Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar

2026-05-07T09:29:43Z

Itsniraj175: Created Initial Biography Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A.K. Sai J Saravanan Kumar
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Minister of
Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs DRDA,Community Development,Urban Basic Services,fire Services,minority Affairs [[Government of Puducherry]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| predecessor = [[V. Narayanasamy]]
| term_start = 27 June 2021
| term_end = 28 June 2025
| office1 = Member of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ossudu (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Ossudu]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Malladi Krishna Rao]]
| successor = [[A. Johnkumar]]
| term_start1 = 2 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| website =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession =
| alma_mater =
| date =
| year =
| signature =
| bodyclass =
}}

'''A.K. Sai J Saravanan Kumar''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ossudu (Union Territory Assembly constituency)|Ossudu]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=244|title = Ak Sai J Saravanan Kumar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- OUSSUDU (SC)(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/puducherry-assembly-election-results-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243716/ | title=Puducherry assembly election 2021: Full list of winners | publisher=Financial Express | date=3 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/oussudu-assembly-elections-py-3/ | title=Ossudu Election Result 2021| work=oneindia | date=2 May 2021 | accessdate=8 May 2021}}</ref> He also served as a cabinet minister in Puducherry government from 2021 to 2025.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saravanan Kumar, A.K. Sai J}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Pondicherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{Puducherry-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bharatpedia:INNL/to do

2026-05-06T22:42:27Z

Itsniraj175: started first data initial version!

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INS Sindhukesari

2026-05-05T16:48:02Z

Itsniraj175:

{{moresources|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

{{Short description|Kilo class submarine of the Indian navy}}{{italic title|string=Sindhukesari}}{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Sindhukesari''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=16 August 1988
|acquired=
|commissioned= 19 December 1988
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=
|status={{shipactive}}
|badge = }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
|type=
|displacement=*2325 tons surfaced
*3076 tons dived
|length= {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*2 × {{convert|3650|hp|abbr=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|abbr=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|abbr=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|abbr=on}} economic speed motor
|speed=*Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/ |title=Large diesel-electric submarine Project 636|website=roe.ru}}</ref>
*Snorkel Mode; {{convert|9|kn|km/h}}
*Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref name="auto"/>
|range=*Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
|endurance= Up to 45 days with a crew of 52
|test_depth=*Operational Depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum Depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement= 52 (incl. 13 Officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhukesari'' (S60)''' ({{Lit|Lion of the Sea}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&oldid=72616040|title=केसरी|date=7 April 2023|via=Wiktionary}}</ref> is a {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-sg>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |title=Submarines of Indian Navy |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071559/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sub_sindhughosh.htm |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

==Mid life upgrades and career==
INS Sindhukesari, inducted in 1989, underwent a mid-life upgrade in 2018 at the Zvezdochka Shipyard in Severodvinsk in Russia, according to [[The Indian Navy]] reports. The upgrade included a refit and modernization, aiming to extend the submarine's service life. This upgrade is part of a broader program to modernize the Indian Navy's [[Kilo-class submarine|Kilo-class submarines]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Sindhukesari rolled out after a second refit at Severodvinsk, Russia - India's Underwater Killer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-sindhukesari-rolled-out-after-a-second-refit-at-severodvinsk-russia/gestation-period/slideshow/64544031.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> She participated in the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to steal the show in IFR 2026 in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-to-steal-the-show-in-ifr-2026-in-vizag/articleshow/128355649.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The submarine was on a port call at the [[Port of Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] for an operational turnaround on 3 May 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Indian submarine Sindhukesari arrives in Sri Lanka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-submarine-sindhukesari-arrives-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/130779862.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INS Sindhukesari Reaches Colombo for Operational Turnaround |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/indian-navy-submarine-ins-sindhukesari-arrives-in-colombo-for-operational-turnaround |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=dailypioneer.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhukesari (S60)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Sevmash]]
[[Category:1988 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]

{{submarine-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}

Supaul

2026-05-05T12:19:01Z

Itsniraj175: started basic info w/ refs

{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Supaul
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mahavir Temple
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.126|N|86.605|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
| subdivision_type3 = SubRegion
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kosi region|Kosi]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1800
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Supaul Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total = 65,437
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Maithil
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional Language
| demographics1_info3 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 852131
| registration_plate = BR-50
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Supaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Supaul]], [[Pipra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipra]], [[Triveniganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Triveniganj]], [[Chhatapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatapur]], [[Nirmali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirmali]]
| website = https://supaul.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Supaul''' is a Town and municipality that is headquarters of [[Supaul district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Bihar.

There are 11 blocks under the Supaul district: Supaul, Kishanpur, Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi, Pipra, Triveniganj, Raghopur, Chhatapur, Nirmali, Marauna, Basantpur and Pratapganj.

Supaul, previously part of [[Saharsa district]], is part of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|isbn=9788175330344|last1=Jha|first1=Makhan|year=1997}}</ref>

It is also known as Gateway of the Kosi region or The heart of Kosi Region because it is the geographical capital of [[Kosi region|kosi subregion]].

== Geography ==
Supaul is located at {{Coord|25.93|N|86.25|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Supaul.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Supaul]</ref> It has an average elevation of 34 metres (111 feet).

== Name ==
Supaul name is a word from [[Sanskrit]] it means good place to live. In supaul su = good and aul = place

== History ==
Supaul has a good place. It was administratively Established in 1800 in the rule of [[Darbhanga Raj]]. It has been a part of [[Mithila (region)]] And [[Videha]]. Supaul has been referred as the fishery area (Matasya Kshetra) in the Hindu mythology in ancient times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} Supaul District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://supaul.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Climate ==
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed =
|location = Supaul (1991–2020)
|Jan record high C = 30.6
|Feb record high C = 33.1
|Mar record high C = 38.5
|Apr record high C = 41.5
|May record high C = 42.0
|Jun record high C = 43.0
|Jul record high C = 38.6
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 37.1
|Oct record high C = 36.0
|Nov record high C = 34.8
|Dec record high C = 30.1
|Jan record low C = 2.2
|Feb record low C = 3.8
|Mar record low C = 8.8
|Apr record low C = 12.1
|May record low C = 17.4
|Jun record low C = 15.6
|Jul record low C = 15.4
|Aug record low C = 15.8
|Sep record low C = 17.8
|Oct record low C = 14.6
|Nov record low C = 9.0
|Dec record low C = 5.0
| Jan high C = 21.0
| Feb high C = 26.6
| Mar high C = 31.5
| Apr high C = 34.4
| May high C = 34.4
| Jun high C = 34.2
| Jul high C = 32.9
| Aug high C = 33.1
| Sep high C = 32.9
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 29.7
| Dec high C = 24.3
| year high C = 30.9
| Jan low C = 8.4
| Feb low C = 12.3
| Mar low C = 16.6
| Apr low C = 20.9
| May low C = 23.2
| Jun low C = 25.0
| Jul low C = 25.3
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 22.0
| Nov low C = 15.9
| Dec low C = 11.1
| year low C = 19.8
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} [[2011 Census of India|India census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Supaul had a population of 65,437 of which male were 34,421 and female were 31,016 respectively. The initial provisional data suggest a population of 65,437 in 2011 compared to 54,962 in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supaul (Supaul, Bihar, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/bihar/supaul/1040603000__supaul/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

==Educational institutions==
* Collage
** [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University|SCE]]
** [http://degreecollegesupaul.co.in/ Degree Collage]
* Schools
** [[Delhi Public School]]
** Williams high school

==Notable people==
* [[R. K. Singh]], politician
* [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]] — politician
* [[Govind Kumar Singh]] — fashion designer
* [[Dileshwar Kamait]] — politician
* [[Anup Lal Yadav]] — politician
* [[Ranjeet Ranjan]] — politician
* [[Udit Narayan Jha]] — singer
* [[Aman Anand Singh]] is an Indian Entrepreneur and Founder of [[Arise Point]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=20 साल के लड़के का कमाल, एक आ खड़ी कर दी करोड़ों की कंपनी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/education/jee-success-story-aman-anand-singh-amazing-feat-of-20-year-old-boy-got-idea-while-preparing-for-jee-exam-set-up-company-worth-crores-8419359.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=महज 21 साल की उम्र में एंटरप्रेन्योर बनकर कर दिया अच्छे-अच्छों को पीछे, खोल दी करोड़ों की कंपनी, मिला ये खिताब |url=https://ndtv.in/career/iit-jee-preparation-success-story-aman-anand-arise-point-21-age-has-own-company-get-business-award-know-his-career-journey-7846708 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Supaul district}}
{{Kosi Division}}
{{Kosi basin}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Supaul district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in kosi Region]]

Asianet Television Awards

2026-05-04T09:45:42Z

Itsniraj175: Created Some Article And Citations

{{short description|Indian Television Awards}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Asianet Television Awards
| image =
| awarded_for = Excellence in Television achievements for Asianet TV serials
| presenter = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] TV Channel
| country = India
| year = 2005
| website =
}}

The '''Asianet Television Awards''' ('''ATA''') is presented by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet TV Channel]]. It is a promotional platform of Asianet's TV shows. Since TV actors and actress' lack a strong society like [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]], Asianet conducts functions to token their actors, directors, producers and production houses alternatively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/asianet-television-awards-2019-celebrate-the-best-in-the-industry-99047.html|title = Asianet Television Awards 2019 celebrate the best in the industry – Exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/awards/asianet-television-awards-2011|title=Malayalam Awards Asianet Television Awards 2011|website=nettv4u}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/48334_asianet-television-awards-2011-on-asianet|title='Asianet Television Awards 2011' on Asianet|website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/54243_asianet-television-awards-2012|title='Asianet Television Awards 2012'|website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/56292_asianet-television-awards-2013-on-asianet-channel|title='Asianet Television Awards 2013' on Asianet Channel|website=afaqs!}}</ref>

The awards ceremony was co-sponsored by [[Lux]] in the year 2005 which was titled as ''Asianet Kudumbam awards''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/feb/feb205.htm?amp|title=Asianet institutes Asianet Kudumbam Awards|date=22 February 2005}}</ref> later Confident Group took up the sponsorship in the next 2 years. Then Ayu:Care, Nirapara, Doublehourse were the title sponsors. The function is normally held in Kozhikode, Palakkad, Kottayam, Angamaly and Thiruvananthapuram cities in Kerala. It was also held thrice in Al Saj Convention centre Trivandrum.

'''Serials with most awards'''
''Swapnam (2005), Sthree2 (2006), Ente Manasaputhri (2008), Autograph (2011) Kumkumapoovu (2012) Kumkumapoovu (2013), Parasparam (2014), Parasparam (2015), Parasparam (2016), Vanambadi (2017), Kasthooriman & Parasparam (2018)'', Vanambadi (2019), Swanthanam (2022), Chempaneerpoovu (2024)

{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''Most awards '''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |
|- bgcolor=#D9E8FF style="text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align:middle;"| Winner(s)
!style="background:#cceecc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px"| Wins
|- bgcolor=#eeeeff
|style="text-align:center;"|
;'' Gayathri Arun'' ''[[Rekha Ratheesh]] '' ''[[Roopa Sree]]'' ''Sreejith V. J.''
|{{won|6}}
|- bgcolor=#eeeeff
|style="text-align:center;"|
;''[[Vivek Gopan]]'' ''''Praveen Kadakkavoor'''' ''[[Archana Suseelan]]'' ''Kottayam Rashid'' '' Pradeep Panicker'' ''[[Sajan Surya]]'' ''Sreejith V. J.''
|{{won|5}}
|- bgcolor=#eeeeff
|style="text-align:center;"|
;''[[Devi S.]]'' ''Kottayam Rasheed''
|{{won|4}}
|}

==Awards for Serial==
===Best Serial===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
|-
|2005
|''Swapnam''
|-
|2006|| ''Avicharitham''
|-
|2008 ||''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]''
|-
|2011 ||''[[Harichandanam]]''
|-
|2012 || ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013 ||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014 || ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2015||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2016||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]] ''
|-
|2017|| ''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2018||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|2019||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2022||''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
|-
|2024||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|2026||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|}

===Best Second Serial===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|''[[Patharamattu]]''
|}

===Most Popular Serial===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
|-
|2008
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swamy Ayyappan]]''
|-
|2011||''Devimahathyam''
|-
|2012
|''Ammakkili''
|-
|2013||''Amma''
|-
|2014||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2015||''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2016||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2017||''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2018||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|-
|2019||''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]''
|-
|2022||''[[Kudumbavilakku]]''
|-
|2024||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|2026||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|}

===Long Running Serial===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
|-
|2015
|Amma
|-
|2026
|''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|}

==Awards for Actors/Actresses==
=== Best Actress ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Female Actor''' has been awarded since 2005.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005||[[Praveena]] and [[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]] ||''Swapnam'' and ''Sthree''
|-
|2006||[[Vinaya Prasad]]||''Sthree 2''
|-
|2008||[[Sreekala Sasidharan]]||''Ente Manasaputhri''
|-
|2011||Rasna||''[[Parijatham (2011 TV series)|Paarijatham]]''
|-
|2012||[[Asha Sarath]]||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013||[[Shelly Kishore]]
[[Divya Padmini|Divya Vishwanath]]
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' ''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||[[Rekha Ratheesh]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2015||[[Gayatri Arun]]
|-
|2016||[[Meghna Vincent]]||''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2017||[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]] ||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2018||[[Gayatri Arun]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2019||Suchithra Nair||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2022||[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy Renjith]]
Special jury - Anshitha and Avanthika Mohan
|''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]] and [[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Thoovalsparsham]]''
|-
|2024||Aishwarya Ramsai||[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]
|-
|2026||[[Sreelakshmi]] Special jury - Lakshmi Keerthana ||
|}

=== Best Actor ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Male Actor''' has been awarded since 2005.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005||[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] [[Anoop Menon]]||''Swapnam'' ''Megham''
|-
|2006||[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] ||''Sthree 2''
|-
|2008|| Anand Kumar ||''Nomabarappoovu''
|-
|2011||Arun Ghosh||''[[Parijatham (2011 TV series)|Paarijatham]]''
|-
|2012|| rowspan="2" |[[Sajan Surya]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013
|-
|2014||[[Vivek Gopan]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2015|| rowspan="2" |[[Kishor Satya]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2016
|-
|2017|| rowspan="2" |[[Sajan Surya]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|-
|2018
|-
|2019||[[Sreeram Ramachandran]]||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|2022||[[Rajeev Parameshwar]]||''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
|-
|2024||Arun Nair||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|2026||Kishore Peethambaran
Sreekanth Sasikumar ('''Special Jury)'''
|''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]] and [[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|}

=== Best Popular Actress ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Actress (Popular)''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||[[Praveena]]||''Devimahathyam''
|-
|2012||[[Archana Suseelan]]||''Ammakili''
|-
|2013||[[Chitra Shenoy]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||[[Divya Padmini]]
|-
|2015||[[Meghna Vincent]] and [[Chitra Shenoy]]||''Chandanamazha'' and ''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2016||[[Gayatri Arun]]||''[[Parasparam]]''
|-
|2017||Alina Padikkal||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|-
|2018||[[Darshana Das]]||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2019||[[Rebecca Santhosh]]||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
||2022|||[[Meera Vasudevan]]||''[[Kudumbavilakku]]''
|-
|2024||[[Gomathi Priya]]||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|2026
|[[Surabhi Santhosh]]
|''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|}

=== Best Popular Actor ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Actor (Popular)''' has been awarded since 2008.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2008||Kaushik Babu||''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|-
|2011||[[Sarath Das]]||''Harichandanam''
|-
|2012||[[Shanavas Shanu]]||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013||Rajeev Roshan||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||Sarath Das||''Amma''
|-
|2015||[[Vivek Gopan]]||''[[Parasparam]]''
|-
|2016|| rowspan="2" |[[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]]|| rowspan="2" |''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2017
|-
|2018|| rowspan="2" |[[Sai Kiran]]|| rowspan="2" |''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2019
|-
|2022|||K. K. Menon||''[[Kudumbavilakku]]''
|-
|2024||Arun Nair||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|-
|2026
|Sreekanth Sasikumar
|''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|}

=== Best Character Actress ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Actress (Character)''' has been awarded since 2005.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005||[[Srividya]]||''Avicharitham''
|-
|2006||[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]]||''Ammamanassu''
|-
|2008|| rowspan="2" |[[Sona Nair]]||''[[Ente Manasaputhri]]''
|-
|2011||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
|-
|2012||[[Mallika Sukumaran]]||''Harichandanam''
|-
|2013||[[Sudha Chandran]]||''Ardram''
|-
|2014||[[Roopa Sree]]||''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2015|| [[Roopa Sree]]
[[Rekha Ratheesh]]
|''Chandanamazha'' ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2016||[[Rekha Ratheesh]] [[Thara Kalyan]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]'' ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2017||[[Rekha Ratheesh]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2018||[[Praveena]]||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|2019||[[Seema G. Nair]]||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2022||[[Rekha Ratheesh]]||''[[Sasneham (TV series)|Sasneham]]''
|-
|2024||Amrutha Nair ||''[[Geeta Govindam]]''
|}

===Best Supporting Artist===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner (Male)
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner (Female)
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|-
|2024||KPAC Shaji||[[Beena Antony]]||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]'' and ''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||VK Baiju ||[[Anila Sreekumar]] ||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|-
|Yadhu Krishnan
|[[Meghna Vincent]]
|''Kattathe Kilikkodu'' and ''[[Santhwanam 2]]''
|}

=== Best Character Actor===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Actor (Character)''' has been awarded since 2005.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005||[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]], [[Prem Prakash]]||''Megham'', ''Avicharitham''
|-
|2006||Prakash Paul||''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]''
|-
|2008||[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]||''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|-
|2011|| rowspan="2" |T. S. Raju|| rowspan="2" |''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2012
|-
|2013||Vishnu Prakash||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||Pradeep Kottayam||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2015|| rowspan="2" |Santhosh Kurup|| rowspan="2" |''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2016
|-
|2017||Pradeep Kottayam||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2018||Santhosh Kurup||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2019||[[M. R. Gopakumar]]||''[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]]''
|-
|2022||Balaji Sharma||''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|-
|2024||K. P. A. C. Shaji||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|}

=== Most Popular Character Artist===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner Female
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner Male
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2026||[[Vaishnavi Saikumar]]||V K Baiju||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]'' and ''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|}

===Best Star Pair===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Star Pair''' has been awarded since 2011 later discontinued and reintroduced in 2016.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||[[Sarath Das]], [[Sreekala Sasidharan]]||''Amma''
|-
|2016||Rajeev Roshan, [[Divya Padmini]]||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2017||[[Vivek Gopan]], [[Gayatri Arun|Gayathri Arun]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2018||Balu Menon, Uma Nair||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2019||[[Anoop Krishnan]], [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]||''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''
|-
|2022||[[Gopika Anil]], Sajin||''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
|-
|2024||[[Sajan Surya]], Binny Sebastian||''[[Geeta Govindam]]''
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||[[Nikitha Rajesh]], Rahul Suresh||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|-
|[[Rebecca Santhosh]], Arun Nair||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|}

===Most Popular Star Pair===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2026||Sreekanth Sasikumar, [[Surabhi Santhosh]]||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|}

===Best New Face===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best New Face (Male/Female)''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner Female
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner Male
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-

|2011||[[Shaalin Zoya]]|| [[Pradeep (Malayalam actor)|Pradeep Chandran]]||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'' and ''Kunjali Marakkar''
|-
|2012||[[Shelly Kishore]]||{{NA}}||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013||Dr.Divya||Midhun||''Padasaram'' and ''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||Gayathri Arun||Prathish Nanda||''Parasparam'' and ''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2015||[[Premi Viswanath]]||Richard NJ||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2016||Gowri Krishnan and Dilsha Prasannan||[[Srinish Aravind]]||''[[Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)|Kanakanmani]]'' and ''[[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]''
|-
|2017||Aishwarya Midhun||[[Sai Kiran]]||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' and ''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2018||Haritha G Nair||Kiran Aravindakshan||[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|''Kasthooriman'']]
|-
|2019||Snisha Chandran||Nithin Jake Joseph||[[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|''Neelakkuyil'']]
|-
|2022||[[Sreethu Krishnan]] and Aishwarya Ramsai||Naleef Gea||''[[Ammayariyathe]]'' and ''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|-
|2024||[[Gomathi Priya]] ||Sathyajith||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]'' and ''[[Gouri Shankaram]]''
|-
|2026||Tessa Mariya ||Kaushik Songster||''Kattathe Kilikkoodu'' and ''Advocate Anjali''
|}

=== Best Performance in a Negative Role ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Negative Role''' has been awarded since 2005.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner (Female)
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner (Male)
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005||[[Chandra Lakshman]] ||{{NA}}||Swantham
|-
|2006||[[Chandra Lakshman]] ||{{NA}}
|
|-
|2008||[[Archana Suseelan]]||[[Jayan Cherthala]]||Ente Manasaputhri
|-
|2011|| [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]]||Kishore Peethambaran||[[Paarijatham (2008 TV series)|Paarijatham]] and Harichandanam
|-
|2012||Ashwathy||[[Rajesh Hebbar]]||[[Kumkumapoovu]] and Ammakkili
|-
|2013||Ashwathy and [[Sonu Satheesh Kumar]]||Devendranath||[[Kumkumapoovu]] and [[Sthreedhanam]]
|-
|2014||[[Kanya Bharathi]]||Shobi Thilakan|| Chandanamazha and Parasparam
|-
|2015||[[Shalu Kurian]] and [[Sonu Satheesh Kumar]]||Jishin Mohan||Chandanamazha, [[Sthreedhanam]] and Amma
|-
|2016||[[Archana Suseelan]]||Naveen Arakkal||[[Karuthamuthu]] and [[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]
|-
|2017||[[Archana Suseelan]]||Naveen Arakkal||[[Karuthamuthu]] and [[Pranayam (TV series)|Pranayam]]
|-
|2018||[[Suchithra|Suchithra Nair]] ||[[Arun G Raghavan]]||[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]] and [[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]
|-
|2019||[[Roopa Sree]]||{{NA}}||[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seethakalyanam]]
|-
|2022||Saranya Anand||Subhash||[[Kudumbavilakku]] and [[Ammayariyathe]]
|-
|2024||Soumya||Subhash||Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham and [[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||Sajna Noor ||Fazil Rihan ||''[[Ishtam Mathram]]'' and ''[[Snehakkoottu]]''
|-
|Anjali Hari
| {{NA}}
|''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|}

===Best Performance in a Comical Role===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Comedian (Male/Female)''' has been awarded since 2011.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||Pradeep Prabhakar||
|-
|2013||Kottayam Rasheed|| rowspan="3" |''Sthreedhanam''
|-
|2014||[[Senthil Krishna]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |2015||Kottayam Rasheed
|-
|Kanya Bharati || ''Chandanamazha''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016||[[Jayakumar Parameswaran Pillai]] ||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|Kanya Bharati || ''Chandanamazha''
|-
|2017||Senthil Krishna||''Vellankalude Naadu''
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2018||[[Manoj Guinness]]||''[[Badai Bungalow]]''
|-
|Harisree Martin || ''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|-
|2019||Pria Menon||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2022||Karthik Prasad||''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''
|}

===Best Child Artist===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Child Artist (Male/Female)''' has been awarded since 2005.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
||2005|| rowspan="2" |[[Sanusha]]||''Orma''
|-
|2006 ||''Amma Manassu''
|-
| 2008||Nikitha||
|-
|2011 || Jeevan and Sandra||''Alavudeente Albudhavilakku''
|-
|2012 || Malavika||''Amma''
|-
|2013||Lekshmipriya||''Devimahathyam''
|-
|2014 ||Sidharth, Biswas Chaitanya, Niranjana, Sebin and Aditya|| rowspan="2" |''[[Balaganapathy]]''
|-
|2015 ||Sidharth
|-
|2016 ||[[Akshara Kishor]]||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2017|| Gauri Prakash|| rowspan="3" |''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2018|| Jelina p
|-
|2019|| Gauri Prakash, Jelina p
|-
|2024||Eithal Evana, Aarav Umesh ||[[Malikappuram: Apathbandhavan Ayyappan]]
|}

===Life Time Achievement Award===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Lifetime Achievement''' has been awarded since 2012 occasionally.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2012||[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G.K.Pillai]]||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2014||[[Valsala Menon]]||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2016||[[T. R. Omana]] and [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]||''Chandanamazha'' and ''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2017||[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]||Under the category ''Malayalathinte Amma''
|-
|2018||[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|2019||[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]||
|-
|2022||[[Sreelatha Namboothiri]] [[Merryland Studio|Murugan Merryland]]||''[[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|Paadatha Painkili]]''
|-
|2024||[[Sethu Lakshmi]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Jagadish]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]||''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]'' Jananayakan [[Star Singer]] Comedy stars various shows
|-
|2026||[[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]]||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|}

===Youth Icon===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Youth Icon''' has been awarded since 2016.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2016||[[Vivek Gopan]]||''[[Parasparam]]''
|-
|2017||[[Ronson Vincent]]||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]''
|-
|2018||[[Sreeram Ramachandran]]||''[[Kasthooriman]]''
|-
|2022 ||Nikhil Nair||''[[Ammayariyathe]]''
|}

== Technical Awards ==
=== Best Director ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Director has''' been awarded since 2005.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2005|| rowspan="2" |[[K. K. Rajeev]]||''Swapnam''
|-
|2006||''Amma Manassu''
|-
|2008||[[Suresh Unnithan]]||''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|-
|2011||Sujith Sunder||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
|-
|2012||Praveen Kadakkavoor||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2013||Krishnamoorthy||''[[Sthreedhanam]]''
|-
|2014||Harrison ||''[[Balaganapathy]]''
|-
|2015|| rowspan="3" |Praveen Kadakkavoor|| rowspan="3" |''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2016
|-
|2017
|-
|2018||Harrison ||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|-
|2019||Adithyan||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2022||Aadithyan and Praveen Kadakkavoor||''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]'' and ''[[Ammayariyathe]]''
|-
|2024||Unni Pooruruthathi||''Chandrikayilaliyunna Chandrakantham''
|-
|2026||[[Sunil Kariattukara]] and Shyju Sukesh||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'' and ''[[Patharamattu]]''
|}

=== Popular Director ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2026||Binu Vellathooval||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|}

===Best Screenplay===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Script ''' has been awarded since 2005
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" |Serial(s)
! style="background:#FAEB86 | Notes
|-
|2011||Anil Bass||[[Autograph (TV series)|''Autograph'']]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2012|| rowspan="5" |Pradeep Panicker||
|
|-
|2013||
|
|-
|2014||
|
|-
|2015||
|
|-
|2016||
|
|-
|2017||[[J. Pallassery]]||
|
|-
|2018||Vinu Narayanan||
|
|-
|2019||Pradeep Karuvanthara||
|
|-
|2022||Pradeep Panicker||
|
|-
|2024||Ganesh Olikkara||''[[Etho Janma Kalpanayil]]''
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||Joycee ||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''||Original Screenplay
|-
|K Gireesh Kumar ||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'' and ''Kattathe Kilikkkoodu''||Adapted Screenplay
|}

=== Best Videography ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Cameraman ''' has been awarded since 2005 later renamed as Videography
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||Pushpan||
|-
|2012||Hemachandran||
|-
|2013||Krishna Kodanadu||
|-
|2014||Manoj Kumar||
|-
|2015||Hemachandran||
|-
|2016||Manoj Kumar||
|-
|2017||Vimal||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2018||B. Kumar||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2019||Anurag Guna||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]'' ''[[Pournamithinkal]]''
|-
|2022||Manoj Kumar || ''[[Koodevide (TV series)|Koodevide]]''
|-
|2024||Vaidy||''[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]''
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||Priyadarshan PS||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]''
|-
|Gessal Sebastian||''[[Mazha Thorum Munpe]]''
|}

===Best Editor===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Editor ''' has been awarded since 2011.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
! style="background:#FAEB86 | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
|2011||Joby Pannapara||''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2012||Rajesh Sugunan||
|
|-
|2013||Rohith Roshan||
|
|-
|2014||Rajesh Thrissur||
|
|-
|2015||Lal Kannan||
|
|-
|2016|| rowspan="2" |Rajesh Thrissur||
|
|-
|2017||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' ''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''
|
|-
|2018||Pradeep Bhagvath||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|
|-
|2019||Ajayan||''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|
|-
|2022||Jishnu S. Kuryathi||
|
|-
|2024||Ajith Arinellore||''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''
|
|-
|2026||Vishnu Pradeep||''[[Pavithram (TV series)|Pavithram]]'' ''[[Snehakkoottu]]''
|
|}

===Best Audiography===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Sound Recordist ''' has been awarded since 2011 and later renamed as Audiography.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011|| rowspan="2" |Sreejith V. G.||
|-
|2012||
|-kumkumapoov
|2013||Aneesh J.||
|-
|2014||Sreejith V. G.||
|-parasparam
|2015||Aneesh J.||
|-
|2016|| rowspan="2" |Sreejith V. G.||
|-chandanamazha
|2017||''[[Karuthamuthu]]''
|-
|2018||Jeemol Payyappilly||''Vezhambal''
|-
|2019||Aneesh J.||''Shabarimala Swami Ayyappan''
|-
|2022||Sreejith V. G. || ''[[Ammayariyathe]],'' ''[[Palunku (TV series)|Palunk]]''
|-
|2024||Jithu S. Prem||''[[Kaathodu Kaathoram]]''
|-
|2026||Sreejith V. G.||''[[Santhwanam 2]]''
|}

===Best Dubbing Artist (Male)===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Dubbing ''' has been awarded since 2013.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Dubbed For
|-
|2013||[[Shobi Thilakan]]|| ||
|-
|2014||Sankar Lal ||''[[Parasparam (TV series)|Parasparam]]''||[[Vivek Gopan]]
|-
|2016||Sidharth ||''Chandanamazha''||Subramanian
|-
|2017||Sankar Lal ||''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]],'' ''Parasparam''||[[Ronson Vincent]], Vivek Gopan
|-
|2018||Sidharth||''Bharya,'' ''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''||[[Arun G Raghavan]], Kiran Aravindakshan
|-
|2019||Shobi Thilakan ||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]'' ||[[Sai Kiran]]
|-
|2022||Sankar Lal ||''[[Ammayariyathe]],'' ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''||Nikhil Nair, Sajin T. P.
|-
|2024|| rowspan="2" |Sidharth|| rowspan="2" |''[[Chempaneer Poovu]]''|| rowspan="2" |Arun Nair
|-
|2026
|}

===Best Dubbing Artist (Female)===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Dubbing ''' has been awarded since 2012.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Dubbed For
|-
|2012||[[Bhagyalakshmi]]||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''||[[Asha Sarath]]
|-
|2013||[[Devi S.]]||''[[Sthreedhanam]], Kumkumapoovu''||[[Divya Padmini]], [[Shelly Kishore]]
|-
|2014||Nithuna||[[Parasparam (TV series)|''Parasparam'']]|| Sneha Divakaran
|-
|2015||[[Ambili (singer)|Ambili]]|| ''Chandanamazha''||[[Kanya Bharathi]]
|-
|2016|| rowspan="2" |Devi S.||''Parasparam''||[[Gayatri Arun]]
|-
|2017||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]] Parasparam [[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]] [[Karuthamuthu]]''||[[Chippy Renjith]] and Suchitra Nair Gayathri Arun [[Sonu Satheesh Kumar]] [[Renu Soundar]]
|-
|2018||Sera||''Vezhambal''||
|-
|2019||Devi S.||''Vanambadi [[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''||Suchitra Nair [[Rebecca Santhosh]]
|-
|2022||Parvathy||''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]] [[Thoovalsparsham (TV series)|Thoovalsparsham]] [[Ammayariyathe]] [[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|Padatha Painkili]]''||[[Gopika Anil]] Sandra Babu Parvathy P Nair Maneesha Mahesh
|-
|2024||Athira Sukumaran||''[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]''||[[Reneesha Rahiman]]
|-
|Rowspan=2|2026||Devayani||''Kattathe Kilikkoodu''||Tessa Mariya
|-
|Neena Babu||''[[Mounaragam (Malayalam TV series)|Mounaragam]]''||Aiswarya Ramsai
|}

== Awards for Music ==
=== Best Music Director ===
The Asianet Film Award for '''Best Music Director''' has been awarded since 2011 occasionally.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||Ani Saras||''Harichandanam''
|-
|2013||Saanand George Grace|| rowspan="2" |''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2012||Rony Raphel
|-
|2017||[[M. Jayachandran]]||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|-
|2024||Sreevalsan J. Menon and Saanand George||''[[Etho Janma Kalpanayil]]''
|}

=== Best Lyricist ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Music Director''' has been awarded since 2011 occasionally

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2011||Rajeev Alunkal||''Harichandanam''
|-
|2012||Prayar Geethanandan||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|-
|2017||B.K.Harinarayan||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]''
|}

=== Best Playback Singer ===
The Asianet Television Award for '''Best Singer''' has been awarded since 2008 occasionally

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="10%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Year
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Winner
! width="45%" style="background:#FAEB86" | Serial(s)
|-
|2008||[[Madhu Balakrishnan]]||''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" |2011||Madhu Balakrishnan||''Devi Mahathmyam''
|-
|[[Gayatri Asokan]]||''Harichandanam''
|-
|2012||Gayatri Asokan||''Agniputhri''
|-
|2017||[[Shreya Jayadeep]]||''[[Vanambadi (TV series)|Vanambadi]]'' and ''Vezhambal''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian television awards]]

Diocese of Udupi

2026-05-02T17:33:40Z

Itsniraj175: Started A Data

{{short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Udupi
| latin = Dioecesis Udupiensis
| local =
| image = Milagres Church, Udupi.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| image_alt = Milagres Church, Udupi
| caption = [[Milagres Church (Kallianpur)]] (Church of Our Lady of Miracles)
| country = [[India]]
| territory = [[Karnataka]]
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Bangalore]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries = 5
| subdivisions =
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.3957286|N|74.7362242|E|display=title}}

| area_km2 = 3,501
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 1,445,240
| population_as_of = 2012
| catholics = 106,149
| catholics_percent = 7.3
| parishes = 52
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination =
| rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established = October 2012
| cathedral = [[Milagres Church (Kallianpur)|Cathedral of Our Lady of the Miracles in Udupi]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = Our Lady of Miracles
| patron_title = 
| priests =

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop =
| bishop = [[Leslie Clifford Dsouza]]
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = [[Peter Machado]]
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =[[Francis Xavier Lewis]]
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.udupidiocese.in/ Website of the Diocese]
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Udupi in Karnataka (India).svg|thumb|Udupi District in Karnataka]]
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi''' ({{langx|la|Dioecesis Udupiensis}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the [[Kallianpur]] town of [[Udupi District]] of [[Karnataka]], India. It was announced by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] on 16 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jul 17, 2012|title=Udupi diocese comes into existence {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/udupi-diocese-comes-into-existence/articleshow/15012604.cms|access-date=2021-08-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It comprises the six civil [[talukas]] [[Udupi]], [[Brahmavar|Bramavara]], [[Karkala]], [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]], [[Kundapura]] and [[Byndoor]] and is a [[suffragan]] of the [[Archdiocese of Bangalore]]. The diocese now contains 47 [[parish]]es, the newly elevated Cathedral which was previously a [[parish church]] as "Church of Our Lady of Miracles" or the [[Milagres Church (Kallianpur)|Milagres Church]], the parish was partitioned from the [[Mangalore Diocese]], while the parish church was elevated to the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles]].<ref>[http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F29484.php%3Findex%3D29484%26lang%3Den Erection Of The Diocese Of Udupi (India) And Appoints First Bishop] catholica.va.</ref>

==Overview==
The [[Udupi district]] had been a part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]] since 1887. The diocese was inaugurated on 15 October 2012 by [[Apostolic Nuncio]] of India, Salvatore Pennacchio at [[Milagres Church (Kallianpur)|Milagres Cathedral, Kallianpur]]. Bishop [[Gerald Isaac Lobo]] was appointed the first bishop of the diocese.<ref>{{cite news |title=History in the Making: Erection Ceremony of Udupi Diocese Gets Under Way |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=152660 |publisher=[[Daiji World]] |date=October 15, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Udupi becomes 9th Diocese under Bangalore Archdiocese |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1301484.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112727/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article1301484.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=Indian Express |date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

The Catholics of this district are [[Mangalorean Catholics]]. The Udupi diocese is the 9th in the province, 14th diocese in the state and 166th diocese in the country and is a suffragan of the [[Archdiocese of Bangalore]].<ref name=exp/>
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore (Latin: Diocesis Mangalorensis) is a diocese located in the city of Mangalore in the Ecclesiastical province of Bangalore in India. The diocese falls on the southwestern coast of India. At present, it comprises the whole civil districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka state. This region was collectively referred to as South Canara during the British Raj and the early post-independence era, prior to the States Reorganisation Act in 1956. It was established as a separate Apostolic Vicariate from the Apostolic Vicariate of Verapoly in 1853 and was promoted to a diocese on 1 September 1886.

On Monday, July 16, 2012, it lost territory when Pope Benedict XVI erected the new Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi (made up of the three civil districts of Udupi, Karkala, and Kundapura), which will also become part of the Province of Bangalore.[1]

On 28 June 2021, Fr Charles Menezes assumed charge as the Secretary of the Youth Commission and the Director of the [[Indian Catholic Youth Movement]] for The Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Release|first=Press|date=2021-06-28|title=Fr Charles Menezes appointed Secretary of Udupi Diocesan Youth Commission and Director of ICYM|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/fr-charles-menezes-appointed-secretary-of-udupi-diocesan-youth-commission-and-director-of-icym/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Mangalorean.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Bishops of the Diocese of Udupi==
* Bishop [[Gerald Isaac Lobo]] (15 October 2012 – 20 April 2026)
* Bishop [[Leslie Clifford D'Souza]] (20 April 2026– Present)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God Peter John Roche (Alfred of Moodahadu)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barkuronline.com/news/post/top-news/barkurian-his-way-sainthood-step-closer|title=A Barkurian on his way to Sainthood, a step closer|website=www.barkuronline.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-15|title=Fr. Roche to be declared 'Servant of God' today|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fr-roche-to-be-declared-servant-of-god-today/article35920281.ece|access-date=2021-08-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Christianity in Karnataka]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady|Diocese of Belthangady]]
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]]
*[[Deanery of Belthangady]]
* [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur|Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puttur]]
*[[Most Holy Redeemer Church, Belthangady]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.udupidiocese.in/ Official Diocesan website]
*[https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/udup0.htm Udupi Diocese on ''GCatholic.org'']
*[https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dudup.html Udupi Diocese on ''Catholic Hierarchy'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udupi, Roman Catholic Diocese of}}
[[Category:Diocese of Udupi| ]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Udupi]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]

Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station

2026-04-27T07:16:20Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Trilokpuri Sanjay Lake metro station (Delhi).jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Chand Cinema Rd, Mayur Vihar Phase II, Trilokpuri, New Delhi, 110091
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line 
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|10|31|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar|right=East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station''' is the metro station is located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. It is opened on 31 October 2018, as a part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] of Delhi Metro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=1|title=DMRC – Majlis Park – Shiv Vihar|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|''''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II metro station|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II]], [[Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar metro station|Mandawali - West Vinod Nagar]], [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Krishna Nagar metro station (Delhi)|Krishna Nagar]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Burari metro station|Burari]], [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|East Vinod Nagar - Mayur Vihar-II}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Pink}};"| Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|-
| ||
|}

==Connections==
===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 118EXT, 306, 307A, 309, 311A, 344, 378, 611, 611B, YMS(-) (+) serves the station from nearby Trilokpuri 13 Block bus stop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Transport Corporation |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002134451/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home |archive-date=2009-10-02 |website=delhi.gov.in}} It is also well connected to Miraj Cinema (formerly known as Chand Cinema), located approximately 200 meters from the station. Miraj Cinema houses outlets such as Burger King and KFC, with Bikanervala set to open soon.</ref>

'''Miraj Cinema (Chand Cinema)'''

It is also well connected to Miraj Cinema (formerly known as Chand Cinema), located approximately 200 meters from the station. Miraj Cinema houses outlets such as Burger King and KFC, with Bikanervala set to open soon.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Sanjay Lake]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[East Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Trilok+Puri+Metro+Station/@28.6136059,77.3082796,274m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x390ce4bf67f99b69:0x97ed4d05b92e3862!2sTrilok+Puri+Metro+Station!8m2!3d28.6133935!4d77.3087847!3m4!1s0x390ce4bf67f99b69:0x97ed4d05b92e3862!8m2!3d28.6133935!4d77.3087847|title= Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in East Delhi district]]

Buangi Sailo

2026-04-25T16:41:34Z

Itsniraj175: Started A Data

{{Short description|Indian writer from Mizoram}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Buangi Sailo
| image = The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Women & Child Development, Smt. Renuka Chowdhury presenting the Stree Shakti Puraskar to Smt. Buangi Sailo from Mizoram, at a function, in New Delhi on February 28, 2009.jpg
| caption = Buangi Sailo (center) accepting Stree Shakti Puraskar in New Delhi on February 28, 2009
| birth_date = c. 1929
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|06|18|1929|10|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India
| occupation = {{hlist | Journalist | Editor}}
| known_for = Pioneering Mizo literature
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2011)
}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

'''Buangi Sailo''' (c. 1929 – 18 June 2012) is an Indian writer, poet, and composer from [[Mizoram]], known for her contributions to [[Mizo literature]], education, and the documentation of Mizo history and culture. She is a recipient of [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2011 and the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Stree Shakti Puraskar]] in 2009.<ref name="PIB2011">{{cite web |date=25 January 2011 |title=Padma Awards Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=69364 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |quote=PADMA SHRI... 89. Ms. Buangi Sailo Literature & Education Mizoram}}</ref><ref name="PadmaAwards2011">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2011 – The Winners |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/content/pdfs/padma2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117145009/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/content/pdfs/padma2011.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-26 |title=Four from NE on Padma Shri list Guwahati |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Four-from-NE-on-Padma-Shri-listGuwahati/articleshow/7363704.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sailo resided in the Tuikual North locality of [[Aizawl]], the capital of Mizoram. Her songbook, ''Zoram Rose Par'', was dedicated to her youngest daughter, Maria Zoremmawii (also known as Nauteii), who died in 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=BUANGI SAILO HLABU PU TT ZOTHANSANGAN TLANGZARH |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/buangi-sailo-hlabu-pu-tt-zothansangan-tlangzarh |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=Mizo}}</ref>

The Sailo surname is associated with several other Padma award recipients from Mizoram, including Captain [[L. Z. Sailo|L.Z. Sailo]] and Brigadier [[T. Sailo|Thenphunga Sailo]]. Buangi Sailo authored a book specifically on the history of the Sailo lineage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sailo |first=Buangi |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25348913M/Sailo_thlah_chhawng_chanchin |title=Sailo thlah chhawng chanchin |date=2011 |publisher=Buangi Sailo |edition=1 |location=Aizawl, Mizoram}}</ref> Buangi Sailo died on 18 June 2012 at her residence in [[Aizawl]], Mizoram at the age of 82.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aizawl Gossip – BREAKING NEWS |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=422048411168196&id=200109453362094&set=a.413907931982244 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

== Career and contributions ==
Sailo's work encompasses historical writing and poetry, primarily in the [[Mizo language]] (Lushai dialect using Roman script).

=== Literature and history ===
In 2011, Sailo published ''Sailo thlah chhawng chanchin'' (History of Sailo Descendants/Lineage).<ref name=":1" /> This book, written in Lushai and published in Aizawl, contains biographical information and a chronology of Mizo tribal chiefs, with a particular focus on the Sailo lineage. Another book titled ''Mizo nunhlui leh tunlai'' (Mizo Past and Present) is also attributed to her.<ref name=":2" />

=== Music and poetry ===
Sailo is recognized as a composer. Her songbook ''Zoram Rose par'' was launched in Aizawl in July 2011 and contains 155 songs composed by her.<ref name=":0" /> An earlier work, likely a collection of poems or songs, titled ''Nghilhlohna Nuaithangpar'' (roughly translating to 'Unforgettable Myriad Flowers'), is also attributed to her.

One of her known individual songs is "Di Hmeltha". This song has been performed by other Mizo artists and has been included in the curriculum or reading materials at educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=UNDER GRADUATE SYLLABUS, DEPARTMENT OF MIZO, MIZORAM UNIVERSITY |url=https://gznc.edu.in/uploads/attachments/9e7a4232afed4d3b1c345f5a48f2e139/mizo-syllabus-new.pdf |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=Government Zawlnuam College, Government of Mizoram}}</ref>

=== Education and social work ===
Sailo received the Padma Shri award for "Literature and Education". Her historical and cultural writings, along with the use of her songs in educational settings, contribute to this aspect of her work. She has also been acknowledged for contributions to social work. In one instance, she presented an award on behalf of the Universal Hindi Communications Centre (UHCC) during an event promoting Hindi in Mizoram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNOR PRESIDES OVER AWARDS FUNCTION |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-presides-over-awards-function |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Stree Shakti Puraskar (2007): Awarded by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government of India]]. Sailo received the award in the Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang category at a ceremony in New Delhi on February 28, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Women & Child Development, Smt. Renuka Chowdhury presenting the Stree Shakti Puraskar to Smt. Buangi Sailo from Mizoram, at a function, in New Delhi on February 28, 2009. |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive2/photoright.aspx?phid=22300 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref>
* Padma Shri (2011): Awarded by the [[Government of India]] for contributions to Literature and Education.<ref name="PIB2011" /><ref name="PadmaAwards2011" />

== Works ==

* ''Sailo thlah chhawng chanchin'' (Book, 2011)<ref name=":1" />
* ''Zoram Rose par'' (Songbook, 2011)<ref name=":0" />
* ''Nghilhlohna Nuaithangpar'' (Poetry/Song Collection, c. 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Publish in Mizol: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/more/book.htm |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref>
* ''Mizo nunhlui leh tunlai'' (Book, 2001)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Book Publish in Mizo – 2001l: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/more/book1.htm |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref>

=== As a composer ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buangi Sailo Songs: Listen Buangi Sailo Hit Songs on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/artist/buangi-sailo |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Gaana.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Di Hmeltha''
* ''Di mampui''

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Writers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]

Giddu Dada

2026-04-17T19:21:58Z

Itsniraj175: Started A Details

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language heist comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Giddu Dada
| native_name =
| image = Giddu Dada.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Dwarakish]]
| writer = Dwarakish
| screenplay =
| based_on = ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' (1972)
| starring = [[Malashri]] [[Ramkumar]] [[Dwarakish]] [[M. P. Shankar]]
| producer = [[M. P. Shankar]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = B. S. Shastry
| editing = Victor Yadav
| studio = Bharani Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|08|11}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Giddu Dada''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Heist film|heist]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Dwarakish]] and produced by [[M. P. Shankar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/celebrity/m-p-shankar/filmography|title=M. P. Shankar Filmography|work=Chitraloka.com}}</ref> It is loosely inspired by the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film, ''[[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' (1972).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jayalalithaas-vairam-completes-49-years-of-release-7926763.html|title=Jayalalithaa's Vairam Completes 49 Years Of Release|date=27 May 2023|work=News18.com}}</ref> Besides Dwarakish and M. P. Shankar, the film stars [[Malashri]] and [[Ramkumar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/giddu-daada-1995|title=Giddu Daada (1995) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew|work=Chitraloka.com}}</ref>

The film's music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]] and the audio was launched on the [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] banner.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dwarakish]]
*[[Malashri]]
*[[Ramkumar]]
*[[M. P. Shankar]]
*[[Shobaraj|Shobhraj]]
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
*Ashok Rao
*Aravind
*Chethan Ramarao
*Sriraksha
*Lakshmi Bhat
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/kmdb/Giddu--Daada/1995|title=Giddu Daada-1995|work=Kannadafilmlyrics.com}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thalava Keladu
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = Shyamsundar Kulkarni
| length1 =
| title2 = Thalava Keladu
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics2 = Shyamsundar Kulkarni
| length2 =
| title3 = Chinna Ninna Gallada Mele
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics3 = [[Su. Rudramurthy Shastry]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Premavendigu Shashwatha
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra
| lyrics4 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| length4 =
| title5 = O Nanna Giddu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics5 = [[V. Manohar]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Nee Thumbi Ninte
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics6 = M. N. Vyasa Rao
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.moviebuff.com/giddu-dada Giddu Dada on Moviebuff.com]
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Dwarakish}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giddu Dada}}
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:1995 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dwarakish]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{1990s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Akuluto Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:16Z

Itsniraj175: Created A Article Basic Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Akuluto Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Akuluto
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 31
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kazheto Kinimi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:10725}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Akuluto''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Zünheboto district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]]<ref name=election1964/>
|rowspan=3| [[Hokishe Sema]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=election1969/>
|{{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name=election1974>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3634-nagaland-1974/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3635-nagaland-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=4| I. Khehoto Sema
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<ref name=election1982>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3636-nagaland-1982/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<ref name=election1987>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3637-nagaland-1987/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3638-nagaland-1989/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3639-nagaland-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Kakheto
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3640-nagaland-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3642-nagaland-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|Kheto
| {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3644-nagaland-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Khekaho<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3646-nagaland-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan=2|[[Kazheto Kinimi|Kazheto Kinim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Nagaland assembly polls: BJP wins a seat unopposed; only 4 women among 183 candidates in fray |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/nagaland-assembly-polls-bjp-wins-a-seat-unopposed-only-4-women-among-183-candidates-in-fray-article-97808224 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,725 |change =7.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref><ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,844 |percentage=54.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Khekaho Assumi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,109 |percentage=45.82% |change=5.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=15 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=735 |percentage=8.20% |change=-11.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,968 |percentage=89.55% |change= -5.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,014 |change =-6.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.72% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khekaho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,070 |percentage=59.73% |change=-5.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,087 |percentage=40.22% |change=4.44% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,983 |percentage=19.51% |change=-10.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,162 |percentage=94.74% |change= -0.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,726 |change =-5.77% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kheto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,100 |percentage=65.39% |change=19.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khetoho |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,885 |percentage=35.78% |change=-18.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,215 |percentage=29.61% |change=20.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,858 |percentage=96.50% |change= 16.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,383 |change =47.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 10.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khetoho |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,318 |percentage=54.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,778 |percentage=45.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=540 |percentage=8.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,096 |percentage=78.91% |change= 78.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,725 |change =12.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.72% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,888 |change =12.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,637 |percentage=46.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khehoto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,108 |percentage=37.34% |change=-13.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vitokhe |party=Naga People's Front |votes=900 |percentage=15.94% |change=-32.72% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=529 |percentage=9.37% |change=6.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,645 |percentage=92.73% |change= 3.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,134 |change =39.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Khehoto Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,017 |percentage=51.34% |change=10.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Vitokhe Sema |party=Naga People's Front |votes=1,912 |percentage=48.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=105 |percentage=2.67% |change=-2.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,929 |percentage=89.53% |change= -3.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,405 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.46% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Khehoto Sema |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,644 |percentage=40.88% |change=4.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Vitokhe Sema |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,455 |percentage=36.18% |change=14.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanito |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=923 |percentage=22.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=189 |percentage=4.70% |change=-9.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,022 |percentage=93.05% |change= 6.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,405 |change =-26.56% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.47% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khehoto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,861 |percentage=36.40% |change=-8.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Vitokhe Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,155 |percentage=22.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hotolu |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,090 |percentage=21.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanito |party=Independent politician |votes=1,006 |percentage=19.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=706 |percentage=13.81% |change=1.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,112 |percentage=86.48% |change= -2.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,998 |change =32.09% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Khehoto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,774 |percentage=44.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hotolu |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,296 |percentage=32.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kazheto Kinimi |party=National Convention of Nagaland |votes=922 |percentage=23.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=478 |percentage=11.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,992 |percentage=89.28% |change= 89.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,541 |change =-9.87% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Hokishe Sema]] |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,038 |change =19.07% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3633-nagaland-1969/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 August 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hokishe Sema]] |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,647 |percentage=47.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Khehoto Sema |party=Independent politician |votes=1,059 |percentage=30.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Vitokhe Sema |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=787 |percentage=22.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=588 |percentage=16.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,493 |percentage=82.68% |change= 82.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,231 |change =60.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Akuluto<ref name=election1964>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3632-nagaland-1964/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 August 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Hokishe Sema]] |party=Independent politician |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,641 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Zunheboto district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.17|94.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Zünheboto district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

Sanskrit grammar

2026-04-14T00:49:52Z

Itsniraj175: started first info needs work!

{{short description|Grammar of the Classical Sanskrit language}}
{{About|the grammar of Classical Sanskrit|the earlier language|Vedic Sanskrit grammar}}

The [[grammar]] of the [[Sanskrit language]] has a complex verbal system, rich nominal [[declension]], and extensive use of [[Sanskrit compound|compound noun]]s. It was studied and codified by [[Vyākaraṇa|Sanskrit grammarians]] from the later [[Vedic period]] (roughly 8th century BCE), culminating in the [[Pāṇini]]an grammar of the 4th century BCE.

==Grammatical tradition==
{{See also|Vyākaraṇa}}

===Origins===
Sanskrit grammatical tradition (''[[vyākaraṇa]]'', one of the six [[Vedanga]] disciplines) began in late [[Vedic India]] and culminated in the ''Aṣṭādhyāyī'' of [[Pāṇini]].

The oldest attested form of the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]] as it had evolved in the [[Indian subcontinent]] after its introduction with the arrival of the [[Indo-Aryans]] is called [[Vedic Sanskrit language|Vedic]]. By 1000 BCE, the end of the early [[Vedic period]], a large body of Vedic hymns had been consolidated into the [[RigVeda|Ṛg·Veda]], which formed the canonical basis of the Vedic religion, and was transmitted from generation to generation entirely orally.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In the course of the following centuries, as the popular speech evolved, there was rising concern among the guardians of the Vedic religion that the hymns be passed on without "corruption", which for them was vital to ensure the religious efficacy of the hymns.{{efn|A special type of sacrifice, the Sarasvatī, was devised to expiate errors of speech.<ref>Keith, p. 4</ref>}} This led to the rise of a vigorous, sophisticated grammatical tradition involving the study of linguistic analysis, in particular phonetics alongside grammar, the high point of which was Pāṇini's stated work, which eclipsed all others before him.<ref name=Burrow21>Burrow, §2.1.</ref><ref>Coulson, p. xv.</ref><ref>Whitney, p. xii.</ref>

===Pāṇini===
[[Pāṇini]]'s [[Aṣṭādhyāyī]],{{efn|Pāṇini's full treatise was also referred to as ''śabdānuśāsana'' – a means of instruction (''anuśāsana'') of proper speech forms (''śabda'') <ref>Cardona §1.6</ref>}} a prescriptive and generative grammar with algebraic rules governing every single aspect of the language, in an era when oral composition and transmission was the norm, is staunchly embedded in that oral tradition. In order to ensure wide dissemination, Pāṇini is said to have preferred brevity over clarity<ref>Whitney, p. xiii</ref> – it can be recited end-to-end in two hours. This has led to the emergence of a great number of commentaries of his work over the centuries, which for the most part adhere to the foundations laid by Pāṇini's work.<ref>Coulson, p xvi.</ref><ref name=Burrow21/>

===After Pāṇini===
About a century after Pāṇini, [[Kātyāyana]] composed vārtikas (explanations) on the Pāṇinian sũtras. [[Patañjali]], who lived three centuries after Pāṇini, wrote the ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'', the "Great Commentary" on the Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vārtikas. Because of these three ancient [[Sanskrit grammarians]] this grammar is called ''Trimuni Vyākarana''.

[[Jayaditya]] and Vāmana wrote a commentary named [[Kāśikā]] in 600 CE. {{IAST|Kaiyaṭa}}'s (12th century AD) commentary on Patañjali's {{IAST|[[Mahābhāṣya]]}} also exerted much influence on the development of grammar, but more influential was the ''Rupāvatāra'' of Buddhist scholar [[Dharmakīrti]] which popularised simplified versions of Sanskrit grammar.

The most influential work of the Early Modern period was ''[[Siddhānta Kaumudī]]'' by {{IAST|[[Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita]]}} (17th century). Bhaṭṭoji's disciple [[Varadarāja]] wrote three abridged versions of the original text, named [[Madhya Siddhānta Kaumudī]], [[Sāra Siddhānta Kaumudī]] and [[Laghu Siddhānta Kaumudī]], of which the latter is the most popular. Vāsudeva Dīkṣita wrote a commentary named ''[[Bālamanoramā]]'' on ''[[Siddhānta-Kaumudī]]''.

European grammatical scholarship began in the 18th century with [[Jean François Pons]] and others, and culminated in the exhaustive expositions by 19th century scholars such as [[Otto von Böhtlingk]], [[William Dwight Whitney]], [[Jacob Wackernagel]] and others.

===Timeline===
The following is a timeline of notable post-Pāṇinian grammatical figures and approximate dates:<ref>Staal (1972) p. 0</ref>

* [[Kātyāyana]] – 300 BCE
* Patañjali – 150 BCE
* Bhartṛhari – V CE
* Kāśikā – VII
* Śākaṭāyana – IX
* Kaiyaṭa – XI
* Hemacandra – XII
* Śaraṇadeva – XII
* Vopadeva – XIII
* Bhattoji-dīkṣita – XVII

== Phonology ==
{{See also|Śikṣā}}

=== The sound system ===

The Sanskrit sound system can be represented in a table of place and manner of articulation:<ref>Bucknell, p. 73.</ref><ref>Whitney, §19–79.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sanskrit sounds
|-
!
! colspan="3" | ''[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]{{efn-lg|''śvāsa''}}'' !! colspan="8" | ''[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]{{efn-lg|''nāda''}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''open''
| <big>ḥ</big> || || || || <big>h</big> || || || <big>a</big> || <big>ā</big> || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Velar consonant|velar]]{{efn-lg|''kaṇṭhya''}}''
| || <big>k</big> || <big>kh</big> || <big>g</big> || <big>gh</big> || <big>ṅ</big> || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Palatal consonant|palatal]]{{efn-lg|''tālavya''}}''
| <big>ś</big> || <big>c</big> || <big>ch</big> || <big>j</big> || <big>jh</big> || <big>ñ</big> || <big>y</big> || <big>i</big> || <big>ī</big> || <big>ē</big> || <big>ai</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]]{{efn-lg|''mūrdhanya''}}''
| <big>ṣ</big> || <big>ṭ</big> || <big>ṭh</big> || <big>ḍ</big> || <big>ḍh</big> || <big>ṇ</big> || <big>r</big> || <big>ṛ</big> || <big>ṝ</big> || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Dental consonant|dental]]{{efn-lg|''dantya''}}''
| <big>s</big> || <big>t</big> || <big>th</big> || <big>d</big> || <big>dh</big> || <big>n</big> || <big>l</big> || <big>ḷ</big> || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Labial consonant|labial]]{{efn-lg|''oṣṭhya''}}''
| || <big>p</big> || <big>ph</big> || <big>b</big> || <big>bh</big> || <big>m</big> || <big>v</big> || <big>u</big> || <big>ū</big> || <big>ō</big> || <big>au</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|''[[Fricative|fric]]''
|''[[Unaspirated|unasp]]''{{efn-lg|''alpa·prāṇa''}}
|''[[Aspirated consonant|asp]]''{{efn-lg|''mahā·prāṇa''}}
|''unasp''
|''asp''
|''[[Nasal consonant|nasal]]''{{efn-lg|''anunāsika''}}
|''[[Semivowel|semiv]]''{{efn-lg|''antastha''}}
|''short''{{efn-lg|''hrasva''}}
| colspan="3" |''long''{{efn-lg|''dīrgha''}}{{efn|twice as long as the shorts}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|
| colspan="4" |''[[Plosive|stops]]''{{efn-lg|''sparśa''}}
|
|
| colspan="2" |''[[Monophthong|simple]]''
| colspan="2" |''[[Diphthong|diphth]]''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="5" |''vocalics''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
| colspan="7" |''[[Consonant|consonants]]''{{efn-lg|''vyañjana''}}
| colspan="4" |''[[Vowel|vowels]]''{{efn-lg|''svara''}}
|}

=== Pronunciation examples ===

The table below shows the traditional listing of the Sanskrit consonants with the nearest equivalents in English (as pronounced in [[General American]] and [[Received Pronunciation]] or wherever relevant in Indian English), French, Spanish, Russian or Polish, along with approximate [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] values.<ref>Stiehl 2011</ref>

(Further information: [[:File:The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(revised_to_2015).pdf|IPA chart (vowels and consonants) – 2015.]] and [[IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio]] {{spoken}})

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Sanskrit sound examples
|-
!
! colspan="3" | ''[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]'' !! colspan="8" | ''[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''open''
| <big>ḥ</big> || || || || <big>h</big> {{IPA|/ɦ/}}; Eng: a'''h'''ead || <big>ṃ</big> || || <big>a</big>{{efn|more central and less back than the closest English approximation}} || <big>ā</big> || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Velar consonant|velar]]''
| || <big>k</big> {{IPA|/k/}}; Eng: s'''k'''ip || <big>kh</big> {{IPA|/kʰ/}}; Eng: '''c'''ow || <big>g</big> {{IPA|/ɡ/}}; Eng: '''g'''ame || <big>gh</big> {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}; Eng: do'''gh'''ouse || <big>ṅ</big> {{IPA|/ŋ/}}; Eng: ri'''ng''' || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Palatal consonant|palatal]]''
| <big>ś</big> {{IPA|/ɕ/}}; similar to Eng: '''sh'''ip || <big>c</big> {{IPA|/tɕ/}}; Eng: rea'''ch'''|| <big>ch</big> {{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}; Eng: '''ch'''eer || <big>j</big> {{IPA|/dʑ/}}; Eng: '''j'''eer || <big>jh</big> {{IPA|/dʑʱ/}}; Eng: sle'''dgeh'''ammer || <big>ñ</big> {{IPA|/ɲ/}}; Fre: a'''gn'''eau, Spa: '''ñ''', Rus: осе'''нь''', Pol: jesie'''ń''' || <big>y</big> {{IPA|/j/}}; Eng: '''y'''ou || <big>i</big> || <big>ī</big> || <big>ē</big> || <big>ai</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Retroflex consonant|retroflex]]''
| <big>ṣ</big> {{IPA|/ʂ/}}; Retroflex form of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || <big>ṭ</big> {{IPA|/ʈ/}}; Ind Eng: s'''t'''op || <big>ṭh</big> {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}; Ind Eng: ca'''t'''house || <big>ḍ</big> {{IPA|/ɖ/}}; Ind Eng: '''d'''oor || <big>ḍh</big> {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}; Ind Eng: a'''dh'''ere || <big>ṇ</big> {{IPA|/ɳ/}}; (NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: mor'''n'''ing || <big>r</big> {{IPA|/ɽ/}}; (NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: mo'''r'''ning || <big>ṛ</big> {{IPA|/r̩/}}; (NA/Irish/Scot) Eng: int'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>r<nowiki>'</nowiki>'''sting diff'''<nowiki>'</nowiki>r<nowiki>'</nowiki>'''nce || <big>ṝ</big> || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Dental consonant|dental]]''
| <big>s</big> {{IPA|/s/}}; Eng: '''s'''ame || <big>t</big> {{IPA|/t/}}; Fre, Spa: '''t'''oma'''t'''e || <big>th</big> {{IPA|/tʰ/}}; Eng: '''t'''ip || <big>d</big> {{IPA|/d/}}; Fre: '''d'''ans, Spa: '''d'''onde || <big>dh</big> {{IPA|/dʱ/}}; Aspirated {{IPA|/d/}} || <big>n</big> {{IPA|/n/}}; Eng: '''n'''ame || <big>l</big> {{IPA|/l/}}; Fre, Spa: '''l'''a || <big>ḷ</big>|| || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
!''[[Labial consonant|labial]]''
| || <big>p</big> {{IPA|/p/}}; Eng: s'''p'''in || <big>ph</big> {{IPA|/pʰ/}}; Eng: '''p'''ork || <big>b</big> {{IPA|/b/}}; Eng: ca'''b''' || <big>bh</big> {{IPA|/bʱ/}}; Eng: a'''bh'''or|| <big>m</big> {{IPA|/m/}}; Eng: '''m'''ine || <big>v</big> {{IPA|/ʋ/}};{{efn|In the earlier language, v {{lang|sa|व}} was pronounced as the [[labio-velar approximant]] {{IPA|[w]}}, but it later developed into a [[labio-dental]] sound.{{sfn|Allen|1953|p=57}} To an English speaker's ear, this sound may be interpreted as the English "v" or the English "w", depending on context and precise articulation. Moreover, the Sanskrit v व has a considerable range of articulation depending on position.{{sfn|Allen|1953|p=28,58}} It is nonetheless understood in the Sanskrit writing system, as well as perceived by speakers of modern Indian languages, as one and the same phoneme.}}
|| <big>u</big> || <big>ū</big> || <big>ō</big> || <big>au</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|''[[Fricative|fric]]''
|''[[Unaspirated|unasp]]''
|''[[Aspirated consonant|asp]]''
|''unasp''
|''asp''
|''[[Nasal consonant|nasal]]''
|''[[Semivowel|semiv]]''
|''short''
| colspan="3" |''long''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|
| colspan="4" |''[[Plosive|stops]]''
|
|
| colspan="2" |''[[Monophthong|simple]]''
| colspan="2" |''[[Diphthong|diphth]]''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="5" |''vocalics''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
| colspan="7" |''[[Consonant|consonants]]''
| colspan="4" |''[[Vowel|vowels]]''
|}

It should be understood that, while the script commonly associated with Sanskrit is [[Devanagari]], this has no particular importance. It just happens currently to be the most popular script for Sanskrit. The form of the symbols used to write Sanskrit has varied widely geographically and over time, and notably includes modern Indian scripts. What is important is that the adherence to the phonological classification of the symbols elucidated here has remained constant in Sanskrit since classical times. It should be further noted that the [[phonology]] of modern Indian languages has evolved, and the values given to Devanagari symbols in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], e.g., [[Hindi]], differ somewhat from those of Sanskrit.

=== Sound classes ===
==== Vowels & Semivowels ====

The long syllabic l (ḹ) is not attested, and is only discussed by grammarians for systematic reasons. Its short counterpart ḷ occurs in a single root only, kḷp .{{efn-ua|to order, array}} Long syllabic r (ṝ) is also quite marginal, occurring (optionally) in the genitive plural of ṛ-stems (e.g. ''mātṛ'', ''pitṛ'' ⇒ ''mātṝṇām'', ''pitṝṇām'').

i, u, ṛ, ḷ are vocalic allophones of consonantal y, v, r, l. There are thus only five invariably vocalic [[phoneme]]s: a, ā, ī, ū, ṝ.<ref>Whitney, §19–30.</ref>

{{quote box
| border = 2px
| align = right
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
| title = The Māhēśvara Sūtrāṇi
| halign = center
| quote = <poem><big>
a i u·ṇ
ṛ ḷ·k
e o·ṅ
ai au·c
ha ya va ra·ṭ
la·ṇ
ña ma ṅa ṇa na·m
jʰa bʰa·ñ
gʰa ḍʰa dʰa·ṣ
ja ba ga ḍa da·ś
kʰa pʰa cʰa ṭʰa tʰa ca ṭa ta·v
ka pa·y
śa ṣa sa·r
ha·l
</big></poem>
| salign = right
| author = [[Pāṇini]]
| source = The Aṣṭādhyāyī<ref>Bohtlingk, (1887), p.1.</ref>
}}

====Visarga and anusvāra====

[[Visarga]] ḥ {{lang|sa|ः}} is an [[allophone]] of r and s, and [[anusvara]] ṃ, [[Devanagari]] {{lang|sa| ं}} of any nasal, both in [[pausa]] (i.e., the [[nasalized vowel|nasalised vowel]]).

====Sibilants====

The exact pronunciation of the three sibilants may vary, but they are distinct phonemes. Voiced sibilants, such as z {{IPA|/z/}}, ẓ {{IPA|/ʐ/}}, and ź {{IPA|/ʑ/}} as well as its aspirated counterpart źh {{IPA|/ʑʱ/}}, were inherited by [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] from Proto-Indo-Iranian but lost around or after the time of the [[Rigveda]], as evidenced due to ḷh (an aspirated retroflex lateral consonant) being metrically a cluster (that was most likely of the form ẓḍh; aspirated fricatives are exceedingly rare in any language).<ref name=SktCons>Whitney, §31–75.</ref>

====Retroflex consonants====

The [[retroflex consonant]]s are somewhat marginal phonemes, often being conditioned by their phonetic environment; they do not continue a [[PIE]] series and are often ascribed by some linguists to the [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratal]] influence of [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], or spontaneous internal development from IE<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/605442|title= On the Indo-European origins of the retroflexes in Sanskrit|access-date = 8 January 2009| author=Hamp, Eric P.|date = October–December 1996| publisher = The Journal of the American Oriental Society}}</ref> or other substrate languages.<ref name=SktCons/> Loss of l from [[Fortunatov's law]] has made some free unconditioned retroflexes like PIE *bʰelsos > bhā́ṣā - bhāsa, PIE *poltos > paṭa - pati. Further solidified by Prakritic and non IA loans like Skr. *pṛthati > Pkt. paṭhati > Skt. paṭhati.

====Nasals====
The nasals {{IPA|[ɲ, ŋ]}} are mostly conditioned allophones of {{IPA|/n/}}. Phonologically independent /ŋ/ occurs only marginally, e.g. in ''[[wikt:प्राङ्|prāṅ]]'' 'directed forwards/towards' [nom. sg. masc. of an adjective], a declension of ''prāñc''. There are some onomatopoeic words with them like ''ña, ṅa, ṅu'' and declensions like ''[[wikt:ञुणूषते|ñuṇūṣate]]''. {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ɳ/}} are distinct phonemes (aṇu 'minute', 'atomic' [nom. sg. neutr. of an adjective] is distinctive from anu 'after', 'along').<ref name=SktCons/>

===Sandhi===

Sanskrit deploys extensive phonological alternations on different linguistic levels through ''sandhi'' rules (literally, the rules of "putting together, union, connection, alliance"), similar to the English alteration of "going to" as ''gonna''.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=10–11}} The Sanskrit language accepts such alterations within it, but offers formal rules for the ''sandhi'' of any two words next to each other in the same sentence or linking two sentences. The external ''sandhi'' rules state that similar short vowels coalesce into a single long vowel, while dissimilar vowels form glides or undergo diphthongization.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=10–11}} Among the consonants, most external ''sandhi'' rules recommend regressive assimilation for clarity when they are voiced. These rules ordinarily apply at compound seams and morpheme boundaries.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=10–11}} In Vedic Sanskrit, the external ''sandhi'' rules are more variable than in Classical Sanskrit.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|p=11}}

The internal ''sandhi'' rules are more intricate and account for the root and the canonical structure of the Sanskrit word. These rules anticipate what are now known as the [[Bartholomae's law]] and [[Grassmann's law]]. For example, states Jamison, the "voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirated obstruents of a positional series regularly alternate with each other (''p'' ≈ ''b'' ≈ ''bh''; ''t'' ≈ ''d'' ≈ ''dh'', etc.; note, however, ''c'' ≈ ''j'' ≈ '''''h'''''), such that, for example, a morpheme with an underlying voiced aspirate final may show alternants with all three stops under differing internal sandhi conditions".{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=11–12}} The velar series (k, g, gʰ) alternate with the palatal series (c, j, h), while the structural position of the palatal series is modified into a retroflex cluster when followed by dental. This rule creates two morphophonemically distinct series from a single palatal series.{{sfn|Jamison|2008|pp=11–12}}

=== Phonological processes ===
A number of phonological processes have been described in detail. One of them is '''{{vanchor|abhinidhāna|Abhinidhana}}''' (lit. 'adjacent imposition'), (also known as ''{{IAST|āsthāpita}}'', 'stoppage', ''{{IAST|bhakṣya}}'' or ''{{IAST|bhukta}}''). It is the [[No audible release|incomplete articulation]], or ""repressing or obscuring", of a [[plosive]] or, according to some texts, a [[semi-vowel]] (except r), which occurs before another plosive or a pause.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=137}} It was described in the various [[Prātiśākhya]]s as well as the ''{{IAST|Cārāyaṇīya Śikṣa}}''.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=137}} These texts are not unanimous on the [[Phonetic environment|environments]] that trigger abhinidhana, nor on the precise classes of consonants affected.

One ancient grammarian, ''{{IAST|Vyāḍi}}'' (in {{IAST|Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya}} 6.12), states that {{IAST|abhinidhāna}} only occurred when a consonant was [[Consonant gemination|doubled]], whereas according to the text of the ''{{IAST|Śākalas}}'' it was obligatory in this context but optional for plosives before another plosive of a different [[place of articulation]]. The ''{{IAST|Śākalas}}'' and the ''{{IAST|Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya}}'' agree on the observation that abhinidhana occurs only if there is a slight pause between the two consonants and not if they are pronounced jointly.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=138}} Word-finally, plosives undergo abhinidhāna according to the {{IAST|Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya}} and the ''{{IAST|Ṛgveda Prātiśākhya}}''. The latter text adds that final semivowels (excluding r) are also incompletely articulated.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=140}} The ''{{IAST|Atharva Veda Prātiśākhya}}'' 2.38 lists an exception: a plosive at the end of the word will not undergo {{IAST|abhinidhāna}} and will be fully released if it is followed by a consonant whose place of articulation is further back in the mouth.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|pp=141–2}} The ''{{IAST|Cārāyaṇīya Śikṣa}}'' states that the consonants affected by abhinidhāna are the voiceless unaspirated plosives, the nasal consonants and the semivowels ''{{IAST|l}}'' and ''{{IAST|v}}''.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=142}}{{efn|These differences may indicate geographical variation.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|p=139}} It is not clear whether abhinidhana was present in the early spoken Sanskrit or it developed at a later stage.{{Sfn|Varma|1961|pp=137–8}} In [[Prakrit]] and [[Pāli]] abhinidhana was carried a step forward into complete [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]], as for example {{langx|sa|sapta}} to {{langx|pka|satta}}.}}

==Morphophonology==
===Vowel gradation===

Sanskrit inherits from Proto-Indo-European the feature of regular in-word, vowel variations known in the context of the parent language as [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]] or more generally [[apophony]].

This feature, which can be seen in the English forms ''sing'', ''sang'', ''sung'', and ''song'', themselves a direct continuation of the PIE ablaut, is fundamental{{efn|The very first of the sūtras in Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī define vowel gradation!}} in Sanskrit both for [[inflexion]] and [[Morphological derivation|derivation]].<ref>Fortson, §4.12.</ref><ref>Burrow, §3.22.</ref>

Vowels within stems may change to other related vowels on the basis of the morphological operation being performed on it. There are three such grades, named the ''zero grade'', ''first grade'', and ''second grade''. The first and second grades are also termed ''guṇa''{{efn-lg|"ad·eṄ guṇaḥ" – Pāṇini I 2}} and ''vṛddhi''{{efn-lg|"vṛddhir·ād·aiC" – Pāṇini I 1}} respectively. The full pattern of gradation, followed by example usage:<ref>Bucknell, tb. 5.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel gradation
|- style="text-align:center;"
! !! Zero grade !! 1st grade !! 2nd grade
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
| ∅ || <big>a</big>|| <big>ā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Palatal
| <big>i/ī y i/ī</big>|| <big>e{{efn|originally 'ai'}} ay ya</big>|| <big>ai{{efn|originally 'āi'}} āy yā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Labial
| <big>u/ū v u/ū</big>|| <big>o{{efn|originally 'au'}} av va</big>|| <big>au{{efn|originally 'āu'}} āv vā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Retroflex
| <big>ṛ r ṛ</big>|| <big>ar ar ra</big>|| <big>ār ār rā</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dental
| <big>ḷ</big>|| <big>al</big>|| <big>āl</big>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel gradation examples
|- style="text-align:center;"
! !! Zero grade !! 1st grade !! 2nd grade
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
| rā́'''jñ'''·as || rā́'''jan'''|| rā́'''jān'''·am
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Palatal
| '''ji'''·tá- ni'''ny'''·ús '''iṣ'''·ṭá- || '''jé'''·tum '''náy'''·ana- '''yáj'''·ana-|| á·'''jai'''·ṣ·am '''nā́y'''·aya·ti '''yā́j'''·aya·ti
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Labial
| '''śru'''·tá- '''śṛṇv·'''é '''ud'''·i·tá-|| '''śró'''·tum '''śráv'''·aṇa- '''vád'''·ana-|| á·'''śrau'''·ṣ·am śu'''śrā́v'''·a '''vā́d'''·aya·ti
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Retroflex
| '''kṛ'''·tá- ca'''kr'''·ús '''gṛh'''ī·tá|| '''kár'''·tum '''kár'''·aṇa- '''gráh'''·aṇa-|| ca·'''kā́r'''·a '''kā́r'''·aya·ti '''grā́h'''·aya·ti
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dental
| '''kḷp'''·tá-|| '''kálp'''·ana-|| '''kā́lp'''a-
|}

As per the internal and historical structure of the system, the guṇa grade can be seen as the normal grade, whence proceeds either a ''strengthening''{{efn|vṛddhi indeed means growth}} to form the second grade, or a ''weakening'' to form the zero-grade. The ancient grammarians however took the zero-grade as the natural form on which to apply guṇa or vṛddhi.

Whilst with the 1-grade-based system it is possible to derive the 0-grades thus:

* ghóṣ·a·ti ⇒ ghuṣ·ṭá-
* sráv·a·ti ⇒ sru·tá-
* sváp·a·ti{{efn| or svapiti}} ⇒ sup·tá-

the approach used by the ancient grammarians does not always work:

* sup·tá- ≠ *sóp·a·ti

To overcome this, the ancient grammarians, while formulating most roots in zero-grade form, make an exception for some, and prescribe a treatment called ''samprasāraṇa'' on these:

* ghóṣ·a·ti, ghuṣ·ṭá- ⇒ ghuṣ-
* sráv·a·ti, sru·tá- ⇒ sru-
* sváp·a·ti, sup·tá- ⇒ svap-

Thus, unlike most others, the root 'svap-' does not hold a 0-grade vowel, and is subject to ''samprasāraṇa'' before the past participle 'sup·tá-' can be formed.<ref name=Coulsonp22>Coulson, p. 22.</ref><ref>Burrow, p. 109.</ref>

Besides *r̥, *l̥, Proto-Indo-European also had *m̥, *n̥,{{efn|See [[Proto-Indo-European phonology#Sonorants]]}} all of which, in capacity of zero-grade vowels, participated in the gradation system. Whilst the latter two did not survive in Sanskrit (they ended up as ''a'' instead), their effects can be seen in verb-formation steps such as just seen above.<ref name=Coulsonp22/><ref>Burrow, p. 110.</ref>

Therefore, it is possible to analogically expand the above vowel-gradation table thus:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel gradation
|- style="text-align:center;"
! !! Zero grade !! 1st grade !! 2nd grade
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Labial nasal
| <big>a</big> ga·tá-|| <big>am</big> gám·ana|| <big>ām</big> jagā́ma
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dental nasal
| <big>a</big> ha·tá-|| <big>an</big> hán·ti|| <big>ān</big> jaghā́na
|}

The proto-forms of ga·tá- and ha·tá- would thus have *m̥ and *n̥ respectively: *gʷm̥·tó-{{efn|[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷm̥tós gʷm̥tó-]}} and *gʷʰn̥·tó-{{efn|[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰen- *gʷʰn̥-tó-]}}

=== Accent===
Sanskrit inherited a [[pitch accent]] (see: [[Vedic accent]]) from Proto-Indo-European, as well as vowel gradation, both of which, in Sanskrit, just as in the parent language, go hand in hand.

As a general rule, a root bearing the accent takes the first (guṇa) or second (vṛddhi) grade, and when unaccented, reduces to zero grade.<ref name=Coulson98>Coulson, §98.</ref>

* i- ⇒ éti (0 ⇒ 1st grade)
* i·tá ⇒ áy·anam (0 ⇒ 2nd grade)

The gradation examples given in the previous sections demonstrate several more instances of this phenomenon with verbs.

With nouns, the pattern does not always hold, as even from the earliest stage of the language, there has been a tendency to fix a single form, thus while ''kṣam'' has ''kṣā́mas'' (2-g) and ''kṣmás'' (0-g), ''vāc'' has 2nd-grade forms throughout.<ref name=Coulson98/>

Nouns whose stem vary between strong, middle and weak forms may correspondingly reflect 2nd, 1st and zero-grade vowels respectively. This may not always be matched by the accent:<ref name=Coulson98/>

* rā́jan, rā́jānam, rā́jnā (1, 2, 0 grades)

The above system of accent disappeared completely at some point during the classical stage. It was still alive in Pāṇini's time and even after Patañjali.{{efn|Śāntanava discusses this in his Phiṭsūtra.}} The author of the Kāśikā commentary ({{circa|700 CE}}) declares its use optional, and it might have disappeared from popular speech in the early centuries of the Common Era.<ref>Burrow, pp 115.</ref>

==Verbs==
{{Main|Sanskrit verbs}}

===Background===
Sanskrit has inherited from its parent the Proto-Indo-European language an elaborate system of verbal morphology, more of which has been preserved in Sanskrit as a whole than in other kindred languages such as [[Ancient Greek]] or [[Latin]].

Some of the features of the verbal system, however, have been lost in the classical language, compared to the older [[Vedic Sanskrit]], and in other cases, distinctions that have existed between different tenses have been blurred in the later language. Classical Sanskrit thus does not have the [[subjunctive]] or the [[injunctive mood]], has dropped a variety of [[infinitive]] forms, and the distinctions in meaning between the [[imperfect]], [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]] and [[aorist]] forms are barely maintained and ultimately lost.<ref>Macdonnell, Vedic p.118.</ref><ref>Fortson, §10.41.</ref>

===Conjugation===

[[Grammatical conjugation|Verb conjugation]] in Sanskrit involves the interplay of five 'dimensions', number{{efn-lg| ''vacana''}}, person{{efn-lg| ''puruṣa''}}, voice{{efn-lg|''prayoga''}}, mood{{efn-lg|''artha''}} and tense{{efn-lg|''kāla''}}, with the following variables:<ref>Bucknell, p. 34.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
| 1 || 3 numbers || singular{{efn-lg|''eka·vacana''}}, dual{{efn-lg|''dvi·vacana''}}, plural{{efn-lg|''bahu·vacana''}}
|-
| 2 || 3 persons || first{{efn-lg|''uttama·puruṣa''}}, second{{efn-lg|''madhyama·puruṣa''}}, third{{efn-lg|''prathama·puruṣa''}}
|-
| 3 || 3 voices || active{{efn-lg|''kartari·prayoga''}}, middle{{efn-lg|''karmaṇi·prayoga''}}, passive{{efn-lg|''bhāve·prayoga''}}
|-
| 4 || 4 moods || indicative, optative, imperative, conditional
|-
| 5 || 6 tenses || present, imperfect, perfect, aorist,
periphrastic future, simple future
|}

Further, [[participles]] are considered part of the verbal systems although they are not verbs themselves.<ref>Burrow, p. 367</ref> Classical Sanskrit has only one infinitive, of accusative case-form.<ref>Whitney, §538</ref>

===Formation===

The starting point for the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] analysis of the Sanskrit verb is the [[Root (linguistics)|root]]. Before the final endings to denote number, person etc can be applied, additional elements may be added to the root. Whether such elements are affixed or not, the resulting component here is the stem, to which these final endings can then be added.<ref>Burrow, §7.3.</ref><ref>Whitney, ch 8.</ref>

Based on the treatment they undergo to form the stem, the roots of the Sanskrit language are arranged by the ancient grammarians in ten classes {{efn-lg|''gaṇa''s}}, based on how they form the present stem, and named after a verb typical to each class.

No discoverable grammatical principle has been found for the ordering of these classes. This can be rearranged for greater clarity into non-thematic and thematic groups as summarized below:<ref>Burrow, §7.8</ref><ref>Whitney, ch. 8.</ref><ref>Monier Williams – word meanings</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Thematic verb classes
|-
! Root
! !! Treatment !! Stem !! gaṇa !! Conjugation samples{{efn|Present-tense third-person singular}} !! Remarks
|-
| √bhū-
|{{efn-ua|be}} || Root accent, gunated {{efn|Occasionally vriddhied}} || bháv- || First || bháv·a·ti || The commonest of all classes, with nearly half of the roots in the language.<ref>Burrow, p. 328</ref>
|-
| √tud-
|{{efn-ua|strike}} || None (ending accent) || tud- || Sixth || tud·á·ti ||
|-
| √dív-
|{{efn-ua|cast, throw, especially of dice}} || -ya- suffix || dī́v·ya- || Fourth || dī́v·ya·ti ||
|-
| √cur-
|{{efn-ua|steal}} || -aya- with root gradation, or -áya- without || cór·aya- || Tenth || cór·aya·ti || Usually to form causatives, not strictly a class per se<ref>Whitney, §775</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Athematic verb classes
|-
! Root
! !! Treatment !! Stem !! gaṇa !! Conjugation samples{{efn|Present-tense third-person singular, dual and plural}} !! Remarks
|-
| √ad-
|{{efn-ua|eat}} || None || ad- || Second || at·ti at·tas ad·anti ||
|-
| √hu-
|{{efn-ua|call, invoke, sacrifice}} || Reduplication, accent varies || juhó- juhu- júhv-{{efn|name=u2v|variant of the u- form when followed by a vowel}}|| Third || juhó·ti juhu·tás júhv·ati ||
|-
| √su-
|{{efn-ua|press (of juice)}} || -no- suffix || su·nó- su·nu- su·nv-{{efn|name=u2v}} || Fifth || su·nó·ti su·nu·tás su·nv·ánti ||
|-
| √tan-
|{{efn-ua|extend, spread}} || -o- suffix || tan·ó- tan·u- tan·v-{{efn|name=u2v}} || Eighth{{efn|Very similar to the Fifth class}} || tan·ó·ti tan·u·tás tan·v·ánti ||
|-
| √krī-
|{{efn-ua|buy}} || -nā- suffix || krī·ṇā́- krī·ṇī- krī·ṇ- || Ninth || krī·ṇā́·ti krī·ṇī·tás krī·ṇ-ánti ||
|-
| √rudh-
|{{efn-ua|stop, arrest, check}} || Nasal infix || ru·ṇá·dh- ru·n·dh- || Seventh || ru·ṇá·d·dhi ru·n·d·dhás ru·n·dh·ánti ||
|}

===Scope===

As in kindred Indo-European languages, conjugation is effected across the tenses, moods, voices, persons and numbers stated, yielding, in Sanskrit, a huge number of combinations.<ref>Whitney, §527–541.</ref><ref>Bucknell, §2.B.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation – standard finite verbs
|-
! System !! Tense !! Mood !! Endings !! Conventional term
|-
| rowspan='4' | Present || rowspan='3'| Present || Indicative || Primary || 'Present'
|-
| Optative || Secondary || 'Optative'
|-
| Imperative || Imperative || 'Imperative'
|-
| Past || Indicative || Secondary || 'Imperfect'
|-
| Perfect || Past || Indicative || Perfect || 'Perfect'
|-
| rowspan='2' | Aorist || rowspan='2' | Pefect || Indicative || Secondary || 'Aorist'
|-
| Optative{{efn|Very rare in Classical Sanskrit<ref>Bucknell, p. 53.</ref>}} || Secondary || 'Precative'
|-
| rowspan='2' | Future || Future {{efn|2 forms: Simple & Periphrastic}} || Indicative || Primary || 'Future'
|-
| Perfect || Conditional || Secondary || 'Conditional'
|}

Furthermore, Sanskrit has so-called ''Secondary'' conjugations:<ref>Whitney, §540.</ref>

* Passive
* Intensive
* Desiderative
* Causative
* Denominative

The non-finite forms are:

* Participles {{efn|may take both active and middle voice}}
* Infinitive
* Gerund

==Nominals==
{{Main|Sanskrit nominals}}

===Declension===

[[Declension]] of a [[noun]] in Sanskrit involves the interplay of two 'dimensions': 3 numbers and 8 cases.<ref name="Bucknell, p. 11">Bucknell, p. 11.</ref> Further, nouns themselves in Sanskrit, like its parent Proto-Indo-European, can be in one of three genders.

In addition, [[adjectives]] behave much the same way morphologically as nouns do, and can conveniently be considered together. While the same noun cannot be seen to be of more than one gender, adjectives change gender on the [[Agreement (linguistics)|basis]] of the noun they are being applied to, along with case and number, thus giving the following variables:<ref>Bucknell, p. 12-16.</ref><ref>Whitney, §261–266.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
| 1 || 3 numbers || singular, dual, plural
|-
| 2 || 3 genders || masculine, feminine, neuter
|-
| 3 || 8 cases || nominative, accusative, instrumental,
dative, ablative, genitive, locative, vocative
|}

The oldest system of declension was in Proto-Indo-European, inherited by Sanskrit, to affix the endings directly to the nominal root. In later stages, a new system developed wherein an intermediary called the [[thematic vowel]] is inserted to the root before the final endings are appended: ''*-o-'' which in Sanskrit becomes ''-a-'', producing the thematic stem.<ref>Fortson, §6.43.</ref><ref>Burrow, §4.3</ref>

===Stem classification===

Substantives may be divided into different classes on the basis of the stem vowel before they are declined on the above basis. The general classification is:

* a-stems
* i- and u-stems
* ā-, ī- and ū-stems
* ṛ-stems
* Consonant stems

When the nominal endings are being affixed to a noun of each class, they may undergo, in some cases, some changes, including being entirely replaced by other forms.<ref>Whitney, §321–322.</ref><ref>Fortson, §10.46.</ref><ref>Burrow, §4.3–4.4.</ref>

===Numerals===

{{Further|Sanskrit nouns#Numerals}}

===Personal pronouns and determiners===

{{Main|Sanskrit pronouns and determiners}}

Sanskrit pronouns and determiners behave in their [[declension]] largely like other declinable classes such as [[nouns]], [[adjectives]] and [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]], so that they can all be classed together under [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominals]]. However, pronouns and determiners display certain peculiarities of their own compared to the other nominal classes.<ref>Whitney, §490.</ref><ref name="Bucknell, p. 11"/>

Furthermore, personal pronouns have an additional dimension not present in the other nominals, but shared by verbs: [[Grammatical person|person]].<ref>Bucknell, p. 32.</ref>

Pronouns{{efn-lg|sarva·nāman}} are declined for [[grammatical case|case]]{{efn-lg|vibhakti}}, [[grammatical number|number]]{{efn-lg|vacana}}, and gender{{efn-lg|liṅga}}. The pronominal declension applies to a few adjectives as well. Many pronouns have alternative enclitic forms.

==Derivation==
{{Main|Sanskrit nouns#Nominal derivation}}

[[Morphological derivation|Derivation]] or word-formation in Sanskrit can be divided into the following types:<ref>Whitney, §1138.</ref><ref>Kale, §179, 337.</ref>

# Primary derivation – suffixes directly appended to roots{{efn-lg|''kṛt''}}
# Secondary derivation – suffixes appended to derivative stems{{efn-lg|''taddhita''}}
# Word-compounding – combining one more word stems

===Compounds===
{{Main|Sanskrit compounds}}

Sanskrit inherits from its parent Proto-Indo-European the capability of forming [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] nouns{{efn-lg|''samāsa''}}, also widely seen in [[Indo-European languages|kindred]] languages such as especially [[German compounds|German]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and also [[English compound|English]].

However, Sanskrit, especially in the later stages of the language, significantly expands on this both in terms of the number of elements making up a single compound and the volume of compound-usage in the literature, a development which has no parallels elsewhere.<ref name="Coulson, p. xxi">Coulson, p. xxi.</ref><ref name=Burrow209>Burrow, p. 209.</ref>

==Indeclinables==

Words that change no form across cases, numbers, genders are classified as ''indeclinables''{{efn-lg|''avyaya''}}. Indeclinables may be divided into either ''simple'' and ''compound''. The latter is treated under [[Sanskrit compound#Avyayībhāva (adverbial)|Sanskrit compounds]] and the term indeclinable usually implies only the former type.<ref>Kale, §362.</ref>

Indeclinables can be classified as follows:<ref>Kale, §363.</ref>

# Prepositions
# Adverbs
# Particles
# Conjunctions
# Interjections
# Miscellaneous

===Prepositions===

In Sanskrit, a preposition{{efn-lg|''[[upasarga]]'' or ''gāti''}} is an indeclinable with an independent meaning that is prefixed to verbs and their derivatives with the result of modifying, intensifying, or in some cases, totally altering the sense of the roots.<ref>Kale, §365.</ref>

===Adverbs===

In Sanskrit, [[adverbs]] are either inherited as set forms from the parent language or may be derived from nouns, pronouns or numeral.

The typical way of forming an adverb is to simply use the accusative singular neutral form{{efn|occasionally other singular cases are used}} of nouns and adjectives.<ref>Kale, §372.</ref>

===Particles===

Particles are used either as expletives or intensives.<ref>Kale, §374.</ref>

The most common ones are:<ref>Kale, §375.</ref>

# ''a-, an-'' – generally the same meaning as English 'un-' and 'a-', but with some extended senses
# ''sma'' – when used with the present form of a verb, it conveys the past tense
# ''kā-'', ''ku-'' – prefixed to give a negative, inadequate or pejorative connotation.

===Conjunctions===

The following is an enumeration of the main types of Sanskrit conjunctions:<ref>Kale, §376.</ref>

# ''atha'' – marks the beginning of a work
# Copulative – ''atha, atho, uta, ca,'' etc
# Disjunctive – ''vā, vā... vā,'' etc
# Adversative – ''athavā, tu, kintu,'' etc
# Conditional – ''cet, yadi, yadāpi, net,'' etc
# Causal – ''hi, tat, tena,'' etc
# Interrogative – ''āho, āha, uta, utāho, kim,'' etc
# Affirmative and negative – ''atha kim, ām, addhā,'' etc
# Conjunctions of time – ''yāvat-tāvat, yadā-tadā,'' etc
# ''iti'' – marks the end of a work

===Interjections===

The main ones in Sanskrit expressing the various emotions are:<ref>Kale, §377.</ref>

# Wonder, grief, regret, etc: ''ā, aho, ha,'' etc
# Contempt: ''kim, dhik,'' etc
# Sorrow, dejection, grief: ''hā, hāhā, hanta,'' etc
# Joy: ''hanta'' etc
# Respectfully calling attention: ''aho, bhoḥ, he, ho,'' etc
# Disrespectfully calling attention: ''are, rere,'' etc

===Miscellaneous===

A few nouns have only one inflection and thus behave like indeclinables. The most common ones are:<ref>Kale, §364.</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* anyat {{efn-ua|another (reason)}}
* asti {{efn-ua|that exists}}
* nāsti {{efn-ua|non-existence}}
* saṃvat {{efn-ua|year}}
* bhūr {{efn-ua|earth}}
* bhuvar {{efn-ua|sky}}
* svāhā {{efn-ua|food offered to the gods}}
* namas {{efn-ua|a bow}}
* svasti {{efn-ua|well-being, happiness}}
* [[om]]
}}

== Syntax ==

Because of Sanskrit's complex [[declension]] system, the [[word order]] is free.<ref name="Staal1967">{{cite book|author=J.F. Staal|title=Word Order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqihQhNkqu4C&pg=PA28|date=31 January 1967|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-277-0549-5}}</ref> In usage, there is a strong tendency toward [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV), which was the original system in place in Vedic prose. However, there are exceptions when word pairs cannot be transposed.<ref>{{citation | last=Gillon|first=B.S | date= 25 March 1996 | journal=Indian Linguistics | issn=0378-0759 |volume=57 | title=Word order in Classical Sanskrit | url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2875140 |issue=1–4 | page=1}}</ref>

Notably, Pāṇini did not fix syntax in the Aṣtādhyāyī, as to do so explicitly would be difficult in any language, given several ways of expressing the same idea and various other ways of expressing similar ideas. Thus within the bounds of phonological and morphological definition wrought by Pāṇini, the syntax of Sanskrit has continued to evolve in the course of its productive literary history.<ref name="Coulson, p. xxi"/>

== Peculiar characteristics ==

In the introduction to his celebrated translation of [[Vidyakara]]'s {{Transliteration|sa|Subhāṣitaratnakośa}}, [[Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.|Daniel H.H. Ingalls]] describes some peculiar characteristics of the Sanskrit language.

He refers to the enormous vocabulary of Sanskrit, and also of the presence of a larger choice of synonyms in Sanskrit than any other language he knew of. Further, just as there exist a vast number of synonyms for almost any word in Sanskrit, there also exist synonymous constructions. In his elementary Sanskrit examinations he would ask his students to write in Sanskrit the sentence 'You must fetch the horse' in ten different ways. Actually, it is possible to write the sentence in Sanskrit in around fifteen different ways 'by using active or passive constructions, imperative or optative, an auxiliary verb, or any of the three gerundive forms, each of which, by the way, gives a different metrical pattern'.

Ingalls writes: 'Every Indian, one may suppose, grew up learning naturally the [[mother language|language of his mother]] and his playmates. Only after this, and if he belonged to the priesthood or the nobility or to such a professional caste as that of the clerks, the physicians, or the astrologers, would he learn Sanskrit. As a general rule, Sanskrit was not the language of the family. It furnished no subconscious symbols for the impressions which we receive in childhood nor for the emotions which form our character in early adolescence.'<ref name="Vidyākara 1965 p.">{{cite book |author=Vidyākara |url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyofsansk0000unse/page/8/mode/2up |title=An anthology of Sanskrit court poetry; Vidyākara's |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1965 |isbn=978-0-674-03950-6 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anthologyofsansk0044vidy/page/5 5–8] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sanskrit nominals]]
*[[Sanskrit verbs]]
*[[Sanskrit compound]]
*[[Pāṇini]]
*[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]
*[[Vedic Sanskrit grammar]]
*[[Pierre-Sylvain Filliozat]], French Sanskrit scholar
*[[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
*[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|20em}}

== Glossary ==
{{notelist-ua|20em}}

== Traditional glossary and notes ==
{{notelist-lg|20em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Fortson |first1=Benjamin W |author-link1=Benjamin W. Fortson IV|title=Indo-European Language and Culture |year=2010 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-8895-1 |edition=2010}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burrow |first1=Thomas | author-link1=Thomas Burrow| title=The Sanskrit Language |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-1767-2 |edition=2001}}
* {{cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=William Dwight | author-link1=William Dwight Whitney|title=Sanskrit Grammar |date=January 2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0620-7 |edition=2000|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar_(Whitney)}}
* {{cite book |last1=Coulson |first1=Michael |title=Sanskrit |year=2003 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=0-340-85990-3 |edition=2003}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bucknell |first1=Roderick S |title=Sanskrit Grammar|date=January 2010 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1188-1 |edition=2000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kale |first1=M R |title=A Higher Sanskrit Grammar |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0177-6 |edition=2002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |title=Pāṇini - His work and his traditions |date=1997 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-0419-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=A. Berriedale |title=A History of Sanskrit Literature |date=1956 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Great Britain}}
* Böhtlingk, Otto, ''Pâṇini's Grammatik'', Leipzig (1887)
* {{Citation|last= Allen| first= W.S.| title= Phonetics in ancient India| year= 1953| publisher= OUP}}
* B. Delbrück, ''Altindische Tempuslehre'' (1876) [https://books.google.com/books?id=_-9K_xT8OBAC&q=Altindische] Topics in Sanskrit morphology and syntax
* [[Frits Staal|Staal, Frits]], ''Word order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar'', Foundations of Language, supplementary series 5, Springer (1967), {{ISBN|978-90-277-0549-5}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Staal |first1=Frits |title=A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians |date=1972 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-19078-8}}
*{{Cite book| publisher = Munshi Ram Manohar Lal| last = Varma| first = Siddheshwar| title = Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians.| location = Delhi| series = James G. Forlong Fund| date = 1961| orig-year = 1927}}
* Wackernagel, Debrunner, ''[[Altindische Grammatik]]'', Göttingen.
** vol. I. phonology [https://books.google.com/books?id=mWaIUMIoUvkC&q=Altindische] [[Jacob Wackernagel]] (1896)
** vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905) [https://books.google.com/books?id=qql6RRqTAuIC&q=Altindische]
** vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and [[Albert Debrunner]] (1954)
** vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)
* {{cite book|last=Stiehl|first=Ulrich|title=Sanskrit-Kompendium : ein Lehr-, Übungs- und Nachschlagewerk; Devanagari-Ausgabe|publisher=Forkel|location=Heidelberg|year=2011|isbn=978-3-7719-0086-1|language=de|url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf}}
*{{cite book
|last = Jamison
|first = Stephanie
|editor = Roger D. Woodard
|title = The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC
|year = 2008
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|isbn = 978-0-521-68494-1
|access-date = 18 July 2018
|archive-date = 29 March 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131545/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC
|url-status = live
}}

==Further reading==
*Pooth, Roland A. "[https://ia902607.us.archive.org/11/items/on-converse-lability-and-its-declin/On_converse_lability_and_its_declin.pdf On converse lability and its decline from Vedic to Epic Sanskrit: The verb juṣ-‘to enjoy’and ‘to please’]." Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting. Vol. 7. No. 1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2021.

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010034042/http://vedicsociety.org/sanskrit/sandhi/ Vedic Society Sandhi Calculator]
* [http://littleredbook.vedicsociety.org.in/ Little Red Book] [https://archive.org/details/the-little-red-book/page/3/mode/2up PDF]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115171411/http://www.shastranethralaya.org/LectureOthers.html Sanskrit grammar Laghu-Siddanta-Kaumudi (English & Tamil Lectures)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/shastralayam Sanskrit grammar Video AdiLaghu (English & Tamil)]
* [http://www.danam.co.uk/Sanskrit/Sanskrit%20Introductory/Wikner%20Sanskrit%20Intro.pdf Charles Wikner "A Practical Sanskrit Introductory"]
* [http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~papke/downloads/ICHLhandout.pdf Julia Papke "Order and Meaning in Sanskrit Preverbs"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184702/http://voiceofdharma.com/indology/baumrejoinder.html V. Swaminathan "Panini’s Understanding of Vedic Grammar"]
* {{cite web |title=Online Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/}} — sources results from Monier Williams etc.
* {{cite web |title=The Sanskrit Grammarian |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/DICO/grammar.html}} — dynamic online declension and conjugation tool
* {{cite web |last1=Monier-Williams |first1=Monier |title=A Sanskrit English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/ASanskritEnglishDictionary |website=Archive.org|year=1899 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Whitney |first1=William |title=Sanskrit Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18231 |website=Archive.org|year=1924 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Burrow |first1=T |title=The Sanskrit Language | url=https://archive.org/details/BurrowTheSanskritLanguage |website=Archive.org}}

{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{language grammars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanskrit Grammar}}
[[Category:Sanskrit grammar| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian grammars]]
[[Category:Indo-European grammars]]

Hnialum Lalruatfeli

2026-04-13T02:49:55Z

Itsniraj175: Made First Data Initial Version

{{short description|Indian woman Hockey player|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Hnialum Lalruatfeli
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nicknames =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Field Hockey|Hockey]]
| position = Defender
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| residence =
| retired=
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Women's [[Field Hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Field Hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
}}

'''Hnialum Lalruatfeli''' (born 15 July 1996) is an Indian women's [[Field Hockey|hockey]] player. She was a part of [[India at the 2016 South Asian Games]] and the reserve member for the team at [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hardly any surprises in Rio squads |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/Hardly-any-surprises-in-Rio-squads/article14485081.ece |website=The Hindu |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> She is in reserve athletes in case of injury.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hockeyindia.org/england-tour-women-2016 | title=Hockey India - England Tour (Women) 2016 | publisher=[[Hockey India]] | accessdate=26 January 2016 | archive-date=25 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225060102/http://hockeyindia.org/england-tour-women-2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hockeyindia.org/team/hnialum-lal-ruat-feli.html | title=Hockey India - Hnialum Lal Ruat Feli | publisher=[[Hockey India]] | accessdate=26 January 2016 | archive-date=2 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202075214/http://hockeyindia.org/team/hnialum-lal-ruat-feli.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160213093703/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160212/jsp/northeast/story_68880.jsp Wrong turn to right spot - Mizo girl in golden team]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalruatfeli, Hnialum}}
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Raavanan (2010 film)

2026-04-08T09:37:19Z

Itsniraj175: New First Info More To Come

{{Short description|2010 Indian film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raavanan 2010 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| producer = {{Ubl | Mani Ratnam | Sharada Trilok}}
| writer = Mani Ratnam
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = {{ubl | [[Santosh Sivan]] | [[V. Manikandan]]}}
| editing = [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Madras Talkies]]
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance BIG Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|6|19}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Raavanan''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-adventure film]] co-written, co-produced, and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] in the lead roles along with a supporting cast led by [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Priyamani]]. It marked Rai Bachchan's return to Tamil after a decade, since ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000). The film follows the crux of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', with a ruthless cop named Dev Prakash Subramaniam, who is on a quest to find a tribal leader-turned [[naxalite]] named Veeraiya as he had kidnapped his wife Raagini and begins to develop emotions for Veeraiya after learning his purpose.

''Raavanan'' was announced in February 2008, amidst much hype of the celebrated director, Ratnam's return to Tamil films, whilst Vikram's and Rai Bachchan's casting creating more anticipation. Shooting began soon after, and took place in various locations with a record number of extras in areas including [[Chalakudy]], [[Kerala]] and [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]] amongst other regions throughout India. The film's music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], the cinematography was handled by [[V. Manikandan]] and [[Santosh Sivan|Santhosh Sivan]], and editing done by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].

The film was also made simultaneously in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]]'', with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] reprising Vikram's role and playing the antagonist, While Vikram reprising Prithviraj's role and playing the protagonist, and Rai Bachchan playing the same role in both films. The film was also dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Villain''. All three versions were released simultaneously on 19 June 2010 worldwide.

It was later remade into [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in 2011 as ''[[Tiger Number One]]'', starring [[Shakib Khan]], [[Sahara (actress)|Sahara]] and [[Amit Hasan]].

== Plot ==
A [[naxalite]] named Veeraiya and his gang are busy distracting the cops, where police vehicles are set ablaze and women seduce cops into a trap where Veera's henchmen attack and brutally kill them. Whilst on a boating trip, Raagini is kidnapped by Veera, where her husband [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Dev Prakash Subramaniam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], is informed of the incident. It is revealed that Veera is a local hero in his village, who runs a parallel government in rural areas near [[Tirunelveli]], with his brothers – Singarasu and Sakkarai. Though considered a naxalite by the local police, Veera is respected by the villagers. He kidnaps Raagini hoping to avenge the death of his sister Vennila, where he brings her to a cliff to kill her. She refuses to die at his hands and jumps off the cliff into the water far below, hoping to kill herself, but to no avail.

This causes Veera to hold off the murder, being unable to kill someone who has no fear of death. Dev and his team enter the forests with the aid of Gnanaprakasam, a local [[forest range officer|forest guard]]. Despite searching deep in the forests, Dev is unable to hunt down Veera. Meanwhile, Raagini learns that Dev had led an encounter against Veera during Vennila's wedding, where his shot grazes Veera in the neck. Fighting for his life, Veera is unable to protect his sister and is led out of the fiasco by his gang. The police pressurise Vennila into revealing Veera's hideout. When she refused, she was subjected to torture and was assaulted by the cops. Veera returned home to find Vennila depressed and traumatised. The next day, Vennila committed suicide by drowning in a nearby well. Unhappy with the ways of leading the war causing distress to his gang, Sakkarai offers a truce to Dev, who initially seems to agree.

When Sakkarai arrives from his hideout, Dev shoots him to death revealing that he considers the destruction of Veera as more important than saving Raagini. Veera and Singarasu are enraged and attack Dev's camp where they wipe out completely. A final confrontation ensues between Veera and Dev on a rickety bridge where Veera triumphs over Dev, but leaves him as Dev told that he is leaving him alive because of Raagini. Dev manages to extricate himself out and finds Raagini bound and tied up, with Veera leaving her. While returning to their hometown in [[Tiruchirappalli]], Dev accuses Raagini of [[infidelity]] and informs her that Veera actually told him. Furious, Raagini leaves Dev to meet Veera through Singarasu, where she manages to meet him and asks him about the accusation. Veera denies the accusation, where the duo quickly realises that Dev lied, hoping Raagini would lead him to his hideout. Dev appears with a police team and confronts Veera. Raagini tries to save Veera, but he pushes her out of the line of fire, and is shot multiple times, however Raagini reaches out to him and though their hands do not link, that is enough to make Veera smile and he falls to his death satisfied that the women he loved, cared for him also.

== Cast ==
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Veeraiya "Veera", a [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] in rural Tirunelveli. He is nicknamed [[Ravana]] since he is seen as a hero by locals but as a criminal by outsiders (character based on [[Ravana]]).
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as Ragini Subramaniam, Dev's wife who is kidnapped by Veera and kept in the jungle for 14 days. (voiceover by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]) (character based on [[Sita]]).
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Dev Prakash Subramaniam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], who wants to shut down Veera's crime empire (character based on [[Rama]]).
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Gnanaprakasam, a forest ranger who has worked in the jungle for 25 years and helps Dev find Veera's gang. He is a drunkard and enjoys joking around (character based on [[Hanuman]]).
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Singarasu, Veera's elder brother who supervises everything in the gang (character based on [[Kumbhakarna]]).
* [[Priyamani]] as Vennila, Veera's half-sister, who wants to marry Velan. On her wedding day, Veera was shot by Dev, and the police forcefully brings her to the police station, where she is brutally assaulted and eventually commits suicide, prompting the events of the film (character based on [[Shurpanakha]]).
* [[John Vijay]] as Hemanth Shankar, [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] aka [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] of Tirunelveli and the main perpetrator in Vennila's assault. He is Dev's trusted deputy (character based on [[Lakshmana]]).
* [[Munna (actor)|Munna]] as Sakkarai, Veera's younger brother, who is the only educated member of his brothers' gang and genuinely wants to stop the ongoing civil war and bring peace to the land (character based on [[Vibhishana]]) .
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Raasathi, a transgender woman in the village (character based on [[Mohini]]).
* [[Ranjitha]] as Annam, Singgarasu's wife (character based on Vajramala).
* Varsha as Poonkodi
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Velan, Vennila's lover, who left her at the altar out of fear of the police (character based on Jatayu).
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as the photographer who takes photos of Ragini
* [[S. S. Stanley|Stanley]] as Padakotti
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Velan's mother
* Elizabeth as Vennila's mother
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] as Ranjith, Veera's spy in Dev's gang (character based on Shuka and Sarana).
* [[Chaams]] as the wedding photographer

== Production ==

=== Development ===
During the making of his 2007 biopic ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]], [[Mani Ratnam]] had finalised a script for his next directorial venture titled ''Lajjo''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/12/stories/2007011201620100.htm |title=From real to reel |author=Savitha Gautham |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000754/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/01/12/stories/2007011201620100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref> Based on a short story by [[Ismat Chughtai]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/lajjo-a-double-bonanza-for-kareena/article1-215120.aspx |title=Lajjo a double bonanza for Kareena |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Subhash K. Jha |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111043756/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/lajjo-a-double-bonanza-for-kareena/article1-215120.aspx |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> it was a musical period film set in the desert and was to star [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24318.html |title=Aamir, Kareena in Rathnam's Lajjo |website=IndiaGlitz |author=Faridoon Shahryar |date=7 August 2006 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102135347/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24318.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> Though the film was slated to go on floors after the release of the former,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/27467.html |title=Mani Rathnam's 'Lajjo' to start in August, 2007 |website=IndiaGlitz |author=Faridoon Shahryar |date=5 December 2006 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102135041/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/27467.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> there were reports of a fall-out between Ratnam and Khan due to creative differences. While cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]] denied the reports,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/06/stories/2007060650680100.htm |title=Through the master's lens |author=Sangeetha Devi. K |date=6 June 2007 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104001927/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/06/stories/2007060650680100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref> the film's would-be lyricist [[Gulzar]] said there were actually problems with acquiring the copyright of the story,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gulzar-takes-his-poems-to-japan-1102538 |title=Gulzar takes his poems to Japan |newspaper=DNA India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 June 2007 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102230909/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-gulzar-takes-his-poems-to-japan-1102538 |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> and composer [[A. R. Rahman]] even confirmed to having completed 80% of the film score.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lajjo--has-not-been-shelved-ar-rahman/article1-225432.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131106155108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/lajjo--has-not-been-shelved-ar-rahman/article1-225432.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 |title=Lajjo has not been shelved: AR Rahman |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Rachana Dubey |date=26 May 2007}}</ref> Yet, the project was put on the back burner for reasons unknown.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Lajjo-shelved/articleshow/2075291.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131106155051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-26/news-interviews/27884409_1_mani-ratnam-film-taare-zameen-par |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Lajjo shelved! |date=26 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/whatever-happened-to-mani-ratnam-s-lajjo/article1-222276.aspx |title=Whatever happened to Mani Ratnam's Lajjo? |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Vajir Singh |date=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/whatever-happened-to-mani-ratnam-s-lajjo/article1-222276.aspx |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref>

Following the critical and commercial success of ''Guru'', Ratnam announced his next film in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-aishwarya-to-play-ram-sita-in-mani-ratnam-s-ramayan_8431.html |title=Abhishek-Aishwarya to play Ram-Sita in Mani Ratnam's Ramayan |newspaper=Zee News |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021210547/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/abhishek-aishwarya-to-play-ram-sita-in-mani-ratnam-s-ramayan_8431.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> A modern-day retelling of the mythological epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', the film again features the real life couple in the lead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Ramayan-retold/Article1-325514.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131020155038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Ramayan-retold/Article1-325514.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2013 |title=Ramayan retold |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Ashok Rai |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> The film was initially planned to be made only in Hindi and the idea for the Tamil version came later.<ref name="Mani Ratnam">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/06/18/stories/2010061850010100.htm |title=Mani Exchange |author=Ziya Us Salam |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085649/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/06/18/stories/2010061850010100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> In January 2009, while the film was in the making, it was further decided to dub the Tamil version to Telugu making it a tri-lingual.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/44465.html |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ashokavanam' in Telugu |website=IndiaGlitz |date=23 January 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162034/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/44465.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/04/stories/2010060459230200.htm |title=In Kollywood, it's the season of the tri-lingual film |author=S. Aishwarya |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083848/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/04/stories/2010060459230200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> While the film was yet to be titled,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/oct/231008-Mani-ratnam-AbhiAsh-Diwali-Abhishek-Bachchan-Aishwarya-Rai.htm |title=Mani is on their minds |publisher=Mid-day |author=Subhash K Jha |date=23 October 2008 |access-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051545/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/oct/231008-Mani-ratnam-AbhiAsh-Diwali-Abhishek-Bachchan-Aishwarya-Rai.htm |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> it was widely reported in the media that the Tamil version was titled ''Ashokavanam'' in reference to the place where Sita was held captive by Ravana. Further reports emerged stating that since director [[Kasthuri Raja]] has already registered the title for his project, Ratnam has requested him for using the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-01/ashokavanam-04-02-09.html |title=Mani seeks Ashokavanam from Kasthuriraja |website=Behindwoods.com |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610202029/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-01/ashokavanam-04-02-09.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> Later, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], the lead actor, clarified in an interview that the film was tentatively titled ''Ravana'' but was wrongly reported as ''Ashokavanam''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/crossing-boundaries-/490207/0 |title=Crossing boundaries! |newspaper=The Indian Express |author=Namita Nivas |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=14 October 2013}}</ref> Subsequently, the film was titled ''Raavan'' in Hindi, ''Raavanan'' in Tamil and ''Villain'' in Telugu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/mani-ratnam-raavanan-24-05-10.html |title=Why Mani Ratnam did not get the title? |website=Behindwoods |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021115055/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/mani-ratnam-raavanan-24-05-10.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref>

While the plot is inspired by ''Ramayana'', the story is narrated from Ravana's perspective making him the protagonist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/20/stories/2009032050020800.htm |title=Itsy Bitsy: Epic Effort |author=Nikhil Raghavan |date=20 March 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085140/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/20/stories/2009032050020800.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> The film is centered on the 'Ashokavanam' episode where Ravana kidnaps Sita and keeps her in Asokavanam. Later Rama ventures to save his wife and bring her back.

=== Casting ===
While Bachchan and Vikram were roped in for the contrasting leads in Hindi, Ratnam asked them to swap roles in Tamil.<ref name="Mani Ratnam" /> Though Bachchan agreed initially, he grew sceptical being unfamiliar with the language.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061157770100.htm |title=Ab tak Bachchan |author=Harshikaa Udasi |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083204/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/11/stories/2010061157770100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> Eventually [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] was cast in his place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-feel-like-a-beginner-Mani-Ratnam/article16258110.ece|title=I feel like a beginner: Mani Ratnam|date=18 June 2010|website=The Hindu|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170921072534/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/I-feel-like-a-beginner-Mani-Ratnam/article16258110.ece|archive-date=21 September 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref> Rai plays the female lead in both versions of the film.<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|url=http://www.moviewood.net/bollywood/upcoming-movies/raavan |title=Raavan preview |publisher=Moviewood |access-date=17 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423002045/http://www.moviewood.net/bollywood/upcoming-movies/raavan |archive-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref> After a brief hiatus, [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] made a comeback with this film, collaborating with Ratnam for the third time after ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' and ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second coming |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/05/28/stories/2010052850040100.htm |author=T. Krithika Reddy |access-date=15 October 2013 |date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016131333/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/05/28/stories/2010052850040100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] was cast in a prominent role, joining hands with Ratnam after ''Agni Natchathiram'' and ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42241.html |title=Prabhu on cloud nine |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062236/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/42241.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> While [[Priyamani]] was cast as Ravana's sister,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Abhisheks-sister-Not-me/articleshow/4950980.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-31/news-interviews/28202124_1_priya-mani-raavana-mani-ratnam |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Abhishek's sister? Not me! |author=Meena Iyer |date=31 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> [[Munna (actor)|Munna]] was signed up to play a role synonymous with Vibhishana.<ref>{{cite news |author=P Sangeetha |title=Ash liked my work: Munna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ash-liked-my-work-Munna/articleshow/6082276.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016091554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-24/news-interviews/28298704_1_raavanan-munna-wedding-reception |url-status=live |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 June 2010}}</ref> [[Bipasha Basu]] was to play the role of Mandodari,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bipasha-is-Ravana-Abhis-wife/articleshow/4988771.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-09/news-interviews/28103705_1_ravana-mandodari-bipasha-basu-s-homepage |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Bipasha is 'Ravana' Abhi's wife |author=Vickey Lalwani |date=9 September 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bipasha-basu-joins-the-cast-of--raavan-/518632/ |title=Bipasha Basu joins the cast of 'Raavan' |newspaper=The Indian Express |author=Geety Sahgal |date=18 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131142817/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bipasha-basu-joins-the-cast-of--raavan-/518632 |archive-date=31 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galatta.com/tamil/news/raavan-ashokavanam-bipasha-basu-as-mandodari/29944/ |title=Bipasha Basu as Mandodari |publisher=Galatta |author=Baiju NT |date=11 September 2009 |access-date=28 October 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022061217/http://www.galatta.com/tamil/news/raavan-ashokavanam-bipasha-basu-as-mandodari/29944/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was later scrapped to keep the film short.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bipashas-role-in-Raavan-scrapped/articleshow/5086653.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062910/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-05/news-interviews/28061686_1_bipasha-basu-bengali-beauty-film |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2013 |title=Bipasha's role in Raavan scrapped |author=Meena Iyer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/not-doing-raavan-an-amicable-decision-bipasha/article32205.ece |title=Not doing 'Raavan' an amicable decision: Bipasha |newspaper=The Hindu |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/not-doing-raavan-an-amicable-decision-bipasha/article32205.ece |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/bipasha-out-of-raavan-58035-2009-10-06 |title=Bipasha out of Raavan? |work=India Today |author=Dheeraj Juneja |date=7 October 2009 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210800/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Bipasha%2Bout%2Bof%2BRaavan/1/65176.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-09-03/raavan-13-10-09.html |title=No Mandodari in Raavan |website=Behindwoods |date=13 October 2009 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200543/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-09-03/raavan-13-10-09.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Likewise, singer [[Vidya Rao]]'s role as the mother of Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's character was also cut from the final version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood%2BMovies/articles/25647/Aditi%2BRao%2Bshines%2BDelhi%2B6%2Bsinks |title=Aditi Rao shines as Delhi 6 sinks - Bollywood Movies - Zimbio |website=www.zimbio.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104065829/http://www.zimbio.com/Bollywood%2BMovies/articles/25647/Aditi%2BRao%2Bshines%2BDelhi%2B6%2Bsinks |archive-date=4 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Comedian [[Vaiyapuri]] plays a transgender woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/44707.html |title=Vaiyapuri plays a transgender |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 February 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143504/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/44707.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

The cinematography was initially handled by [[V. Manikandan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110152090800.htm |title=Visuals speak |author=K. Jeshi |date=1 November 2008 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124413/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/11/01/stories/2008110152090800.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> but it was later taken over by [[Santosh Sivan]], when the former left the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47067.html |title=Santosh Sivan joins team 'Raavan' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=19 May 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520183212/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47067.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 }}</ref> The editing was done by Ratnam's regular, [[Sreekar Prasad]], since ''[[Alaipayuthey]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2010/11/02/stories/2010110250470300.htm |title=Master of montage |author=Subha J Rao |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124409/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2010/11/02/stories/2010110250470300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> Rai's costumes were exclusively designed by fashion designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261316 |title=Khadi's Refinement Lies in Its Humility |newspaper=Outlook India |author=Shefalee Vasudev |date=24 August 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819124426/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?261316 |archive-date=19 August 2009 }}</ref> Choreography was by [[Ganesh Acharya]], Brinda, [[Shobana]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/46349.html |title=Shobana turns Ash's choreographer |website=IndiaGlitz |date=17 April 2009 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201435/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/46349.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> and Astad Deboo. [[Peter Hein]] and Shyam Koushal choreographed the action sequences and [[Samir Chanda]] took care of production design.

=== Filming ===
The film was predominantly shot outdoors in various hitherto unseen locations in and around India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/southern-fare/1024672/ |title=Southern fare |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2012 |access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Shooting took place at Tumkur ([[Karnataka]]), [[Orchha]] near [[Jhansi]] and the forests of [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350180800.htm |title=Itsy Bitsy: Out in the woods |author=Nikhil Raghavan |date=23 January 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017003343/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/01/23/stories/2009012350180800.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Mahabaleshwar]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/07/stories/2010050750330100.htm |title=Raavan, a re-incarnation |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017002358/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/07/stories/2010050750330100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> It was also reported that Ratnam had planned to shoot at Sri Lanka<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090503/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_08.html |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Raavan' can turn a new chapter in Tourism |newspaper=Sunday Times |date=3 May 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193336/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090503/Magazine/sundaytimestvtimes_08.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegola.com/blog/2008/10/24/maniratnam-ashokavanam-to-shoot-in-srilanka/ |title=Maniratnam Ashokavanam to shoot in Srilanka |publisher=CineGola |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150923203532/http://www.cinegola.com/blog/2008/10/24/maniratnam-ashokavanam-to-shoot-in-srilanka/ |archive-date= 2015-09-23}}</ref> but decided against it owing to insurgency by the rebel group [[LTTE]].<ref name="Kerala" /> But Ratnam dismissed the reports as rumours.<ref name="Lanka" />

Principal photography commenced in October 2008, in the forests near [[Kochi]], Kerala. A few scenes were filmed at [[Athirappilly Falls]], Ratnam's favourite location. Incidentally, he has shot for the songs 'Jiya Jale' in ''[[Dil Se..]]'' and 'Barso Re' in ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' at the same location.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/07bach.htm |title=Ash, Abhishek to shoot in Kerala |publisher=Rediff |author=Gullu Gupshup |date=7 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050828/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/07bach.htm |archive-date=11 October 2008 }}</ref> Forest officials banned the shooting at [[Malayattoor]], an eco-tourism centre, for violating rules and constructing temporary huts,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/forest-officials-stop-film-shooting/article1354817.ece |title=Forest officials stop film shooting |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 October 2008 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/mani-ratnam-forced-to-cancel-shooting-in-kerala-31492-2008-10-13 |title=Mani Ratnam forced to cancel shooting in Kerala |newspaper=India Today |author=Nirmala Ravindran |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610230440/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Mani%2BRatnam%2Bforced%2Bto%2Bcancel%2Bshooting%2Bin%2BKerala/1/17513.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/mani-ratnam-violates-kerala-forest-rules-shooting-stopped_12951.html |title=Mani Ratnam violates Kerala forest rules, shooting stopped |publisher=Zee News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 October 2008 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195058/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/mani-ratnam-violates-kerala-forest-rules-shooting-stopped_12951.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=4733 |title=Conditional permission to Ratnam's film shoot in Kerala forest |publisher=Mathubhumi |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195659/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=4733 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2008/mani-ratnam-ravana-shooting-stopped-131008.html |title=Shooting of mani ratnam's Ravana banned |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193330/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2008/mani-ratnam-ravana-shooting-stopped-131008.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> delaying the shoot for 11 days until the issues were resolved on 22 October 2008, while laying down reworked rules.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1203433/report-mani-can-shoot-in-the-wilderness |title=Mani can shoot in the wilderness |newspaper=DNA India |author=Prithwish Ganguly |date=4 November 2008 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-04/mani-ratnam-22-10-08.html |title=Mani's Ravana secrets! |website=Behindwoods |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=10 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312105048/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/oct-08-04/mani-ratnam-22-10-08.html |archive-date=12 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topnews.in/shooting-mani-ratnam-s-raavan-resumes-after-forest-row-284939 |title=Shooting of Mani Ratnam's 'Raavan' resumes after forest row |publisher=TopNews |author=Ashok Rao |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> The second leg of the shooting at [[Ooty]] that began in December 2008 was also delayed as local cab drivers protested the use of film federation (FEFSI) vehicles which affected their business,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121850770300.htm |title=Confrontation over transport |date=18 December 2008 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017003656/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/18/stories/2008121850770300.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/more-problems-for-mani-ratnam-news-tamil-kkfs75dafdf.html |title=More problems for Mani Ratnam |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209224625/http://www.sify.com/movies/more-problems-for-mani-ratnam-news-tamil-kkfs75dafdf.html |archive-date= 9 December 2013 }}</ref> forcing a dejected Ratnam to call off the shoot temporarily and move on to [[Hogenakkal Falls]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=648060 |title=Mani Ratnam cancels film shooting after drivers' protest |publisher=Outlook India |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202143/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=648060 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/04/stories/2010070457780200.htm |title=Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots |author=S. Aishwarya |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017005736/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/04/stories/2010070457780200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> In February 2009, the crew advanced to [[Kolkata]] where the song 'Kalvare' was shot by the banks of [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] at [[Agarpara]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090215/jsp/frontpage/story_10538098.jsp |title=Raavan brings Sita to town: Ash -Abhi to shoot for Mani |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217135621/http://telegraphindia.com/1090215/jsp/frontpage/story_10538098.jsp |archive-date=17 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090224/jsp/entertainment/story_10580063.jsp |title=Missing in action: Abhishek! |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 February 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194642/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090224/jsp/entertainment/story_10580063.jsp |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090304/jsp/entertainment/story_10620058.jsp |title=Watching you! |newspaper=The Telegraph |author=Anindya Shankar Ray, Mohua Das |date=4 March 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090304/jsp/entertainment/story_10620058.jsp |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mani-ratnam-to-shoot-Ravana/articleshow/4129035.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018044710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-15/news-interviews/28047631_1_mani-ratnam-jute-mill-raavana |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2013 |title=Mani ratnam to shoot Ravana |author=Priyanka Dasgupta |date=15 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> Later, as the shooting resumed and progressed at Ooty, Ratnam fell ill in April 2009 and was hospitalised at [[Apollo Hospitals]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mani-walked-out-of-recording-into-hospital/articleshow/4409073.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018032039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-16/news-interviews/28030117_1_mani-ratnam-raavana-gulzar |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2013 |title=Mani walked out of recording... into hospital! |author=Subhash K Jha |date=16 April 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200904151510.htm |title=Mani Ratnam recovering after complaints of breathing problem |newspaper=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016121331/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200904151510.htm |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/16/stories/2009041654130400.htm |title=Mani Ratnam admitted to hospital |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016121452/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/16/stories/2009041654130400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref> causing a further delay of 47 days until filming resumed in June 2009 following his recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14891619 |title=Mani Ratnam shoots in Ooty! |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606212948/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=14891619 |archive-date= 6 June 2009 }}</ref> As the numerous delays affected his other projects, DOP Manikandan walked out in May and was replaced by Santosh Sivan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Manis-distress-call-to-Sivan/articleshow/4555083.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-20/news-interviews/28179584_1_mani-ratnam-santosh-sivan-raavana |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Mani's distress call to Sivan |author=Kunal M Shah, Bharti Dubey |date=20 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sreedhar Pillai |title=Raavanan happened by accident: Sivan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ravaan-happened-by-accident-Sivan/articleshow/6024285.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131015081550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-09/news-interviews/28279829_1_raavanan-mani-ratnam-films |url-status=live |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 June 2010}}</ref> By July, the crew moved back to Kerala,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ash-sets-aside-work-for-Amar-Singh/articleshow/4802267.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200746/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-21/news-interviews/28166381_1_amar-singh-illnesses-bachchans |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Ash sets aside work for Amar Singh |author=Subhash K Jha |date=21 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref> to reshoot a few scenes at [[Chalakudy]] as Ratnam was reportedly unsatisfied after seeing the rushes.<ref name="Lanka">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14887855&cid=2363 |title=Raavan goes to Chalakudy via Pollachi! |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 May 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226101901/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14887855&cid=2363 |archive-date=26 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/apr/030409-Abhishek-Mani-Ratnam-Raavan-Chalakudy-jungles.htm |title=Chalo Chalakudy! |publisher=Mid Day |author=Sonal Chawla |date=3 April 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184432/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/apr/030409-Abhishek-Mani-Ratnam-Raavan-Chalakudy-jungles.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> This time around, heavy rains played spoilsport leading to another delay in filming.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/archives/Rains-spoil-Raavan-s-mood/Article1-435790.aspx |title=Rains spoil Raavan's mood |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031151433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/archives/Rains-spoil-Raavan-s-mood/Article1-435790.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> Moreover, when an elephant brought for the shoot ran amok killing the mahout,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/48663.html |title=Mahot killed in 'Ravana' shooting |website=IndiaGlitz |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100305/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/48663.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> the Animal Welfare Board served a show cause notice to the production company (Madras Talkies) for not taking permission to use elephants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnams-ravan-ends-up-in-more-trouble/496415/ |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Ravan' ends up in more trouble |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907163601/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mani-ratnams-ravan-ends-up-in-more-trouble/496415 |archive-date= 7 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mani-ratnam-s-film-company-served-notice-6522 |title=Mani Ratnam's film company served notice |publisher=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 July 2009 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204055/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mani-ratnam-s-film-company-served-notice-6522 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

The film began its last schedule in August 2009 at the [[Malshej Ghat]]s in [[Maharashtra]] where the climax sequence was shot,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.galatta.com/tamil/news/raavan-climax-at-the-historic-malshej-ghat/30452/ |title=Raavan climax at the historic Malshej Ghat |publisher=Galatta |author=K. V. Vasudevan |date=25 September 2009 |access-date=28 October 2013}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> the final encounter taking place on a wooden bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2010/abhishek-vikram-raavan-020610.html |title=Abhishek, Vikram fight on wooden bridge in Raavan |work=Oneindia |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202406/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2010/abhishek-vikram-raavan-020610.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Production designer Samir Chanda built three identical bridges to facilitate the scene to be captured from different angles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article431783.ece |title=The story of 'Raavan's 3 bridges |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210415/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article431783.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1074 |title=3 bridges, 2500 planks for climactic bridge-fight in Raavan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212637/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1074 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Though initially planned to be built either in Sri Lanka, Australia or South Africa, the bridge was constructed in [[Mumbai]] to reduce costs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/abhi-carried-ash-to-the-raavan-bridge/article1-554332.aspx |title=Abhi carried Ash to the Raavan bridge |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Subhash K. Jha |date=7 June 2010 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/abhi-carried-ash-to-the-raavan-bridge/article1-554332.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=22&sectid=edid=&edlabel=BGMIR&mydateHid=20-08-2011&pubname=Mirror+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02201&publabel=MM |title=Gods needed him to redesign heaven |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Subhash K Jha |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706210636/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes |archive-date=6 July 2009 }}</ref> While bad weather and heavy rains disrupted shoot for a few days,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1193198/ |title=Bad weather causes further delay in Raavan shoot |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101015728/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1193198/ |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> the forest department filed cases against some crew members for trespassing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/20894/content/217589/F |title=Forest Dept files cases against 14 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195141/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/20894/content/217589/F |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepunekar.com/2009/08/24/mani-ratnams-film-ravan-in-trouble-in-the-forest-area-of-junnar-taluka/ |title=Mani Ratnam's film 'Ravan' in trouble in the forest area of Junnar taluka |publisher=The Punekar |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101002609/http://www.thepunekar.com/2009/08/24/mani-ratnams-film-ravan-in-trouble-in-the-forest-area-of-junnar-taluka/ |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> The film went into post-production by the end of 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/08/21/5419/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427042724/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/08/21/5419/ |title=Raavan embarks for last schedule, gears up for Apr–May'10 release |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Joginder Tuteja |date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=27 April 2010}}</ref>

Numerous action sequences were performed by the actors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66005/raavan-my-most-challenging-film.html |title=Raavan was my most challenging film to date: Abhishek Bachchan |newspaper=Deccan Herald |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=26 April 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101081302/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66005/raavan-my-most-challenging-film.html |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> The actors suffered from real cuts and bruises so they didn't need make up.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2010/jun/200610-vikram-aishwarya-rai-raavan-stunts-forest.htm |title=Shooting on the edge |publisher=Mid Day |author=Jigar Shah |agency=Bollywood News Service |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102215656/http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2010/jun/200610-vikram-aishwarya-rai-raavan-stunts-forest.htm |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/apr/060410-ash-bruised-on-sets.htm |title=Aishwarya bruised on Raavana sets |newspaper=Mid Day |date=6 April 2010 |access-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101051653/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/apr/060410-ash-bruised-on-sets.htm |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> For his introduction scene, the protagonist has to jump from a 90-foot high cliff near the Hogenakkal Falls into the river below.<ref>{{cite news |author=Prema Manmadhan |title=Ram-Ravanan up close |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ramravanan-up-close/article482473.ece |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 June 2010}}</ref> This risky dive was performed by a body double, Balram, a [[Bangalore]] based former national diving champion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1398387/report-raavan-so-who-is-the-real-hero |title=So who is the real hero? |agency=DNA India |author=Nandini Kumar |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015135705/http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1398387/report-raavan-so-who-is-the-real-hero |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Kalarippayattu]], a martial art form originating from Kerala, was also featured in the film. Sunil Kumar, a Kalari gym trainer from [[Kozhikode]], trained the actors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Where-the-stars-line-up-to-learn-Kalaripayattu/articleshow/5331724.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-13/chennai/28108255_1_kalaripayattu-malayalam-thiruvananthapuram |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Where the stars line up to learn Kalaripayattu |author=Priya M Menon |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2009}}</ref> Contemporary dancer Astad Deboo choreographed a stunt scene for the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ash-learns-new-steps/etarticleshow/4821931.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/news-interviews/28177183_1_aishwarya-rai-bachchan-s-homepage-ash-saroj-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Ash learns new steps! |author=Subhash K Jha |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article442139.ece |title=The dance choreographer who did a stunt scene |newspaper=The New Indian Express |author=Shilpa Krishnan |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185749/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article442139.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/deboo-choreographed-an-escape-sequence-in-raavan/619870/ |title=Deboo choreographed an escape sequence in Raavan |newspaper=The Indian Express |author=Dipti Nagpaul D'souza |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1293202/report-from-the-street-to-the-stage |title=from the street to the stage |newspaper=DNA India |author=Riddhi Doshi |date=26 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015062303/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1293202/report-from-the-street-to-the-stage |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref>

Vikram got his hair cropped short for his look and it was kept under wraps until the release.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/01/16/stories/2009011650130400.htm |title=Contagious caps |author=Nikhil Raghavan |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017010037/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/01/16/stories/2009011650130400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 October 2013 }}</ref> Supporting actor Munna tonsured his head and went bald for a scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57684.html |title=Munna tonsures for 'Raavanan' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=10 June 2010 |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021180135/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57684.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 }}</ref> Rai was training in Tamil to voice her lines. While Ratnam was impressed with her Tamil and had planned to let her dub,<ref>{{cite news|author=Prithwish Ganguly |title=Mani floored by Ash's Tamil talk |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1216461/report-mani-floored-by-ash-s-tamil-talk |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=DNA India |date=24 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024812/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1216461/report-mani-floored-by-ash-s-tamil-talk |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ash-dubs-in-Tamil/articleshow/5793890.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210508/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-13/news-interviews/28128182_1_tamil-film-dubbing-aishwarya-rai |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Ash dubs in Tamil |author=Subhash K Jha |date=13 April 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aishwarya dubs in Tamil for 'Raavanan' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56119.html |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144915/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56119.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pichumani |title=Aish's voice in 'Ashokavanam' |url=http://www.kollynews.com/kollywood/aish%E2%80%99s-voice-in-%E2%80%98ashokavanam%E2%80%99/comment-page-6 |publisher=kollynews |date=27 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024340/http://www.kollynews.com/kollywood/aish%E2%80%99s-voice-in-%E2%80%98ashokavanam%E2%80%99/comment-page-6 |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> actress [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], who had earlier dubbed for Rai in ''[[Iruvar]]'' and ''Guru'', ended up lending her voice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58554.html |title=The other face of Rohini |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183727/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58554.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Meera Srinivasan |title=Success of dubbing artist lies in not letting audience know who you are |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/14/stories/2010071450740200.htm |access-date=15 October 2013 |date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016121455/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/14/stories/2010071450740200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Raavanan (soundtrack)}}[[Mani Ratnam]]'s norm composer [[A. R. Rahman]], was roped in to compose the film's soundtrack, collaborating with actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] after a gap of 16 years, since ''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]'' (1994). The soundtrack album which was released by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] on 28 May 2010,<ref>{{cite web|author=Indiaglitz|year=2010|title='Raavanan' music soft launched|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56741.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507045724/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/56741.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2010|access-date=28 May 2010|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|date=22 April 2010|title=Sony Music grabs Raavanan audio!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14939324&cid=2363|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104033401/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14939324&cid=2363|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2014|access-date=30 October 2013|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Audio Rights">{{cite web|author=RadioandMusic|year=2010|title=Sony Music on acquisition spree, laps up five projects|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/sony-music-acquisition-spree-laps-five-projects|access-date=2010-04-27|publisher=RadioandMusic}}</ref> features six songs with lyrics penned by [[Vairamuthu]], except for the song "Veera", which was penned by [[Mani Ratnam]] himself. The same soundtrack was used for the Hindi version of the film, titled ''[[Raavan (soundtrack)|Raavan]]'', and the dubbed Telugu version of the film ''Villain'', with the lyrics for the former was penned by [[Gulzar]] and the latter was penned by [[Veturi]], which is his last work before his death in May 2010. While the audio rights of both Tamil and dubbed Telugu version was released by Sony Music,<ref name="Audio Rights" /> the Hindi version was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web|author=RadioandMusic|year=2010|title=T-Series gets audio rights of Rahman's Raavan|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/t-series-gets-audio-rights-rahmans-raavan|access-date=2010-04-07|publisher=RadioandMusic}}</ref> While the album has six songs in total, five additional songs, which were featured in the movie was released as a collectors's edition special pack on 10 November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Raavanan Collector's edition is released|url=http://600024.com/store/raavanan-cd-dvd-premium-pack-tamil-audio-video-cd-dvd|access-date=10 November 2010|publisher=60024.com|archive-date=23 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423100622/http://600024.com/store/raavanan-cd-dvd-premium-pack-tamil-audio-video-cd-dvd|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Raavanan additional tracks|url=http://www.arrahman.com/v2/discography/films-tamil-raavanan.html|publisher=A.R.Rahman Official website|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-date=30 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530075315/http://www.arrahman.com/v2/discography/films-tamil-raavanan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Marketing ===
A 10 min teaser was released for a promo event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/17/stories/2010051751040800.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010071505/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/17/stories/2010051751040800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 October 2013 |title=The run-up to Raavanan |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=17 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/15/stories/2010051562420200.htm |title=Raavanan crew share their experiences |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920184829/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/15/stories/2010051562420200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 September 2011 }}</ref> The film look was unveiled at Cannes Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/14/stories/2010051466372200.htm |title=Cannes fete off to a start with 'Robin Hood' |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120816/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/14/stories/2010051466372200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 6 April 2012 }}</ref> ''Villain'' promotion in Andhra.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/18/stories/2010061859830200.htm |title='One-woman show' disappoints |author=Yogendra Kalavalapalli |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921002253/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/18/stories/2010061859830200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref>

=== Film festival screenings ===
The film screened at 67th [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raavanan-enthralls-Venice/articleshow/6619754.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711025851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-25/news-interviews/28220422_1_mani-ratnam-filmmaker-award-suhasini |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Raavanan enthralls Venice |author=Asish Samanta |access-date=25 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/showcasing-raavan-in-venice/20100907.htm |title=Showcasing Raavan in Venice |publisher=Rediff |date=7 September 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101025128/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/showcasing-raavan-in-venice/20100907.htm |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> The film was well received at [[Venice]] where the audience gave it a thunderous applause after it was screened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/raavan-and-raavanan-a-big-hit-in-film-festivals/1935.htm |title=Raavan and Raavanan a big hit in film festivals |publisher=Bollywood Trade |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031212354/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/raavan-and-raavanan-a-big-hit-in-film-festivals/1935.htm |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> The master filmmaker was honoured with the [[Jaeger-LeCoultre]] Glory to the Filmmaker Award, an award shared by the likes of legends like Takeshi Kitano, Abbas Kiarostami and Sylvester Stallone.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Raavanan-goes-to-Korea/articleshow/6691892.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503103152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-06/news-interviews/28244828_1_raavanan-filmmaker-award-suhasini-and-vikram |url-status=live |archive-date=3 May 2012 |title=Raavanan goes to Korea |author=P Sangeetha |access-date=6 October 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mani-ratnam-honoured-at-venice-film-festival/20100908.htm |title=Mani Ratnam honoured at Venice Film Festival |publisher=Rediff |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101031101/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mani-ratnam-honoured-at-venice-film-festival/20100908.htm |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-abhi-ash-cheer-for-mani-ratnam/20100518.htm |title=Ash, Abhishek cheer for Mani Ratnam in Cannes |publisher=Rediff |date=18 May 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101025659/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-abhi-ash-cheer-for-mani-ratnam/20100518.htm |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> Later, the film has been screened at the [[15th Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raavanan-at-pusan-festival/article819816.ece |title=Raavanan at Pusan festival |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213915/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raavanan-at-pusan-festival/article819816.ece |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/05/stories/2010110550730100.htm |title=French star steals the show |author=Lekha J. Shankar |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222121/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/05/stories/2010110550730100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/raavanan-at-pusan-international-film-festival-58042 |title=Raavanan at Pusan International Film Festival |publisher=NDTV |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108235325/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/raavanan-at-pusan-international-film-festival-58042 |archive-date= 8 November 2013 }}</ref> Indian Panorama Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/04/stories/2011030450260400.htm |title=Port calling: Indian Panorama Film Festival |author=Ziya Us Salam |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221431/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/03/04/stories/2011030450260400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> The film was premiered at the 10th Annual Mahindra [[Indo-American Arts Council]] Film Festival in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/raavanan-will-be-screened-at-miaac-2010_100446882.html |title=Raavanan Will Be Screened at MIAAC 2010 |publisher=Thaindian |author=Sampurn Wire |work=Thaindian News |date=20 October 2010 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210129/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/raavanan-will-be-screened-at-miaac-2010_100446882.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaac.us/MIAAC2010/raavanan/ |title=Tenth Annual MIAAC Film Festival |work=iaac |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211044/http://www.iaac.us/MIAAC2010/raavanan/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 }} Tenth Annual MIAAC Film Festival</ref> ''Jim Luce'' praised mani ratnam's work and mentioned 'Raavanan is a must see international film of 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/mani-ratnams-raavanan-the_b_784529.html |title=Mani Ratnam's Raavanan: The Must-See International Film of 2010 |newspaper=HuffPost |author=Jim Luce |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119035936/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/mani-ratnams-raavanan-the_b_784529.html |archive-date=19 November 2010 }}</ref> 29th San Francisco Asian American Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/mani-rathnam-raavanan-19-02-11.html |title=Raavanan still a favorite |website=Behindwoods |date=19 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042820/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-03/mani-rathnam-raavanan-19-02-11.html |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://caam.gala-engine.com/2011/films-events/program/raavanan/ |title=San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival |publisher=[[Center for Asian American Media]] |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101094453/http://caam.gala-engine.com/2011/films-events/program/raavanan/ |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref>

=== Theatrical release ===
Prior to its release, the film was given a [[U certificate (India)|"U" (Universal) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] without cuts.<ref>{{cite web |title=All three versions of Raavan cleared |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-02/raavanan-vikram-mani-ratnam-07-06-10.html |website=Behindwoods |access-date=17 August 2021 |date=7 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz |title=13 days to Raavanan- Triple delight for Mani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/13-days-to-raavanan-triple-delight-for-mani-news-tamil-kkfq2mcjdjd.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920171906/http://www.sify.com/movies/13-days-to-raavanan-triple-delight-for-mani-news-tamil-kkfq2mcjdjd.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref> ''Raavanan'' released in 375 screens worldwide. The overseas distribution rights of ''Raavanan'' was sold for a record price of $1.5 million to Ayngaran International.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/10-days-to-raavanan-overseas-sold-news-tamil-kkfq1qaceaa.html |title=10 Days to Raavanan  - Overseas sold! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008164418/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-days-to-raavanan-overseas-sold-news-tamil-kkfq1qaceaa.html |archive-date= 8 October 2012 }}</ref> ''Raavanan'' was previewed at the Devi-Sri Devi Cinema Complex in Chennai, where it received a standing ovation by film personalities including [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57924.html |title=Rajini sees 'Raavanan' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621055739/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/57924.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/58018.html |title=Rajnikant gives standing ovation to 'Raavanan' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102131835/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/58018.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14945861 |title=Rajinikanth watches Raavanan |website=[[Sify]] |author=Moviebuzz |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108082451/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14945861 |archive-date= 8 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-03/rajnikanth-raavan-vikram-18-06-10.html |title=Rajnikanth on Raavanan |website=Behindwoods |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102093230/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-10-03/rajnikanth-raavan-vikram-18-06-10.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> The film was also previewed at [[INOX Leisure|INOX]] and was attended by celebrities from tinsel town.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2010/06/20/stories/2010062050090300.htm |title=The 10 headed monster reborn |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Dev |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010071456/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2010/06/20/stories/2010062050090300.htm|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> It was released worldwide on 18 June 2010,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/15/stories/2010061561530200.htm |title=Raavanan set to hit the screens on Friday |author=S. Aishwarya |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527192359/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/15/stories/2010061561530200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=27 May 2011 }}</ref> in 375 Screens (225 Screens in India and 150 Screens Overseas).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Raavan-to-hit-2200-screens-worldwide-today/Article1-559198.aspx |title=Raavan to hit 2200 screens worldwide today |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=17 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214111/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Raavan-to-hit-2200-screens-worldwide-today/Article1-559198.aspx |archive-date=20 June 2010 }}</ref> 'The Telugu version ''Villain'' released with 215 screens in Andhra and 25 screens overseas. In the US, it was distributed by Big Cinemas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/tamil-telugu-versions-of-raavan-to-release-in-us/article1-556611.aspx |title=Tamil, Telugu versions of Raavan to release in US |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=12 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101024955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/tamil-telugu-versions-of-raavan-to-release-in-us/article1-556611.aspx |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/big-cinemas-release-raavanan-and-villain-usa |title=BIG cinemas to release RAAVANAN and VILLAIN in USA |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=12 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211847/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/big-cinemas-release-raavanan-and-villain-usa |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/big-cinemas-to-release-raavanan-and-villain-in-usa/index.htm |title=BIG cinemas to release RAAVANAN and VILLAIN in USA |publisher=Bollywood Trade |date=11 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031211904/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/big-cinemas-to-release-raavanan-and-villain-in-usa/index.htm |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> The satellite rights for the film were acquired by [[Raj TV]] for $1.1 million.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 June 2010|title=Jaya TV grabs Raavanan for record price|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raj-tv-grabs-raavanan-for-record-price-news-tamil-kkfqywhahdg.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008164101/http://www.sify.com/movies/raj-tv-grabs-raavanan-for-record-price-news-tamil-kkfqywhahdg.html|archive-date=8 October 2012|access-date=4 August 2012|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews. {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=68|count=19|average=6|ref=yes}}

Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called ''Ravanan'' a "masterstroke".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article474237.ece |title=A masterstroke yet again |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Malathi Rangarajan |date=19 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201122934/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article474237.ece |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> A. Srivathsan said that it was "Rai's most genuine performance till date".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/07/11/stories/2010071150200500.htm |title=Promises not kept |author=A. Srivathsan |date=11 July 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162654/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/07/11/stories/2010071150200500.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> Deepak Kumaar's review.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raavanan-revisiting-an-epic/article482175.ece |title=Raavanan – revisiting an epic |newspaper=The Hindu |author=J. M. Deepak Kumaar |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102191300/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/raavanan-revisiting-an-epic/article482175.ece |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> Hindustan Times review.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Gautaman-Bhaskaran-s-Review-Raavanan/Article1-560002.aspx |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's Review: Raavanan |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023235812/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-raavanan/article1-560002.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> The [[CNN-IBN]] stated that "The film is certainly not the best from Mani Ratnam's [[Madras Talkies]], but it can't be dismissed as shabby. Even if this Raavanan has no shades of grey, overall the film falls under the greyish form of art from Mani Ratnam enterprises, and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] plays the strong woman who does not fear her kidnapper. Her performance is worth a mention but her male co-stars steal the show".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-vikram-prithviraj-excel-in-raavanan/124825-47-92.html |title=Vikram, Prithviraj excel in 'Raavanan' |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |author=Renju Joseph |access-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624012758/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-vikram-prithviraj-excel-in-raavanan/124825-47-92.html |archive-date=24 June 2010 }}</ref> IANS praises Mani Ratnam's style, but calls some of the performances "inadequate".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/Raavanan-compelling-tale-of-modern-day-Sita-s-plight-IANS-Tamil-Film-Review-Rating-1-2-news-National-kgtrOvddfdi.html |title='Raavanan'  - compelling tale of modern-day Sita's plight |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019160116/http://www.sify.com/news/Raavanan-compelling-tale-of-modern-day-Sita-s-plight-IANS-Tamil-Film-Review-Rating-1-2-news-National-kgtrOvddfdi.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Twitch Film]] review.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twitchfilm.com/2011/02/raavanan-uk-bluray-review.html |title=Raavanan UK BluRay review |author=Matthew Lee |publisher=Twitch film |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101061147/http://twitchfilm.com/2011/02/raavanan-uk-bluray-review.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> Madurai Messenger review.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/july/raavanan/ |title=Raavanan: Old Wine in New Bottle |newspaper=Madurai Messenger |author=Allen Worwood Somerset |date=July 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101085808/http://www.maduraimessenger.org/printed-version/2010/july/raavanan/ |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> Rai's performance was also noted as a highlight of the film according to Rediff, with her performance placing her in a "different league" than other Bollywood actresses.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |title=Vikram's Raavanan is better, as is Prithviraj's Dev |publisher=Rediff |author=Saisuresh Sivaswamy |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505051700/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/18/review-raavanan-is-better-than-raavan.htm |archive-date= 5 May 2016 }}</ref> Indiaglitz praised the music, cast, dialogues and cinematography, but stated that the first half was "an utter waste of film reels".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/10848.html |title=Raavanan – Ten Faced Persona |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022201214/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/10848.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 }}</ref> The cinematography was called "brilliant" by Behindwoods, although they found a "lack of 'Tamil' feel in the film and its music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/raavanan-movie-review.html |title=Raavanan - Movie Review |website=Behindwoods |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609101553/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/raavanan-movie-review.html |archive-date= 9 June 2012 }}</ref> [[Sify]] rated the film as above average and noted "the film's best-written role, Aishwarya Rai has made a sensational comeback as Ragini, is mesmeric and has come out with an award-winning performance. [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] is the ideal foil for Vikram, and is good. The movie lacks the Mani Ratnam touch in the story and screenplay department, and has a wobbly first half, where the story just does not move. The last 10 minutes are the best part of this 2 hours 7 minutes film".<ref name="Sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/raavanan-review-not-among-mani-s-best-review-tamil-14945831.html |title=Raavanan: Not among Mani's best |website=[[Sify]] |author=Moviebuzz |access-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628205850/http://www.sify.com/movies/raavanan-review-not-among-mani-s-best-review-tamil-14945831.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> Film critic Sudhish Kamath review.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudhishkamath.com/2010/06/21/raavanraavanan-epic-vacuity/ |title=Raavanan: Epic Vacuity |author=Sudhish Kamath |work=Cometh The Hour, Kamath The Man |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101020104/http://sudhishkamath.com/2010/06/21/raavanraavanan-epic-vacuity/ |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref>

The Tamil version was regarded as the better version of the film in comparison to the Hindi version ''Raavan'',<ref name="Rediff" /> with critics particularly applauding the lead performances and the technical work of the film.<ref name="Sify" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/south-tamil-movie-review-raavanan.htm |title=Raavanan is all style, little substance |publisher=[[Rediff]] |author=Pavithra Srinivasan |access-date=18 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621074651/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/18/south-tamil-movie-review-raavanan.htm |archive-date=21 June 2010 }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
Unlike its Hindi counterpart, which tanked at the box office, the Tamil version tasted success in the South.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |title=Limelight - Going places |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=10 October 2010 |date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619094839/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040099.jsp |archive-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/25/stories/2010062550220100.htm |title=It's a bear run out there |author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101142826/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/06/25/stories/2010062550220100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref> During its opening weekend on 15 screens in Chennai, it was the number one film and netted {{INRConvert|9|m}}, an opening weekend record then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14946268&cid=13525926 |title=Chennai Box Office – June 18 to 25 |website=[[Sify]] |author=Movie Buzz |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019160326/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14946268&cid=13525926 |archive-date=19 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=22153&z=4 |title=Reliance: Raavan collects 38 crore, Raavanan: 11 crore; Final public verdict |publisher=IBOS network |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Though the film opened to packed houses, it slumped a little due to mixed reviews but later picked up following a local holiday.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/A-big-relief-for-Raavanan/articleshow/6102103.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101034719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-29/news-interviews/28296333_1_raavanan-cds-coimbatore |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=A big relief for Raavanan! |agency=TNN |date=29 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> The film collected $8 million at the box office in the first month of release<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-raavanan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624220222/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-raavanan.html |title=Chennai Box Office Collections |website=Behindwoods |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-date=24 June 2010}}</ref> including $400,000 from Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14946787 |title=Mani's Raavanan rocks Kerala! |website=[[Sify]] |author=Movie Buzz |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629074503/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14946787 |archive-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14946304&cid=2359 |title=Raavan performs better on Mani Ratnam's home turf |newspaper=Business Standard |date=22 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625052354/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14946304&cid=2359 |archive-date=25 June 2010 }}</ref> It went on to make over {{INR}} 600 million at the worldwide box office and remained one of the top Tamil grossers of the year.<ref name="Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/raavanan.html |title=2010 — Top 20 Movies in Chennai Box office |website=Behindwoods |access-date=27 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051204/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/box-office-2010/raavanan.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Uk opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://industry.bfi.org.uk/article/16856/UK-Box-Office-18---20-June-2010 |title=UK Box Office: 18 – 20 June 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112191429/http://industry.bfi.org.uk/article/16856/UK-Box-Office-18---20-June-2010 |archive-date=12 November 2012 }}</ref> UK boxoffice second week.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2010/06/30/movies/boxoffice/weekend_uk/index.html |title=UK Box office: Weekend of June 25, 2010 – June 27, 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Nielsen EDI, Inc |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> New York boxoffice.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2010/06/30/movies/boxoffice/weekend_ny/index.html |title=New York City Box office: Weekend of June 25, 2010 – June 27, 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Nielsen EDI, Inc |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenrush.co.uk/films/film-182637/box-office/ |title=Raavanan: Box-Office |publisher=Screenrush |access-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101010833/http://www.screenrush.co.uk/films/film-182637/box-office/ |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
It was agreed the film would be screened in Bangalore across 21 screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raavan-to-play-in-only-24-screens-in-bangalore/20100618.htm |title=Raavan to play in only 24 theatres in Bangalore |work=Rediff.com |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310155408/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/raavan-to-play-in-only-24-screens-in-bangalore/20100618.htm |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref> When both the versions were screened in more centres, the Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce (KFCC) approached the court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010062252900500.htm&date=2010/06/22/&prd=th& |title=KFCC moves court over film release |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010071534/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010062252900500.htm&date=2010/06/22/&prd=th&|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> The film chamber banned the exhibition completely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14945348&cid=2363 |title=4 Days to Raavanan- Bad news from B'lore! |website=[[Sify]] |author=Moviebuzz |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412173301/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14945348&cid=2363 |archive-date=12 April 2014 }}</ref> The Competition Commission of India (CCI), in an interim order, stayed the chamber ban and permitted Reliance Big Entertainment Limited (RBEL) to exhibit the film in 36 cinemas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/KFCC-barred-from-stopping-Raavan-show/articleshow/6065843.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131015081653/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-19/bangalore/28315486_1_kfcc-karnataka-film-chamber-raavanan |url-status=live |archive-date=15 October 2013 |title=KFCC barred from stopping Raavan show |agency=TNN |date=19 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> This order was to be in effect till 22 June 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010062954030400.htm&date=2010/06/29/&prd=th& |title=Raavan is now out of court |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010071451/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010062954030400.htm&date=2010/06/29/&prd=th&|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/19/stories/2010061965110100.htm |title=Competition Commission to Raavan's rescue |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920074144/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/19/stories/2010061965110100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 September 2011 }}</ref>

The film also created a furore in [[Sri Lanka]]. Since Amitabh Bachchan, Abhishek and Aishwarya boycotted ([[protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War]]) the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] awards that was held in Sri Lanka, the film release was protested and theatres were torched.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/world-news/protests-against-raavanan-lanka |title=Protests against 'Raavanan' in Lanka |newspaper=[[The Navhind Times]]|date=21 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101105245/http://www.navhindtimes.in/world-news/protests-against-raavanan-lanka |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2010/06/23/raavanan-and-ravana/ |title=Raavanan and Ravana |newspaper=The Diplomat |author=N. V. Subramanian |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015157/https://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2010/06/23/raavanan-and-ravana/ |archive-date= 6 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-20/news/27626753_1_iifa-tamil-nadu-raavanan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101035056/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-06-20/news/27626753_1_iifa-tamil-nadu-raavanan |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title='Raavanan' faces protests in Sri Lanka, theatre torched |newspaper=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lanka-theatre-torched-ahead-of-raavanan/124883-8-68.html |title=Lanka theatre torched ahead of Raavanan |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206192935/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lanka-theatre-torched-ahead-of-raavanan/124883-8-68.html |archive-date= 6 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/raavanan-faces-protests-in-sri-lanka-theatre-torched-76994-2010-06-19 |title=Raavanan faces protests in Sri Lanka, theatre torched |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 June 2010 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031225057/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/raavanan-faces-protests-in-sri-lanka%2C-theatre-torched/1/102293.html |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> Films of those who attended IIFA in Sri Lanka were banned in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article439770.ece |title=Hey Ram! Raavanan escapes industry ban |newspaper=The New Indian Express |author=Sharadha Narayanan |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104073828/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article439770.ece |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref>

== Accolades==
''Raavanan'' was one among the films shortlisted for India's submission to the Academy Awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010092557151700.htm&date=2010/09/25/&prd=th& |title=Peepli Live is India's official entry for Oscars |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131010071451/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2010092557151700.htm&date=2010/09/25/&prd=th&|archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Peepli-Live-deserved-it-K-town/articleshow/6626460.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101035810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-26/news-interviews/28249986_1_peepli-live-film-raavanan |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Peepli Live deserved it: K-town |agency=TNN |date=26 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> V. Manikandan was nominated for Best Cinematography award in the Asia Pacific Screen Awards (APSA).<ref>{{cite news|agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=India gets five nominations at Asia Pacific Screen Awards |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/105505/india-gets-five-nominations-asia.html |access-date=15 October 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=18 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212908/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/105505/india-gets-five-nominations-asia.html |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article277139.ece |title=Raavanan is awarded, after being a flop |newspaper=The New Indian Express |author=Sampurn Wire |date=2 November 2010 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104065359/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article277139.ece |archive-date= 4 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/4029-raavanan-reaches-apsa-award-nominations |title=Raavanan reaches APSA award nominations |publisher=88db.com |access-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102185038/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/4029-raavanan-reaches-apsa-award-nominations |archive-date=2 November 2013 }}</ref> The film was praised by Indian politician Muthuvel Karunanidhi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Vikram-is-loaded-with-accolades/articleshow/6607445.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101034804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-23/news-interviews/28234673_1_vikram-accolades-raavanan |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Vikram is loaded with accolades |agency=TNN |date=23 September 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> The film was added to the Austrian Film Museum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mani-ratnams-raavanan-part-of-austrian-film-museum/235553-8-68.html |title=Mani Ratnam's 'Raavanan' part of Austrian Film Museum |publisher=CNN-IBN |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005070544/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mani-ratnams-raavanan-part-of-austrian-film-museum/235553-8-68.html |archive-date= 5 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aishwarya-s-raavanan-in-austrian-film-museum-2012-03-04-1.446304 |title=Aishwarya's 'Raavanan' in Austrian Film Museum |newspaper=Emirates 24/7 |date=4 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101232831/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/aishwarya-s-raavanan-in-austrian-film-museum-2012-03-04-1.446304 |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/ratnams-raavanan-part-of-austrian-film-museum_100601601.html |title=Ratnam's 'Raavanan' part of Austrian Film Museum |publisher=Thaindian News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=1 March 2012 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030214339/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/ratnams-raavanan-part-of-austrian-film-museum_100601601.html |archive-date=30 October 2013 }}</ref> Peter Heins was nominated at the World Stunt Awards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Peter-Heins-nominated-for-World-Stunt-Awards/articleshow/8266841.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101035345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-12/news-interviews/29535934_1_filmfare-award-raavan-magnum-opus |url-status=live |archive-date=1 November 2013 |title=Peter Heins nominated for World Stunt Awards |date=12 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/9608-stunt-master-peter-hein-nominated-for-taurus-world-stunt-award |title=Stunt master Peter Hein nominated for Taurus World Stunt Award |publisher=88db.com |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101044128/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/9608-stunt-master-peter-hein-nominated-for-taurus-world-stunt-award |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/peter-heins-nominated-taurus-world-stunt-award-051218784.html |title=Peter Heins nominated for Taurus World Stunt Award |publisher=Galatta |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101074354/http://in.news.yahoo.com/peter-heins-nominated-taurus-world-stunt-award-051218784.html |archive-date= 1 November 2013 }}</ref>

; [[58th Filmfare Awards South]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |title=Vedam wins big at Filmfare Awards (South) 2011 |publisher=Rediff |date=4 July 2011 |access-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811090835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |archive-date=11 August 2015 }}</ref>

* Won – Filmfare Best Actor Award – Vikram<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Mani-sir-I-owe-you-one/articleshow/9097062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-04/news-interviews/29735307_1_raavanan-mani-chiyaan-vikram |url-status=live |archive-date=21 September 2012 |title=Mani sir, I owe you one |agency=TNN |date=4 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>
* Won – Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer – Karthik
* Nominated – Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Prithviraj

; [[5th Vijay Awards]]

* Won – Best Actor Award – Vikram
* Nominated – Best Actress Award – Aishwarya Rai Bachchan
* Nominated – Best Cinematographer – Santhosh Sivan
* Nominated – Best Male Playback Singer – Karthik
* Nominated – Best Female Playback Singer – Anuradha Sriram
* Nominated – Best Female Playback Singer – Shreya Ghoshal
* Nominated – Favorite Director – Mani Ratnam
* Nominated – Favorite Actress – Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

; [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* Won – Best Actor Award – Vikram <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2009-to-2014-presented-to-winners-heres-the-list-of-winners/article65849429.ece | title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2009 to 2014 presented to winners; here's the list of winners | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 September 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.raavan-thefilm.com/tamil.html}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* [https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=MY&id=_fRAAVANAN01 ''Raavanan''] at [[Box Office Mojo]]

{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{Madras Talkies}}
{{Authority control}}

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Sheetal Nanda

2026-04-05T12:25:07Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer from Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheetal Nanda
| image = Sheetal nanda photo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sheetal Nanda in 2020
| birth_name = Jammu (1975)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| education = [[University of Jammu]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| known_for =
| spouse =
| awards = Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daily |first=Excelsior |date=21 February 2026 |orig-date=22 April, 2022 |title=PM confers Civil Services award to 5 IAS officers from J&K, Ladakh, Sheetal Nanda Honoured |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-confers-civil-services-award-to-5-ias-officers-from-jk-ladakh/|work=Daily Excelsior Jammu}}</ref>
}}
'''Sheetal Nanda''' is a senior [[Indian people|Indian ]] civil servant of the AGMUT cadre ([[Arunachal Pradesh]]–[[Goa]]–[[Mizoram]] and [[Union territory|Union Territories]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=The |first=Secretariat |date=21 February 2026 |title=Sheetal Nanda (IAS {{!}} A G M U T {{!}} 2006) |url=https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/sheetal-nanda-01jk010700 |website=The Secretariat In}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://thesecretariat.in/bureautrack/sheetal-nanda-01jk010700|title=IAS Sheetal Nanda Biography: Current Posting, Age, Cadre, Batch & More|website=The secretariat}}</ref> She secured 43rd rank in the [[Civil Services Examination]] (CSE) 2006, marking the beginning of career in public administration. She currently serves as the Commissioner/Secretary to the Government, Forest, Ecology & Environment Department, Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The |first=Straight Line |date=21 February 2026 |title=When Sheetal Nanda cracked IAS |url=https://straightlinemag.com/when-sheetal-nanda-cracked-ias/ |website=straightlinemag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Supremo |first=Nic In |date=21 February 2026 |title=Complete Bio Data Ms. Sheetal Nanda , IAS |url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=MTcyNTY=&PageId= |website=supremo.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="auto">https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=MTcyNTY=&PageId=</ref> In recognition of her exemplary service and impactful leadership, Sheetal Nanda was honoured in 2022 with the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]'s Award for Excellence in Public Administration, 2019, under the Innovation (General) category.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="dailyexcelsior.com">{{Cite web | title=PM confers Civil Services award to 5 IAS officers from J&K, Ladakh - Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-confers-civil-services-award-to-5-ias-officers-from-jk-ladakh/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421220016/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-confers-civil-services-award-to-5-ias-officers-from-jk-ladakh/ | access-date=2026-02-28 | archive-date=2022-04-21}}</ref><ref> https://jksocialforestry.in/forestry/files/index.asp</ref>

== Early life ==
Born on September,7th in 1975, in [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], she holds a [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] degree from [[University of Jammu]].<ref name="auto1"/> Proficient in English and Hindi, Nanda brings her expertise and experience to her current role, contributing significantly to the governance and administration of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/6-ias-officers-adjusted-shifted/|title=6 IAS officers adjusted, shifted|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=December 28, 2024}}</ref>

== Career==
[[File:PM award to Sheetal Nanda in Public Administration.jpg|thumb|left|Prime Minister's award to Sheetal Nanda in Public Administration]]
She began her administrative career in August 2008 as [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM) under the Land Revenue Management and District Administration cadre. Serving in the Junior Scale until October 2010.
From October 2010 to July 2012, Sheetal Nanda served as [[Additional Deputy Commissioner]], Jammu. In July 2012, she transitioned to the Civil Secretariat as Additional Secretary to the Government in the Power Department, a position she held until February 2014. Her next assignment, from February 2014 to January 2015, was as managing director (Medical), Jammu, under the Health & Family Welfare/Medical Services cadre. From January 2015 to March 2018 Sheetal Nanda's appointment as [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]], [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/cabinet-orders-reshuffle-in-administration-2/|title=Cabinet orders reshuffle in administration|first=Daily|last=Excelsior|date=March 20, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, she was posted as Secretary in the Rural Development Department, where she served until 16 March 2021.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sheetal-nanda-unveils-series-of-initiatives-for-pahari-speaking-community/ </ref> Later she was posted in Social Welfare Department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheetal Nanda has been transferred as Secretary Forest J&K |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails/mrs-sheetal-nanda-ias-has-been-transferred-as-secretary-forest-j-k-ut-administration |website=witnessinthecorridors com}}</ref>From December 2024, Sheetal Nanda,has been serving as Commissioner/Secretary to the Forest, Ecology and Environment Department, [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=J&K Govt Orders |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/12/27/six-ias-officers-shifted/ |website=Kashmir Observer Net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheetal Nanda flags off a group of 250 youths to Jaipur |url=https://risingkashmir.com/sheetal-nanda-flags-off-a-group-of-250-youths-to-jaipur-new-delhi-under-watan-ko-jano-youth-exchange-program/ |website=Rising Kashmir Com}}</ref>

==External links==
* '' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cDyod666XA Sheetal Nanda interview on YouTube]''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqmuNvmJd2I Sheetal Nanda, Secretary, Department Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, Jammu and Kashmir on YouTube]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Sheetal Nanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Angammal

2026-03-29T00:17:12Z

Itsniraj175: Created Some Stub Initial Version

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Angammal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vipin Radhakrishnan
| writer =
| screenplay = Vipin Radhakrishnan Sudhakar
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Kodithuni''|Perumal Murugan}}
| producer = Shamsudeen Khalid
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Geetha Kailasam]]
*[[Saran Shakthi]]
*Thendral Raghunathan
*[[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anjoy Samuel
| editing = Pradeep Shankar
| music = [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
| studio = Njoy Films Firo Movie Station
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|19|df=yes|[[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]]|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/angammal-has-a-relevant-story-says-filmmaker-vipin-radhakrishnan-on-adapting-perumal-murugans-work-809825|title=‘If content is strong, films naturally transcend languages’|first=Niranjan|last=A|date=4 November 2024|website=www.dtnext.in}}</ref>|2025|12|5|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Angammal''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Vipin Radhakrishnan and starring [[Geetha Kailasam]] in the titular role alongside [[Saran Shakthi]], Thendral Raghunathan and [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]].

The film was released on 19 October 2024 at [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]]. The film is scheduled to have a theatrical release on 5 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Angammal gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/19/angammal-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Angammal refuses to wear the blouse of her sari when her newly returned doctor son, Pavalam, returns to the village to marry Jasmine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1075065/in-angammal-a-sari-blouse-comes-between-a-woman-and-her-son|title=In ‘Angammal’, a sari blouse comes between a woman and her son|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|date=30 October 2024|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Geetha Kailasam]] as Angammal
*[[Saran Shakthi]] as Pavalam
*Thendral Raghunathan as Shaaradha
*[[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]] as Sudalai
*Yasmine as Manju
*Mullaiyarasi as Jasmine
*Vinod as Kaalimuthu
*Yuvarani
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was in making for two years and was shot in Padmaneri village near Tirunelveli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Nov/11/vipin-radhakrishnan-we-wanted-to-retain-perumal-murugans-vision-in-angammal|title=Vipin Radhakrishnan: We wanted to retain Perumal Murugan's vision in Angammal|first=Sreejith|last=Mullappilly|date=11 November 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Music ==
The single titled "Chendipoova" was released on 3 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title='Chendipoova' from Angammal is a description of Geetha Kailasam's character |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/03/chendipoova-from-angammal-is-a-description-of-geetha-kailasams-character |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Chendipoova (ver 1)
| lyrics1 = Muthamil
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title2 = Chendipoova (ver 2)
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| extra2 = [[Sublahshini]]
| title3 = Uchani Poo
| lyrics3 = Vaisagh
| extra3 = [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]]
}}

== Reception ==
Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote, "Vipin Radhakrishnan’s brilliance shines in the minimalist yet sharp way he has constructed the film’s environment, particularly since the story is set in a bygone era and that too in a remote village."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/angammal-movie-review-this-perumal-murugan-adaptation-strikes-hard-9733064/|title=Angammal movie review: Given that the world has witnessed Nangeli’s battle against breast tax, this Perumal Murugan adaptation strikes hard|date=20 December 2024|work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706182217/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/angammal-movie-review-this-perumal-murugan-adaptation-strikes-hard-9733064/|archive-date=6 July 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Abhinav Subramaniam of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The film lands because it refuses to pick sides or wrap things neatly. These people are stubborn, flawed, and contradictory, and the script lets them stay that way through the end."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angammal Movie Review: Small story with layered, believable people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/angammal/movie-review/125765698.cms |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Angammal is a simple, budgeted indie film, that has more to offer than just a slice-of-life drama. Without coming down heavy on you, it leaves some poignant thoughts to ponder and exude a sense of liberation. [...] A well-made, written, and enacted film, Angammal is a watch that will leave you with more thoughts, simple yet profound."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angammal movie review: Geetha Kailasam shines in a tender, liberating slice-of-life drama about a woman who refuses to bend |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/angammal-movie-review-geetha-kailasam-shines-in-a-tender-liberating-slice-of-life-drama-about-a-woman-who-refuses-to-bend/fb93fc294b264 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Vipin Radhakrishnan's direction shows maturity and sensitivity in handling a story that could easily have slipped into melodrama. He allows the characters to breathe, giving them space to reveal themselves gradually. [...] Despite its many strengths, ''Angammal'' isn't without flaws. The film's exploration of Angammal's relationship with the man she likes feels underdeveloped."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-12-04 |title=Angammal review: Geetha Kailasam’s powerhouse performance in a tale of autonomy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/geetha-kailasam-angammal-review-autonomy-family-dynamics-2830077-2025-12-04 |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Vipin Radhakrishnan’s film tells a warm and poignant story about an elderly widow fighting for the freedom to be herself as she grapples with the changing tides of time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-12-02 |title=‘Angammal’ movie review: The change machine is seldom as brutal and tender at once on celluloid |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/angammal-movie-review-the-change-machine-is-seldom-as-brutal-and-tender-at-once-on-celluloid/article70348294.ece |access-date=2025-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tanushree Ghosh of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' wrote, "The film ''Angammal'' doesn’t give easy answers, leaving the audience with questions and aptly casts Geetha Kailasam, who carries the story/film on her broad shoulders and majestic body language, so much so that even the commercial bits don’t take away from the essence of Murugan’s story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Tanushree |date=25 October 2024 |title=MAMI Angammal Review: Perumal Murugan’s Kodithuni adaptation is powered by a superlative blouse-defying Geetha Kailasam & Periyar |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/mami-2024-perumal-murugan-vipin-radhakrishnan-angammal-review-article-12849326.html |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category !! Recipient(s)
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025 || [[New York Indian Film Festival]] || Best Film || ''Angammal'' || {{won}} || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/new-york-indian-film-festival-angammal-winner-robert-deniro-1236439525/|title=New York Indian Film Festival: ‘Angammal’ Takes Best Film; Robert DeNiro Stops By|first=Andreas|last=Wiseman|date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/english/news/2025/Jun/23/angammal-wins-top-honours-at-new-york-indian-film-festival|title=Angammal wins top honours at New York Indian Film Festival|date=23 June 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] || Best Actor (Female) || [[Geetha Kailasam]] || {{won}} || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/15/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-iffm-awards-geetha-kailasam-nimisha-sajayan-abhishek-bachchan-and-homebound-among-winners|title=Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (IFFM) Awards: Geetha Kailasam, Nimisha Sajayan, Abhishek Bachchan and Homebound among winners|first=Sreejith|last=Mullappilly|date=15 August 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| Best Indie Film || ''Angammal'' || {{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|33581310}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Viveknagar

2026-03-27T11:00:56Z

Itsniraj175: enhanced article additionally and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya
| logo = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
| image =
| alt =
| caption = [[Ramakrishna Missionnary#Emblem|Emblem]]
| motto = ''[[Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha]]'' (''आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च'') (''For one's own salvation and for the welfare of the world'')
| motto_translation =
| location =
| city = [[Agartala]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.779061|N|91.279002|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 
| opened = 29 May 1989
| closed =
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]
| district = West Tripura
| classes = Standard III to XII
| superintendent =
| principal = Swami Shubhakarananda
| staff =
| faculty =
| gender = All-boys' school
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 
| campus_size = 60+ acres
| campus_type = Suburban
| team_name =
| newspaper =
| colors = 
| communities =
| feeder_schools =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rkmv.edu.in |rkmv.edu.in}}
| affiliations =
}}
'''Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Viveknagar''' is a school in [[Agartala]], [[Tripura]], India. It is a collaboration of [[the Hindu]] monastic order [[Ramakrishna Mission]] and the [[Government of Tripura]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Viveknagar|url=http://rkmv.edu.in/}}</ref> A group of monks and ''brahmacharis'' of the Ramakrishna Mission order manage the activities of the Vidyalaya, assisted by around sixty teaching and non-teaching staff.

The Ramakrishna Math and Mission is located at Viveknagar, a village contiguous to Amtali, around 9 km from the city of Agartala. The coordinates of the school campus are approximately between 23016" N & 24014" N and between 910 9" E & 910 47" E. The Ramakrishna Math and Mission, here, mainly operates in [[West Tripura district|West Tripura District]], the area of which is 3097.78 km2.

Viveknagar is about 560 km from Guwahati and 290 km from Silchar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Viveknagar|url=https://pincode.net.in/TRIPURA/WEST_TRIPURA/V/VIVEKNAGAR}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya- Viveknagar.jpeg|thumb|Vidyalaya entrance]]
* '''Classrooms :''' Most of the several classrooms in the school are used to conduct regular classes. They are equipped with Smart Boards and Digital Screens for Presentations.
*'''Laboratories''' : The school is equipped with laboratories for Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics and Informatics Practices. The school has a special''ATL''Lab for conducting workshops and studies on Robotics and AI for students.
* '''Library''' : The school library houses more than 12,000 books on a wide range of subjects, mostly in English and Bengali. The most common genres are literature, scholastic reference, theology and extra-curricular knowledge.
*'''Auditorium''' : The ''Vivekananda Sabhagriha'' serves as the hall for daily morning assemblies as well as an auditorium for school programmes throughout the year. It can seat around 900 spectators, including the seats on the balcony.
* '''Art gallery''' : ''Saradadevi Chitrashala'' is one of the best art galleries in any school in Tripura. Every year, on Saraswati Puja, a famous annual art exhibition is held here which is handled by the students of the art exhibition committee. The exhibition has received positive reviews throughout the years.
*'''Playgrounds''' : There are three major playgrounds inside the school campus, two of which are equipped with galleries. Along with annual sports meets, inter-house cricket and football tournaments, these grounds are used during school lunch periods for casual sports activities.
*'''Medical Unit''' : ''Niramay'' is the school health centre for treatment of sick and injured students.
*'''Boys' Hostels :''' The Boys Hostel complex consists of three main buildings, ''Premananda Dham'',''Bramhananda Dham'' and ''Akhananda Dham''. The central kitchen ''Annapurna Dham'' is located in the same place. It serves as the kitchen facility for the hostelers and also houses a dining hall at the top floor which is used by the day scholars as a mid day meal venue. The old school building is also located there.
* '''Sri Ramakrishna Temple and Math :''' The main temple of the campus is located a minute walk away from the campus. It is opene to visitors. Every year, A Fair ''Ramakrishma Mela'' is Organised at the field near the Temple.

==Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Boys' Hostels==
Ramakrishna Mission Boys' Hostels (Premananda Dham, Brahmananda Dham and Akhandananda Dham) are the student residences of the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya. This hostel was started on 26 May 1996. At present, the hostel has a strength of about 182 tribal and Non-tribal boys.

The Hostel is located in the Viveknagar Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya school campus, which provides a serene and congenial atmosphere for the all-round development of the hostellers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
http://www.rkmmviveknagar.org/
http://rkmv.edu.in/

==See also==
*[[List of Ramakrishna Mission institutions]]
*[[Sri Ramakrishna Vidyashala]]

[[Category:Schools in Tripura]]
[[Category:Education in Agartala]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]

Elvis Ali Hazarika

2026-03-22T07:22:37Z

Itsniraj175: Started New Bio

{{Short description|Assamese swimmer from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Elvis Ali Hazarika
| fullname = Elvis Ali Hazarika
| nicknames =
| national_team = {{IND}}
| strokes = [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]], butterfly, individual medley
| club =
| coach =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|12|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[swimming (sport)|swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]|[[Swimming at the 1999 South Asian Federation Games|50 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]|[[Swimming at the 1999 South Asian Federation Games|100 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]|[[Swimming at the 1999 South Asian Federation Games|100 m butterfly]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1999 South Asian Games|1999 Kathmandu]]|[[Swimming at the 1999 South Asian Federation Games|200 m individual medley]]}}
}}
'''Elvis Ali Hazarika''' (born 21 December 1981) is an Indian swimmer from [[Assam]].<ref name=assam>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/elvis-ali-hazarika-to-attempt-crossing-north-irish-and-english-channels/articleshow/84295334.cms |title=Elvis Ali Hazarika |newspaper=Times of India |accessdate=6 July 2022}}</ref>

Hazarika started swimming at the age of one and a half and swam across [[Dighalipukhuri]] in [[Guwahati]] at the age of four.<ref name="NEN">{{cite web |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assams-elvis-ali-hazarika-becomes-first-from-state-to-swim-29-km-of-english-channel.html |title=Assam’s Elvis Ali Hazarika becomes first from state to swim 29 km of English Channel |publisher=North East Now News |date=5 June 2018 |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref> He participated in the [[Asia Pacific Championship]] at the age of nine and represented India in the [[SAF Games]].<ref name="SWI">{{cite web |url=https://swimindia.in/former-international-swimmer-elvis-ali-hazarika-sets-himself-to-cross-the-english-channel |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009050537/http://swimindia.in/former-international-swimmer-elvis-ali-hazarika-sets-himself-to-cross-the-english-channel |archivedate=2018-10-09 |title=Former International Swimmer Elvis Ali Hazarika Sets Himself to Cross the English Channel |publisher=Swim India |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref>

In June 2018, Hazarika crossed 29 km of the [[English Channel]] in an attempt to swim across it. He is the only Assamese person to swim this distance on the channel so far.<ref name="IEX">{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/aug/16/swimmer-elvis-ali-hazarika-becomes-first-from-northeast-to-cross-catalina-channel-2019761.html |title=Swimmer Elvis Ali Hazarika becomes first from Northeast to cross Catalina Channel |newspaper=Indian Express |date=16 August 2019 |accessdate=16 April 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, he announced that he was attempting to cross the [[Catalina Channel]] in the United States, connecting [[Santa Catalina Island (California)|Santa Catalina Island]] and [[Southern California]]. The event was dedicated to two Assamese youths, Abhijit and Nilotpal, who were killed by miscreants in [[Karbi Anglong district]].<ref name="IEX" /> On 15 August of that year, he became the first person in [[Northeast India]] to swim across the channel,<ref name="IEX1">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/ace-assam-swimmer-tames-catalina/cid/1698237 |title=Swimmer Elvis Ali Hazarika |publisher=telegraph India |date=6 July 2022 |accessdate=6 July 2022}}</ref> taking 10 hours 59 minutes along with team-mate Rimo Saha of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="IEX" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazarika, Elvis Ali}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male butterfly swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian male medley swimmers]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1999 South Asian Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Assam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Saurabh]]

{{India-swimming-bio-stub}}

Livestock

2026-03-21T07:32:00Z

Itsniraj175: added info

{{Short description|Animals kept for production of meat, eggs, milk, wool, etc.}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:20150728 xl P1000804 Leck mich Zaertlichkeit der Rinder.JPG|thumb|[[Cattle|Cows]] on a pasture in [[Austria]]]]
[[File:Gregge al pascolo.jpg|thumb|Sheep in [[Écrins National Park]] (France)]]
'''Livestock''' are the [[Domestication|domesticated]] [[animal]]s that are raised in an [[agricultural]] setting mainly to provide labor and produce diversified [[animal product]]s for human consumption such as [[meat]], [[Egg as food|egg]]s, [[milk]], [[fur]], [[leather]], and [[wool]]. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals which are raised for consumption, and sometimes used to refer solely to farmed [[ruminant]]s, such as [[cattle]], [[sheep]], and [[goat]]s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/livestock |title=livestock |website=Britannica.com|date=15 June 2024 }}</ref>

The breeding, maintenance, slaughter and general subjugation of livestock, called ''[[animal husbandry]]'', is a part of modern [[agriculture]] and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition to [[farming]] from [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyles. Animal husbandry practices have varied widely across cultures and periods. They continue to play a major economic and cultural role in numerous communities.

Livestock farming practices have largely shifted to [[intensive animal farming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/|title=NASS – Census of Agriculture – Publications – 2012|publisher=USDA|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122112942/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/}}</ref> Such farming increases the yield of the various commercial outputs, but also impairs [[animal welfare]], the [[environmental degradation|environment]], and [[public health]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anomaly|first=Jonathan|date=1 November 2015|title=What's Wrong With Factory Farming?|url=https://academic.oup.com/phe/article/8/3/246/2362362|journal=Public Health Ethics|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=246–254|doi=10.1093/phe/phu001|pmid=36540869 |pmc=9757169 |issn=1754-9973|hdl=10161/9733|s2cid=39813493|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In particular, beef, dairy and sheep are an outsized source of [[greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Give Way To Stock (6759026099).jpg|thumb|This Australian road sign uses the less common term "stock" for livestock.]]

The word ''livestock'' was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound word]] combining the words "live" and "[[Inventory|stock]]".<ref name=":1">{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/livestock |title=Livestock definition |access-date=23 November 2015 |dictionary=Dictionary.com}}</ref> In some periods, "[[cattle]]" and "livestock" have been used interchangeably. Over the 19th century, the meaning of livestock and cattle shifted, leading to the modern meaning of cattle referring to domesticated [[bovine]]s, whilst livestock is used in a wider sense.<ref name="WebsterDict">{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/livestock|title=Merriam-Webster: Definition of Livestock|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
[[United States]] federal legislation defines the term to make specified agricultural commodities eligible or ineligible for a program or activity. For example, the [[Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act of 1999]] (P.L. 106–78, Title IX) defines livestock only as cattle, swine, and sheep, while the 1988 disaster assistance legislation defined the term as "cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry (including egg-producing poultry), equine animals used for food or in the production of food, fish used for food, and other animals designated by the Secretary".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212033139/http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2011 |title=Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws |date=2005 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref>

[[Horse]]s are considered livestock in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress Clarifies That Horses are Not "Pets," Advances Landmark Livestock Health Measures |url=https://www.horsecouncil.org/washington-report/congress-clarifies-that-horses-are-not-pets-advances-landmark-livestock-health-measures/ |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=American Horse Council |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] classifies pork, veal (meat of young cows, usually 5–8 months old), beef, and lamb ([[mutton]]) as livestock, and all livestock as [[red meat]]. [[Poultry]] and [[Fish as food|fish]] are not included in the category.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresh Pork from Farm to Table |url=https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/meat-catfish/fresh-pork-farm-table |website=fsis.usda.gov}}</ref> The latter is likely because fish products are not governed by the USDA, but by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]].

''Deadstock'' is defined in contradistinction to or as the opposite of livestock as "animals that have died before slaughter, sometimes from illness or disease". It is illegal in many countries, such as [[Canada]], to sell or process meat from dead animals for human consumption.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/police-launch-investigation-into-aylmer-meat-packers-1.409535 cbc.ca: "Police launch investigation into Aylmer Meat Packers"], 28 August 2003</ref>

==History==
{{further |History of agriculture}}

Animal-rearing originated during the cultural transition to settled farming communities from [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyles. Animals are domesticated when their breeding and living conditions are controlled by humans. Over time, the collective behaviour, [[Biological life cycle|lifecycle]] and [[physiology]] of livestock have changed radically. Many modern farmed animals are unsuited to life in the natural world.

[[Origin of the domestic dog|Dogs were domesticated]] early; dogs appear in [[Europe]] and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago.<ref name=larson2014>{{cite journal |author1=Larson, G. |author2=Bradley, D. G. |year=2014 |title=How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics |journal=PLOS Genetics |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093 |pmid=24453989 |pmc=3894154 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e1004093 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Goat]]s and [[History of the domestic sheep|sheep were domesticated]] in multiple events sometime between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in [[West Asia|Southwest Asia]].<ref name="Chessa Pereira Arnaud Amorim pp. 532–536">{{cite journal |last1=Chessa |first1=B. |last2=Pereira |first2=F. |last3=Arnaud |first3=F. |last4=Amorim |first4=A. |last5=Goyache |first5=F. |last6=Mainland |first6=I. |last7=Kao |first7=R. R. |last8=Pemberton |first8=J. M. |last9=Beraldi |first9=D. |last10=Stear |first10=M. J. |last11=Alberti |first11=A. |last12=Pittau |first12=M. |last13=Iannuzzi |first13=L. |last14=Banabazi |first14=M. H. |last15=Kazwala |first15=R. R. |last16=Zhang |first16=Y.-p. |last17=Arranz |first17=J. J. |last18=Ali |first18=B. A. |last19=Wang |first19=Z. |last20=Uzun |first20=M. |last21=Dione |first21=M. M. |last22=Olsaker |first22=I. |last23=Holm |first23=L.-E. |last24=Saarma |first24=U. |last25=Ahmad |first25=S. |last26=Marzanov |first26=N. |last27=Eythorsdottir |first27=E. |last28=Holland |first28=M. J. |last29=Ajmone-Marsan |first29=P. |last30=Bruford |first30=M. W. |last31=Kantanen |first31=J. |last32=Spencer |first32=T. E. |last33=Palmarini |first33=M. |title=Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5926 |date=24 April 2009 |doi=10.1126/science.1170587 |pmid=19390051 |pmc=3145132 |pages=532–536|bibcode=2009Sci...324..532C }}</ref> [[Domestic pig|Pigs were domesticated]] by 8,500 BC in the [[Near East]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J. D. |last2=Zazzo |first2=A. |last3=Saliège |first3=J. F. |last4=Poplin |first4=F. |last5=Guilaine |first5=J. |last6=Simmons |first6=A. |title=Pre-Neolithic wild boar management and introduction to Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=38 |pages=16135–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19706455 |pmc=2752532 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0905015106|bibcode=2009PNAS..10616135V |doi-access=free }}</ref> and 6,000 BC in [[China]].<ref name="Larson Liu Zhao Yuan pp. 7686–7691">{{cite journal | last1=Larson | first1=Greger | last2=Liu | first2=Ranran | last3=Zhao | first3=Xingbo | last4=Yuan | first4=Jing | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorian | last6=Barton | first6=Loukas | last7=Dobney | first7=Keith | last8=Fan | first8=Qipeng | last9=Gu | first9=Zhiliang | last10=Liu | first10=Xiao-Hui | last11=Luo | first11=Yunbing | last12=Lv | first12=Peng | last13=Andersson | first13=Leif | last14=Li | first14=Ning | title=Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=107 | issue=17 | date=19 April 2010| doi=10.1073/pnas.0912264107 | pmid=20404179 | pages=7686–7691| pmc=2867865 | bibcode=2010PNAS..107.7686L | doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Domestication of the horse|Domestication of horses]] dates to around 4,000 BC.<ref name=BoL>{{cite web |url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/ |title=Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University |publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago.<ref name="McTavish">{{cite journal |last1=McTavish |first1=E.J. |last2=Decker |first2=J. E. |last3=Schnabel |first3=R. D. |last4=Taylor |first4=J. F. |last5=Hillis |first5=D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–406 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmid=23530234 |pmc=3625352|bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Specify|date=August 2021|reason=Please specify around what year this is referring to, as with the other domestication timeframes in this section.}} Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7,000 BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quatr.us/china/history-chickens.htm |title=History of chickens – India and China|date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221344/http://quatr.us/china/history-chickens.htm|archive-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>

==Types==
{{See also|List of domesticated animals}}

The term "livestock" is indistinct and may be defined narrowly or broadly. Broadly, livestock refers to any population of animals kept by humans for a useful, commercial purpose.<ref name="WebsterDict"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Animal
! Ancestor
! Domestication
! Utilization
! Picture
|-
| [[Horse]]
| [[Tarpan]]
| Eurasia
| Riding, racing, carrying and pulling loads, meat, milk
|[[File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Donkey]]
| [[African wild ass]]
| Africa
| Carrying loads and draught
|[[File:Donkey in Clovelly, North Devon, England.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Cow]]
| [[Eurasian aurochs]]
| Eurasia
| Meat, milk and draught
|[[File:Cow female black white.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Zebu]]
| [[Indian aurochs]]
| Eurasia
| Milk, meat and draught
|[[File:Gray Zebu Bull.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Bali cattle]]
| [[Banteng]]
| SE Asia
| Meat, milk and draught
|[[File:Balinese cow.JPG|130px]]
|-
| [[Yak]]
| [[Wild yak]]
| Tibet
| Pack animals, milk, meat and hide
|[[File:Bos grunniens - Syracuse Zoo.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Water buffalo]]
| [[Wild water buffalo]]
| India and SE Asia
| Meat, milk and carrying loads
|[[File:BUFFALO159.JPG|130px]]
|-
| [[Gayal]]
| [[Gaur]]
| India and Malaysia
| Carrying loads and draught
|[[File:Mithun.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Sheep]]
| [[Mouflon]]
| Iran and Asia Minor
| Meat, milk and fleece.
|[[File:Pair of Icelandic Sheep.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Goat]]
| [[Bezoar ibex]]
| Greece and Pakistan
| Meat, milk and fleece
|[[File:Capra, Crete 4.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Reindeer]]
| [[Reindeer]]
| Eurasia
| Draught, milk, flesh and hide
|[[File:Caribou using antlers.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Bactrian camel]]
| [[Wild Bactrian camel]]
| Central Asia
| Riding, racing, meat, milk and fur
|[[File:Chameau de bactriane.JPG|130px]]
|-
| [[Dromedary|Arabian camel]]
| Thomas' camel
| North Africa and SW Asia
| Riding, racing, meat and milk
|[[File:Dromadaire4478.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Llama]]
| [[Guanaco]]
| Andes
| Pack animals, meat, fleece
|[[File:Pack llamas posing near Muir Trail.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Alpaca]]
| [[vicuña]]
| Andes
| Meat, fleece
|[[File:Corazon Full.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Domestic Pig]]
| [[Wild boar]]
| Eurasia
| Meat, Companionship, truffle hunting
|[[File:Sow with piglet.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Domestic Dog]]
| [[Wolf]]
| Eurasia and North America
| Companionship, hunting
| [[File:Black Labrador Retriever - Male IMG 3323.jpg|130px]]
|-

|-
| [[Chicken]]
| [[red junglefowl]]
| Southeast Asia
| Meat, egg
|[[File:Chicken.jpg|130px]]
|
|-
| [[Rabbit]]
| [[European rabbit]]
| Europe
| Meat, wool, fur
|[[File:Նապաստակներ.jpg|130px]]
|-
| [[Guinea pig]]
| [[Montane guinea pig]]
| [[Andes]]
| Meat
|[[File:Arjuna.jpg|130px]]
|-
|}

===Micro-livestock===
{{main|Rodent farming|Rabbit farming}}
{{see also|Animal husbandry#Range of species}}

''Micro-livestock'' is the term used for much-smaller animals, usually mammals. The two predominant categories are [[rodent farming|rodents]] and [[rabbit farming|lagomorphs]] (rabbits). Even-smaller animals are kept and raised, such as [[Cricket (insect)#As food|crickets]] and [[beekeeping|honey bees]]. Micro-livestock does not generally include fish ([[aquaculture]]) or chickens ([[poultry farming]]).

==Farming practices==
[[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|Goat family with one-week-old kid]]
[[File:Paridera Cueva del Río Piedra.jpg|thumb|Farrowing site in a natural cave in northern [[Spain]]]]
{{Main |Animal husbandry}}

Traditionally, animal husbandry was part of the [[subsistence farming|subsistence farmer's]] way of life, producing not only the food needed by the family but also the fuel, [[Fertilizer|fertiliser]], clothing, transport and draught power. Killing the animal for food was a secondary consideration, and wherever possible their products, such as wool, eggs, milk and [[blood]] (by the [[Maasai people|Maasai]]) were harvested while the animal was still alive.<ref name=Webster>{{cite book |author=Webster, John |title=Animal Husbandry Regained: The Place of Farm Animals in Sustainable Agriculture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6v-Tdhm5SgC&pg=PA5 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-84971-420-4 |pages=4–10}}</ref>

In the traditional system of [[transhumance]], humans and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in [[montane]] regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blench |first=Roger |title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium |publisher=Overseas Development Institute |date=17 May 2001 |page=12 |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201000745/http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf }}</ref>

Animals can be kept extensively or intensively. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from [[Predation|predators]]. [[Ranch]]ing in the [[Western United States]] involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands.<ref name=Starrs>{{cite book |author=Starrs, Paul F. |title=Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfnaQLGIx4C&pg=PA1 |year=2000 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6351-6 |pages=1–2}}</ref> Similar [[Cattle station|cattle stations]] are found in [[South America]], [[Australia]] and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. Ranching systems have been used for [[sheep]], [[deer]], [[ostrich]], [[emu]], [[llama]] and [[alpaca]].<ref name=Levinson>{{cite book |author1=Levinson, David |author2=Christensen, Karen |title=Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1geOjQ6R0MC&pg=PA1139 |year=2003 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9 |page=1139}}</ref> In the uplands of the [[United Kingdom]], sheep are turned out on the fells in spring and graze the abundant mountain grasses untended, being brought to lower [[Altitude|altitudes]] late in the year, with supplementary feeding being provided in winter.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Shepherd's Life |last=Rebanks |first=James |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin: Random House |isbn=978-0141-97936-6 |page=286}}</ref>

In rural locations, [[pig]]s and [[poultry]] can obtain much of their nutrition from scavenging, and in African communities, hens may live for months without being fed, and still produce one or two eggs a week.<ref name=Webster/> At the other extreme, in the more Western parts of the world, [[Intensive animal farming|animals are often intensively managed]]; [[Dairy cattle|dairy cows]] may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density [[feedlot]]s;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Silbergeld |first=Ellen K |author2=Graham, Jay |author3=Price, Lance B |title=Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |year=2008 |volume=29 |pages=151–69 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904| doi-access=free|pmid=18348709 }}</ref> pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swine.missouri.edu/facilities/PIH-11.PDF |title=Swine Growing-Finishing Units |author1=Meyer, Vernon M. |author2=Driggers, L. Bynum |author3=Ernest, Kenneth |author4=Ernest, Debra |website=Pork Industry handbook |publisher=Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service |access-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113312/http://swine.missouri.edu/facilities/PIH-11.PDF|archive-date=2018-06-23}}</ref> poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. In between these two extremes are semi-intensive, often family-run farms where livestock graze outside for much of the year, silage or hay is made to cover the times of year when the grass stops growing, and fertiliser, feed and other inputs are bought onto the farm from outside.<ref name=Blount>{{cite book |author=Blount, W.P. |title=Intensive Livestock Farming |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyHLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA360 |year=2013 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4831-9565-0 |pages=360–62}}</ref>

==Predation==
Livestock farmers have often dealt with [[wildlife|natural world animals']] predation and theft by [[cattle rustler|rustler]]s. In [[North America]], animals such as [[gray wolves]], [[grizzly bears]], [[cougars]], and [[coyotes]] are sometimes considered a threat to livestock. In [[Eurasia]] and [[Africa]], predators include wolves, [[leopards]], [[tigers]], [[lions]], [[dholes]], [[Asiatic black bears]], [[crocodiles]], [[spotted hyenas]], and other [[carnivores]]. In South America, [[Pariah dog|feral dogs]], [[jaguar]]s, [[Eunectes murinus|anaconda]]s, and [[spectacled bear]]s are threats to livestock. In Australia, [[dingoes]], [[foxes]], and [[wedge-tailed eagle]]s are common predators, with an additional threat from domestic dogs who may kill in response to a hunting instinct, leaving the carcass uneaten.<ref>Northern Daily Leader, 20 May 2010, ''Dogs mauled 30 sheep'' (and killed them), p.3, Rural Press</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simmons |first=Michael |url=http://www.victorharbortimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/dogs-seized-for-killing-sheep/1619896.aspx |title=Dogs seized for killing sheep - Local News - News - General - The Times |publisher=Victorharbortimes.com.au |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=10 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170104/http://www.victorharbortimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/dogs-seized-for-killing-sheep/1619896.aspx |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Disease==

Good husbandry, proper feeding, and [[hygiene]] are the main contributors to animal health on farms, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. When, despite these precautions, animals still become sick, they are treated with [[veterinary medicine]]s, by the farmer and the [[veterinarian]]. In the [[European Union]], when farmers treat the animals, they are required to follow the guidelines for treatment and to record the treatments given.<ref>{{cite web |title=EPRUMA {{!}} Responsible Use of Animal Medicines |url=https://www.epruma.eu/ |website=www.epruma.eu |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>

Animals are susceptible to a number of diseases and conditions that may affect their health. Some, like [[classical swine fever]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/classical_swine_fever.pdf|title=Classical swine fever|publisher=The Center for Food Security and Public Health|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> and [[scrapie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/About%20Scrapie/Fact%20Sheet.html|title=Scrapie Fact Sheet|year=2001|publisher=National Institute for Animal Agriculture|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212100521/http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/About%20Scrapie/Fact%20Sheet.html}}</ref> are specific to one population of animals, while others, like [[foot-and-mouth disease]] affect all [[cloven-hoofed]] animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/243/footandmouth|title=Foot-and-mouth|publisher=The Cattle Site|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> Where the condition is serious, governments impose regulations on import and export, on the movement of livestock, [[quarantine]] restrictions and the reporting of suspected cases. [[Vaccine]]s are available against certain diseases, and [[Antibiotic|antibiotics]] are widely used where appropriate.

At one time, antibiotics were routinely added to certain compound foodstuffs to promote growth, but this is now{{Specify|date=August 2021|reason=Since what year?}} considered poor practice in many countries because of the risk that it may lead to [[antibiotic resistance]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/203664/feed/67871/Antibiotics-and-other-growth-stimulants |title=feed (agriculture) {{!}} Antibiotics and other growth stimulants |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> Animals living under intensive conditions are particularly prone to internal and external parasites; increasing numbers of [[sea lice]] are affecting [[Aquaculture of salmonids|farmed salmon]] in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Scottish salmon farming's sea lice 'crisis'|author=Fraser, Douglas|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-38966188|newspaper=BBC|date=14 February 2017|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> Reducing the parasite burdens of livestock results in increased productivity and profitability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animalhealthireland.ie/?page_id=403|title=Parasite control|publisher=Animal Health Ireland|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514143715/http://animalhealthireland.ie/?page_id=403}}</ref>

According to the [[Special Report on Climate Change and Land]], livestock diseases are expected to get worse as [[climate change]] increases temperature and precipitation variability.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Special Report on climate change and land (SRCCL) |last1=Mbow |first1=C.|last2=Rosenzweig|first2=C.|last3=Barioni|first3=L. G.|last4=Benton|first4=T.|last5=Herrero|first5=M.|last6=Krishnapillai|first6=M. V.|year=2019|chapter=Chapter 5: Food Security|display-authors=4|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf}}</ref>

==Transportation and marketing==
[[File:Animal transport 6.jpg|thumb|Pigs being loaded into their transport]]
{{Main|Livestock transportation}}
{{further|Agricultural show}}

Since many livestock are herd animals, they were historically [[Droving|driven to market]] "on the hoof" to a town or other central location. The method is still used in some parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonser |first1=K. J. |title=The Drovers. Who They Were and How They Went: An Epic of the English Countryside |date=1972 |publisher=Country Book Club}}</ref>

[[Animal transporter|Truck]] transport is now common in developed countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chambers |first1=Philip G. |last2=Grandin |first2=Temple |last3=Heinz |first3=Gunter |last4=Srisuvan |first4=Thinnarat |title=Guidelines for Humane Handling, Transport and Slaughter of Livestock {{!}} CHAPTER 6: Transport of livestock |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6909e/x6909e08.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=29 April 2018 |date=2001 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612093718/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6909E/x6909e08.htm }}</ref>

Local and regional livestock [[auction]]s and specialized agricultural markets facilitate trade in livestock. In [[Canada]] at the [[Cargill]] [[slaughterhouse]] in [[High River, Alberta]], 2,000 workers process 4,500 cattle per day, or more than one-third of Canada's capacity. It closed when some of its workers became infected with [[coronavirus disease 2019]].<ref name="cbcgill">{{cite news |title=Worker dies, hundreds sick as Cargill temporarily closes meat-processing plant at centre of COVID-19 outbreak |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/cargill-meat-plant-closed-outbreak-covid-19-1.5538824 |publisher=CBC |date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="cbcjosh">{{cite news |title=What led to Alberta's biggest outbreak? Cargill meat plant's hundreds of COVID-19 cases |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/cargill-alberta-covid-19-deena-hinshaw-1.5537377 |publisher=CBC |date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The Cargill plant together with the [[JBS plant]] in [[Brooks, Alberta]] and the [[Harmony Beef plant]] in [[Balzac, Alberta]] represent fully three-quarters of the Canadian beef supply.<ref name=cbcjosh/> In other areas, livestock may be bought and sold in a [[bazaar]] or [[wet market]], such as may be found in many parts of [[Central Asia]].

In non-Western countries, providing access to markets has encouraged farmers to invest in livestock, with the result being improved livelihoods. For example, the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) has worked in [[Zimbabwe]] to help farmers make their most of their livestock herds.<ref>[http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/1/1/5/2_175aa77cdf560da/1152_debcbe43079b37e.pdf Markets from research to outcomes] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/6PF8ZFIJt?url=http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/1/1/5/2_175aa77cdf560da/1152_debcbe43079b37e.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, ''Farming Matters'', Challenge Program on Water and Food, June 2013</ref>

In [[Agricultural show|stock show]]s, farmers bring their best livestock to compete with one another.<ref>[http://aso.gov.au/titles/collections/agricultural-shows/ Australian Screen: Agricultural shows]</ref>

== Biomass ==
[[File:Terrestrial biomass.svg|thumb|upright=2|Biomass distribution of humans, livestock, and other animals<ref name="Eggleton 2020"/>]]

Humans and livestock make up more than 90% of the [[biomass]] of all terrestrial [[vertebrate]]s, and almost as much as all [[insect]]s combined.<ref name="Eggleton 2020">{{cite journal |last=Eggleton |first=Paul |title=The State of the World's Insects |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=17 October 2020 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=61–82 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035 |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{-}}

==Economic and social benefits==
[[File:Livestock of the World (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, chickens, ducks).jpg|thumb|300px|Global distribution data for cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and ducks in 2010]]
The value of global livestock production in 2013 has been estimated at 883 billion dollars, (constant 2005–2006 dollars).<ref>FAOSTAT. (Statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.) http://faostat3.fao.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020154824/http://faostat3.fao.org/ |date=20 October 2016 }}</ref> However, economic implications of livestock production extend further: to downstream industry (saleyards, [[abattoir]]s, [[butcher]]s, milk processors, refrigerated transport, wholesalers, retailers, [[food service]]s, [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]], etc.), upstream industry (feed producers, feed transport, farm and ranch supply companies, equipment manufacturers, [[seed companies]], [[vaccine]] manufacturers, etc.) and associated services ([[veterinarian]]s, nutrition consultants, shearers, etc.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USDA ERS - Ag and Food Sectors and the Economy |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=www.ers.usda.gov}}</ref>

Livestock provide a variety of food and non-food products; the latter include leather, wool, [[Medication|pharmaceuticals]], bone products, industrial protein, and fats. For many [[abattoirs]], very little animal biomass may be wasted at slaughter. Even intestinal contents removed at slaughter may be recovered for use as fertilizer. Livestock manure helps maintain the fertility of grazing lands. Manure is commonly collected from barns and feeding areas to fertilize cropland due to its nutrient rich content, however, can pose some biosecurity and health risks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Department of Energy |first=Environment and Climate Action |date=2022-06-03 |title=The safe use of manure fertiliser - Agriculture |url=https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/support-and-resources/newsletters/sheep-notes-newsletter/autumn-2022/the-safe-use-of-manure-fertiliser |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Agriculture Victoria |language=en-AU}}</ref> In some places, animal manure is used as fuel, either directly (as in some non-Western countries), or indirectly (as a source of methane for heating or for generating electricity). In regions where machine power is limited, some classes of livestock are used as draft stock, not only for [[tillage]] and other on-farm use, but also for transport of people and goods. In 1997, livestock provided energy for between an estimated 25 and 64% of cultivation energy in the world's irrigated systems, and that 300 million draft animals were used globally in [[small-scale agriculture]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Haan |first1=Cees |last2=Steinfeld |first2=Henning |last3=Blackburn |first3=Harvey |year=1997 |title=Livestock & the environment: finding a balance |publisher=European Commission Directorate-General for Development |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5303E/x5303e00.htm}}</ref>

Although livestock production serves as a source of income, it can provide additional economic values for [[Rural area|rural]] families, often serving as a major contributor to [[food security]] and [[economic security]]. Livestock can serve as insurance against risk<ref name=Swanepoel>Swanepoel, F., A. Stroebel and S. Moyo. (eds.) 2010. The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality. African Sun Media.</ref> and is an economic buffer (of income and food supply) in some regions and some economies (e.g., during some African droughts). However, its use as a buffer may sometimes be limited where alternatives are present,<ref name="FafchampsUdry1998">{{cite journal|last1=Fafchamps|first1=Marcel|last2=Udry|first2=Christopher|last3=Czukas|first3=Katherine|title=Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock?|journal=Journal of Development Economics|volume=55|issue=2|year=1998|pages=273–305|issn=0304-3878|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00037-6|url=http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~fafchamp/bfcows.pdf |access-date=12 May 2018 |citeseerx=10.1.1.198.7519 }}</ref> which may reflect strategic maintenance of insurance in addition to a desire to retain productive assets. Even for some farmers in Western nations, livestock can serve as a kind of insurance.<ref name="JohannesenSkonhoft2011">{{cite journal|last1=Johannesen|first1=Anne Borge|last2=Skonhoft|first2=Anders|title=Livestock as Insurance and Social Status: Evidence from Reindeer Herding in Norway|journal=Environmental and Resource Economics|volume=48|issue=4|year=2011|pages=679–694|issn=0924-6460|doi=10.1007/s10640-010-9421-2|s2cid=54050586|url=http://www.sv.ntnu.no/iso/Anders.Skonhoft/reindeer%20Env%20and%20res%20Ec%202010.pdf |access-date=12 May 2018 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2011EnREc..48..679J }}</ref> Some crop growers may produce livestock as a strategy for diversification of their income sources, to reduce risks related to weather, markets and other factors.<ref name="BellMoore2012">{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Lindsay W.|last2=Moore|first2=Andrew D.|title=Integrated crop–livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications|journal=Agricultural Systems|volume=111|year=2012|pages=1–12|issn=0308-521X|doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2012.04.003|bibcode=2012AgSys.111....1B |url=https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?list=BRO&pid=csiro:EP114437&sb=RECENT&n=8&rpp=10&page=122&tr=4318&dr=all&dc4.browseYear=2012 |access-date=12 May 2018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="KanduluBryan2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kandulu|first1=John M.|last2=Bryan|first2=Brett A.|last3=King|first3=Darran|last4=Connor|first4=Jeffery D.|title=Mitigating economic risk from climate variability in rain-fed agriculture through enterprise mix diversification|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=79|year=2012|pages=105–112|issn=0921-8009|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.04.025|bibcode=2012EcoEc..79..105K |url=https://search.nal.usda.gov/discovery/search?query=lds35,contains,863366-01nal_inst,AND&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=01NAL_INST:MAIN&mode=advanced&offset=0 |access-date=12 May 2018 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Many studies have found evidence of the social, as well as economic, importance of livestock in non-Western countries and in regions of [[rural poverty]], and such evidence is not confined to pastoral and [[nomadic]] societies.<ref name=Swanepoel/><ref>{{citation |hdl=10174/9347|title=The Economic and Sociocultural Role of Livestock in the Wellbeing of Rural Communities of Timor-Leste|year=2013|last1=Bettencourt|first1=Elisa Maria Varela|last2=Tilman|first2=Mário|last3=Henriques|first3=Pedro Damião de Sousa|last4=Narciso|first4=Vanda|last5=Carvalho|first5=Maria Leonor da Silva }}</ref><ref name="KhanRehman2013">{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Nizamuddin|last2=Rehman|first2=Anisur|last3=Salman|first3=Mohd. Sadiq|title=Impactul creșterii animalelor asupra dezvoltării socio-economice în Nordul Indiei|journal=Forum Geografic|volume=XII|issue=1|year=2013|pages=75–80|issn=1583-1523|doi=10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2013.084.i|url=http://forumgeografic.ro/ro/2013/1604/|language= ro |access-date=12 May 2018 |doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194115/http://forumgeografic.ro/ro/2013/1604/|archive-date=2018-07-01}}</ref><ref name="AliKhan2013">{{cite journal|author1=Ali, A. |author2= Khan, M.A.|title=Livestock ownership in ensuring rural household food security in Pakistan|journal=J. Animal Plant Sci.|year=2013|volume=23|issue=1 |pages=313–318|url=http://thejaps.org.pk/docs/v-23-1/48.pdf |access-date=12 May 2018 |issn=1018-7081 }}</ref>

Social values in developed countries can also be considerable. For example, in a study of livestock ranching permitted on national forest land in New Mexico, US, it was concluded that "ranching maintains traditional values and connects families to [[Ancestral domain|ancestral lands]] and [[cultural heritage]]", and that a "sense of place, attachment to land, and the value of preserving open space were common themes". "The importance of land and animals as means of maintaining culture and way of life figured repeatedly in permittee responses, as did the subjects of responsibility and respect for land, animals, family, and community."<ref>McSweeney, A. M and C. Raish. 2012. Social, cultural and economic aspects of livestock ranching on the Santa Fe and Carson National Forests. USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR 276.</ref>

In the US, profit tends to rank low among motivations for involvement in livestock ranching.<ref name="GentnerTanaka2006">{{cite journal|last1=Gentner|first1=B.J.|last2=Tanaka|first2=J.A.|title=Classifying federal public land grazing permittees|journal=Journal of Range Management|volume=55|issue=1|year=2006|issn=0022-409X|doi=10.2458/azu_jrm_v55i1_gentner|doi-access=free}}</ref> Instead, family, tradition and a desired way of life tend to be major motivators for ranch purchase, and ranchers "historically have been willing to accept low returns from livestock production".<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Torell |first1=L. Allen |last2=Rimbey |first2=Neil R. |last3=Tanaka |first3=John A. |last4=Bailey |first4=Scott A. |year=2001 |chapter=THE LACK OF A PROFIT MOTIVE FOR RANCHING: IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS |editor1-last=Torell |editor1-first=L. A. |editor2-last=Bartlett |editor2-first=E. T. |editor3-last=Larranaga |editor3-first=R. |title=Current issues in rangeland economics |conference=Proc. Symp. Western Regional Coordinating Committee on Rangeland Economics: WCC-55 |series=N. M. State Univ. Res. Rep. |volume=737 |chapter-url=https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agswccffc/16629.htm |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001231/https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agswccffc/16629.htm }}</ref>

==Environmental impact==
{{Bar chart|title=Mean [[greenhouse gas emissions]] for different food types<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Michael Clark |last2=Tilman |first2=David |date=November 2014 |title=Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health |journal=Nature |volume=515 |issue=7528 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/nature13959 |pmid=25383533 |issn=1476-4687 |bibcode=2014Natur.515..518T |s2cid=4453972}}</ref>|label6=[[Poultry]] |label13=[[Legumes]]|data12=1.2|label12=[[Maize]]|data11=1.2|label11=[[Wheat]]|data10=1.7|label10=[[List of root vegetables|Starchy Roots]]|data9=6.8|label9=[[Egg as food|Eggs]]|data8=8.6|label8=[[Fishery|Non-trawling Fishery]] |data7=9.1|label7=[[Dairy]]|data6=10|data5=10|float=right|label5=[[Pork]]|data4=12|label4=[[Aquaculture|Non-recirculating Aquaculture]]|data3=26|label3=[[Trawling|Trawling Fishery]]|data2=30|label2=[[Recirculating aquaculture system|Recirculating Aquaculture]]|data1=62|label1=[[Ruminant|Ruminant Meat]] |data_max=62 |width_units=em |bar_width=20 |data_type=Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO2-Ceq per g protein) |label_type=Food Types |data13=0.25}}

Animal husbandry has a significant impact on the world environment. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products|url=http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Mekonnen-Hoekstra-2012-WaterFootprintFarmAnimalProducts.pdf|publisher=Water Footprint Network|year=2012|first=Mesfin M.|last=Mekonnen|author2=Arjen Y. Hoekstra|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-date=2015-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311184533/http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Mekonnen-Hoekstra-2012-WaterFootprintFarmAnimalProducts.pdf}}</ref> and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of Earth's ice-free land.<ref>{{cite web |title=Livestock a major threat to environment |url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/News/2006/1000448/index.html |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-date=2008-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328062709/http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html }}</ref> Livestock production is a contributing factor in species [[extinction]], [[desertification]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Whitford, Walter G.|title=Ecology of desert systems|publisher=Academic Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-12-747261-4|page=277|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ4hZbXS8IcC&pg=PA277}}</ref> and [[habitat destruction]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Biodiversity Decline |url=https://www.learner.org/series/the-habitable-planet-a-systems-approach-to-environmental-science/biodiversity-decline/ |website=Annenberg Learner |access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Meat is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current [[Holocene extinction|sixth mass extinction]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Morell|first1=Virginia|year=2015|title=Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aad1607}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Machovina|first1=B.|last2=Feeley|first2=K. J.|last3=Ripple|first3=W. J.|year=2015|title=Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=536|pages=419–431|bibcode=2015ScTEn.536..419M|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022|pmid=26231772}}</ref><ref name="Zalasiewicz2015">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Mark|last2=Zalasiewicz|first2=Jan|last3=Haff|first3=P. K.|last4=Schwägerl|first4=Christian|last5=Barnosky|first5=Anthony D.|last6=Ellis|first6=Erle C.|year=2015|title=The Anthropocene Biosphere|journal=The Anthropocene Review|volume=2|issue=3|pages=196–219|doi=10.1177/2053019615591020|bibcode=2015AntRv...2..196W |s2cid=7771527}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Smithers|first=Rebecca|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/05/vast-animal-feed-crops-meat-needs-destroying-planet|title=Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet|date=5 October 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction in various ways. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing (for example, animal husbandry is responsible for up to 91% of the [[Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest|deforestation in the Amazon region]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Margulis|first=Sergio|year=2003|title=Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Rainforest|series=World Bank Working Papers |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15060|location=Washington|publisher=World Bank Publications|doi=10.1596/0-8213-5691-7 |isbn=978-0-8213-5691-3 }}</ref>), while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits. The newest report released by the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) states that between the 1970s and 2000s agricultural emission increases were directly linked to an increase in livestock. The population growth of livestock (including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) is done with the intention of increasing [[animal production]], but in turn increases emissions.<ref>IPCC. (2022). Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses. ''ICPCC AR6 WGII.'' 7-34. https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter07.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010092407/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FinalDraft_Chapter07.pdf |date=2022-10-10 }}.</ref> [[File:Bezerros de IATF.jpg|thumb|Livestock production requires large areas of land.|alt=|left]]In addition, livestock produce [[greenhouse gas]]es. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate change 2007, Mitigation of climate change. [[Fourth Assessment Report]]</ref> and in 2010.<ref name="IPCC2014">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2014. Climate change 2014, Mitigation of climate change. [[Fifth Assessment Report]].</ref> Cattle produce some 79 million tons of methane per day.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Global emissions from livestock in 2015 |url=https://foodandagricultureorganization.shinyapps.io/GLEAMV3_Public/ |website=FAO - GLEAM v3.0 dashboard}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/fdb934b5-ff94-4aed-86cf-60269aebcaae |title=Reducing enteric methane for improving food security and livelihoods |publisher=FAO |year=2016}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/030a41a8-3e10-57d1-ae0c-86680a69ceea |title=Tackling Climate Change through Livestock |publisher=FAO |year=2013 |isbn=978-92-5-107920-1 |location=Rome}}</ref> Live westock enteric methane account 30% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Livestock are responsible for 34% of all human-related emissions of [[nitrous oxide]], through feed production and manure.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />.Best production practices are estimated to be able to reduce livestock emissions by 30%.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Impacts of climate change ==
{{excerpt|Effects of climate change on livestock|paragraphs=1-4}}

== Animal ethics ==
{{Further|Animal ethics}}
Animal ethics is a branch of [[ethics]] that examines [[Anthrozoology|human-animal relationships]] and the moral consideration of non-animals. Debates within the field address the moral implications of using animals for human consumption and the responsibilities humans have toward livestock.<ref>Beauchamp, Tom L. "Introduction", in Tom L. Beauchamp and R.G. Frey. ''The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics''. Oxford University Press, 2011.</ref><ref>Schaffner, Joan E. ''An Introduction to Animals and the Law''. Palgrave MacMillan, 2011, p. xvii</ref>

It is estimated that worldwide, 74% of livestock are raised in [[Intensive animal farming|factory farms]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |date=2024-02-24 |title=How many animals are factory-farmed? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-animals-are-factory-farmed |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> characterized by densely confined animals. Consumers are typically against intensive livestock farming when surveyed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parr |first=Jacqui |date=2022-02-15 |title=Factory farming "strongly opposed" by 80% of UK public |url=https://www.grocerygazette.co.uk/2022/02/15/factory-farming-opposed/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> A majority are unaware of routine controversial practices such as [[Beak trimming|break trimming]], [[Cow-calf separation|separation of calves from their mothers]] and gas chamber slaughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What do Brits think of UK farming practices? {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/consumer/articles/32222-what-do-brits-think-uk-farming-practices |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> Three quarters of US adults surveyed believed the animal products they consumed came from animals that were treated "humanely".<ref name="Reese">{{Cite news |last=Reese |first=Jacy |date=2018-11-16 |title=There's no such thing as humane meat or eggs. Stop kidding yourself |url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/nov/16/theres-no-such-thing-as-humane-meat-or-eggs-stop-kidding-yourself |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Believing that livestock farming is cruel was cited as the most common reason for becoming [[Veganism|vegan]] or [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] throughout the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Britain's vegans and vegetarians {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/society/articles/40517-meet-britains-vegans-and-vegetarians |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=yougov.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy}}
{{div col}}
* [[Agribusiness]]
* [[Agroecology]]
* [[Amenable species]]
* [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]]
* [[California Proposition 2 (2008)]]
* [[Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources]]
* [[Cuniculture]] (rabbit farming)
* [[Leave the gate as you found it]]
* ''[[Livestock's Long Shadow|Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental Issues and Options]]'' (UN report)
* [[Pen (enclosure)|Pen]]
* [[Sericulture]] (silkworm farming)
* [[Sheep husbandry]]
* [[Western Fair]]
* [[Wildlife farming]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|livestock}}
{{Commons category|Livestock}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101510/http://app.thearit.com/ilri/betterlivesthroughlivestockinternationallivestockresearchinstituteilri.html Better Lives Through Livestock] by ILRI
* [https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/agriculture/livestock Livestock] - New South Wales Government
* [https://havanatimes.org/business/havana-livestock-fair-2010/ Havana Livestock Fair (Photo Feature)] - ''Havana Times'', 19 October 2010
* [https://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/978-90-8686-771-4_01 A Short History of Livestock Production]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/16/netherlands-european-union-regulations-livestock Have we reached 'peak meat'? Why one country is trying to limit its number of livestock]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 16 January 2023

{{Meat}}
{{Agriculture footer}}
{{Mammals in culture}}
{{Working animals}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Livestock| ]]
[[Category:Meat industry]]
[[Category:Animals by use]]
[[Category:Dairy industry]]

StarPlus

2026-03-17T15:20:13Z

Itsniraj175:

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television channel}}
{{about|the Hindi television channel|the defunct streaming service in Latin America|Star+}}
{{redirect|STAR Plus|the English-language channel formerly known as the original incarnation of Star Plus|Star World|the European channel formerly known as Star Plus|Utsav Plus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = StarPlus
| logo = StarPlus Logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2018
| launch_date = {{start date and age|15 December 1991}}
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]]/[[480i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed) '''SD & HD''' Feeds Available
| type = [[Television Channel]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]] (1991–2000) [[Hindi]] (1996–present)
| area = Worldwide (Except in Iran, the UK and North Korea)
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| former_names =
| replaced_by = Utsav Plus (Europe)
| website = [http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-plus Star Plus] on JioHotstar
| online_serv_1 = JioHotstar
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
| terr_serv_2 = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| terr_chan_2 = [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Singapore]]
| online_serv_3 = [[Hulu]]
| online_chan_3 = [[United States]]
}}

'''StarPlus''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[general entertainment]] [[pay television]] channel owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Reliance Industries]], [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. Its programming consists of [[Soap opera|family dramas]], [[Romance film|romantic dramas]], [[Television comedy|comedies]], [[Reality television|reality shows]] and [[Crime film|crime shows]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Description about the Channel Star Plus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Star-Plus|website=Times Of India}}</ref>

==History==
It was first launched on 15 December 1991, as Star Entertainment. At that time, it was an English language entertainment television channel, broadcasting international television shows from the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], with [[Zee TV]] being the [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language counterpart.<ref name="WSJ 2001">{{cite news |last=Flegg |first=Michael |date=10 September 2001 |title=India's Star TV Leaps to Top Spot Due to Game Shows, Soap Operas |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000058525375899610 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010919222951/http://public.wsj.com/sn/y/SB1000058525375899610.html |archive-date=19 September 2001 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

On 21 February 1992, it was renamed as StarPlus.<ref name=":0" /> This change was also seen in other countries from 1 July 1992 onwards.

After Star ended its relationship with [[Zee TV]] on 30 June 2000, StarPlus was transformed completely into a Hindi-language channel from the next day - 1 July 2000 (from April 1996 to June 2000, StarPlus was a bilingual TV channel consisting of [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] programmes),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/12/20/see-change.html|title=See Change|website=The Week}}</ref> with [[Star World India|Star World]] becoming the network's English-language counterpart channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equitymaster.com/detail.asp?date=10/01/1999&story=7&title=Zee-Life-after-Star-and-vice-versa|title=Zee: Life after Star, and vice-versa|website=Equity Master}}</ref> The company's CEO [[Sameer Nair]] and programming chief [[Tarun Katial]] introduced a number of new shows, which helped solidify the channel's position as a large influence in Hindi-language television broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sameer Nair: The creative strategist|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3cduJwWSAIZw9dTNwPqIvM/Sameer-Nair-The-creative-strategist.html|website=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DY6tYikVelf4mtIywJh6eN/There-and-back-again-Subhash-Chandra-and-the-Zee-TV-story.html|title=There and back again: Subhash Chandra and the Zee TV story|website=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History Star Plus Global|url=https://yehrishtakyakehlataserial.com/|access-date=6 July 2015|publisher=Star Plus Global|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927131941/https://yehrishtakyakehlataserial.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The channel launched in the United States in November 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140103005517/en/YuppTV-Launches-Star-Life-Channels-USA|title=YuppTV Launches Star Plus and Life OK Channels in USA|website=Business Wire}}</ref>

The channel's high-definition feed was launched on 15 April 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-tv-india-launches-five-179068|title=Star TV India Launches Five HD Channels|website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

StarPlus HD was set to launch in both the United Kingdom and Ireland by the end of 2011,<ref>Star Plus UK to launch HD Channel – http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/02/exclusive_star_5.php</ref> but it was delayed until 5 July 2012.<ref>Star Plus HD UK date confirmed – http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-plus-hd-to-launch-in-july-in-uk {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605142940/http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/star-plus-hd-to-launch-in-july-in-uk |date=5 June 2016 }}</ref>

On 6 October 2017, Canada's [[ATN Channel]] lost rights to Star programming, with viewers directed to the new streaming service [[Hotstar]], which was recently introduced into the Canadian market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantelevision.com/news-detail.php?id_news=188|title=&TV replace Star Plus to be part of the ATN HD channel|website=Asian Television}}</ref>

On 4 January 2019, Star similarly shut down its linear channels in the United States, in favour of Hotstar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-tv-ceases-television-operations-in-usa/|title=Star TV to shutdown television operations in USA|last=Baddhan|first=Raj|date=7 December 2018|work=BizAsia|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> On 14 September 2023, [[Dish Network]] and [[Sling TV]] relaunched Star Plus and other Disney Star channels in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MyDISH |url=https://my.dish.com/upgrades/international/channels?keyword=hindimega&packageName=Hindi%20Mega |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=my.dish.com}}</ref>

===Rebranding===

On 14 June 2010, it underwent a rebranding along with a change from the blue rectangular logo to a ruby red star with the tagline "Rishta Wahi, Soch Nayi" (Same Relationship, New Thinking).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lpi96EJoZvLG4Foxaj1ZaO/Star-Plus-to-sport-new-logo-tagline-in-battle-for-top-slot.html|title=Star Plus to sport new logo, tagline in battle for top slot|website=Live Mint}}</ref> The signature tune was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] and rendered by [[Shreya Ghoshal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=STAR Plus undergoes revamp, with a new logo and a new brand promise |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/27356_star-plus-undergoes-revamp-with-a-new-logo-and-a-new-brand-promise |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=12 November 2024 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en |quote=The creative team behind the new look includes Piyush Pandey, executive chairperson and creative director, Ogilvy South Asia; music composers, Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy; and singer Shreya Ghoshal, who have worked on the new signature tune.}}</ref>

On 7 November 2016, it underwent a rebranding with the tagline "Nayi Soch" (New Thinking).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/how-an-ad-campaign-challenged-stereotypes-and-affected-a-cultural-shift-118120501236_1.html|title=How an ad campaign 'challenged stereotypes' and affected a 'cultural shift'|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

On 27 May 2018, it underwent a rebranding with [[Alia Bhatt]] as the face of the campaign with the red crystal star with gold swoosh along with the tagline "Rishta Wahi, Baat Nayi" (Same Relationship, New Conversations), and signature song composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/alia-bhatt-ar-rahman-star-plus-new-song-look-video-5193958/|title=Alia Bhatt becomes fresh face of Star Plus new look|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

On 30 December 2020, Disney announced that the Star branding in the Netherlands would be replaced with Utsav from 22 January 2021. On 22 January 2021, StarPlus became Utsav Plus in the UK and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsondisneyplus.com/disney-renaming-star-channels-in-the-netherlands/|title=Disney Renaming Star Channels In The Netherlands | What's On Disney Plus|date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/exclusive-first-look-at-the-new-utsav-branding/|title=Exclusive: First look at Star TV's new Utsav TV branding|date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2000, StarPlus was at third position in terms of revenue and viewership after Zee TV and [[Sony Entertainment Television]] while none of the series were in top 10.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kaun Banega Crorepati mesmerises people as Star TV bets Rs 75 crore on Amitabh Bachchan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000717-kaun-banega-crorepati-mesmerises-people-as-star-tv-bets-rs-75-crore-on-amitabh-bachchan-779071-1999-11-30|website=[[India Today]]|date=30 November 1999 }}</ref> With the launch of Indian Hindi version of ''[[Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?]]'', ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', hosted by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], emerged as a major blockbuster, becoming the number one show in 2000 followed by the launch of [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', on the same day which became the second most watched show in 2000, which soon beat KBC after the new year to the number one position, held for the next 6 years, while StarPlus emerged as the most watched channel.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=4 November 2008 |title=Court ends run of India's top soap |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/court-ends-run-indias-top-122272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123091100/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/court-ends-run-indias-top-122272 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=20 January 2013 |title=Sony does a Star Plus |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/sony-does-a-star-plus-109060100035_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004133124/https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/sony-does-a-star-plus-109060100035_1.html |archive-date=4 October 2021 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=[[Business Standard India]]}}</ref> This followed ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' in October 2000 and later ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]'' a year after it and many more produced under [[Balaji Telefilms]] which made StarPlus to achieve the highest viewership during that time, making it the channel at No. 1 position since.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/jU43xjDdcaum76IzPAwKYJ/Star-likely-to-divest-its-259-stake-in-Balaji-Telefilms.html|title=Star likely to divest its 25.9% stake in Balaji Telefilms|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=6 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/sony-does-a-star-plus-109060100035_1.html|title=Sony does a Star Plus|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Most of the series (80-90%) aired in the channel during that period were produced by Balaji Telefilms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/star-balaji-rediscover-their-love-110062700048_1.html|title=STAR, Balaji rediscover their love|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> 70% of the revenue for the production house was obtained from Star then.<ref name=":1" /> After 2006, their top rated shows started to decline in viewership and were axed one by one by the channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20050606-with-falling-trps-channel-share-pricey-actors-entertainment-television-faces-the-heat-787640-2005-06-06|title=With falling TRPs, channel share, pricey actors, entertainment television faces the heat|website=[[India Today]]|date=6 June 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Money/bEGRfOdawl68PD8xtITrpL/Balaji-Telefilms-stock-surges-20-after-stake-sale-by-Star-M.html|title=Star India sells 26% stake in Balaji Telefilms for 108 crore|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=5 August 2015 }}</ref> Later ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' became the first Hindi GEC to beat ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' to the top position at that time garnering 5.28 TVR during first week January 2008.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Until March 2008, it shuffled in and out of top ten shows.<ref name=":8" /> In March 2008, it got 6 TVR on one of the leads Sadhana and Alekh's wedding track. Since April 2008 to September 2008, it was consistently the number one series except twice in June 2008, when it was pushed to second by ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and ''Star Parivaar Awards''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Bidaai: STAR Plus' winning card|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/23062_bidaai-star-plus-winning-card|website=Afaqs|date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> In the week during 5 to 11 October 2008, it was second most watched after ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' with 6 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are new channels threatening old players?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/comment-are-new-channels-threatening-old-players-1200411|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Its highest rating garnered in the year was 8.8 TVR for the [[Taj Mahotsav]] sequence in October 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fragmentation impacts TV's cost effectiveness|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/IVIx63BTgKBZV1j7GDr9hN/Fragmentation-impacts-TV8217s-cost-effectiveness.html|website=Live Mint}}</ref> In November 2008 overall, it was the second most watched Hindi show with averaging between 5 and 6 TVR.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV toppers|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tv-toppers/cid/489910|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> However, during 2008, differences arouse between [[Star India]] and Balaji due to termination of their serials over declining ratings, cancellation of joint venture for regional content in South India and as a result the agreement of Balaji buying Star's stake was terminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2008/sep/23tv.htm|title=Balaji, Star TV at war!|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/1p0ChRJEpwbp73QY5pWo1O/Star-Balaji-have-finally-parted-ways.html|title=Star, Balaji have finally parted ways|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=4 August 2008 }}</ref> Both suffered some downfall after it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/balaji-telefilms-falls-13-star-unit-terminates-tv-serial/articleshow/3617756.cms?from=mdr|title=Balaji Telefilms falls 13% Star unit terminates TV serial|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=20 October 2008 }}</ref> However, after two years, they patched up and ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' was the show produced after it in 2010.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/the-return-of-ekta/100775|title=The return of Ekta|website=[[Fortune India]]|date=8 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-tv-ekta-kapoor-on-tere-liye/20100611.htm|title=The latest offering from TV's soap queen|website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> During the slight downfall in viewership in the end of the 2000s the No.1 position dominated by it for nine years continuously was beaten by the rival channel [[Colors TV]] in April 2009 for the first time pushing it to second position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/D4oazeNK1AQE29t93qln6L/Colors-beats-Star-Plus-with-highest-viewership.html|title=Colors beats Star Plus with highest viewership|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=16 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/star-attraction/627541/|title=Star attraction|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/aEhQWCQ8zoLPQbKrzuGo5N/Success-Strategy--Colors-making-a-mark-with-content.html|title=Success Strategy{{!}} Colors: making a mark with content|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=10 March 2009 }}</ref> During last week of May 2009, it was beaten by Zee TV for the first time in nine years, pushing it to third position and only ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' had maintained its ratings among the list of the Top 10 shows.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee overtakes Star first time in 10 years|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/i2E6Yc1DbYbcNj61fUS88L/Zee-overtakes-Star-first-time-in-10-years.html|website=[[Live Mint]]|date=3 June 2009 }}</ref> After ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' maintaining its ratings among Top 10, few other shows like ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'', ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'', ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' and ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' helped StarPlus to regain their position into Top 10.<ref name=":0"/>

On week 12 of 2020, while it dropped to fifth position in Hindi GEC while overall at sixth position in India, the following week the channel did not even feature in top ten Indian channels owing [[COVID-19 pandemic]] when production and new episodes broadcast were halted and reruns began.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BARC week 12: colors grabs second position on pay platform and urban market|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/barc-week-12-colors-grabs-second-position-on-pay-platform-and-urban-market-200404|website=Indian Television dot com|date=4 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayan Re-Telecasting Helps Doordarshan To Claim Top Spot In Trp|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/ramayan-re-telecasting-helps-doordarshan-to-claim-top-spot-in-trp/articleshow/75072002.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Post first lockdown, in 2020, a new line-up of shows like ''[[Anupamaa]]'', ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Rating War: Anupamaa gets tough fight from Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-rating-war-anupamaa-gets-tough-fight-from-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-2003521-2022-09-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Saath Nibhana Saathiya 2 debuts at No. 3 on TRP chart |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/saath-nibhana-saathiya-2-shoots-to-the-top-of-trp-chart-6908624/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Imlie]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Rating War sees new show Imlie and Ekta Kapoor's Yeh Hai Chahatein enter Top 5 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-rating-war-sees-new-show-imlie-and-ekta-kapoor-s-yeh-hai-chahatein-enter-top-5-1744749-2020-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Pandya Store]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2021 |title=TRP Race: After Udaariyaan, Pandya Store is the New Entry in Top 5 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/trp-race-after-udaariyaan-pandya-store-is-the-new-entry-in-top-5-4328621.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> helped StarPlus regain their position.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupali Ganguly Starrer Anupamaa's Team Celebrates as Show Tops Ratings for Over Two Years |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/rupali-ganguly-starrer-anupamaa-s-team-celebrates-as-show-tops-ratings-for-over-two-years-2567479.html |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=TRP Race: Rupali Ganguly's Anupamaa Breaks its Own Record of 4 Million Viewership |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/trp-race-rupali-gangulys-anupamaa-breaks-its-own-record-of-4-million-viewership-4439666.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by StarPlus}}

From 2 October 2022, StarPlus extended its fiction airtime band to seven days a week.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shooting 7 days in a week will be exhausting not only for actors, but even technicians: Gaurav Mukesh - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shooting-7-days-in-a-week-will-be-exhausting-not-only-for-actors-but-even-technicians-gaurav-mukesh/articleshow/94600716.cms |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref> All shows aired everyday since then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Star Plus extends fiction shows to seven days a week |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/watch-out-436134 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-plus}}

{{SP Shows}}
{{STAR}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1991]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1991]]

Roshni Sahota

2026-03-13T10:51:24Z

Itsniraj175: New Some Page Initial Version!

{{short description|Indian television and film actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roshni Sahota
| image = Roshni Sahota graces the Indian Television Academy Awards 2017 (20) (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Roshni Sahota
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[Television actress]], [[Model (person)|model]]
| years_active = 2012–present
| website =
}}

'''Roshni Sahota''' is an Indian television and film actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/roshni-aalisha-share-a-special-bond/1202279 |title=Roshni, Aalisha share a special bond |work=freepressjournal.in |access-date=2018-01-17 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206090712/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/roshni-aalisha-share-a-special-bond/1202279 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is best known for her role as Surbhi Singh in ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Roshni Sahota to star in new show 'Shakti-Astitva ke Ehsaas Kii' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roshni-sahota-to-star-in-new-show-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111707/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roshni-sahota-to-star-in-new-show-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a popular TV soap that airs on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roshni-sahota-to-star-in-new-show-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii/ |title=Roshni Sahota to star in new show 'Shakti-Astitva ke Ehsaas Kii' |date=2016-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=2018-01-17 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719111707/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roshni-sahota-to-star-in-new-show-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-kii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Network
!Ref
|-
| 2014||''[[Nadaan Parindey Ghar Aaja]]''|| Minty
|[[Life OK]]
|<ref name="deb">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-20 |title=Nadaan Parindey's Roshni Sahot talks about her character in Krishan Kanhaiya |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/nadaan-parindeys-roshni-sahot-talks-about-her-character-in-krishan-kanhaiya_74535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321232426/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/nadaan-parindeys-roshni-sahot-talks-about-her-character-in-krishan-kanhaiya_74535 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Indiaforums}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2015 ||''Krishan Kanhaiya''|| Phool
|
|
|-
| ''[[Phir Bhi Na Maane...Badtameez Dil]]''|| Rati
|[[StarPlus]]
|
|-
| 2016–18||''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''|| Surbhi Singh
|[[Colors TV]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019|| [[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|''Laal Ishq'']]
| Jhumri
|[[&TV]]
|
|-
| ''[[Patiala Babes]]''
| Imarti Chautala
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
|2020
|''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]''
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Arjan Bajwa: ''State Of Siege: 26/11'' took the best out of me |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/arjan-bajwa-state-of-siege-2611-took-the-best-out-of-me/1756403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034720/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/arjan-bajwa-state-of-siege-2611-took-the-best-out-of-me/1756403 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-16 |title=ZEE5's State of Siege: 26/11 uncovers the untold stories during the dreadful Mumbai attacks |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/zee5s-state-of-siege-26-11-uncovers-the-untold-stories-during-the-dreadful-mumbai-attacks/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124065210/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/zee5s-state-of-siege-26-11-uncovers-the-untold-stories-during-the-dreadful-mumbai-attacks/ |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=2021-01-25 |website=The Digital Hash |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Bindiya Sarkar]]''
| Megha
|[[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
|
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
!Role!! Language
!Ref
|-
| 2016 || ''Kuknoos''
| || rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|-
| 2017 || ''The Great Sardaar''
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[O Kala]]''
|Harika
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Kala Movie Review: A sensible drama with good visuals and able performances |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/o-kala-movie-review-the-roshni-sahota-gourish-yeleti-starrer-has-a-simple-message-told-in-an-endearing-manner/d0d7f8ddcd378 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621183923/https://www.ottplay.com/review/o-kala-movie-review-the-roshni-sahota-gourish-yeleti-starrer-has-a-simple-message-told-in-an-endearing-manner/d0d7f8ddcd378 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=O Kala {{!}} Song - Tholimanchule {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/o-kala-song-tholimanchule/videoshow/99975957.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Nidurinchu Jahapana]]''
|Madhura
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=8337223}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahota, Roshni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Veshti

2026-03-11T09:50:25Z

Itsniraj175: started the info nd citations

{{short description|Cloth wrap for the lower body}}
[[File:MylaiTamizhSangam.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Tamils]] wearing ''veshti'' in 1930s]]

A '''''veshti''''' or '''''vēṭṭi''''' is a rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, with varying lengths, used as a [[Wrap (clothing)|wrap]] for the lower body by the [[Tamils]]. It is often white, bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is generally wrapped around the legs, knotted and secured by a corner being tucked beneath the wrapped cloth at the waist.<ref name="Dress">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cocktail-conversations-veshti-vs-dhoti/articleshow/8324642.cms|title=Veshti Vs Dhoti|date=15 May 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The style of draping might vary between communities, and men sometimes wear a hip belt to hold the veshti in place.<ref name="Drape">{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=978-0-966-14961-6|pages=6, 15, 29-32}}</ref> Predominantly worn by men, it is sometimes worn by women and the drape is known as vetti-mundu.<ref name="Drape"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Anawalt|first=Patricia Rieff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqrpAAAAMAAJ|title=The Worldwide History of Dress|date=2007|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51363-7|page=232}}</ref>

''[[Dhoti]]'' is a costume similar to veshti, which is a long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth, that is wrapped around the waist, looped around the legs (similar to trousers) and knotted at the waist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[lungi]]'' is also similar to a veshti but made tubular with the ends stitched together, designed with colourful [[batik]] patterns, and is a common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Dress"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]

NTPC Dadri Solar Power Plant

2026-03-10T07:42:46Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power station in Dadri, India}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = NTPC Dadri Solar Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.579202|N|77.631433|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Dadri]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| status =
| construction_began = 2012
| commissioned = 2013
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner =
| operator = [[National Thermal Power Corporation]]
| solar_type = pv
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_site_area = 27 acres
| ps_electrical_capacity = 5 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''NTPC Dadri Solar Power Plant''' is a [[photovoltaic power station]] of [[NTPC Limited]] in [[Dadri]], India.

== History ==
The 5 MW power plant is the first solar project of NTPC Limited, which was commissioned in 2013 on 27 acres of land at the [[NTPC Dadri|NTPC Dadri Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-30 |title=NTPC's CMD Arup Roy inaugurates commencement of 5 mw solar power plant at Dadri |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ntpcs-cmd-arup-roy-inaugurates-commencement-of-5-mw-solar-power-plant-at-dadri/articleshow/19294462.cms |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The whole project was executed for about ₹48.59 crore by [[Wipro Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jai |first=Shreya |date=2013-03-29 |title=NTPC commissions its first solar power plant at Dadri |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpc-commissions-its-first-solar-power-plant-at-dadri/articleshow/19278580.cms |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Before the commissioning of the plant, Grid Corporation of Orissa Limited (GRIDCO) signed a [[power purchase agreement]] with NTPC to supply power through the Inter State Transmission System (ISTS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2013 |title=Gridco in pact with NTPC for purchase of solar power |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/gridco-in-pact-with-ntpc-for-purchase-of-solar-power-111042700065_1.html |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

{{India-powerstation-stub}}
{{Renewable-power-plant-stub}}

[[Category:Renewable energy power stations in India]]
[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]

Raavan (1984 film)

2026-03-03T23:57:28Z

Itsniraj175: general expanded structure after review and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raavan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Johnny Bakshi]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Johnny Bakshi]]
| starring = [[Smita Patil]] [[Gulshan Arora]] [[Om Puri]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Pravin Bhatt]]
| editing =
| music = [[Jagjit Singh]], [[Chitra Singh]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1984}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Raavan''''' is a 1984 Indian Hindi film. It was one of the first on screen depictions of [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-ramayana-has-inspired-many-a-movie-where-characters-plots-and-themes-have-been-adapted-and-adopted-heres-a-look-at-how-the-villain-ravan-has-galvanised-filmmakers-556087# |website=[[Tribune India]] |title=The Ramayana has inspired many a movie, where characters, plots and themes have been adapted and adopted. Here's a look at how the villain, Ravan, has galvanised filmmakers
|date=October 24, 2023 |first=}}</ref>

==Plot synopsis==
In the Indian epic [[Ramayana]], [[Vishnu]] assumes the human form of [[Rama]] to end the rule of demon king [[Ravana]], an occasion celebrated among the Hindus as [[Vijayadashami]] to mark the triumph of good over evil, and burn giant effigies of Ravana, his son [[Indrajit]], and brother [[Kumbhakarna]]. In the distant village of [[Agar, Madhya Pradesh|Agar]], the villagers gather together to burn the effigies of only Indrajit and Kumbhakarna, and let Ravana's alone. The elder of the village explains this unique custom to a news reporter about the love of a woman Ganga ([[Smita Patil]]) for a cruel man named Ravana ([[Gulshan Arora]]), and how she went about to change this Ravana into a Ram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0366939}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues

2026-03-02T20:08:27Z

Itsniraj175: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ivan Rodrigues
| image = Ivan Rodrigues.jpg
| caption = Image of Ivan Rodrigues
| alt =
| birth_name = Ivan Rodrigues
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
| spouse = Andrea Rodrigues
| children = Jeremiah Rodrigues
}}

'''Ivan Rodrigues''' (born 23 November 1968) is a film and theatre actor based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==Early life and education==
Ivan was born on 23 November 1968 in Mumbai to Robert and Nancy Rodrigues. His parents though were born and brought up in [[Mangalore]], Karnataka, before they moved to Mumbai.

Ivan was involved in school and parish plays. He made his debut in professional theatre with the musical ''[[Godspell]]'' directed by Joel Furtado and staged by St. Michael's Parish, Mahim. He completed his SSC from St. Michael's High School, [[Mahim]] in 1984 standing second in his school.

He graduated in commerce from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]] in 1989 and then did his MBA in Marketing from [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research|S.P. Jain]] in 1991.

After working for 19 years as a senior marketing professional in the corporate world, he quit his job in 2009 to follow his passion for acting full-time.

==Career==
=== In Theatre ===

It was in his final year in [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]], where he won the awards for Best Play, Best Director and Best Actor for the play ''[[The Chairs]]'' written by [[Eugène Ionesco]] at the prestigious Dr. S. K. Muranjan intra-college competition in 1989. It was at this competition that Mr. Dandavate, who was the then Chairman of the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]], invited Ivan to stage ''[[The Chairs]]'' at the Little Theatre, NCPA. The play received positive reviews in the press at that time.

Since then Ivan has acted in several professional productions and has performed at venues all over India. Some of these include:

[[File:Ivan and Ramu.jpg|thumb|Ivan Rodrigues and [[Ramu Ramanathan]] during a rehearsal of 'Krapp's Last Tape']]

''[[The Fantasticks]]'', a musical play (music by Harvey Schmidt and lyrics by Tom Jones) directed by Janak Toprani and Nandu Bhende, ''[[Krapp's Last Tape]]'' ([[Samuel Beckett]]) directed by [[Ramu Ramanathan]], ''In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer'' ([[Heinar Kipphardt]]) directed by Janak Toprani, ''The Public Eye'' ([[Peter Shaffer]]) directed by Janak Toprani, ''Final Solutions'', written and directed by [[Mahesh Dattani]], ''[[Animal Farm]]'' ([[George Orwell]]), a musical play directed by Arundhati Raja, ''Holy River'' (an Indo-British production), directed by Etienne Coutinho and The ''Big Fat city'',<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/28-the-big-fat-city-english-play-review-devina-dutt.asp|title=The Big Fat City play review, English play review - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com|website=mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref> written and directed by [[Mahesh Dattani]]. He has also written AGP World's ''The Scent of a Man''.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-ashvin-gidwani-s-the-scent-of-a-man-touches-sensitive-cords-of-long-term-relationships-in-lighter-notes-1914256|title=Ashvin Gidwani's 'The Scent of A Man' touches sensitive cords of long-term relationships in lighter notes|date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://instantpublish.blogspot.com/2013/06/crossword-hosts-play-reading-of-ashvin.html|title=Crossword hosts a Play Reading of Ashvin Gidwani's 'The Big Fat City'}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/english/31-the-scent-of-a-man-english-play-preview.asp#|title=The Scent of a Man English Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com|website=mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref>

He has also worked with young directors on experimental plays – like Raul Valmiki in ''The Date(d)'' and Megha Burman in ''Do You, I Do''.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://insider.in/do-you-i-do-dec4/event|title=Do You? I Do!|website=insider.in}}</ref>

Over the years, his acting has been much appreciated by audiences and critics alike.

=== In Films ===
Since 2013, he has acted in the following [[Bollywood]] films:<ref name=":32">{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7265507/|title=Ivan Rodrigues|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'' directed by [[Prakash Jha]], ''[[Shamitabh]]'' directed by [[R. Balki]], ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' directed by [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']], ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' and ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' directed by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' directed by Gauri Shinde, ''[[Commando 2]]'' directed by Deven Bhojani, [[Mom (film)|''MOM'']] directed by Ravi Udyawar, ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' directed by [[Anurag Basu]], ''[[Hichki]]'' directed by Sidharth P. Malhotra, [[Love per Square Foot|''Love Per Square Foot'']] directed by [[Anand Tiwari]], ''[[Bioscopewala]]'' directed by Deb Medhekar, ''Gold'' directed by [[Reema Kagti]], [[Uri: The Surgical Strike|''URI:The Surgical Strike'']] directed by Aditya Dhar, [[Noblemen (film)|''Noblemen'']] directed by Vandana Kataria, ''[[Upstarts (film)|Upstarts]]'' directed by Udai Singh Pawar, ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' directed by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]], ''[[Dial 100 (2021 film)|Dial 100]]'' directed by [[Rensil D'Silva|Rensil D'silva]] and ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]'' directed by [[Mohit Suri]].

===In Web Series===

He has acted in the following TV and web series on [[Netflix]], [[Amazon Prime]], [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]], [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]], [[Disney+ Hotstar]], [[ZEE5]] Premium, [[SonyLIV|Sony Liv]] and [[YouTube]]: ''What The Folks S1'' directed by Ruchir Arun, ''[[The Good Karma Hospital]]'' S2 directed by Alex Winckler, ''Official CEOgiri'' directed by Samar Sheikh, ''What's Your Status'' directed by Madhur Agarwal, ''[[The Final Call (TV series)|The Final Call]]'' directed by Vijay Lalwani, ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'' directed by Alankrita Srivastava, ''Abhay'' directed by Ken Ghosh, ''[[Medically Yourrs]]'' directed by Abhijit Das, ''[[The Verdict - State vs Nanavati|The Verdict: State vs Nanavati]]'' directed by Shashant Shah, ''Minus One'' directed by Shubham Yogi, ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'' directed by Raj Nidhimoru and Krishna D.K., ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]'' ''S2'' directed by Harsh Dedhia, ''Brochara'' directed by Simarpreet Singh, ''It Happened in Calcutta'' directed by Ken Ghosh, ''[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain]] S3'' directed by Abhijit Das, ''[[Scam 1992|SCAM 1992: The Harshad Mehta Story]]'' directed by Hansal Mehta, ''[[City of Dreams (TV series)|City of Dreams]] S2'' directed by Nagesh Kukunoor, ''Tryst Wth Destiny'' directed by Prashant Nair, ''[[Bestsellers (web series)|Bestseller]]'' directed by Mukul Abhyankar and ''[[Trial by Fire (TV series)|Trial By Fire]]'' directed by Prashant Nair.

Over the years, Ivan has gained popularity amongst the youth for featuring in several ''Filter Copy'', ''Dice Media and [[Arre (brand)|Arré]]'' web sketches on [[YouTube]].

=== Voice acting ===

Ivan is a professional Voice Over Actor and has lent his voice to several TVCs and Corporate AVs. He has also voiced for the character of ''Feroze Modi'' in Amazon [[Audible (store)|audibles]] ''Spot Dada'' directed by Riya Mukherjee and as ''Mr. Shah'' in ''Pitching Pyaar'' directed by Saad Khan

===Interviewing===

Ivan is a professional interviewer and has interviewed many top CXOs and Business Leaders as part of the ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] Cutting Chai Stories'' as also ''The Brand Story''. These interviews are available on [[YouTube]].

===Hosting===

[[File:Ivan Compere01.jpg|thumb|Ivan Rodrigues compering a Dun and Bradstreet event]]

He has been a compere and MC for corporate events organized by conference producers such as [[The Times Group|Times Conferences]] ([[The Economic Times|ET Edge]]), [[Dun & Bradstreet]], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], NRAI, [[UBM plc|UBM]] and [[EC-Council|EC Council]].

===TEDx speaker===
Ivan delivered his first TED Talk at TEDx MSRIT in Bangalore titled, "You Are Never Too Old To Pursue Your Dreams".

==Filmography==

[[File:Shamitabh01.jpg|thumb|[[Akshara Haasan|Akshara Hassan]] and Ivan Rodrigues in [[Shamitabh]]]]

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013
|[[Satyagraha (film)|''Satyagraha'']]|| Channel Head ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
|''[[Shamitabh]]''|| Anay Verma ||
|-
|''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]''|| Mac Mundra||
|-
|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''|| Dharmapala Sr.||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|[[Sultan (2016 film)|''Sultan'']]|| Mr. Patel ||
|-
|''[[Dear Zindagi]]''|| VP Hotel||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017
|''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail]]'' || Mr. Kamath ||
|-
|[[Mom (film)|''MOM'']]
|Principal ||
|-
|''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
|Mr. Ahuja||
|-
|''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''
|India's Ambassador to Iraq||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''[[Hichki]]''
|Principal||
|-
|''[[Love Per Square Foot]]''
|Noel Misquita
|Platform [[Netflix]]
|-
|''Armed''
|Dr. Murthy
|Short Film
|-
|''[[Bioscopewala]]''
|Airline Spokesperson
|
|-
|[[Gold (2018 film)|''Gold'']]
|Sports Official
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|Brian D'souza
|
|-
|''377 Ab Normal''
|Lawyer Anand Grewal
|Platform [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|[[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']]
|Gupta
|
|-
|[[Noblemen (film)|''Noblemen'']]
|Deputy Headmaster
|Platform [[Netflix]]
|-
|''Upstarts''
|Investor 3
|Platform [[Netflix]]
|-
|2020
|''Unmothered (Short Film)''
|Ankur
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Mumbai Saga]]''
|Journalist Sanjay Kumar Pandey
|
|-
|''[[Dial 100 (2021 film)|Dial 100]]''
|Gautam Mehra
|Platform [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|''[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]''
|Milind Sanghvi ||Platform [[Amazon Prime]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
|Thapar
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
|Advocate Bijou
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
|Divya's Father
|
|-
|TBA
|[[3 Monkeys (upcoming film)|''3 Monkeys'']]
|
|[[Abbas–Mustan|Abbas-Mustan]] film
|}

===Web series / TV series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Samvidhaan]] – The Making of the Indian Constitution''|| P. Subbarayan ||
|-
|2017
| ''The Big Fat City''|| Kailash || Hindi Cineplay on [[Netflix]]
|-
|2017
|''What The Folks - Season 1''
|Sunil
|
|-
|2018
|''[[The Good Karma Hospital]] - Season 2''
|Davinder Bakshi
|English series
|-
|2018
|''Official CEOgiri - Season 2''
|Vijay Talsania
|Platform Arré
|-
|2018
|''What's Your Status''
|Bharat's Father
|
|-
|2018
|''Better Life Foundation - Season 2''
|Rajiv
|
|-
|2019
|[[The Final Call (TV series)|''The Final Call'']]
|Thakur
|Platform [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]] - Season 1''
|Priest
|Platform [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]] - Season 1''
|Channel Head
|Platform [[ZEE5|Zee5]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Medically Yourrs]]''
|Dean Dr. Komudhi Banerjee
|Platform [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]]
|-
|2019
|''Minus One''
|Subhash
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]] - Season 1''
|CEO of INITEK
|Platform [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
|2019
|''[[The Verdict - State vs Nanavati]]''
|Admiral Katari
|Platform [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]]
|-
|2019
|[[Broken But Beautiful|''Broken But Beautiful - Season 2'']]
|Ahaan's Dad
|Platform [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]] and [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]
|-
|2019
|''Brochaara - Season 1''
|Boss
|
|-
|2020
|''It Happened In Calcutta''
|Dr. Dasgupta
|Platform [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]] and ZEE5<ref>{{Cite web|title=It Happened in Calcutta (Zee5 and ALTBalaji): A love saga from the golden age|url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/it-happened-in-calcutt-zee5-love-saga-from-the-golden-age/|access-date=2021-07-14|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain|''Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain - Season 3'']]
|Paritosh
|Platform [[ALTBalaji|Alt Balaji]]
|-
|2020
|[[Scam 1992|''SCAM 1992 - The Harshad Mehta Story'']]
|Fortune India Editor
|Platform [[SonyLIV]]
|-
|2020
|''Lockdown Rishtey''
|Doctor
|
|-
|2020
|''Lips Don't Lie''
|Reporter
|
|-
|2021
|''[[City of Dreams (TV series)|City of Dreams]] - S2''
|Nambiar
|Platform [[Disney Hotstar]]
|-
|2021
|''Tryst With Destiny''
|Galava's Lawyer
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
|2022
|Bestseller
|DCP Mehrotra
|[[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Trial By Fire (Indian web series)|Trial By Fire]]''
|Abhishek
|Platform [[Netflix]]
|}

=== Amazon Audibles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Role
|-
|2019
|''Spot Dada''
|Riya Mukherjee
|Feroz Modi
|-
|2022
|''Pitching Pyar''
|[[Saad Khan]]
|Mr. Shah
|}

===Films / Web series / TV series - Awaiting release / Post production / Shooting for===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film !! Director !! Role
|-
|2025
|Ikka
|[[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]
|Dr. Galvankar
|-
|2025
|''3 Monkeys''
|[[Abbas–Mustan|Abbas Mustan]]
|Ravindra Jacob
|-
|2025
|''Colour Black''
|Anand Singh
|Ivan
|-
|2025
|''Culture Vulture''
|[[Sudhish Kamath]]
|Pai - Boss
|-
|2025
|''Covid Stories''
|Abhishek Acharya
|Dr. D'silva
|-
|}

==Plays==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Title
!Playwright
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1
|''[[The Chairs]]''
|[[Eugène Ionesco]]
|Actor and Director
|
|-
|2
|''Stale News''
|[[Badal Sarkar|Badal Sircar]]
|Actor and Director
|
|-
|3
|''[[Krapp's Last Tape]]''
|[[Samuel Beckett]]
|Actor
|
|-
|4
|''[[The Fantasticks]]''
|Harvey Schmidt
|Actor
|
|-
|5
|''Procession''
|[[Badal Sarkar|Badal Sircar]]
|Actor
|
|-
|6
|''In The Matter Of J. Robert Oppenheimer''
|Heinar Kipphardt
|Actor
|
|-
|7
|''The Public Eye''
|[[Peter Shaffer]]
|Actor
|
|-
|8
|''Holy River''
|Etienne Coutinho
|Actor
|
|-
|9
|''[[Animal Farm]]'' ([[George Orwell]])
|Arundhati Raja
|Actor
|
|-
|10
|''The Big Fat City''
|[[Mahesh Dattani]]
|Actor
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's First Black Comedy to be staged in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Indias-First-Black-Comedy-to-be-staged-in-Mumbai/articleshow/20604400.cms|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='The Big Fat City' is about subtle dark humour - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-Big-Fat-City-is-about-subtle-dark-humour/articleshow/21101807.cms|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11
|''The Scent Of A Man''
|Ivan Rodrigues (self)
|Writer
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lust and lies can be fun - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/The-Scent-Of-A-Man-to-be-staged-in-Bangalore/articleshow/28637011.cms|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatre review: The Scent Of A Man - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/Theatre-review-The-Scent-Of-A-Man/articleshow/29250555.cms|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|12
|''Date(d)''
|
|Actor
|
|-
|13
|''Do You, I Do''
|
|Actor
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rodrigues, Ivan Sylvester}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Ghulam Ishaq Khan

2026-03-01T02:07:46Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 1988 to 1993}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Ishaq Khan
| native_name = غلام اسحاق خان
| honorific-prefix =
| office = 7th [[President of Pakistan]]
| image = Ghulam Ishaq Khan (cropped).JPG
| caption =
| term_start = 17 August 1988
| term_end = 18 July 1993 {{small|[[Acting President of Pakistan|Acting]]: 17 August 1988 – 12 December 1988}}
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
| primeminister = [[Benazir Bhutto]] [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi|Ghulam Mustafa]] {{small|(Caretaker)}} [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[Balakh Sher Mazari]] {{small|(Caretaker)}} [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| successor = [[Wasim Sajjad]] {{small|(acting)}}
| prior_term =
| office1 = 2nd [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]]
| term_start1 = 21 March 1985
| term_end1 = 12 December 1988
| deputy1 = [[Sajjad Hussain Qureshi|Sajjad Hussain]]
| predecessor1 = [[Khan Habibullah Khan|Habibullah Khan]]
| successor1 = [[Wasim Sajjad]]
| office2 = 13th [[Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Finance, Revenue & Economic Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 5 July 1977
| term_end2 = 21 March 1985
| president2 = [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
| predecessor2 = [[Abdul Hafiz Pirzada]]
| successor2 = [[Mahbub ul Haq]]
| order3 = [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 12 October 1975
| term_end3 = 5 July 1977
| president3 =
| primeminister3 =
| predecessor3 = Fazal Muqeem Khan
| successor3 = [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] [[Ghulam Jilani Khan]]
| office5 = 6th [[Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan]]
| term_start5 = 22 December 1971
| term_end5 = 30 November 1975
| primeminister5 =
| president5 =
| predecessor5 = [[Shahkur Ullah Durrani|Shahkur Durrani]]
| successor5 = [[S. Osman Ali|S. O. Ali]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|1|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bannu district|Bannu]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|27|1915|1|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Peshawar]], North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan
| resting_place = Pawaka Graveyard University Town, Peshawar
| nationality = {{Flag|British India|name=British Indian}} (1916–1947) {{Flag|Pakistan|name=Pakistani}} (1947–2006)
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Peshawar]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science|(BSc)]] in [[Chemistry|Chem]] and [[Botany|Bot.]])}} [[Civil Services Academy Lahore|Civil Services Academy]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| native_name_lang = ur
}}

'''Ghulam Ishaq Khan'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|غلام اسحاق خان}}}} (20 January 1915 – 27 October 2006), commonly known by his initials '''GIK''', was a Pakistani bureaucrat, politician and statesman who served as the seventh [[president of Pakistan]] from 1988 to 1993. He previously served as [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|chairman of the Senate]] from 1985 to 1988 under president [[Zia-ul-Haq]], and assumed the presidency in accordance with the [[Pakistani presidential line of succession|constitutional line of succession]] following [[Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia's death]] .

Raised in [[Bannu|Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Khan graduated from [[Peshawar University]] and entered the [[Indian Civil Service]], opting for [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947. Appointed the first chairman of the [[Water and Power Development Authority]] by President [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] in 1961, Ghulam Ishaq also served as [[Finance Secretary of Pakistan|Finance Secretary]] from 1966 to 1970. A year later, he was appointed [[Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan|Governor]] of the [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] by President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], before being made [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] in 1975, assisting with [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|Pakistan's atomic bomb programme]]. He was retained by President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] as [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance Minister]] in 1977, overseeing the country's highest [[GDP growth]] average. Elected [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] in 1985, Khan was elevated to the presidency after [[Death of Zia-ul-Haq|Zia's death in an air crash]] on 17 August 1988. He was elected president on 13 December, as the consensus candidate of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] and [[Pakistan People's Party]].

The oldest person to serve as president, Ghulam Ishaq Khan played a hawkish role against [[Communist Afghanistan]], while [[US-Pakistan relations|relations with]] the [[United States]] deteriorated following the [[Pressler amendment]]. Domestically, Khan's term faced challenges: ethnic riots flared in [[Karachi]], and [[Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] accused him of frustrating her government as part of an alliance with [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|conservative opposition]] leader [[Nawaz Sharif]] and the post-Zia military establishment. Khan invoked the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] and dismissed Benazir's government after just 20 months, [[Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari|on charges of rampant corruption and misgovernance]]. Sharif was [[1990 Pakistani general election|elected Prime Minister in 1990]], but Khan dismissed his government on similar charges three years later. The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] overturned the dismissal, but the gridlock ultimately led to both men resigning in 1993. He was the founder of his namesake [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute]].

Retiring from public service, Khan served as [[Rector (academia)|rector]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2022|reason=No citation for him being rector of GIKI}} of the [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology|GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology]] in his native province, dying from [[pneumonia]] in 2006. He is viewed contentiously by Pakistani historians; he is credited with personal [[austerity]], but criticized for wielding an [[autocracy|autocratic presidency]] that ousted two governments.<ref name="Telegraph UK">{{cite news|last=Staff report|title=Obituary: Ghulam Ishaq Khan|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1532587/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan.html|access-date=19 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=28 October 2006}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ghulam Ishaq Khan was born in Ismail Khel, a rural locality on the outskirts of [[Bannu District]], both villages in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] of the [[British Indian Empire]], now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province]], [[State of Pakistan|Pakistan]].<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="Pakistan Herald">{{cite web|title=Ghulam Ishaq Khan|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/Profile/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan-1185|work=Pakistan Herald|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629090154/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan-1185|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a [[Pashtun]] of the [[Bangash]] tribe. His family remains active in politics; his son-in-law is former federal minister [[Anwar Saifullah Khan]] while another son-in-law is former Sindh minister and advisor, [[Irfanullah Khan Marwat]]. A granddaughter of his, [[Samar Haroon Bilour]], was married to [[Haroon Bilour]] of the ANP and another to [[Omar Ayub Khan]], the grandson of former [[military dictator]] [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] and son of politician [[Gohar Ayub Khan]].

After his schooling in [[Bannu]], Khan first attended the [[Islamia College Peshawar|Islamia College]] before making [[College transfer|transfer]] to [[University of Peshawar|Peshawar University]]. He obtained [[Double major|double]] [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], in [[Chemistry]]<ref name="Telegraph UK"/> and in [[Botany]].<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="News International, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=A. Q.|title=An indomitable man|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-298122-An-indomitable-man|access-date=26 January 2015|work=Special biographical accounts by Dr. A. Q. Khan, published at the News International|agency=News International, 2015|publisher=News International, 2015|date=26 January 2015|archive-date=26 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726160500/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-298122-An-indomitable-man|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Initially looking for a university job, Khan joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1941, serving in various provincial assignments on behalf of [[British Indian Empire|British India]].<ref name="News International, 2015"/> After [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947, Khan opted for [[Pakistan]] and was assigned to the bureaucracy of the [[Government of North-West Frontier Province|provincial government]] of [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] in 1947. He took over the provincial secretariat as the secretary of the irrigation department, which he held until 1955.<ref name="Telegraph UK"/>

==Initial public service==
In 1956, Khan was appointed in the [[Government of Sindh|provincial government]] of [[Sindh]] as the [[Government of Sindh|Home Secretary]], but was later appointed Secretary of Department of Development and Irrigation by the Sindh government.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> In 1958, he was elevated to federal government level, and assigned to the secretariat control of the [[Ministry of Agriculture (Pakistan)|Ministry of Agriculture]] (MoA), an appointment approved by the President Ayub Khan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> Since 1958, Khan had been serving on the [[board of governors|Board of Governors]] of the [[Water and Power Development Authority]] (WAPDA), before being elevated to chairman in 1961. As Chairman, he played a vital role in the construction and financial development of [[Mangla Dam]] and [[Warsak Dam]].<ref name="Palgrave-Macmillan">{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=Pakistan : a modern history|year=1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0230623040|pages=386–387|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+civil+service&pg=PA386|edition=3rd|access-date=20 October 2012|chapter-format=google books|chapter=Ghulam Ishaq Khan}}</ref>
In 1966, Khan left the chairmanship to be appointed the [[Finance Secretary of Pakistan|Federal Finance Secretary]] to the [[Government of Pakistan]] until 1970, which he relinquished to incoming Prime Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> After Pakistan's loss to India in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Khan was called to administer all retail and commercial services pertaining to the national economy tattered by war.<ref name="Dawn archives, 2006">{{cite web|last=Intikhab Amir|title=Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm|work=Dawn News Group|publisher=Dawn|access-date=20 October 2012|date=28 October 2006}}</ref> In 1971, Bhutto appointed him [[Governor of State Bank of Pakistan]] when he was tasked to formulate and administer monetary and credit policy in accordance with Government policy with influence of [[socialism]].<ref name="Independent, UK">{{cite news|last=Staff|title=Quiet' president of Pakistan who sacked two prime ministers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ghulam-ishaq-khan-422213.html|access-date=20 October 2012|newspaper=Independent, UK|date=30 October 2006}}</ref> In the latter position, he questioned the wisdom of many of the economic policies of then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] who was keen to intensify his nationalization and socialist influence in the financial institutions that marked the slow down of the economy.<ref name="Independent, UK"/><ref name="United States Government">{{cite web|last=Staff|title=President Ghulam Ishaq Khan|url=http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/77.htm|work=US Government (Country Studies)|publisher=United States Government|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

==Defence Secretary (1975–77)==
In 1975, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] transferred him from Governor of the [[State Bank of Pakistan|State Bank]] to the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] as [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]]. It was a fortuitous move in that it brought him into close contact with the Pakistani military establishment and enabled him to closely manage the nuclear weapons program.<ref name="United States Government"/> Though an unusual assignment for a financial expert, this appointment made him a powerful bureaucrat in the country.<ref name="US Govt" /> During that time, Khan became closer to General [[General Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] and had later coveted for [[General Zia-ul-Haq]]'s appointment as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]].<ref name="United States Government"/>

As Defence Secretary, he helped manage Pakistan's [[Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons|atomic bomb project]] and had been directly associated with the program.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan">{{cite web|last=AQ Khan|title=Bhutto, GIK and Kahuta|url=http://columnscorner.blogspot.com/2010/03/bhutto-gik-and-kahuta.html|work=Dr. A Q Khan|date=6 March 2010 |publisher=Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> Khan was a vehement supporter of the program and saw it as a "national priority".<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He backed the advocacy of [[Theoretical physics|theorist]] [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] and helped establishing the [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] in [[Kahuta]].<ref name="News International, 2015" /> He headed the Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) which consisted of [[Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi|AGN Kazi]], [[Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad]] and [[Agha Shahi]]. Khan recommended [[Syed Ali Nawab|S A Nawab]] for the [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] medal in recognition of Nawab's work in establishing [[Khan Research Laboratories]]. Later, in the 1980s Khan helped consolidate the efforts at [[Engineering Research Laboratories|ERL]] under [[Lieutenant-General|Lt. Gen.]] [[Zahid Ali Akbar]] as its first military director.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He approved the [[Geological Survey of Pakistan|survey]] by field officer, Brigadier [[Zahid Ali Akbar|Akbar]] in 1976. Khan also helped secure the funds for the [[Engineering Research Laboratories|ERL]] and lobbying for General [[Zahid Ali Akbar|Akbar]]'s promotion as the [[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|Engineer-in-Chief]] in 1980.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> Khan cemented close relations with Dr. [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] and [[Munir Ahmad Khan]], and remained Qadeer Khan's staunch loyal.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/>

His involvement and support earned him the nickname "''Mr Nuke''"<ref name="Telegraph UK"/><ref name="Independent, UK"/> by the [[United States|U.S.]] diplomats, while the [[News channels in Pakistan|new media]] dubbed him as "''Baba [[Atom Bomb]]''".<ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> On the contrary, Khan did not have the directorial role in the atomic bomb program until Munir Ahmad Khan retired.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz Hassan|title=Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb|date=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|isbn=978-0804784801}}</ref> However, he maintained complete logistic and operational control over [[Khan Research Laboratories|ERL]] project from the time of its inception using Major General [[Syed Ali Nawab|S A Nawab]] who reported to Ghulam Ishaq at the Ministry of Defence. After Munir Ahmad Khan took retirement from [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC), President Ghulam Ishaq Khan eventually consolidated the entire program under the civic-military control, and supervised the classified projects of the program.

==Minister of Finance (1977–85)==
After Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was ousted in a [[1977 Pakistani coup d'état|staged coup d'état]] in 1977, Khan played a crucial role in the event of stabilizing [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], in [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]]'s capacity.<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> After meeting with the military leadership at the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]], Khan reportedly marked that: "this action was going to harm the country, but since it could not be reversed, they should do their best to salvage whatever they could."<ref name="Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan"/> He was immediately elevated as [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] by General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], who acted as the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] (CMLA).<ref name="Greenwood Press">{{cite book|editor-last=Farazmand|editor-first=Ali|title=Public enterprise management : international case studies|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=0-313-28025-8|pages=171–176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSW5FKVYH4wC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+Minister+of+Finance&pg=PA171|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> A team of economic experts and [[technocrat]]s were assembled in the management of Khan, giving him the authority over the [[Planning Commission (Pakistan)|Planning Commission]], [[Economic Coordination Committee]], and [[Executive Committee of the Space Research Council]].<ref name="Greenwood Press"/> Khan worked towards controlling the [[Pakistan economy|national economy]] while harnessing the damaged [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|Private sector]].<ref name="Greenwood Press"/><ref name="Beard Books">{{cite book|last1=Beaty|first1=Jonathan|last2=Gwynne|first2=S.C.|title=The outlaw bank : a wild ride into the secret heart of BCCI|date=2004|publisher=Beard Books|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=1587981467|edition=Reprint.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_vkgRD3QwwC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+finance+minister&pg=PA287|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> In 1977, Khan endorsed General Haq's bid for becoming the [[President of Pakistan]], who tightened the grip of [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] in the [[Pakistan|country]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=staff writer|title=Zia Became President|date=17 October 2013 |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/general-muhammad-zia-ul-haq/|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref>

In the 1980s, Khan backed the implementation of the [[Islamization of Economy|economic Islamization]] by introducing the [[risk-free interest rate]] system as well as establishing the [[Corporate sector of Pakistan|corporatization]] in the [[Industry of Pakistan|industrial sector]].<ref name="Greenwood Press"/> Khan managed the revenue collection and provided the modern shape in the [[State owned enterprises|state–owned enterprises]] (SOEs) that were established in a [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Potomac Books">{{cite book|last1=Duffey|first1=James P. Farwell; foreword by Joseph D.|title=The Pakistan cauldron conspiracy, assassination & instability|date=2011|publisher=Potomac Books|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1597979832|edition=1st}}</ref> His policies and economic expertise ultimately resulted in the improvement in [[Gross domestic product of Pakistan|GDP]] and [[Gross national product|GNP]] progress, helping Pakistan's economy become among the fastest-growing in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Sushil Khanna">{{cite web|last=Khanna|first=Sushil Khanna|title=The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm|publisher=Sushil Khanna|access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref>

He maintained his ties with the [[Pakistan Nuclear Society|nuclear society]] and gave strong priority for the [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear deterrence]] as channelling financial funds for the development of the atomic bomb projects. Khan gave [[tax free]] status to the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] (BCCI).<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan">{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=James A.|title=Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East directions and policy options in the new century|date=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England|isbn=1403977240|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESfIAAAAQBAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+nuclear&pg=PA100|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> In 1983, Khan was among the invited secret dignitaries who witnessed the first [[Cold fission|Cold fission test]], [[Kirana-I]]; along with attendees General [[Zahid Ali Akbar|Zahid Ali]] {{small|[[Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)|(E-in-C]])}}, General [[Khalid Mahmud Arif|KM Arif]] {{small|[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|(COAS)]]}}, [[Air Vice-Marshal|AVM]] [[Michael John O'Brian|MJ O'Brian]] {{small|[[Air Officer Commanding|(AOC)]]}}), and [[Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad]] {{small|(Chair [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]])}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm |title=When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai |publisher=Defencejournal.com |access-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181303/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref> In 1984, Khan supported the [[1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum|referendum]] for [[Islamization of Pakistan|Islamization]] held by [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia]].<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Nasr|title=Islamic Leviathan : Islam and the Making of State Power: Islam and the|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicleviathan00nasr_0|url-access=registration|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York [u.s]|isbn=019803296X}}</ref>

==Senate Chairman (1985–88)==
After the [[1985 Pakistani general election|non-partisan]] [[Elections in Pakistan|general elections]] held in 1985, Khan was succeeded by [[Mahbub ul Haq]]– an economist.<ref name="US Govt"/> Khan decided to participate in the upcoming [[Indirect election|indirect]] [[Elections in Pakistan|senate elections]] as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]].<ref name="US Govt">{{cite web|last=US Govt|title=President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as Power Broker|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9878.html|publisher=US Govt|access-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> In 1985, he became the [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman]] of the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] and remained intact in that capacity until 1988.<ref name="US Govt"/>

After the controversial and mysterious [[Death of Zia-ul-Haq|aviation accident]] occurred in [[Bahawalpur]], Khan appeared on national television and announced the death of General Zia-ul-Haq.<ref name="PTV archives">{{cite web|last1=PTV archives|title=Ghulam Ishaq Khan Announcing the death of Zia Ul Haq|date=11 November 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBxUW0hfcP4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/XBxUW0hfcP4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|publisher=PTV archives|access-date=27 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], Khan was the second in the [[line of succession to the President of Pakistan]]. However, General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] called out for the [[1988 Pakistani general elections|general elections]] in 1988.<ref>Blood, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Ed. by Peter R. (1995). Pakistan : a country study (6. ed., 1. print. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov. Print. Off. {{ISBN|0-8444-0834-4}}.</ref> Until the elections, Khan served as an acting president in accordance with the Constitutional rules of succession.<ref name="US Govt"/>

==Presidency (1988–1993)==
{{Main||1988 Pakistani presidential election}}
Reaching the mutual understanding with the [[Left wing|leftist]] [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP), Khan participated in [[Pakistani elections|presidential elections]] on a [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] platform.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation">{{cite web|last1=Story of Pakistan Press Foundation|title=Ghulam Ishaq Khan becomes President|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ghulam-ishaq-khan-becomes-president/|website=storyofpakistan|date=June 2003 |publisher=Story of Pakistan Press Foundation|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Khan secured 608 votes in the elections, competing against four other candidates; he was also supported by the conservative [[Islamic Democratic Alliance|IDA]] led by [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> At the time of assuming the office of president, he became the oldest president of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/453735|title=Mamnoon Hussain becomes president at age of 73.5 years|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

As president, Khan was marred with political struggle with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] who attempted for pushing the bill to reverse the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> Furthermore, Khan was in a conflict with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Bhutto in two areas; the appointment of the military chiefs of staff and the [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|Justices]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation"/> Khan consolidated his position in controlling the nuclear deterrence program, keeping all the control over its direction. Problems arose when Prime Minister Bhutto made contact with [[Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad]] and [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]] over the program's direction, which frustrated Khan.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> Economic growth slowed down and introduction of the [[Pressler amendment|US Embargo]] on Pakistan caused a great economic panic in the country.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> In the 1990s, Khan and Bhutto failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of [[Pakistani Rupee|₨.]] from 21 to 30 to the [[US Dollar|US $]].<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" />

Khan struggled to control the [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] in the country after witnessing the [[Soviet Army|Soviet troops]]' [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawal]] from [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan" /> Although, he maintained an ally of the [[United States]].<ref name="EIR Archives">{{cite web|last1=de Hoyos|first1=Linda|title=Pakistan in iron grip of Ghulam Ishaq Khan|url=http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1993/eirv20n15-19930416/eirv20n15-19930416_043-pakistan_in_iron_grip_of_ghulam.pdf|publisher=EIR Archives|access-date=27 January 2015|location=Washington DC|date=16 April 1993}}</ref>

===Judicial and military appointments===
Soon after assuming the presidency, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan's conflict arise with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's invalid and inappropriate appointments in nation's [[Court system of Pakistan|court system]], which were primarily political rather than meeting merit.{{rp|281}}<ref name="Princeton University Press, Haggard & Kaufman">{{cite book|last1=Haggard|first1=Stephan|last2=Kaufman|first2=Robert R.|title=Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change|date=30 August 2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400882984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzH9CwAAQBAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+judicial+appointments&pg=PA281|access-date=3 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Many of [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|Benazir government]]'s recommendations for judicial appointments were voided and the judicial appointments made by the President himself became a controversial issue in the nation.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi University, Shah">{{cite book|last1=Shāh|first1=Sayyid Sajjād ʻĀlī|title=Law Courts in a Glass House: An Autobiography|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, Karachi University|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=9780195795615|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69ybAAAAMAAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+judicial+appointments|access-date=3 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp||pages=141–227}}

The appointments of chiefs of staff in the command of the military was another issue where the President Khan was in conflict with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1989.{{rp|77}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, RSN Singh">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9780981537894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=admiral++sirohey+soviet&pg=PA77|access-date=1 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> President Khan also confirmed [[Admiral]] [[Yastur-ul-Haq Malik]] as the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval staff]] and raised no objections.<ref name=Routledge.>{{cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=Ashok|title=Pakistan in Crises|date=2006|publisher=Routledge.|location=United States|isbn=1134989776}}</ref>

Although, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan confirmed the nomination of [[Admiral]] [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]] as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] and General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] as [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] in 1988, President Khan notably used his presidential powers to retain [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey|Admiral Sirohey]] as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] and defused any attempts made by Prime Minister Bhutto for [[Mirza Aslam Beg|General Beg]] as the new chairman joint chiefs to control the military.<ref name="Woodrow Wilson Center Press Kux">{{cite book|last1=Kux|first1=Dennis|title=The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies|date=5 June 2001|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|isbn=9780801865725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFzbDYmWVpwC&q=Sirohey+Beg+Bhutto&pg=PA303|access-date=1 February 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{rp||pages=302–303}}

In 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan reportedly denied the term extension of General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] despite Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s urging.<ref name=Routledge./> He also raised objections and further vetoed the appointment of [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Hamid Gul]], former [[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], as [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="Routledge."/> Instead, he favoured appointing General [[Asif Nawaz Khan Janjua|Asif Nawaz]] as Chief of Army Staff.<ref name=Routledge./> On the advice of Prime Minister Sharif, he confirmed [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Farooq Feroze]] as [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]] of [[Pakistan Air Force]].<ref name=Routledge./>

===Dismissal of Bhutto and Sharif governments===
As economic and [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] crises deepened, Khan used the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan]] to dismiss [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s government over [[Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari|corruption]] charges and deteriorating [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]] situation and called fresh elections.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> After holding the [[1993 Pakistani general elections|general elections]] in 1993, he supported [[Nawaz Sharif]] as the Prime Minister and his [[Islamic Democratic Alliance|IDA]] government.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" />

Problems with Sharif arose with the issue of reversing the [[Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Eighth Amendment]] when Sharif tried to pass the bill.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> Eventually, he used the same Amendment to dismiss Sharif's government on similar charges. However, Sharif retaliated by bringing a [[lawsuit]] against him in the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> President Khan's attempt to use the Eighth Amendment was deemed illegal by the Court and Sharif was reinstated as the Prime Minister.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> The political deadlock persisted and after the joint intervention of the [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judiciary]] and the [[Pakistani military|military]], both Khan and Sharif were forced to resign.<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" />

==Philanthropy, retirement and death==
In 1988, Khan founded the [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology]],<ref name="newPaper_dawn">{{cite journal|author=Intikhab Amir|title=Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away|date=28 October 2006 |url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm|version=Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan|access-date=28 October 2006}}</ref> which runs programmes in engineering, science and technology. The university was established with the financial support from the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]].<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/> He invited [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|A Q Khan]] who took the professorship of physics and delegated [[Asghar Qadir]], a PAEC [[mathematician]], to take professorship in mathematics.<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan"/>

He again negotiated with the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] for the presidency but eventually dropped as a candidate in favour of [[Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari|Farooq Leghari]] in [[1993 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1993.<ref name="Independent, UK" /> He retired from the [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] and avoided contact with international and domestic [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]].<ref name="Story of Pakistan Press Foundation" /> He died on 27 October 2006, after a bout of [[pneumonia]].<ref name="newPaper_dawn"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P022 Ghulam Ishaq Khan Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204065557/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P022 |date=4 February 2012 }} Story of Pakistan
*[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A079 Ghulam Ishaq Khan taking oath as the President of Pakistan]
*[http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/77.htm In depth history of Khan's presidency]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6090684.stm BBC News report of his death]
*[http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm "Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away" Report on the Dawn Newspaper website]
* {{Cite magazine|title=With President Ghulam Ishaq Khan losing ground, new equations are being thrashed out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19920131-with-pakistan-president-ghulam-ishaq-khan-losing-ground-new-equations-being-thrashed-out-765767-2013-06-27|date=1992-01-31|magazine=[[India Today]]|first=Arun|last=Chacko}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=Fazal Muqeem Khan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Defence Secretary of Pakistan]]|years=1975–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ghulam Jilani Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hafiz Pirzada]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Finance]]|years=1977–1985}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mahbub ul Haq]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Khan Habibullah Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wasim Sajjad]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Pakistan]]|years=1988–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Farooq Leghari]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
{{Chairman Senate Pakistan}}
{{Finance Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Finance Secretary of Pakistan}}
{{Governors of the State Bank of Pakistan|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Ishaq}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Pashtun politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bannu District]]
[[Category:Banuchi people]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:University of Peshawar alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani botanists]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Pakistani civil servants]]
[[Category:Finance secretaries of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of the State Bank of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Project-706 people]]
[[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Acting presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet–Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pakistani philanthropists]]
[[Category:Chairman of the Water & Power Development Authority]]

IIT Kanpur

2026-02-25T13:52:49Z

Itsniraj175: minor cleanup

{{short description|Research Institute in Kanpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
| native_name =
| image = IIT Kanpur Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = [[Sanskrit]]: ''Tamaso mā jyotirgamaya''
| mottoeng = From darkness, lead me to light
| established = {{start date and age|1959}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|853|c}} (2025 - 2026)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/data/Finance_Officer_Office/Budget-Allocation-under-Support-to-IITs-Scheme-for-the-F-Y-2025-26-29-04-25.pdf | title=Budget Allocation under "Support to IITs" scheme for the F.Y. 2025-26 reg | website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>
| chairman = ''Vacant''
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Institute of technology]]
| director = [[Manindra Agrawal]]
| city = [[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| academic_staff = 655<ref name=nirf_2024_data>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1075.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
| students = 8,346<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| undergrad = 4,410<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| postgrad = 1,808<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| doctoral = 2,128<ref name=nirf_2024_data/>
| colours = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|silver}} Blue & silver
| sports_nickname = IITians, Kanpur-IITians
| campus = Urban, {{convert|1055|acre}}
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.iitk.ac.in/|iitk.ac.in}}
| logo = [[File:Iitk-wordmark.svg|250px]]
| logo_upright = 22
}}

The '''Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur''' ('''IIT Kanpur''' or '''IITK''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[institute of technology]] located in [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India. As an [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), it was declared an [[Institute of National Importance]] by the [[Government of India]] under the [[Institutes of Technology Act]]. As of January 2025, at least 18 [[Padma Shri]], 4 [[Padma Bhushan]], 1 [[Padma Vibhushan]], and 33 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipients have been affiliated with IIT Kanpur as alumni or faculty members.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alumni Awards and Honours|url=https://iitk.ac.in/dora/career.php|publisher=IIT Kanpur|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Shri for Prof. Ashutosh Sharma|url=https://x.com/IITKanpur/status/1883200935117398282|access-date=26 January 2025|website=x.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Shri for Dr. Pawan Goenka |url=https://x.com/IITKanpur/status/1883397062508883999|access-date=26 January 2025|website=x.com}}</ref>
[[File:IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|PK Kelkar Library at IIT Kanpur]]

==History==
IIT Kanpur was established by an Act of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 1960 by the Government of India. The institute was started in December 1959, initially in the campus of [[Harcourt Butler Technological Institute]] at Agricultural Gardens in Kanpur. In 1963, the institute moved to its present location, on the [[Grand Trunk Road]] near Kalyanpur locality in Kanpur district.<ref>{{cite web|title=IITK History|url=http://iitk.ac.in/new/iitk-history|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404175309/https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/iitk-history|url-status=live}}</ref> The campus, which is planned and landscaped with the goal of environmental freedom, ease of movement and communication, was designed by [[Achyut Kanvinde]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/iitk-history|title=IITK History|website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref>

During the first ten years of its existence, a consortium of nine US universities (namely [[MIT]], [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]], [[California Institute of Technology]], [[Princeton University]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[University of Michigan]], [[Ohio State University]],
[[Case Western Reserve University]] and [[Purdue University]]) helped set up IIT Kanpur's research laboratories and academic programmes under the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).<ref name="History">{{cite web
|last = Kelkar
|first = P.K.
|date = 17 March 2006
|url = http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/history.htm
|title = IIT Kanpur — History
|publisher = IIT Kanpur
|access-date = 27 May 2006
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010172800/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/history.htm
|archive-date = 10 October 2009}}</ref> The first director of the institute was [[P. K. Kelkar]] (after whom the Central Library was renamed in 2002).<ref name="Desk">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=28 March 2014 |title=Know IIT Kanpur's journey, from a canteen to India's swanky biotech centre |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-iit-kanpur-journey-canteen-to-biotech-centre-34907.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181437/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-iit-kanpur-journey-canteen-to-biotech-centre-34907.html |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=20 February 2019 |website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

Under the guidance of economist [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], IIT Kanpur was the first institute in India to offer [[Computer science]] education.<ref name="Desk"/><ref>E.C. Subbarao: ''An Eye for Excellence, Fifty Innovative Years of IIT Kanpur''; Harper Collins Publishers, India, 2008.</ref> The earliest computer course was started at the institute in August 1963 on an [[IBM 1620]] system. The initiative for computer education came from the [[Electrical engineering]] department, then under the chairmanship of Prof. [[H.K. Kesavan]], who was concurrently the chairman of Electrical Engineering and head of the Computer Centre. Prof. [[Harry Huskey]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], who preceded Kesavan, helped<ref name="Desk"/> with the computer activity at IIT-Kanpur.<ref name="Desk"/> In 1971, the institute began an independent academic program in Computer Science and Engineering, leading to MTech and PhD degrees.<ref name="Desk"/>

In 1972 the KIAP program ended, in part because of political tensions between India and Pakistan (as the USA supported Pakistan). Government funding was also reduced as a reaction to the sentiment that the IIT's were contributing to the [[human capital flight|brain drain]].

The institute's annual technical festival, [[Techkriti]], was first started in 1995.

==Campus==
{{wide image|IIT Kanpur 3.jpg|350px|IIT Kanpur Entrance from [[GT Road]]}}
IIT Kanpur is located on the [[Grand Trunk Road]], {{convert|15|km}} west of Kanpur City and measures close to {{convert|420|ha}}. This land was donated by the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1960 and by March 1963 the institute had moved to its current location.
[[File:IITKLibrary.jpg|thumb|PK Kelkar Library]]
The institute has around 6478 students with 3938 undergraduate students and 2540 postgraduate students and about 500 research associates.

The academic area comprises the central library, departmental buildings, research centres, lecture hall complex, tutorial block and auditorium. The student hostels and other facilities like Student Activities Centre (SAC), Sports Complex lie outside the academic area. There are 15 Halls of Residence which are allotted to undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral students. Additionally, married research scholars are allotted Single Bedroom Apartment (SBRA) facility on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iitk.ac.in/dosa/wardens-of-all-halls-of-residences|title= Dean of Student Affairs - Halls of Residence|access-date= 25 November 2023|archive-date= 25 November 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231125194317/https://www.iitk.ac.in/dosa/wardens-of-all-halls-of-residences|url-status= live}}</ref>

===Noida Extension centre===
IIT Kanpur has its Extension Centre in [[Noida]] with a small convention centre there for supporting outreach activities. Its foundation was laid on 4 December 2012 on 5 five acres of land allocated by Uttar Pradesh state government in the sector-62<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maps.google.co.in/maps?q=sector+62+noida&hl=en&ll=28.621634,77.367697&spn=0.031606,0.066047&sll=26.629195,73.873558&sspn=16.435889,33.815918&t=m&hnear=Sector+62,+Noida,+Gautam+Buddh+Nagar,+Uttar+Pradesh&z=15sector-62 | title=Google Maps }}</ref> of Noida city, which is less than an hour's journey from [[New Delhi]] and the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. The cost of construction is estimated to be about 25 crores. The new campus will have an auditorium, seminar halls for organising national and international conferences and an International Relations Office along with a 7-storey guest house. Several short-term management courses and refresher courses meant for distance learning will be available at the extension center.<ref>{{cite web |title=News from IITK |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/drpg/social_media/Greeting_2012.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202100045/http://www.iitk.ac.in/drpg/social_media/Greeting_2012.htm |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

===Transportation service===
Being a major industrial town, Kanpur has good connectivity by rail and by road, but lags behind in terms of air connectivity. IIT Kanpur was suffering significantly in comparison to IIT Delhi and IIT Bombay due to this reason as far as visiting companies and other dignitaries are concerned. On 1 June 2013, a helicopter ferry service was started at IIT Kanpur run by [[Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited]]. In its initial run the service connects IIT Kanpur to Lucknow, but it is planned to later extend it to New Delhi. Currently{{when|date=April 2015}} there are two flights daily to and from [[Lucknow Airport]] with a duration of 25 minutes. Lucknow Airport operates both international and domestic flights to major cities. IIT Kanpur is the first academic institution in the country to provide such a service.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/home/index.php/latest-news/199-iit-kanpur-to-lucknow-helicopter-service-begins|title= Department of Aerospace Engineering, IIT Kanpur – IIT-Kanpur to Lucknow Helicopter Service Begins|work= Iitk.ac.in|date= 9 October 2013|access-date= 28 June 2013|archive-date= 12 June 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130612023859/http://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/home/index.php/latest-news/199-iit-kanpur-to-lucknow-helicopter-service-begins|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIT-Kanpur-first-to-have-helicopter-service/articleshow/20341567.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608212950/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39627988_1_helicopter-service-chakeri-air-connectivity |url-status=live |archive-date=8 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=IIT-Kanpur first to have helicopter service |date=30 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spo.iitk.ac.in/reach_us.html|title=Students' Placement Office, IIT Kanpur|website=spo.iitk.ac.in|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913123022/http://spo.iitk.ac.in/reach_us.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The estimated charges are Rs. 6000 (US$100) per person. If anyone would like to avail the facility, he/she has to contact the Student Placement Office (SPO) at IIT Kanpur, since the helicopter service is subject to availability of chopper rights. The campus also has airstrips which allows flight workshops and joyrides for students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Dreams-take-wings-at-IIT-Kanpur-workshop/articleshow/45863273.cms|title=Dreams take wings at IIT-Kanpur workshop|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-03-07|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215022147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kanpur/Dreams-take-wings-at-IIT-Kanpur-workshop/articleshow/45863273.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently [[Kanpur Airport]] has a domestic airport terminal at [[Chakeri]], with flight connectivity to New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai and Bengaluru airports.

The IIT campus has links to the [[Kanpur Metro]] at [[IIT Kanpur metro station]]. The Metro links the campus to [[Kanpur Central railway station]].

===New York Office===
The institute has set up an office in [[New York City|New York]] with alumnus Sanjiv Khosla designated as the overseas brand ambassador of the institute. It is located at 62 [[William Street, Manhattan]]. The office aims to hunt for qualified and capable faculty abroad, facilitate internship opportunities in North American universities and be conduit for research tie ups with various US universities.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://nyc.iitk.ac.in/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093441/https://nyc.iitk.ac.in/| archive-date = 24 July 2018| title = IITK-NYC Office}}</ref> The New York Office also tries to amass funds through the alumni based there. A system that invites students and faculty of foreign institutes to IIT Kanpur is also being formulated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/iit-kanpur-opens-office-in-new-york/articleshow/22939102.cms|title=IIT-Kanpur opens office in New York - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2013 }}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
{{see also|Indian Institutes of Technology#Organisational structure}}
All IITs follow the same organization structure which has the [[President of India]] as the visitor at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the IIT Council. Under the IIT Council is the board of governors of each IIT. Under the board of governors is the director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. Under the director, in the organizational structure, comes the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|deans]], the heads of various departments, and the registrar.

===Departments===
The academic departments at IIT Kanpur are:
{| style="width:auto; height:auto; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Engineering]] !! [[Humanities]] !! [[Interdisciplinarity|Inter-Disciplinary]]
|-
|
* [[Aerospace Engineering]]
* [[Bioengineering|Biological Sciences and Bio-engineering]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Materials Science and Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Energy Engineering|Sustainable Energy Engineering]]

|
* [[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]

| rowspan="3" |
* [[Cognitive Science]]
* [[Environmental Engineering|Environmental Engineering and Management]]
* [[Photonics|Photonics Science and Engineering]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Material Science]]
* [[Nuclear engineering|Nuclear Engineering and Technology]]
|-
! [[Sciences]] !! [[Management]]
|-
|

* [[Economic Sciences]]
* [[Mathematics]] and [[Statistics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Earth Sciences]]
* [[Chemistry]]
|
* [[Management Sciences]]
|}

==Academics==
[[File:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.jpg|thumb|PK Kelkar Library, IIT Kanpur]]

===Undergraduate===
IIT Kanpur offers four-year [[BTech|B.Tech]] programs in [[aerospace engineering]], biological sciences and bio-engineering, chemical engineering, [[civil engineering]], [[computer science and engineering]], electrical engineering, materials science and engineering and mechanical engineering. The admission to these programs is procured through [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination|Joint Entrance Examination]]. IITK offers admission only to bachelor's degree now (discontinuing the integrated course programs), but it can be extended by 1 year to make it integrated, depending on the choice of student and based on his/her performance there at undergraduate level. IIT Kanpur also offers four-year B.S. Programs in Pure and Applied Sciences (Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in particular), Earth Science and Economics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa |title=Dean of Academic Affairs – IITK – Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur |publisher=IITK |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612082415/http://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===New academic system===
[[File:ESB-2 IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Engineering Sciences Building-2 IIT Kanpur]]
From 2011, IIT Kanpur has started offering a four-year BS program in sciences and has kept its BTech Program intact. Entry to the five-year MTech/MBA programs and Dual degree programme will be done based on the CPI of students instead of JEE rank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa/faqs.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425021730/http://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa/faqs.pdf |url-status=dead |title=FAQ on the new academic curriculum|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In order to reduce the number of student exams, IIT Kanpur has also abolished the earlier system of conducting two mid-term examinations. Instead, only two examinations (plus two quizzes in most courses depending on the instructor-in-charge, one before mid-semesters and the other after the mid-semesters and before the end-semesters examination), one between the semester and other towards the end of it would be held from the academic session starting July 2011 onward as per Academic Review Committee's recommendations.

===Postgraduate===
Postgraduate courses in Engineering offer Master of Technology (MTech), MS (R) and PhD(Doctor of Philosophy) degrees. The institute also offers two-tier MSc (Master of Science) courses in areas of basic sciences in which students are admitted through Joint Admission Test for MSc (JAM) exam. The institute also offers M.Des. (2 years), M.B.A. (2 years) and MSc (2 years) degrees. Admissions to MTech is made once a year through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]]. Admissions to M. Des are made once a year through both [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE) and Common Entrance Exam for Design (CEED). Until 2011, admissions to the M.B.A. program were accomplished through the [[Joint Management Entrance Test]] (JMET), held yearly, and followed by a Group Discussion/Personal Interview process. In 2011, JMET was replaced by [[Common Admission Test]] (CAT).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shot-inarm-for-cat-as-b-schools-seek-credibility/447694/ |title= Shot in the arm for CAT, as B-schools seek credibility |work= Business Standard |access-date= 11 September 2011 |archive-date= 12 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120312174631/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shot-inarm-for-cat-as-b-schools-seek-credibility/447694/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/design/apply.html|title=Design Programme IIT Kanpur|first=Design|last=Programme|website=iitk.ac.in|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111195208/http://www.iitk.ac.in/design/apply.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Admissions===
Undergraduate admissions until 2012 were being done through the national-level [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]] (IIT-JEE). Following the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]'s decision to replace IIT-JEE with a [[common engineering entrance examination]], IIT Kanpur's admissions are now based on JEE (Joint Entrance Examination) -Advanced level along with other IITs.

Postgraduate admissions are made through the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] and [[Common Admission Test]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/admissions.htm |title=Admission to IIT Kanpur |publisher=Iitk.ac.in |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524004315/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/iitk/newhtml/admissions.htm |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rankings===

{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University

| QS_A_2023 = 66

|QS_W_2026=222|NIRF_O_2024=5|NIRF_R_2024=7

|NIRF_E_2024=4|NIRF_B_2024=29| IT_E_2022 = 3
| OUTLOOK_E_G_2022 = 5
}}

Internationally, IIT Kanpur was ranked 222nd<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-15 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> in the world by the [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2026 and 6th in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-19 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: IIT Delhi leads the way, see the full list of Indian universities and their rankings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/qs-world-rankings-2026-iit-delhi-leads-the-way-see-the-full-list-of-indian-universities-and-their-rankings/articleshow/121944658.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

IIT Kanpur was also ranked 5th in the overall category,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Overall |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> 5th in Innovation Category,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Innovation |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/InnovationRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> 7th among research institutions,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Research Institutions |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ResearchRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> 4th among engineering colleges<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Engineering |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> and 29th among management schools<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=India Rankings 2024 : Management |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/ManagementRanking.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=National Institutional Ranking Framework}}</ref> in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024. ''[[Outlook India]]'' ranked IIT Kanpur 5th among government engineering colleges<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Outlook-ICARE Rankings 2023: Top 25 Government Engineering Institutes |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/education/outlook-icare-rankings-2023-top-25-government-engineering-institutes-magazine-299108 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> In [[India Today]] Best Engineering Colleges 2024, IIT Kanpur was ranked 3rd.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Top Engineering Colleges in India 2024, Courses, Fees, Admission - India Today |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/engineering |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Centres and labs==
[[File:Department of Computer Science and Engineering IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Department of Computer Science and Engineering at IIT Kanpur]]
[[File:Samtel Research and Development Building, at IIT Kanpur.jpg|thumb|Samtel Research and Development Building]]

The campus is spread over an area of {{convert|4.3|km2|acre}}. The institute has its own [[Flight Laboratory, IIT Kanpur|airfield]] for flight testing and gliding. The departments have their own libraries, laboratories and research facilities including the National Wind Tunnel Facility.

Research centres at IIT Kanpur include:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa/centres-and-facilities |title=Centres and Facilities |publisher=IITK |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114223046/https://www.iitk.ac.in/doaa/centres-and-facilities |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Advanced Centre for Electronic Systems (ACES)
* Advanced Centre for Material Science (ACMS)
* Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering
* Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies
* Centre for Lasers and Photonics
* Centre for Mechatronics
* Centre for Nanosciences
* Centre for Technology for Sustainable Development
* DIA Centre for Excellence
* Interdisciplinary Centre for Cyber Security and Cyber Defense of Critical Infrastructures
* Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine
* National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering
* Prabhu Goel Research Centre for Computer and Internet Security
* Samtel Centre for Display Technologies

PK Kelkar Library (formerly Central Library) is an academic library of the institute with a collection of more than 300,000 volumes, and subscriptions to more than 1,000 periodicals. The library was renamed to its present name in 2003 after Dr. [[P K Kelkar]], the first director of the institute. It is housed in a three-story building, with a total floor area of 6973 square metres. The Abstracting and Indexing periodicals, Microform and CD-ROM databases, technical reports, Standards and thesis are in the library. Each year, about 4,500 books and journal volumes are added to the library.
[[File:Computer Center at IIT Kanpur India1.jpg|thumb|The Computer Center]]
The New Core Labs (NCL) is 3-storey building with state of the art physics and chemistry laboratories for courses in the first year. The New Core Labs also has [[Linux]] and [[Windows]] computer labs for the use of first year courses and a [[Mathematics]] department laboratory housing machines with high computing power.

IIT Kanpur has set up the '''Startup Innovation and Incubation Centre (SIIC)''' ''(previously known as "SIDBI" Innovation and Incubation Centre)'' in collaboration with the Small Industries development Bank of India (SIDBI) aiming to aid innovation, research, and entrepreneurial activities in technology-based areas. SIIC helps business Start-ups to develop{{clarify|date=April 2015}} their ideas into commercially viable products.

A team of students, working under the guidance of faculty members of the institute and scientists of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) have designed and built India's first nano satellite [[Jugnu (satellite)|Jugnu]], which was successfully launched in orbit on 12 Oct 2011 by ISRO's PSLV-C18.<ref>''The Economic Times'' "[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-25/news/30320349_1_nano-satellite-jugnu-iit-kanpur Nano satellite 'Jugnu' launch by IIT-Kanpur marks watershed in Indian space technology]". Dated 25 October 2011 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Computer Centre===
The Computer Centre hosts the IIT Kanpur website and provides personal web space for students and faculties. It also provides a spam filtered email server and high speed fibre optic Internet to all the hostels and the academic areas. Users have multiple options to choose among various interfaces to access mail service. It has Linux and windows laboratories equipped with dozens of high-end software like [[MATLAB]], [[Autocad]], [[Ansys]], [[Abaqus]] etc. for use of students. Apart from departmental computer labs, computer centre hosts more than 300 Linux terminals and more than 100 Windows terminals and is continuously available to the students for academic work and recreation. Computer centre has recently adopted an open source software policy for its infrastructure and computing. Various high-end compute and GPU servers are remotely available from data centre for user computation.

The computer centre has multiple super computing clusters for research and teaching activity. In June 2014 IIT Kanpur launched their second supercomputer which is India's fifth<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/iit-kanpur-unveils-its-second-supercomputer/articleshow/36037756.cms|title=IIT-Kanpur unveils its second supercomputer | Kanpur News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 June 2014 |access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923125616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/iit-kanpur-unveils-its-second-supercomputer/articleshow/36037756.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> most powerful supercomputer as of now. The new supercomputer 'Cluster Platform SL230s Gen8' manufactured by [[Hewlett-Packard]] has 15,360 cores and a theoretical peak (Rpeak) 307.2 TFlop/s and is the world's 192nd most powerful supercomputer as of June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top500.org/list/2015/06/?page=2|title=TOP500 List – June 2015 – TOP500 Supercomputer Sites|website=top500.org|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003221424/http://www.top500.org/list/2015/06/?page=2|archive-date=3 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recently, IIT Kanpur has developed a compressed air-based mineral transport system. The project was presented at the Global Investors Summit, in 2023. It received good feedback for its less material loss, reduced air pollution, and efficiency to reduce travel time to a great extent. The main objective of the system is to transport coal and slurry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gktoday.in/topic/iit-kanpur-develops-energy-efficient-system-to-transport-minerals |website=www.gktoday.in |title=IIT Kanpur develops energy-efficient system to transport minerals - GKToday |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216164107/https://www.gktoday.in/topic/iit-kanpur-develops-energy-efficient-system-to-transport-minerals/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ŚIKṢĀ: Study Centre for Indian Knowledge System for Holistic Advancement===
The mission of the ŚIKṢĀ Centre for Indian Knowledge System at IIT Kanpur is to promote, facilitate, and benefit from IKS-related studies, research, content development and outreach. The vision of the Centre is to establish IITK at the forefront of IKS studies in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=ŚIKṢĀ Website |url=https://iks.iitk.ac.in/ |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

=== Hypersonic Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory ===
In February 2024, IIT Kanpur built and evaluated the Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility, referred to as S2, in the Department of Aerospace Engineering's Hypersonic Experimental Aerodynamics Laboratory (HEAL). [[Ballistic missile]] launches, [[scramjet]] flights, and extreme hypersonic conditions of [[atmospheric entry]] can all be replicated at the S2 facility. It is anticipated that the facility will support [[ISRO]] and DRDO's [[Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle]], [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme]], and [[Gaganyaan]]. The facility can generating flight speeds between [[Mach number|Mach]] 8 to 29.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hypervelocity Expansion Tunnel Test Facility |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/new/hypervelocity-expansion-tunnel-test-facility |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=www.iitk.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2024-02-05 |title=Hypervelocity facility at IIT Kanpur: How it will propel India's high-speed dreams |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/hypervelocity-facility-at-iit-kanpur-how-it-will-propel-indias-high-speed-dreams-2497864-2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Research==

=== IIT Kanpur Faculty & Research (IRINS Data) ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRINS, IIT Kanpur {{!}} IRINS |url=https://iitk.irins.org/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=iitk.irins.org |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Faculty / Scientist (Total 534):''' Professor: 142, Associate Professor: 106, Assistant Professor: 189, Professor (HAG): 57, Assistant Professor (Grade-I): 35, Assistant Professor (Grade-II): 5
* '''Publications & Patents:''' Total Publications: 25,824. Journal Articles: 17,466. Conference / In Proceedings: 5,501. Books / Chapters: 923. Other: 1,934. Open Access: Gold 1,767 | Green 797 | Bronze 2,343. Patents: 459. '''Impact:''' Total Impact: 557,990. Citations: 487,787.

=== Top Faculty Profiles (by publications) ===

* Dr Swagata Mukherjee, Asst. Prof – 1,298 publications
* Dr Yogesh Singh Chauhan, Prof – 454 publications
* Prof Sri Niwas Singh, Prof (HAG) – 432 publications

=== Top 10 Scholars (by publications & projects) ===

* Dr Swagata Mukherjee – 1,298 publications
* Prof Vijaya R – 165 publications
* Prof Bushra Ateeq – 91 publications

Research is controlled by the Office of the Dean of Research and Development (DoRD). Under the aegis of the Office the students publish the quarterly NERD Magazine (Notes on Engineering Research and Development) which publishes scientific and technical content created by students. Articles may be original work done by students in the form of hobby projects, term projects, internships, or theses. Articles of general interest which are informative but do not reflect original work are also accepted. The institute is part of the European Research and Education Collaboration with Asia (EURECA) programme since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/eureca/contact.html |title=EURECA Participating institutes |publisher=Mrtc.mdh.se |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004213221/http://www.mrtc.mdh.se/eureca/contact.html |archive-date=4 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Defense ===
Assisting the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] in not only upgrading existing products, but also developing new weapon platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=464&h=Ordnance-Factory-Board-Fourth-Pillar-of-India%27s-Defence|title=Ordnance Factory Board Fourth Pillar of India's Defence|website=www.spslandforces.com|access-date=1 September 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923125612/https://www.spslandforces.com/story/?id=464&h=Ordnance-Factory-Board-Fourth-Pillar-of-India%27s-Defence|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 26, 2024, IIT Kanpur introduced Anālakṣhya, a [[Metamaterial|Meta-material]] Surface [[Metamaterial cloaking|Cloaking]] System (MSCS) for [[multi-spectral camouflage]] capabilities. In collaboration with Mr. Gagandeep Singh, Dr. Kajal Chowdhary, and Dr. Abhinav Bhardwaj, Professors Anantha Ramakrishna from the Department of Physics, Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava from the Department of Electrical Engineering, and J. Ramkumar from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at IIT Kanpur came up with the idea for the Anālakṣhya MSCS. This broadband Meta-material Microwave Absorber improves stealth capabilities against [[Synthetic-aperture radar|Synthetic Aperture Radar]] (SAR) imaging by wave absorption across a wide spectrum. Additionally, it provides great defense against radar-guided missiles. From 2019 to 2024, it was tested in both lab and field settings under various circumstances. Meta Tattva Systems is the licensee of the technology for industrial production and is currently under acquisition by the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. This technology is of interest to [[DRDO]] for [[HAL AMCA|AMCA]] development.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=27 November 2024 |title=IIT Kanpur develops revolutionary tech to make aircraft invisible to radar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/iit-kanpur-develops-revolutionary-tech-to-make-aircraft-invisible-to-radar-124112701035_1.html |access-date=28 November 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=IIT Kanpur Unveils Groundbreaking Revolutionary Camouflage Technology for Defence |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-iit-kanpur-unveils-groundbreaking-revolutionary-camouflage-technology-for-defence-3678988/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

===Jugnu{{anchor|Jugnu (satellite)}}===

The students of IIT Kanpur made a nano satellite called [[Jugnu (satellite)|Jugnu]], which was given by president [[Pratibha Patil]] to [[ISRO]] for launch. Jugnu is a [[remote sensing]] satellite which will be operated by the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. It is a nanosatellite which will be used to provide data for agriculture and disaster monitoring. It is a 3-kilogram (6.6lb) spacecraft, which measures 34 centimetres (13 in) in length by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in height and width. Its development programme cost around 25 million rupees. It has a design life of one year.
Jugnu's primary instrument is the Micro Imaging System, a near infrared camera which will be used to observe vegetation. It also carries a GPS receiver to aid tracking, and is intended to demonstrate a microelectromechanical inertial measurement unit.

===Programming club {{anchor|IITK Motorsports}}===
The Programming Club at IITK is one of the most sought-after clubs in the SNT council and is considered among the best programming clubs in India. Its roadmaps for various domains are highly regarded and rank among the top resources on the internet. The club comprises 4 coordinators, 4 LSTMs, and 27 secretaries.<ref name=":0" />

===IITK Motorsports{{anchor|IITK Motorsports}}===
IITK motorsports is the biggest and most comprehensive student initiative of the college, founded in October 2010. It is a group of students from varied disciplines who aim at designing and fabricating a Formula-style race car for international [[Formula SAE]] (Society of Automotive Engineers) events. Most of the components of the car, except the engine, tyres and wheel rims, are designed and manufactured by the team members themselves. The car is designed to provide maximum performance under the constraints of the event, while ensuring the drivability, reliability, driver safety and aesthetics of the car are not compromised.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=P Club |url=https://www.sntiitk.com/clubs/programmingclub/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
The team has participated in following competitions since its inception:
{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that the competition is currently in progress.''}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ IITK MOTORSPORTS COMPETITIONS
|-
! Competition !! Remarks
|-
| Formula SAE Italy 2013 || 2nd Best Indian Team 9th in Business Plan Presentation Event 13th in Cost Presentation Events
|-
| BAJA Student India 2015 || Awarded ‘Best Incoming Team’ 4th in Design Event 6th in Acceleration Event
|-
| FORMULA BHARAT 2016 || India’s Lightest Formula Race Car 8th Position Overall 4th in Business Logic 6th in Design Event
|-
| BAJA Student India 2016 || Awarded ‘Best Tech-Ready Team’ 13th Overall Position 4th Acceleration 4th Maneuverability 6th Design Event
|-
| Formula Bharat 2018 || 15th Position Overall 6th Business Plan Presentation Event 9th Design Event
|-
| Mega ATV Championship 2019 || 13th Overall Position 12th Endurance Event
|-
| Formula Bharat 2023 Class I EV || 1st Position Overall 1st Business Plan Presentation Event 4th Concept Resource Management Report
|-
| Formula Bharat 2024 || 14th Position Overall
|-
| FORMULA IMPERIAL 2024 || OVERALL EV CHAMPIONS Best Business Plan Best Engineering Design Best Innovation Award People’s Choice Award Future Award Runner-Up in Cost and Manufacturing
|-
| FORMULA Bharat 2025 || Overall 9th in EV category Top 5 in MathWorks Simulation Challenge Finalist in Cost Report Event
|-
| SUPRA SAEINDIA 2025 || OVERALL 5TH IN EV CATEGORY 1st in Cost Event 3rd in Business Report
|-
| FORMULA Bharat 2026 || Secured 1st place in rulebook quiz of Formula Bharat 2026
|}

===Maraal UAVs===
Researchers at IIT Kanpur have developed a series of solar powered [[UAV]]s named MARAAL-1 & MARAAL-2. Development of Maraal is notable as it is the first solar powered UAV developed in India. Maraal-2 is fully indigenous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/maraal/|title=MARAAL UAVs|website=iitk.ac.in|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040412/https://www.iitk.ac.in/aero/maraal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Student life==

===National events===

[[File:IIT Kanpur 4.jpg|thumb|IIT Kanpur During [[Diwali]] ]]

*[[Antaragni]]: The annual cultural festival of IIT Kanpur, which was started in 1965, is held in October every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-fm-ties-with-iit-kanpurlsquos-annual-festival-antaragni-07 |title=Big FM ties up with IIT Kanpur's annual festival- Antaragni 07 |author=RnM Team |date=23 October 2007 |publisher=Radioandmusic.com |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816050045/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/big-fm-ties-with-iit-kanpurlsquos-annual-festival-antaragni-07 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival includes musical performances, dramas, literary games, folk dances, fashion shows and quizzes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antaragni.in/|title=Antaragni, IIT Kanpur|publisher=antaragni.in|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114223105/https://www.antaragni.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Techkriti]]: The annual four-day inter-collegiate technical and entrepreneurship festival usually held in March. It was started in 1995 with an aim to encourage interest and innovation in technology among students and to provide a platform for industry and academia to interact.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techkriti.org/ |title=Techkriti, IIT Kanpur |publisher=techkriti.org |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102044140/http://www.techkriti.org/ |archive-date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Megabucks (a business and entrepreneurship festival) used to be held independently but was later merged with Techkriti in 2010. Notable speakers at Techkriti include [[APJ Abdul Kalam]], [[Vladimir Voevodsky]], [[Douglas Osheroff]], [[Oliver Smithies]], [[Rakesh Sharma]], [[David Griffiths (physicist)|David Griffiths]] and [[Richard Stallman]].
* [[Udghosh]]: IIT Kanpur's annual sports festival usually held in September.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udghosh.or/ |title=Udghosh, IIT Kanpur |publisher=udghosh.or |access-date=3 November 2014 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It started in 2004 as an inter-college sports meet organised by the institute. Udghosh involves students from across India competing in the university's sports facilities. The festival includes motivational talks, a mini-marathon, gymnastic shows, and sport quizzes related to various sports events.
* Vivekananda Youth Leadership Convention: An annual convention organised on the birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]] by Vivekananda Samiti, under Students Gymkhana with a focus on leadership, social innovation, and youth empowerment among students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/vs/ |title=Vivekanand Samiti, IIT Kanpur |publisher=iitk.ac.in |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028173138/http://www.iitk.ac.in/vs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://iitk.ac.in/vs/activities/vylc/ |title=Vivekananda Youth Leadership Convention (VYLC) |publisher=iitk.ac.in |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114223046/https://iitk.ac.in/vs/activities/vylc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The convention has included [[Kiran Bedi]], [[Bana Singh]], [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]], [[Raju Narayana Swamy]], [[Arunima Sinha]], [[Rajendra Singh (environmentalist)|Rajendra Singh]] and other personalities from different fields in previous years.
* E-Summit: Started in 2013 as the flagship event of [[Entrepreneurship Cell, IIT Kanpur]], E-Summit is held annually for three days to promote entrepreneurship among students. It consists of various competitions, workshops and talks by eminent personalities in the domains of [[venture capital]], [[product design]] and [[social entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ecelliitk.org/esummit/ |title=E-Summit, IIT Kanpur |publisher=ecelliitk.org |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114223046/https://www.ecelliitk.org/esummit/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Students' Gymkhana===

The Students' Gymkhana is the students' government organization of IIT Kanpur, established in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://students.iitk.ac.in/gymkhana/|title=Home – Students' Gymkhana, IIT Kanpur|website=students.iitk.ac.in|access-date=7 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524141515/http://students.iitk.ac.in/gymkhana/|archive-date=24 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Students' Gymkhana functions mainly through the Students' Senate, an elected student representative body composed of senators elected from each batch and the six elected executives:
* President, Students' Gymkhana.
* General Secretary, Media and Culture.
* General Secretary, Games and Sports.
* General Secretary, Science and Technology.
* General Secretary (UG), Academics and Career
* General Secretary (PG), Academics and Career

The number of senators in the Students' Senate is around 50–55. A senator is elected for every 150 students of IIT Kanpur.

The meetings of the Students' Senate are chaired by the chairperson, Students' Senate, who is elected by the Senate. The Senate lays down the guidelines for the functions of the executives, their associated councils, the Gymkhana Festivals and other matters pertaining to the Student body at large.

The Students' Senate has a say in the policy and decision-making bodies of the institute. The president, Students' Gymkhana and the chairperson, Students' Senate are among the special invitees to the Institute Academic Senate. The president is usually invited to the meetings of the board of governors when matters affecting students are being discussed. Nominees of the Students' Senate are also members of the various standing Committees of the Institute Senate including the disciplinary committee, the Undergraduate and Postgraduate committee, etc. All academic departments have Departmental Undergraduate and Post Graduate Committees consisting of members of the faculty and student nominees.

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|List of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur people}}

==See also==
*[[Indian Institutes of Technology]]
*[[Institutes of National Importance]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Varanasi]]
*[[Harcourt Butler Technical University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline|IIT Kanpur}}

{{Kanpur}}
{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{BRICS Universities League}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|26.511383|80.23493|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur}}
[[Category:IIT Kanpur| ]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology|Kanpur]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Vellakinar

2026-02-21T08:53:03Z

Itsniraj175: started basic article more to come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vellakinar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|05|01|N|76|57|40|E|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15998
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vellakinar''' is a neighbourhood in [[Coimbatore]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Located in the western part of the state, it is part of the [[Coimbatore North taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]]. It was a [[panchayat town]] till 2011, when it was integrated into the [[Coimbatore Corporation]]. Spread across an area of {{cvt|9.2|km2}}, it had a population of 15,998 individuals as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].

== Geography and administration ==
Vellakinar is neighbourhood in [[Coimbatore]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is part of the [[Coimbatore North taluk]] of [[Coimbatore district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf|title=Villages of Tamil Nadu|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112222132/https://www.cra.tn.gov.in/tn_gvillages.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was a [[panchayat town]] till 2011, when it was integrated into the [[Coimbatore Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Corporation to have 28 more wards under its limit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Corporation-to-have-28-more-wards-under-its-limit/articleshow/9129834.cms |last=Valsan |first=Binoy |date=2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> Spread across an area of {{cvt|9.2|km2}},<ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/coimbatore/3341237000__vellakinar/|title=Vellakinar|work=Citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> it is located in the [[Kongu Nadu|western part]] of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dmfcoimbatore.in/geographical-setup|title=Coimbatore geographical setup|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

The region is sub-divided into wards, which are represented by councillors, who sit in the corporation council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ccmc.gov.in/img/upload/Zone%20Map.pdf|title=Ward map|work=[[Coimbatore Corporation]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|title=Local Government|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|page=1|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004071216/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The town forms part of the [[Kavundampalayam Assembly constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and the [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]] that elects its member to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Coimbatore_eng.pdf|title=Polling stations in Coimbatore district|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708191113/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/web/pslist/english/Coimbatore_eng.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Vellakinar had a population of 15,998 individuals across 4,373 households.<ref name="Census">{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=33&district=632&subdistrict=5897&town_village=803978&geo_level=4&format=csv|title=Geo level data: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> The population saw a marginal increase compared to the previous census in [[2001 Census of India|2001]] when 9,772 inhabitants were registered. The population consisted of 8,023 males and 7,975 females.<ref name="Pop"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 June 2008|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref> About 1,483 individuals were below the age of six years.<ref name="Census"/> About 18.8% of the population belonged to [[scheduled castes]]. The entire population is classified as urban. The town has an average literacy rate of 86.7%.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/>

About 41.5% of the eligible population were employed, of which majority were involved in [[agriculture]] and allied activities.<ref name="Pop"/><ref name="Census"/> [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion which was followed by 91.7% of the population, with [[Christianity]] (6.6%) and [[Islam]] (1.5%) being minor religions.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS|title=Religion: Census of India 2011|access-date=1 June 2025|publisher=[[Census Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Coimbatore district]]

Kunjandi

2026-02-07T23:46:30Z

Itsniraj175: minor edit

{{short description|Indian Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kunjandi
| image =
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], [[British India]]
| occupation = actor
| parents =
| years_active = 1962–1999
}}
'''Kunjandi''' (1919–2002) was an Indian actor in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He has acted in more than 50 films. He handled character roles as well as supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/oldisgold/article2485656.ece|title=OldisGOLD|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 September 2011|last1=Vijayakumar|first1=B.}}</ref>

==Background==
Kunjandi was born at [[Calicut]]. His first movie was ''Swargaraajyam'' in 1962. He was very active during the 1970s and 1980s. He died on 6 January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://imprintsonindianfilmscreen.blogspot.com.au/2012/12/kunjandi.html|title = Blogger}}</ref> He was 83. He was given the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academi Award in 1992. He also won the Pushpasree Trust Award in 1993 and Ramashram Award in 1999. He received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1977 and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-ksna/457|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Drama|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Actor-Kunjandi-dead/articleshow/1615924899.cms|title=Actor Kunjandi dead | Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2002 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Sidhartha (1998)
* Vismayam (1998)
* [[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]] (1998)
* Asuravamsam (1997)
* Kalyaana Unnikal (1997)
* Kalyaanakkacheri (1997)
* April 19 (1996)
* Kaanchanam (1996)
* Vanarasena (1996)
* Kidilolkkidilam (1995)
* [[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]] (1995)
* Thumboli Kadappuram (1995)
* Gamanam (1994)
* Yaadhavam (1993)
* [[Adhwaytham]] (1992)
* Aamina Tailors (1991) as Moidukka
* [[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]] (1991)
* [[Kadathanadan Ambadi]](1990)as Kandacheri Chappan
* Brahmarakshassu (1990)
* Aye Auto (1990)
* [[Malootty]] (1990)
* [[Maalayogam]] (1990)
* [[Mahayanam]] (1989)
* [[Dhwani]] (1988)
* [[Vellanakalude Nadu]] (1988)
* [[Kanakambarangal]] (1988) at Gopalan master
* Marikkunnilla Njaan (1988)
* [[Oridathu]] (1987) asThomachan
* [[Vrutham]] (1987)
* [[Amrutham Gamaya]] (1987)
* [[Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil]] (1986)
* [[Malamukalile Daivam]] (1986)
* [[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]] (1986)
* [[Vartha]] (1986)
* [[Panchagni]] (1986)
* Atham Chithira Chothi (1986) as Panikkar
* [[Adiverukal]] (1986)
* Kayyum Thalayum Purathidaruthu (1985)
* Vellam (1985)
* [[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]] (1985)
* [[Sreekrishna Parunthu]] (1984)
* NH 47 (1984)
* Surumayitta Kannukal (1983)
* Iniyenkilum (1983) as Nanu Ashari
* Kanmanikkorumma (1982)
* Ankuram (1982)
* [[Ee Nadu]] (1982) as Beeran
* Chaappa (1982)
* [[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]] (1981)
* Ilaneer (1981)
* Greeshmajwaala (1981) as Varkey
* [[Angadi (film)|Angadi]] (1980)
* [[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]] (1980)
* [[Lava (1980 film)|Lava]] (1980) as Kumaran
* Chakara (1980) as Shankaran Master
* Anyarude Bhoomi (1979)
* [[Bandhanam]] (1978)
* [[Uttarayanam]] (1975)
* Udayam Kizhakku Thanne (1978)
* [[Sthanarthi Saramma]] (1966) as Gopi Pilla
* [[Murappennu]] (1965) as Kuttappa Menon
* [[Aadya Kiranangal]] (1964) as Paappi
* Thacholi Othenan (1964) as Kandacheri Chappan
* [[Ammaye Kaanaan]] (1963) as Kuttayi
* [[Swargarajyam]] (1962)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0475136}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Kunjandi&limit=39 Kunjandi at MSI]
*http://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2011/01/06/remembering-m-kunjandi-9-years-on/
*[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/kunjandi/filmography.html Oneindia]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Bhupender Dhawan

2026-02-06T06:03:17Z

Itsniraj175: Created A Details First Draft

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter and coach}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhupender Dhawan
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Coach
| years_active = 1978-present<ref>{{cite magazine|title=प्रतिभा किसी की मोहताज नहीं होती।|magazine=Action India|date=22 February 2005}}</ref>
| known_for =
| awards = [[Dronacharya Award]]
}}

'''Bhupender Dhawan''' is an Indian weightlifter and coach. He has been coach in powerlifting and bodybuilding. Between 1994 and 2019, he coached the Indian powerlifting team and has also been the coach of the national bodybuilding squad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hachette India |title=Limca book of records 2020-22. |date=2021 |isbn=978-93-88322-99-7 |location=Gurgaon |oclc=1276793533}}</ref> In 1997, he was awarded "the best coach & player" of the year 1996–97 by the then Chief Minister of Delhi [[Sahib Singh]]<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hon'ble Mr Chif Minister of Delhi, Mr Sahib Singh Verma specially honoured the coach of India powerlifting team.|date=19 March 1997|magazine= [[The National Herald]]}}</ref> and in 2000, he was awarded the [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya Award for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and Games]], India's highest award in the field of coaching of sports and athletics, by the then president of India [[K. R. Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rsep2001/29092001/r290920012.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=17 April 2016|date=29 September 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180602/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rsep2001/29092001/r290920012.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/national/news/gym-association-appeal-to-pm-modi-please-open-gym-1209234 |title=PM मोदी से ट्रेनर्स की भावुक अपील- जिम खोल दीजिए सर, रोजी-रोटी बचा लीजिए |date=2020-07-23}}</ref> Dhawan was the first powerlifting coach to receive the Dronacharya Award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gopi takes Khel Ratna; Arjuna for Milkha|work=[[The Times of India]], 2000}}</ref> He was also awarded with the Hall of Fame by the World Powerlifting Union & British Power Lifting Federation in [[Birmingham]], in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-dhar-news-022502-3243428-NOR.html|title=द्रोणाचार्य भूपेंद्र धवन इंटरनेशनल हाल ऑफ फेम में|work=Dainik Bhaskar|date=22 August 2017|accessdate=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>Vol. XVII No.51 {{cite magazine|title=The Gym "Doctor" he creates health and champions|magazine= [[The Sun (India)|The Sun]]}}, 16–22 July 1994</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Bhupender}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifting coaches]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Nediyiruppu

2026-02-02T15:44:33Z

Itsniraj175: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nediyiruppu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb of [[Kondotty]]<ref name="Suburban_village"/>
| image_skyline = File:Musliyarangadi, Nediyiruppu, Malappuram Dt,India.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Musliyarangadi Town, Nediyiruppu
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1297078|N|76.0021198|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 30462
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = KL-84
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nediyiruppu''' was the capital of the [[Zamorin]]'s kingdom in colonial [[Kerala]]. At the time, it was known as '''Nediyiruppu Swaroopam'''. It is a region of the [[Kondotty|Kondotty municipality]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Suburban_village">{{cite news |last1=Special Currespondent |title=Nediyiruppu village merges with Kondotty municipality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/nod-for-30-municipalities-kannur-corporation/article7161008.ece |accessdate=16 July 2020 |agency=The Hindu |work=The Hindu |date=1 May 2015}}</ref> It is situated {{convert|24|km}} from [[Malappuram]], the district headquarters.

==History==
Nediyiruppu was the headquarters of the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin]] rulers of the Kingdom of Calicut (the kingdom was called ''Nediyiruppu Swaroopam'' at that time).<ref name="lsgkerala.in Social History">{{cite web |title=ചരിത്രം: സാമൂഹ്യചരിത്രം |trans-title=History: Social History |url=http://lsgkerala.in/nediyiruppupanchayat/history/ |website=Nediyiruppu Grama Panchayat |language=Malayalam |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604203620/http://lsgkerala.in/nediyiruppupanchayat/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to some other historians, the wealth of Manavikrama royalty was kept in a treasury at Nediyiruppu named ''Nedi-Iruppu'' meaning "got-and-placed". The treasury was located in Viruthiyil Paramba in Nediyiruppu.<ref name="lsgkerala.in Social History"/>

Nediyiruppu village is a part of the [[Kondotty]] municipality.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[2011 Census of India|census]], Nediyiruppu had a population of 30,462 with 14,859 males and 15,603 females.<ref name="censusindia2011">{{cite web |last=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |title=Nediyiruppu Population - Malappuram, Kerala |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627455-nediyiruppu-kerala.html |access-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> In 2015, Nediyiruppu Grama Panchayath and Kondotty Grama Panchayath merged to form a new Kondotty municipality.

Most of the people of this village are farmers. Some of them also work in [[Arab States of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]]. There is a very good level of affluence in the village because of remittances from workers in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The biggest [[Harijan]] colony in the state of Kerala is located in Nediyiruppu village, on a hillock called Colony Road.<ref name="lsgkerala.in Description">{{cite web |title=പഞ്ചായത്തിലൂടെ |trans-title=Description of the Panchayat |url=http://lsgkerala.in/nediyiruppupanchayat/general-information/description/ |website=Nediyiruppu Grama Panchayat |language=Malayalam |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604121525/http://lsgkerala.in/nediyiruppupanchayat/general-information/description/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
Nediyiruppu village merged with the [[Kondotty|Kondotty municipality]] in 2015. It is now a part of the municipality.<ref name="Suburban_village"/>

==Suburbs and villages==
* Important places in Nediyiruppu Village include Musliarangadi, Nediyiruppu (formerly Colony Road Junction),Kottukara, Meleparambu, Chirayil Chungam, Kodangad, and Kurupath. Historically, Nediyiruppu is significant as the capital of the Zamorin dynasty. In remembrance of this heritage, Nediyiruppu Swaroopam Road in Poyilikkave was named to honor its historical importance.
*''[[Mongam]]'' and ''Moayur'' are two villages lying between the towns of Musliyarangadi and [[Valluvambram Junction|Valluvambram]]. Morayur, in [[Malayalam]], means "land of peoples who have manners". [[Thinayancherry Elayath]], a native of Morayur, was a minister of one of the [[Zamorin]] kings. Anwarul Islam Women's Arabic College is an Arabic college located in Mongam and is affiliated to the University of Calicut.
*At Valluvambram Junction the road from Kozhikode meets ''Manjeri Road'' and ''Malappuram Road''. ''Manjeri Road'' goes to [[Nilambur]], [[Ooty]], and [[Mysore]]. ''Malappuram Road'' goes to [[Guruvayur]] and [[Thrissur]]. Despite the importance of the junction, the village of Valluvambram remains very rural, except for some large commercial developments on the sides of the main roads.
* Other suburbs are Kodangad, Kuruppath, Pothuvettypara, Kottukkara, [[Mongam]], Morayur, [[Arimbra]] Hills, Millumpady, Iruveengal, Colony Road, Ozhukur, Thurakkal, Kolathur, and Thalekkara.

==Transportation==
[[File:Nediyiruppu Swaroopam road at Poyilikkave Nediyiruppu.jpg|'''Nediyiruppu Swaroopam Road''' at Poyilikkave in Nediyiruppu|thumb|280x280px]]
[[File:Musliyarangadi.jpg|thumbnail|Upper Musliyarangadi|280x280px]]
[[File:Poyilikkave karinkali temple.jpg|thumb|Poyilikkavu Karinkali Temple, Nediyiruppu|280x280px]]Nediyiruppu village connects to other parts of India through [[Feroke]] town on the west and [[Nilambur]] town on the east. [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] passes through [[Musliyarangadi]], connecting to [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]], to the north, and to [[Cochin]] and [[Trivandrum]], to the south. [[State Highway 28 (Kerala)|State Highway 28]] starts at Nilambur and connects to [[Ooty]], [[Mysore]], and [[Bangalore]] through state highways [[State Highway 12 (Kerala)|12]], [[State Highway 29 (Kerala)|29]], and 181.

The nearest major railway station is at [[Feroke]]. The nearest airport is at [[Kozhikode Airport|Kozhikode]].

==Economy==
The main income of the village is from remittances from Persian Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia. A large number of the locals also work in the agrarian sector. Small industries like hollow bricks, wood cutting, granite quarries, and matchbox units exist in the village. The only available petrol bunker is located at Kurupath Junction.

==Culture==
Nediyiruppu village has six temples, 20 mosques, and 21 Madrassas. It is a predominantly Muslim area, with Hindus in comparatively smaller numbers, so the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions.<ref name="lsgkerala.in Social History"/>

People gather in mosques for evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers, discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. There are many libraries attached to mosques that are a rich source of Islamic studies. Some of the books are written in [[Arabi Malayalam|Arabi-Malayalam]] which is a version of the [[Malayalam]] language written in [[Arabic script]].<ref name="lsgkerala.in Social History"/>

[[Duff muttu|Duff Muttu]], [[Kolkali]], and [[Aravana]]muttu are common folk arts of this locality.<ref name="lsgkerala.in Social History"/>

The Hindu minority maintains their traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are performed here with a regular devotion, as in other parts of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malappuram.net/art-and-culture.htm |title=Malappuram News, Malappuram District Map, Malappuram Muslim, Malappuram Hospitals, Malappuram College, Malappuram Directory |accessdate=2016-07-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401052519/http://malappuram.net/art-and-culture.htm |archivedate=2016-04-01 }}</ref>

==Notable landmarks==
*''Poyilikkave Karinkali Temple'' is an ancient temple in Nediyiruppu that was constructed during Zamorins period. The capital of the Zamorins was at Nediyiruppu Swaroopam, which made this temple important. The Thalapoli festival worshipping Goddess Karinkali Devi is held in December of every year.
*''Pandikashala Mosque'' in Musliyarangadi is the biggest mosque in the village. The mosque has intricate carvings of verses from the Quran on doors and windows. There is one ''Dargah'' of a holy man in this mosque.
*''Thiruvonamala Temple'', near Harijan Colony Road.
*''Chirayil Chungath Jumaeth Palli'', 400 years old, with a 250-year-old carved Mimbre.
*''Ayyappa Temple'', Chirayil.

==Mini Ooty Hills==
<gallery>
File:Mini Ooty.Arimbra Hills (1).jpg
File:Mini Ooty.Arimbra Hills (5).jpg
File:View of Arimbra mala through old rubber plantation of Late Chakeeri Kunhami Umma1.jpg
</gallery>

[[Mini Ooty]], or Arimbra Hills, is a small village about {{convert|10|km}} from Nediyiruppu. It is a {{convert|500|m}} steep climb from the main road. Mini Ooty can be accessed from Musliyarangadi, Colony Road, Pookkottoor, or Vengara. The route to Mini Ooty passes other small villages, such as Melaparamba, Angadi, Thazhe Colony, Moochikundu, Poolappees and Thiruvonamoola. The roads are in good condition, and a moderately large number of visitors come to see the rolling hills and scenic views. There are many stone crushers and plantations atop the hills. There is an old [[Dalit]] colony on the western side of the hill. The hilltop colony in this village was marked officially as ''Neidiyiruppu'' on a milestone placed at the road junction. This junction is called Colony Road Junction, after the Harijan colony, Kerala's first, in this village.

== Location ==
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Areas Of Nediyiruppu'''
|Northwest = Kondotty
|North = Kuzhimanna
|Northeast = Pulpatta
|West = Pallikkal
|Centre = Musliyarangadi
|East = Morayur
|Southwest = Thenhippalam
|South = Vengara
|Southeast = Oorakam
}}

==See also==
* [[Kondotty]]
* [[Valluvambram Junction]]
* [[Arimbra]]
* [[Pookkottur]]
* Kottukkara School

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kondotty area]]

Parangipettai railway station

2026-01-22T03:16:23Z

Itsniraj175: New New Data Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu}}
{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
{{coord|11|28|37|N|79|44|12|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Parangipettai - PO
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<hr>
| style = Indian Railways
| image = PNO-Station.jpg
| image_caption = [[Parangipettai]] railway station
| address = Mutlur Road, Parangipettai, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu -608502<ref name="pno"/>
| coordinates = {{coord|11.47698|79.73679|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|display=inline}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|TPJ Division]], [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| manager = Halt Agent
| platforms = 1
| tracks = 1
| elevation = 6 Meters (19.69 ft)
| line = [[Main Line, Tamil Nadu|Chennai Egmore–Villupuram–Mayiladuthurai–Thanjavur main line]]
| other = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Bus]], [[Auto rickshaw]]
| structure = Standard (On the ground)
| parking = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|15px}} Yes
|| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1877|07|01}}<ref>{{cite web |last=R. P. Saxena |title=Indian Railway History Time line |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |work=Irse.bravehost.com |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08438/page/292/mode/2up?q=Porto+novo|title=Madras District Gazetteers: South Arcot|publisher=Madras, Controller of Stationery and Printing|date=1962|last=Baliga, B.S.}} book Pg. No. 293</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://ia801504.us.archive.org/23/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf|title=History of Indian Railways -Constructed and in Progress|publisher=Railway Board, Government of INDIA|year=1938}} Ref PDF Pg. No. 239</ref>
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] on {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|02|07}}
| passengers = 1.21 Lakhs 2.36 Lakhs 1.48 Lakhs 1.49 Lakhs
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = [[Passenger trains]] [[MEMU|MEMU Trains]] [[Train ticket|Journey Pass]] [[Rail pass|Monthly Pass]]
| services_collapsible = yes
| other_services_collapsible = yes
| other_services_header = Passenger Amenities
| other_services = [[Drinking water]] - 2 Nos. [[Waiting hall]] - 39 Sq.m [[Platform height]] - 84 cm (Rail level) [[Electric light|Lights]] - 25 Nos. [[Parking]] - 104 Sq.m [[Public toilet|Public Toilet (Paid)
]] - {{char|🚹︎}} - 4, {{char|🚺︎}} - 4 and {{char|♿︎}} - 1 [[Ramada|Platform shelter]] - 192 Sq.m(1), 26 Sq.m(4) [[Public transport timetable|Time table]] - Avl [[Dustbin]] - Avl
| other_services2_header = Contracts
| other_services2_collapsible = yes
| other_services2 = '''Contracts''' - '''Contractor's Name''' - '''Details'''
 Halt Agent - R. Rathiga - ''Issue Tickets''
 Pay&Use Toilet - D. Ramesh - ''Maintain and collect fee''
 Weekly market - R.Ramesh - ''Collect License fee''
 Vehicle parking area - R. Ramesh - ''Secure and collect fee''
| status = Live Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PO
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
}}
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_dot_label = Parangipettai Railway Station
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| route_map = {{Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Parangipettai railway station''' is located in [[Parangipettai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="pno">{{Cite web|title=Parangipettai Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/parangipettai-po/7316 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> During the British rule in Parangipettai and about 15 years after the independence of the country, the railway transport has been good. After the modernization of transport facilities, Parangipettai was left very backward. The [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]] was categorized PO Station as NSG-6 in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/sr/corrigendum/1525776368788_Categorization%20of%20stations%202017.pdf|title=TPJ DIVISION - Categorization of stations 2017|website=[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]}} S. No. 54.</ref> Now, Categorized<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|title=Categorization of Railway Stations
|publisher=Ministry of Railways|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=21 March 2018}}</ref> as HG-2 on 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf|title=TPJ DIVISION - LIST OF STATIONS -2023|website=[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]}} S. No. 104.</ref>

[[File:Train welcome.jpg|thumb|To welcome new train stoppage at Parangipettai Railway Station]]
After the conversion to [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]], only 6 trains bound for [[Villupuram]] and [[Mayiladuthurai]], in addition to two more trains for Bangalore - Karaikal, a total of 8 trains stop at Parangipettai. None of the 60+ [[express train]]s that pass through Parangipettai stop here.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Train-time Table<ref>Updated Timing ref: with Train number {{cite web|url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/mntes/|title= National Train Enquiry System, IR|website=NTES, Indian Railways}}</ref><ref>2019 Timing ref: Pg. No. 225-226 (Table No. 51 & 51A) {{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1562059128810-SOUTH-ZONE-TIME-TABLE-2019.PDF|title=SOUTH-ZONE-TIME-TABLE-2019|website=[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]|date=2019}}</ref>
|-
! Train No. !! Time !! Via !! Runs !! Train Name
|-
! 56808
| style="background: #fee600;"| 7:04 AM || MV-VM || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Thiruvarur - Villupuram Passenger
|-
! 56813
| style="background: #ffc100;"| 7:30 AM || VM-MV || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Villupuram - Mayiladuthurai Passenger
|-
! 16530
| style="background: #fea701;"| 8:13 AM || KIK-SMVB || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! SMVT Bengaluru Express
|-
! 66019
| style="background: #ff8001;"| 4:18 PM || VM-MV || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Villupuram - Mayiladuthurai MEMU
|-
! 66020
| style="background: #ff8001;"| 4:48 PM || MV-VM || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Mayiladuthurai - Villupuram MEMU
|-
! 16529
| style="background: #fed1d0;"| 6:12 PM || SMVB-KIK || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Karaikal Express
|-
! 56814
| style="background: #daacb7;"| 7:11 PM || MV-VM || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Mayiladuthurai - Villupuram Passenger
|-
! 56807
| style="background: #d59ca8;"| 8:05 PM || VM-MV || style="background: lightgreen;"| Daily
! Villupuram - Thiruvarur Passenger
|-
| colspan=5 style="background: yellow;"| Source: [[Indian Railways]]
|}

==Remains of old building of Parangipettai Railway Station==
<gallery>
File:Old 1.jpg
File:Old 2.jpg
File:Old 3.jpg
File:Old 4 pno.jpg
File:Old 5 pbo.jpg
File:Old 6.jpg
</gallery>
[[Parangipettai]] Railway Station in [[Bhuvanagiri, Tamil Nadu|Bhuvanagiri]] taluk of Southern Forest District, 17 miles from [[Cuddalore]] (O.T), 29 1/2 from Mayavaram ([[Mayiladuthurai]]), and 145 miles from [[Chennai|Madras]] (Egmore). Parangipettai town is about a mile east of the railway station.

==Books==
[[South Indian Railway Company]] titled "The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway" published in the years 1900, 1903, 1909, and 1926 has provided information about Parangipettai railway station in one and a half pages in 1900.

<gallery>
File:The Illustrated Guide.jpg|The South Indian Railway Illustrated Guide in 1926<ref>Ref Pg. No. 43-44 : {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&dq=The%20Illustrated%20Guide%20to%20the%20South%20Indian%20Railway&pg=PP13 | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways | date=1926 | publisher=Asian Educational Services | isbn=978-81-206-1889-3 }}</ref>
File:The South Indian Railway.jpg|The Illustrated Guide to South Indian Railway in 1907<ref>Ref Pg. NO. 199-201: {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irg2AAAAMAAJ&dq=The%20Illustrated%20Guide%20to%20the%20South%20Indian%20Railway&pg=PP2 | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway: Including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways | date=1900 }}</ref>
File:The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway.jpg|The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway in 1900<ref>Ref Part-2/Main Line/Portonovo:{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOhiCgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+South+Indian+Railway&pg=PT4 | title=The Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway | date=15 July 2015 | publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited | isbn=978-1-4456-5082-1 }}</ref>
</gallery>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{stack|{{commons category|Parangipettai railway station}}}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101120015723/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Southern Railways - Official Website]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cuddalore}}

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1877]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Brihadisvara Temple

2026-01-19T11:56:40Z

Itsniraj175: slightly improved intro per standard format also

{{Short description|11th century temple and UNESCO World Heritage Site}}
{{For|the Brihadiswara temple in [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]|Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram}}
{{Redirect|Rajarajeswaram|the Shiva temple in [[Taliparamba]], Kerala|Rajarajeshwara Temple}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox religious building
| image = Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg
| caption = Brihadisvara Temple during [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| native_name = தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில்
| map_type = India #Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|46|58|N|79|07|54|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district]]
| location = [[Thanjavur]]
| elevation_m = 65.83
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture_style = [[Chola architecture]]
| inscriptions = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| year_completed = 1010 CE<ref name=britbrihadthanj/><ref name=mitchell/>
| creator = [[Rajaraja I]]
| footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| official_name = The Brihadisvara Temple complex, Thanjavur
| part_of = [[Great Living Chola Temples]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii)}}(ii), (iii)
| ID = 250bis-001
| year = 1987
| extension = 2004
| area = {{convert|18.07|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|9.58|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
}}
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Brihadisvara Temple''', called '''Rajarajesvaram''' ({{lit|Lord of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja]]}}) by its builder, and known locally as '''''Thanjai Periya Kovil''''' ({{lit|Thanjavur Big Temple}}) and '''''Peruvudaiyar Kovil''''' ({{literally|Temple of the great lord}}), is a [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Shaivite]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYeAAAAMAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple |title=Rajaraja the Great: A Garland of Tributes |date=1984 |publisher=Department of Museums, Government Museum |language=en |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYeAAAAMAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqeyAAAAIAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple |title=India Perspectives |date=1995 |publisher=PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs |language=en |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=bqeyAAAAIAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hindu temple]] built in a [[Chola art and architecture|Chola architectural]] style<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Raghunadha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC&dq=brihadisvara+temple+tamil+architecture&pg=PA32 |title=Indian Heritage and Culture |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1989 |isbn=9788120709300 |pages=32 |language=English |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424002637/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC&dq=brihadisvara+temple+tamil+architecture&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref> located on the south bank of the [[Cauvery]] river in [[Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name=britbrihadthanj>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Thanjavur-India Thanjavur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807100315/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thanjavur-India |date=7 August 2021 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref><ref name=asibrihadthanj/> It is one of the [[List of largest Hindu temples|largest Hindu temples]] and an exemplar of [[Tamil architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |title=Great Living Chola Temples |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 January 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105115252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first= John | last= Keay | author-link= John Keay | year= 2000 | title= India, a History | publisher= Harper Collins Publishers | location= New York, United States | isbn= 0-00-638784-5 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC | pages= xix | access-date= 15 November 2015 | archive-date= 3 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC | url-status= live }}</ref> It is also called ''Dakshina Meru'' ([[Mount Meru|Meru]] of the [[South India|South]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|author=K. V. Raman|publisher=Sharada Publishing House, 2006|page=136}}</ref> Built by [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] emperor [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]] between 1003 and 1010 CE, the temple is a part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] known as the "[[Great Living Chola Temples]]", along with the Chola-era [[Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple]] and [[Airavatesvara temple]], which are about {{convert|70|km}} and {{convert|40|km}} to its northeast respectively.<ref name=UNESCO/>

The original monuments of this 11th-century temple were built around a moat. It included ''[[Gopuram|gopura]]'', the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes, and sculptures predominantly related to [[Shaivism]], but also of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]]. The temple was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in the centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the [[16th century]].{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-21}}<ref name=michell16/>

Built using granite, the ''[[vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]'' tower above the shrine is one of the tallest in South India.<ref name=asibrihadthanj>{{cite web|title=The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp|access-date=25 December 2012|archive-date=22 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114449/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple has a massive colonnaded ''prakara'' (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva [[linga]]s in India.<ref name=asibrihadthanj/><ref name=UNESCO/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}} It is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass [[Nataraja]], Shiva as the lord of dance, in the 11th century. The complex includes shrines for [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], [[Parvati]], [[Kartikeya|Murugan]], [[Ganesha]], Sabhapati, [[Dakshinamurti]], [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandeshvara]], [[Varahi]], Thiyagarajar of Thiruvarur, [[Siddhar]] [[Karuvurar|Karuvoorar]] and others.<ref name=UNESCO/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Gopal 1990 185">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/185 185]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
[[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja Chola]], who commissioned the temple, called it Rajarajeshvaram (Rajarājeśvaram), literally "the temple of the god of Rajaraja".<ref>{{cite book |author=D. Raphael |title=Temples of Tamil Nadu, Works of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Ratnamala |isbn=978-955-9440-00-0 |page=9 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103506/https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> A later inscription in the Brihannayaki shrine calls the temple's deity Periya Udaiya Nayanar, which appears to be the source of the modern names Brihadisvara and Peruvudaiyar Kovil.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Thomson |page=87 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (747).jpg|thumb|centre|400px|Brihadisvara Temple complex seen from outside the walls]]
The Peruvudaiyar Temple<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brihadeeswara Temple|url=https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Brihadeeswara Temple|language=en-US|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224085645/https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is located in the city of [[Thanjavur]], about {{convert|350|km}} southwest of [[Chennai]]. The city is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the [[National Highways of Tamil Nadu|National Highways]] [[NH 67|67]], [[National Highway 45C (India)|45C]], [[National Highway 226 (India)|226]] and [[National Highway 226 (India)|226 Extn]].<ref name="road">{{cite web | url =http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf | page =2 | title =NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI | access-date =17 December 2011 | work =Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, [[Government of India]] | publisher =[[National Highways Authority of India]] | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf | archive-date =25 February 2009 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm|title=Thanjavur bus routes|publisher=Municipality of Thanjavur|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617131259/http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The nearest airport with regular services is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (IATA: TRZ), about {{convert|55|km}} away.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri|title=Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnXXAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Nile|page=5}}</ref>

The city and the temple though inland, are at the start of the [[Kaveri River]] delta, thus with access to the [[Bay of Bengal]] and through it to the [[Indian Ocean]]. Along with the temples, the Tamil people completed the first major irrigation network in the 11th century for agriculture, for movement of goods and to control the water flow through the urban center.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marshall M. Bouton|title=Agrarian Radicalism in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-v_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5784-5|pages=72–78}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Raraja detail.png|thumb|left|200x200px|Statue of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] emperor [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]], who built the temple over 1003–1010 CE<ref name=britbrihadthanj/><ref name=mitchell/>]]
A spectrum of [[Dravidian architecture|tamil]] temple styles continued to develop from the fifth to the ninth century over the [[Chalukya]] era rule as evidenced in [[Aihole]], [[Badami cave temples|Badami]] and [[Pattadakal]], and then with the [[Pallava]] era as witnessed at [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Mamallapuram]] and other monuments. Thereafter, between 850 and 1280, [[Chola]]s emerged as the dominant dynasty.<ref name=mitchell/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-2}} The early Chola period saw a greater emphasis on securing their geopolitical boundaries and less emphasis on architecture. In the tenth century, within the Chola empire emerged features such as the multifaceted [[column]]s with projecting square [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]]. This, states George Michell, signaled the start of the new Chola style.<ref name=mitchell>{{harvnb|Michell|1988|pp=145–148}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Douglas Barrett in his 1975 publication on Chola architecture states that a new style emerged between 866 and 940 CE starting with Vijayalaya, the first Chola ruler. According to Barrett, the Chola style did not develop out of the Pallava tradition.<ref name="Barrett1974">{{cite book|author=Douglas E. Barrett|title=Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture; 866-1014 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Faber|isbn=978-0-571-10507-6|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Gary J. Schwindler, Barrett's work supplies opinions that are "opportunities for endless conjecture and debate".<ref>{{cite journal | last=Schwindler | first=Gary J. | title=Review: Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=36 | issue=4 | year=1977 | doi=10.2307/2054437 | page=705| jstor=2054437 | s2cid=163896079 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}} This South Indian style is most fully realized both in scale and detail in the Brihadeshwara temple built between 1003 and 1010 by the Chola king [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja I]].<ref name=britbrihadthanj/><ref name=mitchell/>

{{multiple image
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| footer = Early European depictions of the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur (late 18th–early 19th century).
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===Additions, renovations and repairs===
The main temple along with its gopurams is from the early 11th century. The temple also saw additions, renovations, and repairs over the next 1,000 years. The raids and wars, particularly between Muslim [[Sultan]]s who controlled [[Madurai]] and [[Hindu king]]s who controlled Thanjavur caused damage.<ref name=michell16/>{{refn|group=note|Thanjavur was a target of both Muslim and Hindu neighbouring kingdoms, both near and far. The [[Madurai Sultanate]] was established in the 14th century, after the disastrous invasions and plunder of South India by Ala ud-Din Khalji's armies of [[Delhi Sultanate]] led by Malik Kafur.<ref>George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9-13, 16-21</ref> Later Adil Shahi Sultanate, Qutb Shahis, Randaula Khan and others from east and west coasts of South India raided it, and some occupied it for a few years.<ref name=michell16/>}} These were repaired by Hindu dynasties that regained control. In some cases, the rulers attempted to renovate the temple with faded paintings, by ordering new murals on top of the older ones. In other cases, they sponsored the addition of shrines. The significant shrines of [[Kartikeya]] (Murugan), [[Parvati]] (Amman) and [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] are from the 16th and 17th-century Nayaka era.<ref name=michell16>George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 16-21, 89-91</ref>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=25-26}} Similarly the [[Dakshinamurti]] shrine was built later.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=25-26}}
It was well maintained by [[Marathas]] of Thanjavur.

==Description==
===Architecture===
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| footer = Views of the Brihadisvara Temple complex, Thanjavur
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The Peruvudaiyar temple's plan and development utilizes the [[Cartesian coordinate system|axial]] and [[symmetry|symmetrical]] [[geometry]] rules.<ref name=thapar>Thapar 2004, pp.43, 52–53</ref> It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil), a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mounds.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|page=31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}</ref> The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares, covering {{convert|240.79|m}} east to west, and {{convert|121.92|m}} north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum with the towering superstructure (''sri vimana''), the Nandi hall in front (''Nandi-[[mandapa]]m'') and in between these the main community hall (''mukhamandapam''), the great gathering hall (''mahamandapam'') and the pavilion that connects the great hall with the sanctum (''Antrala'').{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}

The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda (''prakara'') in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about {{convert|450|m}} for circumambulation. Outside this pillared veranda there are two walls of enclosure, the outer one being defensive and added in 1777 by the French colonial forces with gun-holes with the temple serving as an arsenal. They made the outer wall high, isolating the temple complex area. On its east end is the original main gopuram or gateway that is [[barrel vault]]ed. It is less than half the size of the main temple's ''vimana''. Additional structures were added to the original temple after the 11th century, such as a mandapa in its northeast corner and additional gopurams (gateways) on its perimeters to allow people to enter and leave from multiple locations.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Winand M. Callewaert|title=Gods and Temples in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-107-5|pages=150–151|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103401/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the shrines and structures were added during the Pandya, Nayaka, Vijayanagara and Maratha era, before the colonial era started, and these builders respected the original plans and symmetry rules. Inside the original temple courtyard, along with the main sanctum and Nandi-mandapam are two major shrines, one for Kartikeya and for Parvati. The complex has additional smaller shrines.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref name=igncatanj>[http://ignca.nic.in/pdf_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf Tanjavur: Brhadisvara temple, The monument and the living tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024138/http://www.ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf |date=30 March 2016 }}, Kapila Vatsyayan and R Nagaswamy et al, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Government of India (2012), page 7</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|jstor=20619601|last=Branfoot|first=Crispin|year=2008|page=185|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389|s2cid=154135978}}</ref>

The Peruvudaiyar temple continued the Hindu temple traditions of South India by adopting architectural and decorative elements, but its scale significantly exceeded the temples constructed before the 11th century. The Chola era architects and artisans innovated the expertise to scale up and build, particularly with heavy stone and to accomplish the {{convert|63.4|m}} high towering ''[[vimana]]''.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref name=igncatanj/>

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| caption1 = Nandi mandapam and the entrance gopurams, northeast view from courtyard
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[[File:Gopuram of the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 02.jpg|thumb|Gopuram of the Brihadisvara Temple]]
The temple faces east, and once had a water moat around it. This has been filled up. The fortified wall now runs around this moat. The two walls have ornate gateways called the gopurams. These are made from stone and display entablature. The main gateways are on the east side. The first one is called the ''Keralantakan tiruvasal'', which means the "sacred gate of the Keralantakan". The word Keralantakan was the surname of king Rajaraja who built it. About a {{convert|100|m}} ahead is the inner courtyard gopuram called the ''Rajarajan tiruvasal''. This is more decorated than the ''Keralantakan tiruvasal'', such as with its ''adhishthanam'' relief work narrating scenes from the [[Purana]]s and other Hindu texts.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}} The inner eastern gopuram leads to a vast courtyard, in which the shrines are all signed to east–west and north-west cardinal directions. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a five-story [[gopuram]] or with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller free-standing gopuram. The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, smaller than the vimana.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} The main temple-related monuments and the great tower is in the middle of this courtyard.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}} Around the main temple that is dedicated to Shiva, are smaller shrines, most of which are aligned axially. These are dedicated to his consort [[Parvati]], his sons [[Murugan]] and [[Ganesha]], Nandi, [[Varahi]], Karuvur deva (the [[guru]] of Rajaraja Chola), Chandeshvara and Nataraja.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} The Nandi mandapam has a monolithic seated bull facing the sanctum. In between them are stairs leading to a columned porch and community gathering hall, then an inner mandapa connecting to the ''pradakshina patha'', or circumambulation path. The [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull) facing the mukh-mandapam weighs about 25 tonnes.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|p=22, Quote: "It is 3.65 m high, 5.94 m long and 2.59 m broad, estimated to weigh 25 tons."}} It is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and 2.5 m in width. The image of Nandi is a monolithic one and is one of the largest in the country.<ref name="Meena" />

===Preservation & Restoration===
As a world heritage monument, the temple and the premises comes under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) which falls under the Ministry of Culture of the Government of India, to ensure safety, preservation and restoration. The surrounding facilities have been upgraded to create an ambience worthy of the grandeur of this ancient marvel with lighting, signage and facilities for devotees and visitors. The lighting of the monument is designed to enhance the natural color of the stone along with the sculptural forms adorning all corners of the temple. The restoration has been undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India that commissioned [[Sheila Sri Prakash]] Indian [[architect]] and [[designer]] to lead the design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aceupdate.com/2015/02/18/architecture-is-ultimately-about-people/|title=Architecture is Ultimately about People|date=18 February 2015|publisher=Architecture Construction & Engineering Update Magazine|access-date=15 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115063746/https://aceupdate.com/2015/02/18/architecture-is-ultimately-about-people/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Sanctum and the Sri-vimana===
{{multiple image
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The sanctum is at the center of the western square. It is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and [[pilaster]]s providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay with iconography.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=17-19}}<ref name=thapar/> The interior of the [[garbhagriha|sanctum sanctorum]] hosts an image of the primary deity, Shiva, in the form of a huge stone [[linga]]. It is called Karuvarai, a Tamil word that means "womb chamber". This space is called ''garbha griha'' in other parts of India. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – Glossary |access-date=24 January 2007 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style, the sanctum takes the form of a miniature [[vimana (shrine)|vimana]]. It has the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a path around the sanctum for circumambulation ([[pradakshina]]). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber is the sanctum sanctorum, which houses the brihad linga.<ref name=mitchell/>

The main [[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimana]] ([[Sikhara|Shikhara]]) is a massive 16 storeys tower of which 13 are tapering squares. It dominates the main quadrangle. It sits above a {{convert|30.18|m}} sided square.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=17-19}} The tower is elaborately [[Articulation (architecture)|articulated]] with [[Pilaster]], piers (a raised structure), and attached [[columns]] which are placed rhythmically covering every surface of the vimana.<ref name=ching2>Ching 2007, pp. 338–339</ref>

====Deities and Natya Sastra dance mudras====
[[File:Shiva Nataraja Tanjore Bruxelles 02 10 2011 01.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|The bronze [[Nataraja]] design of Thanjavur, found in many museums, was commissioned for this temple's sanctum.<ref name=kaimal392/>]]
The temple is dedicated to Shiva in the form of a huge [[linga]], his abstract aniconic representation. It is {{convert|8.7|m|ft|order=flip}} high, occupying two storeys of the sanctum.<ref name=asibrihadthanj/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}} It is one of the largest monolithic linga sculptures in India.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|pages=23–24}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable floatright" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Sculptures on the ''maha-mandapam'' walls{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px style="background: #ffad66;" | North side
| width=120px style="background: #ffad66;" | South side
|-style="text-align: center;"
| [[Bhairava]] (Shiva)
| [[Ganesha]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| Mahishasuramardini ([[Durga]])
| [[Vishnu]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| [[Saraswati]]
| [[Gajalakshmi]]
|}

The Shaivism temple celebrates all major Hindu traditions by including the primary deities of the [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]] tradition in the great mandapa of the main temple. The distribution of the deities is generally symmetric, except for the east entrance side which provide for the door and walkway. In addition to the main deities, each side provides for ''[[dvarapala]]''s (guardians), and various other sculptures. The vestibule has three stone sculptures that is intricately carved, and mural paintings.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}} The ground floor level sanctum walls have the following sculptures:{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}}

*East wall: [[Lingodbhava]], standing Shiva, Pashupata-murti, plus two dvarapalas flanking the pathway from ''ardha-mandapam''
*South wall: [[Bhikshatana]], [[Virabhadra]], Dakshinamurti, [[Kalantaka]], Nataraja{{refn|group=note|In Tamil literature, the lord of dance form of Shiva, is referred to as Adavallan or Kuttaperumanadigal. This bronze style Nataraja from the Chola era is much celebrated and studied, including those of later texts such as ''Unmaivilakkam'' and ''Citampara Mummani Kovia'' describing its significance. Nataraja in Indian art dates to earlier pre-Chola centuries.<ref name=kaimal392>Padma Kaimal (1999), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051349 Shiva Nataraja: Shifting Meanings of an Icon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928130833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051349 |date=28 September 2018 }}, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 3, pages 394-395, Figure 3 on page 392</ref>}} plus two dvarapalas
*West wall: [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu), Lingodbhava, Chandrashekhara without ''prabhavali'', Chandrashekhara with ''prabhavali'', plus two dvarapalas
*North wall: [[Ardhanarishvara]] (half Shiva, half Parvati), Gangadhara without Parvati, Pashupata-murti, Shiva-alingana-murti, plus two dvarapalas

[[File:Top of Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.jpg|thumb|180px|left|The sikhara, a cupolic dome (25 tons), is octagonal and rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons.]]
[[File:PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg|thumb|right|180px|One of the 81 dance positions carved on the outer wall of the upper storey corridor wall]]
On the second floor, Shiva's [[Tripurantaka]] form in different postures is depicted corresponding to these sculptures. Above these floors, the ''sri-vimana'' towers above in thirteen storeys (''talas''). Above these storeys is a single square block of granite weight 80 tons, and {{convert|7.77|m}} side. On top of this block, at its corners are Nandi pairs each about {{convert|1.98|m}} by {{convert|1.68|m}} in dimension. Above the center of this granite block rises the ''griva'', the ''sikhara'' and the finial (''stupi'') of Tamil Hindu temple architecture. This ''stupi'' is {{convert|3.81|m}} in height, and was originally covered with gold (no longer). The ''sikhara'' at the top is cupola-shaped and weighs 25 tons.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/chola-temple-brhadisvara|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414195207/http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/chola-temple-brhadisvara/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each storey of this tower is decorated with ''kutas'' and ''salas''. The shrinking squares tower architecture of this temple differs from the tower at the Chola temple at Gangaikondasolisvaram, because this is straight in contrast to the latter which is curvilinear. The temple's sri-vimana magnitude has made it a towering landmark for the city.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=18-21}}
The upper storey corridor wall of the ''aditala'' is carved with 81 of the 108 dance ''karana''s – postures of ''[[Natya Sastra]]''. This text is the basis of the [[Bharathanatyam]], the classical dance of Tamil Nadu. The 27 unrepresented ''karanas'' are blank blocks of stone, and it is unclear why these were not carved. The 81 postures carved suggest the significance of this classical Indian dance form by early 11th century.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}}

The garbhagriha is square and sits on a [[plinth]]. This is moulded and {{convert|0.5|m}} thick. It consists of ''upapitham'' and ''adhishthanam'', respectively 140 cm and 360 cm thick.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}}

===Mandapa===
The two mandapa, namely ''maha-mandapa'' and ''mukha-mandapa'', are square plan structures axially aligned between the sanctum and the ''Nandi mandapa''. The ''maha-mandapa'' has six pillars on each side.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=22-25}} This too has artwork. The Vitankar and Rajaraja I bronze statues are here, but these were added much later. The ''maha-mandapa'' is flanked by two giant stone dvarapalas. It is linked to the ''mukha-mandapa'' by stairs. The entrance of the ''mukha-mandapa'' also has dvarapalas. Within the mandapa are eight small shrines for ''[[dikpala]]s'', or guardian deities of each direction such as [[Agni]], [[Indra]], [[Varuna]], [[Kubera]] and others. These were installed during the rule of Chola king Rajendra I.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=22-25}}

Inscriptions indicate that this area also had other iconography from major Hindu traditions during the Chola era, but these are now missing. The original eight shrines included those for [[Surya]] (the sun god), [[Matrikas|Saptamatrikas]] (seven mothers), Ganesha, Murugan, [[Jyestha (goddess)|
Jyeshtha]], [[Chandra]] (the moon god), Chandeshvara and Bhairava.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=22-25}} Similarly, in the western wall cella was a massive granite Ganesha built during Rajaraja I era, but who is now found in the ''tiruch-churru-maligai'' (southern veranda). Of the Shaktism tradition's seven mothers, only [[Varahi]] survives in a broken form. Her remnants are now found in a small modern era brick "Varahi shrine" in the southern side of the courtyard. The original version of the others along with their original Chola shrines are missing.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=22-25}}

===Murals===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Rajaraja mural-2.jpg
| width1 = 105
| caption1 = A mural of Rajaraja I and his guru
| image2 = N-TN-C192 Nandi Mandapam ceiling with centuries old murals.jpg
| width2 = 191
| caption2 = [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaka era]] ceiling mural in the Nandi shrine
}}
The temple has an underneath layer of Chola frescoes on the sanctum walls along the circumambulatory pathway. These frescoes which cover floor to ceiling, were discovered in 1931 by S. K. Govindasami of the [[Annamalai University]].<ref name=sriraman168/> The painters used natural pigments and infused it into the wet limestone layer as it was setting in. The Chola frescoes were largely of Shaivism themes. These were restored in the 2000s.<ref name="paint">{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801300600.htm| title= ASI restores 400-year-old paintings| access-date= 22 June 2010| location= Chennai, India| work= [[The Hindu]]| date= 28 February 2010| archive-date= 17 November 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041117175953/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801300600.htm| url-status= dead}}; [http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/20/stories/2005062000400500.htm Another report about Chola frescoes]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The total Chola fresco area is about {{convert|670|m2}}, of which about {{convert|112|m2}} had been uncovered as of 2010 in a method that preserves both paintings, a technique developed by Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name=sriraman168>PS Sriraman (2010), Digital photo documentation of murals at Brihadisvara Temple, Tanjavur: a tool for art historians in ''Space, Time, Place'' (Editors: Stefano Campana et al), pages 167-172</ref> The frescoes narrate Hindu mythology.<ref name=sriraman168/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=29-36}} According to Balasubrahmanyam, most frescoes are related to Shiva, but the 11th century Chola frescoes also show Vishnu, Durga and others, as well as scenes of Chola royalty, courtly and common life.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=29-36}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| align = left
| image1 = Mural2 Brihadeeswara.jpg
| image2 = Mural detail Brihadeeswara.jpg
| footer_align = center
| footer = Murals in the ceiling of Nandi mandapa, Brihadeeswara Temple
}}

The later constructions, additions and modifications to the temple curtailed the amount of natural light inside the temple. The frescoes were thus photographed in a limited way and interpreted. According to Sriraman, a complete imaging with better photographic equipment suggests that these historic interpretations were incorrect.<ref name=sriraman168/> For example, a fresco that was previously interpreted as Dakshinamurti Shiva is actually a secular scene of a royal [[guru]] meditating under a banyan tree. On the tree are shown peacocks, birds, monkeys, squirrels and owls, plus a cobra. The animals and birds are shown as worried of the cobra, the ones closer to the snake are shown to be more worried.<ref name=sriraman168/> Other parts of the panel similarly show a court listening to a saint. Other show women in different dresses in different dance ''[[mudra]]''.<ref name=sriraman168/>

Some of the paintings in the sanctum sanctorum and the walls in the passage had been damaged because of the soot that had deposited on them once upon a time. Owing to the continuous exposure to smoke and soot from the lamps and burning of camphor in the sanctum sanctorum over a period of centuries certain parts of the Chola paintings on the circumambulatory passage walls had been badly damaged.<ref name="paint"/> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]], for the first time in the world, used its unique de-stucco process to restore 16 Nayak paintings, which were superimposed on 1000-year-old Chola frescoes.<ref name="paint"/> These 400-year-old paintings have been mounted on fibre glass boards, displayed at a separate pavilion.<ref name="paint"/>

===Inscriptions===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| align = centre
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Tamil Inscriptions in Thanjavur Brahadeeshwara Temple written 1000 years ago.jpg
| caption1 = Tamil inscriptions at the Brihadisvara Temple (c. 11th century).
| image2 = 1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, inscription, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg
| caption2 = The temple has Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions from the 11th century.
}}
The temple walls have numerous inscriptions in Tamil and Grantha scripts. Many of these begin with customary Sanskrit and Tamil language historical introduction to the king who authorized it, and predominant number of them discuss gifts to the temple or temple personnel, in some cases residents of the city.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=15, 25, 53 with footnotes}}<ref name=ayyar411/> The temple complex has sixty four inscriptions of [[Rajaraja Chola I]], twenty nine inscriptions of [[Rajendra Chola I]], one each of [[Vikrama Chola]], [[Kulottunga I]] and [[Rajamahendra Chola|Rajamahendra]] ([[Rajendra Chola II|Rajendra II]]), three of a probable [[Pandya]]n king, two of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Nayaka]] rulers namely, Achyutappa Nayaka and Mallapa Nayaka.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Chola Temples: Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram|author=C. Sivaramamurti|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, 2007 - Architecture, Chola - 96 pages|page=26}}</ref>
{{multiple image
| total_width = 700
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Thirumagalpola.jpg
| caption1 = ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ் திருமகள் போல பெருநில
| image2 = Perunilachelviyun.jpg
| caption2 = பெருநிலச் செல்வியுந் தனக்கேயுரிமை
| image3 = Keyurimaipundamai.jpg
| caption3 = கேயுரிமை பூண்டமை மனக்கொளக்
| image4 = Kandalursaalai kalamaruttaruli.jpg
| caption4 = காந்தளூர்ச் சாலைக் களமறூத்தருளி வேங்கை
| image5 = Udaiyar Sri Rajaraja.jpg
| caption5 = உடையார் ஸ்ரீராஜராஜ சோழன்
| footer_align = center
| footer = Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from [[Brihadeeswara Temple]] in Thanjavur (''first line in every image'')
}}

===Temple personnel===
An inscription on the north wall of enclosure, dated 1011 CE, gives a detailed accounts of people employed and supported by the temple. The inscription gives their wages, roles and names. It includes over 600 names including those of [[priest]]s, lamp lighters, washermen, [[tailor]]s, [[Jewellery|jewelers]], [[Pottery|potters]], [[Carpentry|carpenters]], sacred parasol bearers, dance gurus, [[Bharatanatyam|dancing girls]], [[singers]], male and female [[musician]]s, superintendents of performance artists, accountants among others. Their wages was in parcels of land, so their temple employment was likely part-time.<ref name=ayyar411/>{{sfn|Michell|1988|pp=59-60}}

The temple employed ''[[devadasi]]s'' who were dancers and singers of devotional hymns. Among its numerous inscriptions are frequent gifts that state, "to provide for worship, for food to assembly of [[sannyasa|sannyasis]] (monks or ascetics) and for repairs". According to George Michell, the Thanjavur temple was a major charity institution in its history. It provides free meal for pilgrims, devotees and wayfarers on a daily basis. On the days of Hindu festivals, these meals were elaborate and when [[brahmin]]s were particularly invited and fed.<ref name=ayyar411>PV Jagadisa Ayyar (1993), South Indian Shrines, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0151-3}}, pages 411-423</ref>{{sfn|Michell|1988|pp=59-60}}

==Millennium commemoration==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:1000 years Old Thanjavur Brihadeeshwara Temple View at Sunrise.jpg|1,000-year-old Thanjavur Brihadeeshwara Temple – view at sunrise
File:Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple, dance (6851706080).jpg|Dancers gathered at Brihadishwara Temple to commemorate it.
</gallery>
Built in the year 1010 CE by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in Thanjavur, the temple is popularly known as the Big Temple. It turned 1,000 years old in September 2010. To celebrate the 1000th year of the grand structure, the state government and the town held many cultural events. It was to recall the 275th day of his 25th regal year (1010 CE) when Rajaraja I (985–1014 CE) handed over a gold-plated [[kalasam]] (copper pot or [[finial]]) for the final consecration to crown the [[vimana (tower)|vimana]], the 59.82-metre tall tower above the sanctum.<ref name="jlbiadsf">{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11406440| title= India's Big Temple marks 1,000th birthday| author= BBC News augue| access-date= 25 September 2010| date= 25 September 2010| archive-date= 26 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926045640/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11406440| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="asedgt">{{citation | title= Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, 907–985 A.D | author= PS. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1971), Orient Longman Publications}}</ref><ref name="sdbjt">{{citation | title= Rāja Rāja, the great:seminar proceedings | author= Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute (1984)}}</ref>

===Bharatanatyam Yajna===
To mark the occasion, the state government organised a [[Bharatanatyam]] [[Yagya (Hindu Ritual)|Yajna]], classical dance show under noted dancer [[Padma Subramanyam|Padma Subramaniam]]. It was jointly organised by the Association of Bharatanatyam Artistes of India (ABHAI) and the Brhan Natyanjali Trust, Thanjavur. To mark the 1000th anniversary of the building, 1,000 dancers from New Delhi, [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, [[Karnataka]], Kerala, Singapore, Malaysia and the US danced in concert to the recorded 11 verses of divine music [[Thiruvisaippa]] (ninth volume of [[Thirumurai]]) composed by Karuvur deva (the guru of Rajaraja). The small town turned into a cultural hub for two days beginning 26 September 2010 as street performers and dancers performed throughout the town.<ref name="DDY">{{cite web| url= http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/16/slide-show-1-indias-biggest-temple-turns-1000-years.htm| title= India's Biggest Temple turns 1000-years| author= Rediff News| access-date= 20 August 2010| archive-date= 18 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100818165702/http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/16/slide-show-1-indias-biggest-temple-turns-1000-years.htm| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="dfgjoerY">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article544804.ece | title=A grand dance spectacle at the Thanjavur Big Temple | work=The Hindu | access-date=20 August 2010 | location=Chennai, India | date=1 August 2010 | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804150451/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article544804.ece | archive-date=4 August 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Commemorative stamps and coins===
On 26 September 2010 (Big Temple's fifth day of millennium celebrations), as a recognition of Big Temple's contribution to the country's cultural, architectural, epigraphical history, a special {{INR}} 5 postage stamp featuring the {{convert|216|ft|m|order=flip}} tall giant [[Rajagopuram|Raja Gopuram]] was released by [[India Post]].

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] commemorated the event by releasing a {{INR}} 5 coin with the model of temple embossed on it.<ref name="sdlkqqqsf">{{cite web | url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html | title= Stamp, coin release mark 1,000 years of Big Temple | author= Deccan Herald (26 September 2010) | access-date= 26 September 2010 | archive-date= 6 October 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063714/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="ohjohjf">{{cite news | url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/27/stories/2010092759620100.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100929172241/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/27/stories/2010092759620100.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 29 September 2010| title= Release of a special postal stamp and a five- rupee coin | access-date=27 September 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]]| date=27 September 2010}}</ref> [[A. Raja|A Raja]], [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Cabinet Minister of Communications and Information Technology]] released the esteemed Brihadisvara temple special stamp, the first of which was received by [[G K Vasan]], [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Cabinet Minister of Shipping]].

[[India Government Mint, Mumbai|Mumbai Mint]] issued Rs 1,000 Commemorative Coin with the same picture as on the Rs 5 coin. It was the first 1,000 Rupees coin to be released in the Republic of India coinage. This coin was a Non Circulative Legal Tender (NCLT).<ref name="coin">{{cite news | url=http://www.mumbaimint.in/mint/Noticeapril.pdf | title=Release of Commemorative Coin | date=3 July 2012 | access-date=24 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324014546/http://mumbaimint.in/mint/Noticeapril.pdf | archive-date=24 March 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 1 April 1954, the Reserve Bank of India released a {{INR}} 1,000 currency note featuring a panoramic view of the Brihadeeswar temple marking its cultural heritage and significance. In 1975, the then government led by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] [[Legal tender#Demonetization|demonetised]] all {{INR}} 1,000 currency notes in an effort to curtail [[black money]]. These notes are now popular among collectors.<ref name="ppwqqsf">{{cite web | url= http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article478148.ece | title= INR 1000 note of 1954 popular in Tanjavur | author= Express Buzz, The Indian Express (26 September 2010) | access-date= 27 September 2010 | archive-date= 13 May 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160513060520/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article478148.ece | url-status= dead }}</ref>

In 2010, the then Tamil Nadu chief minister, [[Karunanidhi|M Karunanidhi]] renamed Semmai [[Rice]], a type of high productivity paddy variant, as ''Raja Rajan-1,000'' to mark the millennial year of the constructor of the temple, Rajaraja Chola.<ref name="jjjsqwhnsdff">{{cite web | url= http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4424908 | title= Semmai Paddy as "Raja Rajan-1000" | author= MSN News (26 September 2010) | access-date= 27 September 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Reception==
The temple "testifies the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |title=Great Living Chola Temples |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 January 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105115252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple finds mention in many of the contemporary works of the period like ''Muvar Ula'' and ''Kalingathuparani''. According to Chatterjee, the [[Tamil architecture]] attained its supreme form of expression in the temple and it successor, the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram]].<ref name=india>{{cite book|title=India Art and Architecture in ancient and medieval periods|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor=Roma Chatterjee|year=2016|page=32|isbn=978-81-230-2080-8}}</ref> The temple has been declared as a heritage monument by the Government of India and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Gopal 1990 185"/>

The temple was declared as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram and [[Airavatesvara temple]] at [[Darasuram]] that are referred as the [[Great Living Chola Temples]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|year=2004|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref> These three temples have similarities, but each has unique design and sculptural elements.<ref>{{cite book |first= P.V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |year=1993 |isbn=81-206-0151-3 |page=316}}</ref> All of the three temples were built by the Cholas between the 10th and 12th centuries CE and they have continued to be supported and used by Hindus. The temples are classified as "Great Living" as the temples are active in cultural, pilgrimage and worship practises in modern times.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece|title=Inside the Chola Temple|location=Coimbatore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 June 2012|last=Srinivasan|first=Pankaja|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619081222/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cultural events===
[[File:28apr10.jpg|thumb|Temple festival procession, 2015]]
The Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur is the site of annual dance festivals around February, around the [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]]. Major classical Indian dance form artists, as well as regional teams, perform their repertoire at this Brahan Natyanjali festival over 10 days.<ref>[http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html Brahan Natyanjali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129054445/http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html |date=29 January 2020 }}, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu</ref>

===Car festival===
The [[Temple car]] was rolled out on its trial run from opposite to [[Rama|Sri Ramar]] temple on 20 April 2015 witnessed by a large number of people.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews Trial run of Big Temple car, Rolls; out after 100 years; maiden run on April 29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews |date=19 September 2018 }}, [[The Hindu]], 21 April 2015</ref> Nine days later, the maiden procession of the temple car was held. This was the first such procession in this temple held in the past hundred years, according to news reports.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0 Big temple chariot festival held after 100 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0 |date=19 September 2018 }}, [[The Hindu]], 30 April 2015</ref>

===Novels===
[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], a renowned Tamil novelist, has written a historical novel named ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]'', based on the life of [[Raja Raja Chola I|Rajaraja]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Age hardly withers charm of Ponniyin Selvan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece|date=19 October 2011|location=Chennai|last=A.|first=Srivathsan|access-date=9 May 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605103559/http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Balakumaran]], another Tamil author has written a novel named ''[[Udayar (novel)|Udaiyar]]'' themed on the life of Rajaraja I and the construction of the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special Coin to Remember Rajendra Chola|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=4 February 2014|location=Chennai|work=Express News Service|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130228/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The temple is currently administered and managed by [[Babaji Rajah Bhonsle Chattrapathi|Babaji Bhonsle]], the head of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]] royal family. He serves as the hereditary trustee of the [[Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam|palace Devasthanam]] which continues to manage 88 temples in the ertswhile Tanjore region including the Brihadeeswara temple. Some [[Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalists]] groups have been unsuccessfully petitioning the [[Tamil Nadu]] government to revoke these rights as he is not of [[Chola]] or [[Tamils|Tamil]] lineage. According to one of the protesters, who also happens to be the coordinator of the Big Temple Rights Retrieval Committee, Babaji Bhonsle is also not the legal heir of the Maratha kings of Thanjavur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html|title=Tamil groups want Maratha hold over Thanjavur Big Temple to go|access-date=2018-05-12|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112322/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
The temple features many sculptures, reliefs and murals:<ref name="Sivaramamurti1977p288">{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti| title= L'Art en Inde|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgQAQAAMAAJ|year= 1977|publisher= H. N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-0630-3 |pages=287–288, 427}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
File:An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.jpg|An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
File:Sculptures at the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 04.jpg|Shiva with a begging bowl as a ''saddhu'' (monk, [[Bhikshatana]])
File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 100.jpg|alt=Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) symbolizing that the male and female principles are inseparable.|[[Ardhanarishvara]] (half Shiva, half Parvati) symbolizing that the male and female principles are inseparable<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara|title=Ardhanārīśvara|year=2011|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815031629/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Le temple de Brihadishwara (Tanjore, Inde) (13908795928).jpg|[[Ganesha]] is depicted both in the main temple and a separate shrine.
File:Brihadeeswarar Temple 04.jpg|Separate Ganesha shrine with temple corridor in the back
File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2009) 19.jpg|Subrahmanyar shrine in the north part of the courtyard. Also called "Murugan", "Kartikeya" or "Skanda".
File:Chandeshvara shrine at the Brihadisvara Temple.jpg|[[Chandeshvara]] shrine. On right is the wall of main temple, in back the eastern gopuram. Chandeshvara is a meditating yogi and Nayanmar [[Bhakti movement]] saint.
File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Temple, Hindu god Shiva, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India (8).jpg|[[Narasimha]] avatar of [[Vishnu]] killing the demon who persecutes people for their religious beliefs
File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, yogini, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg|[[Lakshmi]] statue, a Vaishnava sculpture reverentially displayed
File:Tanjore Paintings - Big temple 01.JPG|Gaja-lakshmi mural, another [[Vaishnavism]] themed artwork
File:Sculptures at the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 01.jpg|Vishnu sculpture at the Shaivism temple
File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, wall relief, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg|A [[yoga]] and meditation relief; the temple portrays numerous secular and saint scenes.
File:Brihadeeswarar Temple 3407.jpg|Krishna playing prank on gopikas by hiding on the tree, with their clothes
File:Nandi Brihadeeswara.jpg|Nandi shrine
File:Sculpture2 Brihadeeswara.jpg|Sculpture
File:Sculpture3 Brihadeeswara.jpg|Vimana outer wall detail
File:Relief Staircase, Brihadeeswara.jpg|Reliefs adorning the stairs
File:Relief detail, Brihadeeswara.jpg|Relief detail
File:Relief detail 2 Brihadeeswara.jpg|Relief detail
File:Entrance Brihadeeswara.jpg|Entrance
File:Thanjavur Big Temple View.jpg|Vimana view
File:Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (299).jpg|An entrance to the vimana
File:Left side view Brihadeeswara.jpg|Left profile view
File:The Big Temple - Thanjavur.jpg|The view at night
File:Brihadeeswara Temple Gopuram at Night.jpg|Brihadeeswara Temple Gopuram at night
File:PeriyaKoil June 2016.jpg|Early hours at Tanjore Periya Koil
File:A yoga and meditation relief.jpg|A [[yoga]] and meditation relief
File:Ta-scr.jpg|[[Tamil inscriptions]] at Brihadisvara Temple
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|India|Hinduism|Architecture}}
*[[Penneswaraar Temple]]
*[[Thanjavur Chariot festival]]
*[[Raja Raja Chola I]]
*[[Chola Dynasty]]
*[[List of largest monoliths]]
*[[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]
*[[Great Living Chola Temples]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|2}}
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*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032500/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200520/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher = Thomson Press| year=1975|isbn = 978-9060236079}}
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*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0705-1|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032500/https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111031957/https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200524/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|url-status=live}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year=1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110025834/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year=1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
* {{citation| last =Michell| first =George| title = The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms| publisher =University of Chicago Press| year =1988| location =Chicago| isbn = 0-226-53230-5}}
* {{cite book| first= John| last= Man| year= 1999| title= Atlas of the Year 1000| publisher= Penguin Books| location= United Kingdom| isbn= 0-7946-0011-5| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC| access-date= 15 November 2015| archive-date= 10 March 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC| url-status= live}}
* {{cite book| first= Binda| last= Thapar| year= 2004| title= Introduction to Indian Architecture
| publisher= Periplus Editions| location=Singapore| pages= 43, 52–53| isbn= 0-7946-0011-5}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0878-2|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C|year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher=Vikas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ|year=1978|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033010/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062730/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033504/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Brihadisvara Temple}}
{{Wikivoyage listing|Thanjavur}}

* [https://ignca.gov.in/thanjavur-brhadisvara-temple/ Tanjavur Brihadisvara Temple], Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Government of India
* [https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/brihadeeswara-temple Brihadeeswara Temple], Tamil Nadu tourism
* [https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/dakshina-meru-brihadeswara-temple Dakshina Meru: The Brihadeswara Temple], Government of India
* [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/thanjavur/bri01.html Photos on art-and-archaeology web site]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 Unesco Great Living Chola Temples]

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brihadeeswarar Temple}}
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:11th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Temples with Bharatanatyam Karanas]]

Intelenet Global Services

2026-01-03T14:01:35Z

Itsniraj175: correct intro also

{{Short description|Teleperformance subsidiary company (founded 2000)}}
{{COI|date=October 2018}}

{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Intelenet Global Services
| logo = Intelenet Global Services.svg
| type = Private
| foundation = 11 October 2000
| founders = Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC)
| location = [[Raheja Mindspace|Mindspace]], Malad West
| location_city = Mumbai
| locations = 70
| area_served =
| key_people = Bhupendra(Chief Executive Officer)<ref name="ET">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/teleperformance-completes-usd-1-billion-intelenet-acquisition/articleshow/66090479.cms#contentTop |title=Teleperformance completes USD 1 billion Intelenet acquisition=5 Oct 2018| website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
| revenue = [[Indian Rupee|Rs.]] 28.10 billion ($420 million) ([[Financial year|FY]]
2014-)
| num_employees = 66,000
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{url|http://www.intelenetglobal.com}}
| location_country = India
| services = [[Business Process Outsourcing]] (BPO) Services
| owner = [[Teleperformance]]
}}

'''Intelenet Global Services''' is an Indian business process outsourcing (BPO) company founded in 2000. It was acquired by Teleperformance in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/teleperformance-completes-usd-1-billion-intelenet-acquisition/articleshow/66090479.cms|title=Teleperformance completes USD 1 billion Intelenet acquisition - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>

The company's services include omni-channel contact centres, digital transformation, [[robotic process automation]], AI and analytics, transaction processing, finance and accounting, HRO, and IT services for companies in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and India.

==Timeline==
Intelenet Global Services was created in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=22622186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116011316/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=22622186 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2010 |title=Intelenet Global Services Pvt. Ltd.: Private Company Information - BusinessWeek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |accessdate=29 July 2010}}</ref> It began operations in November 2001, as a 50:50 [[Joint Venture|joint venture (JV)]] between [[Tata Consultancy Services]] and [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]] LTD. (HDFC).

In July 2004, TCS divested its 50% stake, which was purchased by [[Barclays Bank Plc|Barclays Bank PLC]], one of Intelenet's biggest clients. By 2006, Intelenet had over 5,000 employees and more than 20 client relationships.

In 2006, Intelenet entered the Indian domestic BPO industry with its acquisition of Sparsh BPO Services from Spanco Telesystems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/biz/india-business/Intelenet-to-acquire-Spancos-Sparsh-BPO-biz/articleshow/1313901.cms |title=Intelenet to acquire Spanco's Sparsh BPO biz - India Business - Business - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 December 2005 |accessdate=29 July 2010}}</ref> The company operates in the domestic BPO market, with over 18,000 employees in 10 locations across India. The company provides customer management, outbound sales, and analytics services in the [[Banking|banking and financial services]], [[telecommunications]], [[travel]], [[insurance]], [[retail]], and [[Public sector|government sectors]].

In 2007, Intelenet's management team initiated a management buyout backed by [[Blackstone Group]], a global private equity firm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccircle.com/category/wordpress-category/deals-1?page=9 |title=Deals |publisher=VCCircle |accessdate=29 July 2010}}</ref> Blackstone Group owns 75.98% of the stake at Intelenet; 19% is held by SKM (Employee) Trust, and 5.02% by Housing Development Finance Corporation Ltd (HDFC).

Also in 2007, Intelenet acquired two companies in the travel and IT industries. The first was Upstream, a US-based BPO company with centers in [[Fargo, North Dakota]]; [[Chesapeake, Virginia]]; and [[Campbellsville, Kentucky]]. The second was Travelport ISO, the Indian branch of the [[Travelport]] group.

In January 2010, Intelenet opened a delivery centre in [[Kraków]], Poland.<ref>{{cite web|author=Technology |url=http://www.bpowatchindia.com/bpo_news/msn/intelenet_launches_centre_in_poland/february-04-2010/msn_intelenet_launches_centre_in_poland.html |title=MSN India - Intelenet launches centre in Poland |publisher=BPO Watch India |date=16 March 2007 |accessdate=29 July 2010}}</ref>

In 2014, Intelenet Global Services was acquired by [[Serco]] Group PLC. In 2016, Serco (Indian operations) was acquired back by Intelenet Global Services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/20--31/news/69426894_1_bpo-unit-intelenet-global-services-serco-bpo|title=Blackstone closes Serco BPO deal, company to rebrand as Intelenet Global Services|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-06-04}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2018, Intelenet Global Services was acquired by [[France]]-based BPO, [[Teleperformance]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Blackstone Inc.]]
[[Category:Business process outsourcing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Business services companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]

Professional wrestling in India

2025-12-03T12:59:46Z

Itsniraj175:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Professional wrestling sidebar}}
[[Professional wrestling]] is a popular sport in India. The country has a rich history of professional wrestling and many professional wrestlers from India have worked around the world in various [[Professional wrestling promotion|promotions]].
International wrestling promotions such as [[WWE]] and [[Impact Wrestling|TNA]] generate high television viewership and have a significant fan following in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/SquaredCircle/comments/luhatl/new_report_claims_wwe_raws_average_viewership_in/|title=New Report claims WWE RAW's average viewership in India for the month of January 2021 exceeded 4M viewers, more than doubling the 1.85M viewers in the U.S. during the same timeframe. While SmackDown averaged 3M viewers in India, NXT surpassed the 1M mark in the country for the month of January 2021.|date=February 28, 2021}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|WWE in India}}
In early 20th century Baksh Butt, known as [[The Great Gama]], was a famous body builder, [[pehlwani]] wrestler and professional wrestler in India.<ref name=A>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/wwe/5-wwe-superstars-billed-india|title=5 current WWE Superstars billed from India|first=Piyush|last=yadav|website=www.sportskeeda.com}}</ref> Originally from Punjab, he began wrestling in 1895 at the age of 17 and won the world championship in 1910. He retired in 1929 after competing against opponents from India, Europe and the US. Other Indian wrestlers at this time included Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, [[Jatindra Charan Guho]] and [[Tiger Daula]].

[[Tiger Joginder Singh]] and [[Arjan Singh Das (Professional wrestler)|Arjan Singh Das]] were the best professional wrestlers from India in their time, and worked in promotions in Singapore, Japan, USA in 1940s and 1950s.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-lord-of-the-ring/story-Ow2Ug7CqDJQY71oRTbW7gL.html|title=The lord of the ring|date=July 13, 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[Dara Singh]] was a notable Indian pro wrestler who won titles internationally. In the 1950s, he won the world championship against the world famous [[Emile Czaja]], popularly known by his [[ring name]] King Kong. He also defeated world champion wrestler [[Lou Thesz]] of the US.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/sport/remembering-dara-singh-the-wrestling-champ-who-switched-careers-and-excelled-at-them-all/151524/|title=Remembering Dara Singh: The wrestling champ who switched careers and excelled at them all|first=Nikhil|last=Rampal|date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> Singh participated in almost 500 professional matches and remained undefeated in all of them, wrestling against [[George Gordienko]] of Canada, [[John da Silva]] of New Zealand and others.
In 2018 WWE honoured Dara Singh by inducting him into the [[WWE Hall of Fame Legacy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wwe.com/superstars/dara-singh|title=Dara Singh|website=WWE}}</ref>

[[Gama Singh]] wrestled in the 1970s-1990s.{{efn|Gadowar Singh Sahota better known by his ring name Gama Singh was born in India in 1954, his nephew [[Jinder Mahal]] is signed with WWE}} He then moved to Canada and opened a wrestling training school.

Indian wrestler [[Sangram Singh]] was signed with South African promotion.

[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] and [[Ten Sports (India)|Ten Sports]] used to air matches from the [[Total Non Stop Action|TNA]] and WWE promotions respectively. {{Efn|Ten Sports was a foreign channel use to air in India. It was sold to Indian media company, [[Zee media]] in 2000s. Later Essel group sold it to [[Sony Sports Network]].}}

==Wrestling Promotions in India==
[[Freak Fighter Wrestling]] (FFW) runs shows in Sampala, [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/stop-drop-and-roll-inside-india-s-pro-wrestling-academies/story-Q1aUj4FXrwbIRpHgn3CqyI.html|title=Stop, drop and roll: Inside India's pro-wrestling academies|date=June 16, 2018|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/from-tv-star-to-wwe-nxts-sanga-the-journey-of-brahmastra-actor-saurav-gurjar-500349 |title=From TV star to WWE NXT's Sanga: The journey of 'Brahmastra' actor Saurav Gurjar |last=Ghosh |first=Sayan |date=July 24, 2022 |website=[[WION]] |publisher= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724182912/https://www.wionews.com/photos/from-tv-star-to-wwe-nxts-sanga-the-journey-of-brahmastra-actor-saurav-gurjar-500349 |archive-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/up-uk-up-bhadohi-rinku-singh-rajput-aka-veer-mahan-won-the-title-of-world-wrestling-entertainment-ann-2114696/ |title=Veer Mahan: WWE में अचानक सुर्खियों में आए वीर महान का यूपी से क्या है कनेक्शन? जानिए उनके संघर्ष की दास्तां |author= |date=May 2, 2022 |website=ABPlive.com |publisher= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503020315/https://www.abplive.com/photo-gallery/states/up-uk-up-bhadohi-rinku-singh-rajput-aka-veer-mahan-won-the-title-of-world-wrestling-entertainment-ann-2114696/ |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |trans-title=Veer Mahan: Won the title of World Wrestling Entertainment |language=hi}}</ref>{{Efn|So far the live events organised by WWE in India were not live shows of [[WWE Raw]] or [[SmackDown]], they was un-televised [[House show]]s}}

The [[Wrestle Square]] promotion has established a pro wrestling school, Jeet Wrestle Square (JWS) academy, with Jeet Rama (Satendra Dagar) in Northern India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JWS |date=May 22, 2022 |url=https://www.wrestling.org.in/jws-wrestling-academy/}}</ref>

[[Continental Wrestling Entertainment]] is the largest promotion and training school in India. It was created by the Great Khali in 2015 and is in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab.

Due to the popularity of pro wrestling and India's vast market and economic potential, WWE often held tryouts in India to recruit wrestlers and train them at their [[WWE Performance Center|Performance center]] in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earlier India used to run after WWE but now WWE is coming after India: Jeet Rama and Kishen Raftar |date=December 11, 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/earlier-india-used-to-run-after-wwe-but-now-wwe-is-coming-after-india-jeet-rama-and-kishen-raftar-great-khali-jinder-mahal-triple-h-4977024/}}</ref>

==Indian Wrestlers in the US==

===World Wrestling Entertainment===
[[File:Khali.jpg|thumb|The Great Khali in [[Allstate Arena]], [[Illinois]] at [[WWE No Mercy 2007|WWE No Mercy]], 2007]]

Dalip Singh Rana, is widely known by his ring name [[The Great Khali]]. He was the first professional wrestler from India to be signed to [[WWE]].

The Great Khali became [[WWE]] [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)|World Heavyweight Champion]] in 2007.{{Efn|The Great Khali is the first professional wrestler from India who signed–wrestled in WWE, later Kavita Devi, Saurav Gurjar, Rinku Singh etc joined it.}} In the 20-man battle royale match, he defeated [[Batista (wrestler)|Batista]], [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] and others. At the No Mercy 2007 [[pay-per-view]] he wrestled against Batista in a [[Punjabi Prison Match]].{{Efn|Khali was the pioneer of Punjabi prison match. [[Jinder Mahal]] wrestled against challenger [[Randy Orton]] for WWE championship belt in this type of match, in it Khali helped Mahal by stopping Orton from escaping from the prison.}} During his WWE career, he defeated WWE legends such as [[The Undertaker]], [[John Cena]] and [[Rey Mysterio]] in his WWE career. On April 7, 2021, WWE honoured him by inducting him into the [[WWE Hall of Fame]], making him the first professional wrestler from India who to receive this honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/wwe-wrestling/the-great-khali-to-be-inducted-into-wwe-hall-of-fame-7243504/|title=The Great Khali formally inducted in WWE Hall of Fame|date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> {{Efn|The Great Khali has been inducted into [[WWE Hall of Fame (2021)]], it also called as WWE Hall of Fame class of 2021.}} After WWE, he moved back to India and opened a pro wrestling promotion, [[Continental Wrestling Entertainment]] (CWE) in Jalandhar, Punjab,{{Efn|CWE is India's biggest professional wrestling promotion, per their website.}} where he provided training to budding wrestlers and organised wrestling events.

Yuvraj Singh Dhesi (born July 19, 1986) is a Canadian professional wrestler of Punjabi descent. He is best known for his time in WWE, under the ring name [[Jinder Mahal]], where he became the first WWE world champion of Indian descent in April 2017. He is the nephew of [[Gama Singh]] who helped to train him. He started his WWE in 2011 as the [[kayfabe]] brother-in-law of the Great Khali and they worked together as a tag team with manager [[Ranjin Singh]]. In 2016, he also wrestled for The Great Khali's wrestling promotion Continental Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) in India.<ref>[https://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/it-s-time-to-pay-back-to-punjab-says-great-khali-194613 ‘’Tribune India’’]</ref>

Indian wrestlers including [[Saurav Gurjar]], [[Rinku Singh (wrestler)|Rinku Singh]], [[Dilsher Shanky|Shanky]], [[Jeet Rama|Satendra Dagar]],{{Efn|Satendra Dagar was signed with WWE's NXT brand, performed by ring name Jeet Rama only in NXT, Superstar Spectacle episode and some house shows, he was not part of main roaster.<ref name=B>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrestling.org.in/jws-wrestling-academy/ |title=JWS Wrestling Academy |author= |date= May 22, 2022|website=Indian Pro Wrestling Base |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>}} [[Lovepreet Sangha]], Giant Zanjeer, [[Guru Raaj]] and [[Badshah Khan (wrestler)|Badshah Khan]] have since worked with WWE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishaan Raftaar |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=17322}}</ref>{{Efn|Many wrestlers learnt wrestling from The Great Khali at his CWE promotion and later signed to WWE, NXT and further trained in WWE performance center in USA such as Shanky, Kavita Devi, Gaint Zanjeer.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.sportskeeda.com/wwe/5-things-know-former-wwe-indian-superstar-giant-zanjeer |title=5 बातें जो आपको WWE से निकाले गए भारतीय रेसलर जायंट जंजीर के बारे में जरूर जाननी चाहिए |last=Shukla |first=Amit |date=August 7, 2021 |website=Sportskeeda.com |publisher= |access-date= |trans-title=5 things you should know about former WWE Indian Superstar Giant Zanjeer |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2017 [[Kavita Devi (wrestler)|Kavita Devi]] from Haryana became the first female professional wrestler of Indian nationality to wrestle in WWE.<ref>[https://tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/kavita-set-to-become-1st-indian-woman-to-appear-in-wwe-426440 ''The Tribune'', Retrieved 2023-04-07]</ref>

Female MMA fighter Sanjana George from [[Kottayam]] worked for WWE for a year in 2021.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/sanjana-george-i-want-to-make-india-proud-by-doing-well-at-the-wwe/articleshow/82239872.cms ''Times of India'', Retrieved 2023-04-07]</ref>

===Total Nonstop Action ===
Amanpreet Singh Randhawa (born 2 May 1990 in Firozpur, Punjab) known as [[Mahabali Shera]] or simply Shera, is an Indian professional wrestler currently signed to [[Ohio Valley Wrestling]]. He has held the [[OVW National Heavyweight Championship|OVW National Heavyweight Champion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pwinsider.com/article/156506/scaffold-match-mahabali-shera-wins-gold-more-35-ovw-march-madness-report.html|title=Scaffold Match, Mahabali Shera Wins Gold & More: 3/5 OVW March Madness Report|website=PWInsider.com}}</ref><ref name=A/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sangram-Singh-Its-not-only-my-win-its-also-the-win-of-those-who-supported-me/articleshow/48238513.cms |title=Sangram Singh: It's not only my win, it's also the win of those who supported me |last=Bhatia |first=Saloni |date=July 28, 2015 |website=[[Times of India]] |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> He also had a brief stint under contract with WWE from Sept 2018 to April 2019. In December 2011, under the ring name Mahabali Veera, Shera took part in the India project [[Ring Ka King]].

In 2011, [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (later renamed Impact Wrestling) announced a project in India. The project was revealed to be an original televised wrestling program intended for the Indian market, titled Ring Ka King. The promotion was managed by Jeff Jarrett. Jeremy Borash, Dave Lagana and [[Sonjay Dutt]] helped Jarrett with management.

Ring Ka King ran for 26 episodes, from December 2011 to April 2012. It was taped in [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India, and featured both Indian and non-Indian wrestlers performing on the show. A majority of the non-Indian wrestlers were under contract with TNA; this included Zema Ion, Scott Steiner, and Abyss, among others. Independent wrestlers Sonjay Dutt, Isaiah Cash and American Adonis were also featured on the show.

Ring Ka King had three singles Champions, Matt Morgan (US), Sir Brutus Magnus (UK) and Mahabali Veera (India). Mahabali was champion for three months until RKR came to an end. RKR also had three tag-teams as champions, Bulldog Hart and Chavo Guerro, Abyss and Scott Steiner and the Bollywood Boys, [[Gurv Sihra]] and [[Harva Shira]]. The Bollywood Boys were champions for three months until RKR came to an end.

Other Indian wrestlers involved in RKR were [[Aghori Saya]], [[Deadley Danda]], Jwala, [[Pagal Parinda]], [[Pathani Pattha]] (three separate people), [[Romeo Rapta]] and Sonjay Dutt, with [[Kubra Sait]], [[Siddharth Kannan]] and [[Harbhajan Singh]] also on camera.

[[Sonjay Dutt]] is an American professional wrestler of [[New Delhi]] descent. He has worked with Impact, WWE and AEW and became the first TNA/Impact champion of Indian descent in 2015 when he won the X Division belt.

The [[Desi Hit Squad]] was a tag team / stable in IMPACT Wrestling in 2018. It consisted of Mahabali Shera, [[Rohit Raju]], Raj Singh and Bhupinder Singh with Gama Singh serving as manager.

===All Elite Wrestling===
[[Satnam Singh Bhamara]] (Punjabi: ਸਤਨਾਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਭੰਮਰਾ; born 10 December 1995 in Baloke, Punjab, India) is an Indian professional wrestler and former basketball player, signed to the American professional wrestling promotion [[All Elite Wrestling]] (AEW) since April 2022. At 7 ft 2in (218 cm) he is billed as ‘one in a billion’ and on-screen he is aligned with Sonjay Dutt.

==Wrestling on Indian Television==
Following list contains TV shows created by multiple foreign wrestling promotions with India's professional wrestlers :

* [[100% De Dana Dan]] - This was aired in 2009, and showed matches from a South African wrestling promotion [[Champions Pro Wrestling]]. It was filmed in South Africa and featured matches between South African and Indian wrestlers. It was aired on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= 100% De Dana Dan...|url=http://www.zorsebol.com/television/reality-shows/100-de-dhana-dhan-new-show-on-colors-complete-info-photos-videos/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112042026/http://www.zorsebol.com/television/reality-shows/100-de-dhana-dhan-new-show-on-colors-complete-info-photos-videos/ |archive-date=January 12, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Ring Ka King]] - This was a show from the [[Total Non Stop Action]] (TNA) promotion. It included foreign and Indian wrestlers and was aired on Colors TV in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1323450315 |title=More details on TNA's upcoming India TV project |last=Martin |first=Adam |date=December 9, 2011 |website=Wrestleview.com |publisher= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602004339/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1323450315 |archive-date=June 2, 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Sunday Dhamaal]]'' - This was a weekly wrestling show from [[Sony Max]] featuring a summary of WWE storylines and matches from the immediate week hosted by [[Sahil Khattar]].
* [[WWE Superstar Spectacle]] - In 2021, WWE created a special episode for WWE fans in India, broadcasting it on [[Sony Ten|Sony Ten 1]] Sony Ten 2 and Sony Max television channels on the occasion of India's Republic day, January 26, 2021.
* Netflix broadcasts [[WWE]] Promotion's [[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]] and [[WWE Smackdown|Friday Night Smackdown]] as its main brands.
* [[AEW Dynamite]] and [[AEW Collision]] - the shows of All Elites Wrestling promotion are televised on [[Eurosport (Indian TV channel)|Eurosport]] channel in India.

==Gallery==
[[File:Gama1916.jpg|thumb|The Great Gama]]

[[File:The Great Khali.jpg|thumb|The Great Khali with the WWE belt]]

==See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Sports|Television }}
* [[Sport in India]]
* [[WWE in India]]
* [[:Category:Professional wrestling in India|List of professional wrestling related articles of India]]
* [[:Category:Indian professional wrestlers|List of Indian professional wrestlers]]
* [[:Category:Indian male professional wrestlers|List of Indian male professional wrestlers]]
* [[:Category:Indian professional wrestling television series|List of Professional wrestling TV shows in India]]

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian martial arts}}
{{Professional wrestling by country}}

[[Category:Professional wrestling in India]]

Samala Bhasker

2025-11-21T08:29:51Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samala Bhasker
| image = samalabhasker.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|8 December 1975|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| title = TCA
| education = Master Of Fine Arts in Photography & Visual Communication
| alma mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]] (JNAFAU), [[Hyderabad]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Soujanya|2007}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samala Bhasker''' is an Indian cinematographer and director known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is a postgraduate at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]] (JNAFAU), Hyderabad in Photography and Visual communication. His first film as a cinematographer was ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' directed by [[Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/user29752238|title=samalabhasker|website=Vimeo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/wife-of-ram-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Wife of Ram Telugu Movie Review|date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/columbus-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Columbus Telugu Movie Review | Columbus Movie Review | Sumanth Ashwin Columbus Movie Review | Columbus Review and Rating | Columbus Telugu Review | Columbus Cinema Review | Sumanth Ashwin Columbus Cinema Review|date=24 October 2015}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
He was born and brought up in [[Warangal]], Schooling in Singareni Collieries High School, Madaram, His father is a retired employee at Singareni Collieries Company Limited. He is the second of three siblings. He completed his Diploma Mechanical Engineering in 1996. He is postgraduate at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]] (JNAFAU), Hyderabad Photography & Visual communication, Hyderabad. He is married to Soujanya on 29 April 2007. His two kids, daughter Aishwarya born in 2008 and Son Amartya born in 2013.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/dongaata-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Dongaata Telugu Movie Review | Lakshmi Manchu Dongaata Movie Review | Dongaata Review and Rating | Lakshmi Manchu Dongaata Telugu Review | Dongaata Review | Dongaata Twitter Updates | Dongaata Cinema Review | Lakshmi Manchu Dongaata Review and Rating | Dongaata First Day First Show Talk | Dongaata Live updates | Dongaata Film Review|date=9 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-ayyare-a-thought-provoking-movie.html|title=Review : Ayyare – A thought Provoking Movie|date=20 January 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
After his graduation from [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|JNTU]] Photography & Visual Communication, he joined cinematographer Kabir Lal as an assistant from ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' (2003) and ''[[The Hero: Love Story of a Spy]]'' (2003). Then he joined [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] as a chief associate from ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004), ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2005), ''[[Yamadonga]]'' (2007) and simultaneously worked with Sandeep Gunnam and his close friend [[Sarvesh Murari]] for several films as a 2nd unit DOP. While working ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009), he got an opportunity to work for the same film ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' as a Cinematographer. Then Krishna Vamsi choose him as the cinematographer in ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam]]''.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language
|-
|2009 || ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (film)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2008 || ''[[Three (2008 film)|Three]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Ayyare]]''
|-
| ''[[Yedyanchi Jatra (2012 film)|Yedyanchi Jatra]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|2013 || ''[[Popat (film)|Popat]]''
|-
|2014 || ''Japam '' || rowspan="10" | Telugu
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 || ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongaata]]''
|-
| ''[[Columbus (2015 film)|Columbus]]''
|-
| ''Just Gammat''
|-
|2016 || ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]''
|-
|2018 || ''[[W/O Ram]]''
|-
|2019 || ''Mrs.Subbalakshmi''
|-
|2022 || ''Nenevaru''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023 || ''Operation Fryday''
|-
| ''Grandhalayam''
|-
| ''[[Vairam]]'' || Telugu and Kananda
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Karmanye Vadhikaraste]]''|| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
|''[[Premistunnaa]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2942326/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Bhasker at IMDb]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36411794/]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasker, Samala}}
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Thomas Grantham (merchant)

2025-11-10T20:14:18Z

Itsniraj175: started initial stub needs work!

{{Short description|English merchant and naval officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:British (English) School - East India Company Ships at Deptford - BHC1873 - Royal Museums Greenwich.jpg|thumb|East India Company ships at [[Deptford]]. The large [[East Indiaman]] being fitted out in the dock is Grantham's ship ''Charles the Second''. She was launched in February 1683 by Johnson at [[Blackwall Yard]].<ref name="BHC1873">{{cite web |title=East India Company ships at Deptford |url=https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/13352.html |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=National Maritime Museum |accessdate=28 October 2020}}</ref>]]

'''Sir Thomas Grantham''' (bapt. 23 December 1641 – January 1718) was an English merchant and naval officer. In 1664, Grantham was working as a merchant, shipping woollen goods to the English [[colony of Virginia]]. Eight years later, he informed [[Charles II of England]] that Virginia lacked sufficient weapons and ammunition for self-defence and volunteered his services to that effect. Grantham subsequently arrived in Virginia with a shipment of leather goods and letter of recommendation from [[James II of England|Duke of York]]. Governor [[William Berkeley (governor)|Sir William Berkeley]] received Grantham "with several marks of friendship and esteem" and appointed him admiral of a flotilla of 25 merchantmen which he convoyed back to England in summer 1673. In 1674, as captain of ''Barnaby'', Grantham escorted the London tobacco fleet to Virginia, becoming a prominent tobacco trader and "master of Virginia's waters and an expert on their defenses".<ref>[Anon.], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11297 ‘Grantham, Sir Thomas (bap. 1641, d. 1718)’], rev. Peter Le Fevre, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 8 Sept 2008</ref>

In September 1676, Grantham arrived in Virginia while in command of the 32-gun ''Concord'' during [[Bacon's Rebellion]]. Berkeley asked him to act as intermediary with the rebels led by [[Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist)|Nathaniel Bacon]]. Grantham arranged a surrender by one group of rebels on 2 January 1677 by promising them all a pardon and breaking out a barrel of brandy to calm everyone's nerves. He then persuaded another group of rebels to surrender using similar tactics. Charles II awarded Grantham £200 for his services. On his next voyage to Virginia in 1678, Grantham beat off an attack by a large [[Barbary corsairs|Algerian corsair]], which led Charles II to recommended him to the [[East India Company]] (EIC). The EIC granted him a captain's commission for the [[East Indiaman]] ''Charles the Second'', and he was knighted by the king at the ship's launch on 8 February 1683.<ref>[Anon.], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11297 ‘Grantham, Sir Thomas (bap. 1641, d. 1718)’], rev. Peter Le Fevre, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 8 Sept 2008</ref>

In the summer of 1683, he sailed to Asia with instructions to enforce EIC claims against [[Safavid Iran]] for half the customs revenues collected at [[Bandar Abbas|Gombroon]], a port at the entrance to the [[Persian Gulf]], and to reassert EIC control over [[Banten (town)|Bantam]], where the company had been expelled by the [[Banten Sultanate]] and [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC). Grantham reached Bantam in June 1684, but by then a settlement had been reached in London. He proceeded to Gombroon, but found the VOC already in possession; unable to carry out his mission, Grantham sailed to [[Surat]], where he received orders from [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|governor of Bombay]] [[Sir John Child, 1st Baronet|John Child]] to suppress a mutiny at [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where Captain [[Richard Keigwin (colonial administrator)|Richard Keigwin]] had seized power. By diplomatic handling of the affair Keigwin and his supporters were won over. Grantham was also responsible for the strengthening of the walls of the [[Mahim Fort]] against attacks by the Portuguese who had occupied [[Salsette Island]], and returned to England in 1685.<ref>[Anon.], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11297 ‘Grantham, Sir Thomas (bap. 1641, d. 1718)’], rev. Peter Le Fevre, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 8 Sept 2008</ref>

In April 1689, Grantham was appointed as a [[Privy chamber|Gentleman of the Privy Chamber]] and [[Esquire of the Body]] to [[William III of England]] and [[Mary II]], offices he retained under [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]]. In 1690 he bought a manor in [[Sunbury-on-Thames]], [[Middlesex]], where he built Batavia House in 1697. He obtained a grant of arms in 1711, and died, probably in Sunbury, in January 1718. In his will, Grantham asked to be buried at [[Bicester]], specifically in the middle aisle of Bicester parish church "where I received my Christianity and where my mother and father lyeth buried... and near that place to set up a marble monument of no less value than 200 Guineas with my name and age on it". He was buried there on 22 January and such a monument was erected by his nephew Andrew.<ref>[Anon.], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11297 ‘Grantham, Sir Thomas (bap. 1641, d. 1718)’], rev. Peter Le Fevre, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008, accessed 8 Sept 2008</ref>

==Works==
*''An Historical Account of Some Memorable Actions, Particularly in Virginia; Also Against the Admiral of Algier, and in the East Indies: Perform'd for the Service of his Prince and Country'', By Sir Thomas Grantham, Kt, J Roberts, London MDCCXVI; Reprinted by Carlton McCarthy & Co., at the behest of the State of Virginia, with an introduction by R.A. Brock, Esquire, Secretary Virginia Historical Society, 1882

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/MillJames0324/BritishIndia/0381-01_Bk.html History of British India], James Mill, vol 1, 1826

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grantham, Thomas}}

[[Category:British East India Company Marine personnel]]

{{UK-mil-bio-stub}}

Kallachi

2025-08-29T14:25:02Z

Itsniraj175: Made Some Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Town in Kozhikode district, Kerala, India}}
{{one source|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallachi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Ariel View of Kallachi.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.6863 |N|75.6775|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Kerala
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = North Malabar
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0496
| registration_plate = KL 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Vatakara
| blank2_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Vatakara
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kallachi''' is a major town in [[Nadapuram]] panchayath, [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/kerala/kozhikode/kallachi-pincode-673506.html|title=KALLACHI Pin Code - 673506, Vadakara All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search KOZHIKODE Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=Kerala: Bomb hurled at RSS office in Kozhikode’s Kallachi, three injured |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-rss-office-bombed-in-kozhikodes-kallachy-three-injured-4551587/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==

The College of Applied Science (IHRD) and the GHSS Kallachi are in Kallachi.<ref name="admission">{{cite web|url=https://admission.uoc.ac.in/CollegeDetails?key=480936|title=Directorate of Admission - University of Calicut|website=admission.uoc.ac.in|access-date=2023-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://schools.org.in/kozhikode/32041200914/ghss-kallachi.html | title=GHSS KALLACHI - Nadapuram, District Kozhikode (Kerala) }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Kozhikode district]]

D. K. Swami

2025-07-17T10:54:27Z

Itsniraj175: Started Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''D. K. Swami''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Devkishordasji Bhaktisvarupdasji Swami(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JAMBUSAR(BHARUCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5071 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Jambusar Assembly constituency in [[Bharuch district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=Gujarat Elections 2022: Full list of BJP candidates and constituencies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/gujarat-elections-2022-full-list-of-bjp-candidates-constituencies-2299749-2022-11-22 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Swami is from [[Jambusar]], Bharuch district, Gujarat. He is the son of Bhaktiswarup Dasji Swami. He completed his M.A. and later did B.Ed. at Shri Swami Narayan Sanskrit College, Nadiyad taluka, [[Kheda district]] in 1995.<ref name=":0" /> He has taken up monkhood at 9 and is a BJP worker for over 30 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-12 |title=Gujarat assembly elections: BJP picks Swaminarayan saint for Jambusar seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-assembly-elections-bjp-picks-swaminarayan-saint-for-jambusar-seat/articleshow/95464593.cms |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Swami won from [[Jambusar Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 91,533 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sanjay Solanki of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 27,380 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devkishordasji Bhaktisvarupdasji Swami in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/gujarat/devkishordasji-bhaktisvarupdasji-swami-jambusar-candidate-s06a150c07/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=team |first=abp majha web |date=2022-12-08 |title=गुजरात विधानसभा निवडणूक निकाल 2022 भाजपच्या विजेत्यांची संप |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/elections/gujarat-election-bjp-winners-list-gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidate-from-bjp-1128323 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06150.htm?ac=150 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131172027/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06150.htm?ac=150 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami, D. K.}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bharuch district]]

KRYPHSA FC

2025-05-31T11:14:58Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = KRYPHSA FC
| image = KRYPHSA FC.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Kangchup Road Young Physical and Sports Association
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|1964}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| owntitle =
| owner =
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Nabachandra Singh
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = [[Manipur Women's League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =

| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _redshoulders
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _red stripes
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 0000FF
| body1 = 0000FF
| rightarm1 = 0000FF
| shorts1 = 0000FF
| socks1 = 0000FF
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _bluecollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = B1FF32
| body2 = B1FF32
| rightarm2 = B1FF32
| shorts2 = B1FF32
| socks2 = B1FF32
| website =
}}

'''KRYPHSA Football Club''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] club based in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], that competed in the [[Indian Women's League]].

==History==
In 1964, residents of Naoremthong, a locality on the outskirts of [[Imphal]], decided that they needed a club to give exposure for local football talents. Kangchup Road Young Physical and Sports Association was born and along with it, the hopes and dreams of Naoremthong.<ref name="Kryphsa">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/872676/with-a-side-full-of-internationals-manipurs-kryphsa-may-be-the-team-to-beat-at-the-iwl|title=With a side full of internationals, Manipur's Kryphsa may be the team to beat at the IWL|work=scroll.in|date=23 March 2018|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326082556/https://scroll.in/field/872676/with-a-side-full-of-internationals-manipurs-kryphsa-may-be-the-team-to-beat-at-the-iwl|url-status=live}}</ref> KRYPHSA is crowd–funded community club. Funds collected from the 3,500 households in the Naoremthong area are used as base for club income, while tambola games, which are held twice a year and are very popular in the Imphal area, also contribute a sizeable amount to the club.<ref name="Kryphsa"/>

===Indian Women's League===
KRYPHSA participated in the preliminary round of [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|inaugural season]] of [[Indian Women's League]].<ref name="Preliminary">{{cite news|title=Indian Women's League Prelims to Kick-Off on Oct 17|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7522|access-date=10 April 2018|work=The All India Football Federation|date=14 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019020831/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=7522|url-status=live}}</ref> The club finished third in group stage, behind fellow Imphal [[Eastern Sporting Union]] and [[Indira Gandhi AS&E|Jeppiaar Institute]], failing to qualify to next round.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern Sporting Union and Rising Student FC makes it to the Final round of the Indian Women's League 2017.|url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/791639403433046016|work=The All India Football Federation|date=27 October 2016|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Though club got invitation from [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] to participate in the [[2016–17 Indian Women's League final round|final round]] later, it decided not to participate due to financial problems.<ref name="Kryphsa"/>

In [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18 season]], KRYPHSA finished the [[2017–18 Indian Women's League preliminary round|preliminary round]] second, behind [[Eastern Sporting Union]] and played in the [[2017–18 Indian Women's League final round|final round]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Women's League to Kick-Off on March 25|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8789|website=Aiff.com|access-date=10 April 2018|date=6 March 2018|archive-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306210659/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8789|url-status=live}}</ref> KRYPHSA entered semifinal finishing top of the group. In [[2017–18 Indian Women's League final round#Knock out stage|semifinal]], KRYPHSA lost to [[Rising Student Club]] in a [[penalty shootout]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rising Student Club Beat Kryhpsa to Enter Finals of Hero IWL|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8904|website=Aiff.com|access-date=12 April 2018|date=12 April 2018|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412150437/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8904|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Team records==
===Seasons===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan=8 class="unsortable" | League
! scope="col" colspan=3 class="unsortable" | Top scorer(s)
|-
!{{tooltip|P|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Pos.|Position}}
! class="unsortable" | Player(s)
! class="unsortable" | Goals
|-
| [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 8
| 7
| —
| PR
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dangmei Grace]]
| 4
|-
| [[2017–18 Indian Women's League season|2017–18]]
| 7
| 4
| 3
| 0
| 24
| 3
| —
| Semifinal
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ngangom Bala Devi|Bala Devi]]
| 12
|}
 PR: Preliminary round. 

==Current squad==
{{updated|12 May 2020:}}
{{fs start}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Maibam Linthoingambi Devi]]|other=}}
{{fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Wangkhem Linthoingambi Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Yumlembam Pakpi Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Laishram Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Yumnam Chandrajini Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Babysana Devi|other=}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Roja Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Chandrajini Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Shanglakpam Sharma|other=}}
{{fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=K. Anita Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Thangjam Chanu|other=}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Roshni Devi|other=}}
{{fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sarungbam Anika Chanu|other=}}
{{fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Naorem Khushi Chanu|other=}}
{{fs end}}

==Technical staff==
{{updated|7 April 2018}}<ref name="2018IWL">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/kryphsa-women-team-head-shillong//|title=Kryphsa – squad|accessdate=7 April 2018}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} L. Chaoba Devi
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} RK JANAKIBALA DEVI
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} KHELEMBA NGANGOMCHA
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} KEISHAM NARAYAN SINGH
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} TONGBRAM GALAXY DEVI
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} TH BIPINCHANDRA
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
** Runners-up (1): [[2019–20 Indian Women's League season|2019–20]]
* '''[[Manipur Women's League]]'''
** Champions (2): 2016, 2019

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/team-details.htm?id=160 Team profile] at [[All India Football Federation]]

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Indian Women's League}}

[[Category:KRYPHSA FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Manipur]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]

Madhunapantula

2025-05-09T03:31:13Z

Itsniraj175:

'''Madhunapantula''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: మధునాపంతుల) is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] surname. Bearers of the name:
* [[Madhunapantula Satyanarayana Sastry]], one of the eminent personalities in Telugu literature
* [[Madhunapantula Suryanarayana Murty]], an eminent applied mathematician
{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

The Room on the Roof

2025-04-19T10:03:03Z

Itsniraj175: started first stub nd citations!

{{Short description|1956 book by Ruskin Bond}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Room on the Roof| title_orig = The Room on the Roof
| translator =
| image = The Room on the Roof.JPG
| caption = 1987 edition cover
| author = Ruskin Bond
| cover_artist = [[Anglo Indians|Clarf Bishop Dean]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series = [[Ruskin Bond|Ruskin's famous Novels]]
| genre = [[Fiction]]
| publisher = Coward-McCann (original)<ref name="first edition">{{cite book|title=The Room on the Roof - Google Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmxKAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 September 2013|last1 = Bond|first1 = Ruskin|year = 1957}}</ref> [[Penguin Books]] (current)
| release_date = 1956
| media_type = [[Paperback]]
| pages = 184 pages (first edition)<ref name="first edition"/>
| isbn = 0140107835
| oclc = 1579534
| preceded_by = N/A
| followed_by = Vagrants in the Valley}}

'''''The Room on the Roof''''' is a novel written by [[Ruskin Bond]].

It was Bond's first literary venture. Bond wrote the novel when he was seventeen<ref name="Amazon">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=5 July 2019|title=Ruskin Bond's first novel|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/ruskin-bond-storyteller-loved-by-young-and-old-alike/story-6HGmzM2Cu7KEI7euxaRr0N.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=}}</ref> and won the [[John Llewellyn Rhys Prize]] in 1957.<ref name="Amazon" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|title=THE ROOM ON THE ROOF by Ruskin Bond|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/the-room-on-the-roof-by-ruskin-bond/article4646130.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 April 2013|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> The novel revolves around Rusty, an orphaned sixteen-year-old Anglo-Indian boy living in [[Dehradun]]. Due to his guardian Mr Harrison's strict ways, he runs away from his home to live with his Indian friends.

==Summary==
This is a story about an orphaned boy named Rusty, of Anglo-Indian descent, living in a European colony in [[Dehradun|Dehra]] (a place in Uttarakhand) with his guardian Mr. Harrison and the missionary's wife, who wanted him to stay away from Indians and groom him as a pure Englishman. However, in this process, Harrison’s stringent behavior perturbs Rusty’s flourishing teenage years. While walking home in the rain, he was offered help by Somi and Ranbir who go on to become his friends. Rusty is unhappy with his life at his guardian's house and longs for freedom.

He runs away from his home and lives with his friend Somi, who gets him a job as an English teacher for Kishen (Mr.Kapoor's son). At Mr.Kapoor's house, he is given a room on the roof. Mr.Kapoor is a drunkard, who has a beautiful wife, Meena Kapoor. Rusty and Meena fall in love with each other. On the way to Delhi, Meena dies in a car crash. Kishen is sent to stay with his aunt and Mr.Kapoor remarries. Rusty decides to leave India and go to England as none of his friends remain in Dehra. He decides to visit Kishen before leaving for England. In Haridwar, he learns that Kishen has run away from home and become a thief. He meets Kishen and they both leave for Dehra, where Kishen plans on opening a chaat shop and making Rusty an English professor.

==Characters==
*Rusty: an orphan boy
*Mr John Harrison: A strict guardian of Rusty
*The Missionary's wife
*Kishen: Mr. Kapoor's Son and Rusty's friend.
*Mrs Meena Kapoor: Kishen's mother
*Mr Kapoor: Kishen's father
*Somi: A [[Sikhs|Sikh]] boy, Rusty's friend and a partner
*Ranbir: A muscular boy and the best wrestler in the bazaar.
*Suri: A bespectacled and bony boy and Somi's friend, known for his reputation as a spy.
*Prickly Heat: Suri's dog
*Sweeper boy

==Reception==
Upon release, the book received positive reviews. Santha Rama Rau of ''[[The New York Times]]'' commented "Like an Indian bazaar itself, the book is filled with the smells, sights, sounds, confusion and subtle organization of ordinary Indian life".<ref>{{cite news |author1=Santha Rama Rau |title=Escape To Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/03/17/archives/escape-to-life.html |accessdate=21 September 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=17 March 1957|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ''Herald Tribune'' said that the book "has a special magic of its own". ''San Francisco Chronicle'' said that the book has "considerable charm and spontaneity".

''The Guardian'' called the book "very engaging". The Scotsman commented "Moving in its simplicity and underlying tenderness...a novel of marked originality". ''The New Statesman'' said that "Mr Bond is a writer of great gifts".<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Room on the Roof and Vagrants in the Valley'' by Ruskin Bond|url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=4991693870&searchurl=bsi%3D0%26amp%3Bds%3D30%26amp%3Bisbn%3D0140239596|publisher=AbeBooks|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "Bond so picturesquely draws the contrast from the stark and claustrophobic English part of town with the noise, colour and vibrancy of the Indian quarter. This is a touching story of love and friendship".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/booked-by-bond/article5465474.ece|title=Booked by Bond|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 December 2013|last1=Kurian|first1=Nimi}}</ref>

The first official Bengali version of Ruskin Bond's The Room on the Roof has been translated by Partha Pratim Das and published by Book Farm in 2022 as "Chilekothar Ghar".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Partha Pratim |title=Chilekothar Ghar |publisher=Book Farm |year=2022 |location=Kolkata |language=Bengali}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Room on the Roof}}
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]
[[Category:1956 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Coward-McCann books]]
[[Category:Works by Ruskin Bond]]

Techtro Swades United Women's FC

2025-03-16T11:45:27Z

Itsniraj175: started a stub nd citations!

{{short description|Indian professional association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Techtro Swades United Women's FC
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Techtro Swades United Women's Football Club
| nickname = The Lioness
| short name = TSUWFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2020|8|29}}
| ground = Khad Football Ground, [[Una, Himachal Pradesh]]
| capacity =
| chairman = Neeraj Kholiya
| mgrtitle =
| manager =
| league = Himachal Women's League
| season = [[2020–22 Himachal Women's League|2020–21]]
| position = Champions
| website = www.techtrofootball.com
| current = 
| pattern_la1 =
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{| class="infobox" style="font-size:95%; width:25em; text-align:center"
! colspan=3 style="font-size:115%; background-color:#DD1E36; color:#B8D9EE; border:1px solid #B8D9EE;" align=center| Departments of Techtro Swades United FC
|-
! [[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
! [[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px]]
|-
! Football (Women's)
! [[Techtro Swades United FC|Football (Men's)]]
|}

'''Techtro Swades United Women's Football Club''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] department of [[Techtro Swades United FC]]. The team is based in [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It competes in the Himachal Women's League.

The club was established in March 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Techtro & Ranjit Bajaj launch Techtro Swades United to develop Himachal Pradesh football!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/techtro-ranjit-bajaj-launch-techtro-swades-united-to-develop-himachal-pradesh-football/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Arunava about Football|language=en-GB|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019212742/http://www.arunfoot.com/techtro-ranjit-bajaj-launch-techtro-swades-united-to-develop-himachal-pradesh-football/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TECHTRO SWADES UNITED LAUNCH EVENT - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LynyaRYCZCs&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.youtube.com|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032329/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LynyaRYCZCs&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Techtro And Ranjit Bajaj Launches 'Techtro Swades United' Football Club|url=https://www.transcontinentaltimes.com/techtro-and-ranjit-bajaj-launches-techtro-swades-united-football-club.html|access-date=2020-11-03|website=Transcontinental Times|language=en-US|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027142631/https://www.transcontinentaltimes.com/techtro-and-ranjit-bajaj-launches-techtro-swades-united-football-club.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, they were crowned as the champions of inaugural edition of Himachal Women's League and advanced to [[2020–21 Indian Women's League season|Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/indian-football/news-women-s-football-techtro-swades-united-win-inaugural-himachal-women-s-league|title=Women's football: Techtro Swades United win inaugural Himachal Women's League|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=29 March 2021|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518032710/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/indian-football/news-women-s-football-techtro-swades-united-win-inaugural-himachal-women-s-league|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Competitive record==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Competition
! Season
! Position
|-
|Himachal Women's League
|2020–21
|style="background:gold;"|1st
|-
|[[Indian Women's League]]
|[[2020-21 Indian Women's League season|2020-21]]
|Did not participate
|-
|[[Indian Women's League]]
|[[2021-22 Indian Women's League season|2021-22]]
|''Not held''
|-
|[[Indian Women's League]]
|2022–23
|''TBD''
|}

==Honours==
*'''Himachal Women's League'''
**'''Champions (1):''' 2020–21

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Una, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2020]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

2023 Professional Golf Tour of India

2024-12-24T18:48:35Z

Itsniraj175: Created A Post First Draft

{{short description|Golf tour season}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox golf season
| year = 2023
| tour = Professional Golf Tour of India
| regular_season = {{Start date|2023|2|7|df=y}} – {{end date|2023|12|24|df=y}}
| no_of_events = 20
| most_wins = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] (4)
| honor1 = Order of Merit
| honoree1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]]
| honor2 =
| honoree2 =
| honor3 =
| honoree3 =
| honor4 =
| honoree4 =
| prevseason = [[2022 Professional Golf Tour of India|2022]]
| nextseason = [[2024 Professional Golf Tour of India|2024]]
}}
The '''2023 Professional Golf Tour of India''', titled as the '''2023 Tata Steel Professional Golf Tour of India''' for sponsorship reasons, was the 16th season of the [[Professional Golf Tour of India]], the main [[professional golf tour]] in India since it was formed in 2006.

==Schedule==
The following table lists official events during the 2023 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pgtofindia.com/tournaments/0G |title=2023 Tournament schedule |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |access-date=8 January 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
!Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Purse ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Winner{{efn|The number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of Professional Golf Tour of India events they had won up to and including that tournament.}} !! [[Official World Golf Ranking|OWGR]] points !! Other tours{{efn|CHA − [[Challenge Tour]]; EUR − [[European Tour]].}}
|-
| 10 Feb || Tata Steel PGTI Players Championship (Tollygunge) || West Bengal || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Baisoya]] (1) || align=center|0.50 ||
|-
| 26 Feb || [[Hero Indian Open]] || Haryana || align=right|US$2,000,000 || {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marcel Siem]] (n/a) || align=center|9.29 || [[2023 European Tour|EUR]]
|-
| 4 Mar || Gujarat Open Golf Championship || Gujarat || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman Raj]] (2) || align=center|0.57 ||
|-
| 26 Mar || [[Duncan Taylor Black Bull Challenge]] || Karnataka || align=right|US$300,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] (8) || align=center|4.51 || [[2023 Challenge Tour|CHA]]
|-
| 31 Mar || [[The Challenge (golf)|The Challenge]] || Karnataka || align=right|US$300,000 || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ugo Coussaud]] (n/a) || align=center|4.65 || [[2023 Challenge Tour|CHA]]
|-
| 7 Apr || Delhi-NCR Open || Uttar Pradesh || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Pratap Singh]] (2) || align=center|0.85 ||
|-
| 15 Apr || Tata Steel PGTI Players Championship (Chandigarh) || Haryana || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Pratap Singh]] (1) || align=center|0.64 ||
|-
| 22 Apr || Ahmedabad Open Golf Championship || Gujarat || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Jamal Hossain]] (1) || align=center|0.79 ||
|-
| 19 Aug || India Cements Pro Championship || Tamil Nadu || align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunhit Bishnoi]] (1) || align=center|0.54 ||
|-
| 25 Aug || Coimbatore Open || Tamil Nadu || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harshjeet Singh Sethie]] (1) || align=center|0.54 ||
|-
| 23 Sep || Vizag Open || Andhra Pradesh || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Nadaraja Thangaraja]] (4) || align=center|0.52 ||
|-
| 30 Sep || Telangana Golconda Masters || Telangana || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman Raj]] (3) || align=center|0.57 ||
|-
| 7 Oct || J&K Open || Jammu and Kashmir || align=right|5,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] (9) || align=center|0.43 ||
|-
| 28 Oct || Haryana Open || Haryana || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jairaj Singh Sandhu]] (1) || align=center|0.85 ||
|-
| 5 Nov || Jeev Milkha Singh Invitational || Haryana || align=right|15,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Baisoya]] (2) || align=center|0.83 ||
|-
| 25 Nov || IndianOil Servo Masters Golf || Assam || align=right|7,500,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] (10) || align=center|0.61 ||
|-
| 2 Dec || Kapil Dev - Grant Thornton Invitational || Gujarat || align=right|20,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Pratap Singh]] (2) || align=center|0.88 ||
|-
| 10 Dec || SSP Chawrasia Invitational || West Bengal || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] (11) || align=center|1.06 ||
|-
| 16 Dec || Jaipur Open || Rajasthan || align=right|10,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman Raj]] (4) || align=center|0.80 ||
|-
| 24 Dec || Tata Steel Tour Championship || Jharkhand || align=right|30,000,000 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaganjeet Bhullar]] (13) || align=center|1.13 ||
|}

==Order of Merit==
The [[Professional Golf Tour of India#Order of Merit winners|Order of Merit]] was titled as the '''Tata Steel PGTI Rankings''' and was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in [[Indian rupee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pgtofindia.com/stat/season/0G |title=2023 Order of Merit |publisher=Professional Golf Tour of India |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=oom>{{cite news |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/gaganjeet-bhullar-sees-it-home-with-a-final-round-66-wins-his-second-tata-steel-tour-championship-crown/Sports/news/3111519.html |title=Gaganjeet Bhullar sees it home with a final round 66, wins his second Tata Steel Tour Championship crown |work=United News of India |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |quote=Om Prakash Chouhan (72-68-65-68) of Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, took the coveted No. 1 spot in the TATA Steel PGTI Ranking (PGTI Order of Merit) after finishing tied 10th at 15-under 273 at the Tour Championship this week. The 37-year-old Chouhan closed the 2023 season with record earnings of INR 1,18,26,059, the highest ever for a PGTI season, to finish number one in the money list by a fair distance… As a result of his Order of Merit triumph, Chouhan has now earned himself a card on the DP World Tour for the 2024 season.}}</ref> The leading player on the Order of Merit earned status to play on the [[2024 European Tour]] (DP World Tour).<ref name=oom/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indian-golf-the-op-chouhan-story-shows-the-power-of-believing-101705663057575.html |title=Indian golf: The OP Chouhan story shows the power of believing |newspaper=Hindustan Times |first=Shantanu |last=Srivastava |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable
! Position !! Player !! Prize money ([[Indian rupee|₹]]) !! Status earned
|-style="background:#D0F0C0;"
| align=center|1 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Om Prakash Chouhan]] || align=center|11,826,059 || Promoted to European Tour
|-
| align=center|2 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aman Raj]] || align=center|9,190,745 ||
|-
| align=center|3 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Baisoya]] || align=center|7,848,166 ||
|-
| align=center|4 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Pratap Singh]] || align=center|7,644,298 ||
|-
| align=center|5 || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Angad Cheema]] || align=center|5,503,417 ||
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official site|https://www.pgtofindia.com/}}

{{PGTI seasons}}

[[Category:Professional Golf Tour of India seasons]]
[[Category:2023 in golf|India, Professional Golf Tour of]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport|Professional Golf Tour of India]]

Fauna of Kaziranga National Park

2024-11-20T19:08:53Z

Itsniraj175: Started Entry

{{Short description|National park in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[Kaziranga National Park]] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]: কাজিৰঙা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান, [[Romanisation of Assamese|Romanisation]]: kazironga rastrio uiddan, {{IPA|as|kaziɹɔŋa ɹastɹiɔ uɪddan}}) is an Indian [[National park of India|national park]] and a [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] and [[Nagaon district]]s of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is refuge for the world's largest population of [[one-horned rhinoceros|great one-horned rhinoceros]]. Kaziranga has the highest density of [[Bengal tiger|tiger]]s among [[protected area]]s in the world and was declared a [[Tiger Reserve]] in 2006. The park has large breeding populations of [[Indian elephant|elephant]], [[wild Asiatic water buffalo]] and [[swamp deer]]. Kaziranga is recognized as an [[Important Bird Area]] by [[Birdlife International]] for conservation of avifaunal species. The park has achieved notable progress in [[wildlife conservation]] with respect to other protected areas in India.Kaziranga was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006

Kaziranga is a vast stretch of tall [[elephant grass]], [[marshland]] and dense [[tropical moist broadleaf forests]] crisscrossed by four main rivers — [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], [[River Diphlu|Diphlu]], [[River Mora Diphlu|Mora Diphlu]] and [[River Mora Dhansiri|Mora Dhansiri]] and has numerous [[beel|small water bodies]]. Kaziranga has been the theme of several books, documentaries and songs. The park celebrated its centenary in 2005 after its establishment in 1905 as a [[reserve forest]].

Local legend tells about a village girl named Ranga and a young man named Kazi from [[Karbi Anglong District|Karbi Anglong]] who fell in love. Their parents would not give consent to the affair, so the couple continued to meet each other in the forest. One day, they went into the forest and never returned. Since that day, the people call the forest Kaziranga.<ref>{{cite web | title = Kaziranga National Park-Myth and Mysteries | publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities | url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Myth.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-23 | archive-date = 17 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517225939/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Myth.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Biomes==
{{See also|Biodiversity of Assam}}

Kaziranga is one of the largest tracts of protected land in the sub-Himalayan belt, and due to its high species diversity and presence of high-visibility species, has been described as a "[[biodiversity hotspot]]".<ref>{{cite magazine
|last = Phatarphekar|first = Pramila N.|title = Horn of Plenty|magazine = [[Outlook India]]
|date = 2005-02-14|url = http://www.sosrhino.org/news/rhinonews021405.php|accessdate = 2007-02-26 }}</ref>

The park is located in the [[Indomalayan realm]], and the two [[ecoregion]]s of the park are [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] of the [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] biome, and the frequently-flooded [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]] of the [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands]] biome.

==Fauna==
[[File:Kazi Rhino at Kaziranga National Park.jpg|thumb|A rhinoceros grazing at Kaziranga National Park]]
The park contains significant breeding populations of 35 mammalian species,<ref>{{cite web | title = Kaziranga National Park- Mammals Checklist | publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities | url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Manals%20Checklist.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-23 | archive-date = 14 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514033206/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Manals%20Checklist.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> out of which 15 are threatened mammals according to the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name="un">{{cite web
|title = UN Kaziranga Factsheet
|publisher = [[UNESCO]]
|url = http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|accessdate = 2007-02-23
|archiveurl = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070553/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/kazirang.html
|archivedate = 2008-05-10
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> 479 species of birds (both migratory and resident) have been spotted at the park, including 25 globally threatened and 21 near threatened species.<ref name="kaziavi">{{cite web | title = Kaziranga National Park-Avifauna List | publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities | url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Avifauna.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | archive-date = 17 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517225849/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Avifauna.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The park has also been identified as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[Birdlife International]] for the conservation of the avifaunal species.<ref name="kaziavi"/> A total of 42 species of reptile have been reported from the park. These include the endangered [[gharial]] and the rare [[Assam roofed turtle]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Kaziranga National Park-Reptiles List | publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities | url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Reptiles%20checklist.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-24 | archive-date = 28 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033246/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Reptiles%20checklist.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Mammals===



{{See also|List of mammals in Kaziranga National Park}}
In 2006 Kaziranga had 1,855 Indian rhinoceros, about 70% of the world's total wild population,<ref name = "un"/><ref name="tiger">{{cite news | last = Hussain | first = Syed Zakir | title = Kaziranga adds another feather - declared tiger reserve | publisher = [[Indo-Asian News Service]] | date = 2006-08-10 | url = http://www.savethetigerfund.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=2738 | accessdate = 2007-02-26 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403221613/http://www.savethetigerfund.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home | archivedate = 2007-04-03 }}</ref>
The critically endangered [[Indian Javan rhinoceros]] was probably also an inhabitant of Kaziranga.<ref name="wwf">[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/our_programmes/areas/projects/indochina_bioregion/cat_loc_cat_tien_background/index.cfm WWF article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024759/http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/asia_pacific/our_programmes/areas/projects/indochina_bioregion/cat_loc_cat_tien_background/index.cfm |date=2007-03-11 }}, Retrieved on 2007-02-26</ref> Assam was part of the historical range of the critically endangered [[pygmy hog]]. Even though [[wild boar]] are present in Kaziranga, the pygmy hog is no longer found here.
Kaziranga contained as many as 1,206 [[Indian elephant]]s in 2005, a 25% increase from 1,048 in 2002.<ref name="animalsurvey">{{cite web | title = Kaziranga National Park- Animal Survey | publisher = Kaziranga National Park Authorities | url = http://www.kaziranga100.com/Animal%20Census.htm | accessdate = 2007-02-23 | archive-date = 28 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033228/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Animal%20Census.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The combined Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Elephant Reserve has as many as 1,940 elephants.<ref name="elesurvey">{{Cite web | title =Elephant Survey in India | publisher =[[Ministry of Forest and Environment]], [[Government of India]] | year =2005 | url =http://envfor.nic.in/pe/census_ereserves2005.pdf | accessdate =2007-02-26 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070115133641/http://www.envfor.nic.in/pe/census_ereserves2005.pdf | archivedate =2007-01-15 }}</ref>

The 2001 park census counted 1666 [[wild Asian water buffalo]],<ref>'Wild buffalo census in Kaziranga', The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Newsletter No. 3, June 2001</ref> up 146% from 677 in 1984.

The [[Swamp deer|eastern swamp deer]] had 468 individuals in 2002,<ref name = "trib">{{cite news
| last = Rashid| first = Parbina | title = Here conservation is a way of life | newspaper = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date = 2005-08-28
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050828/spectrum/main2.htm | accessdate = 2007-08-26}}</ref> down 38% from 756 in 1984.<ref name = "un"/> This may be a reflection of the increasing tiger population.
Other significant populations of large herbivores include 30 [[gaur]] in 1984, and 58 [[Sambar deer|sambar]] in 1999. Smaller herbivores include 100 [[Indian muntjac]] in 1972, 431 [[wild boar]] in 1999, 5,045 [[hog deer]] in 1999 and [[barking deer]].<ref name = "un"/><ref name="animalsurvey"/>

Kaziranga has the rare distinction of being one of the very few places in the world which contain breeding populations of three [[big cat]]s outside [[Africa]] — the [[royal Bengal tiger]], the [[Indian leopard]] and the [[clouded leopard]].<ref name= "splist">{{cite news
| title = Here conservation is a way of life | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 2003-09-10
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/10/stories/2003091005480300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031027104132/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/10/stories/2003091005480300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2003-10-27 | accessdate = 2007-08-26}}</ref> Kaziranga had a population of around 30 Bengal tigers during the 1972 census, which grew 187% to 86 in the 2000 census, distinguishing Kaziranga with one tiger for each five km2 of park area, the highest tiger density in the world. Kaziranga formally became a [[Project Tiger|tiger reserve]] in 2006.<ref name="tiger"/> According to Dr. Melvin Sunquist of University of Florida, who himself conducted a field study and measurement of Bengal tigers in [[Chitwan National Park]], Nepal in the 1970s, a recent camera trap survey inside Kaziranga National Park has revealed some very large looking tigers, in fact, the largest Bengal tigers he's ever come across. Due to Kaziranga's higher prey density compared to other parks of India,<ref>Sunquist, Mel and Fiona Sunquist. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University Of Chicago Press, Chicago</ref> the tigers in here may grow to a larger size as a result.

The park is also home to [[sloth bear]]s and the lesser [[felid]]s: [[jungle cat]], [[fishing cat]] and [[leopard cat]]. Other small mammals include the rare [[hispid hare]], [[Indian gray mongoose]], [[small Indian mongoose]], [[large Indian civet]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Bengal fox]], [[golden jackal]], [[Chinese pangolin]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[hog badger]], [[Chinese ferret badger]], [[Hylopetes|particolored flying squirrel]] and [[bat]]s.<ref name = "un"/>

The park has a large variety of primates including all free roaming primates in India with the exception of the [[endemism|endemic]] [[Western Ghats]] primates and the newly discovered [[Arunachal macaque]]. This includes the vulnerable and rare species of [[Bengal slow loris]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[capped langur]], [[golden langur]] and the only [[ape]] found in India — the [[hoolock gibbon]].<ref name="splist"/>
Kaziranga's rivers are home to the highly endangered [[Ganges dolphin]].<ref name = "un"/>

===Birds===

[[File:Coracias affinis, Kaziranga, cropped.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian roller]] at Kaziranga]]

Almost 478 species of birds (both migratory and resident) have been spotted at the park, including 25 globally threatened and 21 near threatened species.<ref name="kaziavi2">{{cite web |title=Kaziranga National Park-Avifauna List |url=http://www.kaziranga100.com/Avifauna.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517225849/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Avifauna.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |accessdate=2007-02-24 |publisher=Kaziranga National Park Authorities}}</ref> The park has also been identified as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[Birdlife International]] for the conservation of the avifaunal species.<ref name="kaziavi2" />

Waterfowl that breed in or pass through Kaziranga include several rare species of [[geese]] ([[lesser white-fronted goose]]), and [[duck]]s ([[ferruginous pochard]], [[Baer's pochard]]). Other rare riverine birds include [[kingfisher]]s ([[Blyth's kingfisher]]), [[heron]]s ([[white-bellied heron]]), [[pelican]]s ([[Dalmatian pelican]], [[spot-billed pelican]]), [[Tringa|shanks]] ([[Greenshank|spotted greenshank]]) and [[tern]]s ([[black-bellied tern]]). Rare [[Migratory birds|migratory]] [[stork]]s and [[Crane (bird)|crane]]s are also seen wintering in the park ([[lesser adjutant]], [[greater adjutant]], [[black-necked stork]], Asian openbill).<ref name="forktail">{{Cite journal | last1 =Barua | first1 =M. | last2 =Sharma | first2 =P. | title =Birds of Kaziranga National Park, India | journal =Forktail | volume =15 | pages =47–60 | publisher =Oriental Bird Club | year =1999 | url =http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Barua-Kaziranga.pdf | accessdate =2007-02-26 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210254/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Barua-Kaziranga.pdf | archivedate =2007-02-21 }}</ref>

Kaziranga hosts a large number of [[Bird of prey|raptor]]s, considered a sign of a healthy [[ecosystem]]. This includes the rare [[eastern imperial eagle]], [[greater spotted eagle]], [[White-tailed eagle|white-tailed fishing eagle]], [[Pallas's fish eagle]], [[grey-headed fish eagle]] and the [[lesser kestrel]]. Kaziranga was once home to seven species of vultures. About 99% of the stable vulture population was killed by [[kidney failure]] caused by consuming the [[veterinary]] drug [[diclofenac]] in [[domestic animal]] carcasses.<ref name="blackwell"/> Of these, the [[red-headed vulture]], and [[Eurasian black vulture]] are still near threatened due to their large range, but the [[Indian vulture]], [[slender-billed vulture]] and the [[Indian white-rumped vulture]] have suffered cataclysmic loss of numbers and are virtually extinct in the wild, including Kaziranga. The Indian populations of the other two vultures have similar losses — the [[griffon vulture]] and the [[Himalayan griffon]], but they are still well represented outside India. The loss of this many vultures creates a critical void in the [[scavenger]]s [[ecological niche]] in Kaziranga.<ref name="blackwell">R Cuthbert, RE Green, S Ranade, S Saravanan, DJ Pain, V Prakash, AA Cunningham (2006) "''[https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00041.x Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India]''", Animal Conservation 9 (3), 349–354. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00041.x}} . Retrieved on2007-02-26</ref>

Rare [[game bird]]s (which were once hunted) include [[partridge]]s ([[swamp francolin]]), [[bustard]]s ([[Bengal florican]]) and [[pigeon]]s ([[Columba (genus)|pale-capped pigeon]]).<ref name="forktail"/> Several other important families of birds inhabit Kaziranga, including rare species of [[hornbill]]s ([[great Indian hornbill]] and the lesser risk [[wreathed hornbill]]), [[Old World babbler]]s ([[Jerdon's babbler]], [[marsh babbler]]) and [[weaver bird]]s (the common [[baya weaver]] and the threatened [[Finn's weaver]]), [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]]es ([[Hodgson's bushchat]]), [[Old World warblers]] ([[bristled grassbird]]). Other threatened species include the [[Parrotbill|black-breasted parrotbill]] and [[Prinia|rufous-vented prinia]].<ref name="forktail"/>

List of birds: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210254/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/15pdfs/Barua-Kaziranga.pdf Complete list]

===Reptiles, amphibians, and fish ===

{{See also|List of reptiles in Kaziranga National Park| List of fishes in Kaziranga National Park}}
Two of the largest snakes in the world (the [[reticulated python]] and the [[Asiatic rock python|rock python]]) as well as the longest venomous snake in the world (the [[king cobra]]) are common inside the park. The park also contains [[Bengal monitor]] and [[Varanus salvator|water monitor]] populations. The park is home to the rare [[monocled cobra]], as well as three of the [[Big Four (Indian snakes)|Big Four]] — [[Indian cobra]], [[Russell's viper]] and [[common krait]].

In all, Kaziranga is home to 15 species of [[turtle]]s, including the endemic Assam roofed turtle, and to one species of tortoise — the [[brown tortoise]]. The regional [[Calotes maria|Assam garden lizard]] is present. 42 species of fish are found in the Kaziranga area, including the unusual [[Tetraodon|ocellated pufferfish]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Kaziranga National Park-Fish List
|publisher=Kaziranga National Park Authorities
|url=http://www.kaziranga100.com/Fishes%20Checklist.htm
|accessdate=2007-02-24
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928033254/http://www.kaziranga100.com/Fishes%20Checklist.htm
|archivedate=2007-09-28
}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Kaziranga National Park}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauna Of Kaziranga National Park}}
[[Category:Kaziranga National Park]]
[[Category:Fauna of Assam]]

Lallasi Pal

2024-10-08T08:18:58Z

Itsniraj175:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lallasi Pal
| image = Lallasi Pal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Mayanglangbam Raghumani (Eepu)
| writer = [[Moirangthem Inao]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Homen Rajkumar
| starring = [[Lairenjam Olen]] [[Manda Leima]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = O. Sanou
| editing = Henry Salam
| music = Dr. H. Naba R. K. Jiten Subhash '''Background music:''' Pee
| studio = Treasure Island Films<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/06/30/growth-of-manipuri-digital-films/|title=Growth of Manipuri Digital Films|date=30 June 2014|work=Communication Today|first=M. Nawaz|last=Khan}}</ref>
| distributor = Cheeng-Tam Film
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| budget = ₹1 lakh<ref name="the hindu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/cinema-is-slowly-dying-in-manipur/article25515178.ece|title=‘Cinema is slowly dying in Manipur’|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2018|last=Kongbam|first=Meghachandra}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Lallasi Pal''''' ({{Translation|''Let's Outstep The Obstacle''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/guest-column/item/19034-radio-drama-in-manipur|title=RADIO DRAMA IN MANIPUR|date=31 October 2020|work=Imphal Times}}</ref>}}) is a 2002 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] directed by Mayanglangbam Raghumani (Eepu) and starring [[Lairenjam Olen]] and [[Manda Leima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/06/30/growth-of-manipuri-digital-films/|title=Growth of Manipuri Digital Films|author=Dr. M. Nawaz Khan|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The film released in Friends Talkies theatre, [[Imphal]] in 2002 and was a blockbuster.<ref name="the hindu"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/5052-renowned-film-maker-of-manipur-brutally-assaulted-left-for-death|title=Renowned Film Maker of Manipur Brutally Assaulted; Left for Death|first=William|last=Gurumayam|date=3 March 2016|work=Imphal Times}}</ref>

This film was important in marking the transition from celluloid to digital films for [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri cinema]] after ''[[Lammei]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2011-12-4603/KSHETRIMAYUM-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=The Politics of Fixity: A report on the ban of Hindi films in Manipur, Northeast India.|website=[[The University of Texas at Austin]]|page=46|author=Jogendro Singh Kshetrimayum|date=2011}}</ref> This film was a breakthrough for Olen and Manda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manipurtimes.com/actor-olen-a-much-loved-actor-of-the-people/|title=Actor Olen : a much loved actor of the people|work=Manipurtimes|date=4 July 2013|last=Ngangbam|first=Amukhomba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Actress/Manda.php|title=Stealing Hearts and Crossing Walls: Manda|work=E-PAO}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Lairenjam Olen]] as Tompok
* [[Manda Leima]] as Leihao
* Tayenjam Mema
* Samjetsabam Mangoljao as Ibohal
* Benu
* Bimola as Kaboklei
* Brajalal as Brojen
* Memcha
* Nandababu
* London
* Master Bungnao
* Baby R.K. Nirupama as Bembem
* James as James
* Sophia
* Ahanjao (Guest Artiste)
* Phulka (Guest Artiste)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lallasi Pal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Dr. H. Naba, R. K. Jiten and Subhash
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Thabal Epom
| extra1 =
| music1 = Dr. H. Naba
| lyrics1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Nangi Maithong
| extra2 =
| music2 = Dr. H. Naba
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Ahing Khuding
| extra3 = Sarita Gazmer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smule.com/song/sarita-gazmer-nangi-wakhal-khanbada-eide-karaoke-lyrics/3718616_3718616/arrangement|title=Lyrics: NANGI WAKHAL KHANBADA EIDE|last=|first=|work=[[Smule]]}}</ref>
| music3 = R. K. Jithen
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Ngaikhoghaba Channaba
| extra4 =
| music4 = Subhash
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| music5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
Writing for ''Sangai Express'', Akoijam opined that this was one of the films in which Olen "gave a measured and convinincing performance". The writer added that Manda "gave a life time performance in the film ''Lallasi Pal'', a run for her money. Manda’s performance in the said film is an exemplar of how one enters under the skin of the character. Indeed, Manda is not Manda but Leihao in ''Lalasi Pal''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Manipuri_cinema_Festival_and_beyond|title=
Manipuri cinema: Festival and beyond|first=Angomcha Bimol |last=Akoijam|date= 31 January 2008|work=The Sangai Express|via=E-PAO }}</ref>

==Accolades==
Olen won the award for Best Actor - Male at the Festival of Manipur Cinema in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..140108.jan08|title=Festival of Manipuri cinema ends|work=The Sangai Express|via=E-PAO|date=13 January 2007}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2000s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Cinema of Manipur]]

P. R. Ramesh

2024-09-05T20:53:32Z

Itsniraj175: New First Page Basic Info!

{{Orphan|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''P. R. Ramesh''' is an Indian politician who served as [[Mayor of Bangalore]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-11-29 |title=Ramesh takes over as mayor |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ramesh-takes-over-as-mayor/articleshow/328945.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and Nominated Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramesh, Lingappa, Kondajji nominated for MLC seats |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/may/03/ramesh-lingappa-kondajji-nominated-for-mlc-seats-1600450.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born to P. Rudramurthy in [[Bangalore]]. He is married to K. Saraswati and has one son and one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRRamesh |url=https://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/members/CURRENT/PRRamesh.htm |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, P. R.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]

Varanasi tehsil

2023-11-04T14:21:45Z

Itsniraj175: started the entry first draft!

{{Distinguish |Varanasi division|Varanasi district|Varanasi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Varanasi Tehsil
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline = Ganga Ghat in Varanasi.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ghat in Varanasi
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Tehsil location on map
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.351978|82.973020|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 80
| population_total = 1,585,668<ref name="Varanasi Tehsil details">{{cite news|title=Varanasi Tehsil details|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=15 Oct 2015|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/996-varanasi-varanasi-uttar-pradesh.html}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 221XXX
| area_code_type = [[List of country calling codes|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91-542
| registration_plate = UP65 ''XXXX''
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = Sub-district code
| blank_info_sec1 = 009996
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Rohaniya (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya]] [[Sevapuri (Assembly constituency)|Sevapuri]] [[Varanasi Cantt. (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]] [[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]] [[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]}}

'''Varanasi Tehsil''' is one of three [[tehsil]]s (sub-districts) in the district of [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, India, the other two being [[Pindra]] and [[Raja Talab Varanasi|Raja Talab]] tehsils. Varanasi tehsil consists of Varanasi city urban and rural areas. It has 38 [[census town]]s and 835 villages.<ref name="Varanasi Tehsil details"/><ref name="List of villages">{{cite news|title=List of villages|publisher=Local Government Directory|access-date=15 Oct 2015|url=http://lgdirectory.gov.in/}}</ref>

==Census towns==
Varanasi Tehsil comprises 38 census towns. The biggest census town is [[Varanasi]] Municipal Corporation (population of 1,198,491) and smallest is [[Gaura Kala]] (population of 4,653). Following is the list of all the towns along with the population as per 2011 census.<ref name="Varanasi Tehsil details"/>

{{div col}}
# [[Varanasi]] Municipal Corporation : (1,198,491)
# [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] Nagar Palika Parishad : (49,132)
# [[Lohta]] : (25,596)
# [[Phulwaria]] : (20,466)
# [[Shivdaspur]] : (16,405)
# [[Suzabad]] : (15,384)
# [[Kotwa]] : (14,394)
# [[Maruadih]] Railway Settlement Industrial Township : (14,298)
# [[Varanasi Cantonment]] Board : (14,119)
# [[Benipur]] : (12,470)
# [[Chhitpur]] : (12,156)
# [[Kandwa]] : (11,685)
# [[Sir Gobardhan]] : (11,350)
# [[Maruadih]] : (11,228)
# [[Susuwahi]] : (10,454)
# [[Salarpur, Varanasi|Salarpur]] : (10,126)
# [[Birbhanpur]] : (8,233)
# [[Harpal Pur]] : (7,710)
# [[Gangapur, Varanasi|Gangapur]] : (7,561)
# [[Kakarmatta]] : (7,377)
# [[Bhagawanpur, Varanasi|Bhagawanpur]] : (7,269)
# [[Lerhupur]] : (6,934)
# [[Amara Khaira Chak]] : (6,577)
# [[Umarha]] : (6,429)
# Chandpur : (6,427)
# [[Dindaspur]] : (6,352)
# [[Kallipur]] : (6,295)
# Chhitauni : (6,195)
# [[Asapur]] : (6,153)
# [[Jalal Patti]] : (6,033)
# Kachnar : (5,870)
# Kotwa : (5,825)
# Maheshpur : (5,553)
# [[Kesaripur]] : (5,381)
# [[Parmanandpur]] : (5,139)
# [[Lahartara]] : (5,124)
# [[Sarai Mohana]] : (4,824)
# [[Gaura Kala]] : (4,653)
{{div col end}}

==Villages==
Varanasi Tehsil has 835 villages. Following is the list of all villages (along with village population as per 2011 Census) in Varanasi tehsil.<ref name="Varanasi Tehsil details"/><ref name="List of villages"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Village Name
! Population
|-
| [[Adampur, Varanasi|Adampur]] || {{formatnum:2897}}
|-
| Adampur || {{formatnum:2202}}
|-
| Ahirauli || {{formatnum:1275}}
|-
| Ahmadpur || {{formatnum:976}}
|-
| Airla || {{formatnum:1693}}
|-
| Aitha || {{formatnum:2398}}
|-
| Ajawan || {{formatnum:2352}}
|-
| Ajor Patti || {{formatnum:889}}
|-
| Akhari || {{formatnum:4105}}
|-
| Akhileshpur || {{formatnum:4525}}
|-
| Alauddinpur || {{formatnum:2728}}
|-
| Allopur || {{formatnum:2101}}
|-
| Amar Patti || {{formatnum:1246}}
|-
| Amauli || {{formatnum:3212}}
|-
| Amaulia || {{formatnum:640}}
|-
| Amini || {{formatnum:5382}}
|-
| Amripur || {{formatnum:1050}}
|-
| Amwa || {{formatnum:1050}}
|-
| Anantpur || {{formatnum:1140}}
|-
| Appi || {{formatnum:490}}
|-
| Araji Newada || {{formatnum:448}}
|-
| Arajiline || {{formatnum:363}}
|-
| Arazi Chandrawati || {{formatnum:438}}
|-
| Arjunpur || {{formatnum:2140}}
|-
| Arka Kansriapur || {{formatnum:1564}}
|-
| Ashar || {{formatnum:945}}
|-
| Aswari || {{formatnum:3286}}
|-
| Atarsuia || {{formatnum:77}}
|-
| Atarsuiya || {{formatnum:188}}
|-
| Ateshua || {{formatnum:4301}}
|-
| Aura || {{formatnum:2187}}
|-
| Aura || {{formatnum:2553}}
|-
| Awadhipur || {{formatnum:310}}
|-
| Ayar || {{formatnum:5447}}
|-
| Ayodhyapur || {{formatnum:1554}}
|-
| Azgara Khas || {{formatnum:7185}}
|-
| Babatpur || {{formatnum:1803}}
|-
| Babhaniyav || {{formatnum:1914}}
|-
| Babhanpura || {{formatnum:2992}}
|-
| Babua Pur || {{formatnum:218}}
|-
| Bachhawn || {{formatnum:7775}}
|-
| Badhaini Khurd || {{formatnum:1988}}
|-
| Badher || {{formatnum:391}}
|-
| Badipur || {{formatnum:1375}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || {{formatnum:543}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || {{formatnum:1823}}
|-
| Baherwa || {{formatnum:46}}
|-
| Baherwa || {{formatnum:1119}}
|-
| Bahlolpur || {{formatnum:820}}
|-
| Bahoranpur || {{formatnum:1440}}
|-
| Bahra || {{formatnum:1089}}
|-
| Bahuawn || {{formatnum:156}}
|-
| Baijal Pur || {{formatnum:507}}
|-
| Bairwan || {{formatnum:2844}}
|-
| Bajardiha || {{formatnum:416}}
|-
| Bakaini || {{formatnum:151}}
|-
| Bakhani || {{formatnum:170}}
|-
| Bakhariya || {{formatnum:2809}}
|-
| Baksara || {{formatnum:24}}
|-
| Balipur || {{formatnum:846}}
|-
| Balirampur || {{formatnum:815}}
|-
| Balkishunpur || {{formatnum:506}}
|-
| Ballampur || {{formatnum:22}}
|-
| Balua || {{formatnum:1561}}
|-
| Banauli || {{formatnum:1246}}
|-
| Bandepur || {{formatnum:3139}}
|-
| Bandhar Khurd || {{formatnum:319}}
|-
| Bangalipur || {{formatnum:899}}
|-
| Baniyapur || {{formatnum:828}}
|-
| Bankat || {{formatnum:2276}}
|-
| Bankat || {{formatnum:1563}}
|-
| Bankat || {{formatnum:1112}}
|-
| Bansipur || {{formatnum:1216}}
|-
| Bantari || {{formatnum:1153}}
|-
| Banwaripur || {{formatnum:764}}
|-
| Bara Dih || {{formatnum:2983}}
|-
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| Tisaura || {{formatnum:2318}}
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| Todarpur || {{formatnum:1125}}
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| Tofapur || {{formatnum:2032}}
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| Tohaphapur || {{formatnum:334}}
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| Tulachak || {{formatnum:494}}
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| Tulapur || {{formatnum:39}}
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| Vyaspur || {{formatnum:536}}
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| Zafarabad || {{formatnum:1328}}
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|}

==Climate==

{{Weather box
|location = Varanasi Tehsil
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 18
|Feb high C = 19
|Mar high C = 20
|Apr high C = 27
|May high C = 22
|Jun high C = 20
|Jul high C = 20
|Aug high C = 23
|Sep high C = 20
|Oct high C = 29
|Nov high C = 24
|Dec high C = 22

|Jan low C = 13
|Feb low C = 13
|Mar low C = 13
|Apr low C = 20
|May low C = 19
|Jun low C = 20
|Jul low C = 16
|Aug low C = 13
|Sep low C = 18
|Oct low C = 24
|Nov low C = 19
|Dec low C = 17

|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 18
|Mar precipitation mm = 9
|Apr precipitation mm = 0
|May precipitation mm = 0
|Jun precipitation mm = 96
|Jul precipitation mm = 144
|Aug precipitation mm = 162
|Sep precipitation mm = 201
|Oct precipitation mm = 24
|Nov precipitation mm = 0
|Dec precipitation mm = 6

|source = [http://www.worldweatheronline.com/v2/weather-averages.aspx?q=vns World Weather Online]
|date=September 2015
}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India}}
* [[Pindra]]
* [[Varanasi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{Villages in Varanasi district}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = '''Varanasi Tehsil'''
|North = [[Basti district]] (207 km)
|Northeast = [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] (112 km)
|East = [[Bihar]]
|Southeast = [[Bodh Gaya]] (255 km)
|South = [[Renukoot]] (158 km)
|Southwest = [[Mirzapur district]] (56 km)
|West = [[Allahabad]] (121 km)
|Northwest = [[Bela Pratapgarh]] (172 km)
}}

[[Category:Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Uttar Pradesh]]

Abdul Mannan (politician)

2023-08-18T18:43:16Z

Itsniraj175: cleanup citations also and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Abd al-Mannan]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from ambiguous term}}
}}

Bata Mangala Temple

2022-09-14T20:38:39Z

Itsniraj175: Created A Location W/ Infobox

{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Bata Mangala Temple
|image = File:Maa Bata Mangala, Puri, Odisha.JPG
|caption = Goddess Bata Mangala
|map_type = Odisha
|coordinates = {{coord|19.840154|85.836783|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Bata Mangala Temple
|map_size = 250
|other_names =

|sanskrit_translit =

|script_name = 
|script = 
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]
|district = [[Puri]]
|locale = Jagannath Sadak
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity =
|festivals =
|temple_quantity = One
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|year_completed =
|creator =
|temple_board =
|website =
}}

'''Bata Mangala Temple''' is a temple dedicated to the [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Durga|Mangala]]. The temple is located 7 km away from the Hindu Holy town of [[Puri]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jena |first1=Somanath |title=Kakatpur Mangala and Batamangala of Puri |journal=Orissa Review |date=June 2004 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/kakatpur.pdf |accessdate=2 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102174054/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/kakatpur.pdf |archivedate=2 January 2015 }}</ref> The temple is revered by devotees on the way to the nearby [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]]. It is customary that devotees pray in this temple before they proceed to the Jagannath Temple.
[[File:Bata Mangala.jpg|thumb|right|The idol of Goddess Bata Mangala]]

It is said that when [[Brahma]] first came into existence it was confused on seeing a great void all around him.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dash |first1=Durgamadhab |title=Goddess Batamangala |journal=Orissa Review |date=October 2012 |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/oct/engpdf/10-13.pdf |accessdate=2 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102182051/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/oct/engpdf/10-13.pdf |archivedate=2 January 2015 }}</ref> The goddess Bata Mangala appeared to it guiding it to Lord [[Jagannath]] . Thus did Brahma gain its focus and proceed with the task of cosmic creation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shakti temples in Odisha |state=expanded}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150614135801/http://myodia.com/kakatpur-maa-mangala-temple-of-odisha.html Kakatpur Maa Mangala Temple]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Puri]]