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Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:32:17Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Started post...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{for|the constituency in Rajasthan|Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bharatpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bharatpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bharatpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Mustafijur Rahaman (Suman)
| party = {{Party index link| All India Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| constituency_no = 69
| established = 1951
| electors = 243,603
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Bharatpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 69 Bharatpur Assembly constituency covers [[Bharatpur II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Alugram, Amlai, Bharatpur, Sijgram and Talgram [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Bharatpur I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Bharatpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 10 [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Bijoyendu Narayan Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Goalbadan Trivedi
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shambhu Gopal Das
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. Sinha
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Satyapada Bhattachayya
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| Khondekor Md Nure Ahasan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kumar Dipti Sengupta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | Satyapada Bhattachatyya
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Id Mohammad]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Kamalesh Chatterjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rowspan=2|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]^
| Rowspan=2|[[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Unnayan Party|color=#8AB800}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Mustafijur Rahaman
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}
^Suspended from TMC

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bharatpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Mustafizur Rahman|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:90870}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anamika Ghosh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:60117}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md.Azaharuddin|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:51321}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nowfal Md Shafiullah|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes={{formatnum:3604}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jinnatun Nahar Gulsan Begam|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|votes={{formatnum:1067}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:1620}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:30753}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bharatpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 96,226
|percentage = 50.9
|change = {{increase}}21.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Iman Kalyan Mukherjee|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=53,143|percentage=28.11|change={{increase}}22.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kamalesh Chatterjee]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,116|percentage=15.93|change={{decrease}}20.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Badan Ghosh|party=Amra Bangalee|votes=2,581|percentage=1.37|change={{increase}}0.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,444|percentage=1.29|change={{decrease}}1.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes=43,083|percentage=22.79|change={{increase}}16.12}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=77.6|percentage=1,89,047|change={{increase}}1.04}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bharatpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kamalesh Chatterjee]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59,789
|percentage = 36.18
|change = {{decrease}}10.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khadem Dastagir|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=48,772|percentage=29.51|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Id Mohammad]]|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|votes=39,949|percentage=24.17|change={{decrease}}23.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Iman Kalyan Mukherjee|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=10,064|percentage=6.09|change={{increase}}3.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=3,837|percentage=2.32|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Humayun Kabir (Bharatpur politician)|Humayun Kabir]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=1,497|percentage=0.91|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Badan Ghosh|party=Amra Bangalee|votes=1,355|percentage=0.82|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,017|percentage=6.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,65,263|percentage=76.56|change={{decrease}}4.92}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Id Mohammad of RSP defeated his nearest rival Daliya Begum of Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]: Bharatpur<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=69| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190214/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=69| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Bharatpur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Id Mohammad]]
|votes = 70,658
|percentage = 47.78
|change = -1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Daliya Begum|votes=68,729|percentage=46.48|change=+2.64}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Somnath Goswami
|votes = 3,711
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Madhusudan Saha|votes=3,243|percentage=2.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Konai
|votes = 1,534
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=147,875|percentage=81.48|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = -0.89
}}
{{Election box end}}

Somnath Goswami, contesting as an independent, was a Congress rebel.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076:murshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73:kolkata-plus&from_page=search | title = Murshidabad, Birbhum Independents pose problems for official candidates | publisher = The Statesman 6 April 2011 | access-date = 5 June 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120612082640/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076%3Amurshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73%3Akolkata-plus&from_page=search | archive-date = 12 June 2012 }}</ref>

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections Id Mohammad of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the Bharatpur assembly seat defeating Afzal Hossain Khan of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], Debasish Chatterjee, Independent, Satya Narayan Banerjee, Independent, and Abdul Malek of Congress, respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Satyapada Bhattachatyya of RSP defeated Khairul Khondakar of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Abdul Mannan of Congress/ Independent in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp68.htm | title = 68 - Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Kumar Dipti Sengupta of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Khondekor Md Nure Ahasan of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Satyapada Bhattachayya of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> S.Sinha of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Shambhu Gopal Das of RSP won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Goalbadan Trivedi of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Bijoyendu Narayan Roy of Congress won the Bharatpur seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Nikhil Bohra

2026-05-02T11:31:00Z

ItsNaviGrewal: made a info...

{{short description|Indian and American racing driver (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox racing driver
| name = Nikhil Bohra
| image = FREC 2024 Mogyoród Nikhil Bohra.jpg
| caption = Bohra in 2024
| nationality = {{flagicon|IND}} Indian {{flagicon|USA}} American
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|01|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], United States
| retired =
| relatives = [[Akshay Bohra]] (brother)
| current_series = [[Formula Regional European Championship]]
| first_year = [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship|2023]]
| current_team = [[MP Motorsport]]
| former_teams = [[Trident Racing]]
| car_number = 47
| starts = 40 (40 entries)
| wins = 0
| podiums = 1
| poles = 0
| fastest_laps = 0
| best_finish = 22nd
| year = [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship|2023]]
| prev_series = [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4]] [[Indian Racing League]] [[ADAC Formula 4]]
| prev_series_years = [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|2022]] [[2022 Indian Racing League|2022]] [[2021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|2021]]–[[2022 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|2022]]
| titles =
| title_years =
| awards =
| award_years =
}}

'''Nikhil Bohra''' (born 25 January 2005) is an Indian and American [[racing driver]] who most recently competed in the [[2024 Formula Regional European Championship]] for [[MP Motorsport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/motorsports-singapore-drivers-make-the-step-up-to-f4-racing|title=Motorsports: Singapore drivers make the step up to F4 racing|website=[[The Straits Times]]|last=Kwek|first=Kimberly|date=27 June 2022|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

Bohra is the older brother of [[Akshay Bohra]], who is also a racing driver.

== Career ==

=== Formula 4 ===
==== 2021 ====
Bohra made his single-seater debut at the end of 2021, where he competed in the [[2021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|ADAC F4]] season finale at the [[Nürburgring]] with [[R-ace GP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vorläufige Starterliste ADAC Formel 4, Nürburgring |url=https://res.cloudinary.com/adacmkv/image/upload/ADAC%20Motorsport/Ergebnisse/2021/ADAC%20Formel%204/06_Nuerburgring/211105_F4_Starterliste_Nuerburgring_provisional_etaznv.pdf |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Cloudinary |publisher=ADAC Formula 4}}</ref>

==== 2022 ====
[[File:F4 Italy 2022 Nr. 44 (2).jpg|thumb|left|Bohra driving at the [[Red Bull Ring]] during the [[2022 Italian F4 Championship]]]]
Continuing on in 2022, Bohra would plant himself into the [[2022 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]] on a full-time basis, driving for [[US Racing]] alongside [[Alex Dunne]], [[Kacper Sztuka]], [[Marcus Amand]] and [[Pedro Perino]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Studenkov |first=Alexander |date=3 May 2022 |title=Your season guide to the 2022 Italian F4 Championship |url=https://feederseries.net/2022/05/03/your-season-guide-to-the-2022-italian-f4-championship/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sport |first=ACI |title=Nikhil Bohra will join US Racing's line-up in the Italian F4 |url=https://www.acisport.it/en/F4/news/2022/110503/nikhil-bohra-will-join-us-racing's-line-up-in-the-italian-f4 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=acisport.it}}</ref> His season began slowly, as the opening two rounds yielded no points. However, the third event at [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|Spa-Francorchamps]] would prove to be successful, with Bohra taking his first points finishes, which included a sixth place in Race 2. More points followed at [[Vallelunga Circuit|Vallelunga]], before Bohra scored his season-best result of fourth at the [[Red Bull Ring]], a race in which he would also score his maiden rookie podium. He finished off his season with a pair of seventh places in [[Mugello Circuit|Mugello]], which elevated him to 13th in the main standings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=FORMULA REGIONAL EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIP & FORMULA 4 CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://www.fia.com/news/formula-regional-european-championship-formula-4-championship |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile |language=en}}</ref>

That year, Bohra also competed in the first two rounds of the [[2022 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|ADAC F4 Championship]], where he scored ten points.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Racing stellt ersten Fahrer für die ADAC Formel 4 vor {{!}} ADAC Formel 4 |url=https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/news/2022/us-racing-stellt-ersten-fahrer-fuer-die-adac-formel-4-vor |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.adac-motorsport.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wertungen {{!}} ADAC Formel 4 |url=https://www.adac-motorsport.de/adac-formel-4/rankings/2022 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.adac-motorsport.de |language=de}}</ref>

Bohra also won the [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]] team's championship, alongside [[Fabienne Wohlwend]], Ruhaan Alva, and Alister Yoong, securing two pole positions and two wins for [[Godspeed Kochi]].

=== Formula Regional ===
[[File:FREC 2023 Spielberg Nr. 47 (2) Bohra.jpg|thumb|left|Bohra racing in the [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship]] at the [[Red Bull Ring]].]]

==== 2023 ====
Bohra made his debut in the [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship]] (FRMEC) with [[R-ace GP]], winning Race 2 in Dubai, and finishing on the podium in Kuwait. He finished ninth in the overall championship, and 4th in the rookie standings.
[[File:FREC 2024 Mogyoród Nr. 47 Bohra.jpg|thumb|right|Bohra driving at the [[Hungaroring]] during the [[2024 Formula Regional European Championship]]]]
Bohra then made the jump up to the [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship]] with [[Trident Racing|Trident]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Ida|date=17 January 2023|title=Nikhil Bohra joins Trident's 2023 FRegional Europe line-up|url=https://formulascout.com/nikhil-bohra-joins-tridents-2023-fregional-europe-line-up/102945|access-date=17 January 2023|website=Formula Scout|language=en-GB}}</ref> He finished on the podium in the first round in [[Imola Circuit|Imola]].

==== 2024 ====
Bohra returned to the [[2024 Formula Regional Middle East Championship]] with [[MP Motorsport]].

That year, Bohra contested the [[2024 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]] with MP Motorsport.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikhil Bohra teams up with MP Motorsport for repeat FRECA and FRMEC attack|date=4 January 2024|url=https://www.mpmotorsport.com/nikhil-bohra-teams-up-with-mp-motorsport-for-repeat-freca-and-frmec-attack/|access-date=5 January 2024|website=[[MP Motorsport]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Touring cars ===

==== 2025 ====
After an unsuccessful career in formula racing, Bohra pivoted to touring cars, competing in the 2025 season of the revived Malaysian Touring Car Championship.<ref>{{cite web |author= | title= Racing Driver Nikhil Bohra | publisher= 51GT3.com | url=https://51gt3.com/en/race/Malaysia-Touring-Car-Championship | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260105181741/https://51gt3.com/en/race/Malaysia-Touring-Car-Championship|archive-date= 5 January 2026|access-date= 5 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= | title= MTCC - Malaysian Touring Car Championship = Racing Calendar, Teams, Drivers, & Race Results | publisher= 51GT3.com | url=https://51gt3.com/en/racer/nikhil-bohra | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260105182837/https://51gt3.com/en/racer/nikhil-bohra|archive-date= 5 January 2026|access-date= 5 January 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Although born in [[New York City]], Bohra spent his early years in [[Bihar]], India before relocating to [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://racingreframed.com/nikhil-bohras-up-and-down-single-seater-career/|title=Nikhil Bohra's up-and-down single seater career|website=Racing Reframed|last=Albertini|first=Marco|date=8 February 2025|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> He represented Singapore in motorsport until 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://formularegionaleubyalpine.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-FRECA-Rd10-HOCKENHEIM-Doc.-01-Cars-and-Drivers-Admitted.pdf|title=2023 FRECA - Rd10 - HOCKENHEIM - Doc. 01 - Cars and Drivers Admitted|website=formularegionaleubyalpine.com|date=20 October 2023|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> Bohra is currently pursuing a communications degree at Columbia University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of the Fall 2025 Incoming Class|publisher=Columbia University School of General Studies|url=https://www.gs.columbia.edu/news/profiles-fall-2025-incoming-class|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013021939/https://www.gs.columbia.edu/news/profiles-fall-2025-incoming-class|archive-date= 13 October 2025|access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Bohra's racing career was primarily funded by his father, Indian-American Billionaire V. Bunty Bohra.

== Karting record ==

=== Karting career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Position
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2019
| align="left" | IAME Asia Cup - Junior
| align="left" rowspan="3" | I.S Racing
! style="background:#FFFFBF"| 1st
|-
| align="left" | IAME Series Asia - Senior
| 4th
|-
| align="left" | IAME Asia Final - Junior
| 5th
|-
! 2020
| align="left" |IAME Asia Cup – X30 Senior
| align="left" |I.S Racing
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Sources:<ref name="IAME">{{cite web |title=Past Results |url=https://www.iameseriesasia.com/past-results |publisher=IAME Series Asia |access-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520192133/https://www.iameseriesasia.com/past-results |archive-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Racing record ==

=== Racing career summary ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Season
!Series
!Team
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Podiums
!Points
!Position
|-
!2021
| align="left" |[[2021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|ADAC Formula 4 Championship]]
| align="left" |[[R-ace GP]]
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|22nd
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2022
|align=left| [[2022 Formula 4 UAE Championship|Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
|align=left| 3Y by [[R-ace GP]]
|20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|17
|20th
|-
| align="left" |[[2022 Italian F4 Championship|Italian F4 Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[US Racing]]
|20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|47
|13th
|-
| align="left" |[[2022 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|ADAC Formula 4 Championship]]
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|10
|16th
|-
|align=left| [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|6
|2
|2
|1
|3
|118
|4th
|-
! rowspan="3" | 2023
|align=left nowrap| [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|Formula Regional Middle East Championship]]
|align=left| [[R-ace GP]]
|15
|1
|0
|1
|2
|73
|9th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]]
|align=left| [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
|20
|0
|0
|0
|1
|56
|12th
|-
|align=left| [[2023 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left| [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|3
|2
|1
|1
|2
|79‡
|style="background:#FFDF9F;" |'''3rd‡'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |2024
|align=left| [[2024 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|Formula Regional Middle East Championship]]
| rowspan="2" align=left| [[MP Motorsport]]
|15
|1
|0
|0
|1
|49
|12th
|-
|align=left| [[2024 Formula Regional European Championship|Formula Regional European Championship]]
|20
|0
|0
|0
|0
|2
|22nd
|-
|align=left| [[2024 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]]
|align=left nowrap| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 97‡
| 4th‡
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.

‡ Team standings.

=== Complete ADAC Formula 4 Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2021 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|2021]]
! nowrap| [[R-ace GP]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]]
| [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC1 1]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC1 2]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC1 3]]
| [[Sachsenring|SAC 1]]
| [[Sachsenring|SAC 2]]
| [[Sachsenring|SAC 3]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC2 1]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC2 2]]
| [[Hockenheimring|HOC2 3]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| [[Nürburgring|NÜR 3]] {{small|Ret}}
! 22nd
! 0
|-
| [[2022 ADAC Formula 4 Championship|2022]]
! nowrap| [[US Racing]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF"| [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF"| [[Hockenheimring|HOC 3]] {{small|14}}
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]]
| [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 3]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR1 1]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR1 2]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR1 3]]
| [[Lausitzring|LAU 1]]
| [[Lausitzring|LAU 2]]
| [[Lausitzring|LAU 3]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR2 1]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR2 2]]
| [[Nürburgring|NÜR2 3]]
! 16th
! 10
|}

=== Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!DC
!Points
|-
| [[2022 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2022]]
!nowrap| 3Y by [[R-ace GP]]
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|15}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 4]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|17}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 4]] {{small|25}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 4]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#efcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB3 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB3 2]] {{small|26}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB3 3]] {{small|29}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB3 4]] {{small|24}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#cfcfff"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#dfffdf"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 4]] {{small|5}}
! 20th
! 17
|}

=== Complete Italian F4 Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
!Year
!Team
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!DC
!Points
|-
|[[2022 Italian F4 Championship|2022]]
!nowrap| [[US Racing]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 1]] {{small|13}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 2]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari|IMO 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 1]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 2]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli|MIS 3]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|6}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 3]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|VLL 3]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|4}}
|[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 3]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Red Bull Ring|RBR 4]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 1]] {{small|34†}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 2]] {{small|26}}
| style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Autodromo Nazionale di Monza|MNZ 3]] {{small|C}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]] {{small|7}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" |[[Mugello Circuit|MUG 3]] {{small|7}}
! 13th
! 47
|}

===Complete Indian Racing League results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Franchise
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! Pos.
! Pts
|-
| [[2022 Indian Racing League|2022]]
! [[Godspeed Kochi]]
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 1]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 2]] {{small|C}}
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD1 3]] {{small|C}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 1]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#efcfff;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 3]] {{small|Ret}}
| '''[[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]]'''
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]] {{small|3}}
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 3]] {{small|4}}
| '''[[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 1]]'''
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| ''[[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 2]]'' {{small|1}}
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[Hyderabad Street Circuit|HYD2 3]]''' {{small|1}}
! 4th
! 118
|-
| [[2023 Indian Racing League|2023]]‡
! [[Godspeed Kochi]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 1]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| ''[[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 2]]'' {{small|4}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]]
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| '''[[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]]''' {{small|1}}
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3 1]] {{small|1}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU3 2]]
|colspan=6|
!style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3rd
!style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 79
|-
| [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]‡
! [[Rarh Bengal Tigers (motorsport)|Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 1]] {{small|5}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU1 2]]
| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR 1]]
|style="background:#ffffff;"| [[Chennai Formula Racing Circuit|IGR 2]] {{small|DNS}}
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 1]]
| [[Madras International Circuit|IRU2 2]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 1]] {{small|6}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR1 2]]
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 1]] {{small|8}}
| [[Kari Motor Speedway|KAR2 2]]
|colspan=2|
! 5th
! 97
|}

‡ Standings based on entry points, not individual drivers.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season in progress.

===Complete Formula Regional Middle East Championship results===
([[:Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2023]]
!nowrap| [[R-ace GP]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|10}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW1 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW1 2]] {{small|2}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW1 3]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW2 1]] {{small|19}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''[[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW2 2]]'' {{small|5}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Kuwait Motor Town|KUW2 3]] {{small|11}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|18}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|ABU 1]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|ABU 2]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|ABU 3]] {{small|Ret}}
! 9th
! 73
|-
| [[2024 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2024]]
!nowrap| [[MP Motorsport]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 1]] {{small|14}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 2]] {{small|16}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC1 3]] {{small|13}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 1]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 2]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC2 3]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 1]] {{small|9}}
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 2]] {{small|1}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB1 3]] {{small|7}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 1]] {{small|8}}
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 2]] {{small|6}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Yas Marina Circuit|YMC3 3]] {{small|22}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 1]] {{small|Ret}}
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 2]] {{small|12}}
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| [[Dubai Autodrome|DUB2 3]] {{small|Ret}}
! 12th
! 49
|}

=== Complete Formula Regional European Championship results ===
([[Template:Motorsport driver results legend|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%"
! Year
! Team
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! DC
! Points
|-
| [[2023 Formula Regional European Championship|2023]]
!nowrap| [[Trident Racing|Trident]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|9}}
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|3}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|32}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|16}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|5}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|4}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|8}}
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|7}}
! 12th
! 56
|-
| [[2024 Formula Regional European Championship|2024]]
!nowrap| [[MP Motorsport]]
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 1]] {{small|12}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hockenheimring|HOC 2]] {{small|22}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps|SPA 2]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Zandvoort|ZAN 2]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 1]] {{small|17}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Hungaroring|HUN 2]] {{small|14}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 1]] {{small|21}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Mugello Circuit|MUG 2]] {{small|26}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 1]] {{small|15}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit Paul Ricard|LEC 2]] {{small|11}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 1]] {{small|18}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" | [[Imola Circuit|IMO 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 1]] {{small|24}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Red Bull Ring|RBR 2]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 1]] {{small|19}}
| style="background:#efcfff;" | [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|CAT 2]] {{small|Ret}}
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 1]] {{small|10}}
| style="background:#cfcfff;" | [[Monza Circuit|MNZ 2]] {{small|13}}
! 22nd
! 2
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.nikhilbohra.com}}
* {{DriverDB driver|nikhil-bohra}}

{{MP Motorsport}}
{{Formula Regional European Championship teams}}
{{Trident}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohra, Nikhil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Indian racing drivers]]
[[Category:Racing drivers from New York City]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:ADAC Formula 4 drivers]]
[[Category:Italian F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:UAE F4 Championship drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Regional European Championship drivers]]
[[Category:R-ace GP drivers]]
[[Category:US Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Trident Racing drivers]]
[[Category:Formula Regional Middle East Championship drivers]]
[[Category:MP Motorsport drivers]]
[[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]

History of Bengali language

2026-05-02T05:41:23Z

ItsNaviGrewal: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Bengali language#History]]

{{Rcat shell|
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Murugashankari Leo

2026-04-30T07:35:50Z

ItsNaviGrewal: added some stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian actor, scholar and dancer (born 1983)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP no footnotes|date=February 2019}}
{{promotional|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Murugashankari Leo
| image = File:Murugashankari Leo.jpg
| caption = Murugashankari Leo, [[Bharatanatyam]] Danseuse
| birth_name = Murugashankari.L
| birth_date = 1983 Chennai, India
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = Bharatanatyam Danseuse, Research Scholar & Theater Actor
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = Vivekh Kumar
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|Kalaikoodam.org}}
| signature =
| parents = 'Kalaimamani' [[Leo Prabu]], Usha Prabu
}}
'''Murugashankari Leo''' is an Indian dance tutor, theatric actor, and research scholar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Striking it with poise |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/review-of-l-murugashankaris-dance-recital/article7180882.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=7 May 2015}}</ref>

Murugashankari has performed this art for long and has performed it countless times across [[India]] and other countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Visually Scintillating Performance |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093413/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Visually-Scintillating-Performance/2014/01/13/article1996996.ece |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Murugashankari hails from a family of artistes. Her father [[Leo Prabu]] is a veteran dramatist, Television Personality and a yesteryear actor in Tamil movies who has played pivotal roles in a number of Tamil films like Rendum Rendum Anju, Naan Mahaan Alla, Annae Annae, Paer Sollum Pillai etc. He is the recipient of ‘[[Kalaimamani]]’, the highest state award by the government of Tamil Nadu for Tamil Theater. His achievements as an actor is well known in Tamil Nadu, India.

== Education ==

Murugashankari is an alumnus of Adarsh Vidyalaya Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Chennai and is a university rank holder in chemical engineering from [[Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering]]. She completed her Master of Fine Arts from Kalai Kaviri College of Fine Arts, Trichy. She has been awarded the junior research fellowship from UGC, India to pursue her PhD. She also holds a postgraduate diploma in business administration from Symbiosis, Pune.

== Dance career ==
[[File:Performance in Bangalore.JPG|thumb|Performance in Bangalore]]

According to the [[Guru-shishya tradition|Guru-Shishya Parampara]], Murugashankari started learning Bharatanatyam at the age of 5 from the legendary dance teacher ‘Kalaimamani’ K.J.Sarasa. Later, she completed her Arangetram (debut performance) under the guidance of the illustrious teacher ‘Kalaimamani’ Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala. A chemical engineer by education, Murugashankari made the conscious decision of pursuing her passion and following her dreams of becoming a full-time artiste. She completed her Masters in Bharatanatyam from the [[Bharathidasan University]] and is now a research scholar.

=== Awards and credentials ===
[[File:In Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|In Hyderabad]]

*Graded artiste of Chennai [[Doordarshan]]{{cn|date=April 2026}}
*"WORLD DANCE DAY PURASKAR" by Natraj Music and Dance academy, Member of International dance council UNESCO, Visakhapatnam.{{cn|date=April 2026}}
*Was honoured with the title 'Naattiya Thilagam' in Selangor, Malaysia.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

== Theater actor ==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2026}}
[[File:VIV 0202.jpg|right|thumb|During a performance at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple]]
Murugashankari played the lead in Stage Image's latest Tamil Drama Neruppu Kolangal. This play was very well received in Chennai, with articles in the press commending the play and Murugashankari's acting in it. This play incorporates in it, the classical dance and a song both rendered by Murugashankari which is its unique attraction.

==References==
{{reflist}}

#[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-arts/chen-dance/rhythmic-tribute-to-swati-tirunal/article4054156.ece Rhythmic tribute to Swati Tirunal]. Friday Review, The Hindu, Chennai
#[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/kaleidoscope-of-art-forms/article2795707.ece. Friday Review], The Hindu, Tiruchirapalli
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY79gWhO1sE Pushpanjali - Murugashankari]. Performance Glimpse
#[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201220709/https://afternoondc.in/culture/a-sparkling-dance-festival/article_97497 A Sparkling Dance Festival] Afternoon D&C, Mumbai
#[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/celebration-of-dance/article5531273.ece. Friday Review] The Hindu, Andhra Pradesh, 3 Jan 2014
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzDiSdGLlFs TEDxSSN - L. Murugashankari]. TedX Talk Video of Murugashankari
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtreP4M_3UM Natya Kala Vipanchee' L.Murugashankari's Interview in Kalaignar TV]. Interview of Murugashankari in Kalaignar Television
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBrgV0d8yZ0. Murugashankari featured in the News segment in Vasantham Television] Singapore
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsR3YT04CDE. Murugashankari featured in the show 'Talam-Indian Beat' in Vasantham Television] Singapore
#[https://web.archive.org/web/20160915160354/http://carnaticdarbar.com/review/2011/review_99.asp. Review/Report of one of Murugashankari's recitals]
#[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/visually-pleasing/article6246365.ece. Murugashankari's performance review in Friday Review] The Hindu, 25 July 2014.
#[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/review-of-l-murugashankaris-dance-recital/article7180882.ece. Murugashankari's performance review in Friday Review] The Hindu, 7 May 2015.
#[https://web.archive.org/web/20151205144116/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/The-Kuravanci-Key-to-Mass-Appeal/2015/05/12/article2809233.ece A Report about Tamizharasi Kuravanci by Murugashankari and her disciple (students of Kalai Koodam)] Indian Express 12 May 2015.
#[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/vasant-utsav-dance-festival/article7206987.ece. A Report about Tamizharasi Kuravanci by Murugashankari and her disciple (students of Kalai Koodam)] The Hindu 15 May 2015.
#[http://epaper.tamilmirror.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=899:20150814&catid=35:epaper Interview] p. 16 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914111522/http://epaper.tamilmirror.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=899:20150814&catid=35:epaper |date=14 September 2015 }}
#[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ0gYUSikIE&hd=1. Interview on Woman's Day for Dinamalar.com, a leading Web TV of the popular daily newspaper of Tamil Nadu Dinamalar]
#[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dance-is-lmurugasankaris-first-love-she-tells-her-story-about-how-her-father-leo-prabhu-the-renowned-dramatist-kept-her-motivated-against-all-odds/article19270933.ece. An article about L.Murugashankari's artitistic journey.]
#[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-08-08/Mesmerising-classical-dances/317480. An article about L.Murugashankari and team's performance at Shilparamam, Hyderabad].
#[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/an-ode-to-classical-dance-forms/articleshow/59955611.cms. An article about L.Murugashankari and team's performance at Shilparamam, Hyderabad] 8 Aug 2017.

== Further reading ==
*[http://www.artindia.net/murugashankari.html Website featuring leading exponents of Bharatanatyam]
*[http://features.kalaparva.com/2013/12/dance-like-thyself-murugashankari-leo.html Dance like thyself] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205829/http://features.kalaparva.com/2013/12/dance-like-thyself-murugashankari-leo.html |date=3 March 2016 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Murugashankari Leo}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203094144/http://sriparthasarathyswamisabha.com/ Website for Parthasarathy Swami Sabha]
* [http://www.parvathiravighantasala.com/ Website for 'Kalaimamani' Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030022349/http://parvathiravighantasala.com/ |date=30 October 2020 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfEYiN_AAxk. Interview of Murugashankari for Makkal Television] YouTube





{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leo, Murugashankari}}
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Sarika Sanjot

2026-04-23T13:42:47Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating pg

{{Short description|Indian film director writer and film producer}}

{{AfDM|page=Sarika Sanjot (2nd nomination)|year=2026|month=April|day=23|substed=yes|origtag=afdx|help=off}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarika Sanjot
| birth_place = [[Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 2017–present
| occupation = Film producer, director, writer
}}

'''Sarika Sanjot''' is an Indian film producer, director and writer who works in [[Hindi]] cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/director-producer-sarika-sanjot-opens-up-on-the-changing-face-of-bollywood-2688564.html|title=Director-Producer Sarika Sanjot Opens Up On The Changing Face Of Bollywood|agency=|work=Zee News|date= 16 November 2023|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> She
was the director and writer of films [[Kahani Rubberband Ki]] (2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/actor-turned-director-sarika-sanjot-shoots-for-her-debut-in-varanasi/articleshow/70105344.cms|title=Producer turned director Sarika Sanjot shoots for her debut in Varanasi|agency=|work=The Times Of India|date= 8 July 2019|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/directors-cut-sarika-sanjot-says-i-had-a-lot-of-expectations-from-both-avika-gor-and-pratik-gandhi|title=Director's Cut: Sarika Sanjot says, 'I had a lot of expectations from both Avika Gor and Pratik Gandhi'|agency=|work=freepressjournal|date= 16 October 2022|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> and Producer Of GST-Galti Sirf Tumhari (2017),[[Phamous]] (2018), [[Family of Thakurganj]] (2019) and [[Kahani Rubberband Ki]] (2022).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-indian-producer-and-director-sarika-sanjot-emphasises-the-need-to-make-meaningful-cinema-3067413|title=Indian producer and director Sarika Sanjot emphasises the need to make meaningful cinema|agency=|work=DNA|date= 6 November 2023|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/producer-sarika-sanjot-all-set-to-serve-audiences-a-flavorful-cinematic-experience/3296747/|title=Producer Sarika Sanjot all set to serve audiences a 'flavorful' cinematic experience|agency=|work=financialexpress|date= 4 November 2023|access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/sarika-sanjot.html#filmography|title=Sarika Sanjot filmography-filmibeat|agency=|work=filmibeat|date= |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Producer===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''GST-Galti Sirf Tumhari''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie-on-gst-galti-sirf-tumhari-releasing-on-17-november-714799|title=GST पर आ रही है फिल्म, नाम है 'गलती सिर्फ तुम्हारी' !|agency=|work=abplive|date= 31 October 2017|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Phamous]]''
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Family of Thakurganj ]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/filmography/sarika-sanjot|title=Sarika Sanjot - Filmography Total - Indian Film History|agency=|work=|date=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Kahani Rubberband Ki ]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/kahani-rubberband-ki-director-and-producer-sarika-sanjot-is-soon-coming-up-with-the-film-mutton-biryani-4530987|title='कहानी रबरबैंड की' निर्देशक और निर्माता -सारिका संजोत |agency=|work=NDTV Hindi|date= 16 November 2023|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[Kahani Rubberband Ki]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sarika-sanjot-both-story-and-subsidy-are-good-enough-reason-to-shoot-in-up-101668277273051.html|title=Sarika Sanjot: Both story and subsidy are good enough reason to shoot in UP|agency=|work=Hindustan Times|date= 12 November 2022|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Writer===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2022
|''[[Kahani Rubberband Ki]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20221017/281775633071735|title=Sarika Sanjot marks her directorial debut with Kahani Rubberband Ki|agency=|work=pressreader|date= 17 October 2022|access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10922174}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanjot, Sarika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}
{{India-film-producer-stub}}
{{screenwriter-stub}}

Bharat Rashtra Samithi

2026-04-17T04:50:02Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
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|{{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2022|10|05|br=y}}; renamed as '''Bharat''' Rashtra Samithi
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|eci = [[List of political parties in India|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124034729/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
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*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] {{small|(2004–2006)}}<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=Jun 15, 2004 |title=TRS to join Cong govt in AP {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trs-to-join-cong-govt-in-ap/articleshow/740714.cms |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109101940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/trs-to-join-cong-govt-in-ap/articleshow/740714.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]] + [[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]] {{small|(2009)}}<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=Feb 1, 2009 |title=TRS ends suspense, joins TDP-led alliance {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-ends-suspense-joins-tdp-led-alliance/articleshow/4058580.cms |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109101939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-ends-suspense-joins-tdp-led-alliance/articleshow/4058580.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*BRS + [[Communism in India#Alliances|LF]] {{small|(2022–2023)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Left, TRS will contest next polls together: Telangana CPM secretary Tammineni |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/nov/14/left-trs-will-contest-next-polls-together-tammineni-2518017.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125183329/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/nov/14/left-trs-will-contest-next-polls-together-tammineni-2518017.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=TRS To Continue Alliance With Left Parties: Jagadish Reddy |url=https://indtoday.com/trs-to-continue-alliance-with-left-parties-jagadish-reddy/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=IND Today |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201050050/https://indtoday.com/trs-to-continue-alliance-with-left-parties-jagadish-reddy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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|website = https://brsonline.in/
}}

'''Bharat Rashtra Samithi''' ({{Translation|Indian National Council}}; {{Small|abbr.}} '''BRS'''), formerly known as '''Telangana Rashtra Samithi''' ({{Translation|Telangana National Council}}; {{Small|abbr.}} '''TRS'''), is an Indian political party predominantly active in the state of [[Telangana]] and currently the primary opposition party in the state. Founded on 27 April 2001 by [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]], it has a single-point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state from [[Andhra Pradesh]], with [[Hyderabad]] as its capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/05/19/stories/0419201x.html|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Telangana finds a new man and moment}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It has been instrumental in carrying forth a sustained agitation for the granting of [[Telangana movement|statehood to Telangana]] which was realized in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/telangana-rashtra-samithi.html#sthash.ObLkUofM.dpuf|title=Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) – Party History, Symbol, Founders, Election Results and News|website=Elections.in|access-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041331/http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/telangana-rashtra-samithi.html#sthash.ObLkUofM.dpuf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The party won the majority of seats in the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 Telangana Assembly Election]], forming the first government of the State with K. Chandrashekar Rao as its [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|chief minister]]. The party won 11 seats in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], making it the eighth largest party in [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house (lok sabha) of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].

After a landslide victory in [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|the 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], the party formed the government in the State for the second time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=Telangana Election Results 2018: TRS wins 88 seats, KCR set to return for a second term|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-result-2018-live-updates-kcr-trs-bjp-congress-election-commission-modi-rahul-telangana-election-results/1409660/|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124060657/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-result-2018-live-updates-kcr-trs-bjp-congress-election-commission-modi-rahul-telangana-election-results/1409660/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2019 Indian general election]], the party's tally had fallen to nine seats in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Election Results 2019 Telangana: TRS wins 9 out of 17 seats {{!}} As it happened|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/telangana-election-result-2019-live-1532383-2019-05-23|access-date=2020-09-14|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523051541/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/telangana-election-result-2019-live-1532383-2019-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later on 5 October 2022, the name of the party was changed from Telangana Rashtra Samithi to Bharat Rashtra Samithi to foray into national politics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=TRS renamed as 'Bharat Rashtra Samithi' as CM KCR eyes national politics |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/trs-renamed-as-bharat-rashtra-samithi-as-telangana-cm-kcr-eyes-national-politics-11664956919064.html |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005093534/https://www.livemint.com/politics/trs-renamed-as-bharat-rashtra-samithi-as-telangana-cm-kcr-eyes-national-politics-11664956919064.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-05 |title=TRS is now BRS: All about KCR's 'national party' Bharat Rashtra Samithi |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/trs-is-now-brs-all-about-kcrs-national-party-bharat-rashtra-samithi/articleshow/94659832.cms |access-date=2022-10-05 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005093533/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/trs-is-now-brs-all-about-kcrs-national-party-bharat-rashtra-samithi/articleshow/94659832.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After suffering a decisive defeat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], the party was restricted to winning only 39 seats in the state of Telangana,<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-12-03 |title=Telangana Assembly election results 2023 {{!}} BRS leadership accepts defeat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-brs-leadership-accepts-defeat/article67600950.ece | work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406074424/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly/telangana-assembly-election-results-2023-brs-leadership-accepts-defeat/article67600950.ece }}</ref> while failing to win any seats in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. As of 2025, the party holds four seats in the upper house, [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|date=2020-09-08|title=Congress eyes Rajya Sabha deputy chairperson post but numbers pose a challenge|url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-eyes-rajya-sabha-deputy-chairperson-post-but-numbers-pose-a-challenge/498523/|access-date=2020-09-14|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034248/https://theprint.in/politics/congress-eyes-rajya-sabha-deputy-chairperson-post-but-numbers-pose-a-challenge/498523/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ideology==
[[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi (India Nation Council).svg|200px|thumb|Flag of Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
On 27 April 2001, [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao|Rao]] resigned as Deputy Speaker of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/28/stories/0428201c.htm|title=Dy. Speaker resigns, launches new outfit|date=28 April 2001|access-date=24 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305173544/http://hindu.com/2001/04/28/stories/0428201c.htm|archive-date=5 March 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> He opined that Telangana people were being categorically discriminated against within the undivided State of Andhra Pradesh. Consequently, Rao argued that only the creation of a separate State of Telangana would allow for the alleviation of the people's predicament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/19/stories/0419201x.htm|title=Telangana finds a new man and moment|work=Hinduonnet.com|date=19 May 2001|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108100246/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/19/stories/0419201x.htm|archive-date=8 January 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Accordingly, KCR founded the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) Party at Jala Drushyam, [[Hyderabad]], in April 2001, to achieve statehood for Telangana.<ref name="hindu.com" /> The party initially won one-third of Mandal Parishad Territorial Constituencies (MPTC) and one-quarter of Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituencies (ZPTC) in [[Siddipet]] within 60 days of the formation of the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trspartyonline.org/about/timeline|title=Timeline - Telangana Rashtra Samithi|website=Trspartyonline.org|date=28 February 2014 |access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401224631/https://www.trspartyonline.org/about/timeline|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Telangana Rashtra Samithi logo.png|thumb|Logo in use under the party's original name]]

=== 2004 elections ===
In the aftermath of [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the party won 26 state assembly seats and five parliamentary seats. The TRS formed an alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]] and joined the [[United Progressive Alliance]]. In September 2006, the party withdrew support for the central government on the grounds of indecision over the delivery of its electoral promise to create Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-22|title=TRS pulls out of UPA alliance, withdraws support to govt|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trs-pulls-out-of-upa-alliance-withdraws-support-to-govt-1048707|access-date=2020-09-14|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414034249/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trs-pulls-out-of-upa-alliance-withdraws-support-to-govt-1048707|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 September 2006, Rao triggered a by-election in his Lok Sabha constituency of Karimnagar, claiming provocation from Congress MLA M. Satyanarayana Rao and citing delay in the formation of Telangana state, as promised by Congress in its 2004 manifesto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jafri |first=Syed Amin |date=7 December 2006 |title=KCR wins the battle of Telangana |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/07jafri.htm |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211185042/https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/dec/07jafri.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He won the subsequent by-election with a strong majority.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-12 |title=TRS President C Rao resigns from LS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trs-president-c-rao-resigns-from-ls/story-8Xq0FN2OtSnDFZY1jj2cQJ.html |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211185043/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trs-president-c-rao-resigns-from-ls/story-8Xq0FN2OtSnDFZY1jj2cQJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All TRS MLAs and MPs resigned their positions in April 2008 when the Central government did not meet their demand for a separate state in its latest budget session.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=8 March 2008 |title=The quit fix |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20080317-the-quit-fix-735637-2008-03-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211184449/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20080317-the-quit-fix-735637-2008-03-07 |archive-date=2023-12-11 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> The by-election was held on 29 May 2008. In the 2008 by-elections, TRS retained only seven out of the 16 assembly segments and two out of the four Lok Sabha segments that it resigned, a significant defeat for the party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=AP by-polls: TRS suffers a setback |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/ap-by-polls-trs-suffers-a-setback-25826-2008-06-01 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211184449/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/ap-by-polls-trs-suffers-a-setback-25826-2008-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=Andhra bypolls: TRS suffers shocking defeat |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/01trs.htm |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.rediff.com |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213220634/https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/01trs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> TRS president K. Chandrasekhar Rao offered to resign after the by-election losses, but instead remained in office after other party leaders rejected the resignation.<ref name=":4" />
[[File:Prof Jayashankar Statue in Telangana Bhavan.jpg|thumb|Prof Jayashankar Statue in Telangana Bhavan, TRS State Office]]
=== 2009 elections ===
In the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the party contested as part of the [[Maha Kutami (2009)|Maha Kutami]] (Grand Alliance) alongside the Telugu Desam Party and the Left parties, to challenge the incumbent Congress government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-01 |title=Congress headache: TRS joins TDP-Left alliance for Andhra polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/congress-headache-trs-joins-tdpleft-alliance-for-andhra-polls/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> TRS contested 45 assembly seats but secured only 10, marking a sharp decline from its 2004 tally of 26 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2009-05-16 |title=YSR retains power in Andhra |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-polls-2009/andhra-pradesh/story/ysr-retains-power-in-andhra-47664-2009-05-15 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The party’s performance was widely regarded as disappointing, with several candidates even losing their deposits, indicating limited electoral traction despite the growing sentiment for a separate Telangana state. TRS extended support to the [[National Democratic Alliance]] after polling but before counting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-10 |title=TRS formally joins NDA fold |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/trs-formally-joins-nda-fold/story-ADLEUYShtslTdj2BnaOjWP.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
===2014 elections===
In the 2014 Assembly and National Elections, TRS did not align with NDA or UPA and fought the elections on its own. TRS, which led the campaign for a separate State for more than a decade, emerged victorious by winning 11 of the 17 Lok Sabha seats and 63 of the 119 Assembly seats, and emerged as the party with the largest vote share in Telangana. The TRS' campaign had no other stars except KCR who addressed over 300 public meetings, heli-hopping around and often addressing more than 10 meetings in a single day. The TRS not only retained its north Telangana stronghold but also made inroads in south Telangana, a Congress bastion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://deccan-journal.com/content/trs-storms-power-telangana|title=TRS wins Telangana|date=28 May 2014|publisher=Deccan-Journal|access-date=2014-05-27|location=Hyderabad, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052151/http://deccan-journal.com/content/trs-storms-power-telangana|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was only after the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, and the creation of separate Telangana state that the party begun to deliver electoral success. TRS won 63 out of 110 seats it contested in the 2014 Assembly elections in the newly formed state, and went on to form the government.<ref name=":0" /> K. Chandrashekar Rao, had taken oath as the first Chief Minister of the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014.

===2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election===
The TRS Government headed by Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao on 6 September 2018 dissolved the Legislative Assembly, the first after the formation of Telangana, to pave the way for early elections in the state.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 September 2018|title=Telangana Assembly dissolved; Stage set for early polls in Telangana|url=https://indtoday.com/telangana-assembly-dissolved-stage-set-for-early-polls-in-telangana/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401230828/https://indtoday.com/telangana-assembly-dissolved-stage-set-for-early-polls-in-telangana/|archive-date=1 April 2019|access-date=1 April 2019|website=Indtoday.com}}</ref> The party announced a list of 104 candidates for elections on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|date=6 September 2018|title=KCR announces TRS list of 105 candidates for Telangana Elections 2019|url=https://indtoday.com/kcr-announces-trs-list-of-105-candidates-for-telangana-elections-2019/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402014808/https://indtoday.com/kcr-announces-trs-list-of-105-candidates-for-telangana-elections-2019/|archive-date=2 April 2019|access-date=1 April 2019|website=Indtoday.com}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], held three months after the house dissolution, the TRS party won with a massive majority. They won 88 seats, more than 70% of the 119 total.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=Telangana Election Results 2018: TRS wins 88 seats, KCR set to return for a second term|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-result-2018-live-updates-kcr-trs-bjp-congress-election-commission-modi-rahul-telangana-election-results/1409660/|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124060657/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/telangana-assembly-election-result-2018-live-updates-kcr-trs-bjp-congress-election-commission-modi-rahul-telangana-election-results/1409660/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2019 Indian general election ===
In May 2019, TRS Chief Rao flouted the idea of Federal Front, aiming for a non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and non-[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government at the centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Front: TRS chief KCR aims for non-BJP, non-Cong front; to meet Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan today|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/federal-front-trs-chief-kcr-aims-for-non-bjp-non-cong-front-to-meet-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-today/413474|access-date=2020-09-14|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=6 May 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030225847/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/federal-front-trs-chief-kcr-aims-for-non-bjp-non-cong-front-to-meet-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-today/413474|url-status=live}}</ref> The party won nine out of the contested 17 seats, a reduction of two seats from the 2014 election.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=KCR's TRS wins 9 Lok Sabha seats in Telangana; BJP a surprise winner in 4|url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/kcrs-trs-wins-9-lok-sabha-seats-in-telangana-bjp-a-surprise-winner-in-4-2205334.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917194916/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/kcrs-trs-wins-9-lok-sabha-seats-in-telangana-bjp-a-surprise-winner-in-4-2205334.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2022-present: Name change, electoral setbacks ===

====Bharat Rashtra Samithi====
The name of the party was changed from ''Telangana Rashtra Samithi'' to ''Bharat Rashtra Samithi'' on 5 October 2022 to foray into national politics ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> On 6 October 2022, officials from BRS submitted the relevant documents required for name change according to the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]] to the [[Election Commission of India]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |author=((Rahul N 6661)) |title=Resolution on BRS handed over to EC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/resolution-on-brs-handed-over-to-ec/article65976897.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142208/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/resolution-on-brs-handed-over-to-ec/article65976897.ece }}</ref> As of October 2022, the party activities are taking place from a rented building at Sardar Patel Marg in [[Delhi]]. On 14 November the party office was inaugurated at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=BRS to commence activities in Delhi from rented building |url=https://www.siasat.com/brs-to-commence-activities-in-delhi-from-rented-building-2429059/ |website=The Siasat Daily |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016142214/https://www.siasat.com/brs-to-commence-activities-in-delhi-from-rented-building-2429059/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Roushan | last = Ali |date=Dec 14, 2022 |title=KCR {{!}} BRS Party Office: Telangana CM K Chandrasekhar Rao inaugurates BRS party office in New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-inaugurates-brs-party-office-in-new-delhi/articleshow/96221017.cms |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225034640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-inaugurates-brs-party-office-in-new-delhi/articleshow/96221017.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Andhra Pradesh unit ====
The party created its local unit in the residual Andhra Pradesh state on 2 January 2023. Dr. Thota Chandrasekhar, former general secretary of the [[Jana Sena Party]], was named its president. Other leaders from Andhra Pradesh who joined the party on the on its state unit's formation include former minister [[Ravela Kishore Babu]], former IRS official Partha Sarathi, and former [[Praja Rajyam Party]] leader T. J. Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=BRS forms Andhra Pradesh unit with local leaders |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/brs-forms-andhra-pradesh-unit-with-local-leaders-1503143495.html |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=The Statesman |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211190338/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/brs-forms-andhra-pradesh-unit-with-local-leaders-1503143495.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2023-01-02 |title=BRS makes foray into Andhra Pradesh, KCR appoints state chief |url=https://www.siasat.com/brs-makes-foray-into-andhra-pradesh-kcr-appoints-state-chief-2493770/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211190338/https://www.siasat.com/brs-makes-foray-into-andhra-pradesh-kcr-appoints-state-chief-2493770/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state unit suffered a setback in April 2023 when the [[Election Commission of India]] derecognised the BRS as a state party in Andhra Pradesh. The party had been enjoying state party status in [[Undivided Andhra Pradesh]] since 2004, and then in the states of residual Andhra Pradesh and Telangana since 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Losing state party status derails BRS plans for Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1070785 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211190719/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1070785 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election ====
At the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], the party lost their majority, with their vote share falling by 10.52% to 37.35% and their seat count falling from 88 to 39. They retained their seats in the Greater Hyderabad region, but lost most of their seats in the rest of the state to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], who won 64 seats and formed the next government.

==== 2024 Indian general election ====

The party suffered a further setback at the [[2024 Indian General Election]]. Despite their previous national ambitions, the party only contested in [[2024 Indian general election in Telangana|Telangana]]. However, they were wiped out, losing all 9 of their seats in the state. The party's vote share was over cut in half from 41.71% to 16.68%.

==Legislative leaders==
===List of chief ministers===
'''Chief Minister of Telangana'''
{{further|List of chief ministers of Telangana}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]]
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Ministry
|-
!style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#F84996;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|2 June 2014
|12 December 2018
|rowspan=2|{{ayd|2 Jun 2014|7 Dec 2023}}
|1st
|rowspan=2|[[Gajwel (Assembly constituency)|Gajwel]]
|[[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao I]]
|-
|13 December 2018
|6 December 2023
|2nd
|[[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Rao II]]
|}

===Deputy Chief Ministers of Telangana===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | S.No.
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Name
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Portrait
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Took office
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Left office
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Term
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Chief Minister
|-
|
|-
|1
|[[Mohammad Ali (Indian politician)|M. Mahmood Ali]]
|[[File:MohammadAliTelangana.png|100px]]
|2 June 2014<ref>{{cite web|title=KCR keeps his promise; Mehmood Ali becomes first Deputy CM of Telangana|date=2 June 2014 |url=http://twocircles.net/2014jun02/kcr_keeps_his_promise_mehmood_ali_becomes_first_deputy_cm_telangana.html|publisher=Two Circles|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001182728/http://twocircles.net/2014jun02/kcr_keeps_his_promise_mehmood_ali_becomes_first_deputy_cm_telangana.html|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|12 December 2018
|{{age in years and days|2014|06|02|2018|12|12}}
|rowspan=3|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
|-
|2
|[[T. Rajaiah]]
|[[File:Tati rajajaih.jpg|100px]]
|2 June 2014
|25 January 2015<ref>{{cite news |date=2015-01-25 |title=Telangana Deputy Chief Minister Rajaiah sacked |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-deputy-chief-minister-sacked/article6821000.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201074427/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-deputy-chief-minister-sacked/article6821000.ece |archive-date=2016-02-01 |access-date=2015-01-25 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|{{age in years and days|2014|06|02|2015|01|25}}
|-
|3
|[[Kadiyam Srihari]]
|[[File:Kadiyam Sreehari.jpg|100px]]
|25 January 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/rajaiah-sacked-kadiyam-take-health-minister/ |title=Kodiyam Srikari: As EDUCATION MINISTER & DEPUTY CM |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006181301/http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/rajaiah-sacked-kadiyam-take-health-minister/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|12 December 2018
|{{age in years and days|2015|01|25|2018|12|12}}
|}

== List of Union Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Image
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Minister
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Portfolio
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Term in Office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Constituency (House)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Prime Minister
|-
! style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Assumed Office
! style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Left Office
! style="background-color:#F84996;color:white"|Time in Office
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|70px]]
| rowspan="3" |'''[[K. Chandrashekhar Rao]]''' (1954–)
| [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Shipping]]
| 23 May 2004
| 25 May 2004
! 2 days
| rowspan="3" |[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
| rowspan="4" |[[Manmohan Singh]] ''[[First Manmohan Singh ministry|(Manmohan I)]]''
|-
| [[Minister without portfolio|Minister without Portfolio]]
| 25 May 2004
| 27 November 2004
! {{ayd|2004|5|25|2004|11|27}}
|-
| [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| 27 November 2004
| 24 August 2006
! {{ayd|2004|11|27|2006|8|24}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Aelay Narendra.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ale Narendra]]''' (1946–2014)
| [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]] '''''(Minister of State)'''''
| 23 May 2004
| 24 August 2006
! {{ayd|2004|5|23|2006|8|24}}
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|}

==Leadership==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+List of presidents
|-
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | S.No.
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Portrait
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Name
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Term {{small|(tenure length)}}
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Duration
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Ref.
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|-
| 1
| [[File:Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|75px]]
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 27 April 2001 – ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years, months and days|2001|04|27}}
|
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+List of working presidents
|-
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | S.No.
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Portrait
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Name
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Term {{small|(tenure length)}}
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Duration
!rowspan ="2" style="background-color:#F84996; color:white" | Ref.
|-style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|-
|1
| [[File:Kalvakuntla Taraka Rama Rao.jpg|75px]]
| [[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| 15 December 2018 – ''Incumbent''
| {{age in years, months and days|2018|12|15}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-14 |title=KT Rama Rao appointed TRS working president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/k-t-rama-rao-appointed-trs-working-president/articleshow/67087979.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205134843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/k-t-rama-rao-appointed-trs-working-president/articleshow/67087979.cms |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2023-12-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== Electoral performance ==
=== Lok Sabha Election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | House term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Popular vote
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Outcome
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Ref.
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
| rowspan=5 |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 12
| {{Composition bar|5|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Increase}}5
| 2,441,405
| 0.63%
| {{Steady}} new
| {{yes2|Government}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014| date = 2004 | publisher = Election Commission of India | location = New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
| 9
| {{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Decrease}}3
| 2,582,326
| 0.62%
| {{decrease}} 0.01%
| {{partial|Others}}
|<ref name="eci.nic.in1">{{Cite web|title= General Elections, 2009 (15th Lok Sabha): Performance of State Parties |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/13_PerformanceOfStateParty.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804212630/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/13_PerformanceOfStateParty.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2016|date = 2009 | publisher = Election Commission of India | location = New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
| 17
| {{Composition bar|11|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Increase}}9
| 6,736,270
| 1.22%
| {{Increase}} 0.6%
| {{partial|Others}}
|<ref name="eci.nic.in1" />
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
| 17
| {{Composition bar|9|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Decrease}}2
| 7,696,848
| 1.25%
| {{Increase}} 0.03%
| {{partial|Others}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
| 17
| {{Composition bar|0|543|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Decrease}}11
| 3,657,237
| 0.57%
| {{Decrease}} 0.68%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|}
{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|black|Vote share in consecutive Lok Sabha elections}}
|titlebar=#F84996
|width=270px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|0.63}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|0.61}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|1.22}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|1.25}}
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|1.22}}
}}
{{Vertical bar chart|2004|5|2009|2|2014|11|2019|9|2024|0|full_name=All time-BRS Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color= rgb(0.9, 0, 0.7)}}

=== State Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | House term
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Popular vote
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Outcome
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}};color:white" | Ref.
|-
!colspan=11|[[United Andhra Pradesh|United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[12th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|12th]]
| rowspan=3 |[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 54
| {{Composition bar|26|294|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Increase}} 26
| 2,390,940
| 6.68%
| {{Steady}} new
| {{yes2|Government}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120540/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012| date = 2004 | publisher = Election Commission of India | location = New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[13th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|13th]]
| 45
| {{Composition bar|10|294|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Decrease}} 16
| 1,678,906
| 3.99%
| {{Decrease}} 2.69%
| {{partial|Others}}
|<ref name="eci.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804205034/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Statistical_Report_AP2009.pdf|archive-date=4 August 2016| date = 2009 | publisher = Election Commission of India | location = New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[1st Telangana Assembly|1st]]
| 119
| {{Composition bar|63|119|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Increase}} 53
| 6,620,326
| 13.68%
|
| {{yes2|Government}} {{efn|Outcome-Government is restricted to Telangana}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Results 2014: TDP, TRS Win Seemandhra, Telangana Assembly Polls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/election-results-2014-tdp-trs-win-seemandhra-telangana-assembly-polls-562515|access-date=2020-09-28|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015759/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/election-results-2014-tdp-trs-win-seemandhra-telangana-assembly-polls-562515|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=11|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[2nd Telangana Assembly|2nd]]
| rowspan=2|[[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 119
| {{Composition bar|88|119|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Increase}} 25
|9,700,479
|46.9%
|
| {{yes2|Government}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[3rd Telangana Assembly|3rd]]
|119
| {{Composition bar|39|119|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}}}
| {{Decrease}} 49
|8,753,924
|37.35%
|{{Decrease}} 9.55%
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telangana Election Results 2023 Highlights: Congress Wins 64 Seats, BRS Gets 39, BJP 8 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-election-results-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-to-begin-at-8-am-4623658 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204070540/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/telangana-election-results-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-to-begin-at-8-am-4623658 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Jaya Jaya He Telangana]]
* [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
* [[Telangana Jagarana Sena]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi| ]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2001]]
[[Category:Political parties in Telangana]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Neoliberal parties]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]

Kailashahar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:54Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kailashahar
| mla = [[Birajit Sinha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Unakoti district|Unakoti]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Birajit Sinha portrait.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:51000}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kailashahar Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 53
}}

'''Kailashahar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Unakoti district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Birajit Sinha]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|5}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. L. Bhowmik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Moulana Abdul Ratif
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Tapan Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Syed Basit Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || [[Birajit Sinha]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Tapan Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=4 | [[Birajit Sinha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Moboshar Ali || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Birajit Sinha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,300 |percentage=59.62 |change={{increase}}40.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moboshar Ali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,614 |percentage=36.80|change={{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Abdul Matin |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=696 |percentage=1.64 |change={{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=537 |percentage=1.27 |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,686 |percentage=22.83 |change= {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,433 |percentage=83.28 |change= {{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,000 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}14.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moboshar Ali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,093 |percentage=45.02% |change={{decrease}}3.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nitish De |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,259 |percentage=32.99% |change={{increase}}31.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,787 |percentage=19.37% |change={{decrease}}30.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=430 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narasingha Das |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=218 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,834 |percentage=12.03% |change= {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,192 |percentage=86.39% |change= {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,083 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,857 |percentage=49.55% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moboshar Ali |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,372 |percentage=48.28% |change={{increase}}1.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Charan Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=412 |percentage=1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Taybur Rahman |party=Independent politician |votes=251 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=485 |percentage=1.27% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,054 |percentage=91.27% |change= {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,722 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,019 |percentage=49.86% |change={{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayanta Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,088 |percentage=47.13% |change={{increase}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Debroy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=446 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samsar Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=931 |percentage=2.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,136 |percentage=91.83% |change= {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,219 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,751 |percentage=52.50% |change={{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inuch Mia Khadim |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,750 |percentage=45.38% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijoy Bhattacharjee |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=184 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,001 |percentage=7.12% |change= {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,099 |percentage=80.57% |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,930 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,360 |percentage=49.12% |change={{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,333 |percentage=45.04% |change={{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,442 |percentage=5.73% |change={{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,027 |percentage=4.08% |change= {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,163 |percentage=82.63% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,921 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=11,592 |percentage=49.00% |change={{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,126 |percentage=47.03% |change={{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=742 |percentage=3.14% |change={{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=466 |percentage=1.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,659 |percentage=83.61% |change= {{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,684 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Birajit Sinha]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,519 |percentage=50.88% |change={{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,780 |percentage=46.93% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidhan Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=268 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=739 |percentage=3.95% |change= {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,707 |percentage=87.72% |change= {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,551 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Basit Ali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,116 |percentage=50.82% |change={{increase}}21.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,487 |percentage=46.88% |change={{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanai Lal Datta |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=629 |percentage=3.94% |change= {{decrease}}19.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,970 |percentage=83.90% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,313 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapan Chakraborty |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,111 |percentage=53.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Shahid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,954 |percentage=29.67% |change={{decrease}}25.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moulana Abdul Ratif |party=Janata Party |votes=2,074 |percentage=15.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debabrata Sinha Roy |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=187 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,157 |percentage=23.69% |change= {{decrease}}9.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,326 |percentage=78.54% |change= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,191 |ref = |change= {{increase}}52.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moulana Abdul Ratif |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,299 |percentage=55.43% |change={{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bonode Dey |party=Independent politician |votes=1,720 |percentage=22.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajoy Chakraborty |party=Independent politician |votes=1,448 |percentage=18.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwijendra Chandramalakar |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,579 |percentage=33.25% |change= {{increase}}31.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,756 |percentage=70.73% |change= {{decrease}}11.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,259 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}43.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailashahar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. L. Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,190 |percentage=51.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Majumder |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,841 |percentage=48.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=349 |percentage=2.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,031 |percentage=81.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,045 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Unakoti district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24.32|92.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Unakoti district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Tripura]]

Nawabganj, Bara Banki Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:28Z

ItsNaviGrewal: added the stub first draft

{{Short description|Former constituency of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Nawabganj Assembly constituency|Nawabganj, Allahabad Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawabganj
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| established = 1961
| abolished = 2012
| district = [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| reservation = None
| electors =
}}
'''Nawabganj''' is a former constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was in [[Barabanki district]].<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgItkPooCRaZcvrgUBFpKv6bdcr76FQDeo4Kbxo8pmzBdqn57Vkq%2BOs6XLNlp7ij%2BALC0VvUMtFnsvNH%2Ba3UdineGBntf08Jwr8por21kYpP4d |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=16 July 2024 |url-access=limited }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Jamilur Rahman<ref name=" 1962 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | Anant Ram Jaiswal
| {{Full party name with color|Sanghata Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Ram Chandra Bux Singh<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Mohd. Shamim Ansari<ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher =[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Parwati Devi<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=" 1985 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | Ram Chandra Bakhsh Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | Chotey Lal Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Sangram Singh<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Chotey Lal Yadav<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Sangram Singh<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=13 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Barabanki district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.932|81.202|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barabanki district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Gokak I Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:43Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Starting info...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gokak I
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency|Belagavi]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Gokak I Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]], which is adjacent to [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1961">{{cite web |date=7 December 1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | Ningappa Appayya Karlingan Navar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ningappa Appayya Karlingan Navar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,245 |percentage = 69.70% |change = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivangouda Mallangouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,366 |percentage = 30.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,879 |percentage = 39.40% |change = {{decrease}}10.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,355 |percentage = 56.69% |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,611}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,786 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak I <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ningappa Appayya Karlingan Navar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,384 |percentage = 74.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hidkal Gangadhar Ramappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,497 |percentage = 25.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,887 |percentage = 49.79% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,881 |percentage = 60.27% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,881}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,940 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.164942|74.823850|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:40Z

ItsNaviGrewal: made pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panskura Paschim
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Panskura Paschim.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Panskura Paschim Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Firoja Bibi]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| constituency_no = 205
| established = 1951
| electors = 211,399
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], No. 205 Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Panskura (community development block)|Panskura]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015| work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency is part of No. 32 [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Shyamadas Bhattachary ''(Panskura South'')
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Rajanikanta Pramanik ''(Panskura North'')
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Shyamadas Bhattacharya ''(Panskura West'')
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shyamadas Bhattacharya
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| R. K. Pramanik
| {{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Ahindra Mishra
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Sk. Omar Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=9}}
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Chittaranjan Das Thakur]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
!colspan="4"|''Major boundary changes; constituency renamed as Panskura Paschim''
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Sk. Omar Ali]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Firoja Bibi]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panskura Paschim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Siraj Khan
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sintu Senapati
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Afjal Ali Shah
|party = Indian Secular Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalyan Roy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 election===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Panskura Paschim}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firoja Bibi]]
|votes = 111,705
|percentage = 47.71
|change = +3.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sintu Senapati
|votes = 102,816
|percentage = 43.91
|change = +34.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Chittaranjan Das Thakur
|votes = 15,124
|percentage = 6.46
|change = -36.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,337
|percentage = 0.57
|change = -0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Jana
|votes = 1,239
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Narayan Kinkar Mishra
|votes = 1,103
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Preetilata Das Tewari
|votes = 817
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 234,141
|percentage = 89.20
|change = +4.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 election===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Panskura Paschim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firoja Bibi]]
|votes = 92,427
|percentage = 44.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Chittaranjan Das Thakur
|votes = 89,282
|percentage = 42.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Kinkar Mishra
|votes = 19,403
|percentage = 9.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,125
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Tarun Samanta
|votes = 1,524
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Nisith Kumar Maiti
|votes = 1,104
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sk. Abdul Masud
|votes = 1,007
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Saphiruddin Khan
|votes = 942
|percentage = 0.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Sk Mafijul Rahaman
|votes = 718
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sulalit Mallick
|votes = 635
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,145
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 209,166
|percentage = 84.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]+[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Panskura Paschim<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25205.htm|title = Panskura Paschim|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-17}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=205| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164751/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=205| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Panskura Paschim |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dr. Omar Ali
|votes = 93,349
|percentage = 49.97
|change = +9.40#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Bera
|votes = 84,209
|percentage = 45.08
|change = -12.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Kinkar Mishra
|votes = 5,994
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nisith Kumar Maiti
|votes = 3,249
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 163,577
|percentage = 87.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = 21.57#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001 and 1996 state assembly elections Chittaranjan Das Thakur of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Panskura West assembly seat defeating Jaidul Khan of [[All India Trinamul Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006, and Jakiur Rahman Khan of Trinamool Congress/ [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 2001 and 1996. Contests in most years among multiple candidates but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Omar Ali of CPI defeated Sk. Golam Murshed of Congress in 1991, Asit Baran Samanta of Congress in 1987, Jyoti Kumar Roy of Congress in 1982, and Jyoti Kumar Roy of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp200.htm |title = 200 - Panskura West Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Sk. Omar Ali of CPI won in 1972 and 1971. Ahindra Mishra of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969. R.K.Pramanik of Bangla Congress won in 1967. Shymadas Bhattacharya of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]] and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], the two seats at Panskura were named Panskura North and Panskura South. While Shyamadas Bhattacharya of Congress won the Panskura South seat, Rajanikanta Pramanik won the Panskura North seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Panskura]]

Betul Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:39Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Started new article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Betul
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 131
| map_image = 131-Betul.svg
| mla = [[Hemant Khandelwal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Betul district|Betul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Hemant Khandelwal.JPG
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Nilay Vinod Daga
}}
'''Betul Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in [[central India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election1912">{{cite web | url=https://www.mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/election_commission/191208.asp | title=Three new Parliamentary seats come into existence Dewas, Tikamgarh and Ratlam in Shajapur, Seoni and Jhabua out Bhopal | date=19 December 2008 | publisher=Department of Government Relations, Government of Madhya Pradesh | access-date=1 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155033/https://www.mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/election_commission/191208.asp | archive-date=2 December 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Elections and Representatives
|-
! Election !! Name !! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Deepchand Gothi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="General Elections of MP 1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|title=General Elections of MP 1957|last=|first=|date=|year=2004|website=|publisher=Election Commission Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127212357/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>
|[[Deepchand Gothi]]
|-
|[[Mokham Singh]]
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Deepchand Gothi]]
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|G. Khandelwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Maruti Narayanrao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2" | Madhav Gopal Naseri
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ashok Sable
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Bhagwat Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Ashok Sable
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Vinod Daga
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Shiv Prasad Rathore
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Alkesh Arya]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Hemant Khandelwal]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Nilay Vinod Daga
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Hemant Khandelwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Betul<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hemant Khandelwal|Hemant Vijay Khandelwal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:109183}}
|percentage = 51.85
|change = +11.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nilay Vinod Daga
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:93650}}
|percentage = 44.47
|change = -6.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3049}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change = -1.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15533}}
|percentage = 7.38
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210572}}
|percentage = 82.42
|change = +1.91
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Betul<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nilay Daga]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96717}}
|percentage = 51.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemant Vijay Khandelwal
|votes = {{formatnum:75072}}
|percentage = 39.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Lata-Raju Mhaski
|votes = {{formatnum:3916}}
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Choukikar
|votes = {{formatnum:2296}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4635}}
|percentage = 2.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21645}}
|percentage = 11.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188005}}
|percentage = 80.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Betul, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|21.91|77.90|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Betul, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Markapuram revenue division

2026-04-12T02:00:19Z

ItsNaviGrewal: added the data from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Markapuram revenue division
| settlement_type = [[revenue division]] in [[Markapuram district]]
| image_map = Revenue_divisions_map_of_Prakasam_district.png
| map_caption = Markapuram revenue division in erst while Prakasam district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name3 = [[Markapuram]]
}}

'''Markapuram revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Markapuram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|2 revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of 15 [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Prakasam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|pages=16|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Markapuram]] is the administrative headquarters of the division.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prakasam Collector to visit revenue divisions to solve people’s problems|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/prakasam-collector-to-visit-revenue-divisions-to-solve-peoples-problems/article4566461.ece|accessdate=14 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=31 March 2013|location=Markapur}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The 15 mandals in the revenue division include:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!No.
! Mandals
|-
|1
|[[Markapuram|Markapuram mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Giddaluru|Giddaluru mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Bestavaripeta|Bestavaripeta mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Racherla|Racherla mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Komarolu|Komarolu mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Cumbum mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Ardhaveedu|Ardhaveedu mandal]]
|-
|8
|[[Yerragondapalem|Yerragondapalem mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Pullalacheruvu|Pullalacheruvu mandal]]
|-
|10
|[[Tripuranthakam|Tripuranthakam mandal]]
|-
|11
|[[Dornala|Dornala mandal]]
|-
|12
|[[Peda Araveedu|Pedda Araveedu mandal]]
|-
|13
|[[Tarlupadu|Tarlupadu mandal]]
|-
|14
|[[Podili|Podili mandal]]
|-
|15
|[[Konakanamitla|Konakanamitla mandal]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|15|54|N|80|40|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Markapuram district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Rekha Verma (born 1973)

2026-04-11T21:28:23Z

ItsNaviGrewal: made a entry

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rekha Verma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|5|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 11 January 2019
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party|President]]
| 1namedata = [[J. P. Nadda]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1 September 2014
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| constituency1 = [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
| term1 =
| occupation = Businessperson
| predecessor1 = [[Jitin Prasada]]
| successor1 = [[Anand Bhadauriya]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = Shri Arun Kumar Verma <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/new-mps-2014/story/dhaurahra-mp-rekha-verma-of-bjp-195147-2014-05-30 | title=Dhaurahra MP Rekha Verma of BJP | publisher=India Today | date=30 May 2014 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Ashish Misra}}</ref>
| parents =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4918?from=members
}}

'''Rekha Verma''' (born 20 May 1973) is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rekha Verma |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/rekha-verma/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is a National Vice President of the BJP from 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=BJP's national team: U.P. gets lion's share, ex-AMU VC appointed party vice-president |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/bjps-national-team-u-p-gets-lion-s-share-ex-amu-vc-appointed-party-vicepresident-101690710726496.html |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was a two time Member of Parliament from [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]. She lost the [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Rekha Verma">{{cite news |title=Rekha Verma |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/rekha-verma/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617085721/https://indianexpress.com/about/rekha-verma/ |archive-date=17 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Verma was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to Devnarayan Katiyar and Urmila Katiyar. Her husband Arun Kumar Verma died in 2013 and she joined BJP. She studied till intermediate.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Verma was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra Seat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2014 and 2019. In the [[2014 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]], she polled 3,60,357 votes and defeated Daud of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] who got 2,34,682 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2429.htm?ac=29|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230655/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2429.htm?ac=29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/bjp-mp-rekha-verma-booked-for-slapping-threatening-to-kill-cop-on-escort-duty/articleshow/69731092.cms | title=BJP MP Rekha Verma booked for slapping, threatening to kill cop on escort duty | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 June 2019 | accessdate=10 July 2021 | author=Kanwardeep Singh}}</ref> She won by a margin of 1,25,675 votes. In the [[2019 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]], she polled 5,12,905 votes and defeated Arshad Ahmed Siddiqui of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] by a margin of 1,60,611 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaurahra Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/dhaurahra |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]], she lost to [[Anand Bhadauriya]] of Samajwadi Party by a narrow margin of 4,449 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaurahara lok sabha election results 2024: Dhaurahara Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/uttar-pradesh/dhaurahara-constituency-result-24529 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4918 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Rekha}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Women members of Parliament from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanpur]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Gowrishankar

2026-04-02T22:30:34Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

'''Gowrishankar''' may refer to:
*[[Annapoorna Gowrishankar]], a hotel chain
*[[Jayaraman Gowrishankar]], Indian medical microbiologist
*[[Gaurishankar Udayshankar|Gawrishankar Udayshankar]], Indian politician

==See also==
*[[Gauri Shankar (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Khajaguda

2026-03-27T01:45:28Z

ItsNaviGrewal: brief update layout per standard format and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khajaguda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Hyderabad from Khajaguda.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.4148017|78.3573688|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Khaja Shamsuddin{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[GHMC]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 500008
| registration_plate = '''TG-07'''
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[GHMC]]
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khajaguda''' is a major commercial and residential area in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], in the suburb of Gachibowli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/khajaguda-clutter-traffic-police-jolted-into-action/articleshow/66341330.cms|title=Khajaguda clutter: Traffic police jolted into action}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/khajaguda-road-work-opens-up-trenches-motorists-fume/articleshow/66325482.cms|title=Khajaguda road work opens up trenches, motorists fume}}</ref> It is in the vicinity of [[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial district]], [[Gachibowli]] and [[HITEC City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/?loc=Khaja+Guda%2C+Manikonda%2C+Hyderabad%2C+Telangana%2C+India|title = Khaja Guda, Manikonda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}</ref> Several residential apartments like Jains Carlton Creek, ASBL Lakeside, IT HEIGHTS, Niharika Interlake, Niharika Lakefront are situated in Khajaguda.

== Sights ==
[[File:KhajagudaLake.jpg|right|thumb|Khajaguda Talab]]
*[[Khajaguda Talab]] (Pedda Cheruvu) and its adjoining area is developed into a beautiful lakefront.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/road-work-eating-into-khajaguda-lake-say-activists/articleshow/76025798.cms|title=Road work eating into Khajaguda lake, say activists}}</ref>
*[[Khajaguda Lake]] and the Khajaguda Hills (Fakhruddin Gutta) on its Southern shore, are a popular spot for outdoor activities, such as hiking and bouldering.<ref>Mohammed Hasib: ''Khajaguda Hills – relishing SUNSET at the summit'', In: ''Adventures in Hyderabad, Travel Stories'', AtomicCircle.com, 8 October 2018, ([https://atomiccircle.com/sunset-at-khajaguda-hills/ Link]).</ref><ref>hyderabadclimbers.com - ''Khajaguda Routes'', ([http://www.hyderabadclimbers.com/khajaguda-routes.html Link])</ref>
* SAS Infra iTower, a [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|very high-rise commercial complex]] is situated on Khajaguda - Nanakramguda Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/embassy-group-partners-with-sas-infra-to-develop-3-in-hyderabads-financial-district/articleshow/91124473.cms?from=mdr|title=Embassy Group partners with SAS Infra to develop 3 in Hyderabad's Financial District}}</ref> It is the [[List of tallest buildings in India|tallest commercial tower]] in [[South India]]. SAS iTower will be 38 floors (171 metres) at completion. First 5 floors is mall-multiplex portion.
* Ramanaidu Studios, Chaitanya Enclave, Khajaguda
* Khajaguda Sports Complex (also known as GHMC Sports Complex) is spread over two acres and the complex is available under the Pay and Play initiative of the GHMC.

==Khajaguda Rock Formations==
[[File:Khajagudahyderabad.jpg|thumb|View from top of Khajaguda rocks]]
Khajaguda rock formation is spread across 180 acres in [[Nanakramguda]] and are reportedly around 4.4 billion years old, i.e. as old as the f Earth’s crust. These are one of the oldest forms of rocks, and are made of [[Gneiss|gneissic granite]]. Usually over a period of time, newer rocks are supposed to form over these tough base rocks. In Khajaguda, newer rocks did not form over these billion year old rocks and they remained exposed to atmosphere till date. These rock formations are being wiped out due to construction activities and encroachment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/telanganas-khajaguda-rock-formation-is-as-old-as-the-earths-crust/articleshow/95272121.cms|title=Telangana's Khajaguda Rock Formation is as old as the Earth's crust!|publisher=Times Travel|first=Precious|last=Rongmei|date=2022-11-03|access-date=2024-10-04}}</ref>

== Schools ==
* [[Oakridge International School]]
* Delhi Public school, Khajaguda, Hyderabad

==Vicinity==
[[File:Fakhruddin Gutta Hyd.jpg|right|thumb|Khajaguda Hills (Fakhruddin Gutta)]]
The landmarks Near Khajaguda are Ananthaswamy hills (Boda gutta), Delhi public school, Raidurgam police station, Baskin robbins and MJR magnifique. There are few gigantic rock formations known as Khajaguda Hills (Fakhruddin Gutta).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/watch-why-are-hyderabads-rock-formations-disappearing/article65544807.ece|title=Why are Hyderabad's rock formations disappearing?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-booked-for-destroying-part-of-khajaguda-rocks/articleshow/89979773.cms|title=Hyderabad: 3 booked for destroying part of Khajaguda rocks}}</ref> Fakhruddin Gutta heritage site (rock formation) is divided between [[Puppalguda]] and Khajaguda villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hc-order-openly-flouted-in-fakhruddin-gutta/articleshow/69502512.cms|title=HC order openly flouted in Fakhruddin Gutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/yet-another-blow-to-hyderabads-rock-heritage/article38404425.ece|title=Yet another blow to Hyderabad's rock heritage}}</ref> Fakhruddin Gutta granite rock formations (popularly known as Khajaguda Hills) are as old as 2.5 billion years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/s-kaur-on-ten-things-to-do-in-hyderabad-1088037|title=A city as multifaceted as a diamond}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/apr/20/hmda-finally-wakes-upto-khajaguda-destruction-2444138.html|title=HMDA finally wakes up to Khajaguda destruction}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/sep/01/telangana-government-urged-to-save-fakhruddin-gutta-heritage-rocks-2352661.html|title=Telangana government urged to save Fakhruddin Gutta heritage rocks}}</ref> Khajaguda Rock Formation, which is [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] heritage site, is spread across {{convert|180|acre|km2|adj=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/telanganas-khajaguda-rock-formation-is-as-old-as-the-earths-crust/articleshow/95272121.cms|title=Telangana's Khajaguda Rock Formation is as old as the Earth's crust!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/feb/23/prehistoric-connect-makes-khajaguda-unique-2422652.html|title=Prehistoric connect makes Khajaguda unique}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/a-year-of-challenges-for-built-heritage-in-telangana/article66298792.ece|title=A year of challenges for built heritage in Telangana}}</ref> The tomb of Saint Hazrat Baba Fakhruddin Aulia — spiritual mentor of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]] (founder of the [[Bahmani Kingdom]]) who was buried here in 1353 AD; an over 800-year-old Annatha Padmanabha Swamy Temple and a cave where the revered saint, [[Meher Baba]] had meditated are situated on Khajaguda Hills (Fakhruddin Gutta).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/250-hyderabadis-lace-up-and-run-to-save-fakhruddin-gutta/articleshow/69621456.cms|title=250 Hyderabadis lace up and run to...Save Fakhruddin Gutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/khajagudas-heritage-rocks-turning-to-dust/articleshow/89602506.cms|title=Telangana: Khajaguda's heritage rocks turning to dust}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabads-geological-heritage-turning-to-dust/article26557233.ece|title=Hyderabad's geological heritage turning to dust}}</ref> In October 2023, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) started work to fence the 2.5 billion-year-old Khajaguda rock formations and limiting access to motorists, visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hmda-begins-work-on-fencing-khajaguda-hills/articleshow/104637923.cms|title=HMDA begins work on fencing Khajaguda hills}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/khajaguda-rocks-turn-vice-den-hmda-begins-work-on-limiting-access-to-motorists-visitors/article67435061.ece|title=Khajaguda rocks turn vice den, HMDA begins work on limiting access to motorists, visitors}}</ref>
[[File:Rocks Fakhruddin Gutta Hyderabad.jpg|right|thumb|Rocks Fakhruddin Gutta Hyderabad]]

==Public transport==
[[Hyderabad Airport Express Metro]] will pass through Khajaguda - Nanakramguda Road. Khajaguda is connected by buses run by [[TSRTC]], since a HCU Bus Depot is close by, it is well connected.

==Link Roads==
* 0.95 km Link Road connecting Old Mumbai Highway at [[Engineering Staff College of India|ESCI]] with Khajaguda road near DPS.
* 2.20 km Link road from [[Khajaguda Lake]] to ORR, parallel to Urdu University compound wall and Oakridge International School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/21-link-roads-over-24-km-completed/articleshow/95544498.cms|title=21 link roads over 24 km completed}}</ref>
* [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]] -Lanco Hills link road is under construction as part of Corridor 39B.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/mar/05/orr-lanco-link-road-to-be-realigned-tosave-khajaguda-rocks-2426531.html|title=ORR-Lanco link road to be realigned to save Khajaguda rocks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/yet-another-blow-to-hyderabads-rock-heritage/article38404425.ece|title=Yet another blow to Hyderabad's rock heritage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/3-booked-for-destroying-part-of-khajaguda-rocks/articleshow/89979773.cms|title=Hyderabad: 3 booked for destroying part of Khajaguda rocks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/feb/27/khajaguda-activists-allege-contempt-of-court-2424231.html|title=Khajaguda: Activists allege contempt of court}}</ref> This 3.89 km long link road is constructed alongside the Khajaguda Heritage Rock Formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290322/link-road-works-in-it-corridors-going-on-at-brisk-pace.html|title=IT corridors to get link roads to ease traffic}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gachibowli]]
* [[Manikonda]]
* [[Kokapet]]
* [[Society to Save Rocks]]
* [[Puppalaguda]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

Dosa (food)

2026-03-26T06:58:15Z

ItsNaviGrewal: basic refine structure based on references further and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Thin crepe originating from South India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dosa
| image = Dosa at Sri Ganesha Restauran, Bangkok (44570742744).jpg
| caption = Dosa with [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]] and [[chutney]]
| place_of_origin = [[Southern India]]
| served = Hot
| type = [[Pancake]], [[crepe]]
| main_ingredient = [[Rice]] and [[black gram]]
| variations = [[Masala dosa]], rava dosa, ghee roast dosa, podi dosa, paneer dosa, plain dosa, and many more
}}

A '''dosa''' (in [[Indian English]]) or '''thosai''' (in [[Malaysian English]] and [[Singapore English]])<ref>See:
* {{Cite news |last=Mok |first=Opalyn |date=2015-04-12 |title=Traditional Indian snacks for breakfast or tea |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/eat/drink/2015/04/12/traditional-indian-snacks-for-breakfast-or-tea/876893 |newspaper=[[Malay Mail]]}}
* {{Cite book |pages=109–10 |title=Food, Foodways And Foodscapes: Culture, Community And Consumption In Post-colonial Singapore |first1=Lily Lee Lee |last1=Kong|first2=Vineeta |last2=Sinha |date=2015 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4641-24-1 }}</ref> is a thin, savoury [[crepe]] in [[South Indian cuisine]] made from a [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] [[batter (cooking)|batter]] of ground [[Vigna mungo|black gram]] and [[rice]]. Dosas are served hot, often with [[chutney]] and [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]].

==History==
[[File:Dosa Classic.jpg|alt=Two dosa rest next to a dollop of butter on a plantain leaf: The sauces have separate bowks.|thumb|Plain dosas with condiments]]
[[File:Butter Dosa served with coconut chutney and sambhar.jpg|thumb|Butter dosa served with coconut chutney and sambhar]]
The dosa originated in [[South India]], but its precise geographical origins are unknown. According to [[food historian]] [[K. T. Achaya]], references in the [[Sangam literature]] suggest that dosa was already in use in the [[Tamilagam|ancient Tamil country]] around the first century CE.<ref name="KTAchaya">{{cite book | title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA80 | author=K. T. Achaya|date = November 2003|page=80 |publisher=Universities Press| isbn=81-7371-293-X}}</ref> However, according to historian [[P. Thankappan Nair]], dosa originated in the town of [[Udupi]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book |author=P. Thankappan Nair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swNuAAAAMAAJ |title=South Indians in Kolkata |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=2004 |isbn=81-86791-50-7 |page=320}}</ref> Achaya states that the earliest written mention of dosa appears in the eighth-century literature of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], while the earliest mention of dosaë in [[Kannada literature]] appears a century later.<ref name="Charmine2013"/>

In popular tradition, the origin of the dosa is linked to Udupi, probably because of the dish's association with [[Udupi cuisine#Udupi restaurants|Udupi restaurants]].<ref name="Charmine2013">{{cite book |author=Charmaine O' Brien |title=The Penguin Food Guide to India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT378 |date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 |pages=378 }}</ref> The Karnataka dosa is traditionally softer and thicker; the thinner and crispier version of dosa, which became popular across India, was first made in present-day Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Vir2004">{{cite book |author=Vir Sanghvi |title=Rude Food: The Collected Food Writings of Vir Sanghvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK1uGVxmEiUC&pg=PA110 |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303139-0 |pages=109–110 }}</ref> A recipe for dosa can be found in ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a 12th-century [[Sanskrit]] encyclopedia compiled by [[Someshvara III]], who ruled from present-day Karnataka.<ref>{{cite book |author=K.T. Achaya |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA85 |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |page=85 }}</ref>

The dosa arrived in Mumbai with the opening of Udupi restaurants in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 May 2019 |title=8 oldest Udupi restaurants in Bombay |newspaper=The Free Press Journal |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/food/8-oldest-udupi-restaurants-in-mumbai |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905100436/https://www.freepressjournal.in/food/8-oldest-udupi-restaurants-in-mumbai |archive-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> After [[Independence of India|India's independence]] in 1947, South Indian cuisine became gradually popular in [[North India]]. In [[New Delhi]], the Madras Hotel in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] became one of the first restaurants to serve South Indian cuisine.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-krDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+first+South+Indian+eatery+that+introduced+the+common+public+of+Delhi+to+coffee+and+South&pg=PT34 |title=Much Ado Over Coffee: Indian Coffee House Then And Now, Bhaswati Bhattacharya, Routledge, 2017 |isbn=978-1-351-38315-8 |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416004432/https://books.google.com/books?id=s-krDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+first+South+Indian+eatery+that+introduced+the+common+public+of+Delhi+to+coffee+and+South&pg=PT34 |url-status=live |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Bhaswati |date=3 August 2017 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sethu Ramaswamy |title=Bride at Ten, Mother at Fifteen: Autobiography of an Unknown Indian Woman |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5OQAAAAIAAJ |isbn=9788174362896 |publisher=Namita Gokhale Editions }}{{page needed|date=October 2025}}</ref>

Dosas, like many other dishes of South Indian cuisine, were introduced in [[Ceylon]] (Sri Lanka) by [[Indians in Sri Lanka|South Indian emigrants]] during [[British rule in Ceylon|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Microbial Fermentations in Nature and as Designed Processes |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-119-84999-5 |editor-last=J. Hurst |editor-first=Christon |location=Hoboken |pages=342 |language=en |chapter=Fermented Foods of South Asia |oclc=1393173167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford companion to food |publisher=[[Oxford Univ. Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7 |editor-last=Jaine |editor-first=Tom |edition=3. ed. / ed. by Tom Jaine |location=Oxford |pages=774 |chapter=Sri Lanka |oclc=903167481}}</ref> [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Tuticorin]] merchants who settled there were instrumental in the spreading of South Indian cookery across the island by opening restaurants ([[Vegetarian restaurant|vegetarian ''hotels'']]) to meet initially the needs of the emigrant population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kadhirvel |first=S. |date=2000 |title=Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka: The countours of dissonance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144420 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=61 |pages=1045–1046 |jstor=44144420 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103123430/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144420 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/10887820 |title=Circulation of cultures and culture of circulation: diasporic cultures of South Asia during 18th to 20th centuries |date=2014 |publisher=SAARC Cultural Centre |isbn=978-955-0567-12-6 |editor-last=Garg |editor-first=Sanjay |location=Colombo |pages=151 |oclc=910664759 |editor-last2=SAARC Cultural Centre |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105635/https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/10887820 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dosa has found its way into the culinary habits of the Sri Lankan people, where it has evolved into an island-specific version which is quite distinct from the Indian dosa. In both forms, it is called ''those'' ({{Lang|si|තෝසේ}} or {{IPA|si|t̪oːse|}}) or ''thosai'' ({{Lang|ta|தோசை}} or {{IPA|ta|t̪oːsaɪ̯|}}) in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and in [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan Tamil]].

In Odisha, [[Chakuli Pitha]]s are made which are quite similar to Dosa, but they are served flat or with single fold, but Dosas are arranged in different styles. Also, they aren't filled with stuffings unlike Dosa. There is a variation, such as Budha Chakuli, where fruits, raisins, grated coconut and jaggery are added to the batter. Also, Chakuli Pithas are not served with Chutney and Sambhar but wide-ranging accompaniments, such as any Bhaja/Tarkari/Dalma or simple ones like Jaggery/Sugar. The batter consists of less rice than gram (biri).

As in Sri Lanka, dosa was introduced far abroad since the early 18th century, by the migration of the [[Indian Tamil diaspora]] to [[Southeast Asia]] and later in the [[Western world]], and through the worldwide popularisation of Indian and Sri Lankan cuisines since the second half of the 20th century.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Names ==
[[File:דוסה.jpg|thumb|Dosa with chutney and sambar with sauteed potato filling in a restaurant]]
[[File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg|thumb|Dosa served with sautéed potatoes]]
Dosa is the [[Anglicisation|anglicised]] name of a variety of South Indian names for the dish, for example, ''dosai'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], ''dōsaë'' in [[Tulu language|Tulu]], ''dōse'' in [[Kannada]], dōsa in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''dosha'' in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and Chakuli Pitha in [[Odia language|Odia]].

The standard transliterations and pronunciations of the word in various South Indian languages are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language !! Transliteration !! Pronunciation ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
|-
|{{Langx|kn|ದೋಸೆ}}
|dōse
|{{IPA|kn|d̪oːse|}}
|-
| {{langx|ml|ദോശ}} || dōśa ||{{IPA|ml|d̪oːʃa|}}
|-
| {{langx|ta|தோசை}} || dōsai || {{IPA|ta|d̪oːsaɪ̯|}}
|-
| {{langx|te|దోస<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?qs=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86&searchhws=yes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200715213645/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?qs=%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86&searchhws=yes|url-status = live |archive-date = 15 July 2020|title = A Telugu-English dictionary |author=Charles Philip Brown |year = 1903}}</ref>}}|| dōsa || {{IPA|te|d̪oːsa|}}
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]:ଚକୁଳି || chàkulī
|-
|}

The Tamil term {{lang|ta|தோசை}} ''dōsai'' lends to ''thosai'' as used in [[Malaysian English]] and [[Singapore English]] mentioned above.

==Nutrition==
Dosa is high in [[carbohydrate]]s and contains no added [[sugar]]s. As its key ingredients are rice and [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], it is a good source of [[protein]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Restaurant style dosa recipe |first=Dosa recipe |url=https://tasty-food.in/dosa-recipe/ |title=Dosa recipe |date=9 July 2023 |publisher= |isbn= |edition= |page= |access-date= |orig-year=}}</ref> A typical homemade plain dosa without oil contains about 112 calories, of which 84% is [[carbohydrate]] and 16% is protein.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/plain-dosa-without-oil-255437887|title=Calorie Chart, Nutrition Facts, Calories in Food |website=MyFitnessPal |access-date=7 May 2019|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419101238/https://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/plain-dosa-without-oil-255437887|url-status=live}}</ref> The fermentation process increases the [[vitamin B]] and [[vitamin C]] content.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nutrition and Dietetics - Higher Secondary - First Year |publisher=Directorate of School Education, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2004 |page=31 |url=http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/11/Std11-Nutr-EM.pdf |access-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321034305/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/11/Std11-Nutr-EM.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Preparation ==
A mixture of rice and white gram that has been soaked in water for at least 4–5 hours is ground finely to form a batter. Some add a bit of soaked [[fenugreek]] seeds while grinding the batter. The proportion of rice to lentils is generally 3:1 or 4:1. After adding salt, the batter is allowed to ferment overnight, before being mixed with water to get the desired consistency. The batter is then ladled onto a hot ''[[tava]]'' or griddle greased with oil or ''[[ghee]]''. It is spread out with the base of a ladle or a bowl to form a pancake. It can be made either thick like a pancake, or thin and crispy. A dosa is served hot, either folded in half or rolled like a wrap. It is usually served with chutney and sambar. The mixture of white grams and rice can be replaced with highly refined wheat flour or [[semolina]].

<gallery>
File:ಸಂಪಣೆ.JPG|Rice batter
File:Dosa-Preparation.jpg|Batter poured on a [[tava]] or griddle
File:Dhosai making.jpg|Batter being spread uniformly
File:Dosa ready 1.JPG|After being cooked for some time
</gallery>

==Serving==
Dosas can be stuffed with fillings of [[vegetables]] and sauces to make a quick meal. They are typically served with a vegetarian [[side dish]], which varies according to regional and personal preferences. Common side items are:

* [[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]
* [[Chutney]]
* [[Idli podi]] or ''milagaipodi'': A lentil powder with spices and sometimes desiccated coconut, mixed with sesame oil or groundnut oil or [[ghee]]
* [[Indian pickle]]s

==Variations==
[[Masala dosa]] is a roasted dosa served with potato curry, chutney, and sambar, while saada (plain) dosa is prepared with a lighter texture; paper dosa is a thin and crisp version. Rava dosa is made crispier using semolina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saveur.com/indian-dosa-crepes-guide |title=A Beginner's Guide to the Great Wide World of Indian Dosa, Priya Krishna and Shailendra Krishna, October 6, 2016 |date=6 October 2016 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109175440/http://www.saveur.com/indian-dosa-crepes-guide? |url-status=live }}</ref> Newer versions include Chinese dosa, cheese dosa, paneer dosa, and pizza dosa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/dining/dosa-recipe-pondicheri.html |title=A Dosa Lesson From a Professional - A Good Appetite, Melissa Clark, ''New York Times'', 6 October 2017 |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221103452/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/dining/dosa-recipe-pondicheri.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Though dosa is typically made with rice and lentils, other versions exist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ashwani |last2=Singh |first2=Sarabjit |last3=Tomer |first3=Vidisha |last4=Prasad |first4=Rasane |title=Cereals and cereal-based foods : functional benefits and technological advances for nutrition and healthcare |date=2022 |publisher=Apple Academic Press |location=Palm Bay, FL, USA |isbn=9781000164299 |page=251 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7UxEAAAQBAJ |access-date=25 April 2023|quote="The ingredients for dosa preparation are not limited to just rice and black gram instead pure rice or a mixture of rice, wheat, sorghum, maize, or millets can also be used."}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Types of dosa
! Name
! Description
|-
| [[Uttapam]] || This variety of dosa is much thicker and softer and served with vegetable toppings. It also uses less oil, hence is considered healthier than the typical dosa. It takes more time to prepare than a regular dosa. Both surfaces may be baked. They are eaten like a regular dosa with servings of sambhar and chutney. Its history is as old as the dosa, featuring in Sangam literature. It is closely related to both the dosa and the [[appam]].
|-
| [[Masala dosa]] || Roasted and crispy dosa, served with potato curry, chutney and sambar
|-
|Oats dosa
|Healthy, crisp and lacy instant dosa made with oats
|-
|Wheat dosa || Dosa made with wheat flour batter; a typical wheat dosa may consume more oil and takes longer to prepare than a regular dosa. Instead of oil, ghee or butter may be used.
|-
|Set dosa
|Smaller, spongy, soft and light, served in a set of 2-3 dosa per serving
|-
| Red rice dosa || A healthier variant of the regular dosa, it uses [[red rice]] instead of [[white rice]], though the batter may also involve a mixture of the two rice varieties, too.
|-
| Plain dosa || Dosa has light texture and can be crispy.
|-
| Kal dosai || A thicker, softer, and spongier variant of a plain dosa, it also uses a stone tawa instead of the regular iron tawa for other dosas.
|-
| Tandoori dosa || A variety of dosa that uses a tandoor to prepare it instead of a tawa
|-
| Ghee roast || (''Nei dosai'' in Tamil) Plain dosa cooked with ghee instead of oil and usually with no filling
|-
| Paper roast/Plain roast dosa || A large, plain dosa known for its thin layer and crispiness resulting from making a very thin layer of batter and the addition of extra oil compared to plain dosa
|-
| Egg dosa || (''Muttai dosai'' in Tamil) A thicker base of dosa topped with beaten [[egg]], or beaten egg is added to batter before cooking.
|-
| Kari dosai || A Tamil Nadu specialty with a dosa of thicker base topped with cooked meat, usually chicken or mutton: Dosas topped with vegetables or vegetable curry are also sometimes referred to as ''kari dosai''.
|-
| Madurai kari dosai || A famous variant of kari dosai is the Madurai kari dosai. This has a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian variant. The latter consists of non-vegetarian toppings of a mix of omelette, minced meat, and without vegetables, while the former has a fully vegetarian topping of vegetable curry.
|-
| Pori dosa/Puffed rice dosa || Uses some [[puffed rice]] alongside raw rice and some lentils in the batter
|-
| Paneer dosa || Spiced, flavorful [[paneer]] filling inside the dosa
|-
| Palak dosa || Layered with ''palak'' ([[spinach]]) paste inside the folds of dosa
|-
| Pizza dosa || A fusion of the traditional dosa and a regular pizza, it comes in many subvariants. It primarily uses toppings that resemble those of a regular pizza.
|-
| Spring roll dosa || A fusion of the traditional plain dosa and the [[spring roll]], it has vegetarian and non-vegetarian variants. It uses the same stuffing as in the spring roll and is usually cut and served rolled up as a spring roll. It is also notably spicy.
|-
| Jini dosa || A variety from [[Mumbai]]; a crispy, cheesy dosa stuffed with a spicy mix of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, and capsicum in addition to a tangy sauce.
|-
| Schezwan dosa || A type of dosa with stuffing of a mix of cooked vegetables and Schezwan sauce
|-
| Mini soya dosa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mini-soya-dosa/rs55705184.cms|title=Recipe: Mini soya dosa|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624015457/http://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/mini-soya-dosa/rs55705184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> || Soya milk and wheat flour<ref>{{cite web|url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-mini-soya-dosa-227607|title=Mini Soya Dosa|work=food.ndtv.com|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154838/http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-mini-soya-dosa-227607|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pesarattu]] (green dosa)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/healthy-snack-recipe-green-dosa/articleshow/19830786.cms |title=Healthy snack recipe: Green Dosa |work=The Times of India |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=15 August 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319193643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/healthy-snack-recipe-green-dosa/articleshow/19830786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> || Made with [[green gram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-pesarattu-green-gram-dosa-463419|title=Pesarattu (Green Gram Dosa)|work=food.ndtv.com|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120039/http://food.ndtv.com/recipe-pesarattu-green-gram-dosa-463419|url-status=live}}</ref> It is served with Allam Pachadi. (Ginger chutney)
|-
| Adai dosa || From Tamil Nadu, it is a dosa-like dish prepared from a combination of ''toor dal'', rice, curry leaves, red chillies, and asafoetida. The batter is not fermented, and is usually eaten with jaggery or ''[[aviyal]]''.
|-
| Light white dosa || Rice and coconut<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/light-white-dosa/rs53316767.cms |title=Recipe: Light white dosa|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Kadapa Neyyi karam dosa<ref name="New Indian Express 2018-08-14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/nov/10/the-karam-dosas-from-kadapa-1698077.html|title=The karam dosas from kadapa|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211038/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/nov/10/the-karam-dosas-from-kadapa-1698077.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Rice flour fermented overnight and mixed with sodium carbonate. The topping is a mixture of onion and chili paste (called ''yerra karam'') and a chutney made with tomato and flour made in a gravy of curd. It is roasted in [[Ghee]]. It is also occasionally topped with fried gram powder.<ref name="New Indian Express 2018-08-14" />
|-
| Onion rava dosa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-onion-rava-dosa-219188|title=Onion Rava Dosa|work=food.ndtv.com|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211038/https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-onion-rava-dosa-219188|url-status=live}}</ref>|| Semolina, rice flour, onion
|-
| Ragi wheat dosa || Ragi, whole wheat flour<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-ragi-wheat-dosa-1-463409|title=Ragi Wheat Dosa|work=food.ndtv.com|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815211037/https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-ragi-wheat-dosa-1-463409|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rava dosa]] || Made with [[semolina|''rava'']] or [[semolina|''sooji'']] (semolina), it is a healthier alternative to regular dosa. Rava dosa takes up more oil than a regular dosa and can stick to the tawa if enough oil is not used. It also takes more time to prepare than a regular dosa.
|-
| [[Benne dose]] || Made with [[butter]] (''benne'' in Kannada), it is predominantly famous as ''[[Benne dose|Davanagere benne dose]]'' associated with the [[Davanagere]] district in Karnataka.
|-
| [[Neer dosa]] || Made with a watery rice batter
|-
| Vodu dose or Kappa roti|| Vodu dose or kappa roti is made from unfermented rice, [[fenugreek]], grated [[coconut]], thinly flattened rice, and sometimes leftover cooked rice. It is cooked on an earthen pan with a rounded bottom. It is fluffy and appears like a bread. It is cooked without the use of oil.
|-
| Amboli, ghavan, dhirde || In coastal parts of Maharashtra, variations known as ''amboli'' and ''ghavan'' are thin rice ''crêpes'' prepared with fermented batter, while ''dhirde'' is prepared with unfermented batter.
|-
| Buttermilk dosa || Semolina, maida, buttermilk<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Neera |title=South Indian Cook Book |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-836-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHua3-_qTcYC&q=Butter+milk+dosa |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Jaggery dosa || Rice flour, maida, grated coconut, [[jaggery]].
|-
|Minapattu
|Very similar to plain dosa, this version tends to be thicker and, compared to plain dosa, it has a greater ratio of urad dal to rice flour or, in some cases, idli rava.
|-
|Maida dosa || The maida dosa batter is made from maida (refined flour) by adding water to get dense consistency; chopped onion, chilli, coriander leaves, and salt are added for taste. Maida dosa is quickly made in many households of Karnataka state, India.
|}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Masala Dosa from Kochi, Kerala, India -2069313.jpg|Masala dosa served traditionally with chutney, sambar, sauteed potato filling
File:Tomato Dosa chutney.jpg|[[Uttapam]] is one of the many varieties of dosa prepared in India and served for breakfast.
File:మినప అట్లు (2).jpg|Urad plain dosa
File:గోధుమపిండి అట్టు (2).jpg|Wheat flour dosa
File:Dosa (Plain).jpg|Plain dosa
File:Paper Masala Dosa.jpg|Paper roast, a wafer-thin crispy dosa, served in restaurants
File:Amini Ghee Roast.jpg|Ghee roast, known as ''nei dosa'' in Tamil
File:Butter Dosa.JPG|Butter dosa, known as ''benne dose'' in Kannada
File:Pesarattu and Ginger chutney.jpg|''Pesarattu'' (moong dal dosa) and ginger chutney in Andhra Pradesh
File:NeerDosa.jpg|Mangalorian ''neer dosa'' popular in South Canara districts, Karnataka
File:Kambu adai.JPG|Kambu (bajra/pearl millet) dosa
File:Rava Dosa of Salem.jpg|Rava dosa made from sooji rava flour, more popular in Karnataka and Udupi restaurants in Mumbai
File:Aate ka dosa.jpg|Wheat batter dosa, known locally as ''godi mau'' or ''godhumai mavvu'' dosa
File:Ragi dosa.JPG|Ragi dosa made of [[ragi flour]] mixed with small portions of rice and urad dal
File:Onion Chilli Tomato Uthappam.jpg|''Uthappam'' or ''utthapa'', a version with onion, chilli, and tomato
File:Methi dosa on a pan.jpg|''Methi dosa'' on a pan, known as ''vendhyam dosai'' in Tamil Nadu
File:Masala Dosa 02.jpg|Masala dosa at a street food center
File:Table Dosa.jpg|"Table dosa" which covers almost half of the table
File:Mysore Mallige Dosey.jpg|Mysore Mallige Dosey
File:Indian dosa masala.jpg|Indian street dosa masala in Varanasi, India
File:Onion Dosey.jpg|Onion dosa, with coconut chutney and potato curry
File:Set Dosey.jpg|Set dosa, a set of 3 dosas with coconut chutney, curry and Mysore [[Bonda (snack)|''bonda'']]
</gallery>

==World record==

On 16 November 2014, 29 chefs, at Hotel Daspalla in Hyderabad, India, created a dosa that was {{convert|16.68|m|abbr=on}} long and weighed {{convert|13.69|kg|abbr=on}}, earning the [[Guinness World Record]] for the longest dosa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Longest Dosa |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-dosa |website=Guinness World Records |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* In a November 2019 video promoting her [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|campaign for presidency]], [[United States]] [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Kamala Harris]] cooked masala dosa with actress and comedian [[Mindy Kaling]].<ref>27 November 2019. [https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/us-presidential-candidate-kamala-harris-cooks-masala-dosas-with-mindy-kaling/article30095372.ece US presidential candidate Kamala Harris cooks masala dosas with Mindy Kaling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723090723/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/us-presidential-candidate-kamala-harris-cooks-masala-dosas-with-mindy-kaling/article30095372.ece |date=23 July 2023 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</ref>
* The 2023 [[Tamil culture]]-inspired [[cooking video game]] ''[[Venba (video game)|Venba]]'' features dosa as an in-game recipe.

==Related foods==
* [[Uttapam]]: a thick relatively soft crepe mostly topped with diced onions, tomatoes, cilantro or cheese, sometimes described as an Indian pizza
* [[Pesarattu]]: made from [[green gram]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], served with a ginger and tamarind chutney
* [[Appam]]: a pancake prepared from patted rice batter, served with sweet coconut milk or sugar
* [[Chakuli pitha]]: the batter contains more black gram and less rice flour
* [[Martabak manis|Apam balik]]: made from a mixture of flour, eggs, sugar, baking soda, coconut milk and water
* [[Jianbing]]: a Chinese dish
* [[Bánh xèo]]: a Vietnamese dish
* [[Lahoh]]: a Somali dish
* [[Injera]]: an Ethiopian dish made with fermented [[teff]] batter

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of fermented foods]]
* [[List of Indian breads]]
* [[List of pancakes]]
* [[Udupi cuisine]]
* [[Cuisine of Kerala]]
* [[South Indian cuisine]]
* [[Thali]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pancakes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Indian bread}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}

[[Category:Dosa (food)| ]]
[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Indian breads]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian breads]]
[[Category:Mangalorean cuisine]]
[[Category:Pancakes]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan pancakes]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Hindu cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian cuisine]]

Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968

2026-03-25T23:35:09Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Short description|1968 act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox legislation
| image = | imagesize = 150
| imagelink = | imagealt = | caption =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the maintenance of certain essential services and the normal life of the community.
| citation = [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/902835/ Act No. 59 of 1968]
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted =
| date_assented =
| date_commenced =
| bill = | bill_citation = | bill_date = | introduced_by = | 1st_reading = | 2nd_reading = | 3rd_reading = | white_paper = | committee_report = | amendments = | repeals = | related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords = essential service, strike
| status = Expired
}}

The '''Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968''' ('''ESMA''') is an [[Act of Parliament|act]] of [[Parliament of India]] which was established to ensure the delivery of certain services, which if obstructed would affect the normal life of the people.<ref>[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/902835/ Indian Kanoon. 'The Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1968.']</ref> This include services like [[Transport in India|public transport (bus services)]], [[Health in India|health services (doctors and hospitals)]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2463046.ece The Hindu. 'RTC staff strike from midnight.']</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2534490.ece ''The Hindu''. 'Telangana: Chief Secretary told to engage JAC in talks.']</ref> The ESMA is a law made by the [[Parliament of India]] under List No. 33 in [[Concurrent List]] of 7th Schedule of [[Constitution of India]]. Hence it maintains national uniformity by providing minimum conditions of essential services across the nation. For any violations in specific regions, [[State governments of India|State governments]] alone or together with other state government can enforce their respective act. Each state has a separate state ''Essential Services Maintenance Act'' with slight variations from the central law in its provisions. Hence, in case the nature of strike disrupts only a state or states, then the states can invoke it. In case of disruption on a national scale, especially railways, the ESMA 1968 can be invoked by central government.

Although it is a very powerful law, which has potential to suppress genuine demands of employees, its execution rests entirely on the discretion of the [[State governments of India|State government]] in normal circumstances. The law has seen little use in India, with many strikes by public transport providers or staff, doctors or Government employees, being continued for weeks without ESMA being invoked by the Union Government or the State Government. There have been instances of citizens approaching courts for implementation of ESMA, and the executive being forced by court orders to declare ESMA over a strike and the strikes being called off overnight.<ref name="STRIKES IN GENCO BANNED; STATE INVOKES ESMA | andhranewsheadlines" >[http://andhranewsheadlines.wordpress.com/2011/07/18/strikes-in-genco-banned-state-invokes-esma/ WordPress AndhraNewsHeadlines.]</ref>

== History ==
The 1968 Act had a [[sunset provision]] of 3 years as per section 1(3) of the Act. Accordingly, the Act expired on 28 December 1971. Subsequently, the Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1981 was enacted, with a sunset provision of 4 years, which was extended to 9 years by the 1985 amendment. Accordingly, the 1981 Act expired on 23 September 1990.

== State Laws ==

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
The law in effect is the ''Andhra Pradesh Essential Services Maintenance Act'' of 1971.<ref name="STRIKES IN GENCO BANNED; STATE INVOKES ESMA | andhranewsheadlines" />

=== Kerala ===
The Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1994. This is the law in effect in the state of [[Kerala]] since 1994. As is the general rule, it has slight variations in the provisions of the law from the central act. What existed before this act was the ''Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance'' of 1993.<ref>[http://www.geocities.ws/paivakil/publiclaw/00699400.html Geocities.ws 'The Kerala Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1994.']</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1905/19050430.htm Hindu. 'In a state of struggle.']{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

=== Rajasthan ===
In Rajasthan this law is known as RESMA (Rajasthan Essential Services Maintenance Act),(1970)

===Karnataka===
The [[Government of Karnataka]] enacted ''Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Act'' in 1994<ref name=esma_dh>{{cite news|last=Kamath|first=Vijesh|title=Esma to be back with more teeth|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/350191/esma-back-more-teeth.html|access-date=9 October 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was in force since 16 April 1994. The life of the act was ten years as per section 1(3) and it lapsed on 15 April 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt may issue an ordinance to counter strike|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-09/bangalore/28040876_1_esma-striking-truckers-essential-services-maintenance-act|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202193019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-09/bangalore/28040876_1_esma-striking-truckers-essential-services-maintenance-act|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=9 October 2013|date=9 January 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN}}</ref> The Government of Karnataka has threatened to invoke the act multiple times since then,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar M|first=Anil|title=Karnataka government to invoke ESMA on striking employees|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/bangalore/33815336_1_esma-ksrtc-indefinite-strike|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916053454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/bangalore/33815336_1_esma-ksrtc-indefinite-strike|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2012|access-date=9 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Government may invoke ESMA against PU teachers|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article381026.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213434/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article381026.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|access-date=9 October 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=16 April 2012|agency=Express News Service}}</ref> even though the act had lapsed in 2004. However, the state has the power to impose the central law without modification unless it enacts a new law suitable for it. The Government of Karnataka has planned to reintroduce ESMA with Karnataka Essential Services Maintenance Bill, 2013 which will be tabled in the winter session of the legislature.<ref name=esma_dh />

Esma has been re-introduced in Karnataka effective from 09/06/2015 as per the gazette notification on 28 May 2015. The term now extends to one year from commencement of the Act and can be extended for six more months.

===Maharashtra===
{{see also|Maharashtra Essential Services Maintenance Act, 2017}}

===Uttar Pradesh===
The state has ''Uttar Pradesh Essential Services Maintenance Act, 1966'' (U.P. Act 30 of 1966), which was amended in 1982 and 1983.<ref>[http://www.bareactslive.com/ALL/up689.htm#0 Text of the Act from ''Bare Acts Live'']</ref> This Act does not have any [[sunset provision]], and gets imposed from time to time, under section 3(1) of the Act, for six months at a time. It was recently imposed on 22 May 2020, 25 November 2020, 25 May 2021 and 16 February 2024.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/cm-adityanath-yogi-invokes-esma-in-uttar-pradesh-bans-strike-for-6-months-1807677-2021-05-27 CM Yogi Adityanath invokes ESMA in Uttar Pradesh, bans strike for 6 months], ''India Today'', 27 May 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-govt-invokes-esma-bans-strikes/story-Hba8l3d9B6khdx1JSgCIqN.html Uttar Pradesh govt invokes ESMA, bans strikes], ''Hindustan Times'', 26 November 2020</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Essential Commodities Act]]

==Notes==
DTC drivers' strike: Delhi government imposes ESMA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dtc-drivers-strike-delhi-government-imposes-esma-2085081|title=DTC drivers' strike: Delhi government imposes ESMA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ESMA-invoked-DTC-strike-over/articleshow/47256789.cms|title=ESMA invoked, DTC strike over | Delhi News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Delhi govt imposes ESMA on doctors on strike. Step was taken as the doctors continued there strike even after government agreed to all their demands. Doctors call off strike hours after AAP govt imposes ESMA.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1968]]

Junagadh State

2026-03-18T06:48:01Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Former princely state in Gujarat, India (1730–1948)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = State of Junagadh
| era =
| year_start = 1730{{cn|date=July 2025}}
| date_start =
| event_start = Founded
| status = State Within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1731–1807) [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1807–1857) [[Princely State]] of the [[British Raj]] (1857–1947)
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Annexation of Junagarh]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Maratha Empire
| flag_p1 =
| image_flag = State Flag of Junaghad.jpg
| flag_type = Flag (1947–48)
| image_coat = Junaghad_State_Emblem_1947.png
| symbol_type = Emblem <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathiyawadikhamir.com/coat-of-arms/coat-of-arms-emblem-junagadh/|title=coat-of-arms-emblem-junagadh | કાઠિયાવાડી ખમીર|first=Kathiyawadi|last=Khamir|date=11 January 2014}}</ref>
| image_map = Junaghad state.jpg
| capital = [[Junagadh]]
| leader_name2 =
| image_map_caption = Location of the State of Junagarh, among all districts (in dark green)
| title_leader = [[Nawab]]
| year_leader1 = 1730– 1758 (first)
| leader1 = Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I
| year_leader2 = 1911–1948 (last)
| leader2 = [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]]
| stat_area1 = 8643
| stat_year1 = 1921
| stat_pop1 = 465,493
| today = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| footnotes =
| s1 = State of Saurashtra
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
}}
[[File:India-GUJARAT.svg|thumb|Modern state of [[Gujarat]], shown within modern borders of India]]
The '''State of Junagadh''' was a [[princely state]] in the [[Kathiawar Peninsula]] of western India, located in present-day [[Gujarat]]. Ruled by the [[Babi dynasty]] of Muslim Nawabs since 1654, it was one of the larger princely states in the region firstly within the [[Maratha Empire]] and later by [[British India]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Junagarh |volume=15 |pages=554–555}}</ref> In 1947, following the [[partition of India]], Junagadh became the subject of a political dispute when its ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan III, acceded to [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] despite the state's predominantly Hindu population and its geographical contiguity with India.<ref name=":0" /> This decision led to unrest and the eventual [[Annexation of Junagadh|intervention]] of the Government of India. After a plebiscite held in 1948, in which an overwhelming majority voted in favor of accession to [[Dominion of India|India]], Junagadh was integrated into the Indian Union and later became part of the state of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Larry |title=Freedom at Midnight |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=2011 |isbn=978-8125931867 |edition=Seventh |pages=556–557 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-05 |title=Explained: When Junagadh voted to join India, and Pakistan got just 91 votes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-when-junagadh-voted-to-join-india-and-pakistan-got-just-91-votes-6540331/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan claims sovereignty over the erstwhile princely state to this day.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==History==
[[File:Janugadh Musuem.jpg|thumb|Janugadh Museum]]

The state of Junagadh was established by the Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]s.{{cn|date=July 2025}} Muhammad Sher Khan Babai was the founder of the [[Babi dynasty|Babi Pashtun dynasty]] of Junagarh in 1654. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagarh, conquered large territories in southern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]].

However, during the collapse of the [[Mughal Empire]], the Babis became involved in a struggle with the [[Gaekwad dynasty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] over control of [[Gujarat]], during the reign of the local Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I. Mohammad Khan Bahadur Khanji I declared independence from the Mughal governor of Gujarat subah, and founded the state of Junagarh in 1730. This allowed the Babi to retain sovereignty of Junagarh and other princely states. During the reign of his heir Junagarh was a tributary to the Maratha Empire,<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&q=Junagadh+Marathas&pg=PA198 |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |page=198 |author1=Georg Pfeffer |author2=Deepak Kumar Behera |year=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170229834 |author1-link=Georg Pfeffer}}</ref> until it came under [[Company rule in India|British suzerainty]] in 1807 under Mohammad Hamid Khanji I,<ref name=EB1911/> following the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]].

In 1807, Junagarh became a British protectorate and the [[East India Company]] took control of the state. By 1818, the [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]] area, along with other [[princely states]] of [[Kathiawar]], were separately administered under the [[Kathiawar Agency]] by [[British India]].

In 1947, during the [[partition of India]], the last Babi dynasty ruler of the state, [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]], decided to accede to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] but [[Annexation of Junagarh|Junagarh was annexed]] by India which was followed by a plebiscite in which the locals voted to stay with India.

==Koli Rebellion==
[[File:Junagadh CoA.jpg|thumb|A coat of arms was granted to Muhammed Mahabat Khanji II at the Durbar in Delhi of 1877, used until 1947.]]
There was a [[Koli people|Koli]] rebellion in Junagarh by Mansa Khant during the reign of [[Nawab]] Sher Khan (the first ruler of Junagarh). He revolted against the ongoing [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Rule]], with [[Uparkot Fort]] serving as his centre of operations. He made a series of raids into the surrounding villages and cities. Nawab Sher Khan was unsuccessful in suppressing the rebellion. Mansa Khant occupied Uparkot for 13 months and continued to carry out numerous raids mostly in the countryside. The nawab was assisted by the ruler of [[Gondal State]], Thakur Sahib Haloji [[Jadeja]] and Arab Jamadar Sheikh Abdullah Zubeidi in his campaign against the rebellion. The combined forces defeated Mansa Khant, captured Uparkot and crushed the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Mansa+Khant&pg=PT94|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, and Identity|last1=Williams|first1=Raymond Brady|last2=Trivedi|first2=Yogi|date=12 May 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199089598|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KOLIS: A FRINGE CATEGORY|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/59303/8/08_chapter%20iv.pdf|website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

==Annexation by India==
{{Main|Annexation of Junagarh}}

In 1947, [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]] joined the council of ministers of Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]], and in May became his [[dewan]] or prime minister.

With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the princely states were left by the British to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent Union of India or Dominion of Pakistan, or become a separate country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Copland |first=Ian |date=1991 |title=The Princely States, the Muslim League, and the Partition of India in 1947 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40106322 |journal=The International History Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=38–69 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1991.9640572 |jstor=40106322 |issn=0707-5332|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Constitutional Advisor to the Nawab, Nabi Baksh, indicated to [[Lord Mountbatten]] that he was recommending that Junagarh should join India. However, upon the advice of Dewan Bhutto, on 15 August 1947, the Nawab announced that Junagarh had acceded to Pakistan. On 16 September, the Government of Pakistan accepted the accession.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=V. P. |last=Menon |title=The Story of Integration of the Indian States |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1956 |url=https://hidf1.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/the-story-of-the-integration-of-the-indian-states-by-v-p-menon.pdf |pages=85–87}}</ref>

India sent its military into Junagarh while the Nawab of Junagarh was in Pakistan and captured the State of Junagarh. The [[Annexation of Junagarh]] by India led to the Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III]] of Junagarh (of the erstwhile Babi Nawab dynasty of Junagarh) living in exile in [[Sindh]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |title=Welcome to Junagadh Municipal Corporation |access-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225220311/http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/history.php |archive-date=25 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Pakistan's claim===
Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with [[Manavadar]] and [[Sir Creek]] in Gujarat, on its official political maps.<ref>
Devirupa Mitra, [https://thewire.in/external-affairs/pakistani-complaint-to-un-over-geospatial-bill-is-a-silly-issue-experts Pakistan Objects to India's Map Bill But its Own 2014 Law Regulates Geospatial Data Too], The Wire, 18 May 2016.
</ref><ref name=":1">
Philip Jagessar, [https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/mapcollection/2019/10/03/pakistan-india-and-mapping-the-contested-accession-of-south-asias-princely-states/ Pakistan, India and mapping the contested accession of South Asia’s princely states], University of Nottingham, 3 October 2019.
</ref><ref name=":2">
{{cite news |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/world/pakistan-unveils-new-political-map-claiming-jammu-india-retorts/ |title=After Nepal, Pakistan unveils new political map; Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh claimed, India retorts |work=The Himalayan Times |date=4 August 2020 |accessdate=4 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Illegal occupation of Junagadh was an act of brazen aggression |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Mar-2021/illegal-occupation-of-junagadh-was-an-act-of-brazen-aggression |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> On 10 December 2020, [[Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Ali|Sultan Ahmed Ali]] took oath as the Dewan of Junagadh State.<ref>{{Cite web |last=news.desk |date=2020-12-12 |title=New prime minister of Junagadh sworn in |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2275654/new-prime-minister-of-junagadh-sworn-in |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== List of rulers ==
{{Sources needed|date=March 2025}}
===Rulers===
{{main|Nawab of Junagarh}}

[[File:Tomb of Mahabat Khan.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Mahabat Khan]]
The [[Nawab]]s of Junagarh belonged to [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] Babi or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)]]. They were granted a 13 [[gun salute]] by the British authorities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html|title=JUNAGADH|first=Henry|last=Soszynski|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* 1730–1758 : Mohammad Bahadur Khanji I or [[Sher Khanji Babi|Mohammad Sher Khanji Babai]]<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 Nawabs of Junagarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209012232/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000002S6U00070000 |date=9 February 2012 }} British Library.</ref>
* 1758–1774: Mohammad Mahabat Khan I
* 1774–1811: Mohammad Hamid Khan I
* 1811–1840: Mohammad Bahadur Khan II
* 1840–1851: Mohammad Hamid Khan II
* 1851–1882: Mohammad Mahabat Khan II
* 1882–1892: Mohammad Bahadur Khan III
* 1892–1911: Mohammad Rasul Khan
* 1911–1948: [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III|Mohammad Mahabat Khan III]] (last ruler before the integration of Junagarh into India)
<gallery>
Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg|Junagarh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century
Mahabat Khan, the Nawab of Junagarh, 1870s.jpg|'''Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II''', the Nawab of Junagarh, with young, Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III, 1870s
Bahadur Khanji III, Nawab of Junagadh, and state officials, 1880s.jpg|'''Bahadur Khanji II''' (r. 1882–1892), Nawab of Junagarh, and state officials, 1880s
Mohammad Rasul Khanji, Nawab of Junagadh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagadh, 1890s.jpg|'''Mohammad Rasul Khanji''', Nawab of Junagarh, Bahaduddinbhai Hasainbhai, Wazier, Junagarh, 1890s
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Annexation of Junagarh]]
*[[Manavadar State]]
*[[V. P. Menon]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Pathans of Gujarat]]
*[[Junagadh State Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{official website|http://www.junagadhstate.org }}
*[http://indiannumismatics.com/about-monograms.php Classic Gallery of Indian Numismatics]
*[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaGujarat2.htm Heraldry of the princely states of Gujarat]
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{coord|21.52|N|70.47|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:1730 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:Former protectorates]]
[[Category:States under the Kathiawar Agency]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Swami Achootanand

2026-03-15T05:08:10Z

ItsNaviGrewal: enhance layout for clarity

{{short description|Indian poet and social reformer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swami Achootanand
| image =
| caption = portrait of ''Swami Achutanand''
| birth_name = Hira Lal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1879|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Umri, Sirsaganj|Umri]], [[Sirsaganj]], [[Mainpuri]] (now [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]])
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1933|07|20}}
| death_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| occupation = Social Reformer, Founder of Adi Hindu Movement
| years_active = 1923–1933
}}

'''Swami Achhootanand''', also known as '''Achutanand''' or '''Hariharanand''', was a 20th century Indian anti-caste intellectual, [[Dalit]] writer, and social reformer. A former [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samaji]], he became disillusioned with the Arya Samaj and established the Adi [[Hindu reform movements|Hindu movement]]. He was a poet, critic, dramatist, and historian.

==Early life==

Achhootanand was born on 6 May 1879<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harshvardhan |first= |last2=Mogha |first2=Shivam |title=Remembering Swami Achutanand: The Pioneer of Dalit Identity and Consciousness in North India |url=https://thewire.in/caste/remembering-swami-achutanand-the-pioneer-of-dalit-identity-and-consciousness-in-north-india |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> in a [[Chamar]] ([[Jatav]]{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}}) family in the Umari village of [[Mainpuri district]].{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=34}} His parents Moti Ram and Ram Piari followed the [[Kabir panth]]. His father and uncles, Kalu Ram and Subedar Mathura Prasad and elder brother, Subedar Bant Lal, were all in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Badri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&q=swami+achhutanand+chamar+caste&pg=PT105|title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-670-0|language=en}}</ref>

He was raised at the [[Deolali|Devlali]] military cantonment in present-day Maharashtra, where his father was employed. For a Dalit at the time, he received relatively good education: the Christian missionaries at the cantonment school taught him to read Urdu, English, Hindi, and Gurumukhi.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=34}}

== Arya Samaj ==

As a teenager, Achootanand became a follower of the religious leader Swami Sacchidananda, who taught him Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, and Sanskrit languages. During the age 14-24, he traveled across north India with mendicant saints. According to his biographer, [[Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu]], he read a variety of religious literature, including the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''; the ''[[Bijak]]'' of [[Kabir]]; the works of various other [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti poets]] (including [[Dadu Dayal]], [[Ravidas]] and [[Namdev]]); [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]]'s Bengali translation of the ''[[Rig Veda]]''; and several history books.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=35}}

Achootanand became an enthusiastic participant in the [[Arya Samaj]] social reform campaigns. He adopted the name "Harihar", and worked on the ''[[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddi]]'' (re-conversion to Hinduism) ritual campaigns, that sought to prevent the lower castes from converting to Islam or Christianity.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=37}}

After a few years of working with the Arya Samaj, he became disillusioned with the organization. He came to believe that the Hindu social reformers were only concerned about the declining strength of the Hindus in the colonial census: they had no intention of working towards actual social equality.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=37}}

==Adi Hindu movement==

After facing caste-based discrimination within the Arya Samaj movement, Achootanand left Arya Samaj.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}} He gave up his Arya Samaj name "Harihar",{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=37}} and adopted the name "Achutanand", literally "somebody whose bliss is untouched" or "somebody who rejoices with the untouched/untouchables".{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}} The word "Achut" was used as a deorgatory term, and was commonly thought to mean "[[untouchability|untouchable]]"; Achutanand interpreted it as "untouched", implying purity.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=37}}

Achootanand opposed the Arya Samaj and the [[Indian National Congress]] (whose leaders in Kanpur included Arya Samajis) using sharp rhetoric.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=109}} In 1919, he launched the ''All India Achhut Caste Reform Sabha'' ("All India Untouchable Caste Reform Assembly"). In the 1920s, he labeled the Congress a [[Brahmins|Brahmanical]] organization, opposed the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]], and supported the visit of [[Prince of Wales]] [[Edward VIII|Edward]] to India. By 1922, he had become widely popular among the local untouchables.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=74}}

He started campaigning against the Arya Samaj through his writings and protests. He was invited to Delhi and successfully debated with Arya Samaji leader, Swami Akhilanand over scriptures. He then laid the foundation of "Jati Sudhar Achhoot Sabha'" and was conferred the title of "Shri 108" by proposal of Arya preacher, Pandit Ramchandra & Naubat Singh, the minister of Shahdara Samaj in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jigyasu |first=Chandrika Prasad |title=Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu Granthavali, Part 2 |pages=351}}</ref>

In 1922, Achootanand led Chamars out of Arya Samaj to establish the Adi Hindu movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saga of Dalits' assertion |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/saga-of-dalits-assertion-648789 |newspaper=The Tribune |language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> He thus pioneered the first social reform movement for Dalits in the Hindi belt.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayan|first=Badri|date=2019-05-15|title=The Bahujan movement needs to reinvent itself|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-bahujan-movement-needs-to-reinvent-itself/article27130228.ece |access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He portrayed the [[untouchability|untouchables]] as "Adi Hindus" ("original Hindus"), the original, peace-loving, and cultured inhabitants of India, who had been enslaved after the [[Aryan invasion theory|Aryan conquest]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}} Apparently influenced by [[Jyotirao Phule]], he portrayed the upper castes as foreign invaders, who exploited the lower castes.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=33}} Following the [[Ad-Dharmi|Ad Dharm]] movement of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], he chose the medieval low-caste saint [[Ravidas]] as a central figure of the movement.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=105}} The Adi Hindu ideology considered [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] as the original religious tradition of India, encouraging direct interaction between the devotee and the god, and discouraging the use of Brahmin priests and Vedic rituals as intermediaries.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=34}}

In 1925, Achootanand settled at [[Kanpur]], where several Dalit entrepreneurs and businessmen lived.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}} The Adi Hindu movement became popular in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], and attracted untouchables from a variety of backgrounds including the first-generation educated, village headmen, and rich businessmen.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=105}} His closest followers were the Dalit elites, such as the Chamar merchants, who had become prosperous through involvement in British leather trade.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=106}} Most of his close associates came from the Chamar caste: Gauri Shankar Aherwar, Jhamlal Aherwar, Girdhari Lal Kuril, and Chaudhari Ram Dayal Kuril. His other close associates included Shivprasad Bareta (a [[Dhobi]]) and Maikulal (a [[Kori (caste)|Kori]]).{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=107}}

Achootanand held eight ''All India Adi Hindu Conferences'' at Delhi (1923), Nagpur (1924), Hyderabad (1925), Madras (1926), Allahabad (1927), Bombay (1928), Amravati (1929), and again, Allahabad (1930). He also organized three special ''Adi Hindu Conferences'' at Delhi, Meerut, and Allahabad. In addition, he held 15 state-level conferences at various places in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=105}}

By 1930, Achootanand's Adi Hindu conferences attracted participation from members of several lower castes, including Chamars, Dhobis, [[Pasi (caste)|Pasis]], [[Bhangi]]s ([[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]]), [[Kureel]]s, [[Dhusia]]s and Koris.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=73}}

== Support for Ambedkar ==

On 22 February 1928, Achootanand shared stage with the Dalit leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] during the ''All India Adi Hindu Sabha'' meeting.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=111}}

Achootanand welcomed [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]], the Prince of Wales and even demanded proposals for [[Depressed classes|Depressed Classes]] which was going to be submitted before [[Simon Commission]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kshīrasāgara|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&q=Swami+Achhutanand&pg=PA328|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|date=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|language=en}}</ref> While the Congress opposed the Simon Commission, the Adi Hindus welcomed it, because it recognized the Dalits on a national political platform.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=112-114}} On 30 November 1928, Achootanand met Ambedkar in Lucknow, during the Simon Commission hearing.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=111}} During [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] held in London in 1931, he supported Ambedkar through telegrams and created awareness on the issue among the untouchables of Kanpur.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|pp=114-115}}

Achootanand strongly opposed the use of the term "[[Harijan]]", coined by the Congress leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]], to refer to the untouchables.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swami Achhootanand 'Harihar': A profile|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/02/swami-achhootanand-harihar-a-profile/ |author=Kanwal Bharti |date=2019-02-08|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>

In 1932, when Gandhi declared a fast-unto-death to oppose the separate electorates granted to untouchable Hindus through the [[Communal Award]], Achootanand advised Ambedkar to compromise with Gandhi, fearing reprisals against untouchables in case of Gandhi's death.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=115}}

==Literary career==

Achootanand initiated a new stream of Dalit pamphlet literature in [[Hindi]] language, in the 1920s.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=27}} To raise awareness among the Depressed Classes, he started his own publication, and composed poetry under the pen name '''Harihar'''. Achootanand was one of the pioneers of [[Dalit literature]] in Hindi.<ref name="Ramacandra">{{Cite book|last=Kshīrasāgara|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&q=Swami+Achhutanand&pg=PA4|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|date=1994|publisher=M.D. |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|language=en}}</ref>

In 1922, he started his first monthly paper ''Achut'' from [[Delhi]], but it closed down in 1923. Later, he started ''Prachin Hindu'', but that too closed within a year. He then established the Adi Hindu Press and published ''The Adi-Hindu Journal'' from Kanpur during 1924–1932.<ref name="Ramacandra" />

Achootanand was a philosopher-poet and also a playwright. His Hindi books include:
* ''Shambuk Balidan'', drama
* ''Achhut Pukar'', religious songs
* ''Mayanand Balidan'' (biography)
* ''Pakhand Khandani''
* ''Adi-Vansh Ka Danka''

== Death ==

His health worsened after the Virat Adi Hindu Conference held at [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]] in 1932. He died in 1933 at Zhabar Idgah in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

He was buried in a graveyard near the Nazirabad Police Station in Kanpur. In 1974, Rajendranath Aherwar, the eldest son of his associate Gauri Shankar Aherwar, set up the ''Sri 108 Swami Achutanand Smarak Samiti'' ("Honorable 108 Swami Achutanand Memorial Committee"). The Committee held celebrations on his birth anniversary, annually on 3 May.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=116}}

[[Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu]] wrote a biography of Achutanand, titled ''Swami Achutanand 'Harihar''' (1968).{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=35, 252}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp |editor=Peter Schalf |title=Neuer Buddhismus als gesellschaftlicher Entwurf |year=2011 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-8076-9 |doi=10.1515/olzg-2015-0120 |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:472905/FULLTEXT01.pdf }}
* {{cite book |author=Sarah Beth Hunt |title=Hindi Dalit Literature and the Politics of Representation |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-73629-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHc9BAAAQBAJ }}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India |year=2003 |publisher=C. H. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=1850656703}}
{{ref end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achootanand, Swami}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:People from Firozabad district]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]
[[Category:Dalit]]

Prem Sagar (cinematographer)

2026-03-15T03:54:40Z

ItsNaviGrewal: made new pg...

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer, director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Sagar
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 31 August 2025 (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| image =
| parents = {{ubl|[[Ramanand Sagar]] (father)|
Leelavati (mother)}}
| occupation = [[cinematographer]], director
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| website = }}
'''Prem Sagar''' was a veteran cinematographer, director, producer, and screenwriter, primarily active in Hindi cinema and television.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Shiv Sagar On Father Prem Sagar's Death: He Was Diagnosed With Colon Cancer A Month Ago |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shiv-sagar-says-an-era-gone-as-he-mourns-loss-of-father-prem-sagar-9194432|publisher=NDTV| date = 1 September 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Prem was an alumnus of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII), Pune, from the 1968 batch. At FTII, he received the gold medal for the best academic student and the silver medal for the best-photographed student film.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Shiv Sagar On Father Prem Sagar's Death: He Was Diagnosed With Colon Cancer A Month Ago |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shiv-sagar-says-an-era-gone-as-he-mourns-loss-of-father-prem-sagar-9194432|publisher=NDTV| date = 1 September 2025}}</ref>

Prem served as a cinematographer on notable movies like [[Charas (1976 film)|''Charas'']] (1976), ''[[Lalkar]]'' (1972), ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973), and [[Hamrahi (1974 film)|''Hamrahi'']] (1974).<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/prem-sagar/|publisher=Penguin | date = 6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|title = Lalkar (1972)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWJ6ColWjlY| date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>

He played a key role in developing and marketing several highly popular Indian television serials. Besides that, he contributed to their visual identity as a still photographer and cinematographer. These serials include ''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]'', [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']], ''[[Luv Kush]]'', [[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|''Shri Krishna'']], ''[[Alif Laila]]'', and ''Prithviraj Chauhan''.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar, son of legendary filmmaker Ramanand Sagar, passes away; Arun Govil pays last respects|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prem-sagar-son-of-legendary-filmmaker-ramanand-sagar-passes-away-arun-govil-pays-last-respects-10222328/|publisher=The Indian Express| date = 31 August 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Dipika Chikhlia mourns the demise of Ramanand Sagar's son, Prem Sagar: 'He always called me their family member'|author=Shruti Sampat |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-dipika-chikhlia-mourns-the-demise-of-ramanand-sagar-son-prem-sagar-23592459|publisher=Mid-day| date = 4 September 2025 }}</ref>

''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]'' is considered the first fantasy serial on Indian television. [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']], originally aired on [[Doordarshan]], India’s national public service broadcaster, is one of the most-watched television serials in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar Passes Away At 82 |url=https://indiawest.com/prem-sagar-passes-away-at-82/|publisher=India West Journal | date = 1 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar, son of legendary filmmaker Ramanand Sagar, passes away; Arun Govil pays last respects|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/prem-sagar-son-of-legendary-filmmaker-ramanand-sagar-passes-away-arun-govil-pays-last-respects-10222328/|publisher=The Indian Express| date = 31 August 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Author Prem Sagar unveils his new book "An Epic Life: Ramanand Sagar – From Barsaat to Ramayan|url=https://globalprimenews.com/2019/12/18/author-prem-sagar-unveils-his-new-book-an-epic-life-ramanand-sagar-from-film-barsaat-to-ramayan/|publisher=Global Prime News | date = 17 December 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
Prem has received fifteen awards for cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/prem-sagar/|publisher=Penguin| date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>

==Personal==
Prem is the son of filmmaker [[Ramanand Sagar]], who created the well-known television series [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']] under the banner of [[Sagar Films|Sagar Arts]].

Prem died at his residence in Mumbai on August 31, 2025, at the age of 81. He is survived by his son and television producer Shiv Sagar.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Shiv Sagar On Father Prem Sagar's Death: He Was Diagnosed With Colon Cancer A Month Ago |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shiv-sagar-says-an-era-gone-as-he-mourns-loss-of-father-prem-sagar-9194432|publisher=NDTV| date = 1 September 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
'''As cinematographer/technical advisor'''<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/prem-sagar/|publisher=Penguin | date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Lalkar]]'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite AV media|title = Lalkar (1972)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWJ6ColWjlY| date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973)
*[[Hamrahi (1974 film)|''Hamrahi'']] (1974)
*[[Charas (1976 film)|''Charas'']] (1976)
*[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|''Prem Bandhan'']] (1979)
*[[Pyaara Dushman|''Pyara Dushman'']] (1980)
*[[Armaan (1981 film)|''Armaan'']] (1981)
*[[Baghavat|''Bhagawat'']] (1982)
*[[Baadal (1985 film)|''Badal'']] (1985)
*[[Salma (1985 film)|''Salma'']] (1985)

'''As director'''
*[[Hum Tere Aashiq Hain|''Hum Tere Ashiq Hain'']] (1979)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/prem-sagar/|publisher=Penguin | date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>

'''As actor'''<ref>{{Cite news|title = Ramanand Sagar's son Prem Sagar dies at 81 |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/ramanand-sagar-s-son-prem-sagar-dies-at-81-11756652889581.html|publisher=Mint| date = 31 August 2025}}</ref>
*[[Namak Halaal|''Namak Halal'']] (1982)
*''[[Sagar Sangam]]'' (1988)
*''[[Jawani Zindabad]]'' (1990)
*''[[Nishchaiy]]'' (1992)
*''[[Ek Ladka Ek Ladki]]'' (1992)

'''As producer and director of the television series'''
*[[Vikram Aur Betaal|''Vikram aur Betaal'']] (1985)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Prem Sagar|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/prem-sagar/|publisher=Penguin | date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Alif Laila]]'' (1993 to 1997)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Ramanand Sagar's son Prem Sagar dies at 81 |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/ramanand-sagar-s-son-prem-sagar-dies-at-81-11756652889581.html|publisher=Mint| date = 31 August 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Luv Kush]]'' (1988 to 1989)
*''Sai Baba'' (2005 to 2009)
*''Prithviraj Chauhan'' (2006 to 2009)
*''Prithviraj Chauhan'' (2006-2009)
*''Durga'' (2008)
*''Chandragupta Maurya'' (2011 to 2012)

'''As co-producer of the television series''' (along with [[Ramanand Sagar]] and Subhash Sagar)
*[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']] (1987)<ref>{{Cite AV media|title = Ramayan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RG3Hqth0Eus|date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[Shri Krishna (1993 TV series)|''Shri Krishna'']] (1993-1999)<ref>{{Cite AV media|title = Shri Krishna|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOgw-okvBMA&list=PLFPJRCFRDARR9IkjkVi6O9ue5DjKiKtkI|date = 6 October 2025}}</ref>

'''As writer and producer of the television series'''
*''Kaamdhenu Gaumata'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite news|title = Exclusive - Harleen Kaur Rekhi on working with late Prem Sagar: He treated me like family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-harleen-kaur-rekhi-on-working-with-late-prem-sagar-he-treated-me-like-family/articleshow/123741840.cms|publisher=Times of India | date = 7 September 2025}}</ref>

==Publications==
''An Epic Life - Ramanand Sagar: From Barsaat to Ramayan'' by Prem Sagar, Penguin, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Before making Ramayana, Ramanand Sagar read 14 versions of it, reveals son Prem Sagar India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/before-making-ramayana-ramanand-sagar-read-14-versions-of-it-reveals-son-prem-sagar-619033|publisher=India TV| date = 20 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]

Dolly Guleria

2026-03-10T08:35:25Z

ItsNaviGrewal: cleaned up citations as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dolly Guleria
| image = DollyGuleria.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|04|14}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay, India]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]]|[[Sufi]]|[[Ghazals]]|[[Gurbani]]|[[Film]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|[[Playback singing|playback artist]]}}
| years_active = 1966-till date
| label = DO RE ME Creations
| associated_acts = [[Surinder Kaur]] (mother), [[Parkash Kaur]] (aunt), Sunaini Sharma (daughter) Rhea (granddaughter)
| website = {{url|dollyguleria.com}}
}}
'''Dolly Guleria''' (born 14 April 1949) is an Indian vocalist, primarily a folk singer in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] with expertise in Punjabi Folk, Shabad Gurbani, Sufi and Ghazal genres of Music. She is the daughter of Professor Jogindra Singh and the legendary folk singer [[Surinder Kaur]], popularly known as 'The Nightingale of Punjab'.<ref name=indianexpress19991004>{{cite news |title=Ru-ba-ru with Dolly Guleria |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ru-ba-ru-with-dolly-guleria/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=4 October 1999 |accessdate=1 April 2011 }}</ref>

==Career==
During her medical studies, Guleria sought a career as a doctor. In 1970 she married Army Officer Col. S.S.Guleria<ref name=indianexpress20100618>{{cite news |title=Working Partners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/working-partners/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=18 June 2010 |accessdate=1 April 2011 }}</ref> and has a daughter, Sunaini Sharma, and two sons, Dilpreet Singh and Amanpreet Singh. After settling down with motherhood she was encouraged by her husband to continue her training in classical music on getting an opportunity to become the disciple of a very learned [[Ustad]], 'Khan Sahib’
Abdul Rehman Khan, of 'Patiala Gharana' who trained her in the field of classical music.<ref name=tribune19980731>{{cite news |title=Her mother's daughter |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul31/art-trib.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=31 July 1998 |accessdate=1 April 2011 }}</ref>

Under the able guidance of her Ustad, she chose to release her solo debut album in Gurbani in ''Ragas'' and sang "Rehraas Sahib" the evening 'Paath' in its original ragas. Subsequently, albums were released of Punjabi folk songs, some with her mother<ref>{{cite news |title=Nightingale of Punjab: Surinder Kaur |url=http://positivenewsnetwork.in/index.php/2020/06/14/surinder-kaur/ |website=positivenewsnetwork.in|date=14 June 2020 |accessdate=2 January 2021 }}</ref> and some solo including Shabad Kirtan, the poetry of Shiv Kumar Batalvi,<ref name=indianexpress19991004/> Bhai Veer Singh and other renowned writers.<ref name=tribune19980731/>

She has also contributed her voice as a playback singer in Punjabi films such as ''Rab Dian Rakhaan'', ''Deson Pardes'' and ''Main Maa Punjab Di''.<ref name=tribune19980731/>

==Recognition==
During her goodwill and cultural exchange visit to Pakistan in November 1997 she and her daughter Sunaini Sharma enthralled the audience of Pakistan at the Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore and in Faisalabad (Lyallpur) at the Chenab Club with her music. She was honoured with a golden plaque of Minar-e-Pakistan<ref name=tribune19980731/> and a Gold Medal her outstanding contribution.

==Personal life==
Guleria prioritizes live performances, citing the immediate rapport with audiences as a key influence on her work. She is dedicated to preserving traditional Punjabi music in its original form.<ref>{{cite news |title=Song Sung True |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/song-sung-true/780050/2 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=23 April 2011 |accessdate=22 January 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Surinder Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Tributes paid to legendary music maestro Surinder Kaur|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/tributes-paid-to-legendary-music-maestro-surinder-kaur-866241|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Parkash Kaur]]
*[[Asa Singh Mastana]]
*[[List of Punjabi singers]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guleria, Dolly}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women folk singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1949 births]]

Ghost (2019 film)

2026-03-07T03:50:10Z

ItsNaviGrewal: improved article

{{short description|2019 film by Vikram Bhatt}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghost
| image = Ghost Film Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]] Vikram Bhatt
| writer = '''Story & Screenplay:''' [[Vikram Bhatt]] '''Dialogues:''' [[Vikram Bhatt]] [[Srivinay Salian]]
| starring = [[Gayathiri Iyer]] [[Sanaya Irani]] [[Shivam Bhaargava]]
| music = '''Songs''' Nayeem –Shabir [[Sanjeev–Darshan]] [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] Sonal Pradhan Vinay Ram Tiwari '''Score:''' Sangeet 
Siddharth Haldipur
| cinematography = [[Prakash Kutty]]
| editing = Kuldip Mehan
| studio = [[Pooja Entertainment]] Vashu Bhagnani Production
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Cine Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|10|18|df=y|}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}1.82 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ghost-2/box-office/|title=Ghost Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=20 October 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ghost''''' is a 2019 Indian [[horror thriller]] film written and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and produced by [[Vashu Bhagnani]] Production. The film bankrolled by Loneranger Productions, features [[Sanaya Irani]] and [[Shivam Bhaargava]] in the lead roles. The story of the film follows Karan Khanna (played by Bhaargava), a politician of Indian origin in the [[United Kingdom]], who is accused of killing his wife. He tells his lawyer that a spirit committed the murder and should be tried.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/premise-of-vikram-bhatts-next-can-a-spirit-be-tried-for-murder/articleshow/67713347.cms|title=Premise of Vikram Bhatt's next: Can a spirit be tried for murder?|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ghost-first-poster-of-vikram-bhatts-upcoming-horror-film-starring-sanaya-irani-released-7357471.html|title=Ghost: First poster of Vikram Bhatt's upcoming horror film, starring Sanaya Irani, released|date=17 September 2019|publisher=First Post|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2018 in [[London]]. It was released on 18 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/first-look-vikram-bhatt-unveils-the-poster-of-his-next-ghost/490530|title=[FIRST LOOK] Vikram Bhatt unveils the poster of Sanaya Irani starrer Ghost|website=Times Now News|date=17 September 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts with a girl named Barkha Khanna, supposedly killed by a vengeful ghost in her room which is later noticed by her husband, Karan Khanna, a political figure from [[England]]. The [[Metropolitan Police]] force subsequently arrest him, accusing him of murdering his wife.

Meanwhile, Simran, a lawyer having her own stress-related issues and with a dependency on morphine, is going through an emotional time as her father recently died and her boyfriend (a judge) too broke up with her. Simran, after the insistence of Karan's campaign manager, Bob, reluctantly agrees to take on the case. After getting him out on bail, she learns that Karan and Barkha were not a happy couple and Karan, on Valentine's Day, saw someone sending a locket to Barkha. Karan suspected that his wife is having an affair and himself started an affair as a result. However, his wife was killed one night, and CCTV footage shows Karan entering his apartment at 2 am and leaving at 4 am (which is the time of death of his wife) and again entering the apartment at 6 am and all the evidence is pointing against him.

However, Karan claims that he spent that night at Bob's apartment as he was not able to drive. Meanwhile, Bob notices something and departs for a mental institute in Leeds. He calls Karan, telling him that he knows whose spirit is doing all these but before he could tell who is behind all these, Bob himself is killed by that ghost who had previously killed Barkha. After more investigation, Simran found that Karan was with a girl on the night his wife died but that girl was missing in the police report. After consulting a demonologist, it was revealed that that girl was possessed and Karan was also possessed, and being under possession he actually killed Barkha and that's why he didn't remember that night very much. Further, it was revealed that Barkha was in a lesbian relationship with a girl but instead married Karan for fame and money. When that girl blackmailed Barkha to tell the truth or bear the consequences, she was taken to the mental institute. There she met Simran's father, a doctor. That girl committed suicide so that she can take revenge on those three after becoming a ghost. She gave a locket to Simran's father and told him to deliver it to Barkha after her death. It was also revealed that the locket contained all her power. Later the missing girl was found dead and the blame fell upon Karan. Simran, with the help of her ex-boyfriend, conducted an exorcism during which the ghost took control over Karan. Simran broke the locket in the nick of time. Thus, Karan got saved and finally proved his innocence. Karan and Simran confess their love for each other. Later Karan gave a party in his house after winning the election, and a cellmate of the deceased girl gave him a box. Unknown to Karan, it had the broken locket inside, indicating that the curse is not over yet.

==Cast==
* [[Sanaya Irani]] as Simran Singh (Defence Lawyer)
* [[Shivam Bhaargava]] as Karan Khanna
* [[Hazel Crowney]] as Neena (psychic)
* [[Gayathiri Iyer]] as Barkha Khanna (Karan's wife)
* [[Vikram Bhatt]] as Dr. Singh, Simran's father
* Caroline Wilde as Rachel
* Rabia Maddah as Mel
* Ameet Channa as Bob
* Gary Heron as Judge Francis D'Zouza

==Production==
The film is based on a newspaper article in which the British Court had allowed a matter involving spirits to be tried.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/latest-news/vikram-bhatts-upcoming-flick-ghost-aims-to-raise-the-bar-of-the-horror-genre|title=Vikram Bhatt's upcoming flick 'Ghost' aims to raise the bar of the horror genre - AnimationXpress|website=AnimationXpres|date=12 June 2019 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the film started on 17 November 2018 in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sanaya-irani-begins-shooting-her-debut-film-ghost-431968|title=Sanaya Irani begins shooting for her debut film 'Ghost'|website=PINKVILLA|date=20 November 2018|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601111245/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/sanaya-irani-begins-shooting-her-debut-film-ghost-431968|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reception==
Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of [[The Times of India]] gave the film two out of five, writing, "In the end, ‘Ghost’ offers nothing new, not in terms of storytelling nor in evoking a fear with the usual thrills and spills. This one's another shot in the dark in what has become one of the most underutilised genres in Bollywood right now."<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ghost/movie-review/71649248.cms| title = Ghost Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Ghost by Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Namrata Thakker of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film one out of five, writing, "The film drags on until the climax, by which time you feel like walking out of the theatre."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-ghost-review/20191018.htm| title = The Ghost Review - Rediff.com}}</ref>

Ghost performed poorly at the box office with a collection of {{INR}}1.82 [[crore]] and was considered a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ghost-2/box-office/| title = Ghost Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama| website = [[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ghost
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Nayeem –Shabir]], [[Sanjeev–Darshan]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Sonal Pradhan]] and Vinay Ram Tiwari
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 September 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ghost/k3m82pI6MHk_|title=Ghost - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=30 September 2019 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = [[Aditya Dev Studio]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:14
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{YouTube|mq_ZyAfXcTM|Audio Jukebox}}
}}

This music of the film is composed by Nayeem –Shabir, [[Sanjeev–Darshan]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], Sonal Pradhan and Vinay Ram Tiwari with lyrics written by [[Shakeel Azmi]], Sanjeev-Ajay, [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], Sonal Pradhan and [[Rashmi Virag]].

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 33:14
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dil Maang Raha Hai
| extra1 = [[Yasser Desai]]
| music1 = Sanjeev–Darshan
| lyrics1 = Sanjeev-Ajay
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Jaltey Bujhtey
| note2 = Female
| extra2 = Akanksha Sharma
| music2 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| lyrics2 = Arko
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Rooh Ka Rishta
| extra3 = Arko
| music3 = [[Sonal Pradhan]]
| lyrics3 = Sonal Pradhan
| length3 = 4:36
| title4 = Ye Jo Ho Raha Hai
| extra4 = [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| music4 = Vinay Ram Tiwari
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length4 = 5:16
| title5 = Janmo Janam
| extra5 = Yasser Desai
| music5 = Nayeem - Shabir
| lyrics5 = Shakeel Azmi
| length5 = 5:37
| title6 = Mujhe Ishq Sikha Karke
| extra6 = [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| music6 = [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
| lyrics6 = Sanjeev-Ajay
| length6 = 2:41
| title7 = Jaltey Bujhtey
| note7 = Duet
| extra7 = Arko, Aakanksha Sharma
| music7 = Arko
| lyrics7 = Arko
| length7 = 3:53
| title8 = Rooh Ka Rishta
| extra8 = Yasser Desai
| music8 = Sonal Pradhan
| lyrics8 = Sonal Pradhan
| length8 = 4:41
| all_writing =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9378950}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ghost-2}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vikram Bhatt]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror thriller films]]

Viraat (film)

2026-03-03T21:37:05Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating a entry

{{short description|2016 Kannada film directed by H. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viraattt
| image =Viraat Kannada poster.jpg
| caption = Viraattt
| director = H. Vasu
| writer = M. S. Ramesh
| producer = C. Kalyan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]]
*Chaitra Chandranath
*[[Isha Chawla]]
*[[Vidisha (actress)|Vidisha Shrivastav]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
*[[V. Harikrishna]]
*[[Raghu Kunche]]
}}
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar
| studio = {{plainlist|
*Teja Cinemas
*C.K Entertainment
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
*Sri Veeranjaneya Swamy Productions
*Mayoora Films
*Surya Films
*M. N. Kumar
*N. G. Chandrappa
}}
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| released = {{film date|2016|01|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''Viraattt''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by H. Vasu and written by M. S. Ramesh. The film, produced by C. Kalyan under Theja Cinemas banner, features [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/darshan-viraat-next-kannada-news-147806.html|title=Darshan 'Viraat' next|work=Indiaglitz|date=30 November 2015}}</ref> whilst newcomers [[Vidisha (actress)|Vidhisha Srivatsav]], [[Isha Chawla]] and Chaitra Chandranath play the female lead characters. [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] and [[Sumalatha]] play crucial supporting roles. [[V. Harikrishna]] has composed the soundtrack and background score, while the dialogues and screenplay were written by M. S. Ramesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/78109.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218034205/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/78109.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2012 |title=Suhasini is chief minister – Kannada Movie News |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref>

The film which was earlier slated for a 2012 release underwent significant delays during the making due to the earlier producer and director tussles which ended up in the producer Sandesh Nagaraj walking out of the film. The film was eventually shelved and later was taken up by [[CK Entertainments|C. Kalyan]], a [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]-based producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/sandalwood-film-news/viraat-shooting-resume|title=Viraat shooting to resume|publisher=YTalkies|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>

''Viraattt'' was released on 29 January 2016, where it received mixed to negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/desimartini-epaper-desimart/darshan-starrer-viraats-release-postponed-to-january-29-newsid-48424328|title=Darshan Starrer Viraat's Release Postponed To January 29?|publisher=Daily Hunt|access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Viraattt Prasad is a [[business magnate]] who faces oppositions for his [[Thermal power station|thermal power]] project from another business magnate Surendra Singh. Viraat's trouble also increases when three girls Keerthi, Spoorthi and Preethi falls in love with him, where he decides to test them in order to prove their love.

==Cast==
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Viraat Prasad
* [[Isha Chawla]] as Preethi
* [[Vidisha Srivastava]] as Spoorthi
* Chaitra Chandranath as Keerthi
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Chief Minister
* [[Sumalatha]] as Viraat's mother
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Surendra Singh
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
* [[Padma Vasanthi]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Thulasi Shivamani]]

==Production==
The official launch and the first schedule shooting of Viraat began on 27 February 2012. The film considered to be a big budget venture with a big glass house worth crores of rupees is being made at the Bababudangiri Hills for the first 15 days shooting schedule. Actress [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] played the role of a powerful Chief Minister for the first time in her career.

==Reception==

The ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave the movie 3 stars. Its review said, "[T]he film has its moments but the film isn't exactly a must-watch, except for the hero's fans", and added, "[T]he plot is more like the TV reality show ''[[The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)|The Bachelor]]''".<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Viraat/articleshow/50776121.cms Movie Review: Viraat]</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Viraattt
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 January 2016
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:54
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music for the film is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] who is the regular composer for [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]'s films. A single song is composed and sung by [[Raghu Kunche]], making his debut in Kannada cinema. The song "Gandasu Safety Pin" is a recreation of Kunche's [[Telugu language|Telugu]] song "Ramanamma" from the film ''[[Bumper Offer]]''.

The audio launch was held on January 12, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12739-virat-audio-release-on-january-12th.html|title=Virat Audio Release on January 12th|publisher=Chitraloka|date=11 January 2016}}</ref> The audio rights has been bought by [[Lahari Music]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Bombdi Bajaaysu
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Gandasu Safety Pin({{small|composed by [[Raghu Kunche]]}})
| extra2 = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length2 = 4:21
| title3 = Ivanobba Olle Huduga
| extra3 = [[Ramya NSK]]
| lyrics3 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length3 = 4:04
| title4 = Le Le Avnu Nanna Would Be Kane
| extra4 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]], Sangeetha Ravindranath
| lyrics4 = V. Nagendra Prasad
| length4 = 4:10
| title5 = Maathella Marethe Hoythu
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Munjaane Suriva Manjali
| extra6 = [[Santhosh Venky]], Anuradha Bhat
| lyrics6 = Kaviraj
| length6 = 3:57
}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3686256}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Kunche]]
[[Category:2016 action films]]

List of honorary titles of Indian leaders

2026-03-03T06:19:06Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Short description|Titles of Indian leaders}}
The following is the list of [[Title of honor|honorary title]]s given to various [[India]]n leaders during [[Indian independence struggle]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Honorary title
! Meaning
! Statesman
!Photos
|-
|Azad
|"Free" ([[Urdu]])
Figuratively = "The Freed Soul"
| [[Chandra Shekhar Azad|Chandra Shekhar Tiwari]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/champaran-flower-drive-to-honour-bapu-213413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306084208/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/champaran-flower-drive-to-honour-bapu-213413|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2018|title=Champaran flower drive to honour Bapu|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bapu-tower-soon-at-bihar-vidyapeeth/articleshow/62795367.cms|title=Bapu tower soon at Bihar Vidyapeeth - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Chandrasekhar_Azad.jpg|frameless|141x141px]]
|-
|• Babasaheb

• Mooknayak
| "The Respected Father" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]). "[[Baba (honorific)|''Baba'']]" = "father" and "[[Sahib|''Saheb'']]" = "sir" 
"Captain of the Voiceless" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]) ([[Hindi]]). "''Mook''" = "Voiceless" and "''Nayak''" = "Captain".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sanskrit - Dictionary |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=captain&dir=au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814073850/https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=captain&dir=au |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.learnsanskrit.cc}}</ref>
| [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Renaming Dr. Ambedkar in modern-day India stems from caste hatred|date=30 March 2018 |url=https://asiatimes.com/renaming-dr-ambedkar-modern-day-india-result-caste-hatred//|access-date=18 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mahamanav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar|last=Gaikwad|first=Dr. Dnyanraj Kashinath|publisher=Riya Publication|year=2016|pages=138|language=mr}}</ref>
|[[File:Dr. Ambedkar 1.jpg|center|frameless|141x141px]]
|-
|• Bacha Khan
• Badshah Khan

• Fakhr-e-Afghan

• Sarhadi Gandhi
|"''Bacha [[Khan (title)|Khan]]''" = "King of Chiefs"
"[[Padishah|''Badshah'']] ''Khan''" = Master King of Kings

"Pride of Afghans" ([[Urdu]])

"''Fakhr''" = "Pride" and "''Afghan''" = "[[Afghans|Afghan]]"

"Frontier Gandhi" ([[Hindi]])

"''Sarhad''" = "Frontier" ([[North-West Frontier Province|North-West ''Frontier'' Province]]) and "''Gandhi''" = "[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]"
|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Shania |date=2023-01-20 |title=Abdul Ghaffar Khan was no Gandhi—he was the powerhouse Pathan who mobilised Indian Muslims |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/abdul-ghaffar-khan-was-no-gandhi-he-was-the-powerhouse-pathan-who-mobilised-indian-muslims/1325088/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Abdul Ghaffar Khan-cropped.jpg|frameless|113x113px]]
|-
|Bihar Kesari
|"Lion of Bihar" ([[Hindi]]/[[Sanskrit]])
"''Bihar''" = "[[Bihar]]" and "Kesari" = "Lion"
|[[Shri Krishna Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='बिहार केसरी' श्री बाबू की 134वीं जयंती पर मुंगेर ने किया उन्हें नमन, यादें की गईं ताजा |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-munger-salutes-bihar-kesari-shri-babu-on-his-134th-birth-anniversary-memories-refreshed-22135622.html |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार केसरी किसे कहा जाता है ? |url=https://www.gkexams.com/ask/57060-Bihar-Kesari-Kise-Kahaa-Jata-Hai |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=www.gkexams.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|[[File:Shri_Krishna_Singh_2016_stamp_of_India.jpg|frameless|152x152px]]
|-
| Bihar Vibhuti
| "Sacred Ash of Bihar" ([[Hindi]]). "''Bihar''" = "Bihar" and "''[[Vibhuti]]''" = "Sacred Ash"
| [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Congress-a-divided-house-in-Anugrah-babus-hometown/articleshow/49343128.cms|title=Congress a divided house in Anugrah babu's hometown - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Bihar_Vibhuti_Dr_Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha,first_Bihar_Dy_Chief_Minister.jpg|frameless|148x148px]]
|-
|Deenabandhu
|"Friend of the Poor" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]). "''Deen''" = "Poor" and "''Bandhu''" = "Friend".
|[[Charles Freer Andrews]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/3-new-bus-sheds-before-summer-210582|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202339/https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/3-new-bus-sheds-before-summer-210582|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2018|title=3 new bus sheds before summer|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/martyr-bust-damaged-210740|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085854/https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/martyr-bust-damaged-210740|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2018|title=Martyr bust damaged|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:C_F_Andrews.jpg|frameless|136x136px]]
|-
| Deshabandhu
| "Friend of Country" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]). "''Desh''" = "Country" and "''Bandhu''" = "Friend".
| [[Chittaranjan Das]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/thoughts-of-the-chatur-bania-mahatma-gandhi-at-sabarmati-ashram-4703827/|title=Thoughts of the 'chatur bania', at Sabarmati ashram|date=2017-06-14|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Chittaranjan_Das_2.jpg|frameless|133x133px]]
|-
|• Deshanayak
• Netaji
| "Captain of the Country"
([[Bengali language|Bengali]]). "''Desh''" = "Country" and "''Nayak''" = "Captain".<ref name=":0" />

"Respected Leader" ([[Hindi]]). "''Neta''" = ''"Leader" and "''Ji''" = an honorary suffix.''
| [[Subhash Chandra Bose]]
|[[File:Subhas_Chandra_Bose_NRB.jpg|frameless|156x156px]]
|-
| Deshapriya
| "Beloved of the country" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]). "''Desh''" = "Country" and "''Priya''" = "Beloved".
| [[Jatindra Mohan Sengupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/J/JATINDRA%20&%20NELIE%20SENGUPTA|title=JATINDRA & NELIE SENGUPTA|website=www.indianpost.com|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Deshapriya_Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta.jpg|frameless|145x145px]]
|-
|Desh Ratna
| "Jewel of the Country" ([[Hindi]]). "''Desh''" = "country" and "''Ratna''" = "jewel"
| [[Rajendra Prasad]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/chronicle-of-rajendra-babu-s-life-at-home-gallery-189811|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306084348/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/chronicle-of-rajendra-babu-s-life-at-home-gallery-189811|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2018|title=Chronicle of Rajendra babu's life at home gallery|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-announces-scholarship-for-toppers/articleshow/61905818.cms|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar announces scholarship for toppers - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Rajendra_Prasad_(Indian_President),_signed_image_for_Walter_Nash_(NZ_Prime_Minister),_1958_(16017609534).jpg|frameless|145x145px]]
|-
|• Gurudev
• Kobiguru

• Biswakobi

• The Bard of Bengal
| "Divine Teacher" ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) ([[Hindi]]). "''[[Guru]]''" = "Teacher" and "[[Deva (Hinduism)|''Deva'']]" = "divine".
| [[Rabindranath Tagore]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/200218/no-film-shoot-with-contrarian-view-on-tagore.html|title='No film shoot with contrarian view on Tagore'|date=2018-02-20|work=|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/finding-peace-in-tagore-land/story-4XZ6AZEDyQkDPKNj4P8J9L.html|title=Finding peace in Tagore land|date=2018-03-03|work=|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]
|-
| Lokmanya
| "Revered by the People" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]). "''Lok''" = "People" and "''Manya''" = "Revered".
| [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/buzz/ganesh-utsav-pandals-started-by-lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-turns-125-years-this-throwback-pic-is-a-gem-2426203/|title=Ganesh Utsav Pandals Started By 'Lokmanya' Bal Gangadhar Tilak Turns 125 years: This Throwback Pic Is A Gem|last=Vandana.Srivastawa|date=2017-08-25|work=India.com|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref>
| [[File:Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak_(1856-1920).webp|frameless|152x152px]]
|-
| Loknayak
| "Captain of the People" ([[Hindi]]). "''Lok''" = "People" and "''Nayak''" = "Captain".
| [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-bows-to-loknayak-jayprakash-narayan-on-his-birth-anniversary-537325|title=PM bows to Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan, on his birth anniversary|work=www.narendramodi.in|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jayprakash-narayan-jp-narendra-modi-janta-party-the-pursuit-of-truth-4885845/|title=The Pursuit Of Truth|date=2017-10-12|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
|-
| Mahamana
| "Great Heart" ([[Hindi]]). "''Mahan''" = "great" and "''Mana''" = "thought/heart".
| [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/madan-mohan-malviya-156th-birthday-5-important-things-to-know-1791852|title=Madan Mohan Malviya's 156th Birthday: 5 Important Things To Know|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Mahatma]]
| "Great Soul" ([[Sanskrit]]). "''Maha''" = "Great" and "''Atma''" = "Soul".
| [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/02/20/why-india-is-being-really-rude-to-justin-trudeau/|title=Opinion {{!}} Why India is being really rude to Justin Trudeau|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=2018-02-20|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi,_studio,_1931.jpg|frameless|134x134px]]
|-
|[[Mahatma]]
|"Great Soul" ([[Sanskrit]]). "''Maha''" = "Great" and "''Atma''" = "soul".
|[[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotirao Govindrao Phule]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-05 |title=Manjhi's absence will be felt: Kushwaha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/manjhis-absence-will-be-felt-kushwaha/article22927379.ece |access-date=2018-03-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-28 |title=Who was Jyotirao Phule? |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-jyotirao-phule-today-is-his-death-anniversary-4957999/ |access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Mahatma_Jotirao_Phule.jpg|frameless|135x135px]]
|-
| [[Maulana]]
| "Guardian" ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]).
| [[Abul Kalam Azad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kashmirmonitor.in/Details/143237/khan-ata-mohammad-khan-mentor-of-moulana-azad|title=Khan Ata Mohammad Khan- Mentor of Moulana Azad|website=www.kashmirmonitor.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Abul_Kalam_Azad_1.jpg|frameless|104x104px]]
|-
| Chacha
| "Paternal Uncle" ([[Hindi]])
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/childrens-day-2017-how-pandit-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-became-bal-diwas-2631595/|title=Children's Day 2017: How Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's Birthday Became Bal Diwas|last=Desk|first=India.com News|date=2017-11-14|work=India.com|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/remembering-nehru-2/|title=Remembering Nehru|date=2016-11-14|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|frameless|144x144px]]
|-
|Punjab Kesari
|"Lion of Punjab" ([[Hindi]])
"Punjab" = "[[Punjab]]" and "Kesari" = "Lion"
|[[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
|[[File:Mahatma_Lala_Lajpat_Rai.jpg|frameless|141x141px]]
|-
| [[Sardar]]
| "Commander" ([[Persian language|Persian]]). "''Sar''" = "Head" and "''dar''" = "Holder".
| [[Vallabhbhai Patel]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/news/statue-of-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-is-twice-taller-than-statue-of-liberty-pm-modi.html|title=Statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is twice taller than statue of liberty: PM Modi|date=2018-02-27|work=|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en|archive-date=2018-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306085800/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/news/statue-of-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel-is-twice-taller-than-statue-of-liberty-pm-modi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/statue-of-unity-to-be-ready-for-inauguration-on-oct-31-govt/articleshow/62915174.cms|title='Statue of Unity' to be ready for inauguration on Oct 31: Govt - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Sardar_patel_(cropped).jpg|frameless|139x139px]]
|-
| Shaheed-e-Azam
| "Greatest Martyr" ([[Urdu]]). "''Shaheed''" = "Martyr" and "''Azam''" = "Greatest".
| [[Bhagat Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/haryana/its-punjab-vs-haryana-over-naming-of-chandigarh-airport-after-shaheed-bhagat-singh-2084974.html|title=It's Punjab vs Haryana over naming of Chandigarh airport after Shaheed Bhagat Singh|date=2018-02-27|work=Zee News|access-date=2018-03-05|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhagat-singh-india-martyr-status-pakistan-inld-sukhdev-rajguru-chandra-shekhar-azad-ram-kumar-kashyap-ravi-shankar-prasad/179778|title="Even Pak conferred title of Shaheed-e-Azam on Bhagat Singh, but India has not" - Govt to look into the matter|last=|first=|author=|date=|work=TimesNow|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref>
|[[File:Bhagat_Singh_1929.jpg|frameless|132x132px]]
|-
|Swadeshi Tamil Naavik
|"Kappal Ootiya Tamilan" ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
"Kappal" = "[[Tamil language|Tamil]]" and "Naavik" = "Captain"
|[[V O Chidambaram Pillai]]
|[[File:V. O. Chidambaram Pillai.jpg|frameless|141x141px]]
|-
| Swantanryaveer or Veer
| "Brave Freedom Fighter" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]). "''Swantanrya''" = "Freedom" and "''Veer''" = "Brave"
| [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
| [[File:V. D. Savarkar.jpg|frameless|132x132px]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Honorary Titles Of Indian Leaders}}
[[Category:Honorifics by country|India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Dhool

2026-03-03T04:38:25Z

ItsNaviGrewal: small refined structure as per guidelines

{{Short description|2003 Indian film by Dharani}}
{{About|the 2003 Tamil film|the 2011 Kannada film|Dhool (2011 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dhool.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]
| screenplay = Dharani
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]]}}
}}
| story = Dharani
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| starring = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Jyothika]] [[Reema Sen]]
| cinematography = S. Gopinath
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|01|14}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore<ref name="HinduBudget" />
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}12–13 crore<ref name="HinduBudget" />
}}

'''''Dhool''''' ({{Translation|Fantastic}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] written and directed by [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]. The film stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Jyothika]] in lead roles while [[Reema Sen]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Telangana Shakuntala]] and [[Pasupathy]] play other supporting roles. It follows a man who fights to close a chemical factory that has been releasing [[toxic waste]] into the river, affecting the people of his village. Produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]] at a cost of {{INR}}7 crore,<ref name="HinduBudget">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2003 |title=Reel of fortune |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040506225110/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |archive-date=6 May 2004 |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> the film was released on 14 January 2003 and became a commercial success. ''Dhool'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Veede]]'' (2003) with Sayaji, Sen and Pasupathy reprising their roles,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 May 2004 |title=The 'Virumaandi' Villain Makes a Mark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-virumaandi-villain-makes-a-mark/article28576206.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112000410/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-virumaandi-villain-makes-a-mark/article28576206.ece |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> in Punjabi as ''[[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]]'' (2011) and in Sinhala as ''[[Ranja]]'' (2014).<ref name="C">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Revisiting Dhool: A nostalgic look-back at the Chiyaan Vikram blockbuster with unknown trivia and rare pictures |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/12/revisiting-dhool-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-the-chiyaan-vikram-blockbusterwith-unknown-trivia-and-ra-843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131141145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/web/20250131141145/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Jan/12/revisiting-dhool-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-the-chiyaan-vikram-blockbusterwith-unknown-trivia-and-ra-843.html |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arumugam is a kind-hearted man whose village is suffering due to a chemical factory which releases [[toxic waste]] into the river. The villagers decide to petition Minister Kaalaipandi, requesting him to close the factory. Arumugam and his childhood friend, Eswari, along with her grandmother Mundakanni, leave to [[Chennai]] to meet Kaalaipandi, who has won from the village's constituency. The three reach Chennai and stay with Narayanasamy alias Narain, who also belongs to the same village, but is settled in Chennai. Swapna is a fashion model who also lives near Narain's home and gets attracted to Arumugam, whereas Narain loves her. Arumugam meets Kaalaipandi amidst a heavy crowd and conveys the problems faced by their villagers due to [[water pollution]]. Kaalaipandi assures that he will take swift action.

Meanwhile, Sornakka and her brother Aadhi are local goons who are involved in many illegal activities, with Kaalaipandi supporting them. One day, Eswari accidentally collides with Aadhi, following which he tries to hit her, but is saved by Arumugam. In the ensuing scuffle, Arumugam fractures Aadhi's hands. Sornakka and Aadhi set an eye on Arumugam and decided to trouble him. Along with Kaalaipandi's help, Sornakka and Aadhi kidnap Arumugam and injure him. Kaalaipandi also informs that he will never take any action against the chemical factory in his village. Swapna rescues and treats Arumugam. Arumugam discloses Kaalaipandi's true face and the culprits behind him to Eswari and Mundakanni. Arumugam decides to take revenge on Kaalaipandi and tarnish his image among the public. Arumugam uses Kaalaipandi's memopad and forges a letter using Kaalapandi's signature with the help of Swapna, praising an adult film and requesting it to be published in a daily newspaper.

The newspaper editor believes it and publishes it the next day. This brings agitation among political parties and people demand resignation from Kaalaipandi. Sornakka decides to kidnap Swapna and make her approval against Arumugam but he saved her. After getting their plan failed. Sornakka and her gang plans to finish Arumugam and his people. Knowing this, Arumugam sent Eswari and her grandmother to their village but on the way Sornakka and her gang injures Eswari. Enraged, Arumugam admits Eswari and there he meets Sub-Inspector Karunakaran, who was being stated as mental by Kaalapandi and Sornakka. Karunakaran is a sincere police officer who had helped Arumugam by arresting Sornakka's brother under the latter's eye-witness. Kaalapandi make Karunakaran to release those gangsters and states that the latter is an abnormal person. To take revenge, Arumugam makes Karunakaran escape from the hospital. Karunakaran kills Aadhi and his two brothers and says that Kaalpandi ordered him to do this. Kaalaipandi decides to bring back his lost image by staging a [[Fasting|fast until death]] event, which will bring sympathy among citizens.

Arumugam mixes his village's dirty water into the drink served to break the fast. Arumugam disclosed about the water to the media that it is contaminated water which was there in his village. He also reveals that he came to the city to tell about the problems arise from the chemical factory to the minister. But after knowing the dark side of the minister, he wants to show it to the public. He will reveal who's the minister and what his planning towards Government. Fearing his position, Kaalaipandi and Sornakka plans to kill the Chief Minister and put the blame on Arumugam. Arumugam thrashes Sornakka's gang members and Arumugam beats Sornakka in which she is beaten by a Lorry to death. Arumugam gets to know from Kaalpandi's P.A., Hari, that Kaalpandi is going to kill the C.M and puts the blame on former. Kaalpandi attempts to kill the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]] in the hospital while putting the blame on Arumugam. But Arumugam saves the C.M intelligently by screaming that hospital is bombed. Arumugam is arrested. Kaalaipandi tells Arumgam that he kills the CM inside the ambulance. When Kaalaipandi once again tries his luck to kill the CM, Arumugam uses his skills and gets Kaalaipandi killed by police officers who were aiming for Arumugam. The CM exposes Kaalaipandi, while Arumugam and the villagers celebrate as the CM takes action to close the chemical factory.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Arumugam
*[[Jyothika]] as Eswari, Arumugam's Love interest
*[[Reema Sen]] as Swapna, a Journalist
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Narayanasamy (Narain)
*Prem Sundar as Sullan
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Minister Kaalaipandi
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Sornakka
*[[Pasupathy]] as Aadhi, Sornakka's brother
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Sub-Inspector Karunakaran
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Kunchacko, Narain's Friend
*[[Paravai Muniyamma]] as Mundakanni, Eswari's grandmother
*[[Kalairani]] as Arumugam's mother
*[[Bosskey]] as Nakkeeran Magazine editor
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Hari, Minister's PA (secretly supports Arumugam)
*[[Chaplin Balu]] as Narain's labourer
*[[Kottachi]] as Narain's labourer
* Karnaa Radha
*[[Shakeela]] as Herself
*[[Koena Mitra]] as Herself in a special appearance in the Song ''Koduva Meesai''
}}

== Production ==
After the success of their 2001 collaboration ''[[Dhill]]'', Dharani and Vikram announced in February 2002 that they were to come together again for a project titled ''Dhool''.<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Tulika |date=29 April 2002 |title=Dharani-Vikram for another film |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104165343/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/29ss.htm |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2002 |title=Dhil to Dhool |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100410200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713112847/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/01/stories/2002020100410200.htm |archive-date=13 July 2014 |access-date=26 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The lead role had originally been offered to [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Ajith Kumar]], both of whom declined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2024 |title=5 Films Thalapathy Vijay Rejected But They Turned Out Big Hits |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/5-films-thalapathy-vijay-rejected-but-they-turned-out-big-hits-8794486.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228131934/https://www.news18.com/movies/5-films-thalapathy-vijay-rejected-but-they-turned-out-big-hits-8794486.html |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=அஜித் தவறவிட்ட படங்கள்...ஜாக்பாட் அடித்த விஜய், சூர்யா, விக்ரம்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522044327/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Aasai Aasai" was partially shot in Denmark, and plans had been earlier made to shoot song sequences in London, though the team later opted against doing so and according to choreographer [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] it was shot at Switzerland for three days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=9 August 2002 |title=Raising expectations |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908024202/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/09/stories/2002080901030200.htm |archive-date=8 September 2003 |access-date=26 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="cs">{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=S. N. |date=14 May 2003 |title="'Dhool' is my biggest film ever" – Choreographer Kalyan |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/kalyan.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207201719/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/kalyan.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> A huge set of a temple, a church, some houses and a shopping area, was erected at the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' office premises.<ref name="itgo">{{Cite web |title=Dhool |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Dhool.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091306/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Dhool.htm |archive-date=25 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=cinematoday3.itgo.com}}</ref> The song "Koduva Meesai" was shot at [[Pollachi]].<ref name="cs" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2002 |title=Dhool (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/my/album/dhool-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1536762403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240229121307/https://music.apple.com/my/album/dhool-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1536762403 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> A part of the song "Karimizhi Kuruviye" from the 2002 Malayalam film ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]'' was reused in "Aasai Aasai", which was later reused as "Rafta Rafta" with a slight change in tune in the 2004 Hindi film [[Hulchul (2004 film)|''Hulchul'']], another film where the music was composed by Vidyasagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Mahima |date=9 November 2020 |title=9 Times Music Composers Invoked Déjà Vu In Us |url=https://pinklungi.com/9-times-music-composers-invoked-deja-vu-in-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202204910/https://pinklungi.com/9-times-music-composers-invoked-deja-vu-in-us/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=PinkLungi}}</ref> The music of "Ithanundu Muthathile" and "Koduva Meesai" were used for two songs in Telugu film ''[[Naaga]]'', another film that Vidyasagar composed the music for.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2002 |title=Naaga Audio function |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/naagaaudio.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220020517/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/naagaaudio.html |archive-date=2023-12-20 |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "Dhool's songs are not aimed at appealing to your musical aesthetic senses. They are just made in order to fill the producer's collection boxes. Of the six songs, three will stay in your memory while you watch the film. The moment you step outside the hall, you won't remember them. But, 'Iththoondu muththam' and 'Aasai aasai' songs will stay in memory for a short while before they fade into oblivion. However, the song sung by 'Paravai' Muniamma, ' Madurai veeran thaanae', will be around for a very long time and make the listener dance to its extremely infectious tempo and energy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wow 'Dhool'! |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news04.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021221222255/http://cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news04.shtml#1 |archive-date=21 December 2002 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The song "Singam Pola" was featured in a similar manner in the climax of ''[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]'', which also starred Vikram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2025 |title=Vikram's 'Veera Dheera Sooran' disappoints USA fans as a major song is missing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikrams-veera-dheera-sooran-disappoints-usa-fans-as-a-major-song-is-missing/articleshow/119640134.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424122924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikrams-veera-dheera-sooran-disappoints-usa-fans-as-a-major-song-is-missing/articleshow/119640134.cms |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:53
| title1 = Ithanundu Muthathile
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title4 = Aasai Aasai
| lyrics4 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length4 = 5:21
| title3 = Koduva Meesai
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra3 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Vidhu Prabhakar
| length3 = 4:45
| title2 = Madurai Veeran (Singam Pola)
| lyrics2 = [[Arivumathi]]
| extra2 = [[Paravai Muniyamma]]
| length2 = 3:21
| title5 = Inthadi
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Kalyan, Rafi
| length5 = 4:03
| title6 = Kundu Kundu
| lyrics6 = Arivumathi
| extra6 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Pop Shalini]]
| length6 = 4:55
}}

== Release ==
''Dhool'' was released on 14 January 2003, during Pongal,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarkay |date=23 January 2003 |title=Dhool Poised To Be Huge Hit |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23pongal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329083907/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23pongal.htm |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and was financially successful, despite opening alongside other prominent ventures such as ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' and ''[[Vaseegara]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=22 January 2003 |title=New maths for the box office |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101032/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=26 May 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's success cemented Vikram's status as a [[matinée idol]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2011 |title=track record |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2602198.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115234452/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article2602198.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=7 November 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> At the [[International Tamil Film Awards]], he won the [[ITFA Best Actor Award|Best Actor Award]], and Jyothika won [[ITFA Best Actress Award|Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2004 |title=Suryah jothika say no to itfa awards |url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/shownews.php?newsstory=31139767 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810101906/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/shownews.php?newsstory=31139767 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=Bollywood Sargam}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Aarkhay of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' review praised Vikram's enactment citing that "Vikram is at his peak" and that "he seems as much at home with comedy as with action, in romance as in emotional sequences".<ref name="rediffdhool">{{Cite web |last=Aarkhay |date=23 January 2003 |title=Vikram turns up trumps with Dhool |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23dhool.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203112042/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23dhool.htm |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=31 July 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Vikram's brain-brawn combo does help sustain the tempo. It's only that there's nothing new that "Dhool" offers. But as long as the till keeps ringing, little else matters, you suppose".<ref name="dhoolreview">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan, Malathi |date=24 January 2003 |title=Dhool |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/24/stories/2003012401130200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704141932/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/24/stories/2003012401130200.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003 |access-date=31 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Vikram's Dhool is a typical omnibus masala concoction serving all the [[Indian aesthetics|nine rasas]] that go into a typical pot-boiler meant for the front-benchers. The verdict right away is not bad, if you are the type who love unadulterated kichidi entertainers. Still it could have been a whole lot better, if the climax hadn't gone irrevocably loony".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhool |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12518442&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229225851/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=12518442&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film a same old commercial film which entertains calling it a dosa served as a pizza while praising the performances of all star cast and concluded saying Dharani, the director who has given importance to the message of giving pizza to be baked in a bullet train that is moving at a stormy speed, like ginger juice for digestion, can now be called an action director.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=2 February 2003 |title=தூள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-02/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240224135728/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-02-02/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=24 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "A judicious blend of action and glamour, humour and sentiment, and a fast-paced racy narrative style that gives no lagging moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=23 January 2003 |title=Dhool |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov243.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211205831/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov243.asp |archive-date=11 December 2003 |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "Director Dharani has made a perfect masala film maybe because he sensed that the young crowd just wouldn't step into the theatre to watch a good film. The number of people who watch masala films far outnumber the number of people who watch films with good stories and realistic screenplays. Dharani sensed it and made another perfectly blended masala film like 'Dhil'. And, he has succeeded in style".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhool |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/dhool.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803065650/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/dhool.shtml |archive-date=3 August 2003 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> C. Shivakumar of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "A violent film, which has all the elements of a masala flick—action, romance, and good music. This is writer-director Dharani’s second film with Vikram, after Dhill. The film has a good narration in the first half but then the script goes haywire. The director has tried to overdramatise the lead character and at times just forgets the existence of other cast".<ref>{{cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=C. |date=2 February 2003 |title=Dhool (Tamil) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/filmr.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803090745/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/filmr.asp |archive-date=3 August 2003 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Dhool'' was remade in Telugu as ''[[Veede]]'' (2003), with [[Reema Sen]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Pasupathy]] and [[Manoj K. Jayan]] reprising their roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=G. Manjula |date=2 November 2003 |title=Watchable remake |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/watchable-remake/article28454602.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123041648/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/watchable-remake/article28454602.ece |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A [[Hindi]] remake was planned by Guddu Dhanoa in 2004 with [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Gracy Singh]] starring, but did not materialise.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |date=21 April 2004 |title='Dhool' to be remade in Hindi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhool-to-be-remade-in-hindi-news-bollywood-kkfvMdfbfhg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161149/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhool-to-be-remade-in-hindi-news-bollywood-kkfvMdfbfhg.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="sify2">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2004 |title=Gracy Singh in Dhool |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gracy-singh-in-dhool-news-bollywood-kkfvJJdfdbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172250/http://www.sify.com/movies/gracy-singh-in-dhool-news-bollywood-kkfvJJdfdbd.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was remade in Punjabi as ''[[The Lion of Punjab (film)|The Lion of Punjab]]'' (2011).<ref name="C" /> In Sri Lanka, the film was remade in Sinhala as ''[[Ranja]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=Apr 24, 2024 |title=Loved Ghilli? Here are other films of director Dharani that you can watch on SunNXT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle-loved-ghilli-here-are-where-you-can-watch-director-dharanis-films-online/5d9f58ca64950 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518001108/https://www.ottplay.com/news/listicle-loved-ghilli-here-are-where-you-can-watch-director-dharanis-films-online/5d9f58ca64950 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Dharani (director)}}

[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s political action films]]
[[Category:2000s political drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films about pollution]]
[[Category:Films about water]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dharani (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Denmark]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political drama films]]

Enemmy

2026-03-02T09:29:12Z

ItsNaviGrewal: refine article for clarity and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Enemmy: Law And Disorder
| image = Enemmy poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Ashu Trikha]]
| producer = [[Yogeeta Bali|Yogita Bali]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Ashu Trikha]]
| story =
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Mahakshay Chakraborty]] [[Kay Kay Menon]] [[Johnny Lever]] [[Deepraj Rana]] [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]] Gourov Dasgupta
| cinematography = Kedar Gaekwad
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|06|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 128 mins
| country = India
| language = Bengali Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Enemmy''''' is a 2013 Indian bilingual [[Contemporary Western|neo-Western]] [[buddy cop]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ashu Trikha]]. Simultaneously shot in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]-languages, the title of the film is intentionally misspelt using the 6 main characters initials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://freepressjournal.in/stepping-into-dads-shoes/ |title=Stepping into DAD's shoes? - Free Press Journal |accessdate=9 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309205632/http://freepressjournal.in/stepping-into-dads-shoes/ |archivedate=9 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Mahakshay Chakraborty]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] and [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] and [[Deepraj Rana]].

==Plot==

''Enemmy'' follows daredevil [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] officers tracking an underworld don.

Six undercover cops, officers Eklavya Karmarkar, Naeem Shaikh, Madhav Sinha, and Eric Collaco, and Pakya Seth and Yugandhar Vishnoi get the assignment to stop a gang war over a missing sum of money. They manage to put the underworld don Mukhtar Memon behind bars, but that doesn't solve the problem. Later, a senior [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, Yugandhar Vishnoi, starts investigating the case.

==Cast==
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Yugandhar Vishnoi, a Central Bureau Investigation Department Officer
* [[Sunil Shetty]] as Eklavya Karmarkar / Bhau, a Criminal Investigation Department Officer
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Naeem Shaikh, a Criminal Investigation Department Officer
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Eric Collaco, a Criminal Investigation Department Officer
* [[Mahakshay Chakraborty]] as Madhav Sinha aka Maddy, a Criminal Investigation Department Officer
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Mukhtar Memon, the Underworld don (as the Killer of Pakya and Naeem)
* [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] as Priya Shaikh, Naeem's wife
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] as Pooja Karmarkar, Eklavya's wife
* [[Akshay Kapoor]] as Chief Minister Ram Govardhan alias "CMRG" (Politician)<ref>[http://glamgold.com/paparattzy-productions-enemmy-bonding-amidst-mayhem/ Paparattzy Productions' ENEMMY : Bonding amidst mayhem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213605/http://glamgold.com/paparattzy-productions-enemmy-bonding-amidst-mayhem/ |date=11 January 2015 }}. Glamgold. 13 November 2011.</ref>
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as item number "Katrina Ko Kareena Ko"
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Pakya Seth, Criminal Investigation Department Informer
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as "Raghu" Raghunath Pandey
* Shantanu Bhamare

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Bappi Lahiri and Gourav Dasgupta.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/Pz6Q1iNgSNs| archive-date = 2021-12-10| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pz6Q1iNgSNs| title = Enemmy Full Songs Jukebox {{!}} Mithun Chakraborty, Suniel Shetty, Mahakshay Chakraborty, Kay Kay Menon | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Katrina Ko Kareena Ko
| extra1 = Bappi Lahiri, [[Mamta Sharma]]
| length1 =4:30
| title2 = Bheege Naina
| extra2 = Keshav
| length2 =6:32
| title3 =Enemmy
| extra3 =Gourav Dasgupta
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 =Hit The Lights
| extra4 =Gaurav Dasgupta, Torsha Sarkar
| length4 =3:33
}}

==Reception==
Johnson Thomas of the ''Free Press Journal'' said the film was "shot in the old-fashioned style reminiscent of the late 80's Bollywoodian pot-boilers" with a "stupidly revelatory plotting" and performances that are "all quite unattractive to say the least".<ref name="freepress review">{{cite news|url=http://freepressjournal.in/too-old-fashioned-to-be-satisfying/ |title=Too old-fashioned to be satisfying - |last=Johnson Thomas |date=22 June 2013 |work=Free Press Journal |accessdate=9 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309213343/http://freepressjournal.in/too-old-fashioned-to-be-satisfying/ |archivedate=9 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/film-review-enemmy/articleshow/20700836.cms | title=Film review: Enemmy }}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.enemmy.com}}
* {{IMDb title|id=2941856}}
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashu Trikha]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Chenglei dynasty

2026-02-28T05:20:53Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{About|the ruling house of a group of people|the associated extended clan|Chenglei clan}}

[[File:Relationship between the Chenglei dynasty (Sarang Leishangthem group) & the Ningthouja dynasty (Mangang or dominant Meitei group) through Lady Yaoreima Chanu, the queen of both ruling houses.jpg|thumb|Relationship between the Chenglei dynasty (Sarang Leishangthem group) & the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] ([[Mangang]] or dominant Meitei group) through Lady [[Yaoreima]] Chanu, the queen of both ruling houses]]

'''Chenglei dynasty''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯦꯡꯂꯩ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯃꯌꯨꯝ}}, chenglei ningthou mayum, {{translation|House of the kings of [[Chenglei]]}}) was one of the ruling royal houses of [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). Their genealogy is documented in the literary and historical narratives of [[ancient Meitei literature]], including their dynastic chronicle, known as the [[Chengleiron]]. The dynasty is remembered for its mytho-historical rulers, their interaction with other royal dynastic clans (especially the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and the [[Luwang dynasty]]) of [[Meitei confederacy]], and its contributions to early [[Meitei literature|literature]] and [[Meitei culture|culture]] of [[Meitei civilisation]]. The [[:en:Chenglei|Chenglei]]s played an influential role in the political, mythological, and genealogical history of [[ancient Manipur]].<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature.">Singh, Ch. Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: [[Sahitya Akademi]], 1996.</ref><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465991|title=Sagei Sallairol|last=Manipur State Kala Academy|date=1982-10-22|publisher=[[Digital Library of India]]; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Chengleiron">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466939|title=Chengleiron|last=Singh|first=Nongmaithem Manaoyaima|date=1989|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|language=mni}}</ref>

The Chenglei kings governed their kingdom from their administrative seat at Wangoi Kangla. They believed in their ancestral deity, Nungou Yimthinba.<ref>Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. India: Mittal Publications, 1988. p. 10</ref>

== Royal family members ==
[[File:Genealogy of the rulers of Chenglei dynasty of Ancient Kangleipak civilization, written in the Eastern Nagari script (Sagei-Sallairol) 01.jpg|thumb|Genealogy of the earliest rulers of Chenglei dynasty of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] civilization, written in the [[Eastern Nagari script]] ([[Bengali alphabet]]) in the [[Meitei language]] Sagei-Sallairol text<ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" />]]

The Chenglei dynasty is closely associated with [[Chengleiron]], one of the earliest recorded literary works in the [[classical Meitei language]]. The title means "the story of the [[Chenglei]]s," and the text blends [[Meitei mythology]], royal history, and moral lessons. It begins with the rule of King Thangyi Khongjromba, a major figure in Chenglei tradition.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

=== Thangyi Khongjromba ===

Chenglei King Khongjromba was married to Lady Penu Leimaren, daughter of the Lord Soraren, and had two sons. Chingjen Naran Panganba, the elder son, was known for his supernatural strength and mythical adventures. Thangyi Taobung Khongdouba, the younger son, eventually succeeded the throne of the Chenglei kingdom.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

=== Chingjen Naran Panganba ===

Although the elder prince, [[Chingjen Naran Panganba]], was an exceptional child with divine strength, he did not become king. Instead, after performing miraculous feats as a child, such as helping his father build defensive embankments and uprooting a massive tree, he left his family to explore lands beyond the western mountains. His departure, despite pleas from his father, left the throne open for his younger brother. Panganba's name became symbolic in later literatures to describe individuals of great strength and heroism, in [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

=== Thangyi Taobung Khongdouba ===

Thangyi Taobung Khongdouba, the younger son of King Khongjromba and Queen Penu Leimaren, ascended the Chenglei throne after his father's reign. He married Lady [[Toibi Leima]], a princess of the [[Luwang dynasty]], another noble house of [[ancient Kangleipak]]. Their union symbolized political and dynastic alliance between the [[Chenglei]]s and the [[Luwang]]s.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

Queen Toibi Leima later suffered from a severe illness and returned to her parental home for recovery. After neglecting her during her illness, Khongdouba later saw her again during a hunting expedition and, moved by her restored beauty, brought her back through the aid of a cunning servant. This event shows the emotional and social complexities of royal life in early society of Kangleipak.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

[[File:Holy & sacred swords of the Luwang & Chenglei Yek Salai groups (clans or dynasties) of Meitei confederacy of Kangleipak civilisation (early Manipur).jpg|thumb|Holy & sacred swords of the [[Luwang]] & [[Chenglei]] [[Yek Salai]] groups (clans/dynasties) of [[Meitei confederacy]] of [[ancient Kangleipak]]]]

== Interaction with the Ningthouja dynasty ==

The Chenglei dynasty also had a direct connection with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], the dominant royal line of [[Kangleipak]]. Chenglei King Khongjromba’s first wife (before Queen Penu Leimaren) had been abducted by Ningthouja ruler Naokhamba, the Meitei king, who reigned from 411 to 428 CE. With the Ningthouja king, she bore a son, who later became King Naophangba (428–518 CE) of the [[Meiteis]]. Thus, the Chenglei maternal bloodline became part of the Ningthouja royal lineage, creating a significant genealogical and political link between the two dynasties.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

== Literary and cultural legacy ==

The Chenglei dynasty’s legacy includes moral reflections, praise for patron kings, and religious invocations. The Chenglei royal dynastic chronicle portrays both legendary acts, such as those of Prince Panganba, and emotionally rich human experiences, such as the story of Queen Toibi Leima. Their dynasty eventually became absorbed into the more dominant [[Ningthouja]] polity through [[Meitei confederacy]]. However, their unique royal traditions and dynastic lineage continued to be honored in oral and literary traditions.<ref name=":Manihar. A History of Manipuri Literature." /><ref name=":Manipur State Kala Academy" /><ref name=":Chengleiron" />

== See also ==
* [[Khuman dynasty]]
* [[Khuman kingdom]]
* [[Khuman Kangleirol]]
* [[Moirang kingdom]]
* [[Moirang Kangleirol]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]

Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill

2026-02-26T04:04:58Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Starting stub

{{Short description|School In Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More references|date=September 2022}}
{{One source|date=February 2026}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''Government Higher Secondary School for Girls, Cotton Hill''' is a school for girls located in [[Vazhuthacaud]] in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2022-07-26 |title=Will install CCTV cameras in Cotton Hill school: Raju |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/will-install-cctv-cameras-in-cotton-hill-school-raju/article65682513.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]] |access-date=2022-09-30}}</ref>

== Campus ==
GGHSS Cotton Hill has a total area of 9 acres of wooded land.

== History ==
The school opened in 1859 under [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Maharaja Sri Uthram Thirunal]] as a free school for girls in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. It operated in the present day [[Government Sanskrit College, Thiruvananthapuram|Government Sanskrit College]] building at [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]] until the tenure of [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], the [[List of Diwans of Travancore|Diwan of Travancore]].

Later it was split into three by C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, one of which located in Paruthikunnu (Cotton Hill) with upper primary (UP) and primary sections, Later it was upgraded to a high school (HS) in 1935 and the lower primary section got bifurcated. The government decided to de-link the UP and HS. Resistance from the public led the government to abandon the plan.

In 1997, the Kerala Government decided to delink pre-degree courses from universities and introduced two years HSS course (Plus two course) in selected high schools. The school was recognized as a "school of excellence" making it a role model for other schools.

Cotton Hill is one of the first government schools in Kerala to receive a 24x7 CCTV surveillance system to ensure the safety of students

The school educates more than 10,000 students every year. Cotton Hill School is one of the largest girls' school in [[Asia]].

== Clubs ==
The school has active clubs convened by respective departments: English club, Sanskrit club, Energy club, IT Club, NCC, Sports, Forestry club, Health club, Social Science Club, Teenage club.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://cottonhillschool.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022648/http://cottonhillschool.com/ |date=6 March 2016 }}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Ab Har Shaam Niraali Hogi

2026-02-18T02:00:20Z

ItsNaviGrewal: redirect created

#redirect[[Krishan Kumar Sharma "Rasik"]]

Vivek Kulkarni

2026-02-13T00:18:58Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek Kulkarni
| image = Vivek Kulkarni.jpg
| caption = Vivek Kulkarni in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|21 July 1957}}
| birth_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Karnatak University]] [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]]
| organization = Brickwork Group
}}

'''Vivek Kulkarni''' is the Chairman of '''Brickwork India''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/brickwork-india-appoints-sangeeta-kulkarni-as-ceo/30644|title=Brickwork India Appoints Sangeeta Kulkarni as the CEO|date= 2012-03-27}}</ref> a knowledge process outsourcing company & founder MD of Brickwork Ratings - [[credit rating agency]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1361859512974.pdf |title=Credit rating agency listings |website=www.sebi.gov.in}}</ref> of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acraa.com/brickwork.asp|title=ACRAA|website=acraa.com|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503180120/http://acraa.com/brickwork.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vivek is the [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://betabs.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/from-business-friendly-to-business-person-103111001092_1.html |title=Widgets Magazine |publisher=Betabs.business-standard.com |access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Hubli]],<ref>{{Cite web | title=From business friendly to business person | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/from-business-friendly-to-business-person-103111001092_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121091556/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/from-business-friendly-to-business-person-103111001092_1.html | access-date=2025-11-26 | archive-date=2023-11-21}}</ref> [[India]]{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} on 21 July 1957, Vivek graduated with a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[KLE Technological University|B.V.B. College of Engineering & Technology, Hubli]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bvb.edu/assets/alumni-activities.pdf|title=Alumni info |website=www.bvb.edu}}</ref> [[Karnataka University|Karnatak University]]. Vivek received his master's degree from [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1991.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |title=When a bureaucrat;Karnataka government IT Secretary Vivek Kulkarni turned a businessman |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/india-emerging/when-a-bureaucratkarnataka-government-it-secretary-vivek-kulkarni-turned-a-businessman/articleshow/10436585.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>

== Career ==
After engineering, Vivek worked with [[Indian Oil]] for a short period before joining IAS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivek Kulkarni IAS (Retd.): Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29481080&privcapId=106972999 |website=www.bloomberg.com| date=29 March 2024 }}</ref>

Vivek has served as Information Technology & Biotechnology Secretary, [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christuniversity.in/uploads/userfiles/advisory_board.pdf |title=Profile |website=www.christuniversity.in}}</ref> During his tenure in Government, he was instrumental in building [[information technology]] and Biotech institutes and corporate events in Karnataka. He promoted public-private partnership in Governance. Prior to IT Secretary, he worked as Finance Secretary in Government of Karnataka, Head of [[CRISIL]] Advisory Services as well as the Division Chief [[SEBI]]. He was a faculty at the [[Boston University]] as well as the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]. Vivek also is an [[Adjunct professor]] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVEK KULKARNI - Department of Management Studies |url=http://mgmt.iisc.ac.in/newwordpress/vivek-kulkarni/ |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=mgmt.iisc.ac.in |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218123450/http://mgmt.iisc.ac.in/newwordpress/vivek-kulkarni/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Vivek had pioneered the 'remote executive assistant' concept through Brickwork India,<ref name=":0" /> which received worldwide acclaim through various publications such as the [[New York Times bestseller]] authors, [[Thomas Friedman]] ([[The World Is Flat]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techfornonprofits.com/blogger/2005/04/world-is-flat-by-thomas-friedman.html|title=The World Is Flat by Thomas Friedman (Book Review)|date=2005-04-24|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121105150/http://www.techfornonprofits.com/blogger/2005/04/world-is-flat-by-thomas-friedman.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Timothy Ferris]] ([[The 4-Hour Workweek]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog/buzz-and-reviews/|title= The 4-hour Work Week by Timothy Ferris|date= 2007-04-04}}</ref> and other publications like ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''; ''[[Business Week]]'' - ''China-India survey,'' ''[[The Sunday Times]],'' ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]].''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/business/smallbusiness/14assist.html|title=Personal Assistants on Call, Just Not in the Next Office|work=New York Times|date=2007-11-14 | first=Dan | last=Fost | access-date=2010-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/ESQ0905OUTSOURCING_214|title=My outsourced Life |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|date=2005-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/09/15/nosplit/ftfront115.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013092550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/09/15/nosplit/ftfront115.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-13|title=Offshoring: At your beck and call|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date= 2007-09-15 | location=London | first=Sandy | last=Mitchell | access-date=2010-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/thethursdayinterview/fullstory.php?id=13307146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219154930/http://sify.com/news/thethursdayinterview/fullstory.php?id=13307146|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-02-19|title=My inspiration is Murthy: Vivek Kulkarni|website=[[Sify]]|date= 2003-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2011%2F12%2F14&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072640/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG/2011/12/14&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=At your service:SPIRIT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP|date= 2011-12-14}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vivek Kulkarni is married to Sangeeta and they have two children. Sangeeta is the co-founder and CEO of Brickwork India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2011%2F12%2F14&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503112853/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2011%2F12%2F14&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar02000&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2018 |title=Spirit Of Entrepreneurship Sangeeta & Vivek Kulkarni Founders, Brickwork India |publisher=Epaper.timesofindia.com |date=2011-12-14 |access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Vivek}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Hubli]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]

Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum

2026-02-07T08:19:49Z

ItsNaviGrewal: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Holy Angels' Convent Trivandrum]]

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Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University

2026-02-03T13:34:43Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating a article

{{Short description|Engineering college in Namburu, Pedakakani, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Independent sources|date=June 2016}}
{{Promotional|date=February 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = VVIT University, Guntur.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Modern, red-brick building
| caption = Emblem of the University
| latin_name =
| other_name = VVITU
| former_name = Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date|df=yes|2007}}
| closed = 
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| parent =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor = Vasireddy Vidya Sagar <ref name=Chairman>{{cite web|title=Chairman|url=https://vvituniversity.com/about-us|website=VVITU|access-date=29 April 2025}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = [[Rambabu Kodali|Dr. Kodali Rambabu]]<ref name=Vice-Chancellor>{{cite web|title=About VVITU|url=https://www.vvitu.ac.in/about-us|website=www.vvitu.ac.in|access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref>
| president =
| vice-president =
| principal = Dr. Yennapusa Mallikarjuna Reddy<ref name=Principal>{{cite web|title=Dr. Y. Mallikarjuna Reddy, Principal|url=https://www.vvitguntur.com/dr-ymr-principal|website=www.vvitguntur.com|date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
| provost =
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| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Namburu]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|16.343460|80.524287|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
| language =
| colors = {{Color box|#F57D6D|border=darkgray}}
| athletics =
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| website = {{URL|https://vvitu.ac.in/}}
| logo =
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'''Vasireddy Venkatadri International Technological University''' (VVITU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Assembly, Council pass private universities bill |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-assembly-council-pass-private-universities-bill-1867872 |date=19 March 2025 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> is a state [[private university]] located in [[Namburu]], [[Pedakakani]], [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The university has a total capacity of 10000 students across its undergraduate and postgraduate programs in engineering, management and sciences.

Undergraduate programs include the [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech) degree in various disciplines such as civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, computer science and engineering, information technology, artificial intelligence and data science, among others.

Postgraduate programs include [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech) degrees in specializations such as computer science and engineering, very-large-scale integration (VLSI), power electronics, machine drawing, and structural engineering.

VVITU also houses a business school offering postgraduate programs in management, designed to provide students with practical skills and industry-oriented knowledge in business and entrepreneurship.

<ref name="About VVIT">{{cite web|title=About VVIT|url=https://vvituniversity.com/about-us|website=VVITU|access-date=18 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

The college was founded in 2007 by Vasireddy Vidya Sagar.

The institution is accredited with 'A' grade by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) in March 2016 with a [[Cumulative grade point average|CGPA]] of 3.09 out of four.<ref name="Certificate of Accreditation NAAC">{{cite web|title=Certificate of Accreditation|url=http://vvitguntur.com/site/NAAC_Certificate.jpg|website=VVIT|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811065141/http://vvitguntur.com/site/NAAC_Certificate.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Accreditation List">{{cite web|title=Accreditation List|url=http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_allcycles_accrlist.aspx|website=web5.kar.nic.in|access-date=26 June 2016|quote=Institution name - Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123644/http://web5.kar.nic.in/naac_ec/NAAC_allcycles_accrlist.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the NAAC accreditation, the [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]] (ECE) and [[Information Technology]] (IT) departments of the college were recognized by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) in June 2016.<ref name="VVIT gets NBA certificate">{{cite news|title=VVIT gets NBA certificate|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/vvit-gets-nba-certificate/article8735528.ece|access-date=26 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=16 June 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> The [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA) has accorded accreditation to three other engineering branches namely [[Computer Science and Engineering]] (CSE), [[Mechanical Engineering]] (ME), [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] (EEE) on 19 January 2018.<ref name="NBA Accreditation for CSE, EEE, MECH">{{cite news|title=NBA Accereditation to CSE, EEE and Mechanical Streams|url=http://vvitguntur.com/nba-accreditation-to-cse-eee-and-mechanical-streams|access-date=16 February 2018|work=VVIT|date=19 January 2018|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Programs}}Admissions==

==={{anchor|Under Graduate Programs}}Undergraduate===

Students are admitted to four-year undergraduate programs in two categories: A and B. Category-A seats make up 70 percent of the college's total seats, and are filled through Convener and the Andhra Pradesh [[Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test|EAPCET]]. Category-B seats are filled by the administration through newspaper advertisements.<ref name="UG Admissions VVIT">{{cite web|title=UG Admissions|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_ug.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040706/http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_ug.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Intake Details-VVIT">{{cite web|title=Intake & Fee Details|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_intake.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210436/http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_intake.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Post Graduate Programs}}Graduate===
Students are also admitted to the two-year graduate programs in two categories: A and B. Category-A seats make up 70 percent of the total. 15 percent of the Category-B seats, which are filled by the administration, are available to [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] candidates. [[Master of Science in Information Technology|MCA]] seats are filled in the same manner.<ref name="Intake Details-VVIT" /><ref name="PG Admissions VVIT">{{cite web|title=PG Admissions|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_pg.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150911/http://www.vvitguntur.com/admi_pg.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Departments==
* Civil Engineering
* Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
* Computer Science & Engineering
* Electrical & Electronics Engineering
* Electronics & Communication Engineering
* Information Technology
* Mechanical Engineering
* Science & Humanities
* Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

=={{anchor|On Campus Facilities}}Campus facilities==

==={{anchor|CentralLibrary}}Library===
The college has a computerized library with over one lakh collection of academic, reference and general-interest books. The library subscribes to national and international magazines, journals, periodicals and leading national daily newspapers.<ref name="Central Library">{{cite web|title=Library|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/library.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204416/http://www.vvitguntur.com/library.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Digital Library}}Digital library===
The digital library has 30 computer systems with five-Mbps Internet and backup, National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) E-lectures and videos, a developing-library network (DELNET), [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) Society periodicals, ASME, ASCE, Open-access journals, dissertations, archives, and databases are available at library portal.

==={{anchor|Siemens}}Siemens===
Siemens Industry Software India Pvt. Lmt.(SISW) signed an agreement with the State of Andhra Pradesh Skill Development Corporation for the establishment of six Centre of excellence(COE) and thirty Technical Institutes across the state on 30 June 2015 at APSSDC Office, Hyderabad. These technical-Skill Development Institutes training centers are focused on improving the skills of students in vocational trades. VVITU has over 100+ labs established as a Siemens centre of excellence.

==={{anchor|Google Code Labs}}Google Code Labs===
The college has received a fund of 2 Lakh US Dollars from Google Inc., USA, for the establishment of Code Lab in association with Andhra Pradesh Skill Development Corporation (APSSDC) on 5 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google Code Lab at VVIT |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/google-code-lab-at-vvit/article23788855.ece |work=The Hindu |date=6 May 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Other Facilities}}Other facilities===
[[File:VVIT College Buses parked at the Campus.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|alt=Line of yellow buses|College buses parked on campus]]
Other facilities include [[Wi-Fi]], a health centre with a doctor and nurse,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/healthcare.pdf |title=How Health Centers Work |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112114539/http://www.vvitguntur.com/healthcare.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> a [[Reverse osmosis plant|water-purification plant]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/RO_Purifier.pdf |title=Reverse osmosis |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115192330/http://www.vvitguntur.com/RO_Purifier.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]]-development center,<ref name="EDC VVIT">{{cite web|title=EDC|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/EDC.html|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109071751/http://www.vvitguntur.com/EDC.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> a 250KW [[Solar energy|solar-power]] plant with 400 solar panels,<ref name="Solar Plant VVIT">{{cite web|title=Solar Plant|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/solar.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109071920/http://www.vvitguntur.com/solar.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development Corporation incubation center and a 90-buses fleet with service to [[Guntur]], [[Tenali]], [[Vijayawada]] and other major towns and [[Tehsil|mandals]].

=={{anchor|Campus Life}}Campus life==

===Clubs===

[[File:NSS-symbol.jpeg|100px|right|alt=National Service scheme logo: a red-and-white wheel with "National Service Scheme" in white-on-blue Hindi and English around it]]
More than 15 clubs are available<ref name="Clubs VVIT">{{cite web|title=Clubs|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/clubs.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429095642/http://vvitguntur.com/clubs.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> for students interested in fields such as Animation and Graphics, Dance(Western and Classic),Literary, Movie appreciation, Telugu appreciation, Music(Vocal and Instrumental), Theater club, Sports, Culinary, Telugu appreciation, Yoga, Martial-Arts, Social and political awareness.

==={{anchor|[[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]]|[[National Service Scheme]]}}NCC and NSS===
The college's [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] wing is made up of a battalion from the 2(A) Armed Squadron for men and the 10(A) Girls Battalion for women.<ref name="NCC - VVIT">{{cite web|title=NCC|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/NCC.html|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109071903/http://www.vvitguntur.com/NCC.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> VVIT also has a [[National Service Scheme]] division.<ref name="NSS VVIT">{{cite web|title=NSS|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/NSS.html|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109071756/http://www.vvitguntur.com/NSS.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Sports & Games}}Sports and games===
The school has facilities for [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[Basketball]], [[tennikoit]], [[Throwball]], [[Kho kho]], [[Kabaddi]], [[badminton]] and [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]. [[Chess]], [[table tennis]] and [[carrom]] are played in the indoor arena.<ref name="Sports & Games VVIT">{{cite web|title=Sports & Games|url=http://www.vvitguntur.com/sports.php|website=VVIT|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429090620/http://vvitguntur.com/sports.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Indian School of Business}}Indian School of Business===
ISB's center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Cell students in collaboration with Andhra Pradesh and Telangana created a Technology Entrepreneurship Program to root the entrepreneur era.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isb.edu/technology-entrepreneurship-programme |title=Technology Entrepreneurship Programme {{!}} Indian School of Business (ISB) |website=www.isb.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211140517/http://www.isb.edu/technology-entrepreneurship-programme |archive-date=2015-12-11}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Student Activity Council}}Student Activity Council===
''Student Activity Council'' is a student body in the institute which enables students to organize, conduct and monitor major and minor activities that will enable the student to acquire leadership skills. Student activity council interacts with students and helps them if they have any problems. They make sure that anti-Ragging is present.

==Events and activities==
==={{anchor|Annual Celebrations|VIVA VVIT & College Day 2015-16}}VIVA and College Day===
The annual VIVA-VVIT festival is usually held in December, with intercollegiate competitions in sports, literature, culture, and technology. College Day follows the festival. The VIVA-VVIT festival is held on 21 and 22 December of every year. This VIVA-VVIT fest is certified to be the largest college fest in Andhra Pradesh. College Day follows the festival on 23 December.<ref name="Students shine at VIVA VVIT">{{cite news|title=Students shine at VIVA VVIT|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/students-shine-at-viva-vvit/article6665507.ece|access-date=26 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=5 December 2014|language=en-IN}}</ref>

===Balotsav===
{{Main|Balotsav}}
Balotsav ({{langx|en|Children's festival}}) is an annual international cultural festival for Telugu children. In 2017, the 26th iteration of the fest was conducted from 12 November to 14 November at VVITU. After it has been launched in 1991, the original organizers decided to cease the fest for 2017. Vasireddy Ramesh Babu, [[convener]] of several previous iterations, during a [[Press-conference|press meet]] said that VVITU expressed its willingness to host the event, and was subsequently given the project. It was organized in collaboration with [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]], [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]], Andhra Pradesh State Road Skill Corporation, and Andhra Pradesh Non-Resident Telugu Society.<ref name="VVIT to host Balotsav 2017">{{cite web|title=VVIT to host Balotsav 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vvit-to-host-balotsav-2017/articleshow/61106611.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 November 2017|date=16 October 2017}}</ref> More than 12,000 children took part in the fest. The closing ceremony was presided by the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[Kodela Siva Prasad Rao]] and [[Mandali Buddha Prasad]] respectively. On a closing note, Vasireddy said that VVITU would be hosting the fest every year from then.<ref name="Balotsav 2017 concludes">{{cite news|title=Balotsav concludes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/balotsav-concludes/article20463749.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 November 2017|date=16 November 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|position=left|Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges in Guntur]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Guntur district]]

Bihari culture

2026-01-30T00:20:21Z

ItsNaviGrewal: small edit

{{Short description|Culture in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{History of Bihar}}
'''Bihari culture''' refers to the [[culture]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. Bihari culture includes [[Angika#Angika culture|Angika culture]], [[Mithila culture]], [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpuri culture]] and the culture of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].

==Language and literature==
{{Main|Languages in Bihar|Literature in Bihar}}
{{See also|Maithili language|Maithili literature|Bhojpuri language|Angika|Magahi|Magadhi Prakrit|Hindi in Bihar|Urdu Language in Bihar}}{{multiple image
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{{multiple image
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Bihar has produced a number of writers of Hindi, including [[Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar']],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi |url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org}}</ref> [[Ram Briksh Benipuri]], [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']], [[Gopal Singh "Nepali"]], Baba [[Nagarjun]] [[Raja Radhika Raman Sinha|Raja Radhika Raman Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राधिकारमण प्रसाद सिंह - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर |url=https://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=bharatdiscovery.org}}</ref> and [[Acharya Shivpujan Sahay|Shiva Pujan Sahay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिवपूजन सहाय - भारतकोश, ज्ञान का हिन्दी महासागर |url=https://bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=bharatdiscovery.org}}</ref> [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], the great writer and [[Buddhist]] scholar, was born in [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]] but spent his life in the land of [[Lord Buddha]], i.e., Bihar. [[Hrishikesh Sulabh]] and Neeraj Singh (from Ara) are the prominent writer of the new generation. They are short story writer, playwright and theatre critic. Arun Kamal and Aalok Dhanwa are the well-known poets. Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], who is among the greatest writers in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], resided for some time in Bihar. [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]] also hails from Patna in Bihar. [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century on account of his novels such as ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''Chandrakanta Santati'', was born in [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar. [[Bhikhari Thakur]] is known as the Shakespeare of Bhojpuri. [[Heera Dom]], a Bhojpuri poet has contributed to [[Dalit literature]]. [[Vidyapati]] is the most renowned poet of Maithili (c. 14–15th century). [[Satyapal Chandra]]<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/After-11-novels-Bihar-lad-set-for-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/20938614.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=After 11 novels, Bihar lad set for Bollywood debut - Times of India|work=The Times of India |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=17 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228122118/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/After-11-novels-Bihar-lad-set-for-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/20938614.cms|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> has written many English best-seller novels and he is one of India's emerging young writer.

Despite the large number of speakers of [[Bihari languages]], they have not been constitutionally recognised in India, except [[Maithili language|Maithili]] which is recognised under the [[Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India]]. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar.<ref>[http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm History of Indian languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234832/http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm |date=26 February 2012 }}, "Bihari is actually the name of a group of three related languages—Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi—spoken mainly in northeastern India in Bihar.</ref> These languages were legally absorbed under the subordinate label of Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerment.<ref>{{cite conference
| last = Verma
| first = Mahandra K
| title = Language Endangerment and Indian languages: An exploration and a critique
| year = 2001
| isbn = 9788120817654
| book-title = Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C&pg=PA5
}}</ref>
The first success in spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region – [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.<ref>Brass Paul R., ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> Urdu became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar on 16 August 1989. Bihar also produced several eminent Urdu writers including [[Kalim Aajiz]], [[Bismil Azimabadi]], [[Shad Azimabadi]], [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]], [[Abdul Qavi Desnavi]], Paigham Afaqui, [[Jabir Husain]], [[Sohail Azimabadi]], [[Hussain Ul Haque]], [[Shamim Hashimi]],<ref>[http://urduliterature.org/shamimhashimi.aspx DR.Shamim Hashimi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002040811/http://urduliterature.org/shamimhashimi.aspx |date=2 October 2013 }}. Urdu Literature (14 August 1947). Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref> and [[Wahab Ashrafi]].<ref>[http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/wahab.htm Professor Dr. Syed Abdul Wahab Ashrafi, Sahitya Academy Award winner, brought to you by Bihar Anjuman, the largest online group from Bihar or Jharkhand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013618/http://www.biharanjuman.org/bio/wahab.htm |date=28 September 2013 }}. Biharanjuman.org (2 June 1936). Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref>

Bihar has also produced some prominent poets and authors who write in various regional languages:
* [[Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], who is among the most prominent authors who writes in Bengali, resided for some time in Bihar.
* The Indian author who writes in English, [[Upamanyu Chatterjee]], also hails from Patna in Bihar.
* [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century with his novels ''[[Chandrakanta (novel)|Chandrakanta]]'' and ''Chandrakanta Santati'', was born in [[Muzaffarpur]], Bihar.
* [[Vidyapati|Vidyapati Thakur]], who wrote around the 14th to 15th centuries, is the most renowned Maithili-language poet in India.
* [[Satyapal Chandra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=On the write track from Maoist land |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/277387/on-write-track-maoist-land.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011618/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/277387/on-write-track-maoist-land.html |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> has written many critically acclaimed best-sellers in English.<ref>{{cite news |title=Youth from Red zone pens words worth praise - 11 novels in less than 2 years |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120818/jsp/bihar/story_15867753.jsp#.VTIECtzF9H |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072701/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120818/jsp/bihar/story_15867753.jsp#.VTIECtzF9H |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>

==Performing arts==
{{multiple image
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| image2 = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Dr. (Smt.) Sharda Sinha, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 02, 2018.jpg
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| header = [[Music of Bihar|Music]] and [[Dance of Bihar|Dance]] of Bihar
| header_background = #F68A06
}}

=== Drama and theatre ===
In 1984, Satish Anand had evolved a new '[[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesia Style]]' for modern Indian theatre.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bajeli|first=Diwan Singh|date=2015-01-22|title=Tender and tragic|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/tender-and-tragic/article6811928.ece|access-date=2021-05-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The new style used elements of traditional folk theatre from indigenous Bihari culture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-25|title="Bidesia" - The Folk Theatre of Eastern India|url=https://thetheatretimes.com/bidesia-folk-theatre-eastern-india/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Theatre Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Some other traditional Bihari forms of theatre include those centred around Raja Salhesh, and the festival of [[Sama Chakeva]] originating from the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/patna/mithila-s-submerged-in-sama-chakeva-celebrations/story-yeEeRXFEx5y6nZWkhTqN7K.html|title=Mithila's submerged in Sama-Chakeva celebrations|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

===Dance===
{{See also|Jhijhiya|Domkach|Jat Jatin}}
[[Jhijhiya]] is a [[ritual dance]] mostly performed at time of [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], in dedication to Durga [[Bhairavi]], the goddess of victory.<ref name="Kumari1999">{{cite book|author=Punam Kumari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=em4wAQAAIAAJ|title=Social and cultural life of the Nepalese|publisher=Mohit Publications|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7445-092-0|accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref> In Bihar, [[Domkach]] is a [[Sacred dance|ceremonial dance form]] performed in the [[Magahi culture|Magadh]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] regions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domkach|url=http://folklibrary.com/index.php/folkform/?catid=210&child=Domkach&color=&id=211-domkach&parent=|access-date=18 December 2018|website=Folklibrary.com|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224111/http://folklibrary.com/index.php/folkform/?catid=210&child=Domkach&color=&id=211-domkach&parent=|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Bideshiya]] is a form of dance-drama that is believed to have been created by [[Bhikhari Thakur]], a barber with a passion for drama.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2020|title=Bidesia - Folk Dance Drama From Bihar|url=https://www.auchitya.com/bidesia-folk-dance-drama-from-bihar/}}</ref> It deals with social issues and conflict between traditional and modern, rich and poor. [[Fagua]](performed in bhojpur and Magadh region) is a dance and also a type of folk song performed during [[Holi]]. [[Painki]] evokes the infantry's agility, courage, and excitement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-20|title=6 traditional folk dances from Bihar, India|url=https://mythicalindia.com/features-page/6-traditional-folk-dances-from-bihar-india/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Mythical India|language=en-US}}</ref> Danced on flat ground, it highlights the dancers' weapon-handling ability. [[Jat Jatin|Jat Jatin Dance]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] is supposed to be performed on moonlit nights during the [[monsoon]]s. Jhoomar is the most famous dance from Magadh region, It's performed during wedding and Karma puja, Jitiya etc. Danda Bhanjaul dance is also performed in Magadh region by [[Yadava (caste)|yadava]] community during diwali in front of Bir Kuar baba( a folk deity). Sohar-Khilona dance is also performedin Magadh region dueing birth of a child. While Sohar is a folk song in other reguons but in Magadh it's also a dance form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk dances of Bihar - Bihargatha|url=http://www.bihargatha.in/the-history-of-the-dialects-folk-and-proverbs/folk-dances-of-bihar|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.bihargatha.in}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}{{Main|Music of Bihar}}
{{See also|Maithili music}}Bihar has contributed a lot to the Indian classical music. Bihar has produced musicians like [[Bharat Ratna]] [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]] and [[dhrupad]] singers like the Malliks ([[Darbhanga Gharana]]) and the Mishras ([[Bettiah]] Gharana) along with poets like [[Vidyapati]] Thakur who contributed to [[Maithili Music]].

== Visual arts ==
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=== Paintings ===
{{Main|Painting in Bihar}}
{{See also|Mithila painting|Tikuli Painting|Patna Qualam|Manjusha Painting}}
There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is [[Mithila painting]], a style of Indian painting used in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region of Bihar. The Mithila painting was one of the skills that were passed down from generation to generation in the families of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]], mainly by women. The painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones of the life cycle, like birth, [[Upanayanam]] (the sacred thread ceremony), and marriage.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33">Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art", Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref> Mithila painting was traditionally done on huts' freshly plastered walls. Today it is also done on cloth, handmade paper, and canvas. Mithila painting is also called [[Madhubani art]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar govt uses traditional paintings and murals to beautify Patna, raise awareness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bihar-govt-uses-traditional-paintings-and-murals-to-beautify-patna-raise-awareness-6101533/ |website=Indian Express|date=4 November 2019 }}</ref> It depicts human beings and their association with nature. The sun, moon, and religious plants like [[tulsi]] are widely painted. Following the scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally, no space is left empty.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33" /> Common scenes illustrate deities like [[Krishna]], [[Rama|Ram]], [[Shiva]], [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Saraswati]] from ancient epics. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, [[Mahasundari Devi]], the late [[Ganga Devi (painter)|Ganga Devi]], and Sita Devi.

Historically, the [[Patna School of Painting]] (''Patna Qualam''), sometimes called ''Company Painting'', flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries.<ref name="Mithila Painting">{{cite web |title=Call to reinvent Patna Kalam paintings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/call-to-reinvent-patna-kalam-paintings/articleshow/68028044.cms |website=Times Of India |date=17 February 2019 |access-date=Feb 17, 2019}}</ref> The Patna School of Painting was an offshoot of the well-known [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of [[Hindu]] artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], these artisans found refuge, via [[Murshidabad]], in [[Patna]] during the late 18th century.<ref name="Mithila Painting"/> Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters. Whereas the Mughal style depicted only royalty and court scenes, the [[Patna]] artists also started painting [[bazaar]] scenes. They used [[watercolour]]s on paper and on [[mica]]. The style's subject matter evolved to include scenes of Indian daily life, local rulers, festivals, and ceremonies. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the [[College of Arts and Crafts Patna|Patna Art School]] under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan.<ref name="Mithila Painting"/> The School is an important centre of [[fine arts]] in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=A centre of excellence for arts & crafts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-centre-of-excellence-for-arts-crafts/articleshow/90385280.cms |website=Times Of India |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=Mar 23, 2022}}</ref>

Alongwith [[Patna Qualam|Patna Qalam]], [[Sohrai and Khovar painting|Kohbar painting]] (a painting created during wedding rituals in kohbar room), Tikuli art(an art and painting originated from Patna around 800–1000 years ago), [[Sohrai and Khovar painting|Sohrai painting]](painted on walls during Sohrai/Gaiya dadh/Gaay parab to decorate walls of house) and Sujani art(originated in bhusura village of Arwal, mainly crafted on bedsheets, sarees etc) are also famous and important paintings from Magadh region or South Bihar.

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===Sculpture===
{{Further|Didarganj Yakshi|Mauryan polish|Mauryan art}}
The first sculptures in Bihar date back to the [[Mauryan Empire]]. The [[Pillars of Ashoka]], [[Masarh lion]] and [[Didarganj Yakshi]] are estimated to be at least 2000 years old, and were carved out of a single piece of stone.<ref>{{cite web|title= Yakshi|url=http://www.thebharat.com/tourism/museum/patna.html |date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509164922/http://www.thebharat.com/tourism/museum/patna.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> Ancient statues are found throughout Bihar. Some of these sculptures were made from [[bronze]], an advanced technique at that time. For example, the [[Sultanganj Buddha]] statue, estimated to be 1500 years old, is about seven feet tall and made of 500 kg of bronze, making it the largest statue of that period. Many statues, ranging from [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic gods]] to various Gandharan lay devotees, are combined with what are thought to be early representations of the [[Buddha]] and [[Bodhisattvas]].

Today, it is still unclear exactly when the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]] emerged. However, evidence from [[Sirkap]] indicates that this style of art was already highly developed before the advent of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]s. Mandar Hill features the unique image of [[Lord Vishnu]], from the [[Gupta period]], in his [[Narshimbha|man-lion]] incarnation. The image is 34 inches high and made of black stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/mandarhill/page9.htm|title=Temples And Legends of Bihar - Mandar Hill ( Page 9)|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016031409/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/mandarhill/page9.htm|archive-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{further|Hindu temple architecture|Buddhist architecture|Mughal architecture|Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Saracenic}}
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The first significant architectural pieces in Bihar date back to the [[Vedic period]]. While the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan period]] marked a transition to the use of brick, stone and wood remained the material of choice. Contemporary writers, like [[Chanakya]] in the [[Arthashastra]], advised the use of brick and stone for their durability. However, in his writings, [[Megasthenes]] described a wooden [[palisade]] encircling the capital city of [[Pataliputra]]. Evidence of ancient structures have been found in recent excavations in Kumrahar, in modern-day [[Patna]]. Remains of an 80-pillared hall have also been unearthed.

The Buddhist [[stupa]], a dome-shaped monument, was used in India as a commemorative monument used to enshrine sacred relics.<ref name=Ency>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''Pagoda''.</ref> The stupa architecture was adopted in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and East Asia, where it became prominent.<ref name=Ency/> Many stupas, like those at [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]], were originally built as brick and masonry mounds during the reign of [[Ashoka]] (273 BCE - 232 BCE). Fortified cities with stūpas, ''[[vihara]]s'', and temples were constructed during the [[Maurya Empire]] (c. 321–185 BCE). Wooden architecture remained popular, while rock-cut architecture became solidified. [[Guard rail]]s—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping—became a safety feature surrounding a stupa. Upon its discovery by Westerners, the stupa became known as ''[[pagoda]]'' in the West.<ref name=Ency/>

Temples—built on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or [[apsidal]] plans—were constructed using brick and timber. The Indian gateway arches, the ''[[torana]]'', reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''Torii''</ref> Some scholars hold that ''[[torii]]'' derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of [[Sanchi]] (3rd century BCE – 11th century CE).<ref name=Jaanus>{{cite web|url=http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/|title=Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (2001). ''torii''.|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020011844/http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

Important features of the architecture during this period included walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings, which consistently used arched windows and doors. . The Indian emperor Ashoka, who ruled from 273 BCE to 232 BCE, established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan Empire by 230 BCE.<ref name=P&S>Piercey & Scarborough (2008)</ref> One of the [[edicts of Ashoka]] reads: "Everywhere, King Piyadasi (Ashoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."<ref name=finger12>Finger, Stanley (2001). ''Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function''. US: Oxford University Press. 12. {{ISBN|0-19-514694-8}}.</ref>

Buddhist architecture blended with [[Roman architecture|Roman]] and [[architecture of ancient Greece|Hellenistic architecture]] to give rise to unique new styles, such as the [[Greco-Buddhist]] style.<ref name=moffett>Moffett, M.; Fazio, M.; and Lawrence Wodehouse (2003). ''A World History of Architecture''. McGraw-Hill Professional. 75. {{ISBN|0-07-141751-6}}.</ref>

Rock-cut [[stepwell]]s in India date from 200 to 400 CE.<ref name=L&B/> Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550–625 CE) and the stepped ponds at [[Bhinmal]] (850–950 CE) were constructed.<ref name=L&B>Livingston & Beach, page xxiii</ref>

Bihar was largely in ruins when visited by [[Xuanzang]], and suffered further damage at the hands of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal raiders]] in the 12th century.<ref name = Scott>{{cite journal
| last = Scott
| first = David
| title = Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons
| journal=Numen
| volume = 42
| issue = 2
| pages = 141–155
| date = May 1995
| doi = 10.1163/1568527952598657
| jstor = 3270172
}}
</ref> Though parts of the Bihar have been excavated, much of its ancient architecture still lies buried beneath the modern city.

[[Persia]]n influence can be seen in surviving Mughal tombs made of sandstone and marble.<ref name=eb-mughalarch>''Mughal architecture''. Encyclopædia Britannica (2008)</ref> Surviving Mughal architecture includes [[Sher Shah Suri Tomb]], built by [[Sher Shah Suri]] and his successor. [[Ibrahim Khan (governor of Bihar)|Ibrahim Khan]], Governor of [[Bihar]] and a disciple of [[Shah Daulat|Makhdum Daulat]], oversaw the completion of Makhdum Daulat [[mausoleum]] in 1616.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/sufi_circuit.htm |title=Sufi Circuit |access-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210150820/http://discoverbihar.bih.nic.in/pages/sufi_circuit.htm |archive-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Another example of Mughal architecture is the building at [[Maner Sharif]]. The domed building features walls adorned with intricate designs and a ceiling full of inscriptions from the [[Quran]].

[[Patna High Court]], [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]], [[Bihar Vidhan Parishad]], Transport Bhawan, Patna, [[Golghar]] [[St. Mary's Church, Patna|St. Mary's Church]] and [[Patna Museum]] are some example of [[Indo-Saracenic]] Architectures.

Strips or cane reeds painted in vivid colours are commonly found in homes of the people of Bihar. A special container called a "pauti," woven out of [[Sikki Grass Craft]] in the north, is a sentimental gift that accompanies a bride when she leaves her home after her wedding. Bihar is well known for the games played there, for example - [[Kabaddi]].

[[Bhagalpur]] is well known for its [[sericulture]], manufacture of silk yarn, and silk-weaving. Silk produced here is called tussah or [[tussar]] silk. Appliqué works in Bihar are known as [[Khatwa]].

== Cuisine ==
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{{Main|Bihari cuisine}}
[[Bihari cuisine]] is eaten mainly in the eastern [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]], as well as in the places where people originating from the state of Bihar have settled: [[Jharkhand]], Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], some cities of [[Pakistan]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], and the [[Caribbean]]. Bihari cuisine includes [[Angika cuisine]], [[Bhojpuri cuisine]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Neha Bhatt|title=Beyond 'litti chokha'|date=9 March 2018|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/T2LN0oswYWv9S6ihKUjePP/Beyond-litti-chokha.html|publisher=LiveMint.com}}</ref> [[Maithil cuisine]] and [[Magahi cuisine]].

The cuisine of [[Bihar]] is largely similar to [[North indian cuisine]] and East Indian cuisines (for example [[Bengali cuisine]]). It is highly seasonal; watery foods such as [[watermelon]] and [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]] made from the pulp of the [[Aegle marmelos|wood-apple fruit]] is consumed mainly in the summer months, while dry foods such as preparations made of sesame seeds and poppy seeds are consumed more frequently in the winter months.

There are numerous Bihari meat dishes, with [[chicken]] and [[mutton]] being the most common. [[Fish]] dishes are especially common in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of North Bihar due to the number of rivers, such as the [[Sone]], [[Gandak]], [[Ganges]] and [[Koshi river|Koshi]]. [[Dairy]] products are consumed frequently throughout the year, including [[dahi (curd)|dahi]] ([[yogurt]]), spiced [[buttermilk]] (known as [[mattha]]), [[ghee]], [[lassi]] and [[butter]].

Dishes for which [[Bihar]] is famous include [[Litti (cuisine)]], [[Baingan bharta|Chokha]], [[Kadhi bari]], [[Ghugni]], [[Khichdi]], Bihari [[kebab]]s, [[Champaran meat]], [[Machher Jhol|Machhak Jhor]] ([[fish]] [[curry]]), [[Euryale ferox|Makhana]]. Famous native sweets includes [[halwa]] of [[Poppy seed|posta-dana]] and [[Euryale ferox|Makhana]], [[Khaja]], [[Tilkut]] and [[Anarsa|Anarasa]].

==Religion==
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| header = Dharmic religion pilgrimages in Bihar
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{{Main|Religion in Bihar}}{{See also|Sikhism in Bihar|Christianity in Bihar|Islam in Bihar|Jainism in Bihar|Buddhism in Bihar}}{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bihar
|titlebar=#F6F6F6
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|82.7}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|16.9}}
{{bar percent|Other|gray|0.4}}
}}[[Hindu]] [[Goddess]] [[Sita]], the consort of [[Rama|Lord Rama]], is believed to have been born in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of modern-day Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitamarhi|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427100105/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|archive-date=27 April 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Sitamarhi|url=http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171523/http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|archive-date=20 December 2014|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Official site of Sitamarhi district}}</ref> It was the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Ancient Bihar]] that give birth to new Indic religions: [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bagchi |first1=Jhunu |title=The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. |date=1993 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173014 |pages=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oduAAAAMAAJ&q=Art%20and%20Culture%20of%20Bihar}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] attained [[Bodhi|Enlightenment]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], a town located in the modern-day district of [[Gaya District|Gaya]] in Bihar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Birendra Nath |title=Rethinking Bihar and Bengal |date=13 October 2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000465099 |pages=192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbk6EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> [[Vasupujya]], the 12th Jain [[Tirthankara]] was born in [[Champapuri]], [[Bhagalpur]]. Vardhamana [[Mahavira]], the 24th and last [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], was born in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] around the 6th century BC.<ref>Pathak Prabhu Nath,'' Society and Culture in Early Bihar'', Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140</ref> [[Bodh Gaya]] in Bihar is an important pilgrimage center for the global Buddhists. The tenth [[Sikh Gurus|Guru of the Sikhs]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], was born here in 1666 and spent his early years here before moving to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]].<ref name="Johar">{{cite book|last=Johar|first=Surinder Singh|title=Guru Gobind Singh: A Study|publisher=Marwah Publications|year=1979|pages=23}}</ref> The [[Gurdwara]] at [[Patna Sahib]] marks the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="Johar" />

== Festivals ==
===Chhath Mahaparv===
{{Main|Chhath}}
[[Image:Chhath puja photo.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[Chhath Puja]]}}]]
[[Chhath]], also called "Dala Chhath", ''Surya vrat'', is a Vedic festival celebrated in Bihar. It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summers, called the ''Chaiti Chhath'', and once around a week after [[Deepawali]], called the ''Karthik Chhath''. The Karthik Chhath is more popular because winters are the usual festive season in northern India, and fasting without water for around 42 hours or more, as required for worshipers during Chhath Puja, is easier to do in the Indian winters.

In Chhath prayers are offered to Sun God, known as Surya.<ref name="Chhath Puja Bihar">{{cite web |title=Chhath Puja 2022: Date, Time, and Story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/chhath-puja-2022-date-time-tithi-rituals-and-significance/articleshow/95100145.cms |website=Times Of India|date=30 October 2022 }}</ref> Wherever people from Bihar have migrated, they have taken with them the tradition of Chhath. During chhath worshiper do ritual bathing that follows a period of abstinence and segregation from their main household for four days.<ref name="Chhath Puja Bihar"/> On the eve of Chhath, houses and their surroundings are scrupulously cleaned. Further, the ritual bathing and worship of the Sun God is performed twice: once in the evening and once at dawn, usually on the banks of a flowing river, or a common large water body. The main god worshiped is [[Surya|Aditya]] the sun god with his wife [[Ushas]] the evening dusk goddess and [[Kiran (deity)|Kiran]] the dawn goddess and [[Aditi]] the mother of Gods, the occasion generally resembles a carnival.<ref name="Chhath Puja Bihar"/> For several days, ritual renditions of regional folk songs are sung. These folk songs have been carried on through oral transmission from mothers and mothers-in-law to daughters and daughters-in-law for generations. It is one of the oldest festivals continuously celebrated since the time of vedic period.

===Durga Puja===
{{Main|Durga Puja}}
[[Image:Durga Puja DS.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[Durga Puja]]}}]]
[[File:Nitish Kumar and Samrat Chaudhary participating in Ravan Vadh ceremony during Dussera in 2024.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar Samrat Chaudhary participating in Ravan Vadh ceremony during Dussera in Patna on 12 October 2024.]]
[[Durga puja]] is the second big festival of Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=When is Durga Puja 2022? Know shubh muhurat, history and important dates here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/when-is-durga-puja-2022-know-shubh-muhurat-history-and-important-dates-here/articleshow/94554153.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=Sep 30, 2022}}</ref> Here, it is celebrated for ten days. People do fasts. All married women perform ''Saanjh'' ({{Translation|Evening}}) which means ''Sandhya [[Arti (Hinduism)|Arti]]'' and "khoecha" is given to the goddess. Traditionally, in Bihar when a daughter comes to her father's house "khoecha" is given to her by her mother. It is believed that goddess Durga comes to her ''Maayka'' ({{Translation|Mother's Home}}) from her ''Sasural'' ({{Translation|Husband's Home}}) every year. Whole cities and villages are decorated with beautiful lights and pandals<ref>{{cite web |title=32% rise in Durga puja pandals in Patna this year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/32-rise-in-durga-puja-pandals-in-patna-this-year-101664729105329.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> are created for this grand occasion. During ten days of fasting pure vegetarian dishes are cooked in households. These dishes do not contain onion and garlic. Ritually, ''kanya pujan'' is performed on the auspicious day of ''Ashtami'' ({{Translation|Eighth Day}}) and ''Navami'' ({{Translation|Ninth Day}}). On ''Dashami'' ({{Translation|Tenth Day}}) the "Visarjan puja" is performed in which "Jayanti from 'Kalash" is distributed to devotees and "Aprajita Pujan" is performed in which Goddess is worshiped from the vines of a flower named "Aprajita" ([[Clitoria ternatea]]). After Puja "Dahi Chhurra" ([[Curd (India)]] and [[Beaten rice|Churra]]) is presented to Goddess Durga. The idols of goddess Durga are immersed in water (also, known as visarjan) on Dashmi or the Day after Dashmi. The visarjan of "Bari Devi ji" and "Choti Devi ji" in Patna and visarjan of "Bari Durga Maharani ji," "Choti Durga ji", "Bari Kali ji", and "Choti Kali ji" in Munger and Jamalpur holds a grand procession.

===Saraswati Puja===
{{Main|Saraswati Puja}}
[[Image:Goddess Saraswati dressed in yellow sari for Vasant Panchami Festival, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[Saraswati Puja]]}}]]
Saraswati Puja is performed by students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saraswati puja celebrated amid traditional fervor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/saraswati-puja-celebrated-amid-traditional-fervour/articleshow/67932356.cms |website=Times Of India |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=Feb 11, 2019}}</ref> Usually, Students start preparations for the special day around one month early. It is mainly celebrated in schools and colleges. Nowadays, [[Saraswati puja]] is also performed in households and localities. In bihar, students offer their books and study materials as well as musical instruments in front of the goddess Saraswati who is believed to be the goddess of knowledge and wisdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Happy Basant Panchami 2022: Wishes, messages to send to your loved ones |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/happy-basant-panchami-2022-wishes-messages-to-send-to-your-loved-ones-101643879833766.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Other festivals===
Other local festivals celebrated with fervour in Bihar include:
* [[Sama Chakeva]]
*[[Jivitputrika]]
*[[Jur Sital]]
* [[Teej]]
* [[#Maithil Festival|Bihula-Bishari Puja]] (celebrated in the [[Anga (region)|Ang]] region of Bihar)
* [[Buddha Purnima]]
* [[Diwali]];
*[[Holi]](Fagua, celebrated as new year in south Bihar)
*[[Karam festival|Karma]] Puja(celebrated in Magadh region)
*Godhan Kutai

==Fair==
===Pitri Paksha Mela===
{{Main|Pitru Paksha}}
This is a 15-day fair held on the bank of River [[Falgu]] at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] during [[Pitru Paksha]] every year. Pilgrims from all parts of India visit Gaya, offering [[pinda (riceball)|pinda]] to honor their ancestors. According to estimates from the Bihar Tourism Department, about 500,000 to 750,000 pilgrims arrive in Gaya each year during the Pitri Paksha Mela.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gaya to host 2013 Pitra Paksha Mela from September 18|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/gaya-to-host-2013-pitri-paksha-mela-from-september-18/|access-date=25 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910024928/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/gaya-to-host-2013-pitri-paksha-mela-from-september-18/|archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref>

===Sonepur Mela===
{{Main|Sonepur Cattle Fair}}
* The [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonepur]] cattle fair, a month-long event starting approximately half a month after Deepawali. Considered the largest cattle fair in Asia, it is held at the junction of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and [[Gandak River]]s, in the town of [[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonepur]]. However, new laws governing the sale of animals and prohibiting the trafficking in exotic birds and beasts have adversely impacted the fair's success.
*[[Sama Chakeva]]

===Shravani Mela===
[[Shraavana|Shravan]]i [[Mela]] is an important month-long ritual observance, held along a 108-kilometre route linking the towns of [[Sultanganj]] and [[Deoghar]] (now located in the state of [[Jharkhand]].) It is held every year in the Hindu month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] (the lunar month of July–August). Pilgrims, known as ''Kanwarias'', wear saffron-coloured clothes and collect water from a sacred [[Ghat]] (river bank) at [[Sultanganj]]. They walk the 108 km stretch barefoot to the town of [[Deoghar]] to bathe a sacred [[Shiva]]-[[Linga]]. The observance draws thousands of people from all over India to the town of Deoghar.

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Bihar}}

=== Print ===
Popular Hindi newspapers in Bihar include the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', ''[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]'' The Hindu and ''[[Prabhat Khabar]]''. E-papers, such as the ''[[Bihar Times]]'' and ''Patna Daily'', have become very popular among educated Biharis, especially those living outside the region. National English dailies like ''[[The Times of India]]'' and ''[[The Economic Times]]'' and ''Bihar Now'' are read in urban regions.

===Electronic===
Several national and international television channels are popular in Bihar. [[DD Bihar]], Sahara Bihar, and Zee Bihar-Jharkhand are the channels dedicated specifically to Bihar. In 2008, two dedicated Bhojpuri channels, called Mahuaa TV,<ref>[http://www.india-server.com/news/bhojpuri-channel-mahuaa-tv-launched-2868.html Bhojpuri Channel Mahuaa TV Launched] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717133300/http://www.india-server.com/news/bhojpuri-channel-mahuaa-tv-launched-2868.html |date=17 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvnext.in/news/149/ARTICLE/1570/2008-08-11.html|title=Bhojpuri Channel MAHUAA TV launched|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015001538/http://www.tvnext.in/news/149/ARTICLE/1570/2008-08-11.html|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> and Purva TV<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070223/asp/jamshedpur/story_7430366.asp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Now, Bhojpuri beam 24x7 | date=23 February 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315074114/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070223/asp/jamshedpur/story_7430366.asp | archive-date=15 March 2007}}</ref> were launched.

Several government radio channels exist in Bihar. [[All India Radio]] has stations in [[Bhagalpur]], [[Daltonganj]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Patna]], [[Purnea]], and [[Sasaram]]. Other government radio channels include [[Gyan Vani]] in Patna; [[Radio Mirchi]], also in Patna; and Radio Dhamaal in [[Muzaffarpur]].<ref name="asiawaves.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/bihar-radio.htm|title=Bihar Radio Stations on FM, mediumwave and shortwave|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015110134/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/bihar-radio.htm|archive-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

==Cinema==
{{Main|Cinema of Bihar|Bhojpuri Film Industry}}
{{See also||Bodhisattava International Film Festival|Patna Film Festival}}{{See also|International Bhojpuri Film Awards|Bhojpuri Film Awards|Sabrang Film Awards}}{{Further|List of Bhojpuri films|Category:Maithili-language films|Category:Magahi-language films}}
Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language cinema industry. There are also small Maithili-, Angika- and Magadhi-language film industries in the region.

The earliest Bihari films were released in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/ |title=Gunga Jumna (1961) |access-date=24 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165512/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/ |archive-date=15 March 2007}} [[Ganga Jamuna]] – First Bhojpuri language film</ref> The release of the first Magadhi-language film, called ''[[Bhaiyaa]], released in 1961''. It was the first movie of any Bihari language.<ref>https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121206041801/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/ |date=6 December 2012 }} [[Bhaiyaa]] – First Magadhi language film {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date= March 2022}}</ref> In 1963, a well-received Bhojpuri film, ''Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo'' ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), was released, directed by Kundan Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|title=IMDB title|work=IMDb|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920030553/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|archive-date=20 September 2013}}</ref> in 1971, the first movie filmed in significant portions in the Maithili language, ''[[Kanyadan film|Kanyadan]]'', was released. The first Angika movie was released in 2007, Khagadiya wali bhauji<ref>{{cite web |title=First Maithili movie? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/did-you-know/first-maithili-movie/articleshow/14174788.cms |website=Times Of India|date=12 July 2012 }}</ref>

Over the next two decades, films were produced sporadically. In general, [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films were not commonly made in the 1960s and 1970s. By the 1980s, though, enough Bhojpuri films had been made to comprise a small industry. Films such as ''Mai'' ("Mom," 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and ''Hamar Bhauji'' ("My Brother's Wife," 1983, directed by Kalpataru) continued to have at least sporadic success at the box office. However, this trend faded out by the end of the decade, and by 1990, the Bihari film industry seemed to be defunct.<ref>Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'BHOJPURI CINEMA', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145 – 165</ref>

Yet the industry took off again in 2001 with the extremely popular ''Saiyyan Hamar'' ("My Sweetheart," directed by Mohan Prasad).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=People | date=14 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp | archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> This success was quickly followed by several other very popular films, including ''Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi'' ("Priest, tell me when I will marry," 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and ''Sasura Bada Paisa Wala'' ("My father-in-law, the rich guy," 2005). In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry's rising status, both of these films did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits did. Additionally, both films, made on extremely small budgets, earned back more than ten times their production costs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> The success, status, and visibility of Bhojpuri cinema has continued to increase. The industry now supports an awards show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/|title=Bhojpuri Film Adards - Official Web Site|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102163552/http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/|archive-date=2 November 2009}}</ref> and a trade magazine, ''Bhojpuri City'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhojpuricity.com/|title=アルファード買取相場と高価買取３原則|access-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904183654/http://www.bhojpuricity.com/|archive-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> and now produces over one hundred films per year. Many of the major stars of mainstream [[Bollywood]] cinema, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], have recently worked in Bhojpuri films.

== Gallery ==
[[File:Tapodarama.jpg|center|160px|thumb|Hindus bathing in the hotsprings at Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, [[Rajgir]]. In ancient times, hot springs used to be the site of the Tapodarama, a Buddhist monastery at the time of [[Gautama Buddha]]. It is said that King [[Bimbisara]] also used to bathe here sometimes.]]

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Pathak Prabhu Nath, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar ''Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600)''], Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
* Basham A. L., ''The Wonder that was India'', Picador, 1954, {{ISBN|0-330-43909-X}}
* Nambisan Vijay, ''Bihar in the eye of the beholder'', Penguin Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029449-1}}
* [[Shankar Dayal Singh|Singh, Shankar Dayal]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC&q=%22Shankar+Dayal+Singh%22+-inpublisher:icon Bihar: Ek Sanstkritik Vaibhav]'' (Hindi). Diamond Pocket Books. 1999. {{ISBN|8171822940}}.
* Chitta Ranjan Prasad Sinha, ''Early Sculpture of Bihar'', Indological Book Corp., 1980
* Susan Lubin Huntington The Origin and Development of Sculpture in Bihar and Bengal, University of California, 1972
* {{cite web |last1=Choudhary |first1=Radhakrishna |title=History of Bihar |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-bihar |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=Nov 27, 2019}}
* {{cite journal |first=Sarita |last=Sahay |title=The Folk Tales of Bihar: an Anthropological Perspective |date=2000 |journal=Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore |volume=13 |pages=93-102 |doi=10.7592/FEJF2000.13.bihar}}

;Folktale collections:
* {{Cite book |title=Folk Tales of Bihar |first=Mira |last=Pakrasi |publisher=Sterling Publishers |date=1973}}
* {{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Bihar |publisher=SAHITYA AKADEMI |first=P. C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |date=2017 |isbn=9788172016296}}
* {{cite book |title=The Greatest Folk Tales Of Bihar |publisher=Rupa Publication Pvt. Ltd. |first=Nalin |last=Verma |date=2021 |isbn=9789353336622}}

{{Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari Culture}}
[[Category:Culture of Bihar]]

Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:20:27Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Valmiki Nagar
| map_image =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 2008
| assembly_cons = [[Valmiki Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]] [[Ramnagar, Paschim Champaran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]] [[Narkatiaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narkatiaganj]] [[Bagaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]] [[Lauriya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lauriya]] [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]]
| latest_election_year = 2020
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Sunil Kumar Valmikinagar MP (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Sunil Kumar (Valmiki Nagar)|Sunil Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}
'''Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008, following [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 80
| value2 = 20
| label1 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JD(U)''' (4 times)]]
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Assembly segments==
This constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Valmiki Nagar Assembly constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
|rowspan="6"| [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]]
|[[Surendra Prasad Kushwaha|Surendra Kushwaha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|2
|[[Ramnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramnagar]] (SC)
|[[Nand Kishor Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|3
|[[Narkatiaganj Assembly constituency|Narkatiaganj]]
|[[Sanjay Kumar Pandey|Sanjay Pandey]]
|-
|4
|[[Bagaha Assembly constituency|Bagaha]]
|[[Ram Singh (politician)|Ram Singh]]
|-
|5
|[[Lauriya Assembly constituency|Lauriya]]
|[[Vinay Bihari]]
|-
|9
|[[Sikta Assembly constituency|Sikta]]
|[[Sammridh Varma]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="3"| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|2020^
|rowspan="2"|[[Sunil Kumar (Lok Sabha member)|Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Valmiki Nagar">{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Valmiki Nagar|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S041.htm|access-date=13 July 2024|date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713082254/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S041.htm|archive-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>
|}
^ bye-poll

==Election results==

=== 2024 General Election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general elections]] [[Valmiki Nagar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Valmiki Nagar Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/in-the-2024-valmiki-nagar-lok-sabha-elections-sunil-kumar-of-jdu-won-with-523422-votes-defeating-rjds-deepak-yadav-by-98675-votes |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS041.htm|title=Result 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Sunil Kumar (Valmiki Nagar)|Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]|votes=5,23,422|percentage=47.50|change={{up}}9.42}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Deepak Yadav|votes=4,24,747|percentage=38.55|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Shaifi Mohammad Miya|votes=13,432|percentage=1.22|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=30,709|percentage=2.79|change=|}}

{{Election box majority|votes=98,675|percentage=8.95|change=|}}

{{Election box turnout|votes=11,03,474|percentage=60.33|change=|}}

{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Janata Dal (United)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020 Bye- Election===
Bye-elections were needed due to the death of the sitting MP, [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]. [[Sunil Kumar (Valmiki Nagar)|Sunil Kumar]], Mahto's son won the by-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/valmiki-nagar-lok-sabha-by-election-result-2020-sunil-kumar-jdu-wins-1739911-2020-11-11 |title=Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha By-election Result 2020: Sunil Kumar of JDU wins, beats Congress by over 22,000 votes - Elections News |date= |author= |access-date= 7 May 2021}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2020: Valmiki Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar (Valmiki Nagar)|Sunil Kumar Kushwaha]]
|votes = 4,03,360
|percentage =38.08
|change = {{Decrease}}20.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravesh Kumar Mishra
|votes = 3,80,821
|percentage =35.95
|change ={{Increase}}11.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Panchayat Party
|candidate = Shailendra Kumar
|votes = 1,09,711
|percentage =10.36
|change ={{Increase}}10.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samata Party
|candidate =Prem Kumar Chaudhary
|votes = 52,396
|percentage =4.95
|change ={{Increase}}4.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 41,041
|percentage = 3.87
|change = {{Increase}}0.53
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,539
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,61,198
|percentage =61.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 general election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Valmiki Nagar]]<ref name="Valmiki Nagar Elections 2019">{{cite news |last1=Firstpost |title=Valmiki Nagar Elections 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/valmiki-nagar-election-result-2019-s04p01 |access-date=10 September 2022 |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910151939/https://www.firstpost.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/bihar/valmiki-nagar-election-result-2019-s04p01 |archive-date=10 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|votes = 6,02,660
|percentage = 58.39
|change = {{Increase}}49.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shashwat Kedar
|votes = 2,48,044
|percentage = 24.03
|change = {{Decrease}}3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Deepak Yadav
|votes = 62,963
|percentage = 6.10
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Suresh Sah
|votes = 14,870
|percentage = 1.44
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 34,338
|percentage = 3.33
|change = {{Increase}}1.61
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,54,616
|percentage = 34.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,32,090
|percentage = 61.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Valmiki Nagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satish Chandra Dubey]]
|votes = 3,64,013
|percentage = 40.44
|change = +40.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Purnmasi Ram]]
|votes = 2,46,218
|percentage = 27.35
|change = +22.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|votes = 81,612
|percentage = 9.07
|change = -37.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Varma
|votes = 58,817
|percentage = 6.53
|change = +6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Ekta Dal
|candidate = Amar Sahani
|votes = 35,888
|percentage = 3.99
|change = +3.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Prof. Amaresh Prasad
|votes = 27,603
|percentage = 3.07
|change = +3.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 15,515
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Virendra Prasad Gupta
|votes = 12,581
|percentage = 1.40
|change = -0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shailesh Kumar Diwakar
|votes = 11,668
|percentage = 1.30
|change = -6.40
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,17,795
|percentage = 13.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,00,127
|percentage = 61.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 general elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Valmiki Nagar]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
|votes = 2,77,696
|percentage = 46.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Fakhruddin
|votes = 94,021
|percentage = 15.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Manan Kumar Mishra]]
|votes = 46,058
|percentage = 7.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Raghunath Jha]]
|votes = 45,699
|percentage = 7.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dilip Varma
|votes = 38,650
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohammad Shamim Akhtar
|votes = 26,762
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,83,675
|percentage = 30.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,98,447
|percentage = 46.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[West Champaran district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/valmiki_nagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Valmiki Nagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

{{coord|27.43|83.91|display=title}}

{{Bihar elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]

Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Stadium

2025-12-23T15:43:47Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Starting new bio

{{Short description|Main stadium in Bijapur, Karanataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Dr Ambedkar Stadium
| nickname = Ambedkar Stadium
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Stadium
| former_names = District Stadium
| location = [[Bijapur]], [[Karanataka]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built = 1969
| opened =
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Vijayapura Mahanagara Palike]]
| operator = [[Vijayapura Mahanagara Palike]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = n/a
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants =
| embedded =
| website = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57966.html ESPNcricinfo]
| public_transit =
}}
'''Dr Ambedkar Stadium''' or '''District Stadium''' is a main stadium in city of [[Bijapur]], [[Karanataka]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185150/http://www.bijapurcity.gov.in/sites/bijapurcity.gov.in/files/pdl12.pdf Bijapur City]</ref> The ground has four [[Ranji Trophy]] matches from 1969 to 1995 <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/942_f.html First-class matches]</ref> including one match for [[Mysore cricket team]] in 1969.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30447.html Scorecard]</ref> The ground was also host for [[Vijay Hazare Trophy|Ranji One Day Trophy]] between [[Karnataka cricket team]] and [[Hyderabad cricket team]] in 1995.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/59/59958.html Ranji ODD]</ref> The match international cricketers like [[Vijay Bharadwaj]], [[Venkatapathy Raju]], [[Anil Kumble]], [[Sunil Joshi]], [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] and [[Venkatesh Prasad]]. The ground is named after [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57966.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/942.html Cricketarchive]

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Bhimrao Ambedkar Stadium}}
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Khwaja Baqi Billah

2025-12-23T14:01:13Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Khwaja Baqi Billah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 July 1564
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1603|11|29|1564|7|14}}
| death_place = [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| father = Qāzī Abd as-Salām Khalji Samarqandī Quraishi
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Naqshbandi]]
| main_interests = Implementation of [[Sharia|Islamic law]], Islamic statehood
| influenced_by =
| influenced = [[Ahmad Sirhindi]]
| notable_ideas = Evolution of [[Islamic philosophy]], application of [[Sharia]]
| influences = [[Muhammad Amkanagi]]
| resting_place = Nabi Karim, Delhi
| pen_name = Berang
}}
{{Sufism|Notable early}}{{Short description|Naqshbandi Sufi saint}}
'''Khwaja''' '''Baqi Billah''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|خواجه باقی بالله}}}}) also known as '''Khwaja''' '''Muhammad Baqi''',<ref name=":0">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144524519.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref> with his pen name '''Berang''', (14 July 1564– 29 November 1603), was a [[Sufi]] saint from [[Kabul]]. He was a disciple of Khwaja [[Muhammad Amkanagi]] and the pioneer of the [[Naqshbandi]] Order in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_13.html|access-date=2009-11-15|title=Article on KhwajaBaqi Billah }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almazhar.com/bio_hazrat_k_baqibillah.php|title=HAZRAT KHAWAJA BAQI BILLAH R.A|access-date=2009-11-16|archive-date=2022-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909132240/http://www.almazhar.com/bio_hazrat_k_baqibillah.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ellison Banks Findly|title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=Feb 1993|pages= 208|isbn=978-0-19-507488-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Malika Mohammada|title=The foundations of the composite culture in India|year=2007|pages=181|publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&q=Khwaja+Baqi+Billah&pg=PA181}}</ref>

== Birth ==
Baqi Billah was the originator and pioneer of the [[Naqshbandi]] Order in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. His father Abd as-Salām Khalji Samarqandī Quraishi was a scholar and saint from Kabul. His [[Takhallus]] (pen name) was "Berang", which literally means colorless or invisible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maktabah.org/blog/?p=909|title=Article on KhwajaBaqi Billah |date=17 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Death==
He died on 14 [[Jumada al-Thani]] 1012 [[Hijri year|AH]] (29 November 1603) and is buried in the Nabi Karim area of Delhi.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

== Works ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Original language
!English title
!Brief description
|-
|''Maktubat-e-Khwaja Baqi Billah''
| rowspan="3" |Persian
|Letters of Khwaja Baqi Billah
|A collection of letters addressing spiritual training, Sufi discipline, and Naqshbandi teachings; considered his principal work.
|-
|''Risala-e-Ahwal wa Ma‘arif''
|Treatise on Spiritual States and Knowledge
|A short Sufi treatise discussing inner states, spiritual awareness, and the path of self-purification.
|-
|''Ta‘limat-e-Naqshbandiyya''
|Teachings of the Naqshbandi Order
|A concise exposition of Naqshbandi principles, practices, and ethical discipline.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Billah, Khwaja Baqi}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]
[[Category:1564 births]]
[[Category:1603 deaths]]

Divisions of British India

2025-12-01T08:45:25Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Starting new info...

{{Short description|Administrative divisions of the Government of the British Raj or the Indian Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Colonial India}}

[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|1909 British Indian Empire map as appeared in [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]]]

The '''divisions of British India''' were the [[subdivisions of British India|administrative divisions]] of the Government of the [[British Raj]] or the Indian Empire.<ref>''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907-1909</ref>

==Divisions in Bengal==
The seven [[Bengal]] Regulation Districts were named as 'divisions' in 1851:
*[[Jessore Division]], area 14,853 sq mi, population 5,345,472 (1851)
*[[Bhagalpur Division]] area 26,464 sq mi, population 8,431,000
*[[Cuttack Division]], area 12,664 sq mi, population 2,793,883
*British division ([[Murshidabad|Moorshedabad]]), area 17,556 sq mi, population 6,815,876
*[[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]], area 20,942 sq mi, population 4,055,800
*[[Patna Division]], area 13,803 sq mi, population 7,000,000
*[[Chittagong Division]], area 7,410 sq mi, population 2,406,950

The partition of Bengal in 1905 , there were seven divisions in Bengal :
*[[Presidency Division]]
*[[Burdwan Division]]
*[[Patna division|Patna Division]]
*[[Bhagalpur Division]]
*[[Tirhut Division]]
*[[Chota Nagpur Division]]
*Orissa Division ([[Cuttack]])

After the reunification of Bengal in 1911, the boundaries of Bengal were changed and the Bengal were divided five divisions . viz :
*[[Presidency Division]]
*[[Dacca Division]]
*[[Chittagong Division]]
*[[Rajshahi Division]]
*[[ Burdwan Division]]

===Divisions of Eastern Bengal and Assam===
The divisions of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] Province 1905—1912:
*[[Dacca Division]]
*[[Chittagong Division]]
*[[Rajshahi Division]]
*[[Assam Valley Division]]
*[[Surma Valley and Hill Districts Division]]

==Divisions in Baroda==
*[[Kadi Division]]
*[[Baroda Division]]
*[[Amreli Division]]
*[[Navsari Division]]

==Divisions in Bombay==
*[[Northern Division, Bombay|Northern Division]]
*[[Southern Division, Bombay|Southern Division]]
*[[Central Division, Bombay|Central Division]]
*[[Sind Division]] until 1936

==Divisions in Burma==
*[[Arakan Division]]
*[[Pegu Division]]
*[[Irrawaddy Division]]
*[[Tenasserim Division]]
*[[Magway Region|Mimbu Division]]
*[[Mandalay Division]]
*[[Sagaing Division]]
*[[Meiktila Division]]

==Divisions in Central India==
{{See also|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India}}

*[[Gwalior Residency]]
*[[Bundelkhand Agency]]
*[[Baghelkhand Agency]]
*[[Malwa Agency]]
*[[Bhopal Agency]]
*[[Indore Residency]]
*[[Bhopawar Agency]]

==Divisions in Central Provinces and Berar==
*[[Nagpur Division]]
*[[Jubbulpore Division]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Division]]
*[[Nerbudda Division]]
*[[Berar Division]]

==Divisions of Hyderabad==
*[[Aurangabad Division]]
*[[Gulbarga Division]]
*[[Gushanabad Division]] (Medak Division)
*[[Warangal Division]]

==Divisions in Rajputana==
{{See also|Rajputana Agency}}

*[[Western Rajputana States Residency]]
*[[Haraoti and Tonk Agency]]
*[[Mewar Residency]]
*[[Eastern Rajputana States Agency]]
*[[Kotah and Jhalawar Agency]]

==Divisions in United Provinces==
*[[Meerut Division]]
*[[Agra Division]]
*[[Bareilly Division]]
*[[Allahabad Division]]
*[[Benares Division]]
*[[Gorakhpur Division]]
*[[Kumaun Division]]
*[[Jhansi Division]]
*[[Lucknow Division]] formerly also Sitapur Division
*[[Faizabad Division]] (Fyzabad Division)

==Divisions in Punjab==
*[[Lahore Division]]
*[[Rawalpindi Division]]
*[[Multan Division]]
*[[Ambala Division]] and [[Delhi Division]] until 1921
*[[Jalandhar Division]]

==See also==
*[[Medak Gulshanabad Division]]
*[[Presidencies and provinces of British India]]
*[[Subdivisions of British India]]
*[[Territorial evolution of the British Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/pamphletsissuedb08grea/pamphletsissuedb08grea_djvu.txt Pamphlets issued by the India office and by other British and Indian governmental agencies, relating to the government of India, and to various political, economic, and social questions concerning it and Burma]

{{Divisions of British India}}

[[Category:Divisions of British India| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur

2025-11-29T18:47:45Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| name = Maharaja Colonel Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya DebBarma Bahadur [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Maharaja bir bikram manikya.jpg
| caption = Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur
| reign = 1923–1947
| predecessor = [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
| suc-type = Successor
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|8|19|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1947|5|17|1908|8|19|df=y}}
| successor = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]] (with [[Kanchan Prava Devi]] as Regent) from 1947 to 1949
| dynasty = [[Manikya dynasty]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| issue = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
| spouse = [[Kanchan Prava Devi]]
| full name = Colonel Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma Manikya Bahadur
| father = Maharaja Birendra Kishore Manikya Debbarma
| mother = Maharani Arundhuti Devi
| occupation = Administrator
}}

'''Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur''' (19 August 1908 – 17 May 1947) was a [[List of Tripuri Kings|king]] (or ''Maharaja'') of [[Tripura (princely state)|Tripura State]]. He is known as "the architect of modern Tripura".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Deb Barma |first1=Aloy |title=Cinema as Art and Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |location=Agartala |publication-date=2022 |pages=12–14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarman - the Modern Architect of Tripura |url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2011/02/maharaja-bir-bikram-kishore-manikya.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.oknortheast.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bīr Bikram Kishore Māṇikya {{!}} king of Tripura {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bir-Bikram-Kishore-Manikya |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2021-08-19 |title=113th Birth Anniversary Of Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Observed In Tripura |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/08/19/113th-birth-anniversary-of-maharaja-bir-bikram-kishore-manikya-observed-in-tripura/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was succeeded by his son, Maharaja [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman|Kirit Bikram Kishore Debbarman]], who was the nominal king for two years till the state's [[Tripura Merger Agreement|merger]] into India in 1949. Since he was a minor during this time, the state was governed by a Council of Regency headed by his mother, [[Kanchan Prava Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birthday of Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur around the world in 2022 |url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/birthday-of-bir-bikram-kishore-manikya-bahadur |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Office Holidays |language=en}}</ref>

==Reign==
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya assumed the throne in 1923, upon the death of his father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=115th birth anniversary of Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur celebrated in Tripura |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/115th-birth-anniversary-of-maharaja-bir-bikram-kishore-manikya-bahadur-celebrated-in-tripura20230819213214/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

Maharaja Bir Bikram Manikya Bahadur was popularly known as the '''Architect of Tripura''' due to his contribution to economic, social and educational institutions.<ref name="Maharaja">{{cite news|title= Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarman Bahadur- the Modern Architect of Tripura|url=https://www.oknortheast.com/2011/02/maharaja-bir-bikram-kishore-manikya.html?m=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debbarma |first=Khapang |date=2022-09-22 |title=Maharaja Bir Bikram's Progressive Ideas Were The Basis Of Modern Tripura |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/maharaja-bir-bikram-s-progressive-ideas-were-the-basis-of-modern-tripura |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |language=en}}</ref> He also was the first ruler of Tripura to have visited Europe and America in 1931 and 1939.<ref name="Maharaja" />

He reserved lands for the [[Tripuri people|Indigenous Tiprasa]] people whose outcome is the TTAADC ([[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |Tripura Tribal Area Autonomous District Councils]]) area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History TTAADC {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/History-TTAADC |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Maharaja" /> [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBB College |url=https://www.mbbcollege.in/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.mbbcollege.in}}</ref> and [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]] at [[Agartala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World War II era Agartala airport to be 3rd international airport in northeast |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/world-war-ii-era-agartala-airport-to-be-3rd-international-airport-in-northeast-1069419.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> were built by him. [[Maharaja Bir Bikram University]] is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/PDF/MBBact.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801233646/http://highereducation.tripura.gov.in/PDF/MBBact.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-01 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=highereducation.tripura.gov.in}}</ref>

==Titles==

*1909–1923: Srila-Srijukta Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman [[Yuvaraja|Jubaraj]] Goswami Bahadur
*1923–1935: [[His Highness]] Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta [[Maharaja]] [[Sri]] Sri Sri Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of [[Tripura]]
*1935–1937: His Highness Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Sri [[Sir]] Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, Maharaja of Tripura, KCSI
*1937–1942: [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] His Highness Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Sri Sir Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, Maharaja of Tripura, KCSI
*1942–1944: [[Major (rank)|Major]] His Highness Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Sri Sir Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, Maharaja of Tripura, KCSI
*1944–1946: [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] His Highness Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Sri Sir Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, Maharaja of Tripura, KCSI
*1946–1947: [[Colonel]] His Highness Bisam-Samar-Bijojee Mahamopadhyaya Radhakrishnapada Pancha-Srijukta Maharaja Sri Sri Sri Sir Bir Bikram Kishore Deb Barman Manikya Bahadur, Maharaja of Tripura, [[Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire|GBE]], KCSI<ref name="Maharaja" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debbarma |first=Khapang |date=2022-09-22 |title=Maharaja Bir Bikram's Progressive Ideas Were The Basis Of Modern Tripura |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/maharaja-bir-bikram-s-progressive-ideas-were-the-basis-of-modern-tripura |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |language=en}}</ref>

==Honours==

<div class="center">
(Ribbon bar, as it would look today)

[[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:Burma Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]

</div>

*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]], 1935
*[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], 1935
*[[1939-1945 Star|1939–1945 Star]] – 1945
*[[Burma Star]] – 1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945|War Medal 1939–1945]] – 1945
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]], 1946

== Sources ==
{{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[Manikya dynasty]]|19 August|1908|17 May|1947}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Birendra Kishore Manikya]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Manikya dynasty|King of Tripura]]
| years = 1923–1947
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman]]
}}
{{end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deb Barman, Bir Bikram Kishore}}
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Kings of Tripura]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Agartala]]

Sarwar Khan

2025-11-27T04:05:52Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating a post!

{{Short description|Indian folk singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarwar Khan
| birth_place = [[Dangri]], [[Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan, India
| birth_date = 2004–2005<ref>{{cite news |title=Two child artists who sang in Dangal felicitated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/two-child-artists-who-sang-in-dangal-felicitated/articleshow/56362183.cms |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 January 2017}}</ref>
| nationality =
| occupation = Singer
| awards = [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year]]
}}
'''''Sarwar Khan''''' is an Indian singer from [[Dangri, Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-17 |title='I want to sing and act in Bollywood' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/612115/i-want-sing-act-bollywood.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> He gained fame and recognition after singing the popular song "Haanikaarak Bapu" in the 2016<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-06 |title=Two child artists who sang in Dangal felicitated |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/two-child-artists-who-sang-in-dangal-felicitated/articleshow/56362183.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> film [[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]] at the age of 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redkar |first=Surabhi |date=2016-12-21 |title=Dangal Music Review |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/dangal-music-review/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-16 |title=Hitting the High Note |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/music-review-dangal-pritam-amitabh-bhattacharya-hitting-the-high-note-4429074/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 February 2017 |title=आइये मिलते है 'हानिकारक बापू' गाने वाले बाल-गायक सरवर खान से |url=https://kohraam.com/look-here/lets-meet-hanikarak-bapu-singer-sarwar-khan-87640.html/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Kohram Hindi News |language=en-US |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424190539/https://kohraam.com/look-here/lets-meet-hanikarak-bapu-singer-sarwar-khan-87640.html/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sarwar began his tutelage at the age of 3 and participated in various stage performances during his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-07 |title=These young artistes are mesmerising Bollywood with their singing skills |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/these-young-artistes-are-mesmerising-bollywood-with-their-singing-skills-18486178 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=18 April 2022 |title=KGF-2 में जैसलमेर के लोक गायक की आवाज का जादू:सरवर खान बोले- 12 सिंगर के साथ मिलकर सुल्तान गाया,दंगल फिल्म के बाद मिली पहचान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/barmer/jaisalmer/news/sarwar-khan-who-became-popular-by-singing-the-song-hanikarak-bapu-in-dangal-sang-sultan-in-kgf-2-129683536.html |work=Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=न्यूज़ |first=एबीपी |date=2016-12-26 |title=फिल्म दंगल में गीत गाने से बदली सरताज और सरवर की जिंदगी |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/sing-in-the-film-dangal-changed-sartaj-and-sarwar-life-525608 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=ABP Live|language=hi}}</ref>

Sarwar has also sung the title song for the cartoon [[Gattu Battu]] and recorded an ad film song for Borosil bottle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-02 |title=Dangal's 'Hanikarak Bapu' singers lend voice to animated series 'Gattu Battu' |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dangals-hanikarak-bapu-singers-lend-voice-to-animated-series-gattu-battu/articleshow/58474990.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sarwar Khan won the [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year]] and was felicitated at a program held in Kalakar Bhawan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2017: Sultan, Dangal, Ae Dil Hai Mushkil rule nominations; Badshah, Sonu Nigam, Arman Malik and more to perform {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/mirchi-music-awards-2017-sultan-dangal-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-rule-nominations-badshah-sonu-nigam-arman-malik-and-more-to-perform-1849520/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-20 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2017: Arijit Singh's big win, Alia-Varun's performance were the highlight of the night- view HQ Pics |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/mirchi-music-awards-2017-full-winners-list-arijit-singh-big-win-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-performance-were-the-highlight-of-the-night-view-hq-pics-907997/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[Bollywood Life]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Film Songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Movie
! Song
! Singer(s)/co-singer(s)
! Composer(s)
! Language
! Label
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|[[KGF: Chapter 2]]
|"Sulthan"
|Brijesh Shandilya, Mohan Krishna, Laxman Datta Naik, Saaj Bhatt, Santhosh Venky, Sandesh Datta Naik, Sachin Basrur, Ravi Basrur, Puneeth Rudranag, Manish Dinakar, Sarwar Khan, Priyanka Bharali
|
|Hindi
|[[Lahari Music]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.G.F: Chapter 2 {{!}} Hindi Song – Sulthana (Lyrical) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/k-g-f-chapter-2-hindi-song-sulthana-lyrical/videoshow/90840719.cms |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
|-
|2019
|[[Petta (film)|Petta]]
|"Thappad Maara"
|Sarwar Khan, Sartaz Khan Barna
|Anirudh Ravichander
|Hindi
|[[Sony Music India]]
|
|-
|2016
|[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]
|"Haanikaarak Bapu"
|Sarwar Khan, Sartaz Khan Barna
|[[Pritam]]
|Hindi
|[[Zee Music Company]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Song
! Language
! Label
! Album
! Ref.
|-
|2012
|"Maharo Man Nachan Lage Hai"
|Rajasthani
|[[T-Series (company)]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Music|India|Biography}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8300953}}
{{Authority control|qid=Q122421492}}

[[Category:Folk singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Singur Dam

2025-11-07T00:46:32Z

ItsNaviGrewal: reworked page based on references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Singur Dam
| name_official = M BhagaReddy Singur Project
| image = File:Singur Lake satellite imagery.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Singur Lake Satellite image
| image_alt =
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.7496|77.9278|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| country = India
| location = Sangareddy
| purpose =
| status =
| construction_began = in 1979
| opening = {{start date and age|1998}}
| demolished =
| cost =
| builder =
| owner =
| operator =
| dam_type = Earthen \ Gravity Dam
| dam_crosses =
| dam_height_foundation = 33 m
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_length = 7520 meters
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = 30 tmc ft
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = 30 tmc ft
| res_capacity_active = 20 tmc ft <ref>National Register of large dams, Central Water commission, Govt. of India, 2019 Ed</ref>
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_max_depth =
| res_elevation =
| res_tidal_range =
| lower_dam_type =
| lower_dam_crosses =
| lower_dam_height_foundation =
| lower_dam_height_thalweg =
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| lower_dam_elevation_crest =
| lower_dam_width_crest =
| lower_dam_width_base =
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| plant_name =
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| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_hydraulic_head =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_pumpgenerators =
| plant_pumps =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_capacity_factor =
| plant_efficiency =
| plant_storage_hours =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_annual_gen_year =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Singur Dam''' also written as '''Singoor''' ('''సింగూర్''' in Telugu) is an irrigation, hydroelectric and drinking water project located in Singooru village near [[Sangareddy district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Search continues for missing fisherman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/13/stories/2005071315170500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 July 2005}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It is a major source of drinking water for [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Projects across Godavari full |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/01/stories/2010090163650600.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906003332/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/01/stories/2010090163650600.htm |work=The Hindu |date=2010-09-01 |archivedate=6 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AP Gears Up To Ensure Enough Drinking Water |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ap-gears-up-to-ensure-enough-drinking-water/74799/0/ |work=Financial Express |date=17 April 2003}}</ref>

The dam is built on the river Manjira. The construction was completed in 1998. Singur reservoir has live storage capacity of 29 [[Tmcft]]

It is a popular tourist destination.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

This pipeline scheme is an inter river basin transfer link by feeding [[Godavari River]] water to [[Krishna River]] basin for Hyderabad city drinking water and subsequent regeneration/sewage flows generated (80%) for irrigation purpose. Nearly 10 [[tmcft]] water is supplied to Hyderabad city from this reservoir.

==History==
It has history of series of delays since its inception. The irrigation component of this dam in [[Medak district]] is not yet implemented. In October 1999, 1 of 17 radial spillway gates failed on the Singur Dam in Andhra Pradesh, India. This failure occurred during initial filling of the reservoir when the water level was
{{convert|9.8|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} below design level. The gate became dislodged due to a detachment of the left side trunnion girder. The right side arm supported the gate for 22 hours before becoming completely dislodged and washing away. The Andhra Pradesh State authorities attributed the failure of the gate to inadequate welding between the trunnion girder and the tie flats (Mande et al., 2000). There is no mention of downstream damage resulting from this failure.<ref>title=United States Department of the Interior - Bureau of Reclamation,
Page 3, Water Operation and Maintenance Bulletin, No. 201, September 2002|url=https://www.usbr.gov/assetmanagement/WaterBulletins/201sep2002.pdf</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2018}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Singur Dam Facts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/dams/singur-dam.html|title=Singur Dam, Telangana: Address, Map, Facts and Information|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=2019-06-27}}</ref>
|-
|Dam Name
|Singur dam
|-
|State Name
|Telangana
|-
|Type of dam
|Earthen / Gravity
|-
|Nearest City
|Sangareddy
|-
|Impounds
|Manjira River
|-
|Mandal
|Pulkal
|-
|District Name
|Sangareddy
|-
|Area
|Information is not available
|-
|Lat / Long
|17.802194, 77.892981
|-
|Total Capacity
|30 Tmc ft
|-
|Purpose
|Irrigation, Hydroelectric and Drinking Water
|-
|Construction began
|In 1979
|-
|Opening date
|In 1989
|-
|Height
|33 meters
|-
|Length
|7520 meters
|-
|Spillway Gates
|17
|-
|Spillway Discharge Capacity
|8.16 Lakh Cusecs
|-
|Type of Spillway Gates
|Radial
|-
|Project
|The Singur Project
|}

==See also==
* [[Nizamsagar]]
* [[Sriram Sagar Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.7496|77.9278|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]

Atul Parchure

2025-10-31T21:26:49Z

ItsNaviGrewal: fixed section for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian television and film actor (1966–2024)}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atul Parchure
| image = Atul parchure colors indian telly awards cropped.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Parchure at the [[Indian Telly Awards]] in 2018
| birth_name = Atul Parchure
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1966|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra, India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2024|10|14|1966|11|30}}
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| spouse = Sonia Parchure
| children = 1
| known_for = Acting
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1985–2024
}}

'''Atul Parchure''' (30 November 1966 – 14 October 2024) was an Indian actor who performed in films, television serials and on stage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Somya Lakhani |title=Uncommon Promise |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Uncommon-Promise/874087/ |access-date=23 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='TV show a way to keep Laxman's work alive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |access-date=23 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 November 2011}}</ref> He was mainly known for his comedic roles in Marathi and Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Aaj |date=14 October 2024 |title=Atul Parchure's Family Life: First Wife, Son, Daughter, Net Worth, and More |url=https://aajindia.com/en/entertainment/atul-parchure-family-wife-son-daughter-net-worth-journey/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Aaj India |language=en-US}}</ref> Mainly a film actor, he starred in plays like Vasu Chi Sasu, Priyatama, and Tarun Turk Mhatare Arka. Notable movies include [[Navra Maza Navsacha|Navra Mazha Navsacha]], [[Salaam-e-Ishq|Salaam-E-Ishq]], [[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]], [[All the Best: Fun Begins]], [[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]], [[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Atul-Parchure/news |title=Atul Parchure News {{!}} Latest News of Atul Parchure {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |website=The Times of India |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Parchure worked on [[Zee Marathi]]'s show [[Jaago Mohan Pyare]] along with [[Supriya Pathare]] and [[Shruti Marathe]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/jago-mohan-pyare-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/66379667.cms |title=Jago Mohan Pyare completes 300 episodes – Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 October 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> He also acted as the protagonist in [[Bhago Mohan Pyare]] on [[Zee Marathi]] which is the sequel of [[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]. He received Best Actor and Best Comedy Character Awards in [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2019]] due to this serial.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-antakshari-and-a-new-chat-show-to-launch-soon/articleshow/66555549.cms |title=Marathi Antakshari and a new chat show to launch soon – The Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 November 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Parchure died from liver cancer in Mumbai, on 14 October 2024, at the age of 57.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/the-kapil-sharma-show-fame-atul-parchure-dies-article-114222140 |title=The Kapil Sharma Show Fame Atul Parchure Dies |website=TimesNowNews |date=14 October 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2024 |title=Atul Parchure passes away: Arjun Kapoor, Renuka Shahane, Supriya-Sachin Pilgaonkar, Maharashtra's CM Eknath Shinde and others mourn his loss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/atul-parchure-passes-away-arjun-kapoor-renuka-shahane-supriya-sachin-pilgaonkar-maharashtras-cm-eknath-shinde-and-others-mourn-his-loss/articleshow/114227792.cms |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Marathi actor Atul Parchure passes away at 57 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/veteran-marathi-actor-atul-parchure-passes-away-at-57-101728934130640.html |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|date=15 October 2024 }}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year
! Film !! Role !! Language !! notes
|-
|1985
|''Khichdi''|||| Marathi
| as child artist
|-
| 1993
|''[[Bedardi]]'' || Thambi
| rowspan=10|Hindi
|
|-
| 2000
|''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' ||Shahid Akram ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2001
|''[[Style (2001 film)|Style]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Meri Pyaari Bahania Banegi Dulhania]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2002
|''[[Chor Machaaye Shor]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2003
|''[[Jajantaram Mamantaram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Calcutta Mail]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[God Only Knows]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| 2004
|''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha - A Love Story|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' || Jiya's brother || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]'' || vaky's friend || Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan=5|2005
|''[[Anjaane (2005 film)|Anjaane – The Unknown]]'' || Nandu
| rowspan=6|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]'' || Bhaskar Rajput||
|-
|''[[Kyon Ki]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Yakeen (2005 film)|Yakeen]]'' || Siddharth Thakur ||
|-
|''Chakachak'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2006
|''Mera Dil Leke Dekkho'' || ||
|-
|''[[Golmaal (Marathi film)|Goolmaal]]''
|Detective Bhanudas Bhinge
|Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan=4|2007
|''[[It's Breaking News]]'' || Rafique
| rowspan=4|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' || Assistant Cop ||
|-
|''[[Awarapan]]'' || Siddharth Sood ||
|-
|''[[Salaam-E-Ishq]]'' || Sukhi ||
|-
| 2008
|''[[Amhi Satpute]]''|| Chandya || rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|[[Be Dune Saade Chaar]]
|Dhodapkar
|
|-
|''[[All The Best (2009 film)|All The Best]]'' || Dhondu
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Detective Naani]]'' || Petook
|
|-
|''[[Billu Barber]]'' || Charandas Chaubey
|
|-
| rowspan=3| 2010
|''[[Khatta Meetha (2010 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' || Chintan ||
|-
|''[[Muskurake Dekh Zara]]'' || Elton ||
|-
|''Swaha: Life Beyond Superstition'' || Employee at clock repair shop ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011
|''[[Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap]]'' || Inspector at Airport ||
|-
|''[[Zhakaas]]''|| Inspector Jadhav || Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2012
|''[[Love Recipe]]'' || Anthony
| rowspan=2| Hindi
|-
|''[[Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2013
|''[[Narbachi Wadi]]'' || Dattoba Lingappa Kaikini || Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Bin Phere Free Me Ttere]]''
|
| rowspan=4|Hindi
|
|-
|''Choron Ki Baraat'' || Smile
|
|-
|''[[Zindagi 50 50]]'' || Mota
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2015
|''Pappu's Path'' || Genie
|
|-
|''[[Janiva]]'' || Niru Kaka
| rowspan=2| Marathi
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Braveheart]]'' ||
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Rules Ranjann]]''
|Ranjan's coworker
|Telugu
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Gharat Ganpati]]''
|Ganapati
| rowspan=2|Marathi
| voice
|-
|2024
|[[Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor (film)|''Alibaba Aani Chalishitale Chor'']]
|Doctor
|
|}

==Theater==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Play !! Year !! Role !! Language
|-
|''Tarun Turk Mhatare Arka'' || || ||Marathi
|-
|''Priyatama'' || || ||Marathi
|-
|''Vasu Chi Sasu'' || || ||Marathi
|-
|Aamhi Ani Aamche Bap<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/five-reasons-to-watch-aamhi-ani-aamche-bap/articleshow/64843840.cms|title=Five reasons to watch Aamhi Ani Aamche Bap|last=|first=|date=3 July 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
|2017
|
|Marathi
|-
|Wah Guru!<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/28-atul-parchure-interview.asp#|title=Interview With Atul Parchure|last=|first=|date=|website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
|
|
|Marathi
|}

==Television==
*''[[R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya]]'' – Bhavesh Vasavda
*''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' – various characters
*''[[Comedy Circus]]'' (season) – Himself
*''[[Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe]]'' – Guest performance with Rajiv Thakur, [[Paresh Ganatra]], [[Sunil Grover]]
*''[[Bh Se Bhade]]'' – Bhimsen Ganguly (Boss)
*''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hai]]'' – Ghost (cameo)
*''[[Yam Hain Hum]]'' – [[Chitragupta|Chitragupt]]
*''[[Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi]]'' – Sadanand Borkar (Janhavi's Boss)
*''[[Jaago Mohan Pyare]]'' – Mohan Mhatre
*''[[Bhago Mohan Pyare]]'' – Mohan Ashtaputre
*''[[Ali Mili Gupchili]]'' – Host
*''[[Majha Hoshil Na]]'' – J.D. (Jaywant Desai)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Atul Parchure}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|atul-parchure}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parchure, Atul}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver cancer in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]

{{Comedian-stub}}
{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Bagh Bondi Khela (TV series)

2025-09-19T17:56:17Z

ItsNaviGrewal:

{{Short description|Bengali television supernatural soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Supernatural]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
| creator = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer =
| director = Swarnedu Samadder
| creative_director = Sahana
| presenter = SVF Entertainment
| starring = Ishani Das [[Rubel Das|Surya Rubel Das]] [[Rukma Roy]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 80
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|01|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|03|27|df=yes}}
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
}}

'''''Bagh Bondi Khela''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television [[supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[soap opera]] that premiered on 6 January 2020 and aired on Bengali [[general entertainment channel|GEC]] [[Zee Bangla]]. The show starred [[Rubel Das]] and Ishani Das in lead roles and [[Rukma Roy]] as the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TV show 'Bagh Bondi Khela' abruptly ends its journey; actor Rubel Das gets emotional|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-bagh-bondi-khela-abruptly-ends-its-journey-actor-rubel-das-gets-emotional/articleshow/76318194.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|date=11 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-06|title=Zee Bangla's 'Bagh Bondi Khela' to start from January 6|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-banglas-bagh-bondi-khela-to-start-from-january-6-2255839.html|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[Zee News]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=রুবেলের নায়িকা এবার ঈশানী! আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/rubel-das-ishani-das-paired-in-zee-bangla-upcoming-bagh-bondi-khela-166976/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=আসছে মানুষ-বাঘ! 'বাঘবন্দি খেলা'য়|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/why-you-should-watch-the-upcoming-tv-serial-bagh-bondi-khela-2158977|access-date=2020-12-05|website=NDTV Movies|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-bagh-bondi-khela-good-trp-in-the-opening-week-181674/|title=প্রথম সপ্তাহেই সেরা পাঁচে 'বাঘ বন্দি খেলা', শীর্ষস্থানে রাসমণি|website=Bengali Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bagh-bondi-khela-based-on-folklore-of-weretiger-to-launch-soon/articleshow/72050991.cms?_gl=1*1gbyvtv*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5ODg1MDU1Mi4xMC4xLjE2OTg4NTA4NjkuNjAuMC4ww|title=Bagh Bondi Khela' based on folklore of weretiger to launch soon|website=The Times of India |date=14 November 2019 }}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* Ishani Das as Raya sen <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ishani-das-is-happy-playing-raya-in-bagh-bondi-khela/articleshow/73354098.cms?_gl=1*nf6mc6*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5ODg1MDU1Mi4xMC4wLjE2OTg4NTA1NTIuNjAuMC4ww|title=Ishani Das is happy playing Raya in Bagh Bondi Khela|website=The Times of India |date=18 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-ishani-das-bags-the-lead-role-in-bagh-bondi-khela/articleshow/72343432.cms?_gl=1*6pf1b5*_ga*MjQ2NTY5ODc1LjE2MDc0NDgwNzQ.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTY5ODg1MDU1Mi4xMC4xLjE2OTg4NTA3MzMuNDYuMC4ww|title=Actress Ishani Das bags the lead role in 'Bagh Bondi Khela'|website=The Times of India |date=3 December 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Rubel Das|Surya Rubel Das]] as Siddharta sen <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-surya-rubel-das-will-act-in-a-new-tv-serial-bagh-bandhi-khela-dgtl-1.1090997|title=ভানুমতীর খেল-এর নায়ক রুবেল এ বার 'বাঘ বন্দি খেলা'র বাঘ|website=Anandabazar}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* [[Rukma Roy]] as Brinda
* Bodhisattwa Majumdar as angsu sen, Siddhartha's father
* Nandini Chatterjee as Rohini- Siddhartha's mother
* Suchismita Chowdhury as Nandini- Brinda's mother, Rohini's friend
* Basanti Chatterjee as Siddhartha's grandmother
* Animesh Bhaduri as Akash
* Twarita Chatterjee as Sonia
* Poushmita Goswami as Akash's mother
* Deerghoi Paul as Jinia
* Ratan Sarkhel as Raya's father
* Kaushiki Guha as Raya's mother
* Sananda Basak as Rakha
* [[Kanchana Moitra]] as Raya's aunt
* Aemila Sadhukhan as Pola
* Swagata Mukherjee as Raya's well wiser

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Zee Bangla}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tvshows/detils/bagh-bondi-khela/0-6-2241 ''Bagh Bondi Khela''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagh Bondi Khela Tv series}}
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)

2025-09-18T13:31:10Z

ItsNaviGrewal: enhanced citations as per guidelines and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Arshdeep Singh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Jack Preger

2025-09-15T08:25:11Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|British doctor (born 1930)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
[[File:Dr Jack Preger, founder of Calcutta Rescue.jpg|thumb|Dr. Jack Preger, founder of Calcutta Rescue]]
'''Jack Preger''' (born 25 July 1930, in [[Manchester]], England) is a British doctor who has been offering medical treatment as well as vocational training to the poor in the Indian city of [[Kolkata]] and in other parts of West Bengal since 1972. He established the relief agency [[Calcutta Rescue]].

Preger graduated from [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]] with a post-graduate degree in economics and political science. He worked for a few years as a farmer in Wales before selling his farm and deciding to become a doctor instead.<ref name="rediff 99march15">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/mar/15jack1.htm|title=What did Dr Preger do in Bangladesh?|publisher=Rediff|date=15 March 1999|accessdate=1 November 2006}}</ref> In 1965, he was admitted into the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|Royal College of Surgeons]] in Dublin at the age of 35.<ref name="oanet">{{cite web|url=http://webspace.oanet.com/jaywhy/jack.htm|title=Preger, Dr Jack|access-date=1 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222151604/http://webspace.oanet.com/jaywhy/jack.htm|archive-date=22 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Work in Bangladesh ==

In 1972, when he had just finished his internship, although his plans had been to dedicate his life to the poor in South or Central America, and he had prepared himself by learning Spanish, he answered a call over the radio for doctors to help the people of then newly independent [[Bangladesh]]. He was soon in [[Dhaka]],<ref name="stwr">{{cite web|url=http://www.stwr.net/content/view/310/114/ |title=Dr Jack Preger, MBE |access-date=1 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523155439/http://www.stwr.net/content/view/310/114/ |archive-date=23 May 2007 }}</ref> where he worked, under squalid conditions, in refugee camps filled with [[Urdu]]-speaking people who intended to return to [[Pakistan]]. He learnt Urdu and later Bengali. In 1975, he set up a 90-bed clinic in Dhaka and two farms on the outskirts of the city.<ref name="rediff nandy">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/12nandy.htm|title=The Story of Jack Preger|author=Pritish Nandy|publisher=Rediff|date=12 May 1999|accessdate=1 November 2006}}</ref>

However, his work in Dhaka came to an abrupt end when he discovered that Dutch [[non-government organisation]] [[Terre des hommes|Terre des Hommes]] was operating a child-smuggling racket, and exposed it despite the Bangladesh government warning him not to. He was deported to [[Bangkok]] in 1979.<ref name="rediff 99march15"/>

== Work in Kolkata ==

After being deported from Bangladesh, he went to [[India]] the same year and worked in [[Kolkata]] for six months under [[Mother Teresa]]'s [[Missionaries of Charity]]. However, Preger criticized the inadequate conditions in Mother Teresa's charities, saying "If one wants to give love, understanding and care, one uses sterile needles. This is probably the richest order in the world. Many of the dying there do not have to be dying in a strictly medical sense."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deeshaa.org/wuellenweber-where-are-her-millions/#sthash.874GgD0g.dpuf|title = Wuellenweber: "Mother Teresa: Where are her millions"|date = 27 August 2007}}</ref>

Preger thought that he would be able to do more if he operated independently, and started a clinic for the poor below the flyover connecting the [[Howrah Bridge]].<ref name="rediff 99march15"/> He also requested a work permit, which ultimately was not given.<ref name="stwr"/>{{dead link|date=February 2016}}

When carrying medical supplies to and from the bridge proved impractical, Preger moved to Middleton Row located off [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] where he was offered free storage facilities at a Presbytery. With medicines and equipment now at hand, he set up a clinic on the pavement flanking the Presbytery's exterior wall.

The result was a basic but structured medical facility operating illegally at the side of the road. Partially covered by tarpaulins, it comprised several departments. Preger sat in a central consultation area assisted by local doctors willing to work for a small fee. Medical records were stored here in metal boxes. Physical examinations were conducted behind held-up cloth sheets. An adjoining pharmacy section dispensed medicines. Patients were sent for diagnostic procedures, including radiology and laboratory tests. A treatment area was staffed by volunteers, including several nurses. Many of these were overland travellers who postponed their travel plans to help Preger. This section provided first aid and wound care for ulcers, burns, infections and other conditions.

A welfare department gave out vitamins and maternal supplies, plus small sums of money to cover travel costs for patients from rural areas. Serious cases, including cancer and heart disease, were referred to local hospitals for surgery, radiotherapy, or other medical procedures. The clinic was erected at daybreak and dismantled every day at dusk, leaving the sidewalk empty. Supported by donations, all treatment was provided free. Defying threats and demands from street mafia, and conflict with the authorities, Preger operated this clinic six days a week for fourteen years from 1979 to 1993, often treating several hundred patients a day. When Preger received official registration as Calcutta Rescue, he was able to set up legal, permanent clinics.

An American doctor called Jim Withers who met Preger on a trip to India in 1993, was inspired to introduce the concept in his home town of Pittsburgh, USA. Withers went on to found the Street Medicine Institute in 2009. As a result, Street Medicine programmes now operate in over [http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Street_Medicine 85 cities in 15 countries]. Preger became known as "The Pavement Doctor of Calcutta" and today is widely regarded as the founder of street medicine.

Today, Calcutta Rescue operates three clinics, two schools and two vocational centres. It employs 150 locally hired staff and international support groups.<ref name="tb">{{cite web|url=http://www.tbalert.org/projects/india/calcutta.php |title=TB Alert: Our work—Calcutta Rescue |access-date=1 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925140816/http://www.tbalert.org/projects/india/calcutta.php |archive-date=25 September 2006 }}</ref> Support groups for the work of Preger have been formed in several countries, mostly spurred on by tourists returning home, who had witnessed his selfless work : England, Switzerland, France, Germany, Norway, The Netherlands, Canada, the US.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

=== Intervention by the government ===

In 1980, the Foreigners' Registration Office (FRO) of the [[West Bengal]] government noted that Preger had accepted a donation from a missionary organisation based in the United States, and demanded that he declare himself as a missionary worker, in addition to being a doctor. He resolved this only after explaining to New Delhi officials that he was not a missionary worker. (Calcutta Rescue is entirely secular), and was permitted to stay in Kolkata without a [[Visa (document)|visa]]. In 1981, the FRO charged him with entering India without a missionary visa, but he was released on bail. The FRO dropped the charge in 1989 after intervention by the then high commissioner of [[New Zealand]] to India, [[Edmund Hillary|Sir Edmund Hillary]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

After Preger registered [[Calcutta Rescue]] as a charity in 1991, he started two more clinics in Kolkata and donations came in from eight European countries. He also obtained a resident's permit.<ref name="stwr"/>{{dead link|date=February 2016}} However, the government refused to grant him the clearance needed to accept foreign donations. Preger then sued the government in Kolkata's courts. Eventually the courts struck down the government's rejection, and Preger was allowed to accept 1.5 million [[rupee]]s per month in donations.

As of 1999, Preger has to apply for a re-entry visa from the FRO before he leaves India for any reason. Most of these applications have required legal intervention to succeed. On 23 February that year, the FRO suddenly asked Preger to leave India within seven days. The Calcutta High Court intervened by ordering the government to speedily grant him a return visa.<ref name="rediff 99march15"/><ref name="rediff nandy"/>

Aged 88 and in declining health, Preger retired in January 2019 and returned to the United Kingdom after 40 years of service to the poor in Kolkata. The work continues in his absence. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/samaritan-jack-preger-s-so-long-to-home-of-four-decades/cid/1680236|title=Samaritan's so-long to home of four decades}}</ref>

== Awards ==

In 1993, Preger was named a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] for his "continued perseverance and incredible selflessness".<ref name="stwr"/>{{dead link|date=February 2016}}

In 2017, Preger was named "Philanthropist of the Year" by [[The Asian Awards]] at a ceremony in London, England on 5 May 2017. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theasianawards.com/Jack_Preger.html|title = The Asian Awards | Honouring Asian Excellence | VIP Asian Awards | Business Awards | Asian Business Awards}}</ref> "<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211210/o53VgsCZzN8| archive-date = 2021-12-10| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o53VgsCZzN8| title = The 7th Asian Awards - Dr Jack Preger - Press Room | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4724931.stm |title=Debating Teresa's legacy to Calcutta |first=Irena |last=Luto |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=4 August 2005 |access-date=1 November 2006}} – includes an interview with Preger
*{{cite news |url=http://basilicum122.googlepages.com/reader%27sdigestarticle |title=He Never Stops Caring |first=Ashok |last=Mahadevan |work=[[Reader's Digest]] |edition=Indian |year=2000 |access-date=15 December 2006 |archive-date=22 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822100037/http://basilicum122.googlepages.com/reader%27sdigestarticle |url-status=dead }}

== External links ==
*{{official website|http://www.jackpreger.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Preger, Jack}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Health professionals from Manchester]]

Onnalvadi

2025-08-15T23:05:56Z

ItsNaviGrewal: made stub

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Onnalvadi
| official_name =
| native_name = ஒன்னல்வாடி
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Onalvadi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Onnalvadi.jpg
| image_alt = Road Side Sign Board display this onnelvadi village name
| image_caption = Road Side Sign Board display this village name
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6836|N|77.8603|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hosur taluk|Hosur]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Hosur block|Hosur]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Onnalvadi<ref name="krishnagiri">{{cite web|url=https://krishnagiri.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/development/|title=Development {{pipe}} Krishnagiri District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{pipe}} India|website=krishnagiri.nic.in|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 6656
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635109<ref name="pincode">{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/TAMIL_NADU/KRISHNAGIRI/O/ONNALVADI|website=pincode.net.in|title=Pin Code: Onnalvadi, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4347
| registration_plate = TN 70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[A. Chellakumar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Y. Prakaash]]
}}

'''Onnalvadi''' is Grama Panchyath village in [[Krishnagiri District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. And this village located 9 km away from its Taluk capital [[Hosur]] and 50 km away from its District capital [[Krishnagiri]].<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/643815-onalvadi-tamil-nadu.html|title=Onalvadi Village Population - Hosur - Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

M. Mathiventhan

2025-07-03T09:21:54Z

ItsNaviGrewal: improved information additionally and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| imagesize = 300px
| office2 = [[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Forests]] [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 14 December 2022
| term_end2 =
| 2blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata2 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| office3 = Minister for Tourism [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 7 May 2021
| term_end3 = 14 December 2022
| 3blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 3namedata3 = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| predecessor3 = [[Vellamandi N. Natarajan]]
| successor3 = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| office4 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2 May 2021
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[Rasipuram (state assembly constituency)|Rasipuram]]
| predecessor4 = [[R. Saroja]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Tamilnadu]], [[India]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Sivaranjini
| relations =
| children = 1
| residence = [[Rasipuram]]
| occupation = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| website = [https://www.tn.gov.in/ministerslist Ministers of Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly ]
}}

'''M. Mathiventhan''' is an Indian politician and doctor from [[Rasipuram|Rasipuram, Tamilnadu]]. He is a member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK party]], who was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Rasipuram (state assembly constituency)|Rasipuram constituency]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mathiventhan M(DMK):Constituency- RASIPURAM(SC)(NAMAKKAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1998|access-date=2021-06-16|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/mathiventhan-m-rasipuram(sc)-candidate-s22a092c002/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> He is the current Minister for Forests of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-06 |title=Full list of Tamil Nadu Cabinet and Council of Ministers |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/full-list-of-tamil-nadu-cabinet-and-council-of-ministers/article60686517.ece |access-date=2022-12-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Family==
Mathiventhan's father is Mayavan. He is married to Sivaranjini Mathiventhan. The couple have a daughter. They live in Rasipuram.<ref>[https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/05/07024851/Biography-of-the-new-Ministers.vpf] Dr.Mathiventhan's family</ref>

==Occupation==
Mathiventhan has held MBBS and MD degrees in allopathic medicine. He is an Alumnus of [[Annamalai University]]. He is working at own dispensary clinic in Rasipuram Town.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Politics==
He defeated former Minister V.Saroja in the Rasipuram assembly constituency of Namakkal district in the 2021 Tamil Nadu assembly elections and was elected as a member of the assembly for DMK party. He subsequently became the Minister of Tourism Development on 7 May 2021.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-57010551 Ministers of Tamilnadu BBC 2021 மே 6]</ref>
<ref>[https://m.facebook.com/mathiventhanrspmmla/ Page of Dr.Mathiventhan Minister for Tourism Development, Tamilnadu.]</ref> He was re-designated as the Minister for Forests following a cabinet reshuffle on 14 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Julie Mariappan|date=Dec 14, 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Cabinet Ministers: TN cabinet reshuffle Portfolios of ten ministers {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-cabinet-reshuffle-portfolios-of-ten-ministers-changed/articleshow/96220655.cms |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathiventhan, M}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Adani Energy Solutions

2025-07-01T21:41:08Z

ItsNaviGrewal: Started details...

{{Short description|Electric power transmission company in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Adani Energy Solutions Limited
| logo = Adani Energy Solution Logo Four Colour Wd.jpg
| caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|539254}}|{{NSE|ADANIENSOL}}}}
| ISIN = INE931S01010
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|12|9}}
| founder = [[Gautam Adani]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = Shantigram, Khodiyar, [[Ahmedabad]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Gautam Adani]] {{small|([[Chairman]])}}|Bimal Dayal {{small|([[CEO]])}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Adani Transmission |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XBOM/539254?mod=searchresults_companyquotes }}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Electric utility]]
| products = [[Electric power transmission|Electricity transmission]] and [[Electricity distribution|distribution]]
| services =
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|24447|c}}<ref name="fy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/19354121-3fe6-4edb-82ae-2e1f315f414e.pdf |title = Adani Transmission Ltd. Financials|work=bseindia.com}}</ref>
| revenue_year = FY 2024-25
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|7746|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| income_year = FY 2024-25
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2427|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| net_income_year = FY 2024-25
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|58579|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|13703|c}}<ref name="fy"/>
| equity_year = 2024
| num_employees = 4,959 (2024)
| parent = [[Adani Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid = Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Transmission Limited|url=https://reports.adani.com/Adani-Transmission-Limited-Annual-Report/mobile/index.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[Adani Group]]}}</ref>
| intl =
}}

'''Adani Energy Solutions Ltd''', formerly known as '''Adani Transmission Ltd''',<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Transmission is now renamed to Adani Energy Solutions Ltd |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/adani-transmission-is-now-renamed-to-adani-energy-solutions-ltd-11690464511096.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |work=Mint |date=27 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[electric power transmission]] and [[electric power distribution|distribution]] company headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Adani Transmission Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/adani-transmissi-66273/information/company-history|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> As of April 2025, the company operates a cumulative transmission network of 26,696 circuit kilometers<ref>{{Cite web|title=Q4 Presentation|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/19354121-3fe6-4edb-82ae-2e1f315f414e.pdf|website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref> and is one of the largest private sector power transmission companies operating in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/26842/LinkingUp.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |title=Linking Up: Public-Private Partnerships in Power Transmission in Africa |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2017 |location=Washington DC |pages=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Adani Transmission Receives LOI for Transmission Project in Maharashtra |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/adani-transmission-receives-loi-transmission-project-maharashtra |access-date=2020-11-27 |website=www.saurenergy.com}}</ref>

== History ==

Adani Transmission was founded by [[Gautam Adani]] in December 2015 after separating the decade-old transmission business from [[Adani Enterprises]].<ref name=":1" /> At the time of the founding, the company became the primary custodian for more than 3800 circuit kilometers of transmission lines originating from the [[Mundra Thermal Power Station]], connecting [[Mundra]]–[[Dehgam]], [[Mundra]]–Mohindergarh and [[Tirora]]–[[Warora]]. {{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In July 2023, the company was renamed to Adani Energy Solutions<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=Adani Transmission renames itself as Adani Energy Solutions |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-transmission-renames-itself-as-adani-energy-solutions-11045241.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> to better reflect its suite of products and services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-01 |title=Anil Sardana on why Adani Transmission was renamed Adani Energy Solutions, expansion, capex plans & more |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/anil-sardana-on-why-adani-transmission-was-renamed-adani-energy-solutions-expansion-capex-plans-more/articleshow/102303383.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Mergers and acquisitions ===
In 2015, ATL acquired three wholly owned subsidiaries of PFC Consulting, which itself is a subsidiary of [[Power Finance Corporation]] – the [[Chhattisgarh]]-WR transmission line, [[Sipat]] transmission line connecting with [[Sipat Thermal Power Station]] and [[Raipur]]-[[Rajnandgaon]]-[[Warora]] transmission line.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Transmission acquires three subsidiaries from PFC Consulting|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/capital-market-corporate-news/adani-transmission-acquires-three-subsidiaries-from-pfc-consulting-115112600268_1.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, ATL further acquired the [[GMR Group]]'s transmission assets in the state of [[Rajasthan]] — the Maru Transmission Services Ltd (MTSL) and Aaravalli Transmission Services Ltd (ATSL).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureaus|title=Adani inks agreement to acquire stake in GMR Energy's transmission projects|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-inks-agreement-to-acquire-stake-in-gmr-energys-transmission-projects/article8797892.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|website=@businessline|date=July 2016 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, the company also acquired [[Reliance Infrastructure]]'s transmission assets of the Western Region System Strengthening Scheme (WRSSS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani arm completes buy of RInfra's western region transmission assets|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-arm-completes-buy-of-rinfras-western-region-transmission-assets/article9936371.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|website=@businessline|date=November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2017, the company obtained a share purchase agreement (SPA) for the acquisition of the Mumbai Generation Transmission & Distribution (GTD) business from Reliance Infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sanjay|date=22 December 2017|title=Reliance Energy: Adani acquires Mumbai business of debt-hit Reliance Energy for Rs 19,000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/adani-transmission-to-acquire-anil-ambanis-rel-energy-in-rs-18800-crore-deal/articleshow/62198086.cms|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Adanis buy Reliance Infrastructure's Mumbai power business|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/adanis-buy-reliance-infrastructures-mumbai-power-business/articleshow/62200962.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> In March 2018, the shareholders of Reliance Infrastructure approved the sale of its power business for Rs. 18,800 crore to Adani Transmission Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reliance Infra's sale of Mumbai power ops to Adani gets regulatory nod|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/reliance-infras-sale-of-mumbai-power-ops-to-adani-gets-regulatory-nod/articleshow/64783483.cms?from=mdr%5D%5BR10-https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-set-to-acquire-reliance-energys-mumbai-power-biz/article24803238.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Economic Times| date=28 June 2018 | last1=Prasad | first1=Rachita }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Reliance Infrastructure to sell Mumbai power business to Adani Transmission for Rs 18,800 crore|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/reliance-infrastructure-to-sell-mumbai-power-business-to-adani-transmission-for-rs-18800-crore/articleshow/63129836.cms|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> This resulted in the founding of Adani Mumbai Electricity Limited, a 100% wholly owned subsidiary of ATL which currently serves more than 3 million consumers across a license area of approximately 400 square kilometers in the city of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani takes over Reliance Infrastructure's Mumbai energy business for Rs 18,800 crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2018/aug/29/adani-takes-over-reliance-infrastructures-mumbai-energy-business-for-rs-18800-crore-1864600.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>

In February 2019, ATL acquired [[KEC International]]'s [[Bikaner]]-[[Sikar]] transmission asset in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Sarita C.|title=Adani Transmission completes acquisition of KEC International's project for Rs 228 crore|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/adani-transmission-completes-acquisition-of-kec-internationals-project-for-rs-228-crore/articleshow/67906178.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=KEC International completes transmission asset sale to Adani for ₹227 crore|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kec-international-completes-transmission-asset-sale-to-adani-for-227-crore/article26217721.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|website=@businessline|date=8 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2018-11-05|title=Adani arm to buy KEC International's power transmission unit|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/rzPJdXlW1gQn9UunvcSllJ/Adani-arm-to-buy-KEC-Internationals-power-transmission-unit.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Umarji|first=Vinay|date=2019-02-08|title=Adani closes KEC's Transmission asset acquisition deal, buys 100% stake|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-closes-kec-s-transmission-asset-acquisition-deal-buys-100-stake-119020801319_1.html|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref> In September of the same year, the company acquired PFC Consulting's [[Bikaner]]-[[Khetri]] transmission project in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy News Monitor {{!}} Volume XVI; Issue 16|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/energy-news-monitor-55938/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|title=Adani Transmission acquires Bikaner-Khetri project in Rajasthan - ET EnergyWorld|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/adani-transmission-acquires-bikaner-khetri-project-in-rajasthan/71215202|access-date=2020-11-27|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Transmission acquires Bikaner-Khetri project in Rajasthan|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-transmission-acquires-bikaner-khetri-project-in-raj-4456591.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

In July 2020, the company signed definitive agreements with Kalpataru Power Transmission (KPTL) for acquiring Alipurduar Transmission.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pillay|first=Amritha|date=2020-07-06|title=Adani Transmission to buy Kalpataru's transmission asset for Rs 1,286 cr|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-transmission-to-buy-kalpataru-s-transmission-asset-for-rs-1-286-cr-120070600354_1.html|access-date=2020-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Transmission inks pact with KPTL to buy Alipurduar Transmission|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/jul/06/adani-transmission-inks-pact-with-kptl-to-buy-alipurduar-transmission-2166039.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-06|title=Adani Transmission to acquire Alipurduar Transmission from Kalpataru|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/adani-transmission-to-acquire-alipurduar-transmission-from-kalpataru/article31999839.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=Adani Transmission inks pact with Kalpataru Power to buy Alipurduar Transmission|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-transmission-inks-pact-with-kalpataru-power-to-buy-alipurduar-transmission/article31999572.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|website=@businessline|date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> adding 650 circuit kilometers in its network from the state of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Adanis buy power asset in Bengal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/adanis-buy-power-asset-in-bengal/cid/1785566|access-date=2020-11-27|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

In May 2024, the company announced its acquisition of Essar's Mahan-Sipat transmission assets for Rs. 1,900 crore through its wholly owned subsidiary Adani Transmission Step Two (ATST). This move will consolidate its presence in Central India with 4 operating assets of 3373 ckt km in the region <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adani Energy completes acquisition of Essar's Mahan-Sipat transmission assets for Rs 1,900 cr|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-energy-completes-acquisition-of-essars-mahan-sipat-transmission-assets-for-rs-1900-cr-12723451.html|access-date=2024-05-16|website=Moneycontrol|language=en}}</ref>

===Allegations of stock manipulation ===
In January 2023, [[Hindenburg Research]] published the findings of a two-year investigation claiming that Adani had engaged in [[market manipulation]] and accounting malpractices; Hindenburg also disclosed that it was holding [[Short (finance)|short positions]] on Adani Group companies.<ref name="report">{{cite web |url=https://hindenburgresearch.com/adani/ |title=Adani Group: How The World's 3rd Richest Man Is Pulling The Largest Con In Corporate History |date=January 24, 2023 |website=hindenburgresearch.com |publisher=[[Hindenburg Research]] |access-date=January 24, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Chris |last2=Kalra |first2=Aditya |title=Hindenburg shorts India's Adani citing debt, accounting concerns; shares plunge |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/hindenburg-says-holds-short-positions-indias-adani-flags-risks-2023-01-25/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sorkin |first1=Andrew Ross |last2=Mattu |first2=Ravi |last3=Warner |first3=Bernhard |last4=Kessler |first4=Sarah |last5=de la Merced |first5=Michael J. |last6=Hirsch |first6=Lauren |last7=Livni |first7=Ephrat |title=A Short Seller Takes Aim at an Indian Corporate Giant |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/25/business/dealbook/short-seller-hindenburg-adani.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lockett |first1=Hudson |title=Adani shares take $10.8bn hit after Hindenburg bets against group |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4aedaaf9-9ee8-4334-945c-12ac08429d6a |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=25 January 2023}}</ref> Bonds and shares of companies associated with Adani experienced a decline in value after the accusations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Jihye |title=Adani shares fall as short seller firm Hindenburg announces short position |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/25/adani-group-hindenburg-short-position.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kay |first1=Chris |last2=Vishnoi |first2=Abhishek |last3=Joshi |first3=Ashutosh |title=Hindenburg Targets Asia's Richest Man, Triggering Adani Selloff |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-25/adani-group-stocks-drop-after-hindenburg-takes-short-position |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=25 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Adani denied the fraud allegations as unfounded and ill intentioned.<ref name="madhok-2023">
{{cite news
| last1 = Madhok | first1 = Diksha
| title = Asia's richest man slams short-seller's fraud claims as 'baseless' and 'malicious'
| date = 25 January 2023
| language = en
| work = CNN Business
| location = Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| url = https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/25/business/india-adani-shares-plunge-hindenburg-report-hnk-intl/index.html
| access-date = 25 January 2023
}}
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{Energy in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Converter stations]]
[[Category:Electric power transmission infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Electric power transmission system operators in India]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Utilities of India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Digambara Jain temple, Khandagiri

2025-05-05T02:27:46Z

ItsNaviGrewal: slightly improve section per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|Jain Temple in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Digambara.png
| image_size = 270
| caption = Digambar Jain Temple, Khandagiri
| map_type = India Odisha
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|20|15|43|N|85|47|10|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 87
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| established = 12-13th century CE
| governing_body = Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambar Jain Tirthkshetra Committee
| website =
| architecture_style = [[Kalinga architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
}}
'''Digambara Jaina Temple''' is a [[Jain temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], in the state of Odisha, India. The temple is on the top of [[Khandagiri]] hill. This hill is honeycombed with a series of rock-cut Jaina caves, commissioned by King [[Kharavela]] in the 1st century BCE. The rock-cut caves are protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The enshrining deities are a series of Jaina tirthankara images.

== History ==
The architecture of the temple suggest that it was built out of materials from an earlier temple. According to local legends the temple was constructed by ''[[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]]'' ruler [[Kharavela]] in the 1st century BCE. This legend is not supported by the architectural features.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}} According to Alexander Cunningham, The temple structure is estimated to have been built during the rule of [[Maratha Empire]] based on architecture design.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1877|p=27}} The current structure was built in first quarter of the 19th century.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Modern Jain temple on the summit of Khandgiri Hill |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho000001003u00391000.html |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
This temple is built in [[Deula#Pidha Deula|Pidha]] style with [[Vimana]] and [[Jaga mohan]] following the [[Kalinga architecture]].
The temple is built using sandstone in [[Ashlar]] fashion with triratha plan and tri-anga bada elevation. The vimana and jagamohana features [[Baluster|balustrade]] windows with vimana follows a square plan and Jaga mohan follows a rectangular plan. The architectural motifs such as ''khakharamundis'' and ''pidhamundis'' in the lower and upper {{Transliteration|sa|janghas}} respectively.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=3}}

The temple complex consist of three temple, first temple houses a colossal black stone idol of [[Parshvanatha]] in a white marble hall. The main shrine houses a white marble idol of [[Mahavira]] along with a large number of Jain idols. The third shrines houses 5 images of Jain [[tirthankara]].{{Sfn|Javid|Javeed|2008|p=40}}

== Conservation ==
The temple is maintained by the Bengal, Bihar and Odisha Digambara Jaina Tirthankara Committee. Bimala Devi Jain is the local caretaker.{{Sfn|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|p=2}}

== See also ==
{{commons category|Jain temple in Khandagiri}}
* [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]
* [[Somavamshi dynasty]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{Citation|last1=Javid|first1=Ali|last2=Javeed | first2=Tabassum |url={{Google books|fg-lGID3WpQC|page=40|plainurl=yes}}|title=World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India | volume=2 |date=2008|publisher=Algora Publishing | isbn=9780875864839 }}
* {{Citation|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham |url={{Google books|xcMUAAAAYAAJ|page=27|plainurl=yes}}|title=Inscriptions of Asoka |date=1877 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing }}
* Pradhan, Sadasiba (2009). Lesser Known Monuments Of Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar: Lark Books. pp. 1–2. {{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}}.
* {{cite web|author=Cultural Informatics Laboratory |url=http://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/orkhurda057.pdf |title=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |access-date=2014-08-06 | ref={{SfnRef|IGNCA|Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri}} }}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Odisha]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]

Syed Hamid

2025-04-15T12:24:37Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating data

{{Short description|Indian educationist and diplomat (1920–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Syed Hamid
| predecessor =
| birth_date = 28 March 1920
| birth_place = [[Faizabad|Faizabad (UP)]]
| death_date = 29 December 2014
| death_place = New Delhi
| spouse = Suraiyya Hamid
| children = Samar, Saman and Faraz Hamid
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
}}
'''Syed Hamid''' (28 March 1920 – 29 December 2014<ref name=toid>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Eminent-Muslim-educationist-Saiyid-Hamid-dead/articleshow/45682694.cms|title=Eminent Muslim educationist Saiyid Hamid dead|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 December 2014|accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref>) was an Indian educationist and diplomat. He was a member of [[Indian Administrative Service]] and also served as the [[List of Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University|Vice Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. He had also served in several important committees, including the Sachar Committee<ref>[http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/sachar_comm.pdf#page=6 Sachar Committee - members] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323154545/http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/sachar_comm.pdf |date=23 March 2014 }}</ref> set up by the UPA government to probe the social and economic conditions of the Indian Muslim community.

==Early life and education==
Syed Hamid was born in a Muslim family of Syed Mehdi Hasan and Sitarah Shahjahan Begum in [[Faizabad]] on 28 March 1920. The family was originally from [[Moradabad]]. Syed Mahdi Hasan was interested in history, literature and Islamic education.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}} In 1931, Syed Hamid completed 6th grade from Moradabad Inter College and moved to Rampur where his father joined a new job in [[Rampur State|Estate of Rampur]]. Just after one year they moved back to Moradabad and completed his Intermediate (12th grade) from Moradabad Inter College in 1937. He completed his BA and MA from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in English and enrolled for another MA in Persian.

==Career==
Before he could complete his second MA, Hamid was selected for Uttar Pradesh' Provincial Civil Services in 1943. He could finally complete his MA in Persian in 1947, the year India got Independence. He served in the PCS till he joined the [[Indian Administrative Services]] (IAS) in 1949.
Hamid served at various posts in the bureaucratic hierarchy both in Uttar Pradesh and in Delhi. From 1976 to 1980, he was the founder and chairman of the Staff Selection Committee. He retired in 1980 and was appointed the Vice Chancellor of his alma mater (AMU) in June 1980 where he served his full five years term.

He established [[Hamdard Public School, New Delhi]] in 1993.

In 1999, Hamid served as the Chancellor of the Delhi's [[Jamia Hamdard|Hamdard University]]. He also served as a member of several committees, including the management committee of the [[Shibli Academy|Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], Azamgarh.

==Death and legacy==
He died on 29 December 2014 at New Delhi.<ref name=toid/>

In 2015 the Senior Secondary Schools Boys of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] was renamed as Syed Hamid Senior Secondary School Boys in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=7972 |title=Aligarh Muslim University |access-date=18 April 2015 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418232538/http://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=7972 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The central library of Maulana Azad National Urdu University Gachibowli, Hyderabad is named after his name as Syed Hamid Central Library.

==Activities==
Hamid was involved in some advisory capacity with dozens of educational institutions across the country.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}}.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[List of Vice-Chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University|Vice-Chancellor of AMU]]
| years = 1980–1985
| before = [[A. M. Khusro]]
| after = [[Syed Hashim Ali]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Saiyid}}
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]]

Surajit Datta

2025-03-17T19:14:53Z

ItsNaviGrewal: creating article!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1953–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Surajit Datta''' (1953–2023)<ref name="hindustantimes" /> was an [[India]]n politician from [[Tripura]]. He was a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ramnagar, Tripura Assembly constituency|Ramnagar Assembly constituency]] in [[West Tripura district]]. He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web |title=Surajit Datta in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/surajit-datta-ramnagar-candidate-s23a007c001/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Datta was from Bordowali, West Tripura district, Tripura. He was the son of late Shashadhar Datta. He passed Class 12 in 1974 at Pragati Vidyabhaban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surajit Datta(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAMNAGAR(WEST TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6953 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Datta won from Ramnagar Assembly constituency representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival, Purushuttam Roy Barman, and independent candidate, by a margin of 897 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Result Live: रामनगर सीट पर BJP के सुराजीत दत्ता ने दोहरायी जीत, CPM के बागी के साथ रहा कांटे का मुकाबला |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/ramnagar-tripura-election-result-winner-looser-2023-purushuttam-roy-barman-surajit-datta-pujan-biswas-bjp-tmc-cpim-congress-5401081.html |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] and became a minister in the Congress-TUJS government led by [[Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar|Sudhir Ranjan Majumder]]. Later, he won the next four elections, also on Congress ticket, in the [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]], [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]], [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] and [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] assembly elections, to make it five consecutive terms. He lost to Ratan Das of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in a rare lost in the [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013 Assembly election]].<ref name="news18"/> But he regained the seat in the [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] after shifting allegiance to the Bharatiya Janata Party. He won again on BJP ticket in the 2023 election.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

=== Death ===
Datta died on 27 December 2023 at a Kolkata hospital after a prolonged illness.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-12-28 |title=Tripura BJP MLA Surajit Datta dies after prolonged illness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-bjp-mla-surajit-datta-dies-after-prolonged-illness/article67682440.ece |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-bjp-mla-surajit-datta-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-101703732286867.html|title=Tripura BJP MLA Surajit Datta passes away after prolonged illness|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref> The government declared state mourning on 28 December.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Seven-term Tripura MLA and BJP leader Surajit Datta passes away at 70 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/seven-term-tripura-mla-and-bjp-leader-surajit-datta-passes-away-at-70/articleshow/106347214.cms |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura BJP MLA Surajit Datta dies after prolonged illness |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tripura/tripura-bjp-mla-surajit-datta-dies-after-prolonged-illness-2827381 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Surajit}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1988–1993]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from West Tripura district]]