Japan trade route, the Portuguese began to involve themselves in trade with [[Hội An (city)|Hội An]].{{sfn|Hoang|2007|p=50}} Portuguese traders and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] missionaries under the ''[[Padroado]]'' system were active in both Vietnamese realms of ''[[Đàng Trong]]'' ([[Cochinchina]]) and ''[[Đàng Ngoài]]'' ([[Tonkin]]) in the 17th century.{{sfn|Tran|2018}} The [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]] also tried to establish contact with Cochinchina in 1601 but failed to sustain a presence there after several violent encounters with the locals. The [[Dutch East India Company]] only managed to establish official relations with Tonkin in the spring of 1637 after leaving [[Dejima]] in Japan to establish trade for silk.{{sfn|Hoang|2007|p=52}} Meanwhile, in 1613, the first [[Kingdom of England|English]] attempt to establish contact with Hội An failed following a violent incident involving the [[East India Company]]. By 1672, the English did establish relations with Tonkin and were allowed to reside in [[Hưng Yên|Phố Hiến]].{{sfn|Hoang|2007|p=53}}

Between 1615 and 1753, French traders also engaged in trade in Vietnam.{{sfn|Li|1998|p=89}}{{sfn|Lockard|2010|p=479}} The first French missionaries arrived in 1658, under the Portuguese ''Padroado''. From its foundation, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] under [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|''Propaganda Fide'']] actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina  in 1664 and Tonkin  in 1666.{{sfn|Tran|2017|p=27}} Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] joined the Tonkin mission in 1676, and [[Franciscans]] were in Cochinchina from 1719 to 1834. Vietnamese authorities became concerned by increasing [[Christianization|Christianisation]] activities,{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=22}} and after several Catholic missionaries were detained, the French Navy intervened in 1843 to free them.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=42}} In a series of conquests from 1859 to 1885, France eroded Vietnam's sovereignty.{{sfn|Cortada|1994|p=29}} At the [[siege of Tourane]] in 1858, France was aided by Spain (with Spanish and Filipino troops from the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|title=The day the Filipinos conquered Saigon|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro|work=The Manila Times|date=10 March 2020|access-date=12 April 2021|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121192614/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/03/10/opinion/columnists/the-day-the-filipinos-conquered-saigon/701612|url-status=live}}</ref> and perhaps some Tonkinese Catholics.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=46}} After the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|1862 Treaty of Saigon]], and especially after France completely conquered [[Southern Vietnam|Lower Cochinchina]] in 1867, the [[Văn Thân movement]] of scholar-gentry class arose and committed violence against Catholics across central and northern Vietnam.{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=49–50}}

Between 1862 and 1867, the southern third of the country became the [[French Cochinchina|French colony of Cochinchina]].{{sfn|McLeod|1991|p=61}} By 1884, the entire country was under French rule, with the central and northern parts of Vietnam separated into the two protectorates of [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]. The three entities were formally integrated into the union of [[French Indochina]] in 1887.{{sfn|Ooi|2004|p=520}}{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=396}} During this period, the French administration imposed significant political and cultural changes on Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=172}} A Western-style system of modern education introduced new [[humanism|humanist]] values.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=37}} Most French settlers in Indochina were concentrated in Cochinchina, particularly in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], and in [[Hanoi]], the colony's capital.{{sfn|Richardson|1876|p=269}}

During the early colonial period, guerrillas of the royalist [[Cần Vương movement]] rebelled against French rule and massacred around a third of [[Christianity in Vietnam|Vietnam's Christian]] population.{{sfn|Keith|2012|p=53}} Anti-Catholic violence persisted in [[Nam Định]], [[Quảng Trị]], and [[Bình Định]] during the 1880s.{{sfn|Ramsay|2008|p=171}} The French strategy for pacification in Vietnam relied more on alliances with local notables than on Christian missions to establish control and manage resistance.{{sfn|Quach-Langlet|1991|p=361}} The French developed a [[plantation economy]] to promote export of tobacco, [[indigo dye|indigo]], tea and coffee.{{sfn|Lim|2014|p=33}} However, they largely ignored the increasing demands for civil rights and [[self-governance]]. An increasing dissatisfaction even led to half-hearted, badly coordinated, and still worse executed plots to oust the French, such as the [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] of 1908 and the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]] of 1917.{{sfn|Zinoman|2000}}

A nationalist political movement soon emerged, with leaders like [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Phan Châu Trinh]], [[Phan Đình Phùng]], Emperor [[Hàm Nghi]], and [[Ho Chi Minh]] fighting or calling for independence.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=112}} This resulted in the 1930 [[Yên Bái mutiny]] by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnamese Nationalist Party]] (VNQDĐ), which the French quashed. The mutiny split the independence movement, as many leading members converted to [[communism]].{{sfn|Khanh Huynh|1986|p=98}}{{sfn|Odell|Castillo|2008|p=82}}{{sfn|Thomas|2012}}

The French maintained full control of their colonies until World War II, when the [[Pacific War|war in the Pacific]] led to the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina]] in 1940. Afterwards, the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] was allowed to station its troops in Vietnam while the pro-[[Vichy France|Vichy French]] colonial administration continued.{{sfn|Miller|1990|p=293}}{{sfn|Gettleman|Franklin|Young|Franklin|1995|p=4}} Japan exploited Vietnam's natural resources to support its military campaigns, culminating in a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|full-scale takeover of the country]] in March 1945. This led to the [[Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945]], which killed up to two million people.{{sfn|Thanh Nien|2015}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2015}}

=== First Indochina War ===
{{Further|Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)|First Indochina War|1954 Geneva Conference}}
In 1941, the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], a communist-led national liberation movement, emerged under [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s leadership.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} Mass political mobilization intensified during the [[French Indochina in World War II|Japanese military occupation of Indochina]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nguyễn Thế Anh |date=2002 |title=The Formulation of the National Discourse in 1940–45 Vietnam |journal=Journal of International and Area Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=57–75 |jstor=43107057}}</ref> and nationalist parties fostered a stronger sense of national identity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guillemot |first=François |date=2019 |title=The Lessons of Yên Bái, or the "Fascist" Temptation: How the Đại Việt Parties Rethought Anticolonial Nationalist Revolutionary Action, 1932–1945 |journal=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=43–78 |doi=10.1525/vs.2019.14.3.43 }}</ref> After Japan's defeat in World War II, the Việt Minh seized Hanoi and Huế in August 1945, dissolved the [[Empire of Vietnam]], and established a provisional government that declared national independence on 2 September.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} In the south, Saigon's administrative services collapsed, and chaos, riots, and murder were widespread.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=270}}

In August 1945, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had decided to divide Indochina at the [[16th parallel north|16th parallel]] to allow [[Chiang Kai-shek]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] to [[Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946|receive the Japanese surrender in the north]] while Britain's [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]] received their surrender in the south. The Allies agreed that Indochina still belonged to France.{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=175}}{{sfn|Smith|2007|p=6}}

[[File:French Indochina post partition.png |thumb|left |Former French Indochina after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]], with Vietnam [[Partition (politics)|partitioned]] along the 17th parallel.]]
But as the French were weakened by the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]], [[British Raj|British-Indian]] forces and the remaining Japanese [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] were used to maintain order and help France reestablish control through the [[War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)|1945–1946 War in Vietnam, south of the 16th parallel]].{{sfn|Neville|2007|p=124}} The Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese [[Vietnamese nationalism|nationalist groups]] and [[Trotskyism in Vietnam|Trotskyist leaders]].{{sfn|Guillemot|2004}}{{sfn|Kort|2017|pages=62–63, 81–85}}{{sfn|Tran|2022|pages=24–30}}{{sfn|Marr|2013|pages=383–441}} In 1946, the Franco-Chinese and [[Ho–Sainteny Agreement]]s enabled French forces to replace the Chinese north of the 16th parallel and facilitated a coexistence between the DRV and the French that strengthened the Viet Minh while undermining the nationalists.{{sfn|Goscha|2016|pages=204–208}}{{sfn|Holcombe |2020|pages=35, 38–44}} That summer, the Viet Minh, in collaboration with French forces, eliminated rival nationalist parties.{{sfn|Kort|2017|pages=83–84}}{{sfn|Reilly|2018|pages=175–177}}{{sfn|Guillemot|2004|pages=205–207}}{{sfn|Tran|2023|pages=699–700}} Hồ chose to take a compromising stance to avoid military conflict with France, asking the French to withdraw their colonial administrators and for French professors and engineers to help build a modern independent Vietnam.{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}} But [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]] did not act on these requests, including the idea of independence, and dispatched the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] to restore colonial rule. With negotiations having broken down,{{sfn|Asselin|2024|pages=73–81}} tensions between the Viet Minh and French authorities erupted into the full-scale [[First Indochina War]] in December 1946.{{sfn|Joes|1992|p=95}}{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Tonnesson|2011|p=66}} Surviving nationalist partisans and politico-religious groups rallied behind the exiled [[Bảo Đại]] to reopen negotiations with [[French Fourth Republic|France]], ultimately establishing the [[State of Vietnam]] in opposition to communist domination.{{sfn|Goscha|2016|pages=238–247}} The defeat of [[French Union]] forces in the 1954 [[Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]] allowed Hồ to negotiate a ceasefire from a favourable position at the subsequent [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]].{{sfn|Pike|2011|p=192}}{{sfn|Waite|2012|p=89}}

The Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954 ended the colonial fighting and affirmed the independence of [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]], [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]], and Vietnam, while placing Vietnam under a temporary North–South division along the [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|Demilitarized Zone]], roughly following the [[17th parallel north]] (pending elections scheduled for July 1956).{{efn|Neither the American government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The [[State of Vietnam]]'s delegation strenuously objected to any division of Vietnam; however, the French accepted the Việt Minh proposal{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=134}} that Vietnam be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=119}} The United States, with the support of the State of Vietnam and the United Kingdom, countered with the "American Plan",{{sfn|Gravel|1971|p=140}} which provided for [[United Nations]]-supervised unification elections. The plan, however, was rejected by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and other communist delegations.{{sfn|Kort|2017|p=96}}}} 300 days of free movement were permitted, during which almost a million northerners, including at least 500,000 Catholics and approximately 200,000 Buddhists, moved south,{{sfn|Goscha|2016|pages=280}} fearing persecution by the communists. This migration was in large part aided by the United States military through [[Operation Passage to Freedom]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p=43}}{{sfn|DK|2017|p=39}} The [[partition of Vietnam]] by the Geneva Accords was not intended to be permanent, and stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after the elections.{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} In July 1955, the State of Vietnam's prime minister [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]] announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections, as they had not signed the accords and therefore were not bound by them.<ref name="cđcn">{{Cite book |title=Con đường Chính nghĩa: Độc lập, Dân chủ |volume=II |year=1956 |location=Saigon |publisher=Sở Báo chí Thông tin, Phủ Tổng thống |chapter=Lời tuyên bố truyền thanh của Thủ tướng Chánh phủ ngày 16-7-1955 về hiệp định Genève và vấn đề thống nhất đất nước"; "Tuyên ngôn của Chánh phủ Quốc gia Việt Nam ngày 9-8-1955 về vấn đề thống nhất lãnh thổ |language=vi |url= |pages=11–13}}</ref><ref name="Cheng1997p11">{{Cite book |last=Ang Cheng Guan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ONOHIXGnrEC |title=Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62) |publisher=McFarland |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7864-0404-9 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2ONOHIXGnrEC&pg=PA11 11] |access-date=5 August 2016 }}</ref> In October 1955, Ngô Đình Diệm toppled [[Bảo Đại]] in a fraudulent [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]] organised by his brother [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], and proclaimed himself president of the [[Republic of Vietnam]].{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}}

=== Vietnam War ===
{{Main|Vietnam War}}

From 1953 to 1956, the [[North Vietnam]]ese government instituted [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] reforms including "[[Rent regulation|rent reduction]]" and "[[Land reform in Vietnam|land reform]]", which resulted in significant [[political repression]].{{sfn|Moise|2017|p=56}} This included 13,500 to as many as 100,000 executions.{{sfn|Vu|2007}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=143}} In the South, Diệm countered North Vietnamese subversion (including the assassination of over 450 South Vietnamese officials in 1956) by detaining tens of thousands of suspected communists in "political reeducation centres".{{sfn|Heneghan|1969|p=160}}{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=177}} This programme incarcerated many non-communists, but was successful at curtailing [[communism|communist]] activity in the country, if only for a time.{{sfn|Crozier|1955}} The North Vietnamese government claimed that 2,148 people were killed in the process by November 1957.{{sfn|Turner|1975|pp=174–178}} The pro-Hanoi [[Viet Cong]] began a guerrilla campaign in [[South Vietnam]] in the late 1950s to overthrow Diệm's government.{{sfn|Gilbert|2013|p=292}} From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=27}} The [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] in the south was supported by the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[South Korea]], [[Thailand]], and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] while the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] in the north was supported by the [[Soviet Union]], [[China|People's Republic of China]],{{sfn|van Dijk|Gray|Savranskaya|Suri|2013|p=68}} [[Khmer Rouge]], and later, [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Guttman |first=John |title=Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong? |url=http://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm |website=History Net |access-date=25 September 2019 |date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517034834/http://www.historynet.com/why-did-sweeden-support-the-viet-cong.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Agent Orange Cropdusting.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three US Fairchild UC-123B aircraft pictured spraying Agent Orange | Three US [[Fairchild C-123 Provider|Fairchild UC-123B]] aircraft spraying [[Agent Orange]] during the [[Operation Ranch Hand]] as part of a [[herbicidal warfare]] operation depriving the food and vegetation cover of the [[Việt Cộng]], {{circa|1962–1971}}]]
In 1963, Buddhist discontent with Diệm's perceived pro-Catholic bias erupted into [[Buddhist crisis|mass demonstrations]], leading to a violent government crackdown.{{sfn|Muehlenbeck|Muehlenbeck|2012|p=221}} This led to the [[Cable 243|collapse of Diệm's relationship with the United States]], and ultimately to a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|1963 coup]] in which [[Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm|he and Nhu were assassinated]].{{sfn|Willbanks|2013|p=53}} The Diệm era was followed by more than a dozen successive military governments, before the pairing of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] and General [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] took control in mid-1965.{{sfn|Duy Hinh|Dinh Tho|2015|p=238}} Thiệu gradually outmaneuvered Kỳ and cemented his grip on power in fraudulent elections in 1967 and 1971.{{sfn|Isserman|Bowman|2009|p=46}} During this political instability, the communists began to gain ground. To support South Vietnam's struggle against the communist insurgency, the United States used the 1964 [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] as a pretext for increasing its contribution of military advisers.{{sfn|Alterman|2005|p=213}} US forces became involved in ground combat operations by 1965, and at their peak several years later, numbered more than 500,000.{{sfn|Lewy|1980}}{{sfn|Gibbons|2014|p=166}} The US also engaged in [[Operation Rolling Thunder|sustained aerial bombing]]. Meanwhile, China and the Soviet Union provided North Vietnam with significant material aid and 15,000 combat advisers.{{sfn|Jukes|1973|p=209}}{{sfn|Olsen|2007|p=92}}{{sfn|Li|2012|p=67}} Communist forces supplying the Việt Cộng carried supplies along the [[Ho Chi Minh trail]], which passed through [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]].{{sfn|Gillet|2011}}

The communists attacked South Vietnamese targets during the 1968 [[Tết Offensive]]. The campaign failed militarily, but shocked the American establishment and turned US public opinion against the war.{{sfn|Dallek|2018}} During the offensive, communist troops [[Massacre at Huế|massacred over 3,000 civilians]] at [[Huế]].{{sfn|Turner|1975|p=251}}{{sfn|Frankum|2011|p=209}} Facing an increasing casualty count, [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|rising domestic opposition]] to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began [[Nixon Doctrine|withdrawing from ground combat roles]] in the early 1970s. This also entailed an unsuccessful effort to [[Vietnamisation|strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Eggleston|2014|p=1}} Following the [[Paris Peace Accords]] of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973.{{sfn|History|2018}} In December 1974, North Vietnam [[Battle of Phước Long|captured]] the province of [[Phước Long province|Phước Long]] and started a [[1975 Spring Offensive|full-scale offensive]], culminating in the [[fall of Saigon]] on 30 April 1975.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=749}} South Vietnam was ruled by a [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|provisional government]] for 14 months under North Vietnamese control.{{sfn|Brigham|1998|p=86}}

=== Reunification and reforms ===
{{further|Re-education camp (Vietnam)|Vietnamese boat people|Đổi Mới}}

On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|1976}} The war had devastated Vietnam and killed 966,000 to 3.8 million people.{{sfn|Hirschman|Preston|Manh Loi|1995}}{{sfn|Shenon|1995}}{{sfn|Obermeyer|Murray|Gakidou|2008}} A 1974 US Senate subcommittee estimated nearly 1.4 million [[Vietnam War casualties|Vietnamese civilians]] were killed or wounded between 1965 and 1974—including 415,000 killed.{{sfn|Dohrenwend|Turse|Wall|Yager|2018|p=69}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 January 1975|title=Vietnam Refugees Put at 1.4 Million|work=The New York Times |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|access-date=9 August 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809171647/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/26/archives/vietnam-refugees-put-at-14-million.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In its aftermath, under [[Lê Duẩn]]'s administration, there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the US or the defunct South Vietnamese government, confounding Western fears,{{sfn|Elliott|2010|pp=499, 512–513}} but up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to [[Re-education camp (Vietnam)|reeducation camps]], where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labour.{{sfn|Sagan|Denny|1982}} The government embarked on a mass campaign of [[collectivisation]] of farms and factories.{{sfn|Spokesman-Review|1977|p=8}} Many fled the country following the conclusion of the war.{{Sfn|Moise|1988|p=12}} In 1978, in response to the [[Khmer Rouge]] government of Cambodia ordering massacres of Vietnamese residents in the border villages in the districts of [[An Giang province|An Giang]] and [[Kiên Giang province|Kiên Giang]],{{sfn|Kissi|2006|p=144}} the Vietnamese military [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|invaded Cambodia]] and removed them from power after occupying [[Phnom Penh]].{{sfn|Meggle|2004|p=166}} The intervention was a success, resulting in the establishment of a new, pro-Vietnam socialist government, the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]], which ruled until 1989.{{sfn|Hampson|1996|p=175}} However, this worsened relations with China, which had supported the Khmer Rouge. China later launched a [[Sino-Vietnamese War|brief incursion into northern Vietnam]] in 1979, causing Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid, while mistrust of the [[Government of China|Chinese government]] escalated.{{sfn|Khoo|2011|p=131}}

At the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}}{{sfn|Van Phuc|2014}} The reformers were led by 71-year-old [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], who became the party's new general secretary.{{sfn|BBC News|1997}} He and the reformers implemented a series of market reforms known as {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} ("Renovation") that carefully managed the transition from a [[planned economy]] to a "[[socialist-oriented market economy]]".{{sfn|Murray|1997|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}} Although the authority of the state remained unchallenged under ''Đổi Mới'', the government encouraged [[private ownership]] of farms and factories, economic deregulation, and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|Howe|2016|p=20}} Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms also resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.{{sfn|Goodkind|1995}}{{sfn|Gallup|2002}}{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}}

In 2021, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]], [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]], was re-elected for his third term in office, meaning he was Vietnam's most powerful leader in decades.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam's ruling Communist Party re-elects chief Trong for rare third term |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |work=France 24 |date=31 January 2021 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131074452/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210131-vietnam-s-ruling-communist-party-re-elects-chief-trong-for-rare-third-term |url-status=live}}</ref> He died 19 July 2024, and was followed by [[Tô Lâm]] as General Secretary of the Communist Party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is To Lam, the ex-cop who wants to revamp Vietnam's success story? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1mxvv00yj2o |work=www.bbc.com |date=23 January 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Vietnam}}

[[File:Geography of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Images showing Hạ Long Bay, the Yên River and the Bản-Giốc Waterfalls|Natural attractions in Vietnam, clockwise from top: [[Hạ Long Bay]], [[Yên River]], and [[Ban Gioc–Detian Falls|Bản-Giốc Waterfalls]]]]
[[File:I'm coming, PXP.jpg|thumb|alt=Image of the Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range|Hoàng Liên Sơn mountain range, the range that includes [[Fansipan]], which is the highest summit on the Indochinese Peninsula]]
Vietnam is located on the eastern [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochinese Peninsula]] between the latitudes [[8th parallel north|8°]] and [[24th parallel north|24°N]], and the longitudes [[102nd meridian east|102°]] and [[110th meridian east|110°E]]. It covers a total area of {{convert|331210|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Vietnam"/> or {{convert|331,699|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Vietnam country profile"/> The combined length of the country's land boundaries is {{convert|4639|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, and its coastline is {{convert|3444|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nasuchon|2008|p=7}} At its narrowest point in the central [[Quảng Bình province]], the country is as little as {{convert|50|km|mi}} across, though it widens to around {{convert|600|km|mi}} in the north.{{sfn|Protected Areas and Development Partnership|2003|p=13}} Vietnam's land is mostly hilly and densely forested, with level land covering no more than 20%. Mountains account for 40% of the country's land area,{{sfn|Frohlich|Schreinemachers|Stahr|Clemens|2013|p=5}} and [[tropical forest]]s cover around 42%.{{sfn|Natural Resources and Environment Program|1995|p=56}} The [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] flows past Hanoi in Northern Vietnam before emptying into the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. The [[Red River Delta]] is a flat, roughly triangular low-level plain covering {{convert|15000|km2|0|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} It has the smallest area but the highest population and population density of all [[Regions of Vietnam|regions in Vietnam]]. It is criss-crossed by a maze of rivers and canals, which carry so much [[Alluvium|sediment]] that the delta advances {{convert|60|to|80|m|ft|1}} into the South China Sea every year.{{sfn|Huu Chiem|1993|p=183}}{{sfn|Hong Truong|Ye|Stive|2017|p=757}} The [[exclusive economic zone of Vietnam]] covers {{convert|417663|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the [[South China Sea]].{{sfn|Vietnamese Waters Zone}}

Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the [[Annamite Range]], and extensive forests. Comprising five relatively flat plateaus of [[basalt]] soil, the highlands account for 16% of the country's [[arable land]] and 22% of its total forested land.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2017|p=13}} The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.{{sfn|Van De|Douglas|McMorrow|Lindley|2008}} Several minor earthquakes have been recorded.{{sfn|Hong Phuong|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2016}} The northern part of the country consists mostly of highlands and the Red River Delta. [[Fansipan]] ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Phan Xi Păng''), the summit of which is located on the border between [[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]] and [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] provinces, is the highest mountain on the Indochinese Peninsula, standing {{convert|3143|m|adj=on|abbr=on}} high.{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} From north to south Vietnam, the country also has [[List of islands of Vietnam|numerous islands]]; [[Phú Quốc]] is the largest.{{sfn|Boobbyer|Spooner|2013|p=173}} [[Ba Bể Lake]] is the largest natural lake in Vietnam, and the [[Mekong]] River is the longest river in the country.{{sfn|Cosslett|Cosslett|2013|p=13}}{{sfn|Anh|2016a}}{{sfn|''The Telegraph''}} [[Hang Sơn Đoòng]], first surveyed in 2009 by an expedition from the [[British Cave Research Association]], is among the largest caves in the world.<ref name=Owen2009>{{cite web|author=James Owen|title=World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam|work=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=9 July 2009|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228105220/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/07/090724-biggest-cave-vietnam|archive-date=February 28, 2015|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> The cave is over {{convert|8.8|km|1|abbr=on}} in length, and some of its caverns are large enough to hold a 40-story skyscraper. It has an enormous [[sinkhole]], more than {{convert|183|m|0|abbr=on}} in depth, beneath which grows a tropical rainforest containing trees nearly {{convert|30|m|0|abbr=on}} tall. This forest is home to monkeys and other animals not normally found in a subterranean environment. A [[subterranean river]] also flows within the cave.<ref name=Geiling2014>{{cite web|author=Natasha Geiling|title=From the Biggest to the Longest, Five Amazing Caves to Visit|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=1 October 2014|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/biggest-longest-five-amazing-caves-visit-180952892/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000541/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/biggest-longest-five-amazing-caves-visit-180952892/|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Vietnam}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 VNM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|alt= An image of the Köppen climate classification map of Vietnam|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Vietnam]]
[[File:Nha Trang (43635463040).jpg|alt=Photograph of Nha Trang beach with many high rise buildings behind it|thumb|230x230px|[[Nha Trang]], a popular beach destination, has a [[tropical savanna climate]]]]
Due to differences in latitude and the marked variety in [[topographical relief]], Vietnam's climate tends to vary considerably for each region.{{sfn|Vu|1979|p=66}} During the winter or dry season, extending roughly from November to April, the [[monsoon]] winds usually blow from the northeast along the Chinese coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture.{{sfn|Riehl|Augstein|1973|p=1}} The average annual temperature is generally higher in the plains than in the mountains, especially in southern Vietnam compared to the north. The northern region experiences a monsoonal and humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), with winters typically dry and summers ranging from hot to mild.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worlddata.info/asia/vietnam/climate.php |title=Vietnam Climate |website=WorldData.info |access-date=2023-11-24}}</ref> In southern and central areas, the climate is tropical monsoon with only two seasons (rainy and dry).<ref name=vietnamkhihau>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop/dialy |title=MỘT SỐ THÔNG TIN VỀ ĐỊA LÝ VIỆT NAM |publisher=Viet Nam Government Portal |language=vi |access-date=9 November 2018 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111190550/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop/dialy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=vietnamiaea2012>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109190416/https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/CNPP2012_CD/countryprofiles/Vietnam/Vietnam.htm |archive-date=9 November 2018 |url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/CNPP2012_CD/countryprofiles/Vietnam/Vietnam.htm |title=Vietnam |work=Country Nuclear Power Profiles: 2012 Edition |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=VNATclimate>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109203934/http://www.vietnamtourism.com/en/index.php/about/items/1752 |archive-date=9 November 2018 |url=http://www.vietnamtourism.com/en/index.php/about/items/1752 |title=Climate |publisher=Vietnam National Administration of Tourism |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> Temperatures vary less in the southern plains around Ho Chi Minh City and the Mekong Delta, ranging from between {{convert|21|and|35|°C|°F}} over the year.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} In Hanoi and the surrounding areas of the Red River Delta, the temperatures are much lower between {{convert|15|and|33|°C|°F}}.{{sfn|Buleen|2017}} Seasonal variations in the mountains, plateaus, and the northernmost areas are much more dramatic, with temperatures varying from {{convert|3|°C}} in December and January to {{convert|37|°C}} in July and August.{{sfn|Vietnam Net|2018a}} During winter, snow occasionally falls over the highest peaks of the far northern mountains near the Chinese border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnamese-amazed-at-snow-capped-northern-mountains-4219248.html|title=Vietnamese amazed at snow-capped northern mountains|date=11 January 2021|publisher=[[VnExpress]]}}</ref> Vietnam receives high rates of [[precipitation]] in the form of rainfall with an average amount from {{cvt|1500|to|2000|mm|-1}} during the monsoon seasons; this often causes flooding, especially in the cities with poor drainage systems.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} The country is also affected by [[tropical depression]]s, [[tropical storm]]s and [[typhoon]]s.{{sfn|Thi Anh}} Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, with 55% of its population living in low-elevation coastal areas.{{sfn|Overland|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood|title=Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood|date=29 October 2019|website=climatecentral.org|access-date=3 November 2019|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102025006/https://climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Vietnam|Environmental issues in Vietnam|List of endangered species in Vietnam|Protected areas of Vietnam}}

[[File:Wildlife of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|alt=Photographs of Native species in Vietnam, the crested argus; the red-shanked douc, a monkey; the Indochinese leopard and the saola, a bovine|Native species in Vietnam, clockwise from top-right: [[crested argus]], [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]], [[Indochinese leopard]], and [[saola]]]]
[[File:Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activities.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the Sa Pa mountain hills with agricultural activity shiwn in the foreground | [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] mountain hills with [[Agriculture in Vietnam|agricultural activities]]]]
As the country is located within the [[Indomalayan realm]], Vietnam is one of twenty-five countries considered to possess a uniquely high level of [[biodiversity]]. This was noted in the country's National Environmental Condition Report in 2005.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} It is ranked 16th worldwide in biological diversity, being home to approximately 16% of the world's species. 15,986 species of [[flora]] have been identified in the country, of which 10% are [[Endemism|endemic]]. Vietnam's [[fauna]] includes 307 [[nematode]] species, 200 [[oligochaeta]], 145 [[acarina]], 113 [[springtail]]s, 7,750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians. There are 840 birds and 310 mammals found in Vietnam, of which 100 birds and 78 mammals are endemic.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Vietnam has two [[World Natural Heritage Site]]s—the [[Hạ Long Bay]] and [[Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park]]—together with nine [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#Vietnam|biosphere reserves]], including [[Cần Giờ Mangrove Forest]], [[Cát Tiên National Park|Cát Tiên]], [[Cát Bà National Park|Cát Bà]], [[U Minh Thượng National Park|Kiên Giang]], the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, [[Western Nghệ An]], [[Mũi Cà Mau National Park|Cà Mau]], and [[Cu Lao Cham Marine Park]].{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|1994}}{{sfn|UNESCO World Heritage Convention|2003}}

Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater [[microalgae]], constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic [[invertebrate]]s and 2,458 species of sea fish.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} In recent years, 13 [[genera]], 222 species, and 30 [[taxa]] of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} Six new mammal species, including the [[saola]], [[giant muntjac]], and [[Tonkin snub-nosed monkey]] have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered [[Edwards's pheasant]].{{sfn|BirdLife International|2016}} In the late 1980s, a small population of [[Javan rhinoceros]] was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.{{sfn|Kinver|2011}} In agricultural [[genetic diversity]], Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original [[cultivar]] centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 [[List of national parks of Vietnam|national parks]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}}

In Vietnam, wildlife [[poaching]] has become a major concern. In 2000, a [[non-governmental organisation]] (NGO), Education for Nature – Vietnam, was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.{{sfn|Dall|2017}} A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of [[rhinoceros]] horns from [[South Africa]] due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.{{sfn|Dang Vu|Nielsen|2018}}{{sfn|Nam Dang|Nielsen|2019}}

The main environmental concern that persists in Vietnam today is the legacy of the use of the chemical [[herbicide]] [[Agent Orange]], which continues to cause [[birth defect]]s and many health problems in the Vietnamese population. In the southern and central areas affected most by the chemical's use during the Vietnam War, nearly 4.8 million Vietnamese people have been exposed to it and suffered from its effects.{{sfn|Banout|Urban|Musil|Szakova|2014}}{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|Brown|2018}} In 2012, approximately 50 years after the war,{{sfn|AFP staff|2016}} the US began a US$43 million joint clean-up project in the former chemical storage areas in Vietnam to take place in stages.{{sfn|Cerre|2016}}{{sfn|MacLeod|2012}} Following the completion of the first phase in [[Đà Nẵng]] in late 2017,{{sfn|''United States Agency for International Development''}} the US announced its commitment to clean other sites, especially in the heavily impacted site of [[Biên Hòa]].{{sfn|Stewart|2018}}

The Vietnamese government spends over [[Vietnamese đồng|VNĐ]]10 trillion each year ($431.1 million) for monthly allowances and the physical rehabilitation of victims of the chemicals.{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2018a}} In 2018, the Japanese engineering group [[Shimizu Corporation]], working with the Vietnamese military, built a plant for the treatment of soil polluted by Agent Orange. Plant construction costs were funded by the company itself.{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''|2018}}{{sfn|NHK World-Japan|2018}} One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged [[ecosystem]]s is through the use of [[reforestation]] efforts. The Vietnamese government began doing this at the end of the war. It started by replanting [[mangrove forest]]s in the Mekong Delta regions and in [[Cần Giờ district|Cần Giờ]] outside Ho Chi Minh City, where mangroves are important to ease (though not eliminate) flood conditions during monsoon seasons.{{sfn|Agent Orange Record}} The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.35/10, ranking it 104th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G}}</ref>

Apart from herbicide problems, [[arsenic poisoning|arsenic]] in the [[ground water]] in the Mekong and Red River Deltas has also become a major concern.{{sfn|Berg|Stengel|Pham|Pham|2007}}{{sfn|Merola|Hien|Quyen|Vengosh|2014}} And most notoriously, [[unexploded ordnance]]s (UXO) pose dangers to humans and wildlife—another bitter legacy from the long wars.{{sfn|Miguel|Roland|2005}} As part of the continuous campaign to [[demining|demine]]/remove UXOs, several international [[mine clearance agency|bomb removal agencies]] from the United Kingdom,{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} Denmark,{{sfn|LM Report|2000}} [[South Korea]]{{sfn|United Nations Development Programme|2018}} and the US{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2006}} have been providing assistance. The Vietnamese government spends over VNĐ1 trillion ($44 million) annually on demining operations and additional hundreds of billions of đồng for treatment, assistance, rehabilitation, vocational training, and resettlement of the victims of UXOs.{{sfn|Van Thanh|2016}}
{{wide image|Halong Bay panorama.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of [[Hạ Long Bay]]}}

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Vietnam|Government of Vietnam}}

Vietnam is a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[communist state]] that self-designates as a [[socialist state (communism)|socialist]] [[republic]], one of the two communist states (the other being [[Laos]]) in [[Southeast Asia]].{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} Although Vietnam remains officially committed to [[socialism]] as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly [[capitalism|capitalist]],{{sfn|Greenfield|1994|p=204}}{{sfn|Baccini|Impullitti|Malesky|2017}} with ''[[The Economist]]'' characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".{{sfn|''The Economist''|2008}} Under the [[Constitution of Vietnam|constitution]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) asserts their role in all sectors of the country's politics.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[President of Vietnam|president]] is the elected [[head of state]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, serving as the chairman of the Council of Supreme Defence and Security, and holds the second highest office in Vietnam as well as performing executive functions and state appointments and setting policy.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Tô Lâm (2026-01-29) (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 110
| alt1 = Tô Lâm
| caption1 = [[Tô Lâm]] [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]]
| image2 = 르엉끄엉 Lương Cường 20251121.jpg
| width2 = 106
| alt2 = Lương Cường
| caption2 = [[Lương Cường]] [[President of Vietnam|President]]
| image3 = Phạm Minh Chính 20260129.jpg
| width3 = 100
| alt3 = Phạm Minh Chính
| caption3 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]] [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]]
| image4 = Tran Thanh Man 29012026.jpg
| width4 = 110
| alt4 = Trần Thanh Mẫn
| caption4 = [[Trần Thanh Mẫn]] [[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the National Assembly]]
| total_width = 499
| caption_align = center
}}
The [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|general secretary]] of the CPV performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organisation.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|prime minister]] is the [[head of government]], presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions. Only political organisations affiliated with or endorsed by the CPV are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam. These include the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front]] and worker and [[trade union]]ist parties.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}}

[[File:National Assembly of Vietnam.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of the National Assembly of Vietnam in Hanoi | The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] building in Hanoi]]
The [[National Assembly of Vietnam]] is the [[unicameral]] [[supreme state organ of power]] composed of 500 members.{{sfn|Embassy of Vietnam in USA}} Headed by a [[List of Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly of Vietnam|chairman]], it holds the [[unified power|unified powers of the state]] (meaning that it is superior to both the executive and judicial organs), with all central state officials being appointed from members of the National Assembly.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} The [[Supreme People's Court of Vietnam]], headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest [[court of appeal]], though it is also answerable to the National Assembly. Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the [[Provincial Municipal Courts of Vietnam|provincial municipal courts]] and many [[Local Courts of Vietnam|local courts]]. [[Military Courts of Vietnam|Military courts]] possess special jurisdiction in matters of [[National security|state security]]. Vietnam maintains the [[Capital punishment in Vietnam|death penalty]] for numerous offences.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}}

In 2023, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. President [[Võ Văn Thưởng]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam parliament elects new president Vo Van Thuong |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |work=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205121637/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/2/vietnam-parliament-elects-new-president-vo-van-thuong |url-status=live}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Phạm Minh Chính]] (since 2021)<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam picks new PM and president for next 5 years |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |work=Nikkei Asia |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326083506/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Vietnam-picks-new-PM-and-president-for-next-5-years |url-status=live}}</ref> and the most powerful leader [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] (since 2011) as the Communist Party of Vietnam's General Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=New president of Vietnam nominated by Communist Party: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |work=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/1/new-president-of-vietnam-nominated-by-communist-party-report |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 May 2024, [[Tô Lâm]], who previously served as the [[Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam)|Minister of Public Security]], was voted as the president of Vietnam by the National Assembly, after Võ Văn Thưởng resigned in March of the same year due to corruption charges against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/22/vietnams-security-chief-to-lam-becomes-new-president|title=Vietnam's security chief To Lam becomes new president|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=22 May 2024|access-date=22 May 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522074413/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/22/vietnams-security-chief-to-lam-becomes-new-president|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 August 2024, Tô Lâm, who is also serving as the president, was elected by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam as the general secretary following the death of Nguyễn Phú Trọng on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/vietnam-nguyen-phu-trong-leader-dies-4491331|title=Vietnam's Nguyen Phu Trong, longtime leader and advocate of 'bamboo diplomacy', dies|newspaper=Channel NewsAsia|date=19 July 2024|access-date=21 July 2024|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720211218/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/vietnam-nguyen-phu-trong-leader-dies-4491331|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/3/vietnam-president-to-lam-gets-top-job-as-communist-party-chief|title=Vietnam President To Lam gets top job as Communist Party chief|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=3 August 2024|access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> On 21 October 2024, the National Assembly appointed [[People's Army of Vietnam|army]] general [[Lương Cường]] as president, succeeding Tô Lâm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/vietnam-parliament-military-general-luong-cuong-president-political-turmoil-4694031|title=Vietnam parliament elects military general Luong Cuong as president after months of political turmoil|newspaper=Channel NewsAsia|first1=Tung|last1=Ngo|first2=Calvin|last2=Yang|date=22 October 2024|access-date=24 October 2024|archive-date=22 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022094149/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/vietnam-parliament-military-general-luong-cuong-president-political-turmoil-4694031|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Vietnam}}

Following the [[administrative reform in Vietnam 2025|2025 administrative reform]], Vietnam is divided into 28 [[Provinces of Vietnam|provinces]] ({{langx|vi|tỉnh|link=no}}) and 6 [[Municipalities of Vietnam|municipalities]] ({{langx|vi|thành phố trực thuộc trung ương|link=no}}), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Quốc hội thông qua Nghị quyết về việc sắp xếp đơn vị hành chính cấp tỉnh, từ ngày 12/6, cả nước còn 34 tỉnh, thành phố |url=https://quochoi.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-hoat-dong-cua-quoc-hoi.aspx?ItemID=94522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612070723/https://quochoi.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-hoat-dong-cua-quoc-hoi.aspx?ItemID=94522 |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=[[National Assembly of Vietnam]] |language=vi}}</ref>
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{{Provinces of Vietnam|align=none}}
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
{| style="margin:auto;"
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Municipalities of Vietnam|Municipalities]]'''</div>
----
1. [[Hanoi|Hà Nội]] 
2. [[Ho Chi Minh City]] 
3. [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]] 
4. [[Da Nang|Đà Nẵng]] 
5. [[Cần Thơ]] 
6. [[Huế]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Northwest (Vietnam)|Northwest]]'''</div>
----
7. [[Điện Biên province|Điện Biên]] 
8. [[Lai Châu province|Lai Châu]] 
9. [[Lào Cai province|Lào Cai]] 
14. [[Sơn La province|Sơn La]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Northeast (Vietnam)|Northeast]]'''</div>
----
10. [[Cao Bằng province|Cao Bằng]] 
11. [[Lạng Sơn province|Lạng Sơn]] 
12. [[Tuyên Quang province|Tuyên Quang]] 
13. [[Thái Nguyên province|Thái Nguyên]] 
15. [[Phú Thọ province|Phú Thọ]] 
17. [[Quảng Ninh province|Quảng Ninh]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Red River Delta]]'''</div>
----
16. [[Bắc Ninh province|Bắc Ninh]] 
18. [[Hưng Yên province|Hưng Yên]] 
19. [[Ninh Bình province|Ninh Bình]]
|-
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[North Central Coast|North Central]]'''</div>
----
20. [[Thanh Hóa province|Thanh Hóa]] 
21. [[Nghệ An province|Nghệ An]] 
22. [[Hà Tĩnh province|Hà Tĩnh]] 
23. [[Quảng Trị province|Quảng Trị]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[South Central Coast|South Central]]'''</div>
----
24. [[Quảng Ngãi province|Quảng Ngãi]] 
25. [[Gia Lai province|Gia Lai]] 
26. [[Đắk Lắk province|Đắk Lắk]] 
27. [[Khánh Hòa province|Khánh Hòa]] 
28. [[Lâm Đồng province|Lâm Đồng]]
|-
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Southeast (Vietnam)|Southeast]]'''</div>
----
29. [[Tây Ninh province|Tây Ninh]] 
30. [[Đồng Nai province|Đồng Nai]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
<div class="center">'''[[Mekong Delta|Southwest]]'''</div>
----
31. [[Đồng Tháp province|Đồng Tháp]] 
32. [[An Giang province|An Giang]] 
33. [[Vĩnh Long province|Vĩnh Long]] 
34. [[Cà Mau province|Cà Mau]]
|}
{{col-end}}
[[File:Tay Ho Communist propaganda posters in 2015 11.jpg|thumb|alt=A Tay Ho Communist propaganda poster | A [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Communist Party]] poster in Hanoi]]

Both provinces and centrally-controlled municipalities are subdivided into [[Ward (Vietnam)|wards]] (''phường''), [[Commune (Vietnam)|communes]] (''xã'') and [[Special zone (Vietnam)|special zones]] (''đặc khu'').

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Vietnam}}

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = 2023-12-13 Xi Jinping and Nguyễn Phú Trọng.png
| alt1 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng and Xi Jinping
| caption1 = General Secretary [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]] with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] on 13 December 2023
| image2 = Vladimir Putin and Nguyen Phu Trong (2024-06-20) 02.jpg
| alt2 = Nguyễn Phú Trọng and Vladimir Putin
| caption2 = General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] on 20 June 2024
| image3 = President Joe Biden hosts a bilateral meeting with Vietnamese President Tô Lâm (54023591685).jpg
| alt3 = Tô Lâm and Joe Biden
| caption3 = General Secretary [[Tô Lâm]] with US President [[Joe Biden]] on 25 September 2024
}}

Throughout its history, Vietnam's main foreign relationship has been with various Chinese dynasties.{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Its principles of sovereignty and insistence on cultural independence are reflected in historical documents such as the 11th-century poem ''[[Nam quốc sơn hà]]'' and the 1428 proclamation ''[[Bình Ngô đại cáo]]''. Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace,{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} [[Spratly Islands#Military conflicts and diplomatic dialogues|significant territorial tensions]] remain between the two countries over the South China Sea.{{sfn|Thanh Hai|2016|p=177}} The two countries maintain extensive economic and political ties.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{rp|102}} Following the [[partition of Vietnam]] in 1954, [[North Vietnam]] maintained relations with the [[Eastern Bloc]], while [[South Vietnam]] maintained relations with the [[Western Bloc]].{{sfn|Thayer|1994}} Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the [[United Nations]] (UN), [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN), [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] (La Francophonie), and [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also maintains relations with over 650 non-governmental organisations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} As of 2010, Vietnam had established diplomatic relations with 178 countries.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}}

Vietnam's current foreign policy is to consistently implement a policy of independence, self-reliance, peace, co-operation, and development, as well as openness, diversification, [[multilateralism|multilateralisation]] with international relations.{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} The country declares itself a friend and partner of all countries in the international community, regardless of their political affiliation, by actively taking part in international and regional cooperative development projects.{{sfn|Bich Loan|2007}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist [[Western countries]]. It already had relations with communist Western countries in the decades prior.{{sfn|Dayley|2018|p=98}} Relations with the United States [[United States–Vietnam relations|began improving]] in August 1995 with both states upgrading their ''[[:wikt:liaison|liaison]]'' offices to embassy status.{{sfn|Mitchell|1995}} In May 2016, US President [[Barack Obama]] further normalised relations with Vietnam after he announced the lifting of an arms [[United States embargoes|embargo]] on sales of lethal arms to Vietnam.{{sfn|Garamone|2016}} Despite its historical past, today Vietnam has pursued closer ties with the United States, especially in the geopolitical context of its [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea|territorial disputes with China in the South China Sea]].{{sfn|Hutt|2020}}{{sfn|Tran|2020}} Vietnam's foreign policy is now focused on balancing its ties [[China–Vietnam relations|with China]] and [[United States–Vietnam relations|with the United States]] due to its close relationships with both countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Vietnam Will Not Balance Against China |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/07/why-vietnam-will-not-balance-against-china/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> Vietnam also maintains close military and security [[Russia–Vietnam relations|relations with Russia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-27 |title=Is the U.S. Losing in Vietnam? Russia, North Korea, and China Are Gaining. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/27/world/asia/vietnam-russia-relations.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Vietnam People's Armed Forces}}

The [[Vietnam People's Armed Forces]] consists of the [[Vietnam People's Army]] (VPA), the [[Vietnam People's Public Security]], and the Vietnam Self-Defence Militia. The VPA is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the [[Vietnam People's Ground Forces]], the [[Vietnam People's Navy]], the [[Vietnam People's Air Force]], the [[Vietnam Border Guard]], and the [[Vietnam Coast Guard]]. The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.{{sfn|Taylor|Rutherford|2011|p=50}} In 2015, Vietnam's [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]] totalled approximately US$4.4 billion, equivalent to around 8% of its total government spending.{{sfn|Yan|2016}} Joint military exercises and war games have been held with [[Brunei]],{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} China,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Việt Nam, China conclude first joint military training exercise |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1722397/viet-nam-china-conclude-first-joint-military-training-exercise.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=vietnamnews.vn |language=en}}</ref> India,{{sfn|''The Economic Times''|2018}} Japan,{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2015}} Laos,{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018b}} Russia,{{sfn|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} [[Singapore]]{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2016}} and the US.{{sfn|''The Telegraph''|2012}}

=== Human rights and sociopolitical issues ===
{{See also|Human rights in Vietnam}}
Vietnam's pre-1986 communist system has been described either as [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]]<ref name="tot2"/> or not totalitarian but autocratic.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam|author=Steven Saxonberg|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2013|page=97|isbn=978-1-139-61998-1|quote=This make Vietnam rather similar to Poland as a country that never succeeded in establishing totalitarian rule.}}</ref> Since 1986, Vietnam retreated from totalitarianism to authoritarianism.<ref name="tot1">{{cite news|last=Morris|first=Stephen J.|date=1 May 2005|title=The War We Could Have Won|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/the-war-we-could-have-won.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 December 2024|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213233908/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/the-war-we-could-have-won.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tot2">{{cite journal|first=Thuy|last=Nguyen|title=Exploiting Ideology and Making Higher Education Serve Vietnam's Authoritarian Regime|year=2022|journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|volume=55|issue=4|pages=83–104|doi=10.1525/cpcs.2022.1819231|doi-access=free}}</ref> Under the current constitution, the CPV is the only party allowed to rule, the operation of all other political parties being outlawed. Other human rights issues concern [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of religion]], and [[freedom of the press]]. In 2009, Vietnamese lawyer [[Lê Công Định]] was arrested and charged with the capital crime of [[subversion]]; several of his associates were also arrested.{{sfn|BBC News|2009}}{{sfn|Mydans|2009}} [[Amnesty International]] described him and his arrested associates as [[prisoners of conscience]].{{sfn|BBC News|2009}} Vietnam has also suffered from human trafficking and related issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://un-act.org/vietnam/|title=VIET NAM – UN ACT|newspaper=Un Act |access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410095348/http://un-act.org/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|title=Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise|date=11 July 2019|website=Asia News|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220040153/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Women,-children-and-babies:-human-trafficking-to-China-is-on-the-rise-47513.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|title=Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore|date=8 November 2019|website=The Diplomat|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428161005/https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/vietnams-human-trafficking-problem-is-too-big-to-ignore/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Vietnam}}

[[File:GDP per capita development in Vietnam.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development of Vietnam]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;" colspan="2" |Share of world [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Share
|-
| 1980 || style="text-align:right;" |0.21%
|-
| 1990 || style="text-align:right;" |0.28%
|-
| 2000 || style="text-align:right;"|0.39%
|-
| 2010 || style="text-align:right;"|0.52%
|-
| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"|0.80%
|}

Throughout the history of Vietnam, its economy has been based largely on [[agriculture]]—primarily [[Rice production in Vietnam|wet rice cultivation]].{{sfn|Cornell University}} [[bauxite mining in Vietnam|Bauxite]], an important material in the production of [[aluminium]], is mined in central Vietnam.{{sfn|Kim Phuong|2014|p=1}} Since reunification, the country's economy is shaped primarily by the CPV through [[Five-Year Plans of Vietnam|Five-Year Plans]] decided upon at the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses.{{sfn|Kimura|1986}} The [[collectivisation]] of farms, factories, and capital goods was carried out as part of the establishment of central planning, with millions of people working for state enterprises. Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, [[Corruption in Vietnam|corruption in state-owned enterprises]], poor quality, and underproduction.{{sfn|Adhikari|Kirkpatrick|Weiss|1992|p=249}}{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=11}} With the decline in economic aid from its main trading partner, the Soviet Union, following the erosion of the [[Eastern bloc]] in the late 1980s, and the subsequent [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]], as well as the negative impacts of the post-war [[economic sanctions|trade embargo]] imposed by the United States,{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=31}}{{sfn|Freeman|2002}} Vietnam began to liberalise its trade by [[devaluation|devaluing]] its exchange rate to increase exports and embarked on a policy of economic development.{{sfn|Litvack|Litvack|Rondinelli|1999|p=33}}
[[File:The Landmark 81 at night.jpg|alt=Photograph of Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the Landmark 81, located in Bình Thạnh District in Ho Chi Minh City|thumb|Vietnam's tallest skyscraper, the [[Landmark 81]], located in [[Bình Thạnh district]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]].]]
In 1986, the [[6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Sixth National Congress]] of the CPV introduced [[Socialist-oriented market economy|socialist-oriented market]] economic reforms as part of the {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]}} reform programme. [[Private ownership]] began to be encouraged in industry, commerce, and agriculture, and state enterprises were [[Corporatisation|restructured]] to operate under market constraints.{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}}{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|Dung Tran|2009}} This led to the five-year economic plans being replaced by the socialist-oriented market mechanism.{{sfn|Hoang Vuong|2014}} As a result of these reforms, Vietnam achieved approximately 8% annual [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) growth between 1990 and 1997.{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=66}}{{sfn|International Monetary Fund|1999|p=23}} The United States ended its economic embargo against Vietnam in early 1994.{{sfn|Cockburn|1994}} Although the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] caused an economic slowdown to 4–5% growth per year, its economy began to recover in 1999,{{sfn|Van Tho|2003|p=5}} and grew at around 7% per year from 2000 to 2005, one of the fastest in the world.<ref name=Pincus2015>{{harvnb|Pincus|2015|p=27}}; this article refers to the so-called "[[Vent for surplus]]" theory of international trade.</ref>{{sfn|Quang Vinh|p=13}} On 11 January 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (World Trade Organization).<ref>{{cite web |title=WTO {{!}} Accessions: Viet Nam |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |website=www.wto.org |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927211950/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_vietnam_e.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] (GSO), growth remained strong despite the [[late-2000s global recession]], holding at 6.8% in 2010. Vietnam's year-on-year inflation rate reached 11.8% in December 2010, and the currency, the [[Vietnamese đồng]], was devalued three times.{{sfn|Asian Development Bank|2010|p=388}}{{sfn|Thanh Nien|2010}}

Deep [[poverty]], defined as the percentage of the population living on less than $1 per day, has declined significantly in Vietnam, and the relative poverty rate is now less than that of China, India, and the [[Philippines]].{{sfn|Vierra|Vierra|2011|p=5}} This decline can be attributed to [[Equity (economics)|equitable economic policies]] aimed at improving [[living standards]] and preventing the rise of [[Economic inequality|inequality]].{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}} These policies have included egalitarian land distribution during the initial stages of the ''Đổi Mới'' programme, investment in poorer remote areas, and subsidising of education and healthcare.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}}{{sfn|H. Dang|Glewwe|2017|p=9}} Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.{{sfn|Vandemoortele|Bird|2010}}{{sfn|Vandemoortele|2010}} Manufacturing, [[information technology]] and high-tech industries now form a large and fast-growing part of the national economy. Although Vietnam is a relative newcomer to the [[oil industry]], it is the third-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia with a total 2011 output of {{convert|318000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}.{{sfn|UPI.com|2013}} In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude [[petroleum]] producer in the Asia and Pacific region.{{sfn|Fong-Sam|2010|p=26}} The US bought the biggest share of Vietnam's exports,{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2018b}} while [[goods]] from China were the most popular Vietnamese import.{{sfn|Vietnam News Agency|2018}}

Based on findings by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) in 2022, the [[unemployment]] rate in Vietnam was 2.3%, the [[nominal GDP]] US$406.452 billion, and a nominal [[GDP per capita]] $4,086.<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" />{{sfn|Tuoi Tre News|2012}} Besides the [[Primary sector of the economy|primary sector economy]], [[Tourism in Vietnam|tourism]] has contributed significantly to Vietnam's economic growth with 7.94 million foreign visitors recorded in 2015.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016a}}

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Terraced fields Sa Pa 3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of terraced rice fields in Sa Pa | Terraced rice fields in [[Sa Pa]]]]
As a result of several [[market liberalization]] measures, Vietnam has become a major exporter of agricultural products. It is now the world's largest producer of [[cashew]] nuts, with a one-third global share;{{sfn|Mai|2017}} the largest producer of [[black pepper]], accounting for one-third of the world's market;{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018c}} and the second-largest [[rice]] exporter in the world after [[Thailand]] since the 1990s.{{sfn|Nielsen|2007|p=1}} Subsequently, Vietnam is also the world's second largest exporter of [[coffee]].{{sfn|Summers|2014}} The country has the highest proportion of land use for [[permanent crop]]s together with other states in the [[Greater Mekong Subregion]].{{sfn|Truong|Vo|Nguyen|2018|p=172}} Other primary exports include [[tea]], [[rubber]] and fishery products. Agriculture's share of Vietnam's GDP has fallen in recent decades, declining from 42% in 1989 to 20% in 2006 as production in other sectors of the economy has risen.

====Seafood====
The overall fisheries production of Vietnam from capture fisheries and [[aquaculture]] was 5.6 million MT in 2011 and 6.7 million MT in 2016. The output of Vietnam's fisheries sector has seen strong growth, which could be attributed to the continued expansion of the aquaculture sub-sector.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/
| title =Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam
| date =June 2018
| website =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
| access-date =24 April 2021
| archive-date =24 April 2021
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210424155301/http://www.seafdec.org/fisheries-country-profile-viet-nam/
| url-status =live
}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Vietnam}}

[[File:TOPIO 3.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of a TOPIO humanoid ping-pong-playing robot | A Vietnamese-made [[TOPIO]] 3.0 [[humanoid robot|humanoid]] [[ping-pong]]-playing robot displayed during the 2009 [[International Robot Exhibition]] (IREX) in Tokyo{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}}]]

In 2010, Vietnam's total state spending on science and technology amounted to roughly 0.45% of its GDP.{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2010}} Vietnamese scientists have made many significant contributions in various fields of study, most notably in [[mathematics]]. [[Hoang Tuy|Hoàng Tụy]] pioneered the [[applied mathematics]] field of [[global optimisation]] in the 20th century,{{sfn|Koblitz|2009|p=198}} while [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] won the 2010 [[Fields Medal]] for his proof of [[Fundamental lemma (Langlands program)|fundamental lemma in the theory of automorphic forms]].{{sfn|CNRS|2010}}{{sfn|Koppes|2010}} Since the establishment of the [[Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology]] (VAST) by the government in 1975, the country is working to develop its first national [[space flight]] programme especially after the completion of the infrastructure at the Vietnam Space Centre (VSC) in 2018.{{sfn|Vietnam National Space Centre|2016}}{{sfn|Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology|2017}} Vietnam has also made significant advances in the development of [[robot]]s, such as the [[TOPIO]] humanoid model.{{sfn|DigInfo|2007}}{{sfn|Borel|2010}} One of Vietnam's main [[messaging apps]], [[Zalo]], was developed by Vương Quang Khải, a Vietnamese [[hacker]] who later worked with the country's largest [[information technology]] service company, the [[FPT Group]].{{sfn|Raslan|2017}}

[[File:Svhutech nckh4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab.|Vietnamese science students working on an [[experiment]] in their university lab]]
According to the [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]], Vietnam devoted 0.19% of its GDP to science research and development in 2011.{{sfn|UNESCO Media Services|2016}} Vietnam was ranked 44th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025. It has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, when it was ranked 76th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/viet-nam |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2014, the number of Vietnamese scientific publications recorded in Thomson Reuters' [[Web of Science]] increased at a rate well above the average for Southeast Asia, albeit from a modest starting point.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}} Publications focus mainly on [[life science]]s (22%), [[:wikt:physic|physics]] (13%), and [[engineering]] (13%), which is consistent with recent advances in the production of diagnostic equipment and shipbuilding.{{sfn|UNESCO Publishing|pp=713–714}}

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Vietnam}}

[[File:Pont-pagode "japonais" de Hoi-an, vue de nuit.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Hội An, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination |[[Hội An]], a [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Southeast Asia|World Heritage Site]], is a major tourist destination. The photo is [[Japanese Bridge]]. ]]
Tourism is an important element of economic activity in the nation, contributing 7.5% of the total GDP. Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.1% over the previous year, making it one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world. The vast majority of the tourists in the country, some 9.7 million, came from Asia; namely China (4 million), [[South Korea]] (2.6 million), and Japan (798,119).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}} Vietnam also attracts large numbers of visitors from Europe, with almost 1.9 million visitors in 2017; most European visitors came from Russia (574,164), followed by the United Kingdom (283,537), France (255,396), and Germany (199,872). Other significant international arrivals by nationality include the United States (614,117) and Australia (370,438).{{sfn|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2018}}

The most visited destinations in Vietnam are the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City, with over 5.8 million international arrivals, followed by Hanoi with 4.6 million and [[Hạ Long]], including Hạ Long Bay with 4.4 million arrivals. All three are ranked in the top 100 most-visited cities in the world.{{sfn|Quy|2018}} Vietnam is home to eight [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]. In 2018, ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked [[Hội An (city)|Hội An]] as one of the world's top 15 best destinations to visit.{{sfn|Terzian|2018}}

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Vietnam|Rail transport in Vietnam|List of airports in Vietnam}}

Much of Vietnam's modern transportation network can trace its roots to the French colonial era, when it was used to facilitate the transportation of [[raw material]]s to its main ports. It was extensively expanded and modernised following the partition of Vietnam.{{sfn|Crook|2014|p=7}} Vietnam's road system includes national roads administered at the central level, provincial roads managed at the provincial level, district roads managed at the district level, urban roads managed by cities and towns, and commune roads managed at the commune level.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} In 2010, Vietnam's road system had a total length of about {{convert|188744|km|mi|0}} of which {{convert|93535|km|mi|0}} are [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] roads comprising national, provincial and district roads.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} The length of the national road system is about {{convert|15370|km|mi|0}} with {{convert|15085|km|mi|0}} of its length paved. The provincial road system has around {{convert|27976|km|mi|0}} of paved roads, while {{convert|50474|km|mi|0}} district roads are paved.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}}
[[File:Cầu Long Thành, Đường cao tốc TP.HCM - Long Thành - Dầu Giây.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Ho Chi Minh City's North–South Expressway | [[Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway|HCMC–LT–DG]] section of the [[North–South Expressway East|North–South Expressway]]]]
[[File:Tan Son Nhat International Airport.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of Tan Son Nhat International Airport | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the country.]]

Bicycles, motorcycles, and [[motor scooter]]s remain the most popular forms of road transport in the country, a legacy of the French, though the number of privately owned cars has been increasing in recent years.{{sfn|Huu Duc|Mai Hoa|Thien Huong|Ngoc Bao|2013|p=2080}} Public buses operated by private companies are the main mode of long-distance travel for much of the population. [[Traffic collision]]s remain the major safety issue of Vietnamese transportation, with an average of 30 people losing their lives daily.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2011}} [[Traffic congestion]] is a growing problem in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, especially with the growth of individual car ownership.{{sfn|Linh Le|Anh Trinh|2016}}{{sfn|Sohr|Brockfeld|Sauerlander|Melde|2016|p=220}} Vietnam's primary cross-country rail service is the [[North–South railway (Vietnam)|Reunification Express]] from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi, a distance of nearly {{convert|1726|km|mi}}.{{sfn|Chin|2018}} From Hanoi, railway lines branch out to the northeast, north, and west; the eastbound line runs from Hanoi to Hạ Long Bay, the northbound line from Hanoi to [[Thái Nguyên]], and the northeast line from Hanoi to Lào Cai. In 2009, Vietnam and Japan signed a deal to build a high-speed railway—[[shinkansen]] (bullet train)—using Japanese technology.{{sfn|''The Japan Times''|2009}} Vietnamese engineers were sent to Japan to receive training in the operation and maintenance of high-speed trains.{{sfn|Vietnam+|2008}} The planned railway will be a {{convert|1545|km|mi|0}}-long express route serving a total of 23 stations, including Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with 70% of its route running on bridges and through tunnels.{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2018}}{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2018b}} The trains will travel at a maximum speed of {{convert|350|km|mi}} per hour.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2018b}}{{sfn|South East Asia Iron and Steel Institute|2009}} Plans for the high-speed rail line, however, have been postponed after the Vietnamese government decided to prioritise the development of both the [[Hanoi Metro|Hanoi]] and [[HCMC Metro|Ho Chi Minh City]] metros and expand road networks instead.{{sfn|Chin|2018}}{{sfn|Chi|2017}}{{sfn|Tatarski|2017}}

[[File:Chùa Vẽ Terminal, Port of Hải Phòng.JPG|thumb|alt=Photograph of a crane at the Port of Hai Phong | The port of [[Hai Phong]] is one of the largest and busiest container ports in Vietnam.]]
Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways: [[Noi Bai]] in Hanoi, [[Da Nang International Airport]] in Đà Nẵng, and [[Tan Son Nhat]] in Ho Chi Minh City. Tan Son Nhat is the country's largest airport, handling the majority of international passenger traffic.{{sfn|Hoang|2016|p=1}} According to a government-approved plan, Vietnam will have another seven international airports by 2025, including [[Vinh International Airport]], [[Phu Bai International Airport]], [[Cam Ranh International Airport]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport]], [[Cat Bi International Airport]], [[Can Tho International Airport]], and [[Long Thanh International Airport]]. The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2025.{{sfn|''Vietnam Investment Review''|2018}} [[Vietnam Airlines]], the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 86 passenger aircraft and aims to operate 170 by 2020.{{sfn|Ha|Giang|Denslow|2012}} Several private airlines also operate in Vietnam, including [[Air Mekong]], [[Bamboo Airways]], [[Jetstar Pacific Airlines]], [[Vietnam Air Service Company|VASCO]] and [[VietJet Air]]. As a coastal country, Vietnam has many major sea ports, including [[Cam Ranh]], Đà Nẵng, [[Haiphong|Hải Phòng]], Ho Chi Minh City, [[Hạ Long]], [[Qui Nhơn]], [[Vũng Tàu]], [[Cửa Lò]], and [[Nha Trang]]. Further inland, the country's extensive network of rivers plays a key role in rural transportation with over {{convert|47130|km|mi}} of navigable [[waterway]]s carrying ferries, barges, and [[water taxi]]s.{{sfn|Index Mundi|2018}}

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Vietnam|List of power stations in Vietnam}}

[[File:Sơn La Dam.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of the Sơn La Dam | [[Sơn La Dam]] in northern Vietnam, the [[List of largest hydroelectric power stations|largest hydroelectric dam]] in Southeast Asia{{sfn|''Intellasia''|2010}}]]
Vietnam's energy sector is dominated largely by the state-controlled [[Vietnam Electricity|Vietnam Electricity Group]] (EVN). As of 2017, EVN made up about 61.4% of the country's power generation system with a total power capacity of 25,884 [[Megawatt|MW]].{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=10}} Other energy sources are [[PetroVietnam]] (4,435 MW), [[Vinacomin]] (1,785 MW) and 10,031 MW from [[build–operate–transfer]] (BOT) investors.{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=12}}

Most of Vietnam's power is generated by either [[hydropower]] or [[fossil fuel power station|fossil fuel power]] such as coal, oil and [[Natural gas in Vietnam|gas]], while [[diesel fuel|diesel]], [[small hydropower]] and renewable energy supplies the remainder.{{sfn|Electricity of Vietnam|2017|p=12}} The Vietnamese government had planned to develop a [[nuclear reactor]] as the path to establish [[Nuclear energy in Vietnam|another source for electricity]] from [[nuclear power]]. The plan was abandoned in late 2016 when a majority of the National Assembly voted to oppose the project due to widespread public concern over [[radioactive contamination]].{{sfn|Nguyen|Binh Minh|Pham|Burmistrova|2016}}

The household gas sector in Vietnam is dominated by PetroVietnam, which controls nearly 70% of the country's domestic market for [[liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG).{{sfn|''Nikkei Asian Review''}} Since 2011, the company has also operated five renewable energy power plants, including the Nhơn Trạch 2 Thermal Power Plant (750 MW), Phú Quý Wind Power Plant (6 MW), Hủa Na Hydro-power Plant (180 MW), Dakdrinh Hydro-power Plant (125 MW), and Vũng Áng 1 Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW).{{sfn|Viet Trung|Quoc Viet|Van Chat|2016|p=70}}

According to statistics from [[BP]], Vietnam is listed among the 52 countries that have [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven crude oil reserves]]. In 2015, the reserve was approximately 4.4 billion barrels, ranking Vietnam in first place in Southeast Asia, while the [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]] were about 0.6 trillion cubic metres (tcm) and ranking it third in Southeast Asia after [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]].{{sfn|Viet Trung|Quoc Viet|Van Chat|2016|p=64}}

=== Telecommunication ===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Vietnam}}

Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation (now the [[VNPT]] Group), which is a [[state-owned]] company.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=6}} The VNPT retained its monopoly until 1986. The telecom sector was reformed in 1995 when the Vietnamese government began to implement a competitive policy with the creation of two domestic telecommunication companies, the Military Electronic and Telecommunication Company ([[Viettel]], which is wholly owned by the Vietnamese Ministry of Defence) and the Saigon Post and Telecommunication Company (SPT or SaigonPostel), with 18% of it owned by VNPT.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=6}} VNPT's monopoly was finally ended by the government in 2003 with the issuance of a decree.{{sfn|Pham|2015|p=7}} By 2012, the top three telecom operators in Vietnam were Viettel, [[Vinaphone]], and [[MobiFone]]. The remaining companies included: [[EVNTelecom]], Vietnammobile and [[S-Fone]].{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2012}} With the shift towards a more [[market economy|market-oriented economy]], Vietnam's telecommunications market is continuously being reformed to attract [[Foreign direct investment|foreign investment]], which includes the supply of services and the establishment of nationwide telecom infrastructure.{{sfn|''Oxford Business Group''|2017}}

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam}}

[[File:Village vietnam sapa bridge.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Stream flowing down a hill with a bridge crossing it | In rural areas of Vietnam, [[water supply|piped water systems]] are operated by a wide variety of institutions including a national organisation, people committees (local government), community groups, co-operatives and private companies.]]
Vietnam has 2,360 rivers with an average annual discharge of 310 billion [[cubic metre|m3]]. The rainy season accounts for 70% of the year's discharge.{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=1}} Most of the country's urban [[water supply]] systems have been developed without proper management within the last 10 years. Based on a 2008 survey by the Vietnam Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA), existing water production capacity exceeded demand, but service coverage is still sparse. Most of the clean water supply infrastructure is not widely developed. It is only available to a small proportion of the population, with about one-third of 727 district towns having some form of piped water supply.{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=2}} There is also concern over the safety of existing water resources for urban and rural water supply systems. Most industrial factories release their untreated [[wastewater]] directly into the water sources. Where the government does not take measures to address the issue, most domestic wastewater is discharged, untreated, back into the environment and pollutes the [[surface water]].{{sfn|''British Business Group Vietnam''|2017|p=2}}

In recent years, there have been some efforts and collaboration between local and foreign universities to develop access to safe water in the country by introducing [[water filter|water filtration systems]]. There is a growing concern among local populations over the serious public health issues associated with water contamination caused by pollution as well as the [[arsenic contamination of groundwater|high levels of arsenic]] in [[groundwater]] sources.{{sfn|University of Technology Sydney|2018}} The government of Netherlands has been providing aid focusing its investments mainly on water-related sectors including [[water treatment]] projects.{{sfn|''Government of the Netherlands''|2016}}{{sfn|''Government of the Netherlands''|2018}}{{sfn|Anh|2018}} Regarding [[sanitation]], 78% of Vietnam's population has access to [[Improved sanitation|"improved" sanitation]]—94% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. However, there are still about 21 million people in the country lacking access to "improved" sanitation according to a survey conducted in 2015.{{sfn|UNICEF|2015}} In 2018, the construction ministry said the country's water supply and drainage industry had been applying hi-tech methods and [[information technology]] (IT) to sanitation issues but faced problems like limited funding, climate change, and pollution.{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2018c}} The health ministry has also announced that water inspection units will be established nationwide beginning in June 2019. Inspections are to be conducted without notice, since there have been many cases involving health issues caused by poor or polluted water supplies, as well as unhygienic conditions reported every year.{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2018d}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Vietnam|Vietnamese people|Ethnic groups in Vietnam}}

[[File:Vietnam population pyramid 01.04.2019.png|350px|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Vietnam population pyramid in 2019]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ethnic groups of Vietnam{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}}
|label1 = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]
|value1 =85.32
|color1 = #e3ffff
|label2 = [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Other]]
|value2 =14.68
|color2 = grey
}}

{{As of|{{UN Population|Year}}}}, the population of Vietnam stands at approximately {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN Population|Viet Nam}}|,||}}/1e6 round 1}} million people.{{sfn|United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs}} The population had grown significantly from the 1979 census, which showed the total population of reunified Vietnam to be 52.7 million.{{sfn|Fraser|1980}} According to the 2019 census, the country's population was 96,208,984.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Based on the 2019 census, 65.6% of the Vietnamese population lives in rural areas while only 34.4% live in urban areas. The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased, which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} The dominant [[Viet people|Viet]] or Kinh ethnic group constitute 82,085,826 people or 85.32% of the population.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Most of their population is concentrated in the country's [[alluvial fans|alluvial deltas]] and coastal plains. As the majority ethnic group, the Kinh possess significant political and economic influence over the country.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}} Despite this, Vietnam is also home to various ethnic groups, of which [[Ethnic groups in Vietnam|54 are officially recognised]], including the [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Yao people (Asia)|Dao]], [[Tay people|Tày]], [[Thai people in Vietnam|Thái]] and [[Nùng people|Nùng]].{{sfn|''Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration''|2013|p=1}} Many ethnic minorities, such as the [[Muong people|Muong]], who are closely related to the Kinh, dwell in the highlands, which cover two-thirds of Vietnam's territory.{{sfn|''Government of Vietnam (I)''}}

Since the partition of Vietnam, the population of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] was almost exclusively [[Degar]] (including more than 40 tribal groups); however, the South Vietnamese government at the time enacted a programme of resettling Kinh in indigenous areas.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=7}}{{sfn|Montagnard Human Rights Organisation}} The [[Hoa people|Hoa]] (ethnic [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]) and [[Khmer Krom]] people are mainly lowlanders.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=21}}{{sfn|Koskoff|2008|p=1316}} Throughout Vietnam's history, many Chinese people, largely from [[South China]], migrated to the country as administrators, merchants, and even refugees.{{sfn|Dodd|Lewis|2003|p=531}} Since the reunification in 1976, an increase in communist policies nationwide resulted in the nationalisation and confiscation of property, especially from the Hoa in the south and the wealthy in cities. This led many of them to leave Vietnam.{{sfn|Amer|1996}}{{sfn|Feinberg|2016}}

=== Urbanisation ===
{{See also|List of cities in Vietnam}}

[[File:Ho Chi Minh City Skyline (night).jpg|thumb|right|300x300px|alt=Ho Chi Minh City's District 1 skyline photographed at night | [[District 1, Ho Chi Minh City|District 1]], Ho Chi Minh City]]
The number of people who live in urbanised areas in 2019 was 33,122,548 people (with the urbanisation rate at 34.4%).{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Since 1986, Vietnam's urbanisation rates have surged rapidly after the Vietnamese government implemented the Đổi Mới economic programme, changing the system into a socialist one and liberalising property rights. As a result, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (the two major cities in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions, respectively) increased their share of the total urban population from 8.5% and 24.9% to 15.9% and 31% respectively.{{sfn|United Nations Population Fund|2009|p=117}} The Vietnamese government, through its [[Ministry of Construction (Vietnam)|construction ministry]], forecasts the country will have a 45% urbanisation rate by 2020, although it was confirmed to only be 34.4% according to the 2019 census.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Urbanisation is said to have a positive correlation with economic growth. Any country with higher urbanisation rates has a higher GDP growth rate.{{sfn|World Bank|2002}} Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region. Ho Chi Minh City has received a large number of migrants due mainly to better weather and economic opportunities.{{sfn|United Nations Population Fund|2009|p=102}}

A study also shows that rural-to-urban area migrants have a higher standard of living than both non-migrants in rural areas and non-migrants in urban areas. This results in changes to economic structures. In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In 1985, industry made up only 26.2% of Vietnam's GDP; by 2008, that number had increased to 43.2%. Urbanisation also helps to improve basic services, which increase people's standards of living. Access to electricity grew from 14% of total households with electricity in 1993 to above 96% in 2009.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} In terms of access to fresh water, data from 65 utility companies show that only 12% of households in the area covered by them had access to the water network in 2002; by 2007, more than 70% of the population was connected. Though urbanisation has many benefits, it has some drawbacks since it creates more traffic, and air and water pollution.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}}

Many Vietnamese use [[moped]]s for transportation, since they are relatively cheap and easy to operate. Their large numbers have been known to cause traffic congestion and air pollution in Vietnam. In the capital city alone, the number of mopeds increased from 0.5 million in 2001 to 4.7 million in 2013.{{sfn|Cira|Dastur|Kilroy|Lozano|2011|p=194}} With rapid development, factories have sprung up which indirectly pollute the air and water, for example, in the [[2016 Vietnam marine life disaster]].{{sfn|Tiezzi|2016}} The government is intervening and attempting solutions to decrease air pollution by decreasing the number of motorcycles while increasing public transportation. It has introduced more regulations for [[waste]] handling. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas of Vietnam has increased by more than 200% from 2003 to 2008. Industrial solid waste accounted for 181% of that increase. One of the government's efforts includes attempting to promote campaigns that encourage locals to sort [[municipal solid waste|household waste]], since [[waste sorting]] is still not practised by most of Vietnamese society.{{sfn|Truong|2018|p=19}}
{{Largest cities of Vietnam|class=info}}

=== Languages ===
The [[national language]] of the country is [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], a tonal [[Vietic languages|Vietic]] language in the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]] (Mon–Khmer), which is spoken by the majority of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=K. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&dq=Vietic+peoples&pg=PA51 |title=A History of the Vietnamese |date=2013-05-09 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87586-8 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> Vietnam's minority groups speak a variety of languages, including: [[Tày language|Tày]], [[Muong language|Mường]], [[Cham language|Cham]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], Chinese languages (largely [[Cantonese]]), [[Nung language (Tai)|Nùng]], and [[Hmong language|Hmong]]. The [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]] peoples of the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] also speak many distinct languages, some belonging to the Austroasiatic and others to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] language families.{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|p=10}} In recent years, a number of [[Vietnamese sign languages|sign languages]] have developed in the major cities.

[[File:Vietnamese calligraphy.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A sample of traditional Vietnamese calligraphy | [[Vietnamese calligraphy]] in Latin alphabet]]
The French language, a legacy of colonial rule, is spoken by many educated Vietnamese as a second language, especially among those educated in the former [[South Vietnam]], where it was a principal language in administration, education, and commerce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=Andy |last2=Liddicoat |first2=Anthony J. |title=The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia |date=17 April 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-35449-9 |pages=187, 192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQuWDwAAQBAJ |archive-date=16 July 2025 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716033232/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQuWDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Vietnam remains a full member of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|International Organisation of the Francophonie]] ({{lang|fr|La Francophonie}}) and education has revived some interest in the language.{{sfn|''French Senate''|1997}} [[Russian language|Russian]], and to a lesser extent German, [[Czech language|Czech]], and [[Polish language|Polish]] are known among some northern Vietnamese whose families had ties with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.{{sfn|Van Van|p=8}} With improved relations with Western countries and recent reforms in Vietnamese administration, English has been increasingly used as a second language, and the study of English is now obligatory in most schools either alongside or in place of French.{{sfn|Van Van|p=9}}{{sfn|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2018}} The popularity of Japanese, [[Korean language|Korean]], and [[Mandarin Chinese]] has also grown as the country's ties with other East Asian nations have strengthened.{{sfn|Wai-ming|2002|p=3}}{{sfn|Anh Dinh|2016|p=63}}{{sfn|Hirano|2016}} Third-graders can choose one of seven languages (English, Russian, French, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, German) as their first foreign language.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Thống Nhất |title=Nhà trường chọn 1 trong 7 thứ tiếng làm ngoại ngữ 1 |work=Hànộimới |url=http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032914/http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Giao-duc/992650/nha-truong-chon-1-trong-7-thu-tieng-lam-ngoai-ngu-1 |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nguyễn |first=Tuệ |date=8 March 2021 |title=Vì sao tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức là ngoại ngữ 1 trong trường phổ thông? |work=Thanh Niên |url=https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032913/https://thanhnien.vn/vi-sao-tieng-han-tieng-duc-la-ngoai-ngu-1-trong-truong-pho-thong-post1043764.html |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Ngọc Diệp |date=4 March 2021 |title=Tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức được đưa vào chương trình phổ thông, học sinh được tự chọn |work=Tuổi Trẻ |url=https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621032925/https://tuoitre.vn/tieng-han-tieng-duc-duoc-dua-vao-chuong-trinh-pho-thong-hoc-sinh-duoc-tu-chon-20210304094821994.htm |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> In Vietnam's [[Education in Vietnam|high school graduation examinations]], students can take their foreign language exam in one of the above-mentioned languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phạm |first=Mai |date=20 April 2022 |title=Các trường hợp được miễn thi ngoại ngữ kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT 2022 |trans-title=Exemption from the foreign language test in the high school graduation exam|url=https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp|work=VietnamPlus|url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621025024/https://www.vietnamplus.vn/cac-truong-hop-duoc-mien-thi-ngoai-ngu-ky-thi-tot-nghiep-thpt-2022/784750.vnp |archive-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Vietnam}}

{{Pie chart
| caption = Religion in Vietnam (2019){{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}
| label1 = [[Vietnamese folk religion]] or no religion
| value1 = 86.32
| color1 = #e3ffff
| label2 = [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]
| value2 = 4.79
| color2 = #ffdab0
| label3 = [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]
| value3 = 6.1
| color3 = #edb7e9
| label4 = [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]]
| value4 = 1.0
| color4 = #87CEFA
| label5 = [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]]
| value5 = 1.02
| color5 = #fffa75
| label6 = [[Caodaism]]
| value6 = 0.58
| color6 = #b3ff9e
| label7 = Islam
| value7 = 0.07
| color7 = #FF6600
| label8 = Others
| value8 = 0.12
| color8 = #fcf7f7
}}

Article 70 of the 1992 Constitution of Vietnam declares [[freedom of religion|freedom of belief and religion]] for all citizens.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}} All religions are equal before the law and each [[place of worship]] is protected under Vietnamese state law. Religious beliefs cannot be misused to undermine state law and policies.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}}{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|2004b}} According to a 2007 survey 81% of Vietnamese people [[Atheism|did not believe in a god]].{{sfn|Zuckerman|2007|p=11}} Based on government findings in 2009, the number of religious people increased by 932,000.{{sfn|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2009}} The official statistics, presented by the Vietnamese government to the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] in 2014, indicate the overall number of followers of recognised religions is about 24 million of a total population of almost 90 million.{{sfn|Bielefeldt|2014}} According to the General Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2019, [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhists]] account for 4.79% of the total population, [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholics]] 6.1%, [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestants]] 1.0%, [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahao Buddhists]] 1.02%, and [[Caodaism]] followers 0.58%.{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} Other religions include [[Islam]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaʼís]], and [[Hinduism]], representing less than 0.2% of the population.

The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organised religion, though many of them observe some form of [[Vietnamese folk religion]] and elements of Buddhism.<ref name="Luat khoa">{{cite web |author1=Thái Thanh |title=Thống kê số tín đồ Phật giáo: Nhà nước nói giảm, giáo hội hụt hẫng |url=https://luatkhoa.com/2021/02/thong-ke-so-tin-do-phat-giao-nha-nuoc-noi-giam-giao-hoi-hut-hang/|website=Luật khoa Tạp chí|date=2021-02-18}}</ref> [[Confucianism]] as a system of social and ethical philosophy still has certain influences in modern Vietnam. [[Mahāyāna Buddhism|Mahāyāna]] is the dominant branch of Buddhism, while [[Theravada]] is practised mostly by the Khmer minority. Due to the ambiguity of what constitutes being Buddhist and the influence of Buddhism on Vietnamese culture, estimates of the Buddhist population vary widely, with the [[Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]] claiming about 10 million adherents in 2010.<ref name="Luat khoa"></ref> About 8 to 9% of the population is Christian, made up of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Catholicism was introduced to Vietnam in the 16th century and was firmly established by [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] missionaries (mainly Portuguese and Italian) in the 17th century from nearby [[Portuguese Macau]].{{sfn|Tran|2018}} French missionaries (from the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]]) together with Spanish missionaries (from the [[Dominican Order]] of the neighbouring [[Spanish East Indies]]) actively sought converts in the 18th, 19th, and first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Woods|2002|p=34}}{{sfn|Keith|2012|pp=42, 72}}{{sfn|Lamport|2018|p=898}} A significant number of Vietnamese people, especially in the South, are also adherents of two indigenous religions of syncretic [[Caodaism]] and semi-Buddhist [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]].{{sfn|Largo|2002|p=168}} Protestantism was only recently spread by American and Canadian missionaries in the 20th century;{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} the largest Protestant denomination is the Evangelical Church of Vietnam. Around 770,000 of the country's Protestants are members of ethnic minorities,{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}} particularly the highland [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]]{{sfn|Cultural Orientation Resource Centre|pp=5, 7}} and [[Hmong people]]. Although it is one of the country's minority religions, Protestantism is the [[fastest-growing religion]] in Vietnam, expanding at a rate of 600% in recent decades.{{sfn|Van Hoang|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|''United States Department of State''|2005}} Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these include: Bani, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]] sections of Islam which is practised primarily among the ethnic [[Chams|Cham]] minority.{{sfn|Ky Phuong|Lockhart|2011|p=35}} There are also a few Kinh adherents of Islam, other minority adherents of [[Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam|Baháʼí]], as well as [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia#Vietnam|Hindus among the Cham]]'s.{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=89}}{{sfn|Sharma|2009|p=48}}

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Vietnam}}

Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities, and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions. General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories: [[kindergarten]], [[elementary school]]s, [[middle school]]s, [[high school]]s, and [[universities]]. A large number of public schools have been constructed across the country to raise the national [[literacy rate]], which stood at 90% in 2008.{{sfn|UNICEF}} Most universities are located in major cities of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, with the country's education system continuously undergoing a series of reforms by the government. [[Basic education]] in the country is relatively free for the poor, although some families may still have trouble paying tuition fees for their children without some form of public or private assistance.{{sfn|Ha Tran|2014}} Regardless, Vietnam's school enrolment is among the highest in the world.{{sfn|World Bank|2013}}{{sfn|World Bank|2015}} The number of colleges and universities increased dramatically in the 2000s from 178 in 2000 to 299 in 2005. In higher education, the government provides subsidised loans for students through the national bank, although there are deep concerns about access to the loans as well as the burden on students to repay them.{{sfn|Pham|2012}}{{sfn|Chapman|Liu|2013}} Since 1995, enrolment in higher education has grown tenfold to over 2.2 million with 84,000 lecturers and 419 institutions of higher education.{{sfn|de Mora|Wood|2014|p=55}} Many foreign universities operate private campuses in Vietnam, including [[Harvard University]] (United States) and the [[Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Vietnam|Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology]] (Australia). The government's strong commitment to education has fostered significant growth, but it still needs to be sustained to retain academics. In 2018, a decree on university autonomy allowing them to operate independently without ministerial control was in its final stages of approval. The government will continue investing in education, especially for the poor, to have access to basic education.{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2016b}}

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Vietnam}}

[[File:Life expectancy in Vietnam.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy in Vietnam since 1950]]
By 2015, 97% of the population had access to improved water sources.{{sfn|Index Mundi|2016}} In 2016, Vietnam's national [[life expectancy]] stood at 80.9 years for women and 71.5 for men, and the [[infant mortality]] rate was 17 per 1,000 live births.{{sfn|World Bank|2016b}} Since the partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that has reached down to the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] level.{{sfn|''The Harvard Crimson''|1972}} After the national reunification in 1975, a nationwide health service was established.{{sfn|Wagstaff|van Doorslaer|Watanabe|2003}} In the late 1980s, the quality of healthcare declined to some degree as a result of budgetary constraints, a shift of responsibility to the provinces, and the introduction of charges.{{sfn|Cuong Le|Kubo|Fujino|Minh Pham|2010|p=23}} Inadequate funding has also contributed to a shortage of [[Nursing|nurses]], [[midwives]] and hospital beds; in 2000, Vietnam had only 24.7 hospital beds per 10,000 people before declining to 23.7 in 2005 as stated in the annual report of [[Ministry of Health (Vietnam)|Vietnamese Health Ministry]].{{sfn|Trung Chien|2006|p=65}} The controversial use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the [[United States Armed Forces|US military]] during the war left tangible, long-term [[Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people|impacts upon the Vietnamese people]] that persist in the country today.{{sfn|BBC News|2005}}{{sfn|Haberman|2014}} For instance, it led to three million Vietnamese people suffering health problems, one million birth defects caused directly by exposure to the chemical, and 24% of Vietnam's land being defoliated.{{sfn|Gustafsson|2010|p=125}}

Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating [[malaria]]. The malaria mortality rate fell to about five per cent of its 1990s equivalent by 2005 after the country introduced improved antimalarial drugs and treatment.{{sfn|Van Nam|de Vries|Van Toi|Nagelkerke|2005}} [[Tuberculosis]] (TB) cases, however, are on the rise. TB has become the second most infectious disease in the country after [[respiratory disease|respiratory-related illness]].{{sfn|Trinh|Nguyen|Do|Nguyen|2016}} With an intensified vaccination programme, better hygiene, and foreign assistance, Vietnam hopes to reduce sharply the number of TB cases and new TB infections.{{sfn|McNeil|2016}} In 2004, government subsidies covered about 15% of health care expenses.{{sfn|Lieberman|Wagstaff|2009|p=40}} That year, the United States announced Vietnam would be one of 15 states to receive funding as part of its global AIDS relief plan.{{sfn|Manyin|2005|p=4}} By the following year, Vietnam had diagnosed 101,291 [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) cases, of which 16,528 progressed to [[acquired immune deficiency syndrome]] (AIDS); 9,554 had died.{{sfn|Vietnam Women's Union|2005}} The actual number of HIV-positive individuals is estimated to be much higher. On average, between 40 and 50 new infections are reported daily in the country. In 2007, 0.4% of the population was estimated to be infected with HIV, and the figure has remained stable since 2005.{{sfn|World Bank|2018a}} More global aid is being delivered through [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] to fight the spread of the disease in the country.{{sfn|McNeil|2016}} In September 2018, the Hanoi People's Committee urged the citizens of the country to stop eating [[dog meat|dog]] and [[cat meat]] as it can cause diseases like [[rabies]] and [[leptospirosis]]. More than 1,000 stores in the capital city of Hanoi were found to be selling both meats. The decision prompted positive comments among Vietnamese on [[social media]], though some noted that the consumption of dog meat will remain an ingrained habit among many people.{{sfn|BBC News|2018}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Vietnam}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Hanoi Temple of Litterature.jpeg
| alt1 = The Temple of Literature in Hanoi
| caption1 = The [[Temple of Literature, Hanoi|Temple of Literature]] in Hanoi
| image2 = Hue Vietnam Citadel-of-Huế-01.jpg
| alt2 = The [[Meridian Gate (Huế)]]
| caption2 = The [[Imperial City of Huế]]
| image3 = Ópera, Ciudad Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 02.JPG
| alt3 = The Municipal Theatre in Ho Chi Minh City
| caption3 = The [[Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City|Municipal Theatre]] (Saigon Opera House) in Ho Chi Minh City
}}

Vietnamese culture is mainly regarded as part of the [[Sinosphere]]. Vietnam's culture has developed over the centuries from the indigenous ancient [[Đông Sơn culture]] with wet rice cultivation as its economic base.{{sfn|Higham|1984}}{{sfn|Calo|2009|p=51}} Some elements of the nation's culture have Chinese origins, drawing on elements of [[Confucianism]], [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhism]], and [[Taoism]] in its traditional political system and philosophy.{{sfn|Tung Hieu|2015|p=71}}{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} Historically, Vietnamese society has been structured around {{lang|vi|làng}} (villages).{{sfn|Endres|2001}} Vietnamese mark a [[Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương|common ancestral anniversary]] on the tenth day of the third [[lunar calendar|lunar month]].{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|2012}} The influence of [[Chinese culture]] is more evident in the north, affecting both elite traditions and popular customs.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Nevertheless, there are several [[Chinatown]]s in the south, such as in {{lang|vi|[[Chợ Lớn]]|italic=no}}, where many Chinese have [[interracial marriage|intermarried]] with Kinh and are indistinguishable among them.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}} In the central and southern parts of Vietnam, traces of [[Champa]] and [[Khmer culture]] are evidenced through the remains of ruins, artefacts, as well as within their population as the successor of the ancient [[Sa Huỳnh culture]].{{sfn|Momoki|1996|p=36}}{{sfn|Ky Phuong|Lockhart|2011|p=84}} In recent centuries, Western cultures have become popular among recent generations of Vietnamese.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}}

[[File:Ao-dai-xu-Hue-2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photograph of two girls wearing a traditional Vietnamese white school uniform, the áo dài—both are holding the nón lá, a conical hat|Vietnamese traditional white [[school uniforms by country#Vietnam|school uniform]] for girls in the country, the {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}} with the addition of {{lang|vi|[[Asian conical hat|nón lá]]}}, a conical hat]]
The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity ({{lang|vi|nhân nghĩa}}) and harmony ({{lang|vi|hòa}}), in which family and community values are highly regarded.{{sfn|Zhu|Ren|Collins|Warner|2017|p=142}} Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=96}} such as the [[Vietnamese dragon]] which is derived from [[crocodile]] and [[snake]] imagery; Vietnam's national father, {{lang|vi|[[Lạc Long Quân]]|italic=no}} is depicted as a holy dragon.{{sfn|Grigoreva|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Gallop|2017}}{{sfn|Vietnamese-American Association}} The {{lang|vi|lạc}} is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother {{lang|vi|[[Âu Cơ]]|italic=no}}. Other prominent images that are also revered are the [[turtle]], [[water buffalo|buffalo]], and [[horse]].{{sfn|Chonchirdsin|2016}} Many Vietnamese also believe in the [[supernatural]] and [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualism]] where illness can be brought on by a [[curse]] or [[Witchcraft|sorcery]] or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic. Traditional medical practitioners, [[amulet]]s, and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.{{sfn|Waitemata District Health Board|2015|p=2}} In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programmes.{{sfn|Nhu Nguyen|2016|p=32}} For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned. But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian, as well as Western culture and media.{{sfn|Phuong|2012}}

The main Vietnamese formal dress, the {{lang|vi|[[áo dài]]}}, is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals. White {{lang|vi|áo dài}} is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across the country. Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include the {{lang|vi|[[áo tứ thân]]}}, a four-piece woman's dress; the {{lang|vi|áo ngũ}}, a form of the {{lang|vi|thân}} in five-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the {{lang|vi|[[yếm]]}}, a woman's undergarment; the {{lang|vi|[[áo bà ba]]}}, rural working "[[pyjamas]]" for men and women; the {{lang|vi|[[áo gấm]]}}, a formal brocade tunic for government receptions; and the {{lang|vi|áo the}}, a variant of the {{lang|vi|áo gấm}} worn by grooms at weddings.{{sfn|Lewandowski|2011|p=12}}{{sfn|Howard|2016|p=90}} Traditional headwear includes the standard conical {{lang|vi|[[nón lá]]}}, the "lampshade-like" {{lang|vi|[[nón quai thao]]}}, and the traditional turban, {{lang|vi|[[khăn vấn]]}}.{{sfn|Howard|2016|p=90}}{{sfn|Chico|2013|p=354}} In tourism, many popular cultural destinations include the former [[Imperial City of Huế]], the [[World Heritage Site]]s of [[Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park]], {{lang|vi|[[Hội An (city)|Hội An]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|vi|[[Mỹ Sơn]]|italic=no}}, coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the [[Marble Mountains (Vietnam)|Marble Mountains]].{{sfn|''Vietnam Net''|2017a}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Vietnamese literature|Vietnamese poetry|Vietnamese mythology|Vietnamese fairy tales}}

[[File:Sắc phong cho Bùi Tông Vĩ 裴宗偉.png|alt=A scroll showing a Vietnamese dragon|thumb|250x250px|[[Vietnamese dragon]] on Emperor {{lang|vi|[[Lê Ý Tông|Vĩnh Hựu]]|italic=no}}'s {{circa|1736}} edict conferring a title]]
Vietnamese literature has a centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of [[folk literature]] based on the typical–to-eight-verse poetic form ({{lang|vi|[[lục bát]]}}) called {{lang|vi|ca dao}}, which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes.{{sfn|Huong|2010}} Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th century [[Ngô dynasty]], with notable ancient authors including {{lang|vi|[[Nguyễn Trãi]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|vi|[[Hồ Xuân Hương]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|vi|[[Nguyễn Du]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|vi|[[Nguyễn Đình Chiểu]]|italic=no}}. Some literary genres play an important role in theatrical performance, such as {{lang|vi|hát nói}} in {{lang|vi|[[ca trù]]}}.{{sfn|Norton|2015}} Some poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam, such as the {{lang|vi|tao đàn}}. Vietnamese literature has been influenced by Western styles in recent times, with the first literary transformation movement of {{lang|vi|[[thơ mới]]}} emerging in 1932.{{sfn|Le|2008}} Vietnamese folk literature is an intermingling of many forms. It is not only an oral tradition, but a mixing of three media: hidden (only retained in the memory of folk authors), fixed (written), and shown (performed). Folk literature usually exists in many versions, passed down orally, and has unknown authors. [[Myths]] consist of stories about supernatural beings, heroes, and creator gods, and reflect the viewpoint of ancient people about human life.{{sfn|Vo|2012|p=4}} They consist of creation stories, stories about their origins ({{lang|vi|Lạc Long Quân}} and {{lang|vi|Âu Cơ}}), [[culture heroes]] ([[Sơn Tinh – Thủy Tinh|{{lang|vi|Sơn Tinh|nocat=y}} and {{lang|vi|Thủy Tinh|nocat=y}}]]) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit respectively and many other folklore tales.{{sfn|McLeod|Thi Dieu|2001|p=8}}{{sfn|Tran|Le|2017|p=5}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Vietnam}}

[[File:Ca trù performance.jpg|thumb|alt=Three musicians are performing on a stage. | {{lang|vi|[[Ca trù]]}} trio performance in northern Vietnam]]
Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.{{sfn|Tran|1985}} Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest musical form and is traditionally more formal. The origins of Vietnamese classical opera ({{lang|vi|[[tuồng]]}}) can be traced to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century when the Vietnamese captured a [[Chinese opera]] troupe.{{sfn|Miettinen|1992|p=163}} Throughout its history, Vietnam has been the most heavily impacted by the [[Music of China|Chinese musical tradition]] along with those of Japan, [[Korea]] and [[Mongolia]].{{sfn|Tran|1985}} {{lang|vi|[[Nhã nhạc]]}} is a refined form of imperial court music, {{lang|vi|[[chèo]]}} is a form of generally satirical [[musical theatre]], while {{lang|vi|[[xẩm]]}} is a type of Vietnamese [[folk music]]. {{lang|vi|[[Quan họ]]}} (alternate singing) is popular in the {{lang|vi|[[Bắc Ninh province]]|italic=no}}. Another form of music called {{lang|vi|[[chầu văn]]}} is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies. {{lang|vi|[[Nhạc dân tộc cải biên]]}} is a modern form of Vietnamese [[folk music]] which arose in the 1950s, while {{lang|vi|[[ca trù]]}} is a complex form of sung poetry. {{lang|vi|Hò}} is a diverse genre of work songs performed in central and southern Vietnam. There is a range of traditional instruments, including the {{lang|vi|[[đàn bầu]]}} (a monochord [[zither]]), the {{lang|vi|[[đàn gáo]]}} (a two-stringed [[fiddle]] with coconut body), and the {{lang|vi|[[đàn nguyệt]]}} (a two-stringed fretted moon [[lute]]). In recent times, there have been some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional musical instruments and singing styles.{{sfn|Voice of Vietnam|2018d}} [[Bolero#Vietnam|Bolero]] music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.{{sfn|Duy|2016}} In the 21st century, the modern Vietnamese [[pop music]] industry known as [[V-pop]] incorporates elements of many popular genres worldwide, such as [[electronic music|electronic]], [[dance music|dance]] and [[contemporary R&B|R&B]].{{sfn|Phuong|2018}}{{sfn|Chen|2018|p=194}}

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Vietnam}}

[[File:Vietnam Television logo from 2013.svg|thumb|left|alt=Shown is the logo of the state broadcaster Vietnam Television. | [[Vietnam Television]] (VTV), the main [[State media|state television]] station]]
Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|2004a}} It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.{{sfn|Xuan Dinh|2000}}{{sfn|Datta|Mendizabal|2018}} The [[Voice of Vietnam]] (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while [[Vietnam Television]] (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company. Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public [[internet]] access extensively using both legal and technical means. The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "[[Internet censorship in Vietnam|Bamboo Firewall]]".{{sfn|Wilkey|2002}} The collaborative project [[OpenNet Initiative]] classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",{{sfn|OpenNet Initiative|2012}} while [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders}} Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.{{sfn|Berkman Klein Center|2006}}

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Vietnamese cuisine}}

Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around five fundamental taste "elements" ({{langx|vi|ngũ vị}}): spicy (metal), sour (wood), salty (water), bitter (fire), and sweet (earth).{{sfn|''Vietnam Culture Information Network''|2014}} Common ingredients include [[fish sauce]], [[shrimp paste]], [[soy sauce]], rice, fresh herbs, fruits, and vegetables. Vietnamese recipes use [[cymbopogon|lemongrass]], [[ginger]], [[mentha|mint]], [[Vietnamese mint]], [[eryngium foetidum|long coriander]], [[Saigon cinnamon]], [[bird's eye chilli]], [[lime (fruit)|lime]] and [[basil]] leaves.{{sfn|''Special Broadcasting Service''|2013}} Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil, and reliance on herbs and vegetables; it is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide.{{sfn|Corapi|2010}} The use of meats such as pork, beef, and chicken was relatively limited in the past. Instead freshwater fish, [[crustacean]]s (particularly [[crab]]s), and [[mollusc]]s became widely used. Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce, and limes are among the main flavouring ingredients. Vietnam has a strong [[street food]] culture, with 40 popular dishes commonly found throughout the country.{{sfn|Clark|Miller|2017}} Many notable Vietnamese dishes such as {{lang|vi|[[gỏi cuốn]]}} (salad roll), {{lang|vi|[[bánh cuốn]]}} (rice noodle roll), {{lang|vi|[[bún riêu]]}} (rice vermicelli soup) and {{lang|vi|[[phở]]}} noodles originated in the north and were introduced to central and southern Vietnam by northern migrants.{{sfn|Nguyen|2011}}{{sfn|Thaker|Barton|2012|p=170}} Local foods in the north are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder northern climate limits the production and availability of spices.{{sfn|Williams|2017}} [[Black pepper]] is frequently used in place of [[chilli pepper|chillis]] to produce spicy flavours. Vietnamese drinks in the south are also usually served cold with [[ice cube]]s, especially during the annual hot seasons; in contrast, in the north, hot drinks are more preferable in a colder climate. Some examples of basic Vietnamese drinks include {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese iced coffee|cà phê đá]]}} (Vietnamese iced coffee), {{lang|vi|[[egg coffee|cà phê trứng]]}} (egg coffee), {{lang|vi|[[chanh muối]]}} (salted pickled lime juice), {{lang|vi|[[cơm rượu]]}} (glutinous rice wine), {{lang|vi|[[nước mía]]}} (sugarcane juice) and {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese lotus tea|trà sen]]}} (Vietnamese lotus tea).{{sfn|Batruny|2014}}

=== Holidays and festivals ===
{{Main|Public holidays in Vietnam|List of traditional festivals in Vietnam}}

[[File:Đèn kéo quân.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large round white fabric band decorated with red figures and images for Tết | Special {{lang|vi|[[Tết]]}} decoration in the country seen during the holiday]]
The country has eleven nationally recognised holidays. These include: [[New Year's Day]] on 1 January; lunisolar [[Tết|Vietnamese New Year]] ({{lang|vi|Tết Nguyên Đán}}) from the last day of the last lunar month to fifth day of the first [[lunar calendar|lunar month]]; [[Hùng Kings' Festival]] on the 10th day of the third lunar month; [[Reunification Day]] on 30 April; [[International Workers' Day]] on 1 May; and [[National Day (Vietnam)|National Day]] on 2 September.{{sfn|''Ministry of Justice''|2012}}{{sfn|Travel|2017|p=37}}{{sfn|Loan|2018}} During {{lang|vi|Tết}}, many Vietnamese from the major cities will return to their villages for family reunions and to pray for dead ancestors.{{sfn|Anh|2016b}}{{sfn|Trieu Dan|2017|p=92}} Older people will usually give the young a {{lang|vi|[[red envelope|lì xì]]}} (red envelope) while special holiday food, such as {{lang|vi|[[bánh chưng]]}} (rice cake) in a square shape together with variety of [[dried fruit]]s, are presented in the house for visitors.{{sfn|Pike|2018}} Many other festivals are celebrated throughout the seasons, including the {{lang|vi|Tết Nguyên Tiêu}}, {{lang|vi|[[Tết Trung Thu]]}}, and various temple and nature festivals.{{sfn|Travel|2017|p=34}} In the highlands, [[Elephant racing|Elephant Race Festivals]] are held annually during the spring; riders will ride their elephants for about {{cvt|1.6|km}} and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.{{sfn|Englar|2006|p=23}} [[Traditional Vietnamese wedding]]s remain widely popular.{{sfn|Anderson|Lee|2005|p=217}}

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Vietnam|List of Vietnamese traditional games}}

[[File:Khán đài B - Sân vận động Quốc gia Mỹ Đình.jpg|thumb|[[Mỹ Đình National Stadium]] in [[Hanoi]]]]
The [[Vovinam]], {{lang|vi|Kim Kê}} and {{lang|vi|Võ Bình Định}} are widespread in Vietnam,{{sfn|Green|2001|p=548}}{{sfn|Nghia|Luan|2017}} while [[association football|football]] is the country's most popular sport.{{sfn|''FourFourTwo''|2017}} Its [[Vietnam national football team|national team]] won the [[ASEAN Football Championship]] in [[2008 AFF Championship|2008]], [[2018 AFF Championship|2018]] and [[2024 ASEAN Championship|2024]]; and reached the [[2007 AFC Asian Cup]], [[2019 AFC Asian Cup knockout stage#Vietnam vs Japan|quarter-finals]] of [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]],{{sfn|''China Daily''|2008}}{{sfn|''The Saigon Times Daily''|2018}}{{sfn|Gomes|2019}} its junior team of [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|under-23]] became the runners-up of [[2018 AFC U-23 Championship]] and reached fourth place in [[Football at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Asian Games]], while the [[Vietnam national under-20 football team|under-20]] managed to qualify the [[2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] for the first time in their football history. And the [[Vietnam national under-17 football team|under-17]] achieved fourth place among 10 Teams of the [[2000 AFC U-16 Championship]].{{sfn|Rick|2018}}{{sfn|Yan|Jun|Long|2018}} The [[Vietnam women's national football team|women's national football team]] had first appearance at the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] in [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023]], became the first 11-a-side national football team to participate in a World Cup tournament, and also traditionally dominates the [[Football at the Southeast Asian Games#Women's tournament|Southeast Asian Games]], along with its chief rival, [[Thailand women's national football team|Thailand]]. Other Western sports such as [[badminton]], [[tennis]], [[volleyball]], [[ping-pong]] and [[chess]] are also widely popular. Vietnam has participated in the [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[Vietnam at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]. After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the games, sending athletes to the [[Vietnam at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]] and [[Vietnam at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]] Olympics. Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] onwards. The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) in 1979.{{sfn|International Olympic Committee|2018}} Vietnam has never participated in the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. In 2016, Vietnam won its first [[gold medal]] at the Olympics.{{sfn|Sims|2016}} Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam, especially in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hanoi]] and {{lang|vi|[[Sóc Trăng]]|italic=no}}.<ref>[https://www.vietnamonline.com/az/basketball.html Vietnam basketball] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225081641/https://www.vietnamonline.com/az/basketball.html |date=25 February 2020}} Vietnam Online. Accessed 19 February 2020.</ref> The country also held a national [[multi-sport event]], the [[Vietnam National Games]], held every four years.

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Vietnam]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|24em}}

== Sources ==
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* {{cite book |last=Tran |first=Anh Q. |title=Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam |year=2017 |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-067760-2 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001/oso-9780190677602 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926040550/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001/oso-9780190677602 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Tran |editor-first1=Nhung Tuyet |editor-last2=Reid |editor-first2=Anthony |editor-link2=Anthony Reid (academic) |year=2006 |title=Viet Nam: Borderless Histories |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-21773-0 |ref={{sfnref|Tuyet Tran|Reid|2006}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Tran |first1=Nu-Anh |title=Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam |date=2022 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/disunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam/ |isbn=978-0-8248-8786-5 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |access-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519090541/https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/disunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Tran |first1=Tri C. |last2=Le |first2=Tram |year=2017 |title=Vietnamese Stories for Language Learners: Traditional Folktales in Vietnamese and English Text (MP3 Downloadable Audio Included) |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-1956-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Tran |first=Tu Binh |author-link=Trần Tử Bình |editor=David G. Marr |editor-link=David G. Marr |year=1985 |title=The Red Earth: A Vietnamese Memoir of Life on a Colonial Rubber Plantation |series=Southeast Asia Series |translator=John Spragens, Jr |location=Athens, Ohio |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-896-80119-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Travel |first=DK |year=2017 |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Vietnam and Angkor Wat |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-241-30136-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Trieu Dan |first=Nguyen |year=2017 |title=A Vietnamese Family Chronicle: Twelve Generations on the Banks of the Hat River |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=978-0-7864-8779-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |year=2011 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-961-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Robert F. |year=1975 |title=Vietnamese communism, its origins and development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RclmAAAAMAAJ&q=100,000+execution+north+vietnam+land+reform |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]], Stanford University |isbn=978-0-8179-6431-3 }}
* {{cite book |last1=van Dijk |first1=Ruud |last2=Gray |first2=William Glenn |last3=Savranskaya |first3=Svetlana |last4=Suri |first4=Jeremi |last5=Zhai |first5=Qiang |display-authors=4 |year=2013 |title=Encyclopedia of the Cold War |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-92311-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vierra |first1=Kimberly |last2=Vierra |first2=Brian |year=2011 |title=Vietnam Business Guide: Getting Started in Tomorrow's Market Today |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-17881-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Vo |first=Nghia M. |year=2011 |title=Saigon: A History |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-8634-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Vo |first=Nghia M. |year=2012 |title=Legends of Vietnam: An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-9060-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Vu |first=Tu Lap |year=1979 |title=Vietnam: Geographical Data |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oWGAAAAIAAJ&q=vietnam+climate |publisher=[[Foreign Languages Publishing House (Vietnam)|Foreign Languages Publishing House]] }}
* {{cite book |last=Waite |first=James |year=2012 |title=The End of the First Indochina War: A Global History |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-27334-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Willbanks |first=James H. |year=2013 |title=Vietnam War Almanac: An In-Depth Guide to the Most Controversial Conflict in American History |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-62636-528-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Woods |first=L. Shelton |year=2002 |title=Vietnam: a global studies handbook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-416-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Yao |first=Alice |year=2016 |title=The Ancient Highlands of Southwest China: From the Bronze Age to the Han Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-936734-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Yue Hashimoto |first=Oi-kan |year=1972 |title=Phonology of Cantonese |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-08442-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zhu |first1=Ying |last2=Ren |first2=Shuang |last3=Collins |first3=Ngan |last4=Warner |first4=Malcolm |year=2017 |title=Business Leaders and Leadership in Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-56749-3}}
{{refend}}

=== Legislation and government source ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |last=Anh |first=Van |year=2018 |url=https://www.vir.com.vn/vietnam-and-netherlands-reaffirm-economic-relations-56240.html |title=Vietnam and Netherlands reaffirm economic relations |newspaper=Vietnam Investment Review – vir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116032046/https://www.vir.com.vn/vietnam-and-netherlands-reaffirm-economic-relations-56240.html |archive-date=16 January 2019}}
* {{cite web |last=Fong-Sam |first=Yolanda |year=2010 |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2010/myb3-2010-vn.pdf |title=2010 Minerals Yearbook |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030501/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2010/myb3-2010-vn.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2013}}
* {{cite web |last=Garamone |first=Jim |year=2016 |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/779762/lifting-embargo-allows-closer-us-vietnam-cooperation-obama-carter-say/ |title=Lifting Embargo Allows Closer U.S., Vietnam Cooperation, Obama, Carter Say |website=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164856/https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/779762/lifting-embargo-allows-closer-us-vietnam-cooperation-obama-carter-say/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |year=2019 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |title="Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" |publisher=Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam) |isbn=978-604-75-1532-5 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110045640/https://www.gso.gov.vn/du-lieu-va-so-lieu-thong-ke/2020/11/ket-qua-toan-bo-tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-nam-2019/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Green |first=Michael |year=2012 |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/foreign-policy-and-diplomatic-representation/print |title=Foreign policy and diplomatic representation |encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164938/https://teara.govt.nz/en/foreign-policy-and-diplomatic-representation/print |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Nielsen |first=Chantal Pohl |year=2007 |url=http://agro.gov.vn/images/2007/04/VN%20Rice%20Policy.pdf |title=Vietnam's Rice Policy: Recent Reforms and Future Opportunities |website=[[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development]] |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005074015/http://agro.gov.vn/images/2007/04/VN%20Rice%20Policy.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Claire |last2=Rutherford |first2=Tom |year=2011 |url=http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP11-79/RP11-79.pdf |title=Military Balance in Southeast Asia [Research Paper 11/79] |website=[[House of Commons Library]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=19 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119100812/http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP11-79/RP11-79.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Trung Chien |first=Tran Thi |year=2006 |url=http://jahr.org.vn/downloads/Nghien%20cuu/Khac/Vietnam%20National%20Health%20Report%202006.pdf |title=Vietnam Health Report |website=[[Ministry of Health (Vietnam)|Ministry of Health]] |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009113634/http://jahr.org.vn/downloads/Nghien%20cuu/Khac/Vietnam%20National%20Health%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''AgroViet Newsletter''|2007}} |year=2007 |url=http://xttm.agroviet.gov.vn/en/newsletter/2005/September.asp |title=Vietnamese general company of rubber-prospect of being a foremost Vietnamese agriculture group |periodical=AgroViet Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221184058/http://xttm.agroviet.gov.vn/en/newsletter/2005/September.asp |archive-date=21 February 2008}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''French Senate''|1997}} |year=1997 |url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r97-001/r97-001.html |title=Annexe au procès-verbal de la séance du 1er octobre 1997 |language=fr |website=[[Senate (France)|French Senate]] |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831140203/http://www.senat.fr/rap/r97-001/r97-001.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2009}} |year=2009 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=599&ItemID=9788 |title=MEDIA RELEASE: The 2009 Population and Housing Census |website=[[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113154908/https://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=599&ItemID=9788 |archive-date=13 November 2010}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2010}} |year=2010 |url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=473&idmid=&ItemID=12788 |title=Transport, Postal Services and Telecommunications |website=General Statistics Office of Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006104535/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=473&idmid=&ItemID=12788 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''General Statistics Office of Vietnam''|2011}} |year=2011 |url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=11314 |title=Monthly statistical information – Social and economic situation, 8 months of 2011 [Traffic accidents] |website=General Statistics Office of Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006121519/http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=622&ItemID=11314 |archive-date=6 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of Vietnam (I)''}} |url=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10000505 |title=Overview on Vietnam geography |website=[[Government of Vietnam]] |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202012/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10000505}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of Vietnam (II)''}} |url=http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001578 |title=About Vietnam (Political System) |website=Government of Vietnam |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053849/http://www.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001578}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of the Netherlands''|2016}} |year=2016 |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2016/03/30/minister-schultz-signs-agreement-on-water-treatment-project-in-vietnam |title=Minister Schultz signs agreement on water treatment project in Vietnam |website=[[Government of the Netherlands]] |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116032512/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2016/03/30/minister-schultz-signs-agreement-on-water-treatment-project-in-vietnam |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of the Netherlands''|2018}} |year=2018 |url=https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2018/03/26/speech-by-cora-van-nieuwenhuizen-minister-of-infrastructure-and-water-management-at-the-celebration-of-45-years-of-bilateral-relations-with-vietnam-hilton-hotel-the-hague-26-march-2018 |title=Speech by Cora van Nieuwenhuizen, Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management, at the celebration of 45 years of bilateral relations with Vietnam, Hilton Hotel The Hague, 26 March 2018 |website=Government of the Netherlands |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116032551/https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2018/03/26/speech-by-cora-van-nieuwenhuizen-minister-of-infrastructure-and-water-management-at-the-celebration-of-45-years-of-bilateral-relations-with-vietnam-hilton-hotel-the-hague-26-march-2018 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2017}} |year=2017 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-aid-helps-clear-lethal-landmines-in-war-torn-countries-following-generosity-of-british-public--2 |title=UK aid helps clear lethal landmines in war-torn countries following generosity of British public |website=[[Government of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164954/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-aid-helps-clear-lethal-landmines-in-war-torn-countries-following-generosity-of-british-public--2 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Government of the United Kingdom''|2018}} |year=2018 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-trade-with-vietnam-looking-to-the-next-45-years |title=UK trade with Vietnam – looking to the next 45 years |website=Government of the United Kingdom |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025824/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-trade-with-vietnam-looking-to-the-next-45-years |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism''}} |url=http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/vietnam/index_e.html |title=An Overview of Spatial Policy in Asian and European Countries |website=[[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]] |location=Japan |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418133454/http://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/vietnam/index_e.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration''|2013}} |year=2013 |url=http://immigration.london.ca/LMLIP/Publications/Documents/VietnameseCommunity.pdf |title=Vietnam [The Full Picture of Vietnam] |website=[[Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade|Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration]] |location=Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011021028/http://immigration.london.ca/LMLIP/Publications/Documents/VietnameseCommunity.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Defence'' Russia|2018}} |year=2018 |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12159205@egNews |title=Russia and Vietnam draft International Military Activity Plan 2020 |website=[[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Ministry of Defence]] |location=Russia |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016130058/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12159205@egNews |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2007}} |year=2007 |url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cs_doingoai/ |title=Vietnam Foreign Policy |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118165608/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cs_doingoai/ |archive-date=18 January 2009 |access-date=25 February 2009}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2013}} |year=2013 |url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv |title=General Information about Countries and Regions [List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)] |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location=Vietnam |access-date=15 August 2008 |archive-date=16 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116143650/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2014}} |year=2014 |url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr140319210702/nr150107173136/nr150109091301/ns150129142936 |title=Continue moving forward with intensive international integration |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location=Vietnam |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164947/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr140319210702/nr150107173136/nr150109091301/ns150129142936 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''|2018}} |year=2018 |url=http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ctc_quocte |title=Vietnam and International Organisations |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location=Vietnam |access-date=15 August 2008 |archive-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726035213/http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ctc_quocte/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Foreign Affairs''}} |url=http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/en/mofa/cn_vakv/ca_tbd/nr040819104054/ns150602164120 |title=Tài Liệu Cơ Bản Nước Cộng Hoà Hồi Giáo Pa-kít-xtan |language=vi |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |location=Vietnam |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016170445/http://www.mofahcm.gov.vn/en/mofa/cn_vakv/ca_tbd/nr040819104054/ns150602164120 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Justice''|1992}} |year=1992 |url=http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=10450 |title=Constitution of Vietnam |via=[[Ministry of Justice (Vietnam)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013071327/http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/lists/vn%20bn%20php%20lut/view_detail.aspx?itemid=10450 |archive-date=13 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Justice''|1999}} |year=1999 |url=http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/_layouts/printeng.aspx?id=610 |title=Penal Code (No. 15/1999/QH10) |website=Ministry of Justice |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002004440/http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/_layouts/printeng.aspx?id=610 |archive-date=2 October 2013}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Justice''|2004a}} |year=2004 |url=http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7315 |title=Law on Publication (No. 30/2004/QH11) |website=Ministry of Justice |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218104027/http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7315 |archive-date=18 December 2011}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Justice''|2004b}} |year=2004 |url=http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7818 |title=Ordinance of Beliefs and Religion [No. 21] |website=Ministry of Justice |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014025515/http://moj.gov.vn/vbpq/en/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=7818 |archive-date=14 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Justice''|2012}} |year=2012 |url=http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=27800 |title=Bộ Luật Lao Động (No. 10/2012/QH13) |website=Ministry of Justice |location=Vietnam |language=vi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016070557/http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=27800 |archive-date=16 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment''}} |url=http://www.nea.gov.vn/HTMT_ddsh05.htm |title=Báo cáo Hiện trạng môi trường quốc gia 2005 Chuyên đề Đa dạng sinh học |language=vi |website=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)|Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment]] |location=Vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223065322/http://www.nea.gov.vn/HTMT_ddsh05.htm |archive-date=23 February 2009}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Special Broadcasting Service''|2013}} |year=2013 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/05/16/key-ingredients-vietnamese |title=Key ingredients: Vietnamese |website=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |location=Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015235902/https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/05/16/key-ingredients-vietnamese |archive-date=15 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''United States Agency for International Development''}} |url=https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/environmental-remediation |title=Environmental Remediation [Agent Orange] |website=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020140548/https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/environmental-remediation}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''United States Department of State''|2005}} |year=2005 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71363.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210320/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71363.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''United States Department of State''|2006}} |year=2006 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/walkearth/2006/68018.htm |title=U.S. Humanitarian Mine Action Programs: Asia |website=United States Department of State |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418072802/https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/pm/rls/rpt/walkearth/2006/68018.htm |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Vietnam Culture Information Network''|2014}} |year=2014 |url=http://english.cinet.vn/topics/articledetail.aspx?topicid=7&articleid=14539 |title=Nha Trang city: Vietnamese cultural cuisine festival 2014 opens |website=Vietnam Culture Information Network |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165009/http://english.cinet.vn/topics/articledetail.aspx?topicid=7&articleid=14539}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Vietnam Investment Review''|2018}} |year=2018 |url=https://www.vir.com.vn/contract-signed-for-feasibility-study-for-long-thanh-airport-59845.html |title=Contract signed for feasibility study for Long Thanh airport |newspaper=Vietnam Investment Review – vir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007041513/https://www.vir.com.vn/contract-signed-for-feasibility-study-for-long-thanh-airport-59845.html |archive-date=7 October 2018}}
* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Vietnam National Administration of Tourism''|2014}} |year=2014 |url=http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php/items/7911 |title=Conquering the Fansipan |website=[[Vietnam National Administration of Tourism]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002053919/http://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/english/index.php/items/7911 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2018}}
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===Academic publications===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Berg |first1=M |last2=Stengel |first2=C |last3=Pham |first3=TK |last4=Pham |first4=HV |last5=Sampson |first5=ML |last6=Leng |first6=M |last7=Samreth |first7=S |last8=Fredericks |first8=D |display-authors=4 |year=2007 |title=Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas—Cambodia and Vietnam |journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]] |volume=372 |issue=2–3 |pages=413–25 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.010 |pmid=17081593 |bibcode=2007ScTEn.372..413B}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=Bruce |last2=Liu |first2=Amy Y.C. |year=2013 |title=Repayment Burdens of Student Loans for Vietnamese Higher Education |journal=Crawford School Research Paper |via=Social Science Research Network |ssrn=2213076}}
* {{cite report |last1=Cira |first1=Dean |last2=Dastur |first2=Arish |last3=Kilroy |first3=Austin |last4=Lozano |first4=Nancy |last5=Gun-wang |first5=Hyoung |display-authors=4 |year=2011 |title=Vietnam Urbanization Review |publisher=[[World Bank]] |via=[[ResearchGate]] |doi=10.13140/2.1.5100.6249}}
* {{cite journal |ref={{sfnref|Cornell University}} |url=https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/rice-vietnamese-culture-and-economy |title=Rice in Vietnamese Culture and Economy |journal=Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies – Southeast Asia Program |date=25 September 2023 |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125940/https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/rice-vietnamese-culture-and-economy |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crook |first=Joe |year=2014 |url=http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2852&context=isp_collection |title=Traveling Through Space: A Look at the Evolution of Transportation in Vietnam and its Implications |journal=Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection |via=SIT Digital Collections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006073817/https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2852&context=isp_collection |archive-date=6 October 2018}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Dang Vu |first1=Hoai Nam |last2=Nielsen |first2=Martin Reinhardt |year=2018 |title=Understanding utilitarian and hedonic values determining the demand for rhino horn in Vietnam |journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=417–432 |via=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/10871209.2018.1449038 |bibcode=2018HDW....23..417D |s2cid=46933047}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Freeman |first=Nick J. |year=2002 |title=United States's economic sanctions against Vietnam: International business and development repercussions |journal=The Columbia Journal of World Business |volume=28 |doi=10.1016/0022-5428(93)90038-Q |issue=2 |pages=12–22 |pmid=27044521}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Grigoreva |first=Nina V. |year=2014 |url=https://www.hse.ru/data/2014/09/22/1315713592/62HUM2014.pdf |title=Legendary Ancestors, National Identity, and the Socialization of Children in Contemporary Vietnam |journal=Centre for Asian and African Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015053635/https://www.hse.ru/data/2014/09/22/1315713592/62HUM2014.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=H. Dang |first1=Hai-Anh |last2=Glewwe |first2=Paul W. |year=2017 |url=https://www.riseprogramme.org/sites/www.riseprogramme.org/files/publications/RISE_WP-017_Dang%20%26%20Glewwe.pdf |title=Well Begun, but Aiming Higher: A Review of Vietnam's Education Trends in the Past 20 Years and Emerging Challenges |journal=The Journal of Development Studies |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1171–1195 |doi=10.1080/00220388.2017.1380797 |pmid=29937575 |pmc=6010051 |hdl=10986/27610 |via=Research on Improving Systems of Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005063352/https://www.riseprogramme.org/sites/www.riseprogramme.org/files/publications/RISE_WP-017_Dang%20%26%20Glewwe.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ha Tran |first=Thi Thai |year=2014 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ries/3895 |title=Education financing in Vietnam |journal=Revue Internationale d'Éducation de Sèvres |doi=10.4000/ries.3895 |s2cid=129299111 |via=OpenEdition Journals |doi-access=free |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018055250/https://journals.openedition.org/ries/3895 |url-status=live}} {{free access}}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hong Truong |first1=Son |last2=Ye |first2=Qinghua |last3=Stive |first3=Marcel J. F. |year=2017 |title=Estuarine Mangrove Squeeze in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |journal=[[Journal of Coastal Research]] |via=[[BioOne]] |volume=33 |doi=10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00087.1 |issue=4 |pages=747–763 |s2cid=131892649}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Samuel S. |last2=Wagstaff |first2=Adam |year=2009 |title=Health financing and delivery in Vietnam |publisher=[[World Bank]] |isbn=978-0-8213-7782-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Linh Le |first1=Thi Phuong |last2=Anh Trinh |first2=Tu |year=2016 |title=Encouraging Public Transport Use to Reduce Traffic Congestion and Air Pollutant: A Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam |journal=Procedia Engineering |volume=142 |pages=236–243 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.037 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Manyin |first=Mark E. |year=2005 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32636.pdf |title=U.S. Assistance to Vietnam |journal=[[CRS Report for Congress]] |via=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009075632/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32636.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2018}}
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* {{cite web |last=Pham |first=Alice |year=2015 |url=http://www.cuts-geneva.org/pdf/TAF087_good-practice-telecom-regulations_Vietnam.pdf |title=The Vietnam Telecommunications Sector: Good Practices in Regulatory Reform in Relation to Competition Policy & Law Issues |website=[[CUTS International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225033214/http://www.cuts-geneva.org/pdf/TAF087_good-practice-telecom-regulations_Vietnam.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2019}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pincus |first=Jonathan |year=2015 |url=https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/news/223150605130929/223150605130929_1.pdf |title=Why Doesn't Vietnam Grow Faster?: State Fragmentation and the Limits of Vent for Surplus Growth |journal=Southeast Asian Economies |via=[[Flanders Investment and Trade]] |doi=10.1355/ae32-1c |volume=32 |issue=1 |page=26 |s2cid=154680467 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017031232/https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/export/sites/trade/files/news/223150605130929/223150605130929_1.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last=Quach-Langlet |first=Tâm |year=1991 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1991_num_78_1_1802 |title=Charles Fourniau: Annam-Tonkin 1885–1896. Lettrés et paysans vietnamiens face à la conquête coloniale. Travaux du Centre d'Histoire et Civilisations de la péninsule Indochinoise |language=fr |journal=[[Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient]] |via=[[Persée (web portal)|Persée]] |volume=78 |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182401/https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1991_num_78_1_1802 |url-status=live}} {{free access}}
* {{cite web |last=Quang Vinh |first=Bui |url=https://www2.gwu.edu/~iiep/assets/docs/Bai%20trinh%20bay%20VN2035%20tai%20DC-ENG.pdf |title=Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy |website=[[George Washington University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017030816/https://www2.gwu.edu/~iiep/assets/docs/Bai%20trinh%20bay%20VN2035%20tai%20DC-ENG.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2018}}
* {{Cite thesis |last1=Reilly |first1=Brett |title=The Origins of the Vietnamese Civil War and the State of Vietnam |type=PhD |year=2018 |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9913275159802121 |archive-date=11 June 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611233019/https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9913275159802121 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Riehl |first1=Herbert |last2=Augstein |first2=Ernst |year=1973 |title=Surface interaction calculations over the Gulf of Tonkin |journal=Tellus |volume=25 |doi=10.3402/tellusa.v25i5.9694 |issue=5 |pages=424–434 |bibcode=1973Tell...25..424R |doi-access=free}}
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* {{cite journal |last=Thayer |first=Carlyle A. |year=1994 |title=Sino-Vietnamese Relations: The Interplay of Ideology and National Interest |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=513–528 |jstor=2645338 |doi=10.2307/2645338}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Martin |year=2012 |title=Rubber, coolies and communists: In Violence and Colonial Order: Police, Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires, 1918–1940 (Critical Perspectives on Empire from Part II – Colonial case studies: French, British and Belgian) |pages=141–176 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139045643.009 |isbn=978-1-139-04564-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tran |first1=Nu-Anh |title=Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2023 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=686–708 |doi=10.1017/S0022463422000790}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trinh |first1=Q. M. |last2=Nguyen |first2=H. L. |last3=Do |first3=T. N. |last4=Nguyen |first4=V. N. |last5=Nguyen |first5=B. H. |last6=Nguyen |first6=T. V. A. |last7=Sintchenko |first7=V. |last8=Marais |first8=B. J. |display-authors=4 |year=2016 |title=Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in Vietnam |journal=[[International Journal of Infectious Diseases]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1016/0022-5428(93)90038-Q |pmid=27044521}}
* {{cite journal |last=Truong |first=Ngân |year=2018 |url=http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147214/Truong_Ngan.pdf |title=Solid Waste Management in Vietnam |journal=Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108081019/http://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147214/Truong_Ngan.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2019}}
* {{cite book |last1=Truong |first1=Nhu |last2=Vo |first2=Dang H. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Dzung |year=2018 |url=https://mrlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Mekong-State-of-Land-DISCUSSION-DRAFT-single-layout.pdf |title=Mekong State of Land |publisher=University of Bern |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006021518/https://mrlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Mekong-State-of-Land-DISCUSSION-DRAFT-single-layout.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2018 |access-date=16 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tung Hieu |first=Ly |year=2015 |url=http://www.vjol.info/index.php/VSS/article/viewFile/22956/19604 |title=Confucian Influences on Vietnamese Culture |journal=Vietnam Social Sciences |via=Vietnam Journals Online |volume=5 |issue=169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015044859/http://www.vjol.info/index.php/VSS/article/viewFile/22956/19604 |archive-date=15 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Van De |first1=Nguyen |last2=Douglas |first2=Ian |last3=McMorrow |first3=Julia |last4=Lindley |first4=Sarah |last5=Thuy Binh |first5=Dao Kim Nguyen |last6=Thi Van |first6=Tranh |last7=Huu Thanh |first7=Le |last8=Tho |first8=Nguyen |display-authors=4 |year=2008 |title=Erosion and Nutrient Loss on Sloping Land under Intense Cultivation in Southern Vietnam |journal=Geographical Research |volume=46 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00487.x |issue=1 |pages=4–16 |bibcode=2008GeoRs..46....4V |s2cid=128887874 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/erosion-and-nutrient-loss-on-sloping-land-under-intense-cultivation-in-southern-vietnam(511fb80d-fa5b-4ce9-b09e-194b12bda7f7).html |doi-access=free |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418171045/https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/erosion-and-nutrient-loss-on-sloping-land-under-intense-cultivation-in-southern-vietnam(511fb80d-fa5b-4ce9-b09e-194b12bda7f7).html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Van Hoang |first=Chung |year=2017 |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2017_34.pdf |title=Evangelizing Post-Đổi Mới Vietnam: The Rise of Protestantism and the State's Response |journal=Perspective |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |issue=34 |issn=2335-6677 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014021910/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2017_34.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Van Nam |first1=Nguyen |last2=de Vries |first2=Peter J. |last3=Van Toi |first3=Le |last4=Nagelkerke |first4=Nico |year=2005 |title=Malaria control in Vietnam: the Binh Thuan experience |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=10 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01387.x |pmid=15807800 |issue=4 |pages=357–365 |s2cid=22083432 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last=Van Tho |first=Tran |year=2003 |url=http://www.f.waseda.jp/tvttran/en/recentpapers/E03_Longterm_development_of_Vietnam.pdf |title=Economic development in Vietnam during the second half of the 20th century: How to avoid the danger of lagging behind |journal=The Vietnamese Economy: Awakening the Dorming Dragon |via=[[Waseda University]] |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005050943/http://www.f.waseda.jp/tvttran/en/recentpapers/E03_Longterm_development_of_Vietnam.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last=Van Van |first=Hoang |url=http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/repo/repository/rcube/4129/LCS_22_1pp7-18_HOANG.pdf |title=The Current Situation and Issues of the Teaching of English in Vietnam |script-journal=ja:立命館言語文化研究 |volume=22 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012055826/http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/repo/repository/rcube/4129/LCS_22_1pp7-18_HOANG.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Viet Trung |first1=Le |last2=Quoc Viet |first2=Tran |last3=Van Chat |first3=Pham |year=2016 |url=https://www.vpi.pvn.vn/upload/file/TCDK/2016/Thang%2011/Le%20Viet%20Trung.pdf |title=An Overview of Vietnam's Oil and Gas Industry |journal=Petroleum Economics & Management |via=[[Vietnam Petroleum Institute]] |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010050015/https://www.vpi.pvn.vn/upload/file/TCDK/2016/Thang%2011/Le%20Viet%20Trung.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wagstaff |first1=Adam |last2=van Doorslaer |first2=Eddy |last3=Watanabe |first3=Naoko |year=2003 |title=On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam |journal=[[Journal of Econometrics]] |volume=112 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00161-6 |issue=1 |pages=207–223 |hdl=10986/19426 |s2cid=122165846 |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/12/17/000094946_01120604025228/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914162349/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/12/17/000094946_01120604025228/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wai-ming |first=Ng |year=2002 |url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/jas/staff/benng/publications/anime1.pdf |title=The Impact of Japanese Comics and Animation in Asia |journal=[[Japan Spotlight|Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry]] |via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165000/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/jas/staff/benng/publications/anime1.pdf |url-status=live}}
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{{refend}}

===News and magazines===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |last=Anh |first=Lan |year=2016a |url=http://vovworld.vn/en-US/discovery-vietnam/ba-be-the-biggest-mountain-lake-in-vietnam-490525.vov |title=Ba Be, the biggest mountain lake in Vietnam |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115084724/http://vovworld.vn/en-US/discovery-vietnam/ba-be-the-biggest-mountain-lake-in-vietnam-490525.vov |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Anh |first=Lan |year=2016b |url=http://vovworld.vn/en-US/discovery-vietnam/vietnamese-family-reunion-during-tet-407156.vov |title=Vietnamese family reunion during Tet |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016074755/http://vovworld.vn/en-US/discovery-vietnam/vietnamese-family-reunion-during-tet-407156.vov |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Batruny |first=Joe |year=2014 |url=https://matadornetwork.com/nights/20-vietnamese-dishes-drinks-need-try/ |title=20 Vietnamese dishes and drinks you need to try |website=Matador Network |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016064900/https://matadornetwork.com/nights/20-vietnamese-dishes-drinks-need-try/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Borel |first=Brooke |year=2010 |url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/ping-pong-playing-terminator |title=A Ping-Pong-Playing Terminator |magazine=[[Popular Science]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182303/https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-02/ping-pong-playing-terminator |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Brown |first=Vanessa |year=2018 |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/dark-side-of-vietnam-reveals-cost-of-war/news-story/3448ad53dc083a3f761f113199f89c99 |title=Dark side of Vietnam reveals cost of war |work=[[news.com.au]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164921/https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/dark-side-of-vietnam-reveals-cost-of-war/news-story/3448ad53dc083a3f761f113199f89c99 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Buleen |first=Chad |year=2017 |url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/average-temperature-vietnam-13542.html |title=Average Temperature in Vietnam |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125948/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/average-temperature-vietnam-13542.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Cerre |first=Mike |year=2016 |url=https://abc7news.com/news/agent-oranges-legacy-continues-to-haunt-vietnam-and-veterans/1348950/ |title=Agent Orange's legacy continues to haunt Vietnam and Veterans |publisher=[[KABC-TV]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165002/https://abc7news.com/news/agent-oranges-legacy-continues-to-haunt-vietnam-and-veterans/1348950/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Chi |first=Kim |year=2017 |url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/189858/vietnam-builds-north-south-highway--but-not-a-railway.html |title=Vietnam builds north-south highway, but not a railway |website=Vietnam Net |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016132924/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/business/189858/vietnam-builds-north-south-highway--but-not-a-railway.html}}
* {{cite web |last=Chin |first=Stephen |year=2018 |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/vietnam-plays-catch-high-speed-rail |title=Vietnam plays catch up with high speed rail |publisher=The ASEAN Post |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125940/https://theaseanpost.com/article/vietnam-plays-catch-high-speed-rail |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Helen |last2=Miller |first2=Karryn |year=2017 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/vietnam-food-dishes/index.html |title=Vietnamese food: 40 delicious dishes you'll love |publisher=CNN Travel |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016060220/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/vietnam-food-dishes/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Cockburn |first=Patrick |year=1994 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html |title=US finally ends Vietnam embargo |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220054022/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/us-finally-ends-vietnam-embargo-1391770.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Corapi |first=Annie |year=2010 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/25/healthiest.ethnic.cuisines/index.html |title=The 10 healthiest ethnic cuisines |publisher=CNN Health |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001160049/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/25/healthiest.ethnic.cuisines/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last=Dall |first=Nick |year=2017 |url=https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/how-vietnam-learned-to-stop-poaching-and-love-its-beasts/79150 |title=How Vietnam learned to stop poaching and love its beasts |publisher=[[Ozy Media|Ozy]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164908/https://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/how-vietnam-learned-to-stop-poaching-and-love-its-beasts/79150}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Duy |first=Dinh |year=2016 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam/ |title=The Revival of Boléro in Vietnam |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015173022/https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-revival-of-bolero-in-vietnam/ |archive-date=15 October 2018}}
* {{cite news |last=Giap |first=Trong |year=2017 |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-signs-global-treaty-to-ban-nuclear-weapons-3645628.html |title=Vietnam signs global treaty to ban nuclear weapons |newspaper=VnExpress |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813161333/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-signs-global-treaty-to-ban-nuclear-weapons-3645628.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Gillet |first=Kit |year=2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/jul/28/ho-chi-minh-trail-motorbike |title=Riding Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh trail |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=18 December 2016 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133318/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/jul/28/ho-chi-minh-trail-motorbike |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Gomes |first=Alaric |year=2019 |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae-sport/asian-cup-vietnam-continue-to-chase-their-dream-with-quarters-berth-1.61560526 |title=Asian Cup: Vietnam continue to chase their dream with quarters berth |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206034757/https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae-sport/asian-cup-vietnam-continue-to-chase-their-dream-with-quarters-berth-1.61560526 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |last1=Ha |first1=K. Oanh |last2=Giang |first2=Nguyen Kieu |last3=Denslow |first3=Neil |year=2012 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/vietnam-air-aims-to-be-southeast-asia-s-no-2-carrier-by-2020.html |title=Vietnam Air Aims to Win Southeast Asia's No. 2 Title by 2020 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184008/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-12/vietnam-air-aims-to-be-southeast-asia-s-no-2-carrier-by-2020.html |archive-date=29 October 2013}}
* {{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Clyde |date=12 May 2014 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/us/agent-oranges-long-legacy-for-vietnam-and-veterans.html |title=Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724205114/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/12/us/agent-oranges-long-legacy-for-vietnam-and-veterans.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Hirano |first=Ko |year=2016 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/08/national/japanese-language-studies-taking-root-vietnam-elementary-schools/ |title=Japanese language studies taking root in Vietnam elementary schools |publisher=[[The Japan Times]] |newspaper=The Japan Times Online |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164855/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/08/national/japanese-language-studies-taking-root-vietnam-elementary-schools/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |last=Huong |first=Minh |year=2010 |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/Sunday/Features/201033/Folk-poetry-preservation-a-labour-of-love.html |title=Folk poetry preservation a labour of love |newspaper=[[Việt Nam News]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016103825/https://vietnamnews.vn/Sunday/Features/201033/Folk-poetry-preservation-a-labour-of-love.html}}
* {{cite web |last=Hutt |first=David |publisher=[[Asia Times]] |title=US, Vietnam ties have never been better |date=13 July 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/us-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418211310/https://asiatimes.com/2020/07/us-vietnam-ties-have-never-been-better/ |url-status=live}}
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* {{cite news |ref={{sfnref|''Viet Nam News''|2014}} |year=2014 |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/250222/the-constitution-of-the-socialist-republic-of-viet-nam.html |title=The constitution of the socialist republic of Viet Nam |newspaper=[[Việt Nam News]] |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501011011/https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/250222/the-constitution-of-the-socialist-republic-of-viet-nam.html}}
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* {{cite web |ref={{sfnref|''Vietnam Net''|2018a}} |year=2018a |url=https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/193728/northern-mountain-frozen-as-temperatures-drop.html |title=Northern mountain frozen as temperatures drop |agency=Dân Trí News |website=Vietnam Net |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016131407/https://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/193728/northern-mountain-frozen-as-temperatures-drop.html}}
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* {{cite web |author=Voice of Vietnam |year=2018b |url=https://english.vov.vn/diplomacy/chief-of-general-staff-of-lao-peoples-army-visits-vietnam-374620.vov |title=Chief of General Staff of Lao People's Army visits Vietnam |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303182224/https://english.vov.vn/diplomacy/chief-of-general-staff-of-lao-peoples-army-visits-vietnam-374620.vov}}
* {{cite web |author=Voice of Vietnam |year=2018c |url=https://english.vov.vn/economy/vietnams-pepper-industry-about-to-burst-368980.vov |title=Vietnam's pepper industry about to burst |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005075208/https://english.vov.vn/economy/vietnams-pepper-industry-about-to-burst-368980.vov |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |author=Voice of Vietnam |year=2018d |url=https://english.vov.vn/your-vietnam/vietnams-folk-music-treasure-promoted-366657.vov |title=Vietnam's folk music treasure promoted |publisher=[[Voice of Vietnam]] |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109074452/https://english.vov.vn/your-vietnam/vietnams-folk-music-treasure-promoted-366657.vov}}
{{refend}}

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{{refend}}

=== Free content ===
{{Refbegin}}
{{free-content attribution
| author = UNESCO
| title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| publisher = UNESCO Publishing
| page numbers = 713–714
| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
}} 
{{US DOS Background Notes |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4130.htm |title=(U.S. Relations With Vietnam)}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book  |last=Nguyen |first=Lien-Hang T. |title=Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam |date=2012 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |url=https://uncpress.org/book/9780807882696/hanois-war/ |isbn=978-0-8078-8269-6}}
* {{cite book  |last=Dror |first=Olga |title=Making Two Vietnams: War and Youth Identities, 1965–1975 |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-two-vietnams/BE086D9C1DA355B33EDBABC1C628701A |isbn=978-1-108-55616-3}}
* {{cite book  |editor-last1=Tran |editor-first1=Nu-Anh |editor-last2=Vu |editor-first2=Tuong |title=Building a Republican Nation in Vietnam, 1920–1963 |date=2022 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/building-a-republican-nation-in-vietnam-1920-1963/ |isbn=978-0-8248-9211-1}}
* {{cite book  |last=Li |first=Tana |title=A Maritime Vietnam: From Earliest Times to the Nineteenth Century |year=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/maritime-vietnam/96B310BA54294919EC7E1468920FBA48 |isbn=978-1-009-23762-8}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Vietnam}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243338.stm Vietnam profile] from [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628349/Vietnam Vietnam] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{wikiatlas|Vietnam}}

=== Government ===
* [https://vietnam.gov.vn/ Vietnam Government Portal]
* [https://quochoi.vn/Pages/default.aspx National Assembly of Vietnam]
* [https://mofa.gov.vn/en/web/ministry-of-foreign-affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam]

===Tourism===
* [https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/en Official tourism website]

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Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972

2026-03-25T23:41:44Z

IvyB800566150: Started

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972
| imagesize = 150
| imagealt =
| long_title = An Act to regulate the export trade in antiquities and art treasures, to provide for the prevention of smuggling of, and fraudulent dealings in, antiquities, to provide for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures for preservation in public places and to provide for certain other matters connected therewith or incidental or ancillary thereto.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1693/1/a1972-52.pdf Act No. 52 of 1972]
| territorial_extent = India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 9 September 1972
| assented_by = [[V. V. Giri]]
| date_assented = 9 September 1972
| date_commenced = 5 April 1976 (except for Sikkim) 1 June 1979 (Sikkim)
| amends = Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958
| repeals = Antiquities (Export Control) Act, 1947
| amended_by = Antiquities and Art Treasures (Amendment) Act, 1976
| related_legislation = Antiquities and Art Treasures Rules, 1973
| status = in force
}}

The '''Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972''' was created in accordance with the [[UNESCO 1970 Convention]] to regulate the internal and external dealing in [[antiquities]] in India. Its purpose is to prevent the permanent export of India's treasures so as to preserve the country's cultural wealth.<ref name=Brodie2002>{{cite book |last1=Pachauri |first1=S. K. |editor1-last=Brodie |editor1-first=Neil |editor2-last=Walker Tubb |editor2-first=Kathryn |title=Illicit Antiquities |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-16546-2 |pages=268–269 |chapter-url=https://ds.amu.edu.et/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/13349/0415233887.Routledge.Illicit.Antiquities.The.Theft.of.Culture.and.the.Extinction.of.Archaeology.Dec.2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=281 |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104133448/https://ds.amu.edu.et/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/13349/0415233887.Routledge.Illicit.Antiquities.The.Theft.of.Culture.and.the.Extinction.of.Archaeology.Dec.2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=281 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |url-status=live |chapter=15. Plunder of cultural and art treasures – the Indian experience}}</ref><ref name=Gupta2019>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay Kumar |title=Retrieval of Indian Antiquities: Issues and Challenges |journal=Art, Antiquity & Law |date=July 2019 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=101–124 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40661426/RETRIEVAL_OF_INDIAN_ANTIQUITIES_ISSUES_AND_CHALLENGES |access-date=4 November 2023|via=''[[Academia.edu]]''}}</ref><ref name=Shroff2015>{{cite journal |last1=Shroff |first1=Cyril |last2=Shroff |first2=Rishabh |title=India's antiquities laws: an antiquated relic? |journal=Trusts & Trustees |date=1 February 2015 |volume=21 |issue=1-2 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1093/tandt/ttu221 |url=https://academic.oup.com/tandt/article-abstract/21/1-2/75/2364449|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)|url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/acts_rules/TheAntiquitiesandArtTreasuresAct1972_12.03.2018.pdf |access-date=4 November 2023}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1972]]
[[Category:1972 in Indian law]]

{{India-law-stub}}

R. S. Shivaji

2026-03-24T02:46:43Z

IvyB800566150: adding initial stub v1

{{Short description|Indian actor (1956–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. S. Shivaji
| image = R. S. Shivaji.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=y|1956|10|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|09|02|1956|10|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[Assistant director]]|[[Sound designer]], [[Line producer]]}}
| children = Raajalaxmee Shivaji (daughter)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VRCOtaPodZ4 |title='இனிமே வர மாட்டிங்களா அப்பா..' கதறி துடித்த பாச மகள்! கலங்க வைக்கும் கடைசி வீடியோ | RIP RS Shivaji |website=[[YouTube]] |date=3 September 2023 |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312093335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VRCOtaPodZ4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| father = M.R. Santhanam
| relatives = [[Santhana Bharathi]] (brother)
}}

'''R. S. Shivaji''' (26 October 1956 – 2 September 2023) was an Indian actor, who was known for his work in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He had often collaborated in films involving [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], working as an assistant director, sound designer and line producer on film projects.<ref>[http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/supporting-actor/rs-shivaji RS Shivaji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902122934/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/supporting-actor/rs-shivaji |date=2 September 2023 }} Retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/rs-shivaji-supporting-actor.html R.S. Shivaji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063432/https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/rs-shivaji-supporting-actor.html |date=25 July 2018 }} ''[[Oneindia]]''. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb045f4a6 R.S. Shivaji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902122937/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb045f4a6 |date=2 September 2023 }} [[British Film Institute]]. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref>

==Early life and career==
R. S. Shivaji was the son of actor and producer [[M. R. Santhanam]], who worked on films including [[Ellis R. Dungan]]'s ''[[Meera (1945 film)|Meera]]'' (1945). His brother [[Santhana Bharathi]] is also a popular actor and film director, who has worked in Tamil cinema (Kollywood).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-brief-history-of-nadigar-sangam/article7877460.ece|author=Mohan V. Raman|title=A brief history of Nadigar Sangam|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 November 2015|accessdate=25 July 2018|archive-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160614142516/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-brief-history-of-nadigar-sangam/article7877460.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

As an actor, R. S. Shivaji primarily played comedy roles and regularly featured in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s films in the 1980s and 1990s. His ''Saar! Neenga Engeyo Poiteenga, sir'' dialogue from ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989) directed at [[Janagaraj]] had been regularly parodied in later Tamil movies.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. Dhananjayan |title=PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |date=November 2014 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |isbn=978-93-84301-05-7 |edition=1st |pages=402 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref> He played important roles in ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' and ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' as [[Nayanthara]]'s father and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]'s assistant, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kolamaavu-kokila-review-if-you-enjoy-the-unconventional-give-it-a-shot-review-tamil-sirm6keebjdjj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817114532/http://www.sify.com/movies/kolamaavu-kokila-review-if-you-enjoy-the-unconventional-give-it-a-shot-review-tamil-sirm6keebjdjj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2018|title=Kolamaavu Kokila review: If you enjoy the unconventional, give it a shot!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/mar/13/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-vivekh-shoulders-a-enjoyable-remake-harish-kalyan-tanya-vicky-donor-17522.html|title=Dharala Prabhu Movie Review: Vivekh shoulders a fairly enjoyable remake|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=13 March 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902122935/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/mar/13/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-vivekh-shoulders-a-enjoyable-remake-harish-kalyan-tanya-vicky-donor-17522.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Shivaji died due to heart attack during sleep in Chennai on 2 September 2023, at the age of 66.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title=Veteran actor RS Shivaji passes away |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/02/veteran-actor-rs-shivaji-passes-away-47225.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063606/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/02/veteran-actor-rs-shivaji-passes-away-47225.amp |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title=Veteran actor RS Shivaji passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-actor-rs-shivaji-passes-away/articleshow/103303220.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911233244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-actor-rs-shivaji-passes-away/articleshow/103303220.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 September 2023 |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Tamil films===
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Panneer Pushpangal]] '' (1981)
*''Madhu Malar '' (1981)
*''Vasantham Varum '' (1981)
*''Vadivangal'' (1981)
*''[[Meendum Oru Kaathal Kathai]] '' (1985)
*''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
*''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'' (1988)
*''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' (1988)
*''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989)
*''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' (1989)
*''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990)
*''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' (1990)
*''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'' (1990)
*''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' (1991)
*''Thambikku Oru Pattu'' (1991)
*''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]'' (1991)
*''[[Knock-Out (1992 film)|Knock-Out]]'' (1992; short film)
*''[[Kalaignan]]'' (1993)
*''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' (1993)
*''[[Udan Pirappu]]'' (1993)
*''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' (1994)
*''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|Vietnam Colony]]'' (1994)
*''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]'' (1994)
*''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' (1995)
*''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996)
*''[[Gopura Deepam]]'' (1997)
*''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' (1997)
*''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' (2001)
*''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]'' (2001)
*''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' (2002)
*''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' (2002)
*''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' (2002)
*''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kurumbu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004)
*''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' (2004)
*''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kusthi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Jayam Kondaan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (2009)
*''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' (2009)
*''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]] '' (2010)
*''[[Maanja Velu]] '' (2010)
*''[[Avan Ivan]]'' (2011)
*''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' (2012)
*''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Sutta Kadhai]]'' (2013)
*''[[Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (2013)
*''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' (2013)
*''[[Urumeen]]'' (2015)
*''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kanithan]]'' (2016)
*''[[Ennul Aayiram]]'' (2016)
*''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016)
*''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017)
*''[[Vanamagan]]'' (2017)
*''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' (2017)
*''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' (2018)
*''[[Puppy (2019 film)|Puppy]]'' (2019)
*''[[God Father (2020 film)|God Father]]'' (2020)
*''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' (2020)
*''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020)
*''[[Maara]]'' (2021)
*''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021)
*''[[Vanakkam Da Mappilei]]'' (2021)
*''[[Thalli Pogathey (film)|Thalli Pogathey]]'' (2021)
*''[[Payanigal Gavanikkavum]]'' (2022)
*''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]'' (2022)
*''Vattakara'' (2022)
*''[[Lucky Man (2023 film)|Lucky Man]]'' (2023)
*''[[Chandramukhi 2]]'' (2023) (released posthumously)
*''[[Naadu]]'' (2023) (dual roles) (released posthumously)
*''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' (2024) (released posthumously)
{{colend}}

===Other language films===
;Telugu films
*''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990)
*''[[Rajahamsa]]'' (1998)
*''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Eenadu]]'' (2009)
*''[[1000 Abaddalu]]'' (2013)

;Hindi films
*''[[Chachi 420]]'' (1997)
*''[[White Rainbow (2005 film)|White Rainbow]] '' (2005)

;English film
*''[[Ele, My Friend]]'' (1992)

===Voice artist===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Actor
!Notes
|-
|2003||''[[Magic Magic 3D]]'' || Thief's assistant ||Owen Burke||
|-
|}

===Television===
*''Kula Vilakku ''
*''Ethanai Konam Ethanai Paarvai''
*''Anbulla Snehidhiye''
*''Maruthani''
*''Vallamai Tharayo''
* ''[[Poova Thalaya (TV series)|Poova Thalaya]]''
* Om Kali Jai Kali

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Program Name
!Role
!Network
!Notes
|-
|2020
|''[[Time Enna Boss]]''
| Roon Laham
|rowspan="2"|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Time Enna Boss trailer: A fun Tamil series about time travel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/time-enna-boss-trailer-a-fun-tamil-sitcom-about-time-travel-6596868/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919040849/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/time-enna-boss-trailer-a-fun-tamil-sitcom-about-time-travel-6596868/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Inspector Rishi]]''
|Entomologist
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0794478|R. S. Shivaji}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaji, R. S.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]

Pournami Raavil 3D

2026-03-22T08:49:24Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pournami Raavil 3D.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Vincent]]
| producer = S. Kumar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Viji]] [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]] [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing =
| studio = Sastha Productions
| released = {{Film date|1985|10|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Pournami Raavil''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[fantasy film]], directed by [[A. Vincent]] and produced by S. Kumar. The film stars [[Viji]], [[Vijayendra Ghatge]], [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] and [[Janardanan]]. The film's score was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]]. The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kaattukulle Thiruvizha'' and in Kannada as ''Kaadinalli Jaatre''. This was the second [[3D film]] to be made in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Vincent (1928 – 2015) |url=https://www.theisc.in/copy-of-jal-mistry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630132829/https://www.theisc.in/copy-of-jal-mistry |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=The ISC}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=July 2025}}

==Cast==
*[[Viji]] as Parvathi
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Ravi
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Mahendra Varma
*[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]
*[[Ceylon Manohar]]
==Production==
The filming was held at [[Kodanad]], Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 April 1985 |title=சிங்கத்தின் பிடியில் சிலோன் மனோகர் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_174/6.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702130228/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_174/6.jp2/full/1000,1342/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=6 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> A fight scene with a leopard was shot at a forest at Chalakudy.<ref name="anna">{{cite news |date=29 April 1985 |title=சிறுத்தையிடம் சிக்கிய நடிகர் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_181/4.jp2/full/1000,1363/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702100613/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_181/4.jp2/full/1000,1363/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] with lyrics by [[P. Bhaskaran]].<ref>{{cite web |title=പൗർണമി രാവിൽ (1985) |url=https://www.msidb.org/m.php?223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705113714/https://www.msidb.org/m.php?223 |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=MSIDB |language=Ml}}</ref>
;Malayalam version
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Kalyaanachekkan" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Chorus
|-
| "Paala Poothu" || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Vaanin Maril" || K. J. Yesudas, [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus
|}
;Kannada version<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadinalli Jathre kannada Film EP VInyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kadinalli-jathre-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705114506/https://mossymart.com/product/kadinalli-jathre-kannada-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=5 July 2025 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
|"Nanjindra Nanji"||[[S. P. Balasubramanyam]] ||rowspan=3|[[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
|"Shilpi Kanase"||S. P. Balasubramaniam, [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|"Malay Arali"||[[S. Janaki]]
|}
;Tamil version<ref>{{cite web |title=Kattukulle Thiruvizha Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kattukulle-thiruvizha-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106185634/https://mossymart.com/product/kattukulle-thiruvizha-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=6 November 2021 |access-date=3 July 2025 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
|"Machina Machi"||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||rowspan=3|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|-
|"Devan Magalo"||[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|"Pachaikodigal"||[[S. Janaki]]
|}
==Critical reception==
Reviewing the Tamil version ''Kaattukulle Thiruvizha'', Balumani of ''Anna'' wrote that despite being different from ''[[My Dear Kuttichathan]]'', it was not up to the expectations and in spite of huge budget, the film does not feel complete but praised the acting and the climax.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=8 September 1985 |title=காட்டுக்குள்ளே திருவிழா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_299/5.jp2/full/1000,1382/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105093425/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_299/5.jp2/full/1000,1382/0/default.jpg |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |work=Anna |pages=5 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' sarcastically wrote that someone who can tell a story after watching a film once, will be gifted with Vadapalani Studios and Mount Road Theatres.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=15 September 1985 |title=காட்டுக்குள்ளே திருவிழா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-15/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224103749/https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-09-15/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=4 July 2025 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1985 3D films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]

Garvi Gujarat Bhavan

2026-03-16T05:18:20Z

IvyB800566150: Added a page and citations...

{{Short description|Government of Gujarat Guest house}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Garvi Gujarat Bhavan
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Māru-Gurjara]]
| structural_system =
| cost = {{INRConvert|126.82|c}}
| ren_cost =
| location =
| address = 25/A, [[Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| client =
| owner = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.608069|N|77.222688|E|region:IN-DL_type:landmark_scale:50|display=inline, title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 2 September 2019
| renovation_date =
| demolished_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area = 7,066 square Metres (Approx)
| main_contractor = [[NBCC (India) Limited|NBCC India Ltd]]
| architect =
| architecture_firm = Design Associates Inc
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| references =
}}

'''Garvi Gujarat Bhavan''' is the official [[Guest house]] of [[Government of Gujarat]] in [[Delhi]]. It has been built over 7,066 square meter plot on [[Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]]. It is also the first state guest house in capital to be certified as a [[Green building]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/pm-modi-reminisces-old-times-at-inauguration-of-garvi-gujarat-bhawan-in-delhi-2094688|title=PM Modi Reminisces Old Times At Inauguration Of "Garvi Gujarat Bhawan"|website=NDTV.com|date=3 September 2019|access-date=2023-05-20}}</ref>

== The Building ==
Gravi Gujarat Bhavan has been built using Dhaulpur and Agra stones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2019/08/21/inauguration-of-gujarat-sadan-in-delhi-likely-on-september-2/|title=PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate Garvi Gujarat Bhavan in Delhi on September 2|date=2019-08-21|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> The old Gujarat Bhavan is located on ''Kautilya Marg'' over a 1418 square meter plot.<ref name=":1" /> The structure is spread over an area of 7,066 square metres <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/experience-gujarat-at-this-bhavan/articleshow/70952683.cms|title=Experience Gujarat at this bhavan|date=3 September 2019|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref> and The total cost of this complex is Rs. 131 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-garvi-gujarat-bhavan-today-in-new-delhi20190902103843/|title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Garvi Gujarat Bhavan' today in New Delhi|agency=ANI|language=en|date=2 September 2019|access-date=2023-05-20|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904200920/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-garvi-gujarat-bhavan-today-in-new-delhi20190902103843/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gujarat Bhavan has about 78 differently themed guest rooms, distributed in seven storeys, which comprise 2 Presidential suites, 17 VIP suites, and 59 guest rooms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativeyatra.com/news/interesting-facts-about-garvi-gujarat-bhavan-that-is-opening-its-gates-to-gujaratis-in-delhi/|title=Interesting facts about Garvi Gujarat Bhavan that is opening its gates to Gujaratis in Delhi|website=Creative Yatra|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>

This new Garvi Gujarat Bhavan is having following facility.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-live-pm-modi-inaugurates-garvi-gujarat-bhavan-at-akbar-road-address-speech-546772|title=PM Modi inaugurates 'Garvi Gujarat Bhavan' at Akbar Road, says 'structure built before time'|last=Taneja|first=Nidhi|date=2019-09-02|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/national/pm-modi-inaugurate-new-gujarat-bhavan-delhi-today|title=PM Modi to inaugurate new Gujarat Bhavan in Delhi today {{!}} DD News|website=www.ddinews.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-09}}</ref>

* 19 Suit Rooms
* 59 Rooms
* Restaurant
* Public Dining Hall
* Business Centre
* Souvenir Shop
* Multi-purpose hall
* Conference Hall
* Four Lounges
* Gymnasium
* Yoga Centre
* Terrace Garden
* Library.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India topics}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:State governments' houses in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Official residences in India]]

{{India-palace-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

ABS-2

2026-03-10T02:00:58Z

IvyB800566150: New

{{Short description|Communications satellite}}
{{for|the Australian television station once referred to as ABS-2|ABS (TV station)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

'''ABS-2''' is a Space Systems/Loral FS 1300 satellite launched in February 2014. It is positioned in geostationary orbit at 75° East and serves four continents across Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Russia and CIS countries. The satellite provides fixed satellite services (FSS) including, video, data and telecommunication networks, corporate networks, cellular backhaul, IP trunking, mobility, and government and military services. It is owned and operated by [[ABS (satellite operator)|ABS]] at its [[Subic Bay]] facility.<ref name="launchpress"/>

== Spacecraft ==
ABS-2 is built on [[SSL 1300]] [[satellite bus]]<ref name="contractsigned"/> and equipped with up to 32 [[C band (IEEE)|C-band]], 51 [[Ku band|Ku-band]] and 6 [[Ka band|Ka-band]] [[Transponder (satellite communications)|transponders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.absatellite.com/satellite-fleet/?sat=abs2|title=ABS " Satellite Fleet " ABS-2|website=ABS|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> Total mass at lift off was {{convert|6330|kg}}, with the size of {{convert|8.3|x|3.5|x|3.5|m}} and {{convert|26|m}} span when in orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/VA217-ABS2-AthenaFidus-launchkit-GB2.pdf|title=Ariane Flight VA217 launch kit|publisher=[[Arianespace]]|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 June 2009, ABS announced that ABS-2 will be built by [[Space Systems/Loral]], with a launch initially planned for 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/publications/eletters/communicasia/2009/06/17/abs-chooses-ssl-to-build-abs-2/|title=ABS Chooses SS/L to Build ABS-2|publisher=Satellite Today|date=17 June 2009|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> Due to financial delays, the contract did not get signed until 14 October 2010, delaying the launch to 2013.<ref name="contractsigned">{{cite news |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2010/10/14/abs-finally-signs-abs-2-contract-after-financing-delays/|title=ABS Finally Signs ABS-2 Contract After Financing Delays|publisher=Satellite Today |first1=Mark|last1=Holems|date=14 October 2010|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

== Launch ==
The satellite was scheduled to launch on 23 January 2014, however the need to change an unspecified equipment in the launcher delayed it further.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2014/01/07/arianespace-postpones-launch-of-ariane-5-eca-mission/|title=Arianespace Postpones Launch of Ariane 5 ECA Mission|publisher=Satellite Today|first1=Caleb |last1=Henry|date=7 January 2014|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> Eventually [[Ariane 5]] ECA flight VA 217 successfully launched on 6 February 2014 at 21:30 [[Universal Time|UTC]] taking [[Athena-Fidus]] in the lower slot and ABS-2 in the upper.<ref name="launchpress">{{cite press release|url=http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/arianespace-launch-va-217-mission-accomplished-ariane-5-eca-orbits-abs-2-and-athena-fidus/|title=Arianespace launch VA 217: Mission accomplished! Ariane 5 ECA orbits ABS-2 and Athena Fidus|publisher=[[Arianespace]]|date=6 February 2014|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lyngsat.com/ABS-2.html Channel list of ABS2 Free Dish on Lyngsat website]

{{South Korean Space Program}}
{{Orbital launches in 2014}}

[[Category:Satellites of South Korea]]
[[Category:Satellite television]]

Chittamur mandal

2026-03-05T07:17:58Z

IvyB800566150: Added a info and citations

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chittamur mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurpeta]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| population_total = 40241
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_total_km2 = 278
| area_footnotes = <ref name=":0" />{{Rp|p=22}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pp=50-51}}
| population_urban = 0
| population_rural = 40241
| coordinates = {{coord|13|57|22|N|80|4|10|E}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| mapframe = yes
| leader_party = [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| leader_name1 = [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]]
}}

'''Chittamur mandal''' is one of the 34 [[Mandal|mandals]] in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Sullurupeta revenue division]] with its headquarters at [[Chittamur]].

== History ==
Chittamur mandal was a part of [[Nellore district]] until 2022.<ref name=":3" /> It was made part of the newly formed Tirupati district effective from 4 April 2022 by the [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]-led [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=[[Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
Chittamur mandal has [[brackish water]] ecosystem. Every year, terrestrial and aquatic birds migrate to [[Pulicat Lake]] for a temporary stay. The ecosystem covers an area of {{Convert|600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} including parts of the mandal along with [[Doravarisatram mandal|Doravarisatram]], [[Sullurpeta mandal|Sullurpeta]], [[Tada mandal|Tada]] and [[Vakadu mandal|Vakadu]] mandals. The terrestrial birds include [[painted storks]], [[large egrets]], [[little egrets]], [[grey pelicans]], [[grey herons]]; water birds include [[northern pintails]], [[black-winged stilts]], [[northern shovelers]], [[common teal]], [[seagulls]], [[terns]], [[sandpipers]], and [[common coots]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=S. Murali |date=27 December 2019 |title=Winged visitors flock to Pulicat, with birdwatchers in tow |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/winged-visitors-flock-to-pulicat-with-birdwatchers-in-tow/article30414057.ece |access-date=9 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religions in Chittamur mandal (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|96.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|2.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.39}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|black|0.12}}|caption=Distribution of religions<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pp=38-40}}|float=right}}

{{As of|2011|alt=As per 2011 census}}, Chittamur mandal had a total population of 40,241 with 20,503 male population and 19,738 female population with a density of {{Pop density|40241|278|km2|prec=0}}. It had a [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 963. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 16,035 and 5,905 of the population respectively. It had a literacy rate of 57.65% with 64.13% among males and 50.95% among females.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/08/2019080553.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore |date=2011 |pages=50–51,390 |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=50-51}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite report |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf |title=Hand book of Statistics S.P.S. Nellore district 2018 |date=2018 |pages=22,25-26,38-40,58 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=22,25-26}}

== Administration ==
Chittamur mandal is a part of [[Sullurupeta revenue division]].<ref name=":2" /> Its headquarters are located at [[Chittamur]].<ref name="map">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Part-III District and Sub-district [Mandals] Guntur to Chittoor [7 Districts] |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223154356/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |publisher=[[Census of India]] |page=223}}</ref> As of 2011 census, the mandal comprises the following 41 villages:<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=390}}
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Village
|-
| Addepudi
|-
| Aruru
|-
| Buradagali Kothapalem
|-
| Chillamuru
|-
| Chittamur
|-
| Devuni Khandrika*
|-
| Ellore
|-
| Eswarawaka
|-
| Gangupalem*
|-
| Gollapalem
|-
| Gunupadu
|-
| Jalapeddipalem
|-
| Kalagurthipadu
|-
| Kogili
|-
| Kokkupalem
|-
| Kothapalem*
|-
| Kummarapalem
|-
| Mallam
|-
| Mangalavaripalle
|-
| Mannemala
|-
| Marlamudi Jangalapalle
|-
| Mettu
|-
| Molakalapudi
|-
| Mukkidipalem
|-
| Padarthivari Khandrika*
|-
| Palamparthy
|-
| Pellakuru
|-
| Perantravulamitta
|-
| Pittivanipalle
|-
| Pothunayanipalle*
|-
| Putragunta
|-
| Ranganathapuram
|-
| Rayareddipalem*
|-
| Somasamudram
|-
| Tadimedu
|-
| Uppalamarthi
|-
| Vadlavanipalle*
|-
| Varthur North
|-
| Veligajulapalle
|-
| Yakasiri
|-
| Yellasiri
|}

* Note: Devuni Khandrika, Gangupalem, Kothapalem, Padarthivari Khandrika, Pothunayanipalle, Rayareddipalem and Vadlavanipalle were uninhabited<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=390}}

== Politics ==
Chittamur mandal is a part of [[Gudur Assembly constituency]] and [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency]]. {{As of|2018|1|1}}, the mandal had 29,607 eligible voters with 14,712 male voters and 14,895 female voters.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=22}} [[Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli]] is representing the Gudur constituency as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/ |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Maddila Gurumoorthy]] is representing the Tirupati constituency as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=A. D. Rangarajan |date=19 July 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Another Central institution likely to be set up in Tirupati |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-another-central-institution-likely-to-be-set-up-in-tirupati/article65658930.ece |access-date=25 September 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Devi Dharisanam

2026-03-03T05:06:30Z

IvyB800566150: small changes

{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devi Dharisanam
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| screenplay = K. Shankar
| story = S. Jagadeesan
| producer = T. A. K. Chari
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Latha (actress)|Latha]] [[Sarath Babu]] [[S. V. Subbaiah]]
| cinematography = Kanchi Meenatchisundaram
| editing = K. Shankar K. R. Krishnan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Malar Combines
| released = {{Film date|1981|1|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Devi Dharisanam''''' is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[K. Shankar]] and produced by T. A. K. Chari. The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Sarath Babu]] and [[S. V. Subbaiah]]. It was released on 9 January 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Dharisanam (1981) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/devi-dharisanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109122255/https://screen4screen.com/movies/devi-dharisanam |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Dharisanam ( 1981 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=420 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825035227/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=420 |archive-date=25 August 2004 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2023}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[Latha (actress)|Latha]]
*[[Manju Bhargavi]] in guest appearance
*[[Sarath Babu]]
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[S. A. Ashokan]]
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]
*[[S. V. Ramadoss]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Nalinikanth]]
*[[Goundamani]]
*Rajagopal
*I. S. R.
*Gopu
*Chandran Babu
*Thangaraj
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]]
*Dhandapani
*Balaji
*Sarathkumar
*Uthirapathi
*Uthayanan
*Narasimhan
*[[Sukumari]]
*Thambaram Lalitha
*Baby Babitha
*Baby Jaishanthi
}}

== Production ==
In order to make the film "a lavish affair", director K. Shankar cast K. R. Vijaya, Latha, Sripriya and Sridevi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piousji |date=29 July 1979 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n595 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230220063613/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99456/page/n595/mode/2up |archive-date=20 Feb 2023 |access-date=2023-08-09 |work=Sunday |pages=45 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=7}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Darisanam ( Super 7 33RPM ) |url=https://avdigital.in/products/devi-darisanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625105712/https://avdigital.in/products/devi-darisanam |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=AVDigital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Darisanam |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/devi-darisanam_120894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030042/https://www.saregama.com/album/devi-darisanam_120894 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aalayam Endral
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] & chorus
| title2 = Sakthi Illamal
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| extra2 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| title3 = Naan Thaandi
| length3 =
| lyrics3 = Udayanan
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]], Renuka
| title4 = Amudha Thirumugathil
| length4 =
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]
}}

== Reception ==
{{empty section|date=December 2024}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Serious Men (film)

2026-03-02T05:00:28Z

IvyB800566150: improve references per standard format additionally

{{short description|2020 Indian satirical comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Serious Men
| image = Serious Men film poster.jpg
| caption = Netflix release poster
| director = [[Sudhir Mishra]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Sudhir Mishra
* Bhavesh Mandalia
* [[Sejal Shah]]
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Bhavesh Mandalia
* Abhijeet Khuman
* [[Niren Bhatt]]
* Nikhil Nair
}}
| based_on = {{based on|[[Serious Men]]}} by Manu Joseph
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
* [[Indira Tiwari]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* Aakshath Das
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]]
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]]
* Yogesh Yadav
}}
| music = Karel Antonin
| cinematography = Alexander Sukala
| editing = Atanu Mukherjee
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Bombay Fables
* Cineraas Entertainment
}}
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|10|02}}
| runtime = 114 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/serious-men-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mdc2nju |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115090251/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/serious-men-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mdc2nju |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2020 |title=Serious Men (2020) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Serious Men''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Satire (film and television)|satirical]] [[comedy-drama film]] directed by [[Sudhir Mishra]]. It is based on the [[Serious Men|book of the same name]] by [[Manu Joseph]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=16 July 2020|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui starrer Serious Men to release on Netflix|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/serious-men-netflix-6508246/|access-date=14 September 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> and features [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] in the lead role. The film is produced by Bombay Fables and Cineraas Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2019|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui to star in Netflix's Serious Men, directed by Sudhir Mishra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-to-star-in-netflix-s-serious-men-directed-by-sudhir-mishra/story-rX7KkpFo2gKQLX9ux5jZ8I.html|access-date=14 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> It was released on Netflix on 2 October 2020.<ref name="release">{{Cite web|date=16 September 2020|title=Serious Men teaser: Nawazuddin Siddiqui takes charge of his son's destiny in 30-second video, watch|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/serious-men-teaser-nawazuddin-siddiqui-takes-charge-of-his-son-s-destiny-in-30-second-video-watch/story-WJXbzsbojOXV3g8uP70kBK_amp.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208003353/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/serious-men-teaser-nawazuddin-siddiqui-takes-charge-of-his-son-s-destiny-in-30-second-video-watch/story-WJXbzsbojOXV3g8uP70kBK_amp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Exploring the themes of class, caste, and prejudice, the film is a reminder of the challenges that [[Dalit]] people face in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manu Joseph's controversial tale of caste wins Indian literary prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/nov/02/manu-joseph-india-serious-men |website=theguardian.com |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Serious Men' movie review: For all the primitive minds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/serious-men-movie-review/article62130289.ece |website=thehindu.com |date=30 September 2020 |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

At the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Serious Men'' received three nominations, including Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film for Aakshath Das, and won two awards: Best Web Original Film and Best Actor in a Web Original Film (Siddiqui).

==Plot==
The film follows Ayyan Mani, a middle-aged man working as a personal assistant to Dr. Arvind Acharya, an [[Astronomy|astronomer]] at the National Institute of Fundamental Research in [[Mumbai]]. He lives in a slum with his wife Oja and their ten-year-old son Adi. Furious at his situation in life, Ayyan develops the outrageous story that Adi is a science genius. Adi, though a bright boy, is no genius. Ayyan coaches him on what to say and do in public, and he uses a [[Bluetooth]] hearing aid to provide the boy with answers. He also manages to procure exam question papers and helps his son get good grades in school. Ayyan's scheme works, and Adi soon becomes a local celebrity. He is invited to give talks at schools and universities and is even featured on national television.

Ayyan's success attracts the attention of local politician Keshav Dhavre and his daughter Anuja, who sees Adi as a potential asset for their party. They offer Ayyan a large sum of money if he can get Adi to endorse the politician's campaign in the upcoming election and convince the [[slum]] dwellers to relocate so a new housing project can be built. Ayyan agrees, but things soon begin to go awry when Adi innocently reveals to his classmate Savali that his father provides him test answers. Ayyan subsequently threatens Savali that he will get her father, who also works at the institute, dismissed from work if she reveals the secret. Dr. Acharya's job is jeopardized when the results of one of his studies prove dubious, and Ayyan, already dissatisfied with the way he is treated at work, reveals this to Acharya's rival, Dr. Namboodiri, who gets Acharya fired.

Ayyan's subterfuge is revealed, however, when Dr. Acharya visits Adi at school and finds out the truth. He subsequently threatens Ayyan, who promises to get him his job back. He pleads with Anuja and her father, who assure him this will be done. Namboodiri threatens to reveal Acharya's fraud to the public if he is reinstated, and Acharya counter-threatens to sue him for spying on him. To save face, Namboodiri confesses that it was Ayyan who leaked the botched study, and Acharya reveals the truth about Adi to Anuja and Keshav. They confront Ayyan but tell him to maintain the facade until Adi completes one final speech and their goals are achieved. Oja eventually learns the truth, and she despises Ayyan for his deception.

Ayyan then turns to Dr. Acharya for help, explaining why he pulled the stunt and giving him the letters authorising his reinstatement. Acharya suggests they leave Mumbai, and he publicly endorses Adi. Ayyan tells Adi to give the final speech, but this time, Adi speaks honestly and reveals that he is no genius.

In the final scene, the family is shown living in a seaside village in [[Kerala]].

==Cast==
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Ayyan Mani
* [[Indira Tiwari]] as Oja Mani
* Aakshath Das as Adi Mani
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Dr. Arvind Acharya
* [[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Keshav Dhavre
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Anuja Dhavre
* Vidhi Chitalia as Oparna
* Pathy Aiyar as Udayan
* [[Sameer Khakhar]] as Ganesh Tawde
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Dr. Namboodri
* [[Manu Joseph]] as Journalist at press conference

==Production==
The film is based on the book ''[[Serious Men]]'' by Manu Joseph.<ref name=":0" /> The makers of the film decided to cast [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as the lead in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui bags lead role in Netflix's 'Serious Men'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/nawazuddin-siddiqui-bags-lead-role-in-netflixs-serious-men20190603151701/|access-date=14 September 2020|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> Principal photography commenced in September 2019.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

==Release==
The film was released on Netflix on 2 October 2020.<ref name="release"/>

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|91|6.6|11|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=16 December 2023}}<ref name="RT">{{cite web|title=Serious Men|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/serious_men|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|2021
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|Best Editing
|Atanu Mukherjee
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/asian-academy-creative-awards-2021-manoj-bajpayee-scam-1992-winners-7547822/lite/|title=Asian Academy Creative Awards 2021|website=Indian Express|date=23 October 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Alexander Surkala
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[49th International Emmy Awards|International Emmy Awards]]
|[[International Emmy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1006087/international-emmy-awards-nominations-for-nawazuddin-siddiqui-vir-das-and-web-series-aarya |title=International Emmy awards: Nominations for Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Vir Das and web series 'Aarya' |website=Scroll.in|date=23 September 2021 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan=3|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Web Original Film
|''Serious Men''
|{{won}}
|rowspan=3|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/nominations|title=My Glamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 - Nominations|date=2 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2021/winners|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 - Winners|date=9 December 2021|access-date=10 December 2021|website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Web Original Film
|Nawazuddin Siddiqui
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Web Original Film
|Aakshath Das
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Netflix title}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films based on books]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:2020 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sudhir Mishra]]
[[Category:2020 comedy-drama films]]

Vivek Vaswani

2026-03-01T22:05:58Z

IvyB800566150: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|India actor and producer (born 1970)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Vaswani
| image = Vivek Vaswani From Starcast of 'Yeh Khula Aasmaan' flew kites (14) (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|11|22}}
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 1984–present
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Vivek Vaswani''' is an [[actor]], writer and [[Film producer|producer]]. He is also dean of [[Pearl Academy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Waiting, waiting in vain |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980501/12150614.html |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=1 May 1998 }}</ref>

==Political career==
He joined [[Indian National Congress]] in presence of [[Varsha Gaikwad]] on 1 October 2024.

== Career ==

An alumnus of Campion School and [[Cathedral and John Connon]], started off with acting in India's first TV soap opera ''[[Khandaan (TV series)|Khandaan]]''. He then produced a Marathi film called ''Kis Bai Kiss'', and a major television serial called ''Nai Dishayen'', in which he also starred along with [[Navin Nischol]], [[Anju Mahendru]], [[Girish Karnad]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]], and [[Jayant Kripalani]]. He produced ''[[Gawaahi]]'', giving a break to [[Anant Balani]] as a director. The film starred [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Tanuja]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], and both India's Oscar nominated directors, [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]. He then produced three films at Sippy Films alongside ''[[GP Sippy]]'', ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'', ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'', ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]'' and played minor roles in them as well. He has launched [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and given breaks to many ([[Sanjay Gupta]] and [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] were both assisting on ''Patthar Ke Phool'').

He has acted in more than a 100 films.

When Shah Rukh Khan came to Mumbai as a hopeful actor, he had no place to stay. He lived with Vaswani, who later appeared in ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman'' and ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' with him, and helped SRK meet directors and producers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/27586533.cms|title = Shah Rukh Khan: Lesser known facts| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> and launched him in ''Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman''. They also acted together in ''[[English Babu Desi Mem]]'', ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]'', ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'', ''[[King Uncle]]'' and Vaswani has been a continuous mentor to him.

Vaswani also produced ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]'' in the English language, giving a break to [[Rahul Bose]], who made his debut as a director, actors [[Koel Purie]], Rehaan Engineer, [[Anahita Uberoi]], [[Boman Irani]], and has the distinction of getting [[Carlos Santana]] to play lead guitar on the title track of the film, composed by [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].

== Films ==
Vivek Vaswani's first film as a producer was a Marathi film titled "''Kis Bai Kiss"'' which was made in eleven lakhs. The film was directed by Murlidhar Kapdi in 1986. The film starred actors Laxmikant Berde, Ashwini Bhave, Avinash Kharshikar, Nivedita Joshi, Nayantara and Sudhir Joshi.

As an actor, he has played minor roles in various films, starting with ''Patthar Ke Phool'' in 1991. Vivek played a character named Lovechand Kukreja in the superhit film ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'' (1992), starring [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]. The actor also appeared in hit films like ''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]'', ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'', ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' (1999), ''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]'', ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000), ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya]]'' (2005), ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves]]'' (2008) and more. On Television, his famous series was ''[[Kabhi yeh Kabhi Voh]]'', with [[Smita Jaykar]], [[Jatin Kanakia]] and [[Dilip Joshi]]. He also acted in ''Zabaan Sambhalke'', with [[Pankaj Kapoor]]. In 2004, he also mentored the contestants of the season 1 of the [[Zee TV]] television series ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' along with [[Sudhir Mishra]]

== Filmography ==
=== As actor ===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'' (1992) as Lovechand
* ''[[Aashiq Awara]]'' (1993) as Rakesh Rajpal
* ''[[King Uncle]]'' (1993) as Kamal
* ''[[Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai]]'' (1998) as Suraj Dhanwa
* ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' (1998) as The College Principal
* ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]'' (1999) as Vaswani
* ''[[Josh (2000 film)|Josh]]'' (2000) as Savio
* ''[[Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahin (2002 film)|Hum Kisise Kum Nahin]]'' (2002) as Doctor
* ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' (2003) as Professor
* ''[[Fida]]'' (2004) as The Bank Employee
* ''[[Aashiq Banaya Aapne]]'' (2005) as Karan's Uncle
* ''[[Barsaat (2005 film)|Barsaat]]'' (2005) as Mr. Vaswani
* ''[[Insan]]'' (2005) as Agarwal
* ''[[36 China Town]]'' (2006) as Mr. Dixit, Lawyer
* ''[[Shakalaka Boom Boom]]'' (2007) as Vidyacharan Shukla
* ''[[My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film)|My Name is Anthony Gonsalves]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]'' (2010) as Lawyer
* ''[[Mastizaade]]'' (2016) – Producer
{{Colend}}

==== Television ====
* ''[[Khandaan (TV series)|Khandaan]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Bullets (2021)|Bullets]]'' (2021)

=== As producer and writer ===
* ''[[Kis Bai Kis]]'' (1986) Marathi Film
* ''[[Nai Dishayen]]'' (TV)
* ''[[Gawaahi]]'' (1986) Feature
* ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'' (1991; co produced with Sippy Films)
* ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'' (1992; co produced with Sippy Films)
* ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Sar Aankhon Par]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]'' (2002; co produced with Metalight)
* ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Rough Book]]'' (2015; co produced with Aerika Cineworks)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0890875}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118113055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/12250/index.html Vivek Vaswani Filmography] [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaswani, Viveck}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Tarikh Yamini

2026-02-27T11:41:56Z

IvyB800566150: new

{{Short description|History book by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Tarikh Yamini
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = History of the reigns of [[Sebuktigin]] and Mahmud
| genre =
| set_in =
| published =
| publisher =
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
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| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

The '''Tarikh i Yamini''', or '''Kitab i Yamini''' is an Arabic-language [[chronicle]] of the reigns of [[Sebuktigin]] and [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], written by [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi]].

Written as a [[panegyric]] in rhymed prose{{sfn|Khan|1976|p=114}}, it narrates the whole of the reign of [[Sebuktigin]], and part of that of Mahmud, up to year 410 Hijra (1020 AD). The Tarikh Yamini also contains information chronicling [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud's]] expeditions as well as the end of the [[Samanid Empire]].{{sfn|Bosworth|2000|p=37}} Al-Utbi, being Mahmud's secretary, did not accompany the sultan, therefore his topography is deficient and his writing style consists of an explicit orthodox nature.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=69}} He also states that he intentionally suppressed many events, unnatural or strange that he found skeptical that did not fit the objectives he had set down in the preface.{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}}

==Content==
The Tarikh Yamini starts in 965 CE, but the [[Samanids]] are not mentioned until the reign of [[Nuh II]] in 976,{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}} while it goes into detail about the [[Buyids]] prior to 983.{{sfn|Khan|1969|p=728}} During the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Qarakhanid]] invasion of the Samanid kingdom in 991, the ''Tarikh Yamini'' states that the Samanid governor Fa'iq, son of [[Simjurid]] ruler Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri,{{sfn|Frye|1999|p=156-157}} invited Hasan bin Sulayman{Bughra Khan} to invade [[Bukhara]].{{sfn|Frye|1999|p=156-157}}

Al-Utbi gives contradictory information owing to the names and number of [[Farighunids|Farighunid]] rulers.{{sfn|Dunlop|1991|p=799}} Specifically never naming [[Abu'l Haret Muhammad]], the second Farighunid ruler.{{sfn|Dunlop|1991|p=799}}

Al-Utbi states when [[Sebuktigin]] defeated [[Jayapala]] in 988, the Afghans and Khaljis of the territory he conquered between Lamghan and Peshawar surrendered and agreed to serve him.{{sfn|Raza|1994|p=786}} Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui, citing the 13th century Persian translation, claims that Al-Utbi mentions the "Afghans" were [[pagan|pagans]] given to rapine and rapacity, they were defeated and converted to Islam.{{sfn|Siddiqui|1996|p=7}}

Despite errors in dates and topography, the ''Tarikh Yamini'' nonetheless contains valuable information concerning Sultan Mahmud's invasions of India.{{sfn|Farooqui|2011|p=7}}

[[Marcel Courthiade]] theorises that the [[Romani people]] fled India because of the [[Ghaznavid campaigns in India|Ghaznavid invasions]], arguing that the Romani are mentioned in the ''Tarikh Yamini's'' discussion of the [[Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj|1018 capture of Kannauj]].{{sfn|Mitra|2016}} However, this is a controversial theory among academics. Linguistic evidence shows that Romani speakers were in contact with Armenian by the 9th century and Byzantine Greek by the 10th, which suggests their migration from India must have occurred during the second half of the first millennium, prior to the Ghaznavid invasions.<ref name="Palgrave-2020">{{cite book |last1=Beníšek |first1=Michael |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave |editor1-last=Matras |editor1-first=Yann |pages=12–25 |editor2-last=Tenser |editor2-first=Anton}}</ref>

==Early translations==
The 13th century [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of the Tarikh i Yamini, by Jurbadqani, takes many liberties and introduces images not found in the original and can be considered an independent work of art; however, it is a fairly reliable copy of the narrative.{{sfn|Wink|1997|p=127}}

==Modern era==
The ''Tarikh i Yamini'' was translated from Persian into English in 1858 by James Reynolds under the title, ''Kitab-i-Yamini''.{{sfn|Levi|2002|p=282}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |title=Sistan and Its Local Histories |first=C. Edmund |last=Bosworth |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=33| issue = 1/2 (Winter – Spring) |year=2000 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-first1=B. |editor-last1=Lewis |editor-first2=CH. |editor-last2=Pellat |editor-first3=J. |editor-last3=Schacht |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=II: C-G |title=Farighunids |first=D.M. |last=Dunlop |publisher=Brill |pages=798–800 |year=1991 }}
* {{cite book |first=Salma Ahmed |last=Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2011 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Samanids |first=Richard Nelson |last=Frye |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |editor-first=R. N. |editor-last=Frye |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Miskawaih and Arabic Historiography |first=M. S. |last=Khan |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=89| issue = 4 (Oct. – Dec.) |publisher= American Oriental Society |year=1969 }}
* {{cite journal |title=al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India |first=M.S.|last=Khan |journal=Oriens |volume=25/26 |publisher=Brill |year=1976 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade |first=Scott C. |last=Levi |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov.) |year=2002 }}
* {{cite web |first=Devirupa |last=Mitra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/Feb/21/romas-left-india-when-ghazni-invaded-kannauj-claims-professor-895066.html#:~:text=the%20professor%20said.-,A%20similar%20view%20was%20echoed%20by%20External%20Affairs%20Minister%20Sushma,1%2C000%20years%20of%20the%20deportation.|title=Romas Left India When Ghazni Invaded Kannauj, Claims Professor |publisher=The Indian Express |year=2016}}
* {{cite journal |first=Jabir |last=Raza |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|title=The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids|authorlink=Jabir Raza|publisher=Indian History Congress|pages=786–791 |volume=55 |year=1994 }}
* {{cite book |first=Tej Ram |last=Sharma |title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2005 }}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Process of Acculturation in Regional Historiography:The Case of the Delhi Sultanate |first=Iqtidar Husain |last=Siddiqui |title=Art and Culture: Endeavours in Interpretation |volume=1 |editor-first1=Ahsan Jan |editor-last1=Qaisar |editor-first2=Som Prakash |editor-last2=Verma |editor-first3=Mohammad |editor-last3=Habib |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1996 }}
* {{cite book |first=André |last=Wink |title=Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th–13th Centuries |publisher=Brill |year=1997 }}
{{refend}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History books about Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:History books about India]]
[[Category:History books about Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Arabic literature]]
[[Category:Historiography of India]]

Boney Kapoor

2026-02-27T07:44:37Z

IvyB800566150: added references

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Boney Kapoor
| image = Boney Kapoor (2014) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2014
| birth_name = Achal Surinder Kapoor<ref name="RealName"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|11|11|df=yes}}<ref name=":1" />
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref name=":1" />
| nationality =
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| years active = 1979{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{ublist|{{marriage|[[Mona Shourie Kapoor]]|1983|1996|end=div}}|{{marriage|[[Sridevi]]<ref name="ABC_2018-02-24">{{cite news |title=Sridevi, Bollywood leading lady of '80s and '90s, dies at 54 |date=24 February 2018 |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/sridevi-bollywood-leading-lady-80s-90s-dies-54-53337091 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225050841/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/sridevi-bollywood-leading-lady-80s-90s-dies-54-53337091 |archive-date=25 February 2018 }}</ref>|1996|2018|end=died}}}}
| children = 4 (including [[Arjun Kapoor|Arjun]], [[Janhvi Kapoor|Jahnvi]] and [[Khushi Kapoor|Khushi]])
| father = [[Surinder Kapoor]]
| mother =
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Kapoor family (of Surinder Kapoor)|Surinder Kapoor's family]]
}}

'''Achal Surinder''' "'''Boney'''" '''Kapoor''' (born 11 November 1953) is an Indian film producer primarily associated with [[Hindi cinema]], in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema]].

==Early life and education==
Kapoor was born as Achal Surinder Kapoor<ref name="RealName">{{cite web |title=Achal Surinder Kapoor @ Boney ... vs Seftech India Private Limited And ... on 1 September, 2021 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/192245879/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> to Bollywood film producer [[Surinder Kapoor]] on 11 November 1953, in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], his father having to move out of their ancestral home in [[Peshawar]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]) due to the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]].<ref name=":1" /> Born into a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] family, he had an [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samaji]] upbringing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Vasisht |first=Divya |date=13 April 2003 |title=Boney Kapoor: A retake of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/boney-kapoor-a-retake-of-life/articleshow/43204832.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210093509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/boney-kapoor-a-retake-of-life/articleshow/43204832.cms |archive-date=10 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 July 2025 |quote= }}</ref> His younger brothers [[Anil Kapoor|Anil]] and [[Sanjay Kapoor|Sanjay]] are both actors and producers.

Kapoor was educated at the [[Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School]] and [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College]], Mumbai.<ref name=":1" />

==Production career==

=== Early career ===
At 20, Kapoor apprenticed with editor Kamlakar Karkhanis, who has worked as an editor on several films directed by [[Manmohan Desai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |date=18 July 2021 |title="I was so skinny, they started calling me Boney. My real name is Achal Kapoor!" says Boney Kapoor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/i-was-so-skinny-they-started-calling-me-boney-my-real-name-is-achal-kapoor-says-boney-kapoor-101626581256913.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> He started his career working under legends like [[Shakti Samanta]], whose ''[[The Great Gambler]]'' (1979) helped him learn editing and where he also had a small and uncredited acting role as a [[Double (occupation)|body double]] for [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref name=":1" /> Despite this early foray into the film industry, Kapoor initially had no interest in movies, and was looking to seek his professional career in a [[yarn]]-trading company.<ref name=":1" />

=== ''Mr. India'' (1987) ===
The most famous film produced by him remains the [[Shekhar Kapur]] directed sci-fi film ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr India]]'' starring his brother [[Anil Kapoor]] and his future wife [[Sridevi]]. It was the second biggest hit of 1987 and remains a cult classic in India. The film was known for several of its lines and songs, including Sridevi's "Miss Hawa Hawaii" performance and [[Amrish Puri]]'s quote "Mogambo khush hua" ('Mogambo is pleased', although the literal translation is 'Mogambo became happy', it's a very awkward construct and hence the humour), which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and has become synonymous with Puri.<ref name="top">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oneknightstands.net/top-20-villains-of-bollywood/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618071628/http://www.oneknightstands.net/top-20-villains-of-bollywood/|url-status=dead|title=Top 20 Villains of Bollywood|date=16 December 2008|archive-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>

[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]'s music performed well too, especially the song "Hawa Hawaii" which is very popular till today. ''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr India]]'' has often been featured in lists of top Bollywood films. ''[[Indiatimes|Indiatimes Movies]]'' ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Kanwar, Rachna |title=25 Must See Bollywood Movies |date=3 October 2005 |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-6.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717044058/http://movies.indiatimes.com/Special_Features/25_Must_See_Bollywood_Movies/articleshow/msid-1250837,curpg-6.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |publisher=Indiatimes movies |access-date=8 November 2010}}</ref> This was the last film that the duo [[Salim–Javed|Salim-Javed]] wrote together. They had split up earlier in 1982, but came back for one last film. It was remade in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[En Rathathin Rathame]]'', starring [[K. Bhagyaraj]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140305110619/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57137.html Kollywood: Ms. Indias and Ms. Worlds – I], IndiaGlitz. 20 May 2010</ref> in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Jai Karnataka]]'', starring [[Ambareesh]]. On the centenary of Indian cinema, ''Mr. India'' was declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time.<ref>{{cite web |last=ibnlive |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234939/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-7.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref> Described by [[Rediff]] as "one of the most iconic films of its time",<ref name="http">{{cite web |last=Rediff |title=PIX: The Changing Faces of Sridevi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-the-changing-faces-of-sridevi/20121009.htm |date=9 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115061354/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-the-changing-faces-of-sridevi/20121009.htm |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> it became one of the highest grossing hits of 1987.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boxofficeindia.com |title=Box Office 1987 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201143818/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=193&catName=MTk4Nw%3D%3D |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref> and also found a place in [[Hindustan Times]] list of 'Top 10 Patriotic Films of Hindi Cinema'.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hindustan Times |title=Top 10 Patriotic Films |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/toptenpatrioticmovies/Article4.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809064003/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/toptenpatrioticmovies/Article4.aspx |archive-date=9 August 2013 }}</ref>

=== Other productions in the 1980s and the 1990s ===
His other early productions include ''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]'' which played a key role in establishing actors like [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Amrish Puri]] in Bollywood. Kapoor also launched many big stars of the Hindi film industry. His production ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' launched brother [[Anil Kapoor]], ''Prem'' launched younger brother [[Sanjay Kapoor]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and ''[[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe]]'' launched actress [[Esha Deol]]. He produced one of the most expensive films in the history of Hindi cinema: ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' in 1993. In 1997, he produced the box office hit ''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]'' starring Sridevi and Anil together yet again with [[Urmila Matondkar]].

Kapoor was managing brother Anil's career well until 1999 and in 2000 he produced ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' starring Anil, [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]], [[Danny Denzongpa]] and [[Om Puri]]. The film was critically acclaimed and a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm |title=Box office 2000 |work=boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218132345/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm |access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=18 December 2007 }}</ref> It won two [[National Film Awards]], including the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for Anil Kapoor's performance.

=== ''Company'' (2002) ===
In 2002, he produced ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] starring [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], and [[Antara Mali]]. It is a fictional exposé of the [[Mumbai]] underworld, loosely based on the [[Indian mafia]] organisation [[D-Company]], known to be run by [[Dawood Ibrahim]]. The film received positive reviews from critics as well as audience and won six out of the eleven awards it was nominated for at the [[Filmfare Awards]]. The film received critical acclaim at the 2004 [[Austin Film Festival]] and [[New York Asian Film Festival]].<ref name=David>{{cite web |author=David |title=The Films of Ram Gopal Varma – An Overview |publisher=Cinema Strikes Back |date=16 June 2006 |url=http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725153007/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202 |archive-date=25 July 2009 }}</ref>

It is the second film in the [[Gangster (film series)|''Gangster'' series]] and a sequel to the film ''[[Satya]]''. It was followed by a sequel, ''[[D (film)|D]]''. Film critic [[Rajeev Masand]] has labelled it (along with its prequel ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'') one of the "most influential movies of the past ten years."<ref name="masand-contract-verdict">{{cite news |title=Masand's Verdict: Contract, mangled mess of Satya, Company |author=Rajeev Masand |work=CNN-IBN |date=18 July 2008 |access-date=18 August 2010 |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202220525/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref> ''Company'' marked the introduction of a new genre of film making, a variation of film noir<ref name="dwyer">{{cite news |title=Behind The Scenes |author=Rachel Dwyer |work=Outlook Magazine |date=30 May 2005 |access-date=18 August 2010 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?227527}}</ref> that has been called ''Mumbai noir''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood on the table |author=Aruti Nayar |work=The Tribune |date=16 December 2007 |access-date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022142305/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071216/spectrum/main11.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref>

=== Later 2000s hits ===
His 2004 film ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] was a box office failure but has since achieved a cult status for its comedy scenes, especially the "Kauwa Biryani" scene starring [[Vijay Raaz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/abhishek_bachchan |title=Abhishek Bachchan box office |work=Box OfficeIndia |access-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918183004/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/abhishek_bachchan |archive-date=18 September 2015 }}</ref> Following this, he produced the comedy film ''[[No Entry]]'' that became Bollywood's biggest hit of 2005. It gained a lot of popularity grossing {{INRConvert|430|m|lk=r|year=2005}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2005 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211&catName=MjAwNQ== |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=13 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130532/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=211 |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2009, Kapoor produced ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' starring [[Salman Khan]]. The film broke many records at the box office upon release, due to Khan's comeback. ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' was the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Bollywood-is-Tollywoods-fan/articleshow/10088678.cms |title=Bollywood is Tollywood's fan |work=Times of India |access-date=26 September 2011 |date=23 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820064311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Bollywood-is-Tollywoods-fan/articleshow/10088678.cms |archive-date=20 August 2015 }}</ref> It had an excellent opening, grossing {{INRConvert|440|m|year=2009}} in the first week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qatar-tribune.com/data/20090929/pdf/chillout.pdf |title=Qatar Tribune |access-date=17 August 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> It shattered records in Pakistan, grossing over {{INRConvert|1.75|b|year=2009}} in its first weekend, which was a record for any Indian film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/salmans-wanted-collects-75-mn-in-pak/102252-8.html |title=Salman's Wanted collects 7.5 m in Pakistan |author=Johnny Vaz |date=26 September 2009 |work=IBN |access-date=26 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009020600/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/salmans-wanted-collects-75-mn-in-pak/102252-8.html |archive-date=9 October 2013 }}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|1.01|b|year=2009}} in India and {{INRConvert|260.6|m|year=2009}} overseas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708090124/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2009 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210202343/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=10 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="weeklyvoice1">{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/~epaper/00pdfs/20100102v.pdf |title=The Weekly Voice |access-date=17 August 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

=== South Indian productions ===
He acquired the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake rights of 2016 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]].'' He produced the Tamil version of the film in 2019 as ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]],'' which became a critical and commercial success. Later in 2021, he produced the Telugu version of the film along with [[Dil Raju]] of [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] as ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''<ref name=":0" /> starring [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Nivetha Thomas]] and Ananya Nagalla in lead roles. The film is the highest opener in India post the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], netting over {{INRConvert|380|m|year=2021}} on its first day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vakeel Saab Is Top Opener In India Post Pandemic - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6224|access-date=11 April 2021|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Both the films are his debut into [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema]] respectively.

== Other work ==

=== Acting ===
In 2023, he made his acting film debut in ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'', playing the supporting role of [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s father.

=== Cricket ===
Boney Kapoor also has an interest in cricket. He is the [https://www.cclcricket.in/bengal-tigers owner of the Bengal Tigers] in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]].

==Personal life==
Kapoor was married to [[Mona Shourie Kapoor|Mona Shourie]] from 1983 to 1996 and the couple has two children, [[Arjun Kapoor]] (born 1985) and Anshula (born in 1990).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rare pic of Boney Kapoor with ex-wife Mona Kapoor and son Arjun takes over the internet |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rare-pic-of-boney-kapoor-with-ex-wife-mona-kapoor-and-son-arjun-takes-over-the-internet-2277490.html |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=Zee News |date=19 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Before marrying Sridevi, Boney Kapoor was married to Mona Shourie, a successful businesswoman - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/before-marrying-sridevi-boney-kapoor-was-married-to-mona-shourie-a-successful-businesswoman/ |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=OrissaPost |date=25 March 2020}}</ref> Arjun made his acting debut in the 2012 movie ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'' while Anshula graduated from [[Barnard College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Mirror |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/International-affairs-City-that-never-sleeps/articleshow/54773146.cms |website=MumbaiMirror |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213160559/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/International-affairs-City-that-never-sleeps/articleshow/54773146.cms |archive-date=13 December 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:IIFA-2014-GreenCarpet2 (218).jpg|thumb|upright|(From left) Kapoor with his wife [[Sridevi]], and daughters [[Khushi Kapoor|Kushi]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor|Janhvi]] ]]

Kapoor married Indian actress [[Sridevi]] on 2 June 1996. The couple had two daughters, [[Janhvi Kapoor]] (born 6 March 1997) and [[Khushi Kapoor]] (born 5 November 2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: Showbuzz! Boney, Sridevi's daughter called Khushi |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/30sri.htm |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125723/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/nov/30sri.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> On 24 February 2018, Sridevi died<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dehubs.com/news/bollywood-actress-sridevi-passes-away-age-54/ |title=Bollywood actress Sridevi passes away at the age of 54 |date=25 February 2018 |work=Dehubs |access-date=24 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225105404/https://dehubs.com/news/bollywood-actress-sridevi-passes-away-age-54/ |archive-date=25 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Dubai after drowning in her hotel bathtub. The [[Kapoor family]] of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] are also his distant relatives as Prithviraj was Surinder's cousin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sridevi Shares Million-Dollar Pic Of Raj Kapoor And Her Husband Boney |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sridevi-shares-million-dollar-pic-of-raj-kapoor-and-her-husband-boney-1787843 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
|1980
|''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]''
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
| Remake of ''[[Paduvaaralli Pandavaru]]''
|-
|1983
|''[[Woh Saat Din]]''
| Remake of ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]''
|-
|1987
|''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
|''[[Raat (film)|Raat]]'' / ''[[Raatri]]''
| Hindi Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Drohi (1992 film)|Drohi]]'' / ''[[Antham]]''
| Hindi Telugu
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]''
| rowspan="19" | Hindi
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]''
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Loafer (1996 film)|Loafer]]''
| Remake of ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]''
|-
|1997
|''[[Judaai (1997 film)|Judaai]]''
|Remake of''[[Subhalagnam]]''
|-
|1999
|''[[Sirf Tum]]''
| Remake of ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
|
|-
|''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]''
| Remake of ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''[[Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe]]''
| Remake of ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]''
|-
|''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''
|
|-
|''[[Shakti (2002 film)|Shakti]]''
| Remake of ''[[Anthapuram (1998 film)|Anthapuram]]''
|-
|2003
|''[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|Khushi]]''
| Remake of ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
| Remake of ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|-
|''[[Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]''
|
|-
|''[[No Entry]]''
|Remake of ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]''
|-
|2009
|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
| Remake of ''[[Pokiri]]''
|-
|2010
|''[[Milenge Milenge]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Tevar (film)|Tevar]]''
| Remake of ''[[Okkadu]]''
|-
|2017
|''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
| Tamil
| Remake of ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|-
|2020
|''[[It's My Life (film)|It's My Life]]''
| Hindi
| Remake of ''[[Bommarillu]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Vakeel Saab]]''<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=MCA fame Venu Sriram likely to direct Pawan Kalyan in Pink remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mca-fame-venu-sriram-likely-to-direct-pawan-kalyan-in-pink-remake/articleshow/71864534.cms |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
| Telugu
| Remake of ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
|-
|''[[Jeet Ki Zid]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Valimai]]''
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]''
| Remake of ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]''
|-
|''[[Veetla Vishesham]]''
| Remake of ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
|-
|''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]''
| Hindi
| Remake of ''[[Helen (2019 film)|Helen]]''
|-
| 2023
|''[[Thunivu]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Maidaan]]''
| Hindi
|
|}

===Acting===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''[[AK vs AK]]''
| Himself
|
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naam Tha Kanhaiyalal]]'' || Himself || documentary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3zhIGop_JM|title=NAAM THA KANHAIYALAL | DOCUFILM | HEMAA SINGH | PAWAN KUMAR | MUKESH SINGH|date=22 September 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
| Ramesh Arora
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-begin-second-schedule-luv-ranjans-next-march/|title=Ranbir Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor to begin second schedule for Luv Ranjan's next in March|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 February 2021|access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|1988
|Star & Style Awards
|Best Film
|''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="news15">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/baby-sridevi-pictures-charming-child-stunning-teen-76990|title=Charming child, stunning teen|work=The News Minute|date=25 February 2018|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|[[51st Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[No Entry]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards Winners 2006: Complete list of winners of Filmfare Awards 2006 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2006/101 |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th IIFA Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA 2006 Nominees |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111224556/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2006 |date=6 May 2006}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|[[11th IIFA Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/toronto-to-host-2011-iifa-awards/552482 | title=Toronto to host 2011 IIFA Awards | date=10 December 2009 | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=3 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Best Film – Thriller or Action|Best Film – Thriller or Action]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507075641/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2010 }}</ref>
|}{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|438470|Boney Kapoor}}
* {{Twitter|BoneyKapoor}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Boney}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]

John Griffith (governor of Bombay)

2026-02-20T05:47:30Z

IvyB800566150: Put Up Initial Biography Added Tags - done

{{Short description|British Governor of Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''John Griffith ''' was [[Governor of Bombay]] from 9 November 1795 to 27 December 1795.

==References==
*{{cite web
|url=http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title=Previous Governors List
|accessdate=2008-12-23
|publisher=[[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archivedate=2009-02-06
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=2008-10-09
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=2008-08-13
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box | title=[[Governor of Bombay]]
| before=[[George Dick (Governor of Bombay)|George Dick]]
| after= [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]]
| years=1795}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Griffith, John}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Anthrenus himalayensis

2026-02-07T00:41:42Z

IvyB800566150: Stub

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Anthrenus
| species = himalayensis
| authority = Háva, Wachkoo & Maqbool, 2019
| parent = Anthrenodes
}}

'''''Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) himalayensis''''' is a species of [[Dermestidae|carpet beetle]] found in India ([[Kashmir]]).<ref name=wd-species/><ref name=dermestidae-herrmann/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=wd-species>{{Cite web |last=Háva |first=Jiří |date=2023 |title=World Dermestidae. Subfamily Megatominae |url=http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |access-date=12 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070250/http://dermestidae.wz.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Subfamily-Megatominae.pdf |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref name=dermestidae-herrmann>{{Cite web |last=Herrmann |first=Andreas |date=2024 |title=Dermestidae (Abbildungen) |url=http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602070649/http://www.dermestidae.com/Abbildungen.html |archivedate=2 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q119482124}}

[[Category:Anthrenus|himalayensis]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles of Asia]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 2019]]

{{Anthrenus-stub}}

Zakia Soman

2026-02-02T03:03:15Z

IvyB800566150: info

{{short description|Indian activist}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zakia Soman
| image = Zakia Soman.jpg
| caption = Zakia Soman
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Gujrat]]
| known_for = [[Women's rights activism]]
| occupation = University professor, Founder of [[Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan]]
| awards = Outstanding Women Achiever's Award by [[National Commission for Women]] (2014)
}}

'''Zakia Soman''' is an Indian women's rights activist and the founder of [[Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan]], a non-governmental women's rights organization.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-37749499|title=Mumbai shrine to allow entry to women|date=2016-10-24|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Zakia Soman was born in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat. She worked as a university professor of Business Communication in English at the [[University of Gujrat]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-zakia-and-noorjehan-who-are-leading-the-movement-for-reforms-in-muslim-personal-laws/story-1hhwA5kk9lSmaUvuj0EXGM.html|title=Zakia and Noorjehan: Duo lead movement for reforms in Muslim personal laws|date=2016-09-11|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Zakia advocates for the rights of Muslim women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/yes-tablighi-jamaat-organisers-were-irresponsible-no-they-do-not-represent-all-of-indias-muslims-2562889.html|title=Yes, Tablighi Jamaat Organisers Were Irresponsible. No, They Do Not Represent All of India's Muslims|date=3 April 2020 }}</ref> She has worked and written extensively on issues of peace and justice, secularism, human rights, and minority rights. She also set up and heads the Peace and Human Security theme in [[ActionAid]].<ref name="WEF"/>

She is a member of South Asian Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE). She used to be a university professor in Gujarat before she quit her job and started working for minority rights. She is a founder of Centre for Peace Studies, which engages in knowledge activism for peace and tolerance.<ref name="WEF">{{Cite news|url=http://www.wef.org.in/zakia-soman/|title=Zakia Soman - Women Economic Forum (WEF)|work=WEF|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

Zakia has supported the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]]'s verdict that Muslim women are entitled to maintenance after divorce under Section 125 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]]. She has spoken out against polygamy among Indian Muslims, saying that was permitted only in a certain context and was not valid in modern times.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= Soman|first= Zakia|date=15 July 2024|title=Why the SC verdict on maintenance is significant for Muslim women|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-the-sc-verdict-on-maintenance-is-significant-for-muslim-women/articleshow/111755290.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 9 August 2024}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2014, she was awarded Outstanding Women Achiever's Award by the National Commission for Women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=6118|title=Zakia Soman (India) {{!}} WikiPeaceWomen – English|website=wikipeacewomen.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-06-07|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612200912/http://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=6118|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also featured in [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100]] Fearless Women in November 2015.<ref name="wisemuslimwomen">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zakia_nizami_soman/|publisher=wisemuslimwomen.org|title=Zakia Nizami Soman | WISE Muslim Women|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220235317/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/muslimwomen/bio/zakia_nizami_soman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Works ==

* Reclaiming Sacred Spaces: Muslim Women's Struggle for Entry into Haji Ali Dargah Zakia Soman<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-29 |title=Women activists enter Haji Ali dargah |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/women-activists-enter-haji-ali-dargah/articleshow/55688742.cms |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* Journal of Development Policy Review: Vol. 1 Issues. 3: Life in the Era of COVID-19: Perceiving the Impact Heera Lal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-12 |title=JDPR Volume 1, Issue 3 - Impact And Policy Research Institute (IMPRI) |url=https://www.impriindia.com/production/jdpr-journal/issues/vol-1-issue-3/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=www.impriindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Courage Unlocked: Personal Stories of Muslim Women’s Lives, Struggles and Leadership
* Seeking Justice Within Family: A National Study on Muslim Women’s Views on Reforms in Muslim Personal Law
* Indian Muslim Women’s Movement: For Gender Justice and Equal Citizenship
* Status of Women in Polygamous Marriages and Need for Legal Protection

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soman, Zakia}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]

Wings India

2026-01-31T15:23:03Z

IvyB800566150: pg

{{Short description|Biennial air show held in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Wings India
| image =
| caption =
| status = 
| genre = [[Air show]]
| dates = January
| frequency = [[wiktionary:biennial|Biennial]]: Even years
| venue = [[Begumpet Airport]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| coordinates =
| country = India
| established = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| last = 2026
| next = 2028
| attendance =
| activity =
| organised = Union civil aviation ministry
| website = [https://www.wings-india.co.in/ wings-india.co.in]
}}
'''Wings India''' (formerly the '''Indian Civil Aviation Airshow''') is a biennial air show held in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India at the [[Begumpet Airport]]. The first show, India Aviation 2008, was held from 15 to 18 October 2008. It is organised by the Union civil aviation ministry. Begumpet is preparing to receive the world's largest passenger aircraft after the place was closed for regular commercial operations and is now used only for private, defence and VVIP aircraft ever since the new [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] at Shamshabad, Hyderabad became operational. Hyderabad will be a permanent venue for this Airshow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad to Host Asia's Largest Civil Aviation Show Wings India-2022 at begumpet |website=eInstantly.com – Get Latest Breaking News & Happening, Entertainment & Social Media Trends |url=http://www.einstantly.com/hyderabad-to-host-wings-india-2022-asias-largest-civil-aviation-show/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |language=en}}</ref>

The show includes both air displays and static exhibitions of various Civil and Military aircraft, along with displays from vendors, suppliers and production organisations. The aircraft, which were on static or flying display, include [[Boeing 777]], [[Airbus A340]], Canadian Regional Jet of [[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier]] Citation, business jets manufactured by various global leaders, [[Bell Helicopters]], DragonFly, [[Cessna]], Indian-made Pushpak and Indian firm Hindavia's Russian-made regional aircraft [[Ilyushin Il-114]]. This is apart from the world's largest passenger aircraft, the [[Airbus A380]], which made its maiden and historic landing at Hyderabad's Begumpet Airport on 16 October 2008.

The show was unveiled by Union Minister for [[Civil Aviation]] Mr. Praful Patel. Top honchos of the aviation industry from India and abroad were a part of the event, including [[Air India]] CMD Raghu Menon, [[Kingfisher Airlines]] chief [[Vijay Mallya]], former US FAA Administrator Marion C Blakey, AAI chief K Ramalingam, EADS CEO Yves Guillame, [[GoAir]] MD [[Jehangir Wadia]], [[Air Arabia]] CEO Adel Ali and top-brass of various airport operators, engine, avionics and aircraft manufacturers like [[Boeing]], [[Airbus]], [[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier]] and [[Bell Helicopters]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121022074643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-13/hyderabad/27942356_1_federal-aviation-authority-largest-aircraft-kingfisher-chief-vijay-mallya India's first-ever aviation show to begin on Wednesday]", ''[[Times of India]]'' (13 October 2008).</ref>

While the show is meant only for business visitors who are invited, other business visitors (above 18 years) can also visit the show by purchasing an entry ticket. The last day of the 2008 show was open to public. The show was a sort of partnership between FICCI and AAI to jointly organise it for the overall sustainable development of the civil aviation in the country.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Air shows]]
[[Category:Civil aviation in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2008]]
[[Category:Biennial events]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Hinduism in Suriname

2026-01-26T01:54:11Z

IvyB800566150: put up new stub...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group=Surinamese Hindus |image=|image_caption=|flag=[[File:Om symbol.svg|75px|link=Om]]|pop='''129,440 (2015)''' constituting '''23.15%''' of the population.|regions='''[[Suriname]]''' [[Netherlands]]{{·}}[[Guyana]] {{·}}[[Dutch Caribbean]]{{·}}[[French Guiana]]
|rels= '''[[Hinduism]]''' ([[Sanātana Dharma]]) '''Majority sect''' [[Sanātanī#Sanātanī as a denomination|Sanātanī]] (80.58%) '''Minority sects''' [[Arya Samaj in Suriname|Arya Samaj]] (13.81%){{·}}[[Sathya Sai Baba movement]]{{·}}[[Kabir panth|Kabir Panth]]{{·}}[[Hindu atheism]]{{·}}Others
|scriptures=[[Vedas]]{{·}}[[Puranas]]{{·}}[[Upanishads]] {{·}}''[[Ramayana]]'' (incl. ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' version){{·}}''[[Mahabharata]]'' (incl. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''){{·}}[[Hindu texts|other Hindu texts]]
|related-c=[[Hinduism in the Netherlands|Dutch Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in Guyana|Guyanese Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian and Tobagonian Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in Jamaica|Jamaican Hindus]]{{·}}[[Hinduism in the West Indies|other Caribbean Hindus]]
|langs=[[Sanskrit]] (''[[liturgical language]]'') [[Sarnami Hindustani]]{{·}}[[Surinamese Dutch]]{{·}}[[Javanese language#Surinamese-Javanese|Surinamese-Javanese]]}}
{{Hinduism by country}}
[[File:Arya Dewaker, exterior5.jpg|thumb|[[Arya Diwaker]] Hindu temple in [[Paramaribo]]]]
'''[[Hinduism]] in [[Suriname]]''' is the second-largest religion. According to [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]], there are 129,440 Hindus in Suriname as of 2015, constituting 23.15% of the population.<ref name="thearda.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/internationaldata/countries/Country_212_2.asp|title=Suriname, Religion And Social Profile|website=thearda.com|access-date=2021-10-15|archive-date=2021-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617011604/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_212_2.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |title=Microsoft PowerPoint - DEFINITIEF-VOL-I.ppt |access-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105905/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suriname has the second largest percentage of Hindus in the [[Western Hemisphere]], after [[Guyana]] (24.8%).

==History==
[[File:KITLV - 33936 - Hindu woman, festively dressed, in Surinam - circa 1900.tif|thumb|Hindu woman festively dressed in Suriname in 1900]]
The story of [[Hindus]] in Suriname is broadly parallel to that in [[Guyana]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured labourers]] were sent to colonial [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Dutch Guiana]] by special arrangement between the Dutch and British.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gopio.net/publications_articles/Immigration_lecture_Sandew_Hira.pdf |title=The legacy of 135 years of Indian Immigration in Suriname |author=Sandew Hira |date=2008 }}</ref> The difference is that the Netherlands' more liberal policy toward Hinduism allowed a stronger culture to develop. Example is the almost universal reading of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', and the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/cultural/hindus%20of%20south%20america.htm |title=Hindus of South America |publisher=Guyanaundersiege.com |access-date=2018-09-20 |archive-date=2018-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718204200/http://www.guyanaundersiege.com/Cultural/Hindus |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDO0BAAAQBAJ |title = The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500-1850|isbn = 9781845450311|last1 = Emmer|first1 = Pieter Cornelis|last2 = Ulijaszek|first2 = Stanley|year = 2006| publisher=Berghahn Books }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]], there are 129,440 Hindus in Suriname as of 2015, constituting 23.15% of the population.<ref name="thearda.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105905/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Population by year===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent of Hindus'''
! '''Change'''
|-
| '''1900'''
| '''16.4%'''
| '''-'''
|-
| '''1916'''
| '''19.8%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+3.4%'''
|-
| '''1936'''
| '''21.8%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.0%'''
|-
| '''1946'''
| '''19.5%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-2.3%'''
|-
| '''1964'''
| '''27%'''
| style="background: Green" | '''+7.5%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''29.5%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.5%'''
|-
| '''1980'''
| '''27.4%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-2.1%'''
|-
| '''2004'''
| '''19.9%'''
| style="background: Red" | '''-7.4%'''
|-
| '''2012'''
| '''22.3%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+2.4%'''
|-
| '''2015'''
| '''23.1%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.8%'''
|}

The percentage of Hindus increased initially (1900 – 1930s), fluctuated slightly between the 1930s and 1980s, and remained stable in the 20s (20%).The demographic changes in the religious population in the first half of the 20th century can be explained by migration. In the second half of the 20th century, in particular after 1970s the decline of Hindus might be explained by large migration to the Netherlands during the independence (1975) and the military regime in the 1980-1987.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310188560 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.29120.53761 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|year=2016 |author1=Kirtie Algoe |title=Colonial Christian Dominance and Religious Diversity in Suriname }}</ref>

===Population by districts===
[[File:Suriname Hindu.PNG|thumb|Distribution of Hindus by district]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District !! Percent of Hindus
|-
| [[Saramacca District|Saramacca]] || 44.6%
|-
| [[Nickerie District|Nickerie]] || 43.2%
|-
| [[Wanica]] || 39.9%
|-
| [[Commewijne District]] || 24.5%
|-
| [[Paramaribo District|Paramaribo]] || 13.8%
|-
| [[Para District|Para]] || 4.9%
|-
| [[Coronie]] || 2.2%
|-
| [[Marowijne District|Marowijne]] || 0.9%
|-
| [[Brokopondo District|Brokopondo]] || 0.4%
|-
| [[Sipaliwini District|Sipaliwini]] || 0.3%
|}

==Hindu denominations==
{{See also|Arya Samaj in Suriname}}
[[File:Hindoe temple in Nickerie (31125297781).jpg|thumb|Hindu temple in [[Nickerie District|Nickerie]]]]
According to the 2012 census, 18% of Surinamese are [[Sanatani]] Hindus, 3.1% are [[Arya Samaj]], and the remaining 1.2% followed other forms of Hinduism.

[[ISKCON]] also have a presence in Suriname. The first Hare Krishna devotees to visit Suriname were devotees from Guyana way back in the early 1980s. The first Center was established about two decades ago, and now there is a vibrant preaching center in the country’s second city, New Nickerie.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-suriname-holds-first-ratha-yatra,5834/|title = ISKCON Suriname Holds First Ratha-yatra|date = 30 September 2016|access-date = 30 November 2018|archive-date = 30 November 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202032/https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-suriname-holds-first-ratha-yatra,5834/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Ethnicity==
{{Bar box
|title=Ethnicity<ref name="Census2012-vol1">{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf |title=Suriname census 2012, Volume 1 |via=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=right
|left1=Ethnicity
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|Indian|Yellow|95.7}}
{{bar percent|Mixed|Blue|2.6}}
{{Bar percent|Javanese|Red|0.75}}
{{Bar percent|Creole|green|0.14}}
{{Bar percent|Chinese|green|0.13}}
{{Bar percent|Others|grey|0.2}}
}}

Majority of the Hindus in Suriname are [[Indo-Surinamese|East Indians]], both in absolute terms and in percentage. Hinduism has a considerable following among Mixed ethnic people (3,210 people) and [[Javanese Surinamese]] (915 people). Hinduism is also practised among [[Chinese Surinamese]] (157 people), Creole (142 people), [[Maroon (people)|Maroon]] (84 people), [[Indigenous peoples in Suriname|Indigenous people]] (83 people) and [[Afro-Surinamese]] (59 people).<ref name="Census2012-vol1" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Ethnic group !! Percent of Ethnic group practising Hinduism
|-
| [[Indo-Surinamese]] || 78%
|-
| Mixed || 2.4%
|-
| [[Chinese Surinamese|Chinese]] || 1%
|-
| [[Afro-Surinamese]] || 0.5%
|-
| [[Javanese Surinamese|Javanese]] || 1.2%
|-
| [[Indigenous peoples in Suriname|Indigenous people]] || 0.04%
|-
| Creole || 0.017%
|-
| [[Maroon (people)|Maroon]] || 0.007%
|}

==Contemporary Society==
[[File:Paramaribo, Hindu Temple.JPG|thumbnail|Shri Vishnu mandir, [[Paramaribo]]]]

===Language===
In contrast to the neighbouring Guyanese Hindus who speak English, most of the Surinamese Hindus speak [[Sarnami Hindustani]]. This is largely because the Dutch did not force the Indo-Caribbean population to abandon their native languages, unlike in British colonies like [[Trinidad]] and [[Guyana]], where English was imposed as a means of attempting to erase cultural and religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_7222082|title=Surinamese Hinduism's Enduring Practice|date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

===Festivals===
[[Diwali]] and [[Holi]] are national holidays in Suriname.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Suriname}}
*[[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[Hinduism in Belize]]
*[[Hinduism in the Netherlands]]
*[[Hinduism in Guyana]]
*[[Hinduism in Guadeloupe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0 153-1|Hinduism in Suriname, Research Paper]]

{{South America topic|Hinduism in}}

{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Suriname| ]]

Mirchi and Mime

2026-01-22T18:07:06Z

IvyB800566150: creating new data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| embed = Yes
| name = Mirchi and Mime
| title = 
| logo = Mirchi and Mime logo.png
| logo_width = 100px
| logo_alt = Mirchi and Mime logo
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| established = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|05|02}}
| current_owner = Private limited company
| dress_code = Smart casual
| rating =
| street_address = Trans Ocean House, Lake Boulevard, Hiranandani Business Park, Powai
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| county =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postcode = 400076
| country = [[India]]
| seating_capacity = 88
| reservations =
| other_locations =
| other_information =
| website = {{URL|mirchiandmime.com}}
}}

'''Mirchi and Mime''' was a local restaurant located in [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]], in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. Its staff chiefly consisted of people with [[hearing disability|hearing]] and [[speech disability]]. Most of the activities were undertaken by the staff who communicated with the patrons through [[sign language]], images of whose variations accompanied every item in the [[menu|food menu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dias |first1=Raul |title=Sign to dine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/different-strokes-mirchi-and-mime-restaurant-in-mumbai-is-a-novel-social-experiment/article7286175.ece |access-date=12 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==History==
Mirchi and Mime was set up in March 2015, and the idea conceived by two serial entrepreneur-investors. It was shut down in July 2020 as a direct effect of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.restaurantindia.in/news/mirchi-mime-madeira-mime-announces-permanent-closure.n19339|title=Mirchi & Mime, Madeira & Mime announces permanent closure|website=Restaurantindia.in|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
However post pandemic, it was revived, and it re-opened soon after the post-Covid unlock on 5 Oct 2020.

==Functioning==
Mirchi and Mime only employed people who are hearing- and speech-impaired. Diners were requested to place their orders by mimicking [[sign language|hand-gestures]] associated with a particular food item. Items in the food menu were accompanied with photos of these hand gestures. The food menu matrix, which lists all food items in a single page along with the images, was designed by Chaitanya Modak from Inhouse Design, an alumnus of India's [[National Institute of Design]]. The staff were trained by [[Dr. Reddy's|Dr. Reddy's Foundation]].

==See also==
* [[Dark dining]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|http://mirchiandmime.com/}}

[[Category:Restaurants in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]

Chaniya Toli

2026-01-18T17:52:26Z

IvyB800566150: Added new stub initial version...

{{Short description| 2025 Indian Gujarati comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chaniya Toli
| image = Chaniya_Toli_Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Jay Bodas Parth Trivedi
| producer = [[Anand Pandit]] [[Vaishal Shah]]
| writer = Jay Bodas Parth Trivedi Pratiksinh Chavda
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Yash Soni]]
*Ragi Jani
*Sohni Bhatt
*Netri Trivedi
*Heena Varde
*Chetan Daiya
*Maulik Nayak
}}
| cinematography = Ankit Trivedi
| editing = Nirav Panchal
| music = Kedar Bhargav
| studio = Anand Pandit Motion Pictures Jannock Films
| distributor = Rupam Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=''Chaniya Toli'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chaniya-toli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmznzm0 |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| budget = {{INR|5 crore}}<ref name=BO>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-made-rs-5-cr-gujarati-film-chaniya-toli-emerges-blockbuster-set-cross-rs-15-cr-mark-second-weekend-gujarat-collections-nearly-twice-much-thamma-ek-deewane-ki-deewa/|title=Box Office: Made in Rs. 5 cr, Gujarati film Chaniya Toli emerges as blockbuster; all set to cross Rs. 15 cr mark; second-weekend Gujarat collections nearly TWICE as much as Thamma, Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat|date=3 November 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|22.80 crore}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/chaniya-toli-box-office-collections-tops-rs-20-crore-mark-although-laalo-loots-its-momentum-1398333|title=Chaniya Toli Box Office Collections: Tops Rs. 20 Crore Mark Although Laalo Loots its Momentum|date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chaniya-toli-box-office-collections-day-17-yash-sonis-film-holds-steady-crosses-rs-16-30-cr-mark/articleshow/125158518.cms|title=Chaniya Toli box office collections day 17: Yash Soni's film holds steady; crosses Rs 16.30 cr mark|date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/dvb-original/news/gujarati-film-lalo-shri-krishna-sada-sahayate-highest-grossing-box-office-record-136452518.html|title=મનડા મોહી, બોક્સઓફિસ લૂંટ્યું!:'લાલો..' ગુજરાતી સિનેમાની સૌથી વધુ કમાણી કરનાર ફિલ્મ બની; 'ગુજરાતીઓએ બે મહિનામાં ગુજરાતી મૂવી પાછળ 70 કરોડ ખર્ચ્યા'|date=19 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chaniya Toli''''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: '''''ચણિયા ટોળી''''') is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2025|2025]] Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[heist film]] directed by Jay Bodas and Parth Trivedi and written by Jay Bodas, Parth Trivedi and Pratiksinh Chavda.<ref name=TOI1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/anand-pandit-and-vaishal-shah-team-up-for-their-fourth-gujarati-project-chaniya-toli/articleshow/120196375.cms |title=Anand Pandit and Vaishal Shah team up for their fourth Gujarati project Chaniya Toli |date=11 April 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> It stars [[Yash Soni]], Ragi Jani, Netri Trivedi, Heena Varde, Chetan Daiya, Maulik Nayak and others. The film is produced by [[Anand Pandit]] from Anand Pandit Motion Pictures and [[Vaishal Shah]] from Jannock Films.<ref name=TOI4>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/chaniya-toli/movieshow/124499990.cms |title=Chaniya Toli Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |date=12 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> It was released nationwide on 21 October 2025.<ref name=GM1>{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/photo/chaniya-toli-teaser-launched-a-unique-concept-in-gujarati-cinema-14915 |title='ચણિયા ટોળી'નું ટીઝર લોન્ચ- નવો કન્સેપ્ટ પીરસાયો ગુજરાતી સિનેમાના ભાણામાં |date=7 September 2025|work=[[Mid-Day|Gujarati Midday]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=DB1>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/chaniya-toli-gujarati-film-teaser-bank-heist-135901712.html |title='સાત ચણિયા અને એક ધોતીયું બેંક લૂંટી ગયા!':'ચણિયા ટોળી' શિક્ષકની ચતુરાઈ અને સ્ત્રીઓની સાહસિકતાની વાર્તા, ફિલ્મનું ટીઝર રિલીઝ |date=12 September 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=ZN1 />

== Plot ==
A man seeking life's purpose discovers a village in financial crisis. He plots to steal from those responsible, leading villagers on an amusing adventure to outsmart the system.<ref name=TOI1/>

== Cast ==
*[[Yash Soni]] as Prakash Mistry, a teacher
* Ragi Jani as Peshawar
*Netri Trivedi<ref name=TOI3>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/aerial-yoga-is-the-best-form-of-workout-and-relaxation-netri-trivedi/articleshow/121976540.cms |title=Aerial yoga is the best form of workout and relaxation: Netri Trivedi |date=21 June 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> as Naina
*Heena Varde
*Chetan Daiya as MLA
*Maulik Nayak as Reporter
*Jay Bhatt as PI Zala
*Nikita Sharma as Sheetal
*Sohni Bhatt as Modasa
*Kalpana Gagdekar
*Shilpa Thaker
*Jassi Gadhvi as Junagadh
*Utsav busa
*[[Janki Bodiwala]] in a [[special appearance]] in the song "Popat"

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chaniya Toli
| type = Album
| artist = Kedar Bhargav
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=43}}
| language = Gujarati
| label =
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/popat-from-chaniya-toli/JgQ5XzB8UWU Chaniya Toli Full Album] on [[JioSaavn]]}}
}}

=== Tracklist ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 4:43
| all_music = Kedar Bhargav<ref name=ZN1>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/entertainment/gujarati-film-chaniy-toli-popat-song-janki-bodiwala-yash-soni-viral-445527 |title=તને જોઈને દિલ મારુ ડોલે કે પોંજરામાં પોપટ બોલે….! બોલિવુડ આઈટમ સોન્ગના ટચ જેવું પહેલું ગુજરાતી ગીત |date=18 September 2025|work=[[Zee News]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
| all_lyrics = Traditional, Manu Rabari
| title1 = Popat<ref name=DB2 />
| extra1 = Rakesh Barot, Jahnvi Shrimankar<ref name=ZN1 />
| music1 = Kedar Bhargav
| lyrics1 = Traditional, Manu Rabari
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 =
| extra2 =
| music2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 =
| extra3 =
| music3 =
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
}}

"Popat" song is played after the film end and is an [[item song]] unrelated to the plot.<ref name=DG1/>

== Production ==
The film went on floors on 10 April 2025 and was extensively shot at different locations in [[Gujarat]],<ref name=TOI1 /> including in Sunav village near [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]].<ref name=DG1/>

==Marketing and Releases ==
The first motion poster and still poster of the film were unveiled on 29 August 2025. On 5 September 2025, coinciding with [[Teachers’ Day]], the teaser was released on [[social media]] platforms.<ref name=TOI6>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/chaniya-toli-official-teaser/videoshow/124499050.cms |title=Chaniya Toli Official Teaser|date=12 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=GM1/><ref name=DB1 /> The first single, titled Popat, was released on 16 September 2025, featuring a performance by [[Janki Bodiwala]].<ref name=TOI2>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/vash-actress-janki-bodiwalas-never-seen-before-avatar-in-chaniyatoli-teaser-releasedwatch-here/articleshow/123845055.cms |title='Vash' actress Janki Bodiwala's never-seen-before avatar in 'Chaniya Toli', teaser released |date=12 September 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref> The song is composed by Kedar Bhargav with lyrics by Manu Rabari and traditional verses, and is sung by Rakesh Barot and Jahnvi Shrimankar.<ref name=DB2>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/bollywood/news/gujarati-film-chaniya-toli-song-release-135933708.html |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ 'ચણિયા ટોળી'નું સોંગ રિલીઝ:'તને જોઈને દિલ મારું ડોલે કે પીંજરામાં પોપટ બોલે..'માં જાનકી બોડીવાલાનો બોલ્ડ અંદાજ જોવા મળ્યો |date=16 September 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=ZN1/>The [[Teaser trailer|trailer]] was officially launched on 1 October 2025 at Swarnim Nagari Garba event in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=GM2>{{cite news|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/dhollywood-news/article/chaniya-toli-trailer-yash-soni-leads-7-women-on-a-gujarati-money-heist-watch-253628 |title='ચણિયા ટોળી': પ્રૉફેસર યશ સોની સાથે 7 મહિલાઓની ટીમ નીકળી 'મની હાઇસ્ટ'ના પ્રવાસે |date=1 October 2025|work=[[Mid-Day|Gujarati Mid-Day]] |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=TOI5>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/chaniya-toli-official-trailer/videoshow/124499074.cms|title=Chaniya Toli Official Trailer|date=12 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 October 2025}}</ref> The film was released in theaters nationwide on 21 October 2025.<ref name=DB3>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/gujarati-film-chhaniya-toli-trailer-release-videos-136062323.html |title=બેંકમાં 'ચણિયા ટોળી'એ ધાડ પાડી:ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મનું ટ્રેલર રિલીઝ; શિક્ષક દ્વારા અન્યાય સામે સ્ત્રીઓમાં સાહસ જગાડવાની વાર્તા |date=1 October 2025|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=TOI4/>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===

On its opening day, ''Chaniya Toli'' collected approximately {{INRConvert|1.41|c}} worldwide, marking the highest first-day gross for a Gujarati film. The film surpassed the previous record held by [[Fakt Mahilao Maate]] ({{INRConvert|1.34|c}}).<ref name=DG2>{{cite news|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/10/23/gujarati-movie-chaniya-toli-draws-highest-opening-day-collection/ |title=Gujarati Movie Chaniya Toli Draws Highest Opening Day Collection |date=23 October 2025|work=DeshGujarat |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

As of its seventh day, the film has maintained a strong hold at the box office, with total collections crossing {{INRConvert|8.84|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chaniya-toli-box-office-collections-day-7-yash-soni-film-holds-well-crosses-rs-8-84-crore/articleshow/124861889.cms |title=Chaniya Toli box office collections day 7: Yash Soni film holds well, crosses Rs 8.84 crore |date=28 October 2023|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

By its second weekend, Chaniya Toli was reported as a box office hit, earning {{INRConvert|13.71|c}} worldwide. The film continued to draw strong audience turnout, particularly for evening shows, and received positive responses for its humor, performances and storyline.<ref name=TOI7>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/chaniya-toli-box-office-collections-day-12-gujarati-money-heist-hit-holds-strong-with-rs-13-71-crore/articleshow/125044127.cms |title=Chaniya Toli box office collections day 12: Gujarati 'Money Heist' hit holds strong with Rs 13.71 crore |date=3 November 2025|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>

''DeshGujarat.com'' reviewed Chaniya Toli as a lighthearted and entertaining village-based heist comedy. The film's story revolves around women taking charge to rob a cooperative bank in a drought-hit village, leading to humorous and dramatic twists. The review praised Yash Soni's understated performance and Netri Trivedi's challenging portrayal of a squint-eyed girl, noting her comic timing and dedication to the role. Despite some slow pacing, ''DeshGujarat'' highlighted the film’s engaging narrative, rustic setting, and laugh-out-loud moments, calling it an enjoyable entertainer filled with humor and local flavor.<ref name=DG1>{{cite news|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/10/20/chaniya-toli-review-laugh-first-think-later-one-time-watch/ |title=Chaniya Toli Review: 'Laugh First, Think Later' One-Time-Watch |date=20 October 2025|work=DeshGujarat |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Gujarati films of 2025]]
*[[List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]
*[[List of Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt36538449}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|chaniya_toli}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films about bank robbery]]

Malad Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:16:41Z

IvyB800566150: creating details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1967
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 586,916
| mla = [[Gajanan Kirtikar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Malad Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. S. Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mrinal Keshav Gore || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kamal Desai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Pandarale Ram Jankiram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Datta (D. N. ) Chaulkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=4 | [[Gajanan Kirtikar]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Kirtikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes=143,082 |percentage=48.51% |change={{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=129,292 |percentage=43.83% |change={{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Singh Yadav |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,300 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Baba |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,192 |percentage=1.42% |change={{increase}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajeshwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,166 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,790 |percentage=4.68% |change= {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=294,959 |percentage=50.24% |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 586,916 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Shiv Sena |loser=Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Kirtikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes=95,224 |percentage=42.05% |change={{decrease}}14.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tarashankar Choube |party=Indian National Congress |votes=85,409 |percentage=37.72% |change={{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Pandagle |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=33,995 |percentage=15.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,815 |percentage=4.33% |change= {{decrease}}22.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=226,438 |percentage=42.51% |change= {{decrease}}12.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 512,420 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Shiv Sena |loser=Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}14.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Kirtikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes=147,148 |percentage=56.18% |change={{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Pandagle |party=Indian National Congress |votes=76,976 |percentage=29.39% |change={{decrease}}9.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. G. Mahalkari |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=11,050 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kilachand Yadav |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,260 |percentage=2.39% |change={{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Ragho Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,061 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Ashar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,008 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70,172 |percentage=26.79% |change= {{increase}}21.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=261,937 |percentage=56.09% |change= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 458,510 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Shiv Sena |loser=Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Gajanan Kirtikar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes=80,364 |percentage=44.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Tripathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=71,125 |percentage=39.32% |change={{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kilachand Yadav |party=Janata Dal |votes=17,808 |percentage=9.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawai Laxman Dharmaji |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=2,740 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maqbool Ahmed Khan |party=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh |votes=1,633 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jha Bibash Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,402 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,239 |percentage=5.11% |change= {{decrease}}17.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=180,896 |percentage=51.66% |change= {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 345,892 |ref = |change= {{increase}}48.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Shiv Sena |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Datta (D. N. ) Chaulkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,565 |percentage=42.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Premnath Sehgal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,220 |percentage=20.47% |change={{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Harish Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes=19,098 |percentage=17.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Gawade |party=Independent politician |votes=4,865 |percentage=4.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Hansraj Tilakdhari |party=Lokdal |votes=4,389 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baburao Sakharam Tambe |party=Independent politician |votes=3,966 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmed J. Saudagar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,802 |percentage=3.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,345 |percentage=22.43% |change= {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,554 |percentage=45.62% |change= {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 233,550 |ref = |change= {{increase}}45.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandarale Ram Jankiram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=22,747 |percentage=43.59% |change={{increase}}25.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sehgal Prannath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,972 |percentage=28.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupte Baba Alias Shrinivas Bhaskar |party=Janata Party |votes=6,311 |percentage=12.09% |change={{decrease}}44.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Yadav |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes=3,453 |percentage=6.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Sripatrao Kadam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=3,442 |percentage=6.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Hansraj Tilakdhari |party=Independent politician |votes=453 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,775 |percentage=14.90% |change= {{decrease}}24.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,187 |percentage=32.04% |change= {{decrease}}26.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,779 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamal Desai |party=Janata Party |votes=47,429 |percentage=56.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Mangelal Durga Prasad |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=14,693 |percentage=17.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raginwar Rajeshwar Waman |party=Shiv Sena |votes=12,470 |percentage=14.96% |change={{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rane Murarrao Babaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,863 |percentage=5.83% |change={{decrease}}32.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonawane C. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,260 |percentage=2.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,736 |percentage=39.27% |change= {{increase}}36.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,355 |percentage=57.47% |change= {{decrease}}7.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,183 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Samyukta Socialist Party |swing= {{increase}}15.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mrinal Keshav Gore |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=43,133 |percentage=41.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. V. Paranjape |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,998 |percentage=38.65% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudha Madhavrao Churi |party=Shiv Sena |votes=6,098 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rampher Singh Chandrabali |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,088 |percentage=5.88% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant R. Joshi |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=3,721 |percentage=3.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Radhoji Mokal |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,636 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,135 |percentage=3.03% |change= {{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,479 |percentage=64.77% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,285 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samyukta Socialist Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.57 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=D. S. Patel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,228 |percentage=38.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. B. Samant |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=22,802 |percentage=28.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. Rampher Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=11,452 |percentage=14.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. B. Thanekar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=7,477 |percentage=7.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=V. V. Gokarna |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,026 |percentage=3.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,426 |percentage=9.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,316 |percentage=65.13% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,670 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Ranip metro station

2025-12-19T18:31:17Z

IvyB800566150: adding a pg v1

{{notability|date=January 2024}}
{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ranip
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image = Ranip Metro Station 3.jpg
| caption = Board on platform
| address = Vijay Nagar, Ranip, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382480
| coordinates = {{coord|23.06774|72.57410|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Sector-1 metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-1]] / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}} Platform-2 → [[APMC metro station|APMC]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=Sabarmati Railway Station|to-left=Sector-1 or GIFT City|right=Vadaj|to-right=APMC}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ranip''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Around this metro station holds the main [[DMart|DMart SuperMarket]] along with Ahmedabad Municipal Swimming Complex and [[Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System|Ahmedabad BRTS]] Workshop and Depot. This phase of the metro system was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Ranip track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sabarmati Railway Station}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Vadaj}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]] '''Next Station:''' [[Vadaj metro station|Vadaj]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Sector-1 (Gandhinagar) metro station|Sector-1]]
'''Next Station:''' [[Sabarmati Railway Station metro station|Sabarmati Railway Station]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
Ranip Metro Station 2.jpg|Mezzanine
Ranip Metro Station 4.jpg|Platform 2
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

6th International Film Festival of India

2025-12-15T03:17:36Z

IvyB800566150: updated details

{{Short description|Indian film festival in 1977}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number =6
| award = International Film Festival of India
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best of World cinema
| award_org =
| presenting_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| announced_date =
| presented_date =16 January 1977
| host =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iffigoa.org/}}
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_feature = "[[Brother and Sister (1976 film)|Brother and Sister]]"
| last = 5th
| next = 7th
}}
The '''6th [[International Film Festival of India]]''' was held from 3–16 January 1977 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |title=6th International Film Festival of India |access-date=2018-01-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124953/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm6IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=6IIFA.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The festival highlighted Indian films which have won awards at foreign film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=130560|title=English Releases|publisher=}}</ref> The festival instituted Silver Peacock Awards for Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, Short film, along with Bronze Peacock for Best Short film for the first time. From the sixth edition the period as well as the dates for the festival were fixed as 3–17 January every alternate year. A film market was also set up for the first time by the "Indian Motion Picture Export Corporation" now [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. The "Indian Panorama section" was instituted from this edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|title=International Film Festival in India|website=rrtd.nic.in|access-date=31 March 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121093039/http://rrtd.nic.in/iffi-2002.htm|archive-date=21 November 2004}}</ref>

==Winners==
*'''[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]]:''' "[[Brother and Sister (1976 film)|Brother and Sister]]" by [[Tadashi Imai]] (Japanese film)
*'''[[IFFI_Best_Film_Award#Golden_Peacock_Award_winners_(Short_Films)|Golden Peacock (Best Short Film)]]''' "After the Silence" (Indian film)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1977 film festivals]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India|06]]
[[Category:1977 in Indian cinema]]

Dabri, Jodhpur

2025-12-14T20:43:15Z

IvyB800566150: Added some article added tags...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dabri
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.761712|72.750701}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabri · Rajasthan 342303, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dabri,+Rajasthan+342303,+Indien/@26.7376399,72.722965 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Google Maps]] |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|india}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]]
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 342303
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = RJ 19
| area_total_ha = 2470
| official_name = Gram panchayat Dabri
| seat_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = panchayat
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India#subtropical desert|Dry]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Climatic regions of India#subtropical desert|reason= }} [[Köppen climate classification#Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates|(Köppen: BSh)]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = Summer: 50°C (122°F) Winter: 0°C (32°F)
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] [[Constituency]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Osian Assembly constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,656
| seat = Gram panchayat Dabri
| image_skyline = Shri Hanuman Temple Dabri (old Temple)7.jpg
| image_caption = Shri Hanuman Temple, Dabri
}}
'''Dabri''' is a village located in [[Osian tehsil|Osian Tehsil]] of [[Jodhpur Rural district]], [[Rajasthan state|Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jun 6, 2021 |title=Sarpanchs, youths create awareness on vaccination in rural areas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sarpanchs-youths-create-awareness-on-vaccination-in-rural-areas/articleshow/83267847.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131130547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sarpanchs-youths-create-awareness-on-vaccination-in-rural-areas/articleshow/83267847.cms |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=[[Times Of India]] |pages=1 |url-status=live |publication-place=[[Jodhpur]]}}</ref> The village is situated 80 km north east of the town of [[Jodhpur]] and 20 km west of the town of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Squires |first1=Victor R. |title=A Synoptic View of Northern Hemisphere Deserts and Sand Dunes |date=12 January 2023 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003125426-2 |work=Sand Dunes of the Northern Hemisphere |pages=257 |access-date=27 August 2023 |place=[[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]] |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |doi=10.1201/9781003125426-2 |isbn=978-1-003-12542-6 |last2=Gaur |first2=Mahesh K. |last3=Qi |first3=Lu|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PU9KzsxQoqAC&q=Dabri,+Jodhpur+-wikipedia |title=Census of India, 1991: Dungarpur |date=1994 |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Rajasthan |pages=35, 43, 219 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tewari |first=Anil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLN-AAAAMAAJ&q=Dabri,+Jodhpur+-wikipedia |title=Desertification, Monitoring and Control |date=1988 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-81-85046-77-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivaperuman |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zphmMe3LNucC&q=Dabri+-wikipedia&pg=PA18 |title=Faunal Ecology and Conservation of the Great Indian Desert |last2=Baqri |first2=Qaiser H. |last3=Ramaswamy |first3=G. |last4=Naseema |first4=M. |date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-87409-6 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duf_XziR-IEC&q=Dabri,+Jodhpur+-wikipedia |title=Bhārata Kī Janagaṇanā, 1991: Rājasthāna. Śr̥ṅkhalā 21 |date=1994 |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Rajasthan |pages=221 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-28 |title=Jodhpur News - rajasthan news layed the foundation stone for the inauguration and development works of panchayat buildings in dabri and birsalu kalan |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/rajasthan-news-layed-the-foundation-stone-for-the-inauguration-and-development-works-of-panchayat-buildings-in-dabri-and-birsalu-kalan-084514-6020828.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128212934/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/rajasthan-news-layed-the-foundation-stone-for-the-inauguration-and-development-works-of-panchayat-buildings-in-dabri-and-birsalu-kalan-084514-6020828.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{wiktionary|dabri}}
The name Dabri is {{Etymology|Hi|डाबड़ी|Dabri – long-spun land; field at wide intervals}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Gautam Kumar |date=5 December 2018 |title=Jalpaiguri contains Places with suffix of Guri Bari Dabri |url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/views/dec-18/5-12-18-Jalpaiguri.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302195056/http://www.frontierweekly.com/views/dec-18/5-12-18-Jalpaiguri.html |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=frontier}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dabri is located in the [[Thar Desert]] at an elevation of 260 metres (853 ft) above sea level. The village is situated 80 km north east of the town of [[Jodhpur]] and 20 km west of the town of [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]].{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jodhpur district]]

Soorma Hockey Club

2025-12-06T17:21:19Z

IvyB800566150: stub

{{Short description|Punjab and Haryana based field hockey franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| clubname = Soorma Hockey Club
| image = Soorma HC.png
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| fullname = Soorma Hockey Club
| nickname = Soormas
| short name = Soorma HC
| league = [[Hockey India League]]
| founded = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024]]
| dissolved =
| color = {{color box|#4169E1}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| captain = {{ubl
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|[[Salima Tete]]
|[[Savita Punia]]
}}
| coach = {{ubl
|[[Philippe Goldberg]]
|[[Jude Menezes]]
}}
| mentor = {{ubl
|[[Sardar Singh]]
|[[Rani Rampal]]
}}
| owner = [[JSW Sports]]
| ceo =
| chairman = [[Parth Jindal]]
| manager =
| members =
| winners =
| runnerup = [[File:Simple silver cup.svg|20px]] [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]]
| website = {{url|https://soormahockeyclub.com/|Website}}
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'''Soorma Hockey Club''' is a professional [[field hockey]] franchise team based in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] that competes in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-13 |title=Soorma Hockey Club (Punjab), Hockey India League 2024-25: Full list of players after auction, remaining purse |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/soorma-hockey-club-punjab-squad-hockey-india-league-2024-auction-men-players-bought-full-list-purse-remaining/article68747092.ece |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> It is owned by [[JSW Sports]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Hockey India League auction live, Day 1: Over 500 men's players go under the hammer |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/41754341/hockey-india-league-player-auction-live-day-1-hil-auction-harmanpreet-singh-hardik-singh-manpreet-singh-blake-govers-jeremy-hayward-pr-sreejesh |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> At the [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25 edition]], the women's team was the runners-up while the men's was third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIL: JSW Soorma Hockey Club beat Tamil Nadu Dragons 3-2 in thrilling bronze medal match |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hil-jsw-soorma-hockey-club-beat-tamil-nadu-dragons-3-2-in-thrilling-bronze-medal-match/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

[[Philippe Goldberg]] is the head coach and [[Sardar Singh]] is the mentor of the men's team. [[Jude Menezes]] is the head coach and [[Rani Rampal]] is the mentor of the women's team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-13 |title=Hockey India League 2024-25: Sardar Singh, Rani Rampal roped in by Soorma Hockey Club |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-india-league-2024-25-india-greats-sardar-singh-rani-rampal-indian-coach-mentor-soorma-hockey-club-news/article68748947.ece |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==Ownership==
The Soorma Hockey Club is owned by [[JSW Sports]] of [[JSW Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to JSW Sports |url=https://www.jswsports.in/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=JSW Sports |language=en}}</ref> [[Parth Jindal]] is the managing director of the company. They also own other sports franchises such as the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team [[Haryana Steelers]], the [[Indian Super League]] team [[Bengaluru FC]], the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Delhi Capitals]], the [[SA20]] team [[Pretoria Capitals]], and the [[International League T20|International League]] team [[Dubai Capitals]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parth Jindal And JSW Sports: Building India's Olympics Ecosystem - Forbes India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/parth-jindal-and-jsw-sports-building-indias-olympics-ecosystem/93889/1 |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.forbesindia.com}}</ref>

==Men's squad==
===2024–25===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Vincent Vanasch]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Jashandeep Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Mohith H S]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Harmanpreet Singh]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Jeremy Hayward]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Gurinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurinder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nicolás Della Torre]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Sukhvinder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ashu Maurya]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Pradip Mandal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Victor Wegnez]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| Ankush
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Harjeet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nicolas Poncelet]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Phil Roper]]
| {{GBR}}
|-
| [[Sunit Lakra]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey)|Prabhjot Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Vivek Prasad]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nicolás Keenan]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Gurjant Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Harish Mutagar]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Boris Burkhardt]]
| {{NED}}
|-
| [[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Pawan Rajbhar]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Coach
|-
| Jeroen Baart
| {{BEL}}
|}

===2026===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Vincent Vanasch]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Mohith H S]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Harmanpreet Singh]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Jeremy Hayward]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Sukhvinder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nicolás Della Torre]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Pradip Mandal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nicolas Poncelet]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Gurinder Singh (field hockey)|Gurinder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Victor Wegnez]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Harjeet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Vivek Prasad]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Jeetpal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Nicolás Keenan]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Dayaan Cassiem]]
| {{RSA}}
|-
| [[Gurjant Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey)|Prabhjot Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Pawan Rajbhar]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Akashdeep Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Coach
|-
| [[Philippe Goldberg]]
| {{BEL}}
|}

==Women's squad==
===2025===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Savita Punia]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nidhi Phalswal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Natalia Salvador]]
| {{CHI}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Jyoti Rumavat]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Preeti Panchal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Penny Squibb]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Sophie Hamilton]]
| {{GBR}}
|-
| [[Nikki Pradhan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Salima Tete]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Vaishnavi Phalke]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Aishwarya Chavan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Maria Verschoor]]
| {{NED}}
|-
| [[Jimena Cedrés]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Hina Bano]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ajmina Kujur]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Deepika Soreng]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Charlotte Stapenhorst]]
| {{GER}}
|-
| [[Sharmila Godara]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Olivia Shannon]]
| {{NZL}}
|-
| [[Charlotte Englebert]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| Sonam
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Akshata Dhekale]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Upasana Ranjib]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Amanpreet Kaur]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Coach
|-
| [[Jude Menezes]]
| {{IND}}
|}

===2026===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #4169E1; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Savita Punia]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nidhi Phalswal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Penny Squibb]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Jyoti Rumavat]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Shihori Oikawa]]
| {{JPN}}
|-
| [[Jyoti Chhatri]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Salima Tete]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ajmina Kujur]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Vaishnavi Phalke]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Hina Bano]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sarah Robertson (field hockey)|Sarah Robertson]]
| {{SCO}}
|-
| [[Mahima Tete]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Manuela Vilar del Valle]]
| {{URU}}
|-
| [[Baljeet Kaur]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Nisha Warsi]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Jimena Cedrés]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[María José Granatto]]
| {{ARG}}
|-
| [[Olivia Shannon]]
| {{NZL}}
|-
| Sonam
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Mumtaz Khan (field hockey)|Mumtaz Khan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Coach
|-
| [[Jude Menezes]]
| {{IND}}
|}

==Personnel record==
===Current staff===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2|Position
! colspan=2|Team
! rowspan=2|Ref
|-
! M
! W
|-
! Coach
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Philippe Goldberg]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jude Menezes]]
|
|-
! Mentor
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sardar Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rani Rampal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India League: Soorma Hockey Club Rope in Sardar Singh, Rani Rampal as Mentors of Men's, Women's Teams |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/hockey-india-league-soorma-hockey-club-rope-in-sardar-singh-rani-rampal-as-mentors-of-mens-womens-teams-9084647.html |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Coaches record===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Coach
! Team
! Duration
! Best Result
! Ref
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} Jeroen Baart
| M
| 2024–2025
| bgcolor=#cc9966|Third ([[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]])
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="Harmapreet is cold-blooded and composed, I share a special bond with him": Soorma Hockey Club coach Baart |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/harmapreet-is-cold-blooded-and-composed-i-share-a-special-bond-with-him-soorma-hockey-club-coach-baart20241228005345/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jude Menezes]]
| W
| 2025–present
| bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]])
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Santadeep |date=2025-01-24 |title=Soorma Hockey head coach Jude Menezes: Focused on HIL for now, open to senior national team role in future |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/jude-menezes-soorma-hockey-club-interview-womens-hil-team-news-update/article69134981.ece/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Philippe Goldberg]]
| M
| 2026–present
|
|
|}

==Captaincy record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Player
! Team
! Duration
! Best Result
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
| M
| 2024–present
| bgcolor=#cc9966|Third ([[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]])
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Savita Punia]]
| W
| 2025–present
| bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]])
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Salima Tete]]
| W
| 2025–present
| bgcolor=silver|Runners Up ([[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]])
|}

==Player statistics==
===Men's team===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!1
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|{{IND}}
|5
|-
!2
|[[Gurjant Singh]]
|{{IND}}
|4
|-
!3
|[[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey)|Prabhjot Singh]]
|{{IND}}
|3
|-
!4
|[[Harjeet Singh]]
|{{IND}}
|2
|-
!4
|[[Nicolás Della Torre]]
|{{ARG}}
|2
|-
!4
|[[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder Singh]]
|{{IND}}
|2
|-
!4
|[[Jeremy Hayward]]
|{{AUS}}
|2
|-
!5
|[[Harish Mutagar]]
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
!5
|[[Pawan Rajbhar]]
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
!5
|[[Nicolás Keenan]]
|{{ARG}}
|1
|}

Source: [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/teams/2703#players HIL]

===Women's team===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!1
|[[Charlotte Englebert]]
|{{BEL}}
|5
|-
!2
|Sonam
|{{IND}}
|4
|-
!3
|[[Hina Bano]]
|{{IND}}
|2
|-
!3
|[[Penny Squibb]]
|{{AUS}}
|2
|-
!4
|[[Olivia Shannon]]
|{{NZL}}
|1
|-
!4
|[[Salima Tete]]
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
!4
|[[Charlotte Stapenhorst]]
|{{GER}}
|1
|}

Source: [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/teams/2694#players HIL]

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Season
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Standing
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Draw
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
!rowspan=2|Most Goals
|-
!W
!L
|- bgcolor=#c96
!rowspan=2|{{nowrap|[[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]}}
|'''M'''
|2/8
|Third Place
|12
|5
|4
|3
|3
|1
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|- bgcolor=silver
|'''W'''
|1/4
|'''Runners Up'''
|7
|4
|1
|2
|0
|1
|[[Charlotte Englebert]]
|-
!rowspan=2|{{nowrap|[[2025–26 Hockey India League|2025–26]]}}
|'''M'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''W'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Total
!colspan=10|''Runners Up x1'', ''Third Place x1''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru FC]]
* [[Delhi Capitals]]
* [[Haryana Steelers]]
* [[Pretoria Capitals]]
* [[History_of_Haryana#Sports|Dominence of Haryana in sports]]

==External links==
* [https://www.instagram.com/soormahockey Soorma Hockey Club] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.x.com/soormahc Soorma Hockey Club] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://youtube.com/@SoormaHCTV Soorma Hockey Club] on [[YouTube]]

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Haryana]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2024]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Haryana]]

Bhago Mohan Pyare

2025-12-05T23:21:55Z

IvyB800566150: Stub

{{Short description|Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Fantasy]]
| company = Ocean Film Company
| writer =
| screenplay =
| director = Kedar Vaidya
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| image = Bhago Mohan Pyare.jpeg
| image_size =
| list_episodes =
| num_episodes = 92
| producer = Sujay Hande Onkar Kate Subodh Khanolkar
| news_editor =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|08|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|01|11}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| related = ''[[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]''
}}

'''''Bhago Mohan Pyare''''' ({{translation|Run lovely Mohan}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which was aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It starred [[Atul Parchure]], Dipti Ketkar and Sarita Mehendale-Joshi in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atul Parchure to make a comeback with Bhago Mohan Pyare - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/atul-parchure-to-make-a-comeback-with-bhago-mohan-pyaare/articleshow/70375621.cms |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohan is a teacher who decides to propose to the woman of his dream, Ms. Godbole. Mohan and the other teachers take the students to a village for a picnic. An old man tells Mohan about the ghost in that village. Later, he sees a beautiful woman at a debilitated Wada. Later, he marries that beautiful woman after that he realises that her teeth like a vampire and feet turned backwards like ghosts.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Atul Parchure]] as Mohan Ashtaputre
* Dipti Ketkar as Meera Godbole
* Sarita Mehendale-Joshi as Madhuvanti

=== Recurring ===
* Mayuresh Khole as Digambar
* Kshitij Zavare as Madan
* Gajesh Kamble as Gunaji
* Snehal Shidam as Kamini Lanke
* Sheetal Shukla as Vahini
* Vivek Joshi as Dada
* [[Shruti Marathe]] as magician

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2019]]
!Category
!Recipients
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|Best Actor
|rowspan="2"|[[Atul Parchure]]
|rowspan="2"|Mohan
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘झी मराठी अवॉर्ड्स २०१९’मध्ये ‘अग्गंबाई सासूबाई’ मालिकेने मारली बाजी|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2019-aggabai-sasubai-won-maximum-awards-ssv-92-1990528/|access-date=2022-11-06|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedy Male
|}

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (2.30 hours) ===
* 24 November 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title='भागो मोहन प्यारे'मध्ये पार पडणार अभूतपूर्व विवाह सोहळा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/unbelievable-marriage-bhago-mohan-pyare/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* 22 December 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title='भागो मोहन प्यारे'मध्ये दिसणार ही सुंदर अभिनेत्री, ओळख पाहू कोण आहे ती? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/sarita-mehendale-playing-madhuvanti-role-bhago-mohan-pyare/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 32
|2019
|3.6
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=#TRP मीटर: 'या' मालिकेची नव्यानं एंट्री, पाहा आठवड्यात कोण आहे टॉपवर|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/new-trp-rating-trp-meter-tuzyat-jiv-rangala-no-1-ranada-rocks-again-mhmj-400738.html|access-date=2022-11-06|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411041623/https://lokmat.news18.com/amp/photogallery/entertainment/new-trp-rating-trp-meter-tuzyat-jiv-rangala-no-1-ranada-rocks-again-mhmj-400738.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15263870}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/bhago-mohan-pyare/0-6-1970 ''Bhago Mohan Pyare''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

Gotapora

2025-11-25T11:05:52Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

'''Gotapora''' or '''Gotapor''' village is located in Budgam Tehsil of [[Budgam district]] in the [[India]]n-administered [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. it is situated {{cvt|12.5|km|abbr=on}} from the summer capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Srinagar]]. As per 2009 stats, Gotapora is the [[gram panchayat]] of Gotapora village<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gotapora|url=https://wikimapia.org/14905001/Gotapora|access-date=2021-09-16|website=wikimapia.org|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gotapora
| native_name = Gotapor
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2875
| area_total_ha = 164.7
| subdivision_name3 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|India}}
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|34.087|N|74.680|E}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of village is 164.7 hectares. It is located at {{coord|34.087|N|74.680|E}}, at an elevation of 1,587 metres.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Demography ==
As of 2011, the population of Gotapora is 2875 of which 1509 are males while remaining 1366 are females.
There are about 388 houses in Gotapora village. Gotapora village has lower literacy rate compared to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In 2011, [[Literacy|literacy rate]] of Gotapora village was 59.22% compared to 67.16% of Jammu and Kashmir. In Gotapora Male literacy stands at 65.92% while female literacy rate was 52.10%.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Rajiv Kumar (economist)

2025-11-21T21:47:22Z

IvyB800566150: quick refined intro and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajiv Kumar
| image = File:Rajiv Kumar - Niti Aayog.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|07|06|df=y}}
| nationality = [[India]]n
| profession = [[Economist]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of Lucknow]] ([[PhD]]) [[University of Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])
| office3 = Chief Economist of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]
| term3 = 2004 – 2006
| office5 = Senior Consultant of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Industries and Ministry of Finance, Government of India]]
| term5 = 1989 – 1991
| office4 = Principal Economist of [[Asian Development Bank]]
| term4 = 1995 – 2005
| office1 = Secretary General of [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]]
| term1 = 2010 – 2012
| office2 = Director and Chief Executive of Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations
| term2 = 2006 – 2010
| office = 2nd Vice-chairman of [[NITI Aayog]]
| predecessor = [[Arvind Panagariya]]
| termstart = 1 September 2017
| termend = 30 April 2022
| successor = [[Suman Bery]]
}}

'''Rajiv Kumar''' (born 6 July 1951) is an Indian [[economist]] who had served as the second [[NITI Aayog|vice-chairman of the NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/niti-s-new-v-c-rajiv-kumar-a-homegrown-economist-who-keeps-a-low-profile-117080600281_1.html|title=NITI's new V-C Rajiv Kumar: A homegrown economist who keeps a low profile|first=Arup|last=Roychoudhury|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=6 August 2017|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> He also served as the chancellor of [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=gipe.ac.in – Gokhale Institute Of Politics & Economics |url=http://gipe.ac.in/ |website=gipe.ac.in}}</ref><ref name="cprindia.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.cprindia.org/people/rajiv-kumar|title=Rajiv Kumar - Centre for Policy Research|website=www.cprindia.org}}</ref> His earlier stint in government was initially with the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Industry]] and subsequently in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], as economic advisor during the reform years of 1991-1994. He has wide experience of having worked in government, academia, industry associations, as well as in international financial institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government of India, Ministry of Finance |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/sites/default/files/1102016-BO.I.pdf |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> He also served as an independent director on the central boards of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[State Bank of India]].

Kumar is the writer of several books on India's economy and national security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/Article.aspx?article_id=1690|title=Modi and his challenges: Leading India on its march to prosperity|website=www.ideasforindia.in}}</ref> He is an economic columnist for major Indian publications and is a speaker on the Indian political economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pahleindia.org/Directors.php|title=Directors|website=pahleindia.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He studied at [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]], Delhi; [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen’s College]], [[Delhi University]]; and [[Canning College, Lucknow|Canning College]], [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]], from where he received his [[PhD|Ph.D]] in 1978. He later attended [[New College, Oxford|New College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]], earning his [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil]] in Economics in 1982.

== Career ==
[[File:P._K._Misra,_IAS_with_Dr._Rajiv_Kumar_and_Mamoru_Maekawa.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|300x300px|Rajiv Kumar (centre) with [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India#Additional principal secretary|Additional Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]], [[Pramod Kumar Misra|P. K. Misra]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (right) and a Japanese vice-minister incharge of policy coordination in [[Cabinet Office (Japan)|Cabinet Office]], Mamoru Maekawa (left) at a meet in [[New Delhi]] in March 2018.]]

Kumar was appointed senior research program officer, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) in Delhi in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/rajiv-kumar-succeeds-panagariya-as-new-vice-chairman-of-niti-aayog-1502166076-1|title=Rajiv Kumar succeeds Panagariya as new Vice Chairman of NITI Aayog|newspaper=Jagranjosh.com |date=8 August 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ideasforindia.in/profile.aspx?id=604 |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202846/http://www.ideasforindia.in/profile.aspx?id=604 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was a professor in [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT) from 1987 to 1989.

He was then appointed as the Senior Consultant, Bureau of Costs and Prices at the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Industry, Government of India]] from 1989 to 1991. He served as the Economic Advisor in the Department of Economic Affairs, [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance, Government of India]], from 1992 to 1995.

In 1995, he joined the [[Asian Development Bank]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] as a Principal Economist, where he served until 2005.<ref name="cprindia.org" />

He was the Chief Economist for [[Confederation of Indian Industry|Confederation of India Industries]] for 2 years from 2004 – 2006.<ref name="cprindia.org" />

He returned to ICRIER as the director and Chief Executive in Feb 2006 and continued to be until August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 August 2017 |title=Economist Rajiv Kumar replaces Arvind Panagariya as new NITI Aayog vice-chairman |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/economist-rajiv-kumar-replaces-arvind-panagariya-as-new-niti-aayog-vice-chairman-4784042/ |publisher=}}</ref>

He was the Secretary General at the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] from 2010 to 2012.<ref name="cprindia.org" />

He became a senior fellow at the [[Centre for Policy Research]], Delhi from 2013 until January 2017.<ref name="cprindia.org" />

In 2017, he was appointed as the vice chairman of [[NITI Aayog]] -Government of India's apex [[think tank]], with the rank of a Cabinet Minister. He was also the chairman of the [[Atal Innovation Mission]] with its mandate to establish an innovative eco-system in the country. He served in NITI Aayog until 2022.

He also served as an independent director on the Central Boards of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[State Bank of India]].

He is the founding director and Chairman of Pahle India Foundation - a public policy think tank facilitating policy change in India based in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pahleindia.org/Team.php |archive-date=Jan 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124211834/http://www.pahleindia.org/team.php |website=pahleindia.org |language=en |access-date=14 August 2023 |title=Directors}}</ref>

== Honours ==
Kumar was conferred the [[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star of [[Japan]] on 29 April 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/11_000001_00972.html|title=2023 Spring Conferment of Decorations (English)|date=2023-04-29|access-date=2023-06-06|website=www.in.emb-japan.go.jp}}</ref> as a part of the 2023 Spring Conferment of Decorations. He was conferred the order in recognition of his contributions to strengthening the economic relations between Japan and India.

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|title=Modi and His Challenges|isbn=978-9384898342|location=New Delhi|oclc=951840612|last1 = Kumar|first1 = Rajiv|year = 2016}}
*{{Cite book|title=Resurgent India: Ideas and Priorities|isbn=9789332701632|location=New Delhi|oclc=914465376|last1 = Agarwala|first1 = Ramgopal|last2 = Kumar|first2 = Rajiv|last3 = Shah|first3 = Rajesh|year = 2015}}
*{{Cite book|title=Exploding Aspirations: Unlocking India's Future|isbn=9789332701540|location=New Delhi|oclc=889174707|last1 = Kumar|first1 = Rajiv|year = 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{twitter|RajivKumar1}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rajiv}}
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Babruvahana

2025-11-14T12:24:57Z

IvyB800566150: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Babhruvahana]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative spelling}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Daman district, India

2025-10-21T13:54:25Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Dispute about|1=the inclusion of an alternative name of the district|date=February 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daman district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of India|District]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Daman district headquarters
| coordinates = {{coord|20.41|N|72.89|E|display=inline,title}}
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Daman, India|Daman]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name2 = [[Daman Tehsil]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 72
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 0
| population_total = 191173
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |page=87 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.69 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = http://daman.nic.in/
| footnotes =
| leader_title = District Collector
| leader_name = Rakesh Minhas, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

'''Daman district''' ({{IPA|en|də'mɑːn|lang}}, {{ipa|gu|d̪əmən|lang}}) (formerly '''Distrito de Damão''')<ref>{{cite web | url=https://modeindia.co.in/special_days/establishment-day-of-dadra-nagar-haveli/ | title=Establishment Day of Dadra & Nagar Haveli – MoDe India }}</ref> is one of three [[Districts of Daman and Diu|district]]s of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/|title=Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu UTs Merge for 'better Admin Efficiency, Service': MoS Home|date=4 December 2019|access-date=4 December 2019|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111061240/https://indusdictum.com/2019/12/04/dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu-uts-merge-for-better-admin-efficiency-service-mos-home/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is located on the west coast of [[India]] and is surrounded by the [[Valsad district]] of [[Gujarat]] to the north, east, and south; and by the Arabian Sea to the west. The district covers an area of 72 square kilometers (28 sq mi)<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | editor1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Daman and Diu: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1216 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> and had a population of 191,173 as of the 2011 census, an increase of 69.256% from the 2001 census. The district headquarters is [[Daman, India|Daman]]. The territorial headquarters were previously in [[Panjim]] when it was jointly administered as [[Goa, Daman and Diu|Goa, Daman, and Diu]] until the time of the [[Konkani language agitation]].

Daman lies at the mouth of the [[Daman Ganga River]]. The closest railway station is [[Vapi railway station|Vapi]], which is 7 km away. [[Surat]] is to the north, and [[Mumbai]] is approximately 160 km (100 mi) to the south in the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.

==History==
The edict of Emperor Ashoka (273 to 136 BC) was found in Saurashtra and Sopara near Bombay. The Satraps under the Kushana emperor seem to have ruled over Daman District during the 1st century AD. Coins of Bhumaka and Nahapan, the Kshaharata rulers, were discovered in the surrounding areas of Surat District. Ushavadatta, Nahapan's son-in-law, is said to have provided ferries on the Dhanuha, Dhamana, Parada, and Tapi rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Panchayati Raj-DAMAN AND DIU - National Panchayat Portal - Govt. of India |url=https://www.dddp.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/KbMoGURN0GPL/content/about-daman-diu/7575491 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.dddp.gov.in |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113081025/https://www.dddp.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/KbMoGURN0GPL/content/about-daman-diu/7575491 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The river's names—Dahanu, Daman, and Pardi—have remained unchanged for the last 2,000 years. The district seems to have been subjected to the rule of Gautamiputra Satakarni around 125 AD, who drove away the Kshaharatas. However, the Satavahana's rule was short-lived.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daman and Diu Geography of Daman and Diu Culture of Daman and Diu Cuisine of Daman and Diu Places of interest in Daman and Diu Geographic coordinate of Daman and Diu |url=https://www.brandbharat.com/english/daman_diu/index_dnd.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.brandbharat.com}}</ref>
[[File:Damão, Dadra, Nagar Haveli.png|thumb|left|The territory of Daman during the Portuguese colonial period]]
Govinda III handed over the Lata kingdom to his brother Indra around 808 AD, giving him the title Lateswaramandalasya or the Protector of Latamandala. Indra was succeeded by his son Karka, who seems to have ruled Latamandala jointly with his brother Govinda until 826. Druva II, son of Karka, ascended the throne around 835 and was succeeded by Akalavarsha in 867. The district passed to Tailappa II of the Chalukyas of Kalyani in 973. Tailappa II placed the Lata country in the hands of his relative and general Barrpa alias Dvarappa Chalukya.

The Portuguese acquired Daman from the Shah of Gujarat. They first noticed the port of Daman in 1523. Daman was a Portuguese enclave for four and a half centuries until the end of colonial rule in 1961. Daman has been a coveted prize, for which princes, monarchs, and alien powers waged wars. Muted memories of history lie vaulted in the monuments of Daman. It had been a melting pot where races and cultures met and mixed to bring forth a multi-coloured identity.<ref>http://rguir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/16841/1/9781984668172.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.daman.nic.in/about-daman.asp | title=Official Website of U.T. Administration of Daman & Diu - India }}</ref>

On 3 November 2019, Daman [[District magistrate|Collector]] Rakesh Minhas issued a [[Unlawful assembly#India|Section 144]] order banning the peaceful assembly of four or more persons, slogan-shouting, and the use of loudspeakers across the entire district. Additionally, he ordered the conversion of two high schools into "temporary jails"<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Wire|first=Staff|date=4 November 2019|title=Daman: Section 144 Imposed, Two Government Schools Converted Into 'Temporary Jails'|url=https://thewire.in/rights/section-144-daman-protests-evictions|access-date=2021-03-02|website=The Wire|language=en}}</ref> in response to a land ownership dispute between the local indigenous fishing community and the [[List of administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|local administration]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Express|first=News Service|date=5 November 2019|title=Demolition of houses: Section 144 in Daman after residents protest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/demolition-of-houses-section-144-in-daman-after-residents-protest-6103699/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> who had confiscated their land and bulldozed their homes. The ensuing [[2019 Daman Indigenous Land Clearing Protests]] resulted in the detention of 70 protesters in the 'temporary jails' and another 8 arrests. While a few of the [[adivasi]] fisherfolk were rehoused, most were left traumatized and homeless.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uppal|first=Jas|date=6 January 2020|title=Daman – Land and Property Owned by the Fishing Communities Confiscated and Homes Demolished|url=https://www.justiceupheld.org.uk/daman-land-and-property-owned-by-the-fishing-communities-confiscated-and-homes-demolished/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Justice Upheld|language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the Daman district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 191,173,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Samoa]],<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison: Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Samoa 193,161
}}</ref> which ranked it 592nd out of [[Districts of India|640]] districts in India.<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|2655|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade from 2001 to 2011 was 69.256%.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district reported 533 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1,000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 88.06%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

==Transport==
A bridge over the Daman Ganga River between Moti Daman and Nani Daman collapsed during the monsoon on 28 August 2003, killing 27 school children and one teacher when their vehicles plunged into the river.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 Killed in Daman Bridge Collapse|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030829/main5.htm|access-date=18 December 2012|newspaper=The Tribune|date=28 August 2003|location=Chandigarh}}</ref> A new bridge was constructed at a cost of about 90 million rupees, but it partially collapsed in August 2004; no casualties occurred in this incident. The collapse was attributed to heavy flooding of the Daman Ganga River.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=239932 |title=Part of Daman bridge collapses, no {{sic|casua|lities|nolink=y}} |access-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202162924/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=239932 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050731/spectrum/main2.htm Ervell E. Menezes, "Lotus of the marshlands", ''The Tribune'' (31 July 2005)]</ref>

== Sister cities ==
[[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] is a [[twin towns and sister cities|twin town]] of [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1183&Itemid=578 |title=Damão, Índia |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Coimbra |year=2014 |location=Coimbra, Portugal |website=coimbra.pt |language=pt |access-date=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043628/http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1183&Itemid=578 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Andrada (undated). ''The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India''. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-206-0900-X}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.daman.nic.in/ Government of the Union Territory of Daman and Diu]
*[http://collectordaman.gov.in/ Daman District Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228064330/http://collectordaman.gov.in/ |date=28 December 2019 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Daman district
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Valsad district]], [[Gujarat]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest =
|West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
|Northwest =
}}

{{Daman and Diu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Daman district, India| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]

Humboldtia ponmudiana

2025-10-21T03:03:17Z

IvyB800566150: Put Up Basic Article W/ Refs

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Humboldtia
| species = ponmudiana
| authority = E.S.S.Kumar, Shareef & Raj Vikr.
}}

'''''Humboldtia ponmudiana''''' is a species of plant [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Kerala]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Santhosh Kumar |first=Ettickal Sukumaran |last2=Shareef |first2=Sainudeen Muhammed |last3=Vikraman |first3=Ramachandrakurup Raj |date=2022-06-21 |title=Humboldtia ponmudiana (Fabaceae-Detarioideae), a new species from Kerala, India |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.552.1.11 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=552 |issue=1 |pages=115–121 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.11 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref><ref>{{Cite GBIF |id=11864135 |taxon=''Humboldtia ponmudiana'' E.S.S.Kumar, Shareef & Raj Vikr |accessdate=2025-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Data - Legume Data Portal |url=https://www.legumedata.org/data/?entity=o_3817013301&entity=o_2598664777&taxonKey=2962724 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.legumedata.org}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
This species was named for [[Ponmudi Hills]], a hill station in Kerala where the tree was found and described. The leaves are of [[Subsessile|sub-sessile]] with 8-12 in numbers.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
This tree can be between 5 and 12 meters high. The trunk has a 25–50 cm diameter and the bark is black. The flowers are white and [[Cauliflory|cauliflorus]] where they grows directly on the stem or old branches. The seed pods are oblong and silky and hairy with 2–3 seeds inside. The flowering and fruiting season is from December to February.<ref name=":0" />

This species resembles ''[[Humboldtia decurrens]]'' but can be differentiated by the black bark, young shoots being densely hairy and dark brown, sessile flowers, oval-shaped bracts without glands, hairy and long-beaked shaped seed pods amongst other characteristics.<ref name=":0" />

== Distribution ==
This species of trees were known only from the evergreen forests of Ponmudi and found at an elevation of 700–800 meters.<ref name=":0" />

== Threats and conservation ==
At the time of discovery of this species in 2002, a single population of 50 mature trees were found in less than 5 km2 area. Hence it was suggested to be categorized as Critically Endangered.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135265485}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Humboldtia|ponmudiana]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]

Gelling, Arunachal Pradesh

2025-10-12T12:13:45Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gelling
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| nickname =
| etymology =
| subdivision_name3 = Tuting
| subdivision_type3 = Sub-division
| subdivision_name2 = Upper Siang district
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Indian state|State]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1345|94.9776|format=dms |display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Gelling village in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| image_map = Upper Siang district.png
| image_map_alt =
| map_caption = Gelling Circle in the Upper Siang district
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_skyline =
| settlement_type = Village and administrative circle
| website = 
}}
{{chinese
|s=更仁
|p=Gèng rén
}}
'''Gelling''', or '''Geling''', is a village and the headquarters of an [[eponymous]] [[Tehsil|circle]] in the [[Upper Siang district]] in the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The [[Brahmaputra River]] (called "Siang" in Arunachal Pradesh) enters India near Gelling.<ref>
{{Cite web |last=Seethalaxmi |title=Gelling in Arunachal, Where the Siang Enters India |url=https://footlooseindian.com/2018/08/17/gelling-in-arunachal-where-the-siang-enters-india/ |website=Footloose Indian |date=2018-08-17}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=2021-02-24 |title=The Brahmaputra is in danger. Delhi and Dhaka must challenge Beijing |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/the-brahmaputra-is-in-danger-delhi-and-dhaka-must-challenge-beijing-101614181248822.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}
</ref>
Gelling village is located around 35 km upstream from [[Tuting]].<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Gelling |publisher=Upper Siang district, Government of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://uppersiang.nic.in/tourist-place/gelling/ |access-date=2021-06-17}}
</ref>

The '''Gelling Circle''' contains the basin of the Siang river on both the sides, on the border of the [[Medog County]] of China's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. It has a population of 742 people living in six villages. The other villages in the Circle are [[Bishing]], Bona, Kopu, Mayum and Norbudling. The Geling Circle along with the Singa Circle is organised as a community development block with 19 villages in total.<ref>
[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1208_PART_A_DCHB_UPPER%20SIANG.pdf Upper Siang District Census Handbook, Part A], Census of India, 2012, pp. 27, 103.
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/10063715#map=10/29.0980/95.0400&layers=C Gelling Circle], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 19 January 2022.

[[Category:Villages in Upper Siang district]]
[[Category:Borders of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Upper Siang district]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

List of 2021–22 Indian Super League transfers

2025-10-10T15:20:59Z

IvyB800566150: expanded content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| season = [[2021–22 Indian Super League]]
| competition = 2021–22 Indian Super League transfers
| prevseason = [[List of 2020–21 Indian Super League transfers|2020–21]]
| nextseason = [[List of 2022–23 Indian Super League transfers|2022–23]]
}}

The following is a '''list of transfers''' for the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]]. The list includes both pre-season and mid-season transfers.

== Transfers ==
All clubs without a flag are participating in the [[Indian Super League]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:75%; font-size:95%; "
!Date
!Name
!Moving from
!Moving to
!Ref.
|-
|'''3 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Kristian Opseth]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Sarpsborg 08 FF|Sarpsborg 08]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=NTB|date=2021-03-02|title=Globetrotteren Opseth klar for Sarpsborg|trans-title=Globetrotter Opseth ready for Sarpsborg|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/12-95-3424095845|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=[[Nettavisen]]|language=no|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111110/https://www.nettavisen.no/sport/globetrotteren-opseth-klar-for-sarpsborg/s/12-95-3424095845}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Steven Taylor (footballer)|Steven Taylor]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|NZ}} [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Signing news: Taylor is back in a Phoenix jersey|url=https://www.a-league.com.au/news/steven-taylor-re-signs-wellington-phoenix|access-date=2021-08-30|website=A-League|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830125230/https://www.a-league.com.au/news/steven-taylor-re-signs-wellington-phoenix|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|GAB}} [[Yrondu Musavu-King]]
|''Free agent''
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Media |first1=Bengaluru FC |date=2021-03-10|title=Blues sign Gabonese defender Yrondu Musavu-King|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-sign-gabonese-defender-yrondu-musavu-king/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Bengaluru FC|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310115644/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/bengaluru-sign-gabonese-defender-yrondu-musavu-king/}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Jakub Sylvestr]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{flagicon|LIT}} [[FK Žalgiris|Žalgiris]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-11|title=Puolimo gretas papildys patyręs puolėjas iš Slovakijos|trans-title=The attacking ranks will be supplemented by an experienced striker from Slovakia|url=https://fkzalgiris.lt/puolimo-gretas-papildys-patyres-puolejas-is-slovakijos/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=FK Žalgiris|language=lt-LT|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830121555/https://fkzalgiris.lt/puolimo-gretas-papildys-patyres-puolejas-is-slovakijos/}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brad Inman (soccer)|Brad Inman]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Western United FC|Western United]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=ATK Mohun Bagan midfielder Brad Inman joins Western United FC on loan|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-brad-inman-western-united-loan-move/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830184151/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2020-21-atk-mohun-bagan-brad-inman-western-united-loan-move|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeev Stalin]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Sertanense F.C.|Sertanense]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-18|title=Kerala Blasters sign promising young left-back Sanjeev Stalin|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-sign-sanjeev-stalin/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613065703/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-kerala-blasters-sign-sanjeev-stalin|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Fatkhullo Fatkhuloev]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{flagicon|TJK}} [[CSKA Pamir Dushanbe|Pamir Dushanbe]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2021|title=Fatkhullo Fatkhuloev sign for CSKA Pamir Dushanbe|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CMpWyiuBLZ-/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=CSKA Pamir Dushanbe (Instagram)|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111109/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 March 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juande]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Signing news: Adelaide bring Glory old boy Juande back to the A-League|url=https://www.a-league.com.au/news/reds-sign-juande-rest-season|access-date=2021-08-30|website=A-League|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830125228/https://www.a-league.com.au/news/reds-sign-juande-rest-season|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruivah Hormipam]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters FC sign defender Hormipam Ruivah|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2021/04/09/kerala-blasters-fc-sign-defender-hormipam-ruivah.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609043516/https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2021/04/09/kerala-blasters-fc-sign-defender-hormipam-ruivah.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Damait Lyngdoh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru Reserves]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Getting to know the fresh faces at Bengaluru FC in AFC Cup 2021 squad|url=https://khelnow.com/football/afc-cup-2021-bengaluru-fc-new-youngsters-assessment/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830185655/https://khelnow.com/football/afc-cup-2021-bengaluru-fc-new-youngsters-assessment|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru Reserves]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''8 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Akashdeep Singh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru Reserves]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''8 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Inayath
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru Reserves]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''10 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liston Colaco joins ATK Mohun Bagan on a record transfer fee|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/liston-colaco-atk-mohun-bagan-record-transfer-fee-hyderabad-fc/article34288780.ece|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Sportstar|date=10 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410100739/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/liston-colaco-atk-mohun-bagan-record-transfer-fee-hyderabad-fc/article34288780.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 April 2021'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Joel Chianese]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-12|title=Chianese returns for more Glory|url=https://www.perthglory.com.au/news/chianese-returns-more-glory|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Perth Glory FC|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413195655/https://www.perthglory.com.au/news/chianese-returns-more-glory|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 April 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Esporte Clube Taubaté|EC Taubate]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-24|title=Marcelinho leaves ATK Mohun Bagan, joins Brazilian club EC Taubate|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-marcelinho-leaves-atk-mohun-bagan-joins-ec-taubate/|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424075434/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-marcelinho-leaves-atk-mohun-bagan-joins-ec-taubate|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 May 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Panwar]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2021|title=Sahil Panwar to transfer to Odisha FC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/sahil-panwar-to-transfer-to-odisha-fc/articleshow/82634463.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722171623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/sahil-panwar-to-transfer-to-odisha-fc/articleshow/82634463.cms|archive-date=2021-07-22|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 May 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2021|first=Archiman|last=Bhaduri|title=Amrinder Singh joins ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/amrinder-singh-joins-atk-mohun-bagan/articleshow/83115401.cms|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531134308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/amrinder-singh-joins-atk-mohun-bagan/articleshow/83115401.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 May 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kynsailang Khongsit]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|<ref name="out1">{{cite tweet|title=Hyderabad FC would like to thank Sahil Panwar, Kynsailang Khongsit, Laldanmawia Ralte and Liston Colaco for giving us some special memories during their time at the club.|number=1399312223856590851|accessdate=30 August 2021|user=HydFCOfficial|date=31 May 2021|author=Hyderabad FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deependra Negi]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
|<ref name="out112">{{cite tweet|title=🚨 SQUAD LIST 🚨 Garhwal FC begin their Group-A campaign in the 2nd Division Qualifiers tomorrow against Rangers Sports Club. 🗓️19th July 2021 🏟️JLN Stadium 🕑14:00 IST. Spectators are not allowed. Follow the match live via real-time Tweets on our account.|number=1416765330421022723|accessdate=18 September 2021|user=garhwalfc|date=18 July 2021|author=Garhwal FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Manas Ranjan|last2=ab|date=2021-06-02|title=Mumbai City FC have signed Mohammed Nawaz from FC Goa|url=https://footballexpress.in/mumbai-city-fc-have-signed-mohammed-nawaz-from-fc-goa-isl/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Football Express|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609034930/https://footballexpress.in/mumbai-city-fc-have-signed-mohammed-nawaz-from-fc-goa-isl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gary Hooper]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|NZ}} [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Gary Hooper Returns to Wellington Phoenix on Two-year Deal|url=https://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/news/gary-hooper-returns-wellington-phoenix-two-year-deal|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Wellington Phoenix|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615033605/https://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/news/gary-hooper-returns-wellington-phoenix-two-year-deal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''17 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Calum Woods]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Bala Town F.C.|Bala Town]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three more new faces in at Bala Town FC|url=https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/sport/19388711.bala-town-completed-hat-trick-signings-ahead-new-season/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Denbighshire Free Press|date=21 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622090409/https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/sport/19388711.bala-town-completed-hat-trick-signings-ahead-new-season/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''22 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Abdul Rabeeh
|{{flagicon|IND}} Luca
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC ropes in Abdul Rabeeh|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-abdul-rabeeh-indian-football-indian-super-league/article34904926.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Sportstar|date=22 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629011002/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-abdul-rabeeh-indian-football-indian-super-league/article34904926.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''24 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
|{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Esbjerg fB|Esbjerg]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=ISL: ATK Mohun Bagan sign Finland midfielder Joni Kauko|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-finland-midfielder-joni-kauko-9751251.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012356/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-finland-midfielder-joni-kauko-9751251.html|archive-date=2021-06-28|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|'''24 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|DRC}} [[Jacques Maghoma]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Spalding United F.C.|Spalding United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2021|title=Jacques Maghoma joins Spalding United|url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/spaldingunited/news/jacques-maghoma-joins-spalding-united-2625906.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624180119/https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/spaldingunited/news/jacques-maghoma-joins-spalding-united-2625906.html|archive-date=2021-06-24|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.pitchero.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramchullova]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref name="out113">{{cite tweet|title=✅DONE DEAL✅ Lalramchullova is now a BLACKPANTHER ⚫️⚪️🇮🇳⚽️🔥💪🏻 #DoneDeal #TransferAlert #JaanJaanMohammedan|number=1408690743749664769|accessdate=18 September 2021|user=mohammedansc|date=26 June 2021|author=Mohammedan SC}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sagolsem Bikash Singh
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neroca FC, Trau FC, Churchill Brothers Confirmed One Signing Each|url=https://kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#ileague_28thJune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626152111/https://kolkatafootball.com/live_news_update/index.html#ileague_28thJune|archive-date=2021-06-26|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Tangri]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=ATK Mohun Bagan sign Deepak Tangri from Chennaiyin FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-deepak-tangri/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055339/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-deepak-tangri|archive-date=2021-07-11|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Machado]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Radomiak Radom]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luís Machado piłkarzem Radomiaka!|url=https://www.radomiak.pl/artykul-4238-luis_machado_pilkarzem_radomiaka_.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702123415/https://radomiak.pl/artykul-4238-luis_machado_pilkarzem_radomiaka_.html|archive-date=2021-07-02|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Oficjalny serwis klubu RKS Radomiak Radom|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru FC sign Rohit Kumar|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/bengaluru-fc-sign-rohit-kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194216/https://www.90min.com/posts/bengaluru-fc-sign-rohit-kumar|archive-date=2021-06-29|access-date=2021-07-22|website=90min.com|date=29 June 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 June 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC announce sigining Experienced Defender Narayan Das Joins|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-chennaiyin-fc-announce-signing-of-experienced-defender-narayan-das/386576|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630072955/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-chennaiyin-fc-announce-signing-of-experienced-defender-narayan-das/386576/|archive-date=2021-06-30|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Outlook India|date=29 June 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|'''5 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aryan Niraj Lamba]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Young goalkeeper Aryan Lamba joins Kerala United FC on a 3-year deal {{!}} The Final Whistle|work=The Final Whistle {{pipe}} Indian Football Updates |url=https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/07/05/young-goalkeeper-aryan-lamba-joins-kerala-united-fc-on-a-3-year-deal/|access-date=2021-07-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705104509/https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/07/05/young-goalkeeper-aryan-lamba-joins-kerala-united-fc-on-a-3-year-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Alan Costa]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Avaí FC|Avaí]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Siddharth|date=2021-07-06|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC sign Brazilian defender Alan Costa|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/bfc-sign-brazilian-alan-costa-22737|access-date=2021-07-23|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709152840/https://thebridge.in/isl/bfc-sign-brazilian-alan-costa-22737|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[George D'Souza]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Bengaluru United sign George D'Souza on loan from Odisha FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-george-dsouza-on-loan/|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719190951/https://khelnow.com/football/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-george-dsouza-on-loan|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniket Jadhav]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2021-22: Hyderabad FC completes Aniket Jadhav signing|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-super-league-hyderabad-fc-sign-aniket-jadhav-kolhapur/article35444478.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Sportstar|date=21 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721160715/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-super-league-hyderabad-fc-sign-aniket-jadhav-kolhapur/article35444478.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Grande]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Calahorra|Calahorra]]
|<ref name="out1133">{{cite tweet|title=🤝 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘, 𝗙𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢 🤝 ✍🏼 @DavidGrande9 se incorpora a la plantilla rojilla para la temporada 2021-2022 ¡Bienvenido a la familia! #Davidesrojillo ♥️💙|number=1410572683348172800|accessdate=18 September 2021|user=cdcalahorra|date=1 July 2021|author=CD Calahorra|trans-title=🤝 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘, SIGNED 🤝 ✍🏼 @DavidGrande9 joins the red squad for the 2021-2022 season Welcome to the family! #Davidesrojillo ♥️💙}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Salam Ranjan Singh]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=Chennaiyin FC sign defender Salam Ranjan Singh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-defender-salam-ranjan-singh-7386000/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702100414/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-defender-salam-ranjan-singh-7386000/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Benjamin Lambot]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[RFC Liège|Liège]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandab|first=Manas Ranjan|date=2021-05-29|title=RFC Liège have signed NEUFC defender Benjamin Lambot|url=https://footballexpress.in/isl-defender-benjamin-lambot-to-leave-neufc/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Football Express|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603030646/https://footballexpress.in/isl-defender-benjamin-lambot-to-leave-neufc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sweden Fernandes
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=Sweden Fernandes joins Neroca FC on loan from Hyderabad FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-sweden-fernandes-joins-neroca-fc-on-loan/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703122545/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-sweden-fernandes-joins-neroca-fc-on-loan|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-05|title=Isaac Vanmalsawma signs for Jamshedpur Football Club|url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/isaac-vanmalsawma-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Jamshedpur Football Club|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325170531/https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/isaac-vanmalsawma-signs-for-jamshedpur-football-club|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aryan Niraj Lamba]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-05|title=Young goalkeeper Aryan Lamba joins Kerala United FC on a 3-year deal {{!}} The Final Whistle|work=The Final Whistle {{pipe}} Indian Football Updates |url=https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/07/05/young-goalkeeper-aryan-lamba-joins-kerala-united-fc-on-a-3-year-deal/|access-date=2021-08-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705104509/https://thefinalwhistle.in/2021/07/05/young-goalkeeper-aryan-lamba-joins-kerala-united-fc-on-a-3-year-deal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashutosh Mehta]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-06|title=ATK Mohun Bagan announce signing of Ashutosh Mehta|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-ashutosh-mehta/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706123757/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-ashutosh-mehta|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pukhrambam Manisana Singh
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|<ref name="out11332">{{cite tweet|title=✅DONE DEAL✅ Neroca FC ropes in former Jamshedpur FC midfielder Pukhrambam Manisana Singh. The young Manipuri versatile midfielder is a product of Tata Football Academy. #OrangeBrigade #NerocaFC #ILeague #IndianFootball #Football #NFC #SigningAlert|number=1412708557057716226|accessdate=18 September 2021|user=NerocaFC|date=7 July 2021|author=Neroca FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debjit Majumder]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Chennaiyin FC sign experienced goalkeeper Debjit Majumder|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-experienced-goalkeeper-debjit-majumder-101625644023400.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721081544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/chennaiyin-fc-sign-experienced-goalkeeper-debjit-majumder-101625644023400.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Boumous]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: ATK Mohun Bagan sign midfielder Hugo Boumous from Mumbai City FC on five-year deal|url=https://scroll.in/field/999649/isl-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-midfielder-hugo-boumous-from-mumbai-city-fc-on-five-year-deal|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Scroll.in|date=8 July 2021 |language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195152/https://scroll.in/field/999649/isl-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-midfielder-hugo-boumous-from-mumbai-city-fc-on-five-year-deal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Odei Onaindia]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Mirandés]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-08|title=Odei Onaindia leaves Hyderabad FC, rejoins Spanish side CD Mirandes|url=https://khelnow.com/footbal/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-part-ways-odei-onaindia-joins-cd-mirandes/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708070617/https://khelnow.com/footbal/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-part-ways-odei-onaindia-joins-cd-mirandes|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vincy Barretto]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Goan winger Vincy Barretto joins Kerala Blasters FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/fc-goa-winger-vincy-barretto-joins-isl-2021-22-i-league-gokulam-kerala-blasters/article35219449.ece|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Sportstar|date=8 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712012911/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/fc-goa-winger-vincy-barretto-joins-isl-2021-22-i-league-gokulam-kerala-blasters/article35219449.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalruatthara]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-08|title=Odisha FC sign defender Lalruatthara|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/odisha-fc-sign-defender-lalruatthara-995278.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722171055/https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/odisha-fc-sign-defender-lalruatthara-995278.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-09|title=Hyderabad FC sign Nigerian World Cupper Bartholomew Ogbeche|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/hyderabad-fc-sign-nigerian-world-cupper-bartholomew-ogbeche-121070801038_1.html|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710135928/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/hyderabad-fc-sign-nigerian-world-cupper-bartholomew-ogbeche-121070801038_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Anil Gaonkar
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=Goan footballer Anil Gaonkar signed by Kerala Blasters FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/goa-footballer-anil-gaonkar-vasco-sc-signed-by-kerala-blasters-fc-isl-2021-22/article34790728.ece|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Sportstar|date=11 June 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612033429/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/goa-footballer-anil-gaonkar-vasco-sc-signed-by-kerala-blasters-fc-isl-2021-22/article34790728.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyananda Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=ATK Mohun Bagan announce signing of Bidyananda Singh|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-bidyananda-singh/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712122313/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-sign-bidyananda-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Edu García]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-12|title=Hyderabad FC sign attacking midfielder Edu Garcia from ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/hyderabad-fc-sign-edu-garcia-from-atk-mohun-bagan-7401006/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712111112/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/hyderabad-fc-sign-edu-garcia-from-atk-mohun-bagan-7401006/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarthak Golui]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC signs defender Sarthak Golui|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-bengaluru-fc-signs-defender-sarthak-golui-indian-super-league-latest-signings-football-transfer-news/article35281480.ece|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Sportstar|date=12 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716124625/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-bengaluru-fc-signs-defender-sarthak-golui-indian-super-league-latest-signings-football-transfer-news/article35281480.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bright Enobakhare]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Coventry sign midfielder Enobakhare|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57824852|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-date=2021-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716150552/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57824852|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Shabong]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Arrows]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL - ATK Mohun Bagan Ropes In Ricky Shabong {{!}} IFTWC - Indian Football Team For World Cup|date=13 August 2021 |url=https://iftwc.com/atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-ricky-shabong/|access-date=2021-08-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819205752/https://iftwc.com/atk-mohun-bagan-ropes-in-ricky-shabong/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Al-Shahania SC|Al-Shahania]]
|<ref name="Juanan5">{{cite tweet|number=1426278149613101067|title=في ظل تواجد مدير عام النادي السيد فيصل مطر الشمري تم التعاقد مع اللاعبين البرازيليين دييجو واللاعب وليام قادمين من الدوري الهندي والتايلندي لموسم ٢٠٢٢/٢٠٢١|user=shhania|date=13 August 2021|author=نادي الشحانية الرياضي|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813203017/https://twitter.com/shhania/status/1426278149613101067|archive-date=13 August 2021|trans-title=In the presence of the club's general manager, Mr. Faisal Matar Al-Shammari, the Brazilian players Diego and William were contracted from the Indian and Thai leagues for the 2022/2021 season.}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sebastian Thangmuansang]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-14|title=ISL: Odisha FC ropes in Sahil Panwar from Hyderabad FC, Sebastian Thangmuansang from Gokulam Kerala|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/odisha-fc-ropes-sahil-panwar-sebastian-thangmuansang-21484|access-date=2021-07-22|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722171126/https://thebridge.in/isl/odisha-fc-ropes-sahil-panwar-sebastian-thangmuansang-21484|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=ISL Transfer: Kerala Blasters Sign Defender Harmanjot Khabra|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-kerala-blasters-sign-defender-harmanjot-khabra-3967922.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716152049/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-kerala-blasters-sign-defender-harmanjot-khabra-3967922.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|COG}} [[Prince Ibara]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[K Beerschot VA]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC signs Congolese striker Prince Ibara|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/indian-super-league-isl-congolese-prince-ibara-signs-two-year-deal-bengaluru-fc/article35365163.ece|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Sportstar|date=16 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719084756/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/indian-super-league-isl-congolese-prince-ibara-signs-two-year-deal-bengaluru-fc/article35365163.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Anthony Pilkington]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Fleetwood Town F.C.|Fleetwood Town]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fleetwood sign winger Pilkington|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57863169|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717002151/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57863169|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Matti Steinmann]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brisbane Roar FC|Brisbane Roar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title=Roar sign midfielder Matti Steinmann|url=https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/roar-sign-midfielder-matti-steinmann|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Brisbane Roar FC|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082041/https://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/news/roar-sign-midfielder-matti-steinmann|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aaren D'Silva
|[[FC Goa]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=ISL: Striker Aaren D'Silva joins Hyderabad FC|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-striker-aaren-dsilva-joins-hyderabad-fc-22206|access-date=2021-07-22|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722171106/https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-striker-aaren-dsilva-joins-hyderabad-fc-22206|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=18 Jul 2021|title=Bengaluru FC sign promising young attacker Harmanpreet Singh {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-sign-promising-young-attacker-harmanpreet-singh/articleshow/84523731.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718133906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-sign-promising-young-attacker-harmanpreet-singh/articleshow/84523731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridane Santana]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[UD Logroñés]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=Aridane Santana leaves Hyderabad FC, joins Spanish club UD Logrones|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-aridane-santana-leaves-hyderabad-fc/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720095917/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-aridane-santana-leaves-hyderabad-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Costa Nhamoinesu]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Costa Nhamoinesu back in Poland|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/costa-nhamoinesu-back-in-poland/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Herald|date=20 July 2021 |language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720043951/https://www.herald.co.zw/costa-nhamoinesu-back-in-poland/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Shahajas Thekkan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Reserves]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters pre-season 2021: Squad, key dates & everything you need to know {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/kerala-blasters-pre-season-2021-fixtures-squad/11wauqvgo5iyg1eqkolj3mi4tp|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829173138/https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/kerala-blasters-pre-season-2021-fixtures-squad/11wauqvgo5iyg1eqkolj3mi4tp|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sreekuttan V. S.
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Reserves]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sukham Yoihenba Meitei
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Reserves]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijoy Varghese]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Reserves]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''21 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sachin A Suresh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Reserves]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''22 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Adrián Luna]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Siddharth|date=2021-07-22|title=ISL: Kerala Blasters sign Uruguayan midfielder Adrian Luna on a two year deal|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/kbfc-sign-uruguayan-adrian-luna-from-melbourne-city-23239|access-date=2021-07-22|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722171058/https://thebridge.in/isl/kbfc-sign-uruguayan-adrian-luna-from-melbourne-city-23239|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''22 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=22 Jul 2021|title=Bengaluru FC sign midfielder Jayesh Rane on three-year deal {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/bengaluru-fc-sign-midfielder-jayesh-rane-on-three-year-deal/articleshow/84644914.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724051405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/bengaluru-fc-sign-midfielder-jayesh-rane-on-three-year-deal/articleshow/84644914.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|WAL}} [[Aaron Amadi-Holloway]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Burton Albion F.C.|Burton Albion]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Burton sign striker Amadi-Holloway|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57937187|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725055957/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57937187|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Indian striker Jobby Justin|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-indian-striker-jobby-justin|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115249/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/chennaiyin-fc-sign-indian-striker-jobby-justin|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Diawandou Diagne]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=ktpkotka|date=2021-07-25|title=Diawandou Diagne Senegalista raitapaitaan|url=http://www.fcktp.fi/diawandou-diagne-senegalista-raitapaitaan/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=KTP|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725191623/http://www.fcktp.fi/diawandou-diagne-senegalista-raitapaitaan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru FC Rope In Kashmiri Frontman Danish Farooq|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-bengaluru-fc-rope-in-kashmiri-frontman-danish-farooq/389400|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Outlook India|date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726102810/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-bengaluru-fc-rope-in-kashmiri-frontman-danish-farooq/389400}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Mongil|Victor Mongil]]
|{{flagicon|GEO}} [[FC Dinamo Tbilisi|Dinamo Tbilisi]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2021|first=Sourav|last=Modak|title=Odisha FC rope in former ISL champion Victor Mongil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/odisha-fc-rope-in-former-isl-champion-victor-mongil/articleshow/84780834.cms|access-date=2021-07-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/odisha-fc-rope-in-former-isl-champion-victor-mongil/articleshow/84780834.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juanan]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-26|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC announce signing of Spanish defender Juanan on one-year deal|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-hyderabad-fc-announce-signing-of-spanish-defender-juanan-on-one-year-deal-9838181.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728175640/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-hyderabad-fc-announce-signing-of-spanish-defender-juanan-on-one-year-deal-9838181.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru FC bolster attacking options by signing Bidyashagar Singh on three-year deal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/jul/28/bengaluru-fc-bolster-attacking-options-by-signing-bidyashagar-singh-on-three-year-deal-2336755.html|access-date=2021-07-28|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=2021-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728141225/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/jul/28/bengaluru-fc-bolster-attacking-options-by-signing-bidyashagar-singh-on-three-year-deal-2336755.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalawmpuia (footballer)|Lalawmpuia Ralte]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=I League Sudeva Delhi FC Sign Lalawmpuia On Loan From Hyderabad FC {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/18042-i-league--sudeva-delhi-fc-sign-lalawmpuia-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc|access-date=2021-07-31|website=thefangarage.com|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804072223/https://thefangarage.com/articles/18042-i-league--sudeva-delhi-fc-sign-lalawmpuia-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Lluís Sastre]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[SD Huesca B]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lluís Sastre, liderazgo para la SD Huesca B {{!}} SD Huesca|url=https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/lluis-sastre-liderazgo-para-la-sd-huesca-b|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Lluís Sastre, liderazgo para la SD Huesca B {{!}} SD Huesca|language=es|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729145821/https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/lluis-sastre-liderazgo-para-la-sd-huesca-b|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Milan Singh]]
|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-29|title=Mohammedan SC rope in defensive midfielder Milan Singh|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-milan-singh/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729172816/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-milan-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[Cole Alexander]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|SA}} [[Kaizer Chiefs F.C.|Kaizer Chiefs]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiefs sign Dolly and Alexander|url=https://www.kaizerchiefs.com/press-releases/chiefs-sign-dolly-alexander/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Kaizer Chiefs|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727134531/https://www.kaizerchiefs.com/press-releases/chiefs-sign-dolly-alexander/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=Odisha FC signs Javi Hernandez for upcoming season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-signs-javi-hernandez-atk-mohun-bagan-kiko-ramirez/article35623067.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Sportstar|date=30 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804072150/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-signs-javi-hernandez-atk-mohun-bagan-kiko-ramirez/article35623067.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Igor Angulo]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: Mumbai City FC signs Golden Boot winner Igor Angulo from FC Goa|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-mumbai-city-fc-igor-angulo-fc-goa-indian-super-league-transfer-news/article35629391.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Sportstar|date=30 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730170233/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-mumbai-city-fc-igor-angulo-fc-goa-indian-super-league-transfer-news/article35629391.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nim Dorjee Tamang]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC signs exciting duo of Dorjee and Singh from NorthEast United FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-news-hyderabad-fc-nim-dorjee-gurmeet-singh-three-year-contract-neufc-transfer-news-indian-football/article35628123.ece|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Sportstar|date=30 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730181711/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-news-hyderabad-fc-nim-dorjee-gurmeet-singh-three-year-contract-neufc-transfer-news-indian-football/article35628123.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet Singh]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=30 Jul 2021|title=Hyderabad FC sign Nim Dorjee Tamang and Gurmeet Singh {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-sign-nim-dorjee-tamang-and-gurmeet-singh/articleshow/84892095.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730125003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/hyderabad-fc-sign-nim-dorjee-tamang-and-gurmeet-singh/articleshow/84892095.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 July 2021'''
|{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Enes Šipović]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-31|title=Indian Football: Kerala Blasters Sign Bosnian Defender Enes Sipovic|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-kerala-blasters-sign-bosnian-defender-enes-sipovic-4030856.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804072227/https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-kerala-blasters-sign-bosnian-defender-enes-sipovic-4030856.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Mirlan Murzaev]]
|{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Dordoi Bishkek]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-01|title=ISL 2021-22: Chennaiyin FC signs Mirlan Murzaev of Kyrgyzstan on a one-year deal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/isl-signs-mirlan-murzaev-of-kyrgyzstan-on-a-one-year-deal/article35662415.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2021-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801102505/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/isl-signs-mirlan-murzaev-of-kyrgyzstan-on-a-one-year-deal/article35662415.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Harsha Parui
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Career, honours and titles of H. Parui {{!}} BeSoccer|url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/career-path/harsha-parui-925672|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.besoccer.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825152703/https://www.besoccer.com/player/career-path/harsha-parui-925672|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Wayne Vaz]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=I-League outfit Mohammedan SC rope in defender Wayne Vaz|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-wayne-vaz/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802105801/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-mohammedan-sc-sign-wayne-vaz|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref name="Juanan">{{cite tweet|number=1422439544876539907|title=✅DONE DEAL✅ Join us in welcoming the Indian Spider-Man 🕸 Former East Bengal and Aizawl FC forward, Brandon Vanlalremdika is now a blackpanther ⚫️⚪️🔥⚽️🇮🇳💪🏻#JaanJaanMohammedan #HuntingSeasonBengins|user=MohammedanSC|date=3 August 2021|author=Mohammedan SC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803061003/https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1422439544876539907|archive-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|'''4 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: Chennaiyin FC signs defender Deepak Devrani on one-year deal|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-ropes-defender-deepak-devrani-isl-2021-22-gokulam-kerala-i-league/article35715831.ece|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Sportstar|date=4 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804102031/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/chennaiyin-fc-ropes-defender-deepak-devrani-isl-2021-22-gokulam-kerala-i-league/article35715831.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''4 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Kunal Kundaikar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=FC Goa sign defender Kunal Kundaikar on three-year deal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-sign-kunal-kundaikar/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105726/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-sign-kunal-kundaikar|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Slavko Damjanović]]
|{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[FK TSC Bačka Topola|TSC Bačka Topola]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=5 Aug 2021|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Serbian defender Slavko Damjanovic {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-sign-serbian-defender-slavko-damjanovic/articleshow/85072428.cms|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805174313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-sign-serbian-defender-slavko-damjanovic/articleshow/85072428.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Nikhil Raj
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Siddharth|date=2021-08-05|title=ISL: Bangalore based Kickstart FC's young midfielder Nikhil Raj signs for Odisha FC|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/odisha-fc-sign-nikhil-from-kickstart-fc-24170|access-date=2021-08-05|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805174306/https://thebridge.in/isl/odisha-fc-sign-nikhil-from-kickstart-fc-24170|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Facundo Pereyra]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Estudiantes de Buenos Aires|Estudiantes]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=Ex-Kerala Blasters star Facundo Pereyra returns to CA Estudiantes|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-facundo-pereyra-leaves-kerala-blasters/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806145725/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-facundo-pereyra-leaves-kerala-blasters|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Seiminlen Doungel]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seiminlen Doungel signs for Jamshedpur FC till 2024|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/seiminlen-doungel-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc-till-2024|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Indian Super League|date=5 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805125156/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/seiminlen-doungel-signs-for-jamshedpur-fc-till-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Jacob Tratt]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-06|title=Reds capture Tratt ahead of 2021/22|url=https://www.adelaideunited.com.au/news/reds-capture-tratt-ahead-202122|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Adelaide United|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806025345/https://www.adelaideunited.com.au/news/reds-capture-tratt-ahead-202122|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Muhammed Nemil
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[UDA Gramenet|UDA Gramenet U19]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Marcus Mergulhao|date=7 Aug 2021|title=ISL: Nemil returns from Spain to join FC Goa {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-nemil-returns-from-spain-to-join-fc-goa/articleshow/85114796.cms|access-date=2021-09-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-nemil-returns-from-spain-to-join-fc-goa/articleshow/85114796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Manushawn Fernandes
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Youth Club of Manora
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=8 Aug 2021|title=FC Goa to start training from Monday {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-to-start-training-from-monday/articleshow/85140179.cms|access-date=2021-09-02|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902114345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-to-start-training-from-monday/articleshow/85140179.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Onwu]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[CF Badalona|Badalona]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=1746cc6e07|date=2021-08-09|title=FITXATGE {{!}} Manu Onwu|url=https://www.cfbadalona.net/fitxatge-manu-onwu/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=CFBadalona|language=ca|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809202343/https://www.cfbadalona.net/fitxatge-manu-onwu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Ariel Borysiuk]]
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Jagiellonia Białystok]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=ISL: Chennaiyin FC sign Polish midfielder Ariel Borysiuk on one-year deal|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-chennaiyin-fc-sign-polish-midfielder-ariel-borysiuk-on-one-year-deal-9876761.html|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817172930/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-chennaiyin-fc-sign-polish-midfielder-ariel-borysiuk-on-one-year-deal-9876761.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rino Anto]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Waseem |date=2021-08-10|title=RoundGlass Punjab FC rope in defender Rino Anto on a one-year deal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-rope-in-defender-rino-anto-on-a-one-year-deal/|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813013719/https://khelnow.com/football/roundglass-punjab-fc-rope-in-defender-rino-anto-on-a-one-year-deal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Former Bengaluru FC defender Gurtej Singh signs for RoundGlass Punjab|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-roundglass-punjab-sign-gurtej-singh/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812121607/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-roundglass-punjab-sign-gurtej-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Raj Mahato
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raj Mahato {{!}} Club Statistics|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/114338?type=club|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-25|website=All India Football Federation|archive-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825152713/https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/114338?type=club}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Rodas]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa|Cultural Leonesa]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sourav Modak|date=12 Aug 2021|title=Odisha FC rope in Spanish centre-back Hector Rodas {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/odisha-fc-rope-in-spanish-centre-back-hector-rodas/articleshow/85263129.cms|access-date=2021-08-14|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814133948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/odisha-fc-rope-in-spanish-centre-back-hector-rodas/articleshow/85263129.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia|Apuia Lalengmawia]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Mumbai City FC Confirm Signing of Lalengmawia 'Apuia' Ralte from NorthEast United FC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/mumbai-city-fc-confirm-signing-of-lalengmawia-apuia-ralte-from-northeast-united-fc-4080815.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813110926/https://www.news18.com/news/football/mumbai-city-fc-confirm-signing-of-lalengmawia-apuia-ralte-from-northeast-united-fc-4080815.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Airam Cabrera]]
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Wisła Płock]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=ISL: FC Goa sign Spanish striker Airam Cabrera on one-year deal for 2021-22 season|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-fc-goa-sign-spanish-striker-airam-cabrera-on-one-year-deal-for-2021-22-season-9884781.html|access-date=2021-08-14|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813114330/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-fc-goa-sign-spanish-striker-airam-cabrera-on-one-year-deal-for-2021-22-season-9884781.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''13 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Davinder Singh (footballer)|Davinder Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shilarze Saharoy|date=13 Aug 2021|title=Chennaiyin FC rope in young defender Davinder Singh {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-young-defender-davinder-singh/articleshow/85297132.cms|access-date=2021-08-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813114615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-young-defender-davinder-singh/articleshow/85297132.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} ATK Mohun Bagan Reserves
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=ATK Mohun Bagan announce squad for AFC Cup 2021|url=https://khelnow.com/football/afc-cup-2021-atk-mohun-bagan-squad-announced/|access-date=2021-08-29|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814132119/https://khelnow.com/football/afc-cup-2021-atk-mohun-bagan-squad-announced|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Abhishek Suryavanshi
|{{Flagicon|IND}} ATK Mohun Bagan Reserves
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''15 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Pradhan]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref name="Juanan3">{{cite tweet|number=1426910687368867849|title=✅DONE DEAL✅ Former Northeast United FC, Odisha FC and Shillong Lajong defender Rakesh Pradhan is now a blackpanther ⚫️⚪️ ISL Appearances - 24 🇮🇳⚽️ ILeague Appearances - 31 🇮🇳⚽️#JaanJaanMohammedan #TransferAlert|user=MohammedanSC|date=15 August 2021|author=Mohammedan SC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815141733/https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1426910687368867849|archive-date=15 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|GHA}} [[Kwesi Appiah]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Crawley Town F.C.|Crawley Town]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Crawley Town sign Ghana striker Appiah|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58236749|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820095915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58236749|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Aridai Cabrera]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[UD Las Palmas|Las Palmas]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-16|title=Odisha FC announce signing of Spanish winger Aridai Cabrera|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-sign-aridai-cabrera/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816121856/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-sign-aridai-cabrera|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''17 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anas Edathodika]]
|''Free agent''
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anas Edathodika returns to Jamshedpur FC ahead of ISL|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anas-edathodika-returns-to-jamshedpur-fc-ahead-of-isl/2143347|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Outlook India|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817172956/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anas-edathodika-returns-to-jamshedpur-fc-ahead-of-isl/2143347}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Sandesh Jhingan to play in Croatian football league|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/sandesh-jhingan-indian-football-player-hnk-sibenik-prva-hnl-croatia-league|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Olympics.com|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819170518/https://olympics.com/en/news/sandesh-jhingan-indian-football-player-hnk-sibenik-prva-hnl-croatia-league|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pritam Kumar Singh]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-18|title=Hyderabad FC complete signing of defender Pritam Soraisam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/180821/hyderabad-fc-complete-signing-of-defender-pritam-soraisam.html|access-date=2021-08-19|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819170449/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/football/180821/hyderabad-fc-complete-signing-of-defender-pritam-soraisam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''19 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=19 Aug 2021|title=Defender Rahul Bheke joins Mumbai City FC {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/defender-rahul-bheke-joins-mumbai-city-fc/articleshow/85454396.cms|access-date=2021-08-19|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819170509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/defender-rahul-bheke-joins-mumbai-city-fc/articleshow/85454396.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Komal Thatal]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=U-17 World Cup star Komal Thatal joins Jamshedpur FC|url=https://zeenews.india.com/football/u-17-world-cup-star-komal-thatal-joins-jamshedpur-fc-2386979.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820214629/https://zeenews.india.com/football/u-17-world-cup-star-komal-thatal-joins-jamshedpur-fc-2386979.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Vicente Gómez (footballer, born 1988)|Vicente Gómez]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Xanthi F.C.|Xanthi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ΑΝΑΚΟΙΝΩΣΗ – Xanthi F.C. – Official Website|url=http://xanthifc.gr/index.php/anakoinosi-162/|access-date=2021-08-23|language=el|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821011228/http://xanthifc.gr/index.php/anakoinosi-162/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Gikiewicz]]
|{{Flagicon|BHR}} [[East Riffa Club]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-21|title=ISL Transfer News: Chennaiyin FC Sign Polish Striker Lukasz Gikiewicz|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-chennaiyin-fc-sign-polish-striker-lukasz-gikiewicz-4111601.html|access-date=2021-08-22|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822070333/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-chennaiyin-fc-sign-polish-striker-lukasz-gikiewicz-4111601.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Anuj Kumar
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=Hyderabad FC goalkeeper Anuj Kumar joins Aizawl FC on loan for 2021-22 season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/hyderabad-fc-goalkeeper-anuj-kumar-joins-i-league-aizawl-fc-loan-2021-22-season/article36032170.ece|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Sportstar|date=21 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821164117/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/hyderabad-fc-goalkeeper-anuj-kumar-joins-i-league-aizawl-fc-loan-2021-22-season/article36032170.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''22 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Girik Khosla]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|<ref name="Juanan2">{{cite tweet|number=1429285196180848645|title=New Signing Alert 🚨 We are happy 🥳 to have with us, Girik Khosla, a promising Right Forward🔥. We welcome him to the SDFC family and look forward to going a long way with him. #sreenidideccanfc #sreenidhifc #sdfc #sfc|user=Sreenidideccan|date=22 August 2021|author=Sreenidi Deccan FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822200949/https://twitter.com/Sreenidideccan/status/1429285196180848645|archive-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|MYS}} [[Liridon Krasniqi]]
|{{Flagicon|MYS}} [[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.|Johor Darul Ta'zim]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|title=ISL: Odisha FC signs Malaysian international Liridon Krasniqi on loan|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-odisha-fc-signs-malaysian-international-liridon-krasniqi-on-loan-football-news-updates/article36054175.ece|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Sportstar|date=23 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823095053/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-odisha-fc-signs-malaysian-international-liridon-krasniqi-on-loan-football-news-updates/article36054175.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''24 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[PC Laldinpuia]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamshedpur FC rope in Mizoram defender PC Laldinpuia|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/aug/24/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-mizoram-defender-pc-laldinpuia-2349140.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825000351/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/aug/24/jamshedpur-fc-rope-in-mizoram-defender-pc-laldinpuia-2349140.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Nongdamba Naorem]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=FC Goa sign ex-Kerala Blasters winger Nongdamba Naorem|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-sign-nongdamba-naorem/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825214920/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-fc-goa-sign-nongdamba-naorem|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[C. K. Vineeth]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=RoundGlass Punjab sign C. K. Vineeth|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CS_c6DkMmZh/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-28|website=RoundGlass Punjab FC (Instagram)|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828172455/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Cássio Gabriel]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Vila Nova Futebol Clube|Vila Nova]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: Mumbai City FC completes loan move for Cássio Gabriel|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/mumbai-city-fc-loan-move-cassio-gabriel-vila-nova-transfer-news-indian-super-league-football/article36117152.ece|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Sportstar|date=26 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827013136/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/mumbai-city-fc-loan-move-cassio-gabriel-vila-nova-transfer-news-indian-super-league-football/article36117152.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''27 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
|{{Flagicon|ARG}} [[Club Atlético Platense|Platense]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Kerala Blasters announce signing forward Jorge Pereyra Diaz on loan|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-kerala-blasters-sign-jorge-pereyra-diaz-loan/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165712/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-kerala-blasters-sign-jorge-pereyra-diaz-loan|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''27 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Phrangki Buam]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Football Transfer News: Phrangki Buam Joins Mohammedan Sporting from FC Goa on Loan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/football-transfer-news-phrangki-buam-joins-mohammedan-sporting-from-fc-goa-on-loan-4135505.html|access-date=2021-08-28|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828172500/https://www.news18.com/news/football/football-transfer-news-phrangki-buam-joins-mohammedan-sporting-from-fc-goa-on-loan-4135505.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Cidoncha]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Gimnástica Segoviana CF|Gimnástica Segoviana]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=Former Kerala Blasters star Sergio Cidoncha signs for Spanish outfit|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sergio-cidoncha-sign-gimnastica-segoviana-cf/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165815/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sergio-cidoncha-sign-gimnastica-segoviana-cf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Ramires]]
|{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Belenenses SAD|Belenenses]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Siddharth|date=2021-08-28|title=ISL: Bengaluru FC sign Brazilian midfielder Bruno Ramires|url=https://thebridge.in/football/bengaluru-fc-sign-brazillian-midfielder-bruno-ramires-24732|access-date=2021-08-28|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828172457/https://thebridge.in/football/bengaluru-fc-sign-brazillian-midfielder-bruno-ramires-24732|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-28|title=RoundGlass Punjab sign Lalthuammawia Ralte|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CTHTqpaMlRp/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-28|website=RoundGlass Punjab FC (Twitter)|archive-date=2021-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828172456/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Manash Protim Gogoi
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-29|title=TRAU FC sign young defender Manash Gogoi!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/trau-fc-sign-young-defender-manash-gogoi/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Arunava Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831173900/https://www.arunfoot.com/trau-fc-sign-young-defender-manash-gogoi/}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[UD Las Palmas Atlético|Las Palmas II]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL: Hyderabad FC signs Spanish striker Javier Siverio|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/indian-super-league-team-news-squad-hyderabad-fc-signing-javier-siverio-sports-news/article36181031.ece|access-date=2021-08-30|website=Sportstar|date=30 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830180235/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/indian-super-league-team-news-squad-hyderabad-fc-signing-javier-siverio-sports-news/article36181031.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sporting de Gijón]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=Indian Football Transfer News: Kerala Blasters Sign Spanish Striker Alvaro Vazquez|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-transfer-news-kerala-blasters-sign-spanish-striker-alvaro-vazquez-4149143.html|access-date=2021-08-31|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831130115/https://www.news18.com/news/football/indian-football-transfer-news-kerala-blasters-sign-spanish-striker-alvaro-vazquez-4149143.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal signs FC Goa's Amarjit Singh Kiyam on loan for upcoming season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/amarjit-singh-joins-east-bengal-loan-fc-goa-indian-super-league-football/article36189736.ece|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Sportstar|date=30 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830170452/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/amarjit-singh-joins-east-bengal-loan-fc-goa-indian-super-league-football/article36189736.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Subha Ghosh]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=SC East Bengal: গোয়া থেকে অমরজিত, কেরল থেকে শুভ, দল গোছাচ্ছে লাল-হলুদ|trans-title=SC East Bengal signs FC Goa's Amarjit Singh Kiyam and Subha Ghosh on loan for upcoming season|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-signs-fc-goas-amarjit-singh-kiyam-and-subha-ghosh-on-loan-for-upcoming-season_401551.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Zee News|language=Bengali|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901180229/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-signs-fc-goas-amarjit-singh-kiyam-and-subha-ghosh-on-loan-for-upcoming-season_401551.html}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Dylan Fox]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Marcus Mergulhao|date=31 Aug 2021|title=FC Goa pay NorthEast transfer fee for release of Dylan Fox {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-pay-northeast-transfer-fee-for-release-of-dylan-fox/articleshow/85779776.cms|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831040626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-pay-northeast-transfer-fee-for-release-of-dylan-fox/articleshow/85779776.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Eli Sabiá]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=Jamshedpur signs seasoned Brazilian defender Eli Sabia|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-football-jamshedpur-fc-signs-seasoned-brazilian-defender-eli-sabia/article36198734.ece|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831104234/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-football-jamshedpur-fc-signs-seasoned-brazilian-defender-eli-sabia/article36198734.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Gyeltshen]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newspaper|first=Bhutan's Daily|title=Kerala Blasters signs Chencho Gyeltshen for a season|url=https://kuenselonline.com/kerala-blasters-signs-chencho-gyeltshen-for-a-season/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Kuensel Online|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901060806/https://kuenselonline.com/kerala-blasters-signs-chencho-gyeltshen-for-a-season/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Adil Khan (footballer)|Adil Khan]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=ISL: SC East Bengal sign Adil Khan, Amarjit Singh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-adil-khan-amarjit-singh-101630430243419.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901023037/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-adil-khan-amarjit-singh-101630430243419.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Shubham Dhas
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|<ref name="out12">{{cite tweet|title=Signing Alert 🚨 We are pleased to announce the signing of Goalkeeper Shubham Dhas from FC Goa .Welcome to Orange brigade 🍊#ileague #indianfootball #isl #transferalert #newsignings #orangebrigade #fcgoa #ifwtc #khelnow|number=1432674866327552002|accessdate=31 August 2021|user=NerocaFC|date=31 August 2021|author=Neroca FC|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831173131/https://twitter.com/NerocaFC/status/1432674866327552002}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 August 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=Naorem Mahesh joins SC East Bengal on Loan from Kerala Blasters|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/naorem-mahesh-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan-from-kerala-blasters/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=East Bengal Club {{!}} Official Website of EAST BENGAL the REAL POWER Fans {{!}} EBRP|language=en-CA|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831192036/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/naorem-mahesh-joins-sc-east-bengal-on-loan-from-kerala-blasters/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naocha Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=Mumbai City FC signs defender Naocha Singh till May 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-mumbai-city-fc-signs-huidrom-naocha-singh-indian-football-latest-news/article36222778.ece|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Sportstar|date=September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901121245/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-mumbai-city-fc-signs-huidrom-naocha-singh-indian-football-latest-news/article36222778.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: Jackichand Singh signs for East Bengal on loan from Mumbai City|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-transfer-news-jackichand-singh-signs-for-east-bengal-mumbai-city-fc-robbie-fowler/article36231082.ece|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Sportstar|date=September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901145950/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-transfer-news-jackichand-singh-signs-for-east-bengal-mumbai-city-fc-robbie-fowler/article36231082.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-31|title=John Johnson joins RoundGlass Punjab FC – Reunites with Ashley Westwood - Halfway Football|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/i-league-john-johnson-joins-roundglass-punjab-fc/|access-date=2021-09-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831084047/https://halfwayfootball.com/i-league-john-johnson-joins-roundglass-punjab-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Niraj Kumar
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] (loan)
|<ref name="out13">{{cite tweet|title=Best of luck, boys. Bhupender Singh and Niraj Kumar completed their loan moves to Real Kashmir on #DeadlineDay yesterday. While William Lalnunfela leaves the club by mutual consent. #JamKeKhelo|number=1433105924130885636|accessdate=1 September 2021|user=JamshedpurFC|date=1 September 2021|author=Jamshedpur FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bhupender Singh
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]] (loan)
|<ref name="out13" />
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Francisco Sandaza]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Extremadura UD]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-01|title=Fran Sandaza sustituye a Chacopino en el Extremadura|trans-title=Fran Sandaza replaces Chacopino in Extremadura|url=https://www.hoy.es/deportes/futbol/primera-rfef/fran-sandaza-sustituye-20210901232121-nt.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-02|website=[[Hoy (Extremadura)|Hoy]]|language=es|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901222821/https://www.hoy.es/deportes/futbol/primera-rfef/fran-sandaza-sustituye-20210901232121-nt.html}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Gaurav Kankonkar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters name squad for Durand Cup|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/09/02/kerala-blasters-name-squad-for-durand-cup.html|access-date=2021-09-03|website=OnManorama|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902133345/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/09/02/kerala-blasters-name-squad-for-durand-cup.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Antonio D'Silva
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Antonio Dylan Ignacio Da Silva {{!}} Transfers - SofaScore|url=https://www.sofascore.com/player/antonio-dylan-ignacio-da-silva/1088042|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-22|website=SofaScore|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121141645/https://www.sofascore.com/player/antonio-dylan-ignacio-da-silva/1088042}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishan Pandita]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Team Sportstar|title=ISL 2021-22: Jamshedpur FC signs Ishan Pandita from FC Goa|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-signs-ishan-pandita-from-fc-goa-indian-super-league-news/article36247002.ece|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Sportstar|date=2 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902104657/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-signs-ishan-pandita-from-fc-goa-indian-super-league-news/article36247002.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sarineo Fernandes
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-02|title=SC East Bengal: গোয়া থেকে এই তরুণ লেফট-ব্যাককে দলে নিল লাল-হলুদ|trans-title=Sarineo Fernandes sign for SC East Bengal from FC Goa|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-sign-left-back-sarineo-fernandes-from-fc-goa_401904.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Zee News (Bengali)|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902165227/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-east-bengal-sign-left-back-sarineo-fernandes-from-fc-goa_401904.html}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-02|title=SC Eastbengal: ফের ইস্টবেঙ্গলে Romeo Fernandes, ঝড়ের বেগে দল গোছাচ্ছে লাল-হলুদ|trans-title=SC East Bengal sign Romeo Fernandes|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-eastbengal-sign-romeo-fernandes_401930.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Zee News (Bengali)|archive-date=2021-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902165230/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/sc-eastbengal-sign-romeo-fernandes_401930.html}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=SC East Bengal sign Hira Mondal and Joyner Lourenco; Raju extends stay|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-hira-mondal-joyner-lourenco/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903173531/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-hira-mondal-joyner-lourenco|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joyner Lourenco]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out14">{{cite tweet|title=Adding ammunition to the attack, Danmawia joins the strike force 💪 #StrongerAsOne|number=1433836777035354116|accessdate=3 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=3 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hrithik Tiwari
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa Reserves]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=4 Sep 2021|title=Edu Bedia to lead strong FC Goa side at Durand Cup {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/edu-bedia-to-lead-strong-fc-goa-side-at-durand-cup/articleshow/85912029.cms|access-date=2021-09-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903223206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/edu-bedia-to-lead-strong-fc-goa-side-at-durand-cup/articleshow/85912029.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Papuia
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa Reserves]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Brison Fernandes
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa Reserves]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Christy Davis
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa Reserves]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|'''3 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Delton Colaco
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa Reserves]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|'''4 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Vladimir Koman]]
|{{flagicon|UAE}} [[Hatta Club]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennaiyin FC rope in Hungarian midfielder Vladimir Koman, complete foreign signings|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/04/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-hungarian-midfielder-vladimir-koman-complete-foreign-signings-2354270.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=The New Indian Express|date=4 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904175637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/04/chennaiyin-fc-rope-in-hungarian-midfielder-vladimir-koman-complete-foreign-signings-2354270.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Jordan Murray joins Jamshedpur FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jordan-murray-joins-jamshedpur-fc-from-kerala-blasters-indian-super-league-indian-football-news/article36301312.ece|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Sportstar|date=5 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905165242/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jordan-murray-joins-jamshedpur-fc-from-kerala-blasters-indian-super-league-indian-football-news/article36301312.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=ISL: East Bengal rope in goalkeeper Arindam Bhattacharya from arch-rivals Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-east-bengal-rope-in-goalkeeper-arindam-bhattacharya-from-arch-rivals-mohun-bagan-9942471.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907012214/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-east-bengal-rope-in-goalkeeper-arindam-bhattacharya-from-arch-rivals-mohun-bagan-9942471.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sehnaj Singh]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=NorthEast United FC sign experienced midfielder Sehnaj Singh!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/northeast-united-fc-sign-experienced-midfielder-sehnaj-singh/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Arunava Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121937/https://www.arunfoot.com/northeast-united-fc-sign-experienced-midfielder-sehnaj-singh/}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Chennaiyin FC sign Indian midfielder Ninthoi Meetei from NorthEast United|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-chennaiyin-fc-sign-ninthoi-meetei/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907183325/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-chennaiyin-fc-sign-ninthoi-meetei|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brad Inman (soccer)|Brad Inman]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former ATK Mohun Bagan midfielder Bradden Inman joins Mumbai City FC|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/07/former-atk-mohun-baganmidfielder-bradden-inman-joinsmumbai-city-fc-2355485.html|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907103148/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/07/former-atk-mohun-baganmidfielder-bradden-inman-joinsmumbai-city-fc-2355485.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC East Bengal sign Songpu Singsit, Semboi Haokip; Sourav Das extends|url=https://www.khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-songpu-singsit-thongkhosiem-haokip|access-date=7 September 2021|website=Khel Now|date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907170316/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-songpu-singsit-thongkhosiem-haokip|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Songpu Singsit]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal extends Sourav Das contract, signs Songpu Singsit|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-signs-songpu-singsit-extends-local-boy-sourav-das-contract-indian-super-league-news/article36338829.ece|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Sportstar|date=7 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907170732/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-signs-songpu-singsit-extends-local-boy-sourav-das-contract-indian-super-league-news/article36338829.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tondonba Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out15">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗤𝗨𝗔𝗗 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 Donning the colors of the region 🔴⚪ Tondonba is here to boss the left flank 💪 #StrongerAsOne|number=1435211559228174340|accessdate=7 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=7 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 September 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Emanuel Lalchhanchhuaha
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out16">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 Here to shine for his region! ☀️ The exciting Emanuel is now a Highlander 🔴⚪ #StrongerAsOne|number=1435573635142627330|accessdate=8 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=8 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Daniel Gomes
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="out162">{{cite tweet|title=🤝DONE DEAL🤝 Talented centre-back 𝘿𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙡 𝙂𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙨 inks one-year deal with us, adding to the defensive options ahead of #HeroISL 2021-22 season. Join us in welcoming our latest #Torchbearer to the family. 🔴🟡📝 #WelcomeDaniel #JoyEastBengal #WeAreSCEB|number=1435537199076765707|accessdate=8 September 2021|user=sc_eastbengal|date=8 September 2021|author=SC East Bengal}}</ref>
|-
|'''8 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pronay Halder]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Jamshedpur FC signs Pronay Halder on loan from ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-pronay-halder-on-loan-from-atk-mohun-bagan-indian-football-news/article36359584.ece|access-date=2021-09-08|website=Sportstar|date=8 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908170154/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-pronay-halder-on-loan-from-atk-mohun-bagan-indian-football-news/article36359584.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Lalrinliana Hnamte
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad Reserves]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=SC East Bengal: মিজোরামের এই প্রতিশ্রুতিবান মিডফিল্ডারকে নিল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=SC East Bengal: Mizoram's promising midfielder, Hnamte sign for East Bengal|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/promising-midfielder-lalrinliana-hnamte-joins-sc-east-bengal_403165.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Zee News (Bengali)|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909183635/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/promising-midfielder-lalrinliana-hnamte-joins-sc-east-bengal_403165.html}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Joe Zoherliana]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out17">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰. 𝗘𝘅𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. 𝗧𝗮𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗱.🤩 Mizo warrior Joe Zoherliana is officially a Highlander 🔴⚪ #StrongerAsOne|number=1435936028515315719|accessdate=9 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=9 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Jonathas de Jesus]]
|{{Flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah FC|Sharjah]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=9 Sep 2021|title=ISL: Experienced Brazilian forward Jonathas joins Odisha FC {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-experienced-brazilian-forward-jonathas-joins-odisha-fc/articleshow/86068857.cms|access-date=2021-09-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909171514/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-experienced-brazilian-forward-jonathas-joins-odisha-fc/articleshow/86068857.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Hernán Santana]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Sporting de Gijón]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-10|title=ISL Transfer News: Spanish Midfielder Hernan Santana Joins NorthEast United FC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-spanish-midfielder-hernan-santana-joins-northeast-united-fc-4189517.html|access-date=2021-09-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910152232/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-spanish-midfielder-hernan-santana-joins-northeast-united-fc-4189517.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[Amir Dervišević]]
|{{Flagicon|SLO}} [[NK Maribor|Maribor]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=India com Sports|date=2021-09-11|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal Signs Amir Dervisevic: All You Need to Know|url=https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-ropes-in-former-slovenian-international-amir-dervisevic-4949476/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-11|website=India.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911091744/https://www.india.com/sports/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-ropes-in-former-slovenian-international-amir-dervisevic-4949476/}}</ref>
|-
|'''11 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[William Lalnunfela]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out18">{{cite tweet|title=Adding more 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿 💥 to the 𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗮𝗰𝗸, the Mizo striker is now a 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 🔴⚪ #WelcomeWilliam #StrongerAsOne|number=1436660799653568518|accessdate=12 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=11 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart]]
|{{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Record Sport|date=2021-09-12|title=Ex Rangers and Aberdeen man Greg Stewart signs for Indian side Jamshedpur|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/greg-stewart-signs-indian-side-24966638|access-date=2021-09-12|website=<nowiki>[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record}}</nowiki>|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Iman Basafa]]
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Machine Sazi F.C.|Machine Sazi]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-14|title=Bengaluru FC sign Iranian midfielder Iman Basafa|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-bengaluru-fc-iman-basafa-signing/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914192324/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-bengaluru-fc-iman-basafa-signing|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomislav Mrcela]]
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2021-22: East Bengal Sign Aussie Defender Tomislav Mrcela|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-2021-22-east-bengal-sign-aussie-defender-tomislav-mrcela/394598|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Outlook India|date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914165557/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-isl-2021-22-east-bengal-sign-aussie-defender-tomislav-mrcela/394598}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Franjo Prce]]
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[NK Slaven Belupo|Slaven Belupo]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=ISL Transfer News: SC East Bengal Sign Croatian Stopper Franjo Prce|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-sc-east-bengal-sign-croatian-stopper-franjo-prce-4208588.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917033926/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-transfer-news-sc-east-bengal-sign-croatian-stopper-franjo-prce-4208588.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Irshad]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out19">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 Another brick in the wall 🧱 Mohammed Irshad is now a Highlander 🤩 #StrongerAsOne|number=1438110358296694784|accessdate=16 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=15 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lalchhuanmawia]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=🆕SIGNED AND SEALED☑️ Join us in welcoming our new left-back Lalchhuanmawia 🛡 🥅 🛡 Look forward to seeing him in our colours soon!|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CT18JMFs_PZ/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/rgpunjabfc/2663299268906054617 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |url-access=registration|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-16|publisher=[[RoundGlass Punjab FC]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
|{{Flagicon|PRC}} [[Taizhou Yuanda F.C.|Taizhou Yuanda]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-16|title=ISL: SC East Bengal sign former Molde FK striker Daniel Chima Chukwu|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-former-molde-fk-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu-9971751.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917145652/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-sc-east-bengal-sign-former-molde-fk-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu-9971751.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Marko Lešković]]
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[GNK Dinamo Zagreb|Dinamo Zagreb]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Kerala Blasters FC rope in Croatian defender Marko Leskovic|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/16/isl-kerala-blasters-fc-rope-in-croatian-defender-marko-leskovic-2359682.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132546/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/16/isl-kerala-blasters-fc-rope-in-croatian-defender-marko-leskovic-2359682.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Jestin George]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out110">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 A towering presence in defence! Young Jestin George is now a Highlander 🤩 #StrongerAsOne|number=1438472747932336133|accessdate=16 September 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=16 September 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''17 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|NLD}} [[Darren Sidoel]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Córdoba CF|Córdoba]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=SC East Bengal sign Dutch utility player Darren Sidoel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel-7515518/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917162511/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel-7515518/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|MTQ}} [[Mathias Coureur]]
|{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Samsunspor]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-18|title=NorthEast United sign former Martinique international Mathias Coureur|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-sign-mathias-coureur/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920024528/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-sign-mathias-coureur|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''18 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gurkirat Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Arrows]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=18 Sep 2021|title=Mumbai City sign Gurkirat Singh {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/mumbai-city-sign-gurkirat-singh/articleshow/86317772.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919224114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/mumbai-city-sign-gurkirat-singh/articleshow/86317772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''22 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Manas Dubey
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=22 Sep 2021|title=Young goalkeeper Manas Dubey joins TRAU FC on loan {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/young-goalkeeper-manas-dubey-joins-trau-fc-on-loan/articleshow/86426437.cms|access-date=2021-09-22|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/young-goalkeeper-manas-dubey-joins-trau-fc-on-loan/articleshow/86426437.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[Antonio Perošević]]
|{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Újpest FC|Újpest]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal snaps up Croatia forward Antonio Perosevic|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-snaps-up-croatia-forward-antonio-peroevi-indian-football-news/article36628303.ece|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Sportstar|date=23 September 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115838/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-snaps-up-croatia-forward-antonio-peroevi-indian-football-news/article36628303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''24 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ygor Catatau]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Madureira Esporte Clube|Madureira]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City secure loan move for Brazilian striker Ygor Catatau|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/24/mumbai-city-secure-loan-move-for-brazilian-striker-ygor-catatau-2363221.html|access-date=2021-09-24|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924171352/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/sep/24/mumbai-city-secure-loan-move-for-brazilian-striker-ygor-catatau-2363221.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''27 September 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=ISL: Mumbai City FC sign goalkeeper Mohammad Nawaz on three-year deal|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-mumbai-city-fc-sign-goalkeeper-mohammad-nawaz-on-three-year-deal-10002571.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Firstpost|archive-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927100100/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-mumbai-city-fc-sign-goalkeeper-mohammad-nawaz-on-three-year-deal-10002571.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 October 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mirshad Michu]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out111">{{cite tweet|title=Finally, Mirshad is officially a Highlander! 🤩 Welcome to the family Mirshad! #StrongerAsOne|number=1443908984813981696|accessdate=3 October 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=1 October 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 October 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Saikhom Goutam Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad Reserves]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref name="out114">{{cite tweet|title=🤝JUST IN🤝 19-year old centre-back S Goutam Singh becomes our third developmental player along with Lalrinliana Hnamte and @AmarjitKiyam8. "I am happy to be part of SC East Bengal. I am eager to learn and make the most of the opportunity." #WeAreSCEB 🔴🟡|number=1446052639234428931|accessdate=7 October 2021|user=sc_eastbengal|date=7 October 2021|author=SC East Bengal}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 October 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Siddhant Shirodkar
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Academy]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: SC East Bengal defeat Vasco SC in pre-season friendly|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-defeat-vasco-sc-in-pre-season-friendly20211015162214/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017175411/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-defeat-vasco-sc-in-pre-season-friendly20211015162214/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 October 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ritwik Das]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-27|title=ISL: Ritwik Kumar Das Joins Jamshedpur FC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-ritwik-kumar-das-joins-jamshedpur-fc-4368305.html|access-date=2021-10-28|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030074342/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-ritwik-kumar-das-joins-jamshedpur-fc-4368305.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Johnson Joseph Mathews
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad Academy]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-11-02|title=Chennaiyin signs forward Johnson|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2021/11/02010042/1327023/Chennaiyin-signs-forward-Johnson.vpf|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-02|website=[[DT Next]]|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102155323/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Sports/2021/11/02010042/1327023/Chennaiyin-signs-forward-Johnson.vpf}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Niraj Kumar
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2021|title=We are glad to announce the signing of a young budding goalie Niraj Kumar! Welcoming him to the family of Snow Leopards 🤝|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CVxpS-OvDpW/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/realkashmir_fc/2698119275448384086 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |url-access=registration|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[Instagram]]|publisher=[[Real Kashmir FC]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Flottmann]]
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney FC Youth]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: NorthEast United signs Australian defender Patrick Flottmann|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/northeast-united-signs-australian-defender-patrickflottmann-indian-football-news/article37324318.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Sportstar|date=3 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103183347/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/northeast-united-signs-australian-defender-patrickflottmann-indian-football-news/article37324318.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out115">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 2019 SAFF U-18 Champion is now a Highlander 🤩 Welcome to the club Manvir! #WelcomeManvir #StrongerAsOne|number=1456955126397038600|accessdate=6 November 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=6 November 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''7 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pragyan Medhi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Arrows]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref name="out1152">{{cite tweet|title=🚨𝗦𝗾𝘂𝗮𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟭-𝟮𝟮🚨 Adding some local flavour, Indian U-17 player, Pragyan Medhi is now a Highlander 🤩 #WelcomePragyan #StrongerAsOne|number=1457317811177484288|accessdate=7 November 2021|user=NEUtdFC|date=7 November 2021|author=NorthEast United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''9 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gani Nigam]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|title=ISL 2021-22: NorthEast United FC add two new Indian signings|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-add-two-new-indian-signings|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=10 November 2021 |language=en-us|archive-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111151919/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-add-two-new-indian-signings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ponif Vaz]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2021|title=Adding more strength to our defense 💪 Welcoming Ponif Vaz to the family of Snow Leopards 🤝|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CWD1RdeoCMB/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/realkashmir_fc/2703238497700946689 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |url-access=registration|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Instagram|publisher=[[Real Kashmir FC]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 November 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Asheer Akhtar]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=I'M BACK! 🖤🤍 Thrilled to announce that I've joined back Mohammedan Sporting ahead of the upcoming I league season! Can't wait to get the show going as a black panther again! 🖤🤍 #JaanJaanMohammedan #IAMBACK #BlackPanthers|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CWKiKxbPJ94/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/asheer_akhtar/2705124800035856248 |archive-date=2021-12-25 |url-access=registration|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Instagram|publisher=[[Asheer Akhtar]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| '''25 November 2021'''
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|<ref name="out116">{{cite tweet|title=New Signings: Samuel Lalmuanpuia (RW/LW)|number=1463885067990700037|accessdate=21 December 2021|user=AizawlFC|date=25 November 2021|author=Aizawl FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 December 2021'''
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Aman Chetri
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohamed|first=Farzan|title=Chennaiyin FC bid farewell to Aman Chetri and Remi|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-bid-farewell-aman-chetri-remi|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=6 December 2021 |language=en-us|archive-date=2021-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171037/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-bid-farewell-aman-chetri-remi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''16 December 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Halder]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-16|title=I-League - Mohammedan SC Sign Abhishek Halder And Loan Rakesh Pradhan To Sudeva Delhi FC {{!}} IFTWC - Indian Football Team For World Cup|url=https://iftwc.com/mohammedan-sc-sign-abhishek-halder-loan-rakesh-pradhan/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171039/https://iftwc.com/mohammedan-sc-sign-abhishek-halder-loan-rakesh-pradhan/}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 December 2021'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Karanjit Singh]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-22|title=Experienced goalkeeper Karanjit Singh signed by Kerala Blasters!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/experienced-goalkeeper-karanjit-singh-signed-by-kerala-blasters/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Arunava Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222202245/https://www.arunfoot.com/experienced-goalkeeper-karanjit-singh-signed-by-kerala-blasters/}}</ref>
|-
|'''22 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|<ref name="out1163">{{cite tweet|title=Left, right, centre — the versatile Akashdeep Singh is manning our defence lines for the season.|number=1473630465466650624|accessdate=26 December 2021|user=RajasthanUnited|date=22 December 2021|author=Rajasthan United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sreekuttan V. S.
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Sreekuttan, Abdul Hakku join Gokulam Kerala on loan from Kerala Blasters|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-kerala-blasters-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-sreekuttan-abdul-hakku-loan/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223112237/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-kerala-blasters-gokulam-kerala-fc-sign-sreekuttan-abdul-hakku-loan|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abdul Hakku Nediyodath|Abdul Hakku]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Sreekuttan and Hakku joins Gokulam Kerala on Loan - Kerala Blasters FC|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/sreekuttan-and-hakku-joins-gokulam-kerala-on-loan/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Kerala Blasters FC|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223112235/https://keralablastersfc.in/sreekuttan-and-hakku-joins-gokulam-kerala-on-loan/}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Melroy Assisi
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|<ref name="out1162">{{cite tweet|title=All the way from City of Dreams to The Pink City💜|number=1474656615420751872|accessdate=26 December 2021|user=RajasthanUnited|date=25 December 2021|author=Rajasthan United FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''29 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seityasen Singh]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Hyderabad signs Seityasen Singh on loan from Kerala till end of season|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-signs-seityasen-singh-on-loan-from-kerala-football/article38066266.ece|access-date=2021-12-30|website=Sportstar|date=29 December 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230032309/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-signs-seityasen-singh-on-loan-from-kerala-football/article38066266.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 December 2021'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nikhil Prabhu
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
|<ref name="out11622">{{cite tweet|title=🚨Official Announcement! Young defender Nikhil Prabhu joins @OdishaFC on a loan deal till the end of the current season. We wish @nprabhu_4 the very best for his new challenge. 💪|number=1476567772842708992|accessdate=30 December 2021|user=HydFCOfficial|date=30 December 2021|author=Hyderabad FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 January 2022'''
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Nerijus Valskis]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-signs-nerijus-valskis-until-end-of-season/article38086079.ece|title=Nerijus Valskis will play for Chennaiyin FC till the end of the 2021-22 season. The club acquired the Lithuanian forward on a free transfer.|access-date=1 January 2022|website=Sportstar|date=January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101093628/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-chennaiyin-fc-signs-nerijus-valskis-until-end-of-season/article38086079.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 January 2022'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: FC Goa signs defender Anwar Ali|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/fc-goa-signs-defender-anwar-ali-isl-2021-22-football-news/article38086845.ece|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Sportstar|date=January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102010712/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/fc-goa-signs-defender-anwar-ali-isl-2021-22-football-news/article38086845.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 January 2022'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Chennaiyin FC signs defender Mohammad Sajid Dhot|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/chennaiyin-fc-signs-defender-mohammad-sajid-dhot/article38091803.ece|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Sportstar|date=2 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102213615/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/chennaiyin-fc-signs-defender-mohammad-sajid-dhot/article38091803.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''5 January 2022'''
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=6 Jan 2022|title=Mumbai City FC complete loan move for midfielder Vinit Rai {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-fc-complete-loan-move-for-midfielder-vinit-rai/articleshow/88732680.cms|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106102744/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-fc-complete-loan-move-for-midfielder-vinit-rai/articleshow/88732680.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''6 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|{{Flagicon|CRO}} [[HNK Šibenik|Šibenik]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=6 Jan 2022|title=Sandesh Jhingan rejoins ATK Mohun Bagan {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-rejoins-atk-mohun-bagan/articleshow/88736639.cms|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/sandesh-jhingan-rejoins-atk-mohun-bagan/articleshow/88736639.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''10 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]
|{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal Rope in Young Brazilian Striker Marcelo on Loan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-rope-in-young-brazilian-striker-marcelo-on-loan-4641455.html|access-date=2022-01-14|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114193649/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-rope-in-young-brazilian-striker-marcelo-on-loan-4641455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''14 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelinho (footballer, born June 1987)|Marcelinho]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=ISL 2021-22: NorthEast United FC Sign Marcelinho On Loan from Rajasthan United FC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-sign-marcelinho-on-loan-from-rajasthan-united-fc-4657970.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114164144/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2021-22-northeast-united-fc-sign-marcelinho-on-loan-from-rajasthan-united-fc-4657970.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''15 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Soumyadwip|title=Jamshedpur FC sign Daniel Chima Chukwu|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2021-22-jamshedpur-fc-sign-daniel-chima-chukwu|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=15 January 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|'''20 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Ygor Catatau]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Madureira Esporte Clube|Madureira]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Catatau leaves Mumbai City to return to parent club Madureira Esporte|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-catatu-leaves-mumbai-city-indian-football/article38297467.ece|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Sportstar|date=20 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120165459/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-2021-22-catatu-leaves-mumbai-city-indian-football/article38297467.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|AUT}} [[Marco Sahanek]]
|{{Flagicon|THA}} [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.|Nakhon Ratchasima]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=ISL 2021-22: NorthEast United FC Sign Austrian Midfielder Marco Sahanek {{!}} 🏆 LatestLY|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/neutdfcs-midfield-just-leveled-up-latest-tweet-by-indian-super-league-3278770.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121141644/https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/neutdfcs-midfield-just-leveled-up-latest-tweet-by-indian-super-league-3278770.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''21 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Al-Shahania SC|Al-Shahania]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=21 Jan 2022|title=ISL: Mumbai City FC sign Brazilian forward Diego Mauricio {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-mumbai-city-fc-sign-brazilian-forward-diego-mauricio/articleshow/89033447.cms|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126051057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-mumbai-city-fc-sign-brazilian-forward-diego-mauricio/articleshow/89033447.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''24 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|SEN}} [[Zakaria Diallo]]
|{{flagicon|KUW}} [[Al-Shabab SC (Kuwait)|Al-Shabab]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-24|title=French-Senegalese defender Zakaria Diallo joins Northeast United FC|url=https://theawayend.co/2022/01/24/zakaria-diallo-joins-northeast-united-fc/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=The Away End|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126051059/https://theawayend.co/2022/01/24/zakaria-diallo-joins-northeast-united-fc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Amin]]
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-25|title=Odisha FC announce signing of Antonio D'Silva, Karan Amin|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-antonio-d-silva-karan-amin-signing-announced/|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125200239/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-antonio-d-silva-karan-amin-signing-announced|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Antonio D'Silva
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha FC ropes in Antonio D'Silva, Karan Amin to strengthen their squad ahead of the final lap|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-ropes-in-antonio-dsilva-karan-amin-to-strengthen-their-squad-ahead-of-the-final-lap|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Indian Super League|date=25 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085631/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-ropes-in-antonio-dsilva-karan-amin-to-strengthen-their-squad-ahead-of-the-final-lap|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''25 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Fran Sota]]
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Calahorra|Calahorra]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal signs Spanish midfielder ahead of Kolkata derby|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-spanish-midfielder-kolkata-derby-isl-2021-2022/article38324344.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|website=Sportstar|date=25 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126015625/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-spanish-midfielder-kolkata-derby-isl-2021-2022/article38324344.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''26 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Redeem Tlang]]
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: Odisha FC signs Redeem Tlang on season-long loan|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-signs-redeem-tlang-loan-from-fc-goa-football-news/article38329563.ece|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Sportstar|date=26 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128085859/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-odisha-fc-signs-redeem-tlang-loan-from-fc-goa-football-news/article38329563.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''27 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Rahul Kumar Paswan
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[BSS Sporting Club]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: SC East Bengal rope in striker Rahul Paswan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-rope-in-striker-rahul-paswan20220127202629/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=ANI News|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127151736/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-rope-in-striker-rahul-paswan20220127202629/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''28 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Pal]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22: ATK Mohun Bagan loans in Subrata Paul before Kolkata Derby|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-loans-in-subrata-paul-before-kolkata-derby/article38340669.ece|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Sportstar|date=28 January 2022 |language=en|archive-date=2022-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206054528/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-loans-in-subrata-paul-before-kolkata-derby/article38340669.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''30 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=30 Jan 2022|title=Mumbai City FC secure loan move for goalkeeper Ravi Kumar {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-fc-secure-loan-move-for-goalkeeper-ravi-kumar/articleshow/89221530.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/mumbai-city-fc-secure-loan-move-for-goalkeeper-ravi-kumar/articleshow/89221530.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Naocha Singh]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-31|title=SC East Bengal sign Naocha Singh on loan from Mumbai City FC|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-mumbai-city-fc-sc-east-bengal-sign-naocha-singh-loan-deal/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131083140/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-mumbai-city-fc-sc-east-bengal-sign-naocha-singh-loan-deal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=31 Jan 2022|title=ISL: Mumbai City FC seal loan move for Lallianzuala Chhangte {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-mumbai-city-fc-seal-loan-move-for-lallianzuala-chhangte/articleshow/89249717.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131140052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-mumbai-city-fc-seal-loan-move-for-lallianzuala-chhangte/articleshow/89249717.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''31 January 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Shabong]]
|[[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (loan)
|<ref name="out118">{{cite tweet|number=1488092947148984321|user=RajasthanUnited|title=All the way from Meghalaya ↔️|author=Rajasthan United FC|date=31 January 2022|accessdate=8 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|CMR}} [[Banana Yaya]]
|{{Flagicon|JOR}} [[Shabab Al-Ordon Club]]
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=1 Feb 2022|title=Bengaluru FC sign Cameroonian defender Yaya Banana {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/bengaluru-fc-sign-cameroonian-defender-yaya-banana/articleshow/89269184.cms|access-date=2022-02-08|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2022-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201081828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/bengaluru-fc-sign-cameroonian-defender-yaya-banana/articleshow/89269184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''1 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Biswa Darjee
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-05|title=Midfielder Biswa Darjee joins Rajasthan United FC on loan!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/midfielder-biswa-darjee-joins-rajasthan-united-fc-on-loan/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Arunava Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205235327/https://www.arunfoot.com/midfielder-biswa-darjee-joins-rajasthan-united-fc-on-loan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''2 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Flan Gomes
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (loan)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-02|title=FC Goa's Flan Gomes joins Rajasthan United FC on loan!|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/fc-goas-flan-gomes-joins-rajasthan-united-fc-on-loan/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Arunava Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=2022-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205114719/https://www.arunfoot.com/fc-goas-flan-gomes-joins-rajasthan-united-fc-on-loan/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''3 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|MTQ}} [[Mathias Coureur]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{Flagicon|BUL}} [[PFC Cherno More Varna]]
|<ref name="out1183">{{cite tweet|number=1489295572725026818|user=MathiasCoureur|title=De retour 💚💚💚|author=Mathias Coureur|date=3 February 2022|accessdate=8 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|'''12 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|MRT}} [[Khassa Camara]]
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-12|title=ISL 2021-22: Hyderabad FC sign midfielder Khassa Camara on short-term deal|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2021-22-hyderabad-fc-sign-midfielder-khassa-camara-on-short-term-deal-10369481.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''17 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Tomislav Mrcela]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Western Sydney Wanderers FC|Western Sydney Wanderers]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Mrcela signs injury-replacement deal |url=https://wswanderersfc.com.au/news/mrcela-signs-injury-replacement-deal |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Western Sydney Wanderers FC}}</ref>
|-
|'''23 February 2022'''
|{{Flagicon|NEP}} [[Ananta Tamang]]
|{{Flagicon|NEP}} [[Three Star Club]]
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal signs Nepal defender Ananta Tamang |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/sc-east-bengal-signs-nepal-defender-ananta-tamang-sceb/article38436228.ece |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Sportstar |date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[Indian Super League]]
* [[2021–22 Indian Super League]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2021–22 in Indian football}}
{{Indian football transfers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of 2021-22 Indian Super League transfers}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian Super League transfers]]
[[Category:2021–22 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Football transfers summer 2021|India]]
[[Category:2021–22 Indian Super League season]]

Junagarh Fort

2025-10-05T01:43:32Z

IvyB800566150: cleanup

{{Short description|Fort in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India}}
{{distinguish|text = the [[Uparkot Fort]] in Junagadh, Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Junagarh Fort
| partof =
| location = Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| image = {{Photo montage
| photo1a = India Bikaner Junagarh Fort.jpg
| photo2a =Inner view of bikaner fort.jpg
| size = 250
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 3
| color_border = #808080
| text =
| text_background = #F5F5F5
}}
| caption = '''Top:''' Exterior view of Junagarh Fort 
'''Bottom:''' Interior view of Junagarh Fort
| map_type = India Rajasthan#India
| map_size = 300
| map_caption =
| type = [[Forts in India|Fort]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.02|73.32|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| code =
| built = 1589–1594
| builder = Karan Chand under [[Rai Singh of Bikaner]]
| materials = Red [[sandstone]]s (Dulmera) and [[marble]]s (including [[Carrara]])
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Well-preserved, maintained as a museum
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
}}
'''Junagarh Fort''' is a fort in the city of [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The fort was originally called '''Chintamani''' and was renamed Junagarh or "Old Fort" in the early 20th century when the ruling family moved to [[Lalgarh Palace]] outside the fort limits. Members of the cadet branch of the royal family continued to reside in the fort. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which is not built on a hilltop. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort.<ref name=Michell>Michell p. 222</ref><ref name=Ring>Ring pp. 129–33</ref><ref name=history>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |title=History |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics centre, Bikaner district |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212013613/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |archive-date=2009-12-12 }}</ref>

The fort complex was built under the supervision of Karan Chand, the Prime Minister of Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611 AD. Construction of the walls and associated moat commenced in 1589 and was completed in 1594. It was built outside the original fort of the city (the first fort built by Rao Bikaji), about {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from the city centre. Some remnants of the old fort are preserved near the Lakshmi Narayan temple.<ref name=Michell/><ref name=history_1>{{Cite web|url= http://junagarh.org/history.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=History|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Junagarh.org|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Ring p.129">Ring p.129</ref>

Historical records reveal that despite the repeated attacks by enemies to capture the fort, it was not taken, except for a lone one-day occupation by [[Kamran Mirza]]. Kamran was the second son of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]] who attacked Bikaner in 1534, which was then ruled by Rao Jait Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010113/windows/heritage.htm|title= A fort that was ruled by Yaduvanshis|access-date=2009-12-09|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2001-01-13}}</ref>

The 5.28 hectares large fort precinct is studded with palaces, temples and pavilions.<ref name=Ring/> These buildings depict a composite culture, manifest in the mix of architectural styles.<ref name=architecture/>

==Geography==
Junagarh fort is located in the [[arid]] region of the [[Thar Desert]] of Rajasthan bordered on the northwest by the [[Aravalli range]], a range of mountains in western India. Part of the desert area is in Bikaner city, which is one of the three desert triangle cities; the other two cities are [[Jaisalmer]] and [[Jodhpur]]. The name of the place where Bikaner city with its forts was established was then known as [[History of Bikaner|Jungladesh]].<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/geography-history/geography.html|title=Geography of Rajasthan|access-date=2009-12-09}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|History of Bikaner}}
Before the present Junagarh Fort was built, an old stone fort existed in the city. This fort was built in 1478 by [[Rao Bika]] who established the city of Bikaner in 1472. Rao Bika was the second son of [[Rao Jodha]] of the Rathod clan, the founder of [[Jodhpur]] city. He conquered the large arid lands to the northern region of Rajasthan to set up his domain. Even though being the second but eldest surviving son of Rao Jodha, he chose not to inherit his father's kingdom and therefore decided to build his own kingdom at Bikaner at the place then called "Jungladesh". Bikaner, though a partly of the [[Thar Desert]], was considered an [[oasis]] on the trade route between [[Central Asia]] and the [[Gujarat]] coast since it had adequate spring water sources. Bika's name was thus tagged to the Bikaner city as well as to the then state of Bikaner ("the settlement of Bika") that he established. The [[history of Bikaner]] and the fort within it thus start with Bika.<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=Ward>Ward pp.116–9</ref> It was only about 100 years later that Bikaner's fortunes flourished under [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Raja Rai Singhji]], the sixth ruler of Bikaner, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the [[Mughal Empire]]’s rule in the country, he accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high position of an army general in the court of Emperor [[Akbar]] and his son Emperor [[Jahangir]]. His successful war exploits by way of winning half of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]] won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was gifted the [[jagir]]s (lands) of Gujarat and [[Burhanpur]]. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Junagarh fort on a plain land, which has an average elevation of {{convert|760|ft|m}}. The formal foundation ceremony for the fort was held on 17 February 1589 and the fort was completed on 17 January 1594.<ref name=history/> [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Raja Rai Singhji]], was an expert in arts and architecture and the knowledge that he acquired during his several sojourns to several countries are amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built in the Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=Juna>{{Cite web|url=http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|title=Junagarh Fort, Bikaner|access-date=2009-12-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416053153/http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|archive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> Thus the fort, a composite structure, became an outstanding example of architecture and a unique centre of art, amidst the [[Thar desert]].<ref name=history/>

Raja Karan Singh son of Raja Sur Singh who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Anup Singh]] son of Raja Karan Singh who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the [[Zenana]] quarter (royal dwelling for females). He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Gaj Singh]] son of Maharaj Anad Singh who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). Following him, [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Surat Singh]] son of Maharaja Gaj Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and he lavishly decorated the audience hall (see picture in info box) with glass and lively paintwork. [[Dungar Singh|Maharaja Dungar Singh]] son of Maharaj Lal Singh who reigned from 1872 to 1887 built the Badal Mahal (the weather palace) named so in view of a painting of falling rain and clouds (a rare event in arid Bikaner). General Maharaja [[Ganga Singh of Bikaner|Ganga Singh]] son of Maharaj Lal Singh who ruled from 1887 to 1943 built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance [[patio]]. This palace was designed by [[Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob]].<ref name="Ring p.132">Ring p.132</ref> Ganga Singh's son Sadul Singh succeeded his father in 1943 but acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949. He died in 1950.<ref name=Ward/>

Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the [[British Raj]] under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, whereafter the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily on refurbishing their Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.133">Ring p.133</ref> However, during the 18th century, before this treaty was signed, there was internecine war between rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakur]], which was put down by the British troops.<ref name=history/> It is reported that during the attack by Jodhpur army, of the two entrances to the fort (one in the east and the other in the west), the eastern entrance and the southern rampart were damaged; marks of cannonballs fired are seen on the southern façade of the fort.<ref name=Unique>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniqueidea.net/Junagarh_Fort.html |title=Junagarh Fort (1.5 km from the center of the city) |access-date=2010-02-08 |publisher=UniqueIdea.net |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827225846/http://www.uniqueidea.net/Junagarh_Fort.html |archive-date=2010-08-27 }}</ref>

Ganga Singh was the best-known king among the Rajasthan princes. A favourite of the British Raj, he earned the title of [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India|Star of India]]. He served as a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]], represented the country at the Imperial First World War Conferences and the [[British Empire]] at the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] and was aware of the shift of fortunes in the [[World War II]] but died in 1943, before the war was won by the allies. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audience in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee as a ruler of Bikaner is now a museum. He also got a new palace – north of Junagarh fort – designed and built by Swinton, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner and named it [[Lalgarh Palace]] in the name of his father Maharaj Lal Singh Ji of Bikaner (Chattargarh) and shifted his residence from Junagarh fort to this palace in 1902, whilst his closest cousins: The Dyodhiwale Rajvis of Bikaner State who were the [[cadet branch]] of the [[Royal family|Royal Family]] and Maharaja Ganga Singh Ji's closest cousins continued to reside in the fort, particularly in the Dalel Niwas named after Maharaja Ganga Singh Ji and his cousins' Great Grandfather Maharaj Dalel Singh Ji son of Maharajkumar Chattar Singh Ji and grandson of Maharaja Gaj Singh Ji. The ruling family still lives in a special suite in the Lalgarh palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.<ref name="Ring p.133"/>
[[File:Junagarth Fort, Bikaner.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Entrance eastern façade of the Junagarh Fort.}}]]

==Structures==
{{multiple image
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| image2 = Pond in the palace.jpg
| width2 = 100
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| footer = Left: Views of palaces from the main courtyard built in [[Italy|Italian]] [[Carrara marble]], Right: Karan Mahal and pond in the main courtyard, in [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style of architecture
}}
The structures built within the Junagarh fort are the palaces and temples, which are made of red [[sandstone]] (Dulmera) and marble. The palaces are described as picturesque with their assortment of courtyards, balconies, kiosks and windows.<ref name=history/><ref name=architecture>{{Cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/architecture.html|title=Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=Architecture|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Junagarh.org|year=2008}}</ref> The fort, the temples and the palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan.<ref name=Choy>{{Cite book|last=Choy|first=Monique|author2=Sarina Singhh|title= Rajasthan|page=57|access-date=2010-02-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mgWtb27t3AC&q=Structure+of+fort+Junagarh&pg=PA57|publisher=Lonely Planet|year= 2002|isbn= 1-74059-363-4}}</ref> The fort is called "a paradox between medieval military architecture and beautiful interior decoration".<ref name= Bradnock>{{Cite book|last= Bradnock|first= Robert |author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|page=233|access-date=2010-02-08|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IG4PaFx_YsC&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner&pg=PA238|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}</ref>
[[File:Jhoola inside the Phool Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner.jpg|thumb|Jhoola inside the Phool Mahal, Junagarh Fort, Bikaner.]]

===Overview===
The massive fort built in the plains of Bikaner has a rectangular (quadrangular) layout with a peripheral length of {{convert|1078|yard|m}}. The fort walls are {{convert|14.5|ft|m}} wide and {{convert|40|ft|m}} in height. It encompasses an area of {{convert|63119|sqyd|ha|2}}. It was surrounded by a [[moat]] which was {{convert|20|-|25|ft|m}} deep with a base width of {{convert|15|ft|m}} and top width of {{convert|30|ft|m}}.<ref name="architecture"/><ref name= Mathur>{{Cite book|last= Mathur |first= Laxman Prasad |title= Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner|publisher= Inter-India Publications|year=1989|isbn= 81-210-0229-X|quote=The circumference of the rectangular fort of Bikaner, which is also known as Junagarh Fort is {{convert|1078|yard|m}}."}}</ref> However, the moat no longer exists. The fort is well fortified with 37 bastions (‘burj’ in local language) and seven gates (two are main gates) to counter enemy attacks. The fort was built as a "new stronghold" outside of the ruins of an old fort built by Rao Bika and on the periphery of the Bikaner city walls ({{convert|1.5|km|mi}} from the city centre);<ref name=Unique/> the old fort was demolished a century after it was built.<ref name="Ring p.129"/><ref name=architecture/><ref name= Bradnock/>

The fort with seven gates<ref name=architecture/> contains several palaces, pavilions and many temples of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] religions – the earliest dated to the 16th century.<ref name=Abram/> A major feature of the fort is the stone carving done in red and gold coloured sandstones. The interiors of the palaces are decorated and painted in traditional [[Rajput painting|Rajasthani style]]. The Junagarh palaces have a large number of rooms, as every king built his own separate set of rooms, not wanting to live in his predecessors’ rooms. These structures were considered "at par with those of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis]]’s France or of Imperial [[Russian Empire|Russia]]".<ref name=Ward/> Several types of architectural style are discerned in the fort complex and hence it is called a true depiction of composite culture. The earliest style is of Rajput architecture, defined by Gujarati and Mughal architectural influence reflecting the association with Mughal rulers, the second type is of semi-western architecture reflecting British influence, and finally the revivalists Rajput architecture that evolved particularly during the rule of Maharaja Ganga Singh. Only the most representative of all these architectural styles are on display for visitors. Thus, the unique monuments on display in the Junagarh Fort represent sixteen successive generations of the rulers of Bikaner, starting from the end of the 16th century.<ref name=architecture/><ref name=Unique/>

;Gates
While the main entry gate was Karan Pol or Parole, facing east, the current gate of entry is called Suraj Pol (meaning the Sun gate), 'pol' also colloquially spelt ''prol'', built in gold coloured or yellow sandstone, unlike the other gates and buildings built in red sandstone. It is the east facing gate permitting the rising Sun's rays to fall on the gate, which is considered a good omen. The doors of this gate are strengthened with iron spikes and studs to prevent ramming by [[War elephant|elephants]] during an attack. At the entrance to the gate, two red stone statues of elephants with [[mahout]]s stand as sentinels. The gate was also the location for announcing the arrival and departure of royalty by musicians playing the trumpet from a gallery in the gate. The other gates are Karan Pol, Daulat Pol, Chand Pol (a double gate) and Fateh Pol; these provided access to various monuments in the fort. The Karan Pol gate is also braced with iron spikes to prevent battering of the gate by elephants. To the right of this gate is Daulat Pol. Forty-one hand imprints are seen on the Daulat Pol gate wall,<ref name=Ward/> in red colour, of the wives of the Maharajas of Bikaner, who committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) on the funeral pyres of their husbands who died in battle.<ref name=architecture/><ref name=Ward/><ref name="Ring p.132"/><ref name=Abram>Abram pp. 216–8</ref>

Between the main gate and the palace, there is a quadrangle, and then another gate called the Tripolia gate (triple gateway) before accessing the royal chambers. Next to this gate is a small temple called the Har Mandir, where the royal family used to offer worship. In the quadrangle, which houses a large pavilion with a water pool built in [[Carrara]] Italian [[marble]]. The Karan Mahal, where public audience was held in the Diwan-i-Am by Karan Singh (1631–39) and his successors till the 20th century, can also be seen in the same quadrangle.<ref name="Ring p.132"/>

===Palaces===
[[File:Marmol de Carrara, City Palace.jpg|Marble tiled floor in the Junagarh palace|thumb]]
[[File:Gardens Junagarh Fort 2007.jpg|thumb|right|Gardens within the fort's precincts]]
'''Karan Mahal''' (Public Audience Hall) was built by Karan Singh in c.1680 to mark his victory over the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. It is considered one of the most exquisite palaces built with gardens, which displays the aesthetic sensibilities of the royalty of Rajasthan. It has [[stained glass]] windows and intricately carved balconies built in stone and wood fluted columns. Later Rajas, Anup Singh, and Surat Singh, also added a lot of glitter to this palace with inlaid polychrome glass, intricate mirror patterns, and red and gold paint. In the coronation chamber, there is a shored up alcove, which was used as a throne.<ref name=Ward/><ref name=Abram/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/karanpalace.html|title=Karan Mahal (Public Audience Hall)|year=2008|work=Official site of Junagarh Fort|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust, Bikaner |access-date=14 February 2010}}</ref>

'''Phool Mahal''' ("Flower Palace") is the oldest part of the palace and was built by king [[Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner]], who ruled between 1571 and 1668.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/phoolmahal.htm|title=Phool Mahal|year=2008|work=Official site of Junagarh Fort|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust, Bikaner |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>

'''Anup Mahal''' is a multi-storey structure, which functioned as the administrative headquarters of the kingdom. It has ornate wooden ceilings with inlaid mirrors, Italian tiles, and fine [[Latticework|lattice]] windows and balconies. It has some gold leaf paintings. It is considered one of the "grandest construction".<ref name=history/><ref name=Abram/>

'''Chandra Mahal''' has the most luxurious room in the palace, which houses gold plated deities and paintings inlaid with precious stones.<ref name=Abram/> In the royal bedroom, mirrors have been strategically placed so that the [[Maharaja]] could see from his bed, any intruder entering his room.<ref name=Stott>Stott p. 253</ref>

'''Ganga Mahal''' was built in the 20th century by Ganga Singh who reigned for 56 years from 1887 to 1943, has a large durbar hall known as the Ganga Singh Hall that houses the museum. The museum has exhibits of war weaponry and also a [[World War I]] aeroplane (biplane), which is stated to be well maintained.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name=Abram_1>{{Cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title= Rough guide to India|work=Junagarh Fort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA216|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}</ref>

'''Badal Mahal''' (The weather palace) is part of the Anup Mahal extensions. It has paintings of [[Shekhawati]] Dundlod chiefs paying respects to the Maharaja of Bikaner in different types of [[turbans]]. Photos of people standing on nails, wood, swords and saws are also depicted here – a display of faith and endurance.<ref name=Ward/> The walls in this palace depict fresco paintings of the Hindu god Krishna and his consort Radha amidst the rain clouds.

'''Bikaneri Havelies''' located both within and outside the fort in the Bikaner city's by lanes are also of unique architectural style in home architecture. [[Aldous Huxley]] who visited these havelis reportedly said "They are the pride of Bikaner."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_havelin.htm |title=Bikaner Havelies |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Bikaner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210141623/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_havelin.htm |archive-date=2009-12-10 }}</ref>

===Temples===
Har Mandir temple was the royal chapel – private temple of the royal family. The royal family celebrated the [[Hindu festival]] of [[Vijayadashami|Dussera]] and [[Gangaur]] here, apart from celebrating other family functions such as birthdays and marriages. In the Dussera celebrations, weapons and horses were worshipped here. The main deities worshipped in this temple are the Hindu deities [[Lakshmi Narayan]], a combined representation of God [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]].<ref name=Ward/><ref name=Stott/>

The Ratan Behari temple located near the Junagarh Fort, was built in 1846 by the 18th ruler of Bikaner. It was built in Indo-[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] architectural style using white marble. The Hindu God [[Krishna]] is deified in this temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_ratann.htm |title=Ratan Behari temple |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Bikaner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103000058/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_ratann.htm |archive-date=2010-01-03 }}</ref>

==Fort museum==
The museum within the fort called the Junagarh Fort Museum is established in 1961 by Maharaja Dr.Karni Singhji under the control of "Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust", with the curation being done by one of his nephews Maharaj Devi Singh Ji via one his 7 closest cousin brothers in decree of relation Maharaj Chandra Singh Ji from the Ridi cadet branch of the House of Bikaner. The museum exhibits [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] manuscripts, miniature paintings, jewels, royal costumes, farmans (royal orders), portrait galleries, costumes, headgear and dresses of gods’ idols, enamelware, silver, palanquins, howdahs and war drums. The museum also displays armoury that consists of one of the assorted collection of post medieval arms.<ref name= Bradnock/><ref name=trust>{{Cite web|url=http://junagarh.org/trust.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors|work=Official site of Junagarh fort|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust|year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://junagarh.org/armory.html|title= Junagarh Fort:Fort of Interiors:Armoury|work=Official site of Junagarh fort|access-date=2010-02-08|publisher=Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust|year=2008}}</ref>

==Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust==
Maharaja Rai Singhji Trust has been set up by the 'royal family of Bikaner' with the basic objective to showcase the fort with professional inputs in various areas and to improve the experience for visitors. Another objective is to promote education and research scholarships, cultural activities, setting up of libraries and integration with other such trusts.<ref name=trust/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Abram|first=David|title= Rough guide to India|work=Junagarh Fort|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA216|publisher= Rough Guides|year=2003|isbn=1-84353-089-9}}
*{{cite book| last=Beny|first=Roland|author2=Matheson, Sylvia A.| title=Rajasthan - Land of Kings|publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| year= 1984|isbn = 0-584-95061-6}}
*{{Cite book| last= Bradnock |first= Robert |author2=Roma Bradnock|title= Rajasthan & Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IG4PaFx_YsC&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner&pg=PA238|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2001|isbn= 1-900949-92-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Choy|first=Monique|author2=Sarina Singhh|title= Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mgWtb27t3AC&q=Structure+of+fort+Junagarh&pg=PA57|publisher= Lonely Planet|year= 2002|isbn= 1-74059-363-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Crump|first= Vivien|author2=Toh, Irene|title= Rajasthan|location=London|publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996|type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3}}
* {{Cite book|last= Mathur |first= Laxman Prasad |title= Forts and strongholds of Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iduAAAAMAAJ&q=fortifications+of++Junagarh+fort,+Bikaner|publisher= Inter-India Publications|year=1989|isbn= 81-210-0229-X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Michell|first=George|author2=Martinelli, Antonio|title=The Palaces of Rajasthan|work=Junagarh| publisher=Frances Lincoln|location=London|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin |author3=Sharon La Boda |title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|work=Bikaner|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA132|publisher= Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stott|first=David|title= Footprint Rajasthan|work=Junagarh|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igdKYE-fNcAC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA259|publisher= Footprint Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=978-1-906098-07-0}}
*{{cite book| last = Tillotson|first = G.H.R| title = The Rajput Palaces - The Development of an Architectural Style|year= 1987| type = Hardback| edition = First| publisher = Yale University Press| location = New Haven and London| isbn = 0-300-03738-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Junagarh Fort|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA116|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year= 1989|isbn=0-88289-753-5}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Junagarh Fort}}
* [http://junagarhfort.com/ About Junagarh Fort]
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Bikaner}}

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:1594 establishments in India]]

Thirumarperu

2025-09-22T05:04:23Z

IvyB800566150: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thirumalpur திருமால்பூர்
| image = Manikandeswarar Temple, Thirumalpur (14).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|57|24|N|79|40|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
| location = [[Tirumalpur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Maal Vanangia Eesar, Manikandeswarar ([[Shiva]])
Karunai Nayaki, Anjanakshi ([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
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}}

'''Thirumarperu''' '''Manikandeswarar''' Temple is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] on Ocheri-Tirumalpur road in [[Tirumalpur]], Tamil Nadu, India. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been built during the [[Cholas]] period in the 9th century. Shiva is worshipped as Manikandeswarar and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Karunai Nayagi.

The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century [[Tamil Saivism|Tamil Saiva]] canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered [[Rajagopuram]], the gateway tower.

The temple is open from 6 am – 1 pm and 4–8:30 pm on all days. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Maasi Magam, Adipooram, Aani Thirumanjanam, Navarathri uthsavam for Ambal and Garuda seva for Vishnu being some of the prominent festivals celebrated. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Manikandeswarar Temple, Thirumalpur (16).jpg|left|thumb|250px|Legend of the temple]]
[[Vishnu]] (called Tirumal) is believed to have worshipped Shiva in this temple; hence the name Thirumalpur.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1991]], p. 257</ref>
Local tradition says that Tirumalpur was where Vishnu asked [[Mahabali]] Chakravarthy to give him land measured by three of Vishnu's steps.<ref>[[#Anand|Anand 2004]], p. 52</ref> As per local legend, when Vishnu touched his discuss on sage Dadisi, the weapon lost its power. As advised by others, Vishnu worshipped Shiva to obtain the Sudharshana discuss. Vishnu started worshipping Shiva at this place daily with thousand flowers. To test his donation, Shiva took away one of the flowers. Vishnu offered his eye in place of the missing flower. Pleased by his devotion, Shiva offer his discuss to Vishnu. Shiva also offered a boon to Vishnu that his devotees in this temple will be blessed with the same grants as they achieve by visiting thousand temples.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==History==
The place is of both historic and prehistoric importance on account of the [[Paleolithic]] tools and megalithic potteries found in the region. There are sculptures found with [[Brahmi]] script and other material remains. The place is identified in the Kasakkudi plates of [[Nandivarman II]] and Aihole inscription of [[Pulakeshin II]] that describe the war between Pulekesin and Mahendravarma Pallava. The temple obtained patronage from various ruling empires in the region specifically by the Cholas from [[Aditya I]] to [[Rajaraja I]]. An inscription by Parthivendra Pallavan from the central shrine indicates that the central shrine and the mandapa around in granite by Paramandadilltan There is a mention of Madurantakan Gandaridattan from the period of Sundara Chola to that of Rajaraja I. An inscription from 988 CE states that Rajaraja himself made a donation of golden flower to the presiding deity.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Tirumalpuram in Ancient times : a Study|last=K.|first=Kumar|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141809|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|pages=783–84|volume=48|year=1987|jstor=44141809}}</ref>
[[File:Thirumalpur Manikandeswar Panorama (1).jpg|thumb|600px|Panoramic view of the temple|center]]

==Architecture==
[[File:Manikandeswarar Temple, Thirumalpur (4).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Image of the Ambal shrine]]
The temple is located in Thirumalpur, which is in the outskirts of [[kanchipuram]]. The temple has a four-tiered ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (tower) and a set of inscriptions from the [[Chola]] period of [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014 [[Common Era|CE]]).<ref>[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1999]], p. 101</ref> [[Appar]], the 7th-century saint poet, glorified the deity in ''Tevaram'' in one verse.<ref>[[#Prentiss|Prentiss 1999]], p. 182</ref><ref>[[#Khanna|Khanna 2007]], p. 68</ref><ref name="Soundara Rajan">[[#Soundara|Soundara Rajan 2001]], p. 60</ref> The temple is also referred to as Hari-chakrapuram. The [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the sacred bull of Shiva, is in standing position in this temple, unlike in other Shiva temples where he is sitting.<ref name="Soundara Rajan"/> The temple tree is [[Bilwa|Vilva]]. The image of the presiding deity is made of sand from Virundeswara river by [[Parvathi]]. The presiding deity is covered by copper pot. Unlike other Shiva temples, ablution is thus not performed on the presiding deity.<ref name=dinamalar/> Chakra Theertha, the temple tank is located outside the main gateway.<ref name=dinamalar/> There is a distinct image of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] in standing posture facing the central shrine. There is also an image of Vishnu facing the presiding deity. There is an image of Vallabha Vinayaga with ten arms.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy – Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=377–78}}</ref>

==Religious significance and worship practices==
[[File:Manikandeswarar Temple, Thirumalpur (1).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Image of the [[Nayanmar]]s]]
The temple finds mention in ''[[Tevaram]]'', the 7th century 12 volume Saiva canonical work by Tamil saints, namely [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Campantar]]. It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] glorified in the Saiva canon. The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Ushathkalam at 6:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 12:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Manikandeswarar and Karunai Nayagi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshipers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. Mahashivaratri during February – March and Thiruvadihari during December are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar/> Every year in the month of ''Maasi'' (Feb-Mar), on ''Maga nakshatra'' (Maga star), the Theerthavari festival is celebrated. The other festivals in the temple are Aadi Pooram, Aaani Thirumanjanam and Marghazi Thiruvathirai. Like Vishnu temples, Garudaseva festival is celebrated in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Manikandeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=155|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111113503/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/New_en.php?id=155|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2011|publisher=Dinamalar|accessdate=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{Citation |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=tirumarperu&pg=PA257|ref=Ayyar}}
* {{Citation |last=Prentiss|first=Karen Pechilis |title=The embodiment of bhakti|year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|isbn=0-19-512813-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC&dq=tirumarperu&pg=PA101|ref=Prentiss}}
* {{Citation |last=Khanna|first=Meenakshi |title=Cultural History of Medieval India|year=2007 |publisher=Social Science Press |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-87358-30-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbKv3zyIFD8C&dq=tirumarperu&pg=PA68|ref=Khanna}}
* {{Citation |last1=Anand|first1=Swami P.|first2=Swami|last2=Parmeshwaranand|title=Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism|year=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7625-427-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQvbJDacNDMC&dq=tirumarperu&pg=PA52|ref=Anand}}
* {{Citation |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism By Kodayanallur Vanamamalai Soundara Rajan|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&dq=tirumalper&pg=PA60|ref=Soundara}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Billa

2025-09-13T21:13:20Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Wikt|Billa}}

'''Billa''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Films ==
*[[Billa (1980 film)|''Billa'' (1980 film)]], 1980 Indian Tamil film starring Rajinikanth
*[[Billa (2007 film)|''Billa'' (2007 film)]], 2007 Indian Tamil film starring Ajith Kumar, remake of ''Billa'' (1980)
**[[Billa (soundtrack)|''Billa'' (soundtrack)]], soundtrack by Yuvan Shankar Raja for ''Billa'' (2007)
**''[[Billa II]]'', a prequel to ''Billa'' (2007)
*[[Billa (2009 film)|''Billa'' (2009 film)]], 2009 Indian Telugu film
*[[Billa (2015 film)|''Billa'' (2015 film)]], [[List of Kannada films of 2015|2015 Indian Kannada film]]

==People==
* [[Billa Flint]] (1805–1894), Canadian businessman and politician
* [[Billa Harrod]] (1911-2005), British architectural conservationist
* [[Efstrat Billa]] (born 1980), Albanian footballer
* [[Nicole Billa]] (born 1996), Austrian footballer
* Ranga and Billa, perpetrators of the 1978 [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case]] in Delhi, India

==Other uses==
*[[Billa (character)]], fictional Indian gangster as featured in the Tamil films
*[[Bila, Ethiopia]], formerly known as Billo and Billa, a village in western Ethiopia
* [[Billa, Lebanon]], a village in the [[Bsharri District]]
*Billa, townland in the parish of [[Ballysadare]], Co. Sligo, Ireland
*[[Billa (supermarket)]], a European supermarket chain
*Bille, a new 3-D geometrical form created 2025 in Budapest by Gergö Almádi & [[Gábor Domokos]].

==See also==
*[[Bille (disambiguation)]]
*[[Bili (disambiguation)]]
*[[Billo (disambiguation)]]
*[[Bila (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation|surname}}

Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta

2025-08-07T03:18:22Z

IvyB800566150:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
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'''Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2014 and approved by the [[president of India]]. [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] had become law from 16 January 2014 and required each state to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant before time.

A Lokayukta of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of largest opposition party in State Legislature, Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==
Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta Act-2014 was passed in the Arunachal Pradesh Assembly and was effective from 4 March 2014.<ref name="Arunachal Lok2" /><ref name="Arunachal Lok7">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta, 6 other Bills tabled in House |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/north-east/arunachal-pradesh-lokayukta-6-other-bills-tabled-in-house_915675.html |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=Zee News |date=4 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Lok8">{{cite news |title=Arunachal CM Tuki Fulfils Lokayukta Commitment |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/arunachal-cm-tuki-fulfils-lokayukta-commitment/841350 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=20 May 2014}}</ref> Lokayukta office in the state is located at Golden Jubilee Banquet Hall, Itanagar. The Lokayukta bench of the state should have a Chairperson serving as Chief Justice of High Court or Judge of Supreme Court, and two members, one being Schedule Tribe from state as Judicial member and other being a woman member.<ref name="Arunachal Lok5" /> The bill for amendment of State Lokayukta was passed in 2019.<ref name="Arunachal Lok6">{{cite news |title=Five bills introduced in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/08/five-bills-introduced-in-arunachal-pradesh-2001138.html |access-date=15 September 2021 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==
{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2014}}

== Powers ==
Arunachal Pradesh Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials. Lokayukta Act of the state which serves as its tool against corruption covers Chief Ministers, ex-Chief Ministers, NGOs, Government officials, Ministers and all public servants.<ref name="Arunachal Lok5">{{cite news |title=Lokayukta Bill passed in Arunachal Pradesh house |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lokayukta-bill-passed-in-arunachal-pradesh-house/articleshow/31474736.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

== Appointment and tenure ==
First Lokayukta of Arunachal Pradesh is Justice Prasanta Kumar Saikia<ref name="Arunachal Lok12">{{cite news |title=Justice Prasanta Kumar Saikia (Retired) sworn in as Chairperson of Lokayukta in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Justice-Prasanta-Kumar-Saikia-(Retired)-sworn-in-as-Chairperson-of-Lokayukta-in-Arunachal-Pradesh&id=366571 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=newsonair.gov.in |date=27 June 2019}}</ref> being appointed on 27 June 2019 and member of Lokayukta is former IAS officer Yeshi Tsering<ref name="Arunachal Lok2">{{cite news |title=Justice PK Saikia sworn-in as Arunachal Lokayukta chief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/justice-pk-saikia-sworn-in-as-arunachal-lokayukta-chief-119062700897_1.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=27 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Lok3">{{cite news |title=Arunachal: Lokayukta Chairperson calls on the Governor {{!}} Arunachal24 |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-lokayukta-chairperson-calls-on-the-governor/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=arunachal24.in |date=9 April 2021}}</ref> and will have a term of five years or reaching of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.<ref name="Arunachal Lok4">{{cite news |last1=Lepcha |first1=Irani Sonowal |title=Justice (retd) PS Saikia takes oath as 1st Lokayukta of Arunachal |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/06/27/justice-retd-ps-saikia-takes-oath-as-1st-lokayukta-of-arunachal/ |access-date=14 September 2021 |publisher=EastMojo |date=27 June 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act,2013]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta]]
* [[Delhi Lokayukta]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Lokayukta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://lokayukta.arunachal.gov.in/ Official website]

[[Category:2014 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2014]]

Durga Deulkar

2025-07-17T05:59:30Z

IvyB800566150: updated page

{{short description|Indian educationist and writer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
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'''Durga Deulkar''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[teacher|educationist]] and [[writer]].<ref name="Worldcat Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3ADeulkar%2C+Durga.&qt=hot_author | title=Worldcat Profile | publisher=Worldcat | date=2015 | access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> She is a former [[Director (education)|director]] of [[Lady Irwin College|Lady Irwin College, Delhi]] (1961–1978).<ref name="Past Directors">{{cite web | url=http://www.ladyirwin.edu.in/past_director.aspx | title=Past Directors | publisher=Lady Irwin College | date=2015 | access-date=21 June 2015 | archive-date=3 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603105608/http://www.ladyirwin.edu.in/past_director.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> She has written [[Article (publishing)|articles]]<ref name="Home Economics Education in the Basic Schools of India">{{cite journal | title=Home Economics Education in the Basic Schools of India | journal=Educational Horizons | author=Durga Deulkar | oclc=5792584039 | issn=0013-175X}}</ref> and has published books such as ''A guide to household textiles and laundry work'',<ref name="A guide to household textiles and laundry work">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/guide-household-textiles-laundry-work/dp/B0007JEG18 | title=A guide to household textiles and laundry work | publisher=Atma Ram | author=Durga Deulkar | year=1951 | pages=108 | asin=B0007JEG18}}</ref> ''Household textiles and laundry work''<ref name="Household textiles and laundry work">{{cite book | asin=B007Q84AWS | title=Household textiles and laundry work | publisher=Atma Ram | year=1965 | pages=219 | oclc=1814273}}</ref> and ''An approach to teaching in the basic schools of India, with special reference to home economics''.<ref name="An approach to teaching in the basic schools of India, with special reference to home economics">{{cite book | title=An approach to teaching in the basic schools of India, with special reference to home economics | publisher=Syracuse University | author=Durga Deulkar | year=1956 | pages=192 | oclc=81301351}}</ref> A recipient of a doctoral degree (PhD) from the [[Cornell University]], USA,<ref name="Lady Irwin College Directors">{{cite web | url=http://aiwefa.org/lady-irwin-college/ | title=Lady Irwin College Directors | publisher=All India Women's Education Fund Association | date=2015 | access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Deulkar received the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1976.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deulkar, Durga}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]

{{India-writer-stub}}