Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Government Medical College, Kadapa

2026-05-06T01:39:24Z

It Is Unique Official: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences#Affiliated colleges and Institutes]]

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Indovation

2026-05-02T03:21:53Z

It Is Unique Official: starting some entry w/ sources

'''Indovation''' (an abbreviation of ‘Indian innovation’) is the process by which [[innovations]] are developed in [[India]] to serve a large number of people affordably and sustainably.The innovations generally provide substantial increase in qualitative benchmarks to offset market competition on frugal marketing budget.

A Govt initiative named SwayamPrabha<ref name=":0" /> harbours different d2h channels dedicated solely for technological innovations in the country and provide a safe space for brand promotions,funding grants and global recognition.Most of the innovators featured on the channel are college students and young professionals. The key idea is that innovators across the country should get access to quality resources for development of new products,marketing support and safety net against global competitive giants.

Access to education and institutional support, such as government grants, are factors associated with increased rates of innovation. Research suggests that public funding can facilitate the development of prototypes and influence productivity and confidence of researchers during the development process.

India has a good track record of frugal innovations as reported in the practice of [[Jugaad]] among India's rural poor.<ref>[http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=592924 2013 Birtchnell, T. Indovation: Innovation and a Global Knowledge Economy in India. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan].</ref> Examples of indovations include the [[Tata Nano]], the [[Tata swach]] water filter, [[Devi Prasad Shetty]]'s affordable cardiac care hospital, the [[SELCO]]'s solar lighting solutions for consumers off the electricity grid and The First Identified Inexpensive Solar Water Filter that was designed and invented by Shripad Krishnarao Vaidya, of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India on 23 April 2010. The Specialty of the water filter is Capillary Pumping Technique.<ref name=":0">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/rRAgznPQ6E0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160527155440/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRAgznPQ6E0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRAgznPQ6E0| title = How to make your own solar water filter at home {{!}} solar water purifier {{!}} What is solar water filter | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>Elite World Records Gallery search www.eliteworldrecords.org/</ref><ref>The Hitavada, Thursday, January 19, 2012, Nagpur.</ref><ref>Limca Book of Records 2011, page 255, solar water filter for rural poor.</ref>

The term ''indovation'' was first mentioned in the 2008 book, Smash Innovation,<ref>Gopichand Katragadda., S.M.A.S.H: Innovation:
Smashing The Hand-Mind-Market Barrier, Wiley India,
2008</ref> by Dr. Gopichand Katragadda. It was further developed in 2009 by [[Navi Radjou]], the Executive Director of the Centre for India & Global Business (CIGB) at the [[Judge Business School]], [[University of Cambridge]]. After several months of field research, CIGB set up a dedicated educational web site called Indovations.net to showcase the affordable and sustainable innovations emanating from India and network Indian entrepreneurs with the rest of the world.<ref>[http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2009/091109_indovations.html Connecting Indian innovators with the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113194251/http://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2009/091109_indovations.html |date=2009-11-13 }}, Cambridge Judge Business School, 2009-11-09</ref> On November 10, 2009 Navi Radjou unveiled Indovations.net at the [[World Economic Forum]]’s India Economic Summit during a panel discussion entitled ‘Creating the Next Indovations’.<ref>{{youtube|id=9v9E7lTiIBE}}</ref>

''[[Financial Times]]'' has published two articles describing the impact of indovation on the rest of the world.<ref>Indian innovators target nation’s high demand, Financial Times, 2010-01-19</ref><ref>The age of ‘indovation’ dawns, Financial Times, 2010-06-15</ref> Similarly, [[Asia Society]] has organized a series of panel discussions throughout 2010 in [[San Francisco]], [[New York City]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Delhi]], entitled ‘INDOvations: Driving Global Innovations from Emerging Markets’ to explore how India provides a great source of inspiration for both the developed and the developing nations seeking to drive affordable and sustainable business as well as social and cultural innovation.<ref>[http://asiasociety.org/video/business-economics/indovations-complete?page=1 Video archive of Asia Society’s panel on INDOvations in New York City, 2010-01-28]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Innovation in India| ]]

Princess Diya Kumari Foundation

2026-04-26T05:28:45Z

It Is Unique Official: Created The Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Non-profit organization in the India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{infobox organization
| name = Princess Diya Kumari Foundation
| formation = {{start date and age|2013}}
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|26|55|53.61|N|75|49|31.01|E|display=title}}
| type = [[Charitable organization]]
| purpose = To provide holistic support and empower disadvantaged women and girls in rural Rajasthan
| location = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| region_served = [[Rajasthan]]
| abbreviation = PDKF
| named_after = [[Diya Kumari]]
| founder = [[Diya Kumari]]
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|princessdiyakumarifoundation.org}}
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Diya Kumari]]|[[Padmanabh Singh]]|[[Gauravi Kumari]]}}
}}
The '''Princess Diya Kumari Foundation''' (commonly abbreviated '''PDKF''') is a [[Jaipur]]-based charity organisation named after [[Diya Kumari]].

== History ==
The foundation was formed in 2013 by Diya Kumari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paula |first=Rodrigues |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Compelling_Storytelling_Narratives_for_S/CHkVEQAAQBAJ |title=Compelling Storytelling Narratives for Sustainable Branding |last2=Pinto |first2=Borges, Ana |last3=Elvira |first3=Vieira |last4=Victor |first4=Tavares |date=2024-07-16 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=979-8-3693-3327-3 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Krupakshi |date=2025-07-04 |title=With the Princess Diya Kumari Foundation and The PDKF Store, Gauravi Kumari rekindles Jaipur’s craft heritage and empowers women through sustainable work |url=https://www.architectureplusdesign.in/lifestyle/princess-diya-kumari-foundation-pdkf-store-gauravi-kumari-rekindles-jaipur-craft-heritage-empowers-women-sustainable-work/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.architectureplusdesign.in}}</ref> She founded this foundation to help underprivileged women and girls from [[Rural area|rural]] [[Rajasthan]] by providing them with vocational training, education and ways to earn income to become financially independent and productive members of the community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-22 |title=When Royalty Cares for the Rural: Princess Diya Kumari Foundation - LuxuryFacts: News, Reviews, Features on Luxury |url=https://luxuryfacts.com/when-royalty-cares-for-the-rural-princess-diya-kum/ |access-date=2026-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Tanya |date=2026-01-15 |title=For Sawai Padmanabh Singh, Philanthropy Means Serving His People |url=https://www.robbreportindia.com/specials/conscious-luxury/sawai-padmanabh-singh-thoughts-on-philanthropy-pdkf-india |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Robb Report India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Airbnb |date=2019-10-22 |title=Airbnb Partners with the Princess Diya Kumari Foundation |url=https://news.airbnb.com/en-in/airbnb-partners-with-the-princess-diya-kumari-foundation/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Airbnb Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, the foundation supported [[Suman Rao]]'s project Pragati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-10 |title=Miss India 2019, Suman Rao, Teams Up With PDKF For Project Pragati |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/news/miss-india-2019-suman-rao/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anjana |date=2019-12-15 |title=Who is Suman Rao? All you need to know about Miss World 2019 second runner up from India |url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/who-is-suman-rao-all-you-need-to-know-about-miss-world-2019-second-runner-up-from-india-1.1576391749988 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> By this project, Suman intended to help the women in tribal communities in getting financial independence.<ref name=":0" /> During [[COVID-19]], the foundation distributed essential supplies such as biscuits, soap, toothpaste, toothbrushes, bedsheets, and protective gear such as hand-gloves, masks and sanitary napkins to migrant workers and people confined in isolation centres in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Immanuel |first=Nitija |date=2020-04-08 |title=COVID CRUSADERS: Princess Diya Kumari Foundation |url=https://www.goodhomes.co.in/home-and-design-trends/trendsmakers/covid-crusaders-princess-diya-kumari-foundation-6184.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Goodhomes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Trustees ==
Diya Kumari serves as the president of the PDKF. Diya's son [[Padmanabh Singh]] serves as the foundation vice-president, and her daughter [[Gauravi Kumari]] serves as its general secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Assomull |first=Sujata |date=2025-06-03 |title=Beyond Bollywood: The new playbook for Indian brand ambassadors |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/beyond-bollywood-the-new-playbook-for-indian-brand-ambassadors |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Padmanabh Singh "Pacho" {{!}} BoF 500 {{!}} The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/sawai-pacho-padmanabh-singh/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref>

== PDKF Store ==
In 2021, Diya's daughter [[Gauravi Kumari]] co-founded PDKF Store with French designer Claire Deroo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The reign makers |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/the-reign-makers/articleshow/126324901.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Assomull |first=Sujata |date=2025-06-03 |title=Beyond Bollywood: The new playbook for Indian brand ambassadors |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/beyond-bollywood-the-new-playbook-for-indian-brand-ambassadors |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> At this store, people can purchase products made by women and girls trained by the PDKF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-08 |title=#VocalForLocal: A Day In The Life Of The Ladies Behind The PDKF Store |url=https://lemillindia.com/blogs/journal/vocalforlocal-a-day-in-the-life-of-the-ladies-behind-the-pdkf-store |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Le Mill |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Pari |date=2025-02-13 |title=The PDKF Store Is Empowering Rajasthani Artisans With Their Valentine’s Day Gifts |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/the-pdkf-store-is-empowering-rajasthani-artisans-with-their-valentines-day-gifts |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> All the proceeds generated by sales from the store go to the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How The PDKF Store Is Consciously Creating The Perfect Gen Z Offering {{!}} Grazia India |url=https://www.grazia.co.in/fashion/how-the-pdkf-store-is-consciously-creating-the-perfect-gen-z-offering-9010.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.grazia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> The first retail outlet of the store was opened at the [[City Palace, Jaipur]] on 20 March 2022.

==Partnerships==
In 2019, the foundation partnered with [[Airbnb]] to train women from rural areas in Rajasthan to become Airbnb hosts and entrepreneurs while at the same time promoting local culture.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024, the foundation partnered with [[Ralph Lauren Corporation|Ralph Lauren]] to host a high-profile fundraising event at City Palace, Jaipur, to raise funds for the foundation's social welfare projects to support disadvantaged communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ralph Lauren and the Princess Diya Kumari Foundation unite for a special fundraising gala |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.in/fashion/story/ralph-lauren-and-the-princess-diya-kumari-foundation-unite-for-a-special-fundraising-gala-931576-2024-03-17 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Harper Bazar |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, the foundation partnered with Abercrombie & Kent Philanthropy to start a collective initiative called “Sewing Hope” to provide over 100 underprivileged women in rural Jaipur free sewing training under Project Shakti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Upamanyu |date=2025-02-12 |title=Sewing Hope: Empowering India's Underserved Women |url=https://akphilanthropy.org/news/sewing-hope-empowering-indias-underserved-women |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=A&K Philanthropy}}</ref> The foundation also collaborated with MOI Fine Jewellery to bring traditional beadwork of the Meghwal community of [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] to the 2026 edition of [[London Craft Week]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mubarak |first=Salva |date=2026-04-23 |title=This exhibition at London Craft Week 2026 explores how Venetian glass beads took on new meaning in Rajasthan |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/this-exhibition-at-london-craft-week-2026-explores-how-venetian-glass-beads-took-on-new-meaning-in-rajasthan |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Polo ==
In 2024, the foundation jointly organised the Princess Diya Kumari Foundation Ladies Polo Cup with the [[United States Polo Association]] at [[Rajasthan Polo Club]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-03 |title=PDKF emerge Ladies Polo Cup champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/pdkf-wins-ladies-polo-cup-2024-princess-diya-kumari-foundation-crowned-champions/articleshow/108173398.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-02 |title=Team Princess Diya Kumari Foundation emerge Ladies Polo Cup 2024 champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/team-princess-diya-kumari-foundation-emerge-ladies-polo-cup-2024-champions/articleshow/108167152.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A total of three teams, namely Team USPA, Team PDKF and Team RPC, participated in this one-day tournament, and Team PDKF won the cup by defeating Team USPA in the finals by 3-1.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Official website|https://princessdiyakumarifoundation.org}}
* {{Instagram|princessdiyakumarifoundation}}
* {{Facebook|princessdiyakumarifoundation.org}}
* [https://www.thepdkfstore.com/ PDFK Store]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Princess Diya Kumari Foundation}}
[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2013]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Social welfare charities]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Jaipur]]
{{authority control}}

Paisa Vasool (2017 film)

2026-04-24T09:33:52Z

It Is Unique Official: Created Initial Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paisa Vasool
| image = Paisa Vasool (2017 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| producer = V. Anand Prasad [[Charmy Kaur]]
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Musskan Sethi]] [[Vikramjeet Virk]]
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cinematography = Mukesh Gnanesh
| editing = Junaid Siddiqui
| studio = [[Bhavya Creations]] Puri Connects<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paisa-vasool/movie-review/60319706.cms |title=Paisa Vasool (Overview) |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|9|1|India}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|28 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jonnalagedda|first=Pranita|date=2017-06-28|title=Charmme gets Rs 4 crore for Paisa Vasool!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280617/charmme-gets-rs-4-crore-for-paisa-vasool.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|36 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Paisa Vasool Final Total WW Collections|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=4147&cid=6&fid=5725|access-date=2024-06-15|website=andhraboxoffice|language=en |last1=boxoffice |first1=andhra }}</ref>
}}

'''''Paisa Vasool''''' ({{Translation|Money recovery}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]], produced by V. Anand Prasad under [[Bhavya Creations]] banner and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/paisa-vasool-movie-review-nandamuri-balakrishna-s-whistle-worthy-act-saves-the-day/story-FohiI9EGrWkPFYFQDZHVlO.html |title=Paisa Vasool (Direction) |work=Hindustan Times|date=September 2017 }}</ref> It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Musskan Sethi]] and [[Vikramjeet Virk]]. The music was composed by [[Anup Rubens]]. The film marks Nandamuri Balakrishna's 101st film on the big screen,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/paisa-vasool-puri-jagannadh-reveals-title-and-first-look-of-balakrishna-101st-film-4696624/|title=Paisa Vasool: Puri Jagannadh reveals title and first look of Balakrishna's 101st film|date=9 June 2017|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> and he has for the first time singing a special song in this film with his own voice. The film received an average response from critics and grossed {{INR|36 crores}} against a production budget of {{INR|28 crores}}.

==Plot==
The film begins with Bob Marley, a Mafia Kingpin who remotely controls [[Hyderabad]] from [[Portugal]]. Being a tough nut, India's [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agency Chief looks for a self-proclaimed criminal through a local [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Officer, [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Kiranmayi; she detects a deadly gangster, Theda Singh, acquitting from Tihar Jail, and she recruits him.

Meanwhile, Theda Singh joins as a neighbor of a beautiful girl, Harika, who is on a quest for her missing sister, Sarika, in Portugal. Due to Harika filing a complaint with authorities, she has left a threat from Bob Marley's acolytes. Theda Singh always shields her, and the two crushes. Suddenly, the RAW authorities are shocked when they hear that Theda Singh is a monster that recently landed in Portugal. Startlingly, Harika shoots him, discerning as Sarika's homicide, and the Indian Police Authority takes him into custody, and he spins back during the interrogation.

Theda Singh, a cab driver in Portugal, is no less than a rogue who participates in petty crimes. He once meets Sarika as his passenger, and being a journalist, she is under a sting operation on Bob Marley, and they fall in love. Bob Marley is conscious of Sarika's progress, which divulges the diabolic shade of so many Indian politicians & professionals. So, they ploy to slay her when Theda Singh arrives, and genuine suspense unveils him as an actual RAW Agent, Balakrishna Nandamuri, appointed to terminate Bob Marley. Following this, the attack gravely injures Sarika when higher authority edicts to free Bob Marley, who is on the verge of killing and must do so. Sarika leaves her breath in his lap, pleading with Balakrishna to care for her family. Thus, Balakrishna is devastated, loathes his department, and forges death.

In the present, the RAW Chief is about to approach Balakrishna, but gangsters attack him to make him collapse since he is the only one who knows Balakrishna's identity. The sole entity to mark his fingering is to conduct a re-interview of him, which he triumphs and takes charge of. Here, the RAW Chief recoups and orders Balakrishna to kill Bob Marley. At last, as a flabbergast, Balakrishna replies that he has already ceased Bob Marley on the day of Sarika's demise. Still, the wicked politicians & gangsters have counterfeited his existence to date, and he has eliminated them, too. Finally, the movie ends with Theda Singh / Balakrishna Nandamuri setting foot on his next mission.

==Cast==
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Theda Singh / RAW Agent 'Bala'
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Sarika
*[[Musskan Sethi]] as Harika
*[[Vikramjeet Virk]] as Bob Marley
*[[Kyra Dutt]] as ACP Kiranmayi
*[[Kabir Bedi]] as Raw Chief
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Theda Singh's friend
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Sarika and Harika's mother
*[[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Advocate Pruthviraj
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Sunny
*[[Srikanth Iyyengar]] as Minister
*Mukhtar Khan as Police Officer
*Alok Jain as Pathan
*Temper Vamsi as Bob Marley's henchman

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paisa Vasool
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|8|17}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:42
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Anup Rubens]]
| prev_title = [[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

Music composed by [[Anup Rubens]]. Music released by ADITYA Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/5153/Paisa-Vasool-2017/ |title= Paisa Vasool (Songs)|work=Cineradham}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:31
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Paisa Vasool
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]], Uma Neha, [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 3:58

| title2 = Kannu Kannu Kalisai
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra2 = Anoop Rubens, [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]], Sree Kavya Chandana
| length2 = 4:18

| title3 = Mama Ek Peg La
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra3 = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], Divya Divakar
| length3 = 3:35

| title4 = Kanti Chuppu Chebutondi (Remix)
| lyrics4 = [[Aarudhra]]
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length4 = 3:11

| title5 = Padhamari
| lyrics5 = [[Pulagam Chinnarayana]]
| extra5 = Mano, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length5 = 4:32

| title6 = Theda Singh (Theme Song)
| lyrics6 = Instrumental
| extra6 = Music Bit
| length6 = 2:00
}}

==Production==
In February 2017, director Puri Jagannath announced on Twitter that he would be directing [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]'s 101st film in his next directorial venture to be bankrolled by [[Bhavya Creations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/nbk-101-nandamuri-balakrishna-puri-jagannadh-962599-2017-02-25 | title= NBK101 directed by Puri Jagannadh | date= 25 February 2017 | access-date= 10 June 2017 |publisher=indiatoday.in}}</ref> The muhurtham shot took place on 9 March 2017 in Hyderabad amidst much fanfare. [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[Boyapati Srinu]], [[Krish (director)|Krish]] and other dignitaries attended the muhurat ceremony. While Rajamouli gave the clap, Boyapati directed the first shot.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gulte.com/movienews/56430/-NBK101-Launched-in-Style | title=NBK101 launched in style | access-date= 10 June 2017 |publisher=[[Gulte]]}}</ref> The first look of the movie along with the title was launched on 9 June 2017 on the eve of Balakrishna's birthday. On 27 August 2017, as a part of the film promotion Puri Jagannadh released a track called "Jai Balayya" composed by Sandeep Chowta and sung by Sujay Harthi.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-paisavasool.html | title=NBK 101 is Paisa Vasool| access-date= 10 June 2017 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/07/paisa-vasool-telugu-movie-review-and-rating/|title=Paisa Vasool Telugu Movie Review and Rating – 5QuintDaily|last=quintdaily|date=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helloglory.com/telugu-review/paisa-vasool-review-rating/ | title=Paisa Vasool Review |access-date= 29 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://filmyink.com/telugu-movie-dialogues/nbk-paisa-vasool-dialogues-paisa-vasool-movie-dialogues/|title=Paisa Vasool dialogues|access-date= 2 September 2017 }}</ref> [[N.T.Rama Rao]]'s old song "Kanti Choopu Cheptondi" from the movie ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' was remixed in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/ntr-song-remixed-in-paisa-vasool/131258/story.htm |title=Paisa Vasool (Remix) |work=Now Running}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Siddhartha of Mirchi9 wrote about the movie "Paisa Vasool is a very ordinary movie story wise. The film looks like a combination of past Puri Jagannadh films with best bits taken from each of them." He also added that "Overall, the movie is just an average fare if one is a fan of the star (Balakrishna), for others, it is nothing unmissable."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Paisa Vasool Review - Outsiders (Non-Fans) Not Allowed |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/reviews/paisa-vasool-movie-review/ |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=mirchi9.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|tt7188742}}
{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]

Rambir Shokeen

2026-04-20T09:31:42Z

It Is Unique Official: Created The Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Former MLA from Mundka, Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = MLA from [[Mundka Assembly constituency]]
| image = Rambir Shokeen.jpg
| term_start = 2013
| term_end = 2018
| birth_date = {{birth year and age| 1979|}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| spouse = Reeta
}}

'''Rambir Shokeen''' ('''{{Langx|hi|रामबीर शौकीन}}''') is an Indian politician, He was elected as a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka constituency]] in 2013 as an Independent candidate.

== Career ==
According to the [[Delhi Police]], he was a relative and close aide of gangster Neeraj Bawana and was declared a proclaimed offender in a [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act|MCOCA]] case in 2015. He was arrested with arms and ammunition in 2016 and escaped from the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] custody in 2018. After two years on the run, he was again arrested in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2020-12-22 |title=Former MLA Rambeer Shokeen arrested after two years on the run |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-mla-rambeer-shokeen-arrested-after-two-years-on-the-run/article33392811.ece |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-22 |title=Former Mundka MLA Rambir Shokeen now among Delhi Police's most wanted criminals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-mundka-mla-rambir-shokeen-now-among-delhi-polices-most-wanted-criminals/articleshow/52385282.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=कार्रवाई:यूपी पुलिस की कस्टडी से फरार पूर्व विधायक रामबीर शौकीन अरेस्ट |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/delhi-ncr/news/former-mla-rambir-shaukeen-absconding-from-up-police-custody-128042084.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

In 2023, he was acquitted of the charges of MCOCA and sentenced to four months of jail for ignoring court summons.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-28 |title=Former Delhi MLA Rambeer Shokeen gets four-month jail term for ignoring court summons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/former-delhi-mla-rambeer-shokeen-gets-four-month-jail-term-for-ignoring-court-summons/articleshow/103143607.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[New Delhi|Rouse Avenue]] district court acquitted him of the Arms Act case citing lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-19 |title=मुंडका के पूर्व विधायक रामबीर शौकीन 2016 के आर्म्स एक्ट के मामले में बरी - Rambir Shokeen acquitted in case |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/former-mundka-mla-rambir-shokeen-acquitted-in-2016-arms-act-case-dls24071901812 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shokeen, Rambir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2013–2015]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Indian crime bosses]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

{{Delhi-politician-stub}}

1996 Indian general election in Pondicherry

2026-03-26T15:39:24Z

It Is Unique Official: Done...

{{Short description|none}}
{{orphan|date=January 2026}}
The [[1996 Indian general election]] was held in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] on to elect 1 member of the [[11th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/
|title=General Election 1996, Vol I & II
|website=Election Commission of India (Archived)
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-29
}}</ref>

The contest was primarily between two alliances. The INC–AIADMK alliance fielded a joint candidate from the INC, the incumbent MP M. O. H. Farook.

The DMK–TMC(M) alliance fielded a joint candidate from the DMK.

Other parties that fielded candidates included PMK, BJP, MDMK, along with several other parties and independent candidates.
== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
! rowspan="2" | Poll event
! Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" | I
|-
! Date of poll
| '''27 April 1996'''
|-
! Date of counting of votes
| '''8 May 1996'''
|-
! Declaration of result
| '''11 May 1996'''
|}

==Voter Turnout==
In the 1996 Pondicherry Lok Sabha election, the total number of electors was 6,33,635. Out of these, 4,77,437 voters cast their votes, resulting in a poll percentage of 75.35%. The number of valid votes recorded was 4,60,322.
==Constituency Data - Summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
! Category !! Male !! Female !! Total
|-
| Nominated
| 28
| 1
| 29
|-
| Rejected
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
| Withdrawn
| 8
| 0
| 8
|-
| Contested
| 20
| 1
| 21
|-
| Forfeited Deposit
| 18
| 1
| 19
|}
==Parties and alliances==
=== Indian National Congress ===
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|1
|-
|}

=== Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ===
{{legend2|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|S. Arumugham
|1
|-
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|S. Thiyagarajan
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|[[File:PMK.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Pattali Makkal Katchi Ripe Mango Symbol.png|50px]]
|Bavany Madura Cavy
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:MDMK.svg|50px]]
|
|R. Balasubramani
|1
|-
|}
==Results by Party==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/1996/pondicherry/pondicherry/
|title=Pondicherry Lok Sabha Election 1996 Results
|website=LatestLY
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-29
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,83,986
| 39.97
|
| 1
| 1
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| colspan="3"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| 1,83,702
| 39.91
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 20,351
| 4.42
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| colspan="3"|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
| 19,792
| 4.30
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| colspan="3"|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
| 13,397
| 2.91
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 4,005
| 0.87
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
| 3,819
| 0.83
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| 1,823
| 0.40
|
| 1
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 29,447
| 6.40
|
| 13
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 4,60,322
! 100%
! -
! 21
! 1
! -
|}

==Detailed Result==
In the Pondicherry Lok Sabha constituency, M. O. H. Farook of the Indian National Congress (INC) won the election by a narrow margin, securing 1,83,986 votes (39.97%). He defeated S. Arumugham of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), who polled 1,83,702 votes (39.91%).<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1996/pondicherry/11/39
|title=1996 Lok Sabha election results for Pondicherry
|website=IndiaVotes.com
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-29
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="5" | Winner
! colspan="5" | Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Margin
|-
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
! 1
| [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Pondicherry ]]
| [[M. O. H. Farook]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 183,986
| 39.97
| S. Arumugham
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 183,702
| 39.91
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 284
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" | 0.06
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1996 Indian general election by state or union territory|Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Elections in Puducherry]]

Happy Birthday to Me (2024 film)

2026-03-25T22:46:44Z

It Is Unique Official: starting the details nd citations

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language black comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Happy Birthday To Me
| image = Happy Birthday to Me (2024 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Rakesh Kadri
| writer = Rakesh Kadri
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chaithra J Achar]]
*Sidhartha Maadhyamika
*[[Siddu Moolimani]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Vishnu Prasad P
| editing = Rahul Vasishta
| music = Vinay Shankar
| studio = Shoolin Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|6|28|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Happy Birthday To Me''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[black comedy film]] directed by Rakesh Kadri and starring [[Chaithra J Achar]], Sidhartha Maadhyamika, and [[Siddu Moolimani]]. The film is partly inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Rope (film)|Rope]]'' (1948). The film was directly released on several OTT platforms.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Chaithra J Achar]] as Adithi
*Sidhartha Maadhyamika as Puneeth
*[[Siddu Moolimani]] as Tirumalesh aka Trippy
*Gopal Krishna Deshpande as Janardhan
*Archana Kottige as neighbour
*Natya Ranga as apartment security guard
*Suhan Prasad as Krishna
*Rahul Amin
*Arpith Indravadhan
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Mangaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heres a First for Archana Kottige only one outfit throughout the movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/heres-a-first-for-archana-kottige-only-one-outfit-throughout-the-movie/articleshow/89825758.cms |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Vinay Shankar, who also co-wrote the lyrics with Karthik Gubbi.

== Reception ==
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "The story, characters, and perfectly orchestrated music guide you through two hours of suspenseful enjoyment. However, Happy Birthday to Me does leave one longing for a more satisfying climax".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jun/29/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-a-witty-heartfelt-black-comedy-with-profound-themes|title=Happy Birthday To Me Movie Review: A witty, heartfelt black comedy with profound themes|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=29 June 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, " The movie sure initially tests the patience with a repeated pattern, but that is just the director warming up the audience for a fun ride ahead".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/happy-birthday-to-me/movie-review/111552354.cms|title=Happy Birthday To Me Movie Review: Happy Birthday To Me review: A fun, trippy ride|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM
of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "Rakesh Kadri-directorial Happy Birthday To Me is indeed a happy film to watch. The film offers some good time with no extreme drama attached to it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-take-a-trip-down-happy-lane-with-this-film-review-111331142|title=Happy Birthday To Me Movie Review: Take A Trip Down ‘Happy’ Lane With This Film|date=28 June 2024|website=Times Now}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Happy Birthday to Me is inconsistently paced, and you need to stay patient for the best moments to pop up between the bland portions. However, despite the flaws, this is another indie Kannada movie attempting to break the mould, and full marks to Kadri and his team for daring to experiment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-performances-anchor-this-moderately-funny-trippy-drama/article68343971.ece|title=‘Happy Birthday to Me’ movie review: Performances anchor this moderately funny, trippy drama|work=The Hindu|first=Vivek|last=M. V.|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628123915/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-performances-anchor-this-moderately-funny-trippy-drama/article68343971.ece|archive-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "For the most part, ''Happy Birthday To Me'' is a breezy watch, offering the occasional chuckle too. But it doesn’t leave one entirely satisfied".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/happy-birthday-to-me-movie-review-comedy-about-a-dead-body-at-a-birthday-party-is-a-mix-of-hits-and-misses/b0ba45a833745|title=Happy Birthday To Me movie review: Mix of hits and misses|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|32249332}}

[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]

Mehrauli Archaeological Park

2026-03-18T10:12:53Z

It Is Unique Official: adding some data added tags.

{{short description|Archaeological park in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
[[File:Ruins of Sir Thomas Metcalfe's Dilkusha with Qutub Minar in the background 02.jpg|thumb|220px|Tomb of Quli Khan, overlooking the [[Qutub Minar]].]]

[[File:Jamali Kamali Masjid, Mehrauli.jpg|thumb|[[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb]] complex built in 1528–1529 CE, in the Archaeological Park.]]
The '''Mehrauli Archaeological Park''' is an archaeological area spread over {{convert|200|acre|ha|order=flip}} in the [[Mehrauli]] neighbourhood of the [[South Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]], [[India]]. The park is located adjacent to the [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]]-listed [[Qutub Minar]] and the [[Qutb complex]].

The park consists of over 100 historically significant monuments. It is the only area in Delhi known for 1,000 years of continuous occupation, and includes the ruins of [[Lal Kot]], built by the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar Rajputs]] in 1060 [[Common Era|CE]], making it the oldest extant fort of Delhi, and architectural relics of subsequent period: the rule of the [[Khalji dynasty]], [[Tughlaq dynasty]], [[Lodhi dynasty]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], and the [[British Raj]].<ref name=hin04>{{cite news |title=A successful conservation story |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/09/stories/2004020908600300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312120350/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/09/stories/2004020908600300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2004 |date= 9 Feb 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Years of neglect and many talks later, Mehrauli park will get a touch-up |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/years-of-neglect-and-many-talks-later-mehrauli-park-will-get-a-touchup/730888/0 |publisher=Indian Express |date=30 Dec 2010 |access-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Mehrauli Archaeological Park has monuments from pre-Islamic days to late-Mughal period |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/mehrauli-archaeological-park-the-site-for-monuments-spanning-from-pre-islamic-days-to-late-mughal-period/cid/2035729 |access-date=6 September 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

==Overview==
The park contains significant sites including:<ref>[http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/itinerary/half_day_itinerary.jsp Half Day Itinerary] Delhi Tourism.</ref>
* [[Tomb of Balban]], {{circa|1287}} CE, wherein a [[true arch]] and the true dome were built for the first time in India<ref name=hin06/>
* [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb]] of Maulana Jamali Kamali ([[Jamali Kamboh]]), built 1526 - 1535 CE
* Quli Khan's Tomb
* Gandhak ki Baoli
* [[Rajon Ki Baoli]], a stepwell, and
* Madhi Masjid.

Other nearby monuments include the [[Jahaz Mahal]], [[Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli)|Zafar Mahal]] of [[Bahadur Shah II]] alias ''Lal Mahal'', [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] and [[Tomb of Adham Khan]]. Pillars and remains of several monuments, Jharna which is like a pleasure garden of late Mughals are also lay scattered in the park.<ref>Mukherjee, Himadri. (2021, April 28). Mehrauli Archaeological Park. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1736/mehrauli-archaeological-park/.</ref>

==Redevelopment and conservation==
[[File:Rose Garden, Mehrauli Archaeological Park.JPG|thumb|Rose Garden, Mehrauli Archaeological Park.]]
The redevelopment of the area as an archaeological park and conservation of important structures started in 1997, in collaboration between [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] (DTTDC), the State Department of Archaeology, the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) and the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH), which first started systematic documentation of structures in the area and also started conducting heritage walks since 2000.<ref name=hin04/><ref>{{cite news |title=Unkempt and uncared for |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/unkempt-and-uncared-for/article4298773.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>

Over the years, [[INTACH]] has restored some 40 monuments in the park and added signages, heritage trails, and sandstone trail-markers.<ref name=hin06>{{cite web |title=Discover new treasures around Qutab |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032801530200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810081618/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/28/stories/2006032801530200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2007 |date=28 Mar 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 Feb 2013}}.</ref>

==Notable monuments and structures==

<gallery>
File:The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli.
File:Balban's tomb, Mehrauli.jpg|[[Balban's tomb]], Mehrauli, ca 1287 CE
File:Tomb of Khan Shahid, Balban's son, Mehrauli.jpg|Tomb of Khan Shahid, Balban's son, Mehrauli.
File:Entrance to Tomb of Khan Shahid, Mehrauli.jpg|Entrance to Tomb of Khan Shahid, son of Balban
File:Rajon ki Bain.jpg|Steps of Rajon Ki Baoli

File:Rajon ki bain.jpg|Rajon Ki Baoli
File:Wall Mosque 007.jpg|Walled mosque adjacent to the [[Baoli]]
File:Tomb of Muhammad Quli Khan.jpg|Quli Khan's Tomb is located near Boat House
File:Inside Jamali Kamali Tomb, Mehrauli 2009-03-13.jpg|Inside Jamali Kamali Tomb, Mehrauli
File:Gandhak ki Baoli, Mehrauli.jpg|Gandhak ki Baoli, another stepwell beyond Rajon Ki Baoli.
File:Tomb of Sufi saint, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki in Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|[[Dargah]] of Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], beyond Rajon Ki Baoli.
File:Tomb and wall mosque in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.jpg|Tomb and wall mosque in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.
File:Bagichi Ki Masjid, Mehrauli.jpg|Bagichi Ki Masjid, Mehrauli.
File:Ruins of Sir Thomas Metcalfe's Guest House at Dilkusha.jpg|British Agent, Sir [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Thomas Metcalfe]]'s Guest House at ''Dilkusha'' close to Quli Khan's tomb.
File:Pavilion tomb and grave platform, Mehrauli Archaeological Park.jpg|Pavilion tomb and grave platform, Mehrauli Archaeological Park.
File:Tomb in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.jpg|Tomb in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.
File:Ruins Balban Khan Tomb 004.jpg|Ruined homes near Balban's tomb
File:Ahinsa Sthal.jpg|Ahinsa sthal is a place for Mahavir

File:Adam Khan's Tomb 1.jpg|Adam Khan's Tomb
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Qutb complex]]
* [[History of Delhi]]
* [[Baolis of Mehrauli]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121112223428/http://intachdelhichapter.org/conservation_of_mapark.html Mehrauli Archaeological Park Conservation] [[INTACH]]

==External links==
{{commonscat|Mehrauli Archaeological Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121230071245/http://www.intachdelhichapter.org/heritage_walks_mehrauli_archaeological.html Heritage Walks: Mehrauli Archaeological Park] at [[INTACH]]
* {{cite news |title=In Mehrauli park, where history lies waiting |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-mehrauli-park-where-history-lies-waiting/1046189/0 |publisher=Indian EXpress |date=17 Dec 2012 }}
* [http://www.monumentsofdelhi.com/cities#LalKot Monuments of Delhi]
* Mehrauli Archaeological Park. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1736/mehrauli-archaeological-park/

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Delhi]]
[[Category:Parks in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Archaeological parks]]
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]

Gujarat

2026-03-12T10:52:16Z

It Is Unique Official: updated details

{{Short description|State in western India}}
{{About|the state in India| other uses|Gujrat (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Gujarat
| official_name = State of Gujarat
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Rani ki vav 02.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rani ki Vav]]
| image2 = Statue of Unity - View from the other bank of Narmada.jpg
| caption2 = [[Statue of Unity]]
| image3 = Somanath mandir (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Somnath temple|Somnath Temple]]
| image4 = Dwarakadheesh Temple, 2014.jpg
| caption4 = [[Dwarkadhish Temple]]
| image5 = Safed Rann, Kutch.jpg
| caption5 = [[Great Rann of Kutch|The Great Rann of Kutch]]
| image6 = Dattatreya Temple of Girnar.JPG
| caption6 = [[Girnar|Jain Mahatirth at Girnar]]
| image7 = Garba playing.jpg
| caption7 = [[Navaratri]]
| image8 = Gir lion-Gir forest,junagadh,gujarat,india.jpeg
| caption8 = [[Gir National Park|Sasan Gir]]
| image9 = LakshmiVilas Palace.jpg
| caption9 = [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Lakshmi Vilas Palace]]
| image10 = Surat Diamond Bourse Aerial View.jpg
| caption10 = [[Surat Diamond Bourse]]
| image11 = Sabarmati riverside.jpg|250px
| caption11 = [[Sabarmati Riverfront]]
| image_alt =}}
| image_seal = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
| seal_size = 100
| etymology = "Land of the [[Gurjar]]s"
| nickname = "Jewel of Western India"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) "Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| anthem = [[Jai Jai Garavi Gujarat]] ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) "Victory to Proud Gujarat"<ref name="DeshGujarat2011">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2011 |title=Newest version of Jay Jay Garvi Gujarat song launched(Video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113115131/http://deshgujarat.com/2011/05/07/newest-version-of-jay-jay-garvi-gujarat-song-launchedvideo/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=12 November 2016 |website=Desh Gujarat}}</ref>
| image_map = IN-GJ.svg
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.220|N|72.655|E|region:IN-GJ_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = West India
| before_was = [[Bombay State]]
| formation_date3 = formation
| formation_date4 = 1 May 1960
| capital = Gandhinagar
| largestcity = Ahmedabad
| metro = Ahmedabad
| districts = [[List of districts of Gujarat|34]]
| Governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Harsh Sanghavi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| judiciary = [[Gujarat High Court]]
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 182 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 11 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 26 seats
| area_total_km2 = 196024
| area_rank = 5th
| length_km = 590
| width_km = 500
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,145
| elevation_max_point = [[Girnar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DGFASLI REPORT |url=http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085038/http://dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/gujarat/Chapter2.htm }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_point = [[Arabian Sea]]
| population_total = {{Increase}} 60,439,692
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 9th
| population_urban = 42.6%
| population_rural = 57.4%
| population_density = 308
| population_demonym = [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2014 |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |page=118}}</ref>
| 0fficial_Langs = {{hlist|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |title=The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=1961 |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221090052/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4501/1/officiallanguages.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Benedikter2009">{{Cite book |last=Benedikter |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-643-10231-7 |page=89 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230812/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| official_script = {{hlist|[[Gujarati script]]|[[Devanagari script]]}}
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title= Gujarat budget analysis 2026–27|url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/gujarat-budget-2026-2027}}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|3324676|c|=r}}
| GDP_year = 2026–2027
| GDP_rank = 4th
| GDP_per_capita = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{INRConvert|336875|lk=r}}
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 11th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.646 {{color|#fc0|Medium}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 25th
| literacy = 84.6%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 20th
| sex_ratio = 919[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref name="pc-census2011">{{Cite web |title=Census 2011 (Final Data) – Demographic details, Literate Population (Total, Rural & Urban) |url=http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127163347/http://planningcommission.gov.in/data/datatable/data_2312/DatabookDec2014%20307.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |website=planningcommission.gov.in |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2011
| sexratio_rank = 16th
| iso_code = IN-GJ
| registration_plate = GJ
| website = gujaratindia.gov.in
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}}The state of Bombay was divided into two states i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act 1960.
| foundation_day = Gujarat Day
| mammal = [[Asiatic lion]]<ref name="ToI2016">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Gujarat forgets state bird, tree and flower |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222448/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-forgets-state-bird-tree-and-flower/articleshow/29893945.cms |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| bird = [[Greater flamingo]]
| flower = [[Tagetes|Marigold]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| tree = [[Banyan]]<ref name="ToI2016" />
| fruit = [[Mango]]<ref name="Nri Gujarati News">{{Cite web |title=Which is State Fruit of Gujarat India – Mango (Keri) |url=http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031530/http://www.nrigujarati.co.in/Topic/3631/1/which-is-state-fruit-of-gujarat-india-mango-keri-verities-photos-types-of-mango-images.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |website=Nri Gujarati News}}</ref>
| fish = [[Blackspotted croaker]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=21 November 2023 |title='Ghol' declared state fish of Gujarat at Global Fisheries Conference, Ahmedabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121203230/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ghol-declared-state-fish-gujarat-global-fisheries-conference-9036238/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image_highway = SH IN-GJ.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Gujarat|GJ SH1 – GJ SH173]]
}}

'''Gujarat''' ({{Indic Transl|gu|Gujarāt|ˈɡudʒəɾaːt|Gujarat.ogg}}) is a [[States of India|state]] along the [[Western India|western coast]] of [[India]]. Its coastline of about {{cvt|2340|km|mi}} is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula. Gujarat is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|fifth-largest Indian state by area]], covering some {{cvt|196024|km2|mi2}}; and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|ninth-most populous state]], with a population of 60.4 million in 2011. It is bordered by [[Rajasthan]] to the northeast, [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south, [[Maharashtra]] to the southeast, [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the east, and the [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]] to the west. Gujarat's capital city is [[Gandhinagar]], while its largest city is [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Population 2018 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015346/http://worldpopulationreview.com/territories/gujarat-population/ |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> The [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] are indigenous to the state, and their language, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], is the state's official language.

Gujarat state [[List of Indus Valley civilisation sites#List of Indus Valley sites discovered|encompasses 23 sites]] of the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (more than any other state). The most important sites are [[Lothal]] (the world's first dry dock), [[Dholavira]] (the fifth largest site), and [[Gola Dhoro]] (where five uncommon seals were found). Lothal is believed to have been one of the world's first [[Historical ports|seaports]].<ref name="kulke">{{Cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Professor of Asian History Hermann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |title=A History of India |last2=Kulke |first2=Hermann |last3=Rothermund |first3=Dietmar |date=2004 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0 |pages=26–27 |language=en |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923072146/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |archive-date=23 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat's]] coastal cities, chiefly [[Bharuch]] and [[Khambhat]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baṭṭūṭa |first1=Ibn |title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon) |last2=Husain |first2=Mahdi |publisher=Oriental Institute |year=1976 |location=Baroda |page=172}}</ref> served as ports and trading centres during the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] empires, and during the succession of royal [[Saka]] dynasties in the [[Western Satraps]] era.<ref name="Hinduism and modernity">{{Cite book |last=David Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-aRSuypah8C&pg=PA62 |title=Hinduism and modernity |date=2003 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-20862-4 |location=Oxford |page=62 |quote=Surat was then the place of embarkation of pilgrims to Mecca; known as Bab al-Makkah or the Gate of Mecca, it was almost a sacred place for the Muslims of India. It was the main city for foreign imports, where many merchants had their bases, and all the European trading companies were established. Its population was more than 100,000.}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |title=The journal of Asian studies, Volume 35, Issues 1–2 |year=1975 |quote=For a pious emperor, Surat had more than economic and political importance; it was the port from which the hajj (pilgrimage) ships left Mughal India for the Red Sea. The port was variously known as Bab-al-Makkah, the Bab-ul-Hajj, the Dar-al-Hajj, and the Bandar-i-Mubarak. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtRAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Along with [[Bihar]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Nagaland]], Gujarat is one of four Indian states to [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibit the sale of alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=States with total and phase-wise prohibition of alcohol in India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605154304/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-liquor-ban-states-having-total-prohibition-gujarat-kerala/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Gir National Park]] in Gujarat is home to the only wild population of the [[Asiatic lion]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Aeshita |last2=Borad |first2=C.K. |date=1 October 2004 |title=Integrated approach towards conservation of Gir National Park: the last refuge of Asiatic Lions, India |journal=Biodiversity & Conservation |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=2165–2182 |doi=10.1023/B:BIOC.0000040009.75090.8c |bibcode=2004BiCon..13.2165M |issn=1572-9710 |s2cid=35893400 }}</ref>

Gujarat is regarded as one of the most industrialised states and has a low [[List of states and union territories of India by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]].<ref name="Gujarat_info1">
* {{Cite web |title=Periodic Labour Force Survey (2017–18) |url=http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704192359/http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2019 |access-date=3 May 2019 |publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]] |page=212}}
* {{Cite web |last=M Saraswathy |date=5 February 2020 |title=Electronic appliance makers eye Gujarat as new manufacturing hub |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |access-date=4 March 2017 |publisher=[[CNBC TV18]] |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205094701/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/electronic-appliance-makers-eye-gujarat-as-new-manufacturing-hub-4909051.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Pradeep Udhas |title=Accelerating growth in Gujarat |url=http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |access-date=4 July 2020 |publisher=[[KPMG]] |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923223130/http://www.in.kpmg.com/pdf/Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Tomar |first1=Anita |last2=Oza |first2=Heena |date=September 2015 |title=Green supply chain management practices implementation and effect on organizational performance of ISO14001 certified manufacturing companies of India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337562800 |journal=Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Management & Technology |publisher=Abhinav Publication |volume=4 |issue=9 |page=21 |issn=2320-0073 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> The [[economy of Gujarat]] is the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fifth-largest in India]], with a [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|gross state domestic product (GSDP)]] of {{INRConvert|16.55|t|lk=r|year=2021}} and has the country's [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|10th-highest GSDP per capita]] of {{INRConvert|215|k}}.<ref name="Gujarat_GSDP">{{cite web|url=https://financedepartment.gujarat.gov.in/Documents/Bud-Eng_1096_2022-3-3_683.pdf|title=Socio-Economic Review 2021–2022|work=[[Government of Gujarat]]|page=30|access-date=11 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gujarat has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by exports|highest exports of all states]], accounting for around one-third of national exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRYAT |url=https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=niryat.gov.in |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118005123/https://niryat.gov.in/india#?start_date=202204&end_date=202303&default_table=default&sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc |url-status=live }}</ref> It ranks [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|21st among Indian states and union territories in human development index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{Cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University}}</ref> The world's largest data center will also be built in Jamnagar, Gujarat, by [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mukesh Ambani to build world's largest data centre in Jamnagar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/mukesh-ambani-to-build-worlds-largest-data-centre-in-jamnagar/articleshow/117503440.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> The state has one of the lowest crime rates, with Ahmedabad, Vadodara and Surat crowned among the five safest cities in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat: Police Commissioner hails Ahmedabad's rank as India's safest city |website=India Tribune |date=12 August 2025 |url=https://www.indiatribune.com/public/index.php/gujarat-police-commissioner-hails-ahmedabads-rank-as-indias-safest-city |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 safest cities in India and what makes them so |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/things-to-do/top-10-safest-cities-in-india-according-to-reports/articleshow/124498105.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 October 2025 |access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Gujarat is derived from the [[Gurjaras]], who ruled Gujarat in the 8th and 9th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |title=Gujarat, Part 1 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |quote=The Gurjars of Chitrakuta and Gurjars of lta were mentioned in Rashtrakuta inscriptions |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154406/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8yFaNRcYcsC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarat Government |title=Gujarat state official site |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203081044/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/history-1.htm |archive-date=3 February 2010 |access-date=21 January 2010 |quote=The State took its name from the Gurjara, the land of the [[Gujjar]], who ruled the area during the 700s and 800s.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People:The classical age |last2=Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |year=1954 |page=64 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152820/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QhuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Gujarat |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |access-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019053624/https://www.britannica.com/place/Gujarat |archive-date=19 October 2016 |quote=Gujarat draws its name from the Gurjara, who ruled the area during the 8th and 9th centuries CE. |url-status=live}}</ref> Parts of modern [[Rajasthan]] and Gujarat were known as ''Gurjarat'' or ''Gurjarabhumi'' for centuries before the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age |last2=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker |last3=A. K. Majumdar |last4=Dilip Kumar Ghose |last5=Vishvanath Govind Dighe |last6=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1977 |page=153}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Gujarat}}

=== Ancient history ===
Gujarat was one of the main central areas of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which was spread across modern-day northern India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Devdutt Pattanaik explores Gujarat through the ages and finds, in its archaeology, its myths and legends, its cultures and histories, a microcosm of the multilayered country he loves |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> It contains ancient metropolitan cities from the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] such as [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]] and [[Gola Dhoro]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2017 |title=Where does history begin? |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131256/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/ |archive-date=27 October 2017 |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established.<ref name=kulke /> The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The most recent discovery was [[Gola Dhoro]]. Altogether, about fifty Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{Cite web |title=History of Gujarat |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526165223/http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/history/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| align = center
| title = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
| image1 = DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg
| caption1 = [[Dholavira]], one of the largest cities of Indus Valley Civilisation, with [[stepwell]] steps to reach the water level in artificially constructed reservoirs<ref name="news">{{Cite journal |author=Shuichi Takezawa |journal=Journal of Architecture and Building Science |volume=117 |issue=1492 |date=August 2002 |page=24 |url=http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |title=Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj |access-date=18 November 2009 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175341/http://news-sv.aij.or.jp/jabs/s1/jabs0208-019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| image2 = The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG
| caption2 = Archaeological remains of washroom drainage system at [[Lothal]]
}}

The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with [[Egypt]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Sumer]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] during the time period of 1000 to 750 BCE.<ref name="mapsofindia.com" /><ref>S. R. Rao (1985). Lothal. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 11.</ref> There was a succession of various polities such as the [[Mauryan dynasty]], [[Satavahana dynasty]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Empire, as well as regional ones such as the [[Western Satraps]], the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]], the Kingdom of Gujarat, the [[Sultanate of Gujarat]], and finally the [[Kingdom of Baroda]].

The early history of Gujarat includes the imperial grandeur of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a [[Vaishya]], was appointed the governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Girinagar (modern-day [[Junagadh]]) (322 BCE to 294 BCE) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor [[Ashoka|Ashoka the Great]], the grandson of [[Chandragupta Maurya]], not only ordered his edicts engraved in the rock at Junagadh, but also asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Indian governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the [[Samprati]] Mauryas of [[Ujjain]], there was an [[Indo-Greek]] defeat in Gujarat of [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]]. In 16th-century manuscripts, there is an apocryphal story of a merchant of King [[Gondophares]] landing in Gujarat with [[Apostle Thomas]]. The incident of the cup-bearer torn apart by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.<ref>The Acts of Judas Thomas, M.R. James, Tr. by M.R. James, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.</ref><ref>Medlycott, A. E. [http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm India and the Apostle Thomas] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034342/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/chap4/chapter4a.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century CE, [[Saka]] rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at [[Junagadh]] gives a glimpse of the ruler [[Rudradaman I]] (100 CE) of the Saka satraps known as [[Western Satraps]], or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap [[Rudradaman I]] founded the [[Kardamaka]] dynasty which ruled from [[Anupa]] on the banks of the [[Narmada]] up to the [[Aparanta]] region bordering Punjab. In Gujarat, several battles were fought between the Indian dynasties such as the [[Satavahana dynasty]] and the Western Satraps. The greatest and the mightiest ruler of the Satavahana dynasty was [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.<ref>Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India, von Moti Chandra, page: 99</ref>

[[File:Gujuras of Sindh Circa AD 570-712.jpg|thumb|Coin of the Gujuras of [[Sindh]], [[Chavda dynasty]], {{circa|570|lk=no}}–712 CE. Crowned [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]]-style bust right / Fire altar with ribbons and attendants; star and crescent flanking flames.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNG: eAuction 343. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Gujura Confederacy). Gujuras of Sindh. Circa AD 570–712. AR Drachm (25 mm, 3.84 g, 9h). |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103733/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=277200 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |access-date=15 July 2017 |publisher=cngcoins.com}}</ref>]]

The Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the [[Gupta Empire]] with the conquest of Gujarat by [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]]. Vikramaditya's successor [[Skandagupta]] left an inscription (450 CE) on a rock at Junagadh which gives details of the governor's repairs to the embankment surrounding Sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods. The [[Anarta]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions were both parts of the Gupta empire. Towards the middle of the 5th century, the Gupta empire went into decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 set up the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]]. He shifted his capital from Giringer to [[Valabhi]], near [[Bhavnagar]], on Saurashtra's east coast. The [[Maitraka]]s of Vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of Gujarat and adjoining [[Malwa]]. A university was set up by the Maitrakas, which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted [[Nalanda University]]. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler [[Xuanzang]]/ [[I Tsing]] visited in 640 along the [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Sally Hovey Wriggins; with a foreword by Frederick W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |title=Xuanzang: a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road |date=1996 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-2801-0 |location=Boulder, Colo. |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwQLAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was known to the [[ancient Greeks]] and was familiar with other Western centres of civilisation through the end of the European [[Middle Ages]]. The oldest written record of Gujarat's 2,000-year maritime history is documented in a Greek book titled ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |title=Saga of Barygaza |date=21 October 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Saga-of-Barygaza/articleshow/6782964.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121042919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-21/ahmedabad/28239734_1_bharuch-port-book |quote=The book describes an episode of a foreigner bringing costly gifts for kings, saying, 'And for the King there are very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments.' |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=William H. Schoff |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |year=1912 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224165507/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html |place=New York |format=digitalized |quote=As a sign of these places to those approaching from the sea there are serpents, very large and black; for at the other places on this coast and around Barygaza, they are smaller, and in color bright green, running into gold ... Now the whole country of India has very many rivers, and very great ebb and flow of the tides; increasing at the new moon, and at the full moon for three days, and falling off during the intervening days of the moon. But about Barygaza it is much greater, so that the bottom is suddenly seen, and now parts of the dry land are sea, and now it is dry where ships were sailing just before; and the rivers, under the inrush of the flood tide, when the whole force of the sea is directed against them, are driven upwards more strongly against their natural current, for many stadia. |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Medieval history ===
In the early 8th century, the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] established an empire in the name of the rising religion of [[Islam]], which stretched from [[Spain]] in the west to [[Afghanistan]] and modern-day [[Pakistan]] in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Qasim]], finally subdued the Hindu resistance within [[Sindh]] and established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]] fought in 730; they were defeated and expelled west of the [[Indus]] river, probably by a coalition of the Indian rulers [[Nagabhata I]] of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, [[Vikramaditya II]] of the [[Chalukya]] dynasty and [[Bappa Rawal]] of the [[Guhila dynasty]]. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin|Pulakeshin]], a Chalukya prince of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], received the title ''Avanijanashraya'' (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "Repeller of the unrepellable" by the Chalukya emperor [[Vikramaditya II]] for his victory at the battle at [[Navsari]], where the Arab troops suffered a crushing defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |title=The end of the jihād state: the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1828-4 |location=Albany |page=189 |quote=The Syrian troops became increasingly reluctant to serve on the ill-omened Indian front, which seemed, after so many failures, to be well on its way to becoming the worst front. |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 8th century, the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties – the northwestern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and the eastern Indian [[Pala Empire]] {{ndash}} dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the northern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref name="ReferenceC">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</ref> However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of [[Bharuch|Broach]] attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of [[Gurjaras of Lata|Dadda I, II and III]] (650–750) ruled south Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar |title=Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1 |publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1960 |page=147}}</ref> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the Indian ruler [[Tailapa II]] of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref name="Gajrani 32">History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</ref>

[[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrians]] from [[Greater Iran]] migrated to the western borders of India (Gujarat and [[Sindh]]) during the 8th or 10th century,<ref name="Hodivala 1920 88">{{harvnb|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}</ref> to avoid [[Persecution of Zoroastrians|persecution]] by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the [[Parsi]].<ref name="boy148">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=148}}</ref><ref name="khan17">{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=17}}</ref><ref name="jack">{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name="bleek212">{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

Subsequently, [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] in southern Gujarat was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the [[Western Chalukyas|Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]].<ref name="Gajrani 32" /><ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |publisher=BRILL |year=1991 |isbn=978-90-04-09509-0 |page=283 |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chaulukya dynasty<ref name="horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp">{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Horace Arthur |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Ibbetson |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |page=300}}</ref> ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat from 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at [[Anhilwara]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) was one of the largest cities in India, with a population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chiefs of [[Dholka]] came to rule the Kingdom of Gujarat. In 1292, the Vaghelas became tributaries of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] dynasty of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Karandev of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat, Gujarat became part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the Rajput hold over Gujarat would never be restored.

Fragments of printed cotton from Gujarat have been discovered in Egypt, providing evidence for medieval trade in the western Indian Ocean.<ref name=Barnes2017/> These fragments represent the Indian cotton traded in Egypt during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] periods, from the 10th to 16th centuries. Similar cotton was also traded as far east as Indonesia.<ref name="Barnes2017">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Ruth |year=2017 |title=Indian Cotton for Cairo: The Royal Ontario Museum's Gujarati Textiles and the Early Western Indian Ocean Trade |journal=Textile History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–30 |doi=10.1080/00404969.2017.1294814 |issn=0040-4969 |s2cid=194752057}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Jain Ruins of Mehsana.jpg
| caption1 = Ruins of Jain temples in [[Mehsana district|Mehsana]], attacked by [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 12th century CE.
| image2 = Rani ki vav1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rani ki Vav]], 11th century
| image3 = Sun Temple Panorama.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sun Temple, Modhera|Sun Temple of Modhera]], with [[stepwell]] surrounding the ''[[Temple tank|kunda]]'' (tank), was built by [[Bhima I]], King of Gujarat in 1026. It is one of the finest examples of [[History of stepwells in Gujarat|stepwell architecture of Gujarat]].
| image4 = Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg
| caption4 = [[Taranga Jain temple]] constructed by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (1143–1172)
}}

=== Muslim rule ===
[[File:Sindh campaigns 711-715 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Muhammad ibn Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711–715 CE). 
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Registan Desert]] and [[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#FFD700|[[Zunbils]]}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Kingdom of Sindh]] (c. 632–712 CE)}}
{{legend|#7FFF00|[[Kingdom of Valabhi]] (c. 475 – c. 776 CE)}}]]

==== Islamic conquests (1197–1614) ====
[[File:Farrukh Beg. Akbar's Triumphal Entry into Surat. Akbarnama, 1590-95, Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Akbar triumphantly enters [[Surat]].]]

After the [[Ghoris]] had assumed a position of Muslim supremacy over North India, [[Qutbuddin Aibak]] attempted to conquer Gujarat and annexe it to his empire in 1197, but failed in his ambitions.<ref name="Handbuch der Orientalistik">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&pg=PA65 |title=Handbuch der Orientalistik |date=1980 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-06117-0 |location=Leiden |page=65}}</ref> An independent Muslim community continued to flourish in Gujarat for the next hundred years, championed by Arab merchants settling along the western coast. From 1297 to 1300, [[Alauddin Khalji]], the Turko-Afghan [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]], destroyed the Hindu metropolis of [[Anhilwara]] and incorporated Gujarat into the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. After [[Timur]] sacked [[Delhi]] at the end of the 14th century, weakening the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim [[Khatri]] governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar ([[Muzaffar Shah I]]) asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan [[Ahmed Shah of Gujarat|Ahmed Shah]] (ruled 1411–1442), established [[Ahmedabad]] as the capital. [[Khambhat]] eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. Gujarat's relations with [[Egypt]], which was then the premier Arab power in the Middle East, remained friendly over the next century and the [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] scholar, ''Badruddin-ad-Damamimi'', spent several years in Gujarat in the shade of the Sultan before proceeding to the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] on the Deccan Plateau.<ref name="wink143">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |page=143 |language=en |quote=Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called Tank, originally from Southern Punjab. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118142817/https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammed Ibrahim Dar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |title=Literary and Cultural Activities in Gujarat Under the Khaljis and Sultanate |date=1952 |publisher=Bazm-i-Ishaʻat, Ismail Yusuf College |page=51 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=m6gBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shah e Alam]], a famous Sufi saint of the [[Chishti]] order who was the descendant of Makhdoom [[Jahaniyan Jahangasht]] from [[Bukhara]], soon arrived in a group that included Arab theologian ''Ibn Suwaid'', several [[Sayyid]] Sufi members of the [[Abu Bakr al-Aydarus|Aydarus family]] of [[Tarim, Yemen|Tarim]] in [[Yemen]],<ref name="Sufiorders">J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, ''The Sufi Orders in Islam'', pg 73</ref> Iberian court interpreter ''Ali al-Andalusi'' from [[Granada]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Subrahmanyam |first2=Muzaffar |last2=Alam |first1=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&pg=PA41 |title=Writing the Mughal world: studies on culture and politics |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-15811-4 |location=New York |page=41}}</ref> and the Arab jurist ''Bahraq'' from [[Hadramaut]] who was appointed a tutor of the prince.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press, 2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=127}}</ref> Among the illustrious names who arrived during the reign of [[Mahmud Begada]] was the philosopher ''Haibatullah Shah Mir'' from [[Shiraz]], and the scholar intellectual ''Abu Fazl Ghazaruni'' from [[Persia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achyut Yagnik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&pg=PT57 |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity |date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Penguin UK, 2011 |isbn=978-81-8475-473-5 |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansooruddin Quraishi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim education and learning in Gujarat, 1297–1758 |publisher=Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1972 |page=47 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=20UDAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> who tutored and adopted [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], author of the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvi Azra |title=Socio Religious Outlook of Abul Fazl |publisher=Vanguard Books |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-210-40543-7 |location=Lahore Pakistan |page=6}}</ref> Later, a close alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkish people|Turks]] and Gujarati sultans to effectively safeguard [[Jeddah]] and the [[Red Sea]] trade from Portuguese [[imperialism]], encouraged the existence of powerful [[Rumi]] elites within the kingdom who took the post of [[viziers]] in Gujarat keen to maintain ties with the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giancarlo Casale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&pg=PA104 |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979879-7 |page=104}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ali Anooshahr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTN8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-04134-3 |page=43 |quote=Nevertheless, there were indeed people in India, specifically in Gujarat, who by about 1486 knew the Ottomans as the primary Ghazi sultans of western domains of the abode of Islam, and had tried to elevate their own standing by posing as comrade ghazis fighting irreligion in the east.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA7 |title=India's naval traditions: the role of Kunhali Marakkars |date=1997 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |editor-last=Kurup |editor-first=K.K.N. |location=New Delhi |page=7 |quote=Gujarati merchants had very long-standing relations with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea regions. Aden, Ormuz, and Mecca were frequently visited by them. They took gold, quicksilver, vermilion, copper, rose-water, camlets, scarlet-in-grain, coloured woollen cloth, glass beads and weapons which were brought by merchants from Cairo to Aden. The above mentioned items were collected by merchants from Italy, Greece, and Damascus. Horses from various parts of Arabia and Persia, especially from Ormuz, were brought by the Gujarati merchants to India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arthur Percival Newton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |date=1936 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=23 |quote=The annual pilgrimages of Indian Muslim to Mecca, whose route lay through Gujarat (which was called the Gate of Mecca) had been for some years interrupted by the domination of the Arabian Sea by the Portuguese and also by the disorder prevailing in Gujarat. |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Engseng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C&pg=PA122 |title=The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93869-4 |location=Berkeley |page=122 |quote=From the other direction, the enhanced security of the Hejaz provided not only profits for Gujarati merchants but succor for Gujarat's Muslim sultans. In times of insecurity, Gujarati sultans would send their families and treasures to the Hejaz for safekeeping ... the sultanate indeed fell, in 1573, and the triumphant emperor Akbar, retained his services giving him charge of pious endowments in Gujarat dedicated to Mecca and Medina.}}</ref>

[[Humayun]] also briefly occupied the province in 1536, but fled due to the threat [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]], the Gujarat king, imposed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=A.V. Williams |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |title=Chapter 9 – The Ebb of the Tide – Humayun – 1530–1556 A.D. |page=228 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003111225/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson3/chapter09.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] remained independent until 1572, when the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] conquered it and annexed it to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=115–116}}</ref>

The [[Surat]] port (the only Indian port facing west) then became the principal port of India during Mughal rule, gaining widespread international repute. The city of Surat, famous for its exports of silk and [[diamonds]], had reached a par with contemporary [[Venice]] and [[Beijing]], great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poros |first=Maritsa V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tm_n7uSXT8C&pg=PT30 |title=Modern migrations: Gujarati Indian networks in New York and London |date=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7222-8 |location=Stanford, Calif. |quote=Indeed, Fernand Braudel likened Surat to some of the great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia, such as Venice and Beijing ... Godinho estimated that Surat's population was more than 100, 000, with people from all over the world residing in the city or frequenting it for business. He even claimed that it surpasses our "Evora in grandeur"}}</ref> and earned the distinguished title, ''Bab al-Makkah'' (Gate of Mecca).<ref name="Hinduism and modernity" /><ref name="books.google.com" />

Drawn by the religious renaissance taking place under Akbar, [[Mohammed Ghaus]] moved to Gujarat and established spiritual centers for the [[Shattari]] Sufi order from Iran, founding the [[Ek Toda Mosque]] and producing such devotees as [[Wajihuddin Alvi]] of Ahmedabad whose many successors moved to [[Bijapur]] during the height of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richard Maxwell Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=60}}</ref> At the same time, Zoroastrian high priest [[Azar Kayvan]] who was a native of [[Fars province|Fars]], immigrated to Gujarat founding the Zoroastrian school of [[Illuminationism|illuminationists]] which attracted key Shi'ite Muslim admirers of the [[Safavid]] philosophical revival from [[Isfahan]].

Early 14th-century [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] adventurer, [[Ibn Batuta]], who famously visited India with his entourage, recalls in his memoirs about Cambay, one of the great emporia of the Indian Ocean that indeed:

{{blockquote| [[Cambay]] is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build their beautiful houses and wonderful mosques – an achievement in which they endeavor to surpass each other.}}

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Many of these "foreign merchants" were transient visitors, men of [[South Arabia]]n and [[Persian Gulf]] ports, who migrated in and out of Cambay with the rhythm of the monsoons. But others were men with Arab or Persian patronyms whose families had settled in the town generations, even centuries earlier, intermarrying with Gujarati women, and assimilating everyday customs of the Hindu hinterland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Ross E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |title=the Adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-520-05771-5 |location=Berkeley |page=218 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&pg=PA218 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Age of Discovery]] heralded the dawn of pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance travel in search of alternative [[trade routes]] to "[[Indies|the East Indies]]", moved by the trade of [[gold]], [[silver]] and [[spices]]. In 1497, Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] is said to have discovered the [[Discovery of the sea route to India|Europe-to-India]] sea route which changed the course of history, thanks to [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] sailor Kanji Malam, who showed him the route from the East African coasts of [[Mozambique]] sailing onwards to [[Calicut]] off the [[Malabar coast]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 October 2010 |title=Gujarati showed Vasco 'da' way |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarati-showed-Vasco-da-way/articleshow/6674395.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001090714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/ahmedabad/28223775_1_gama-vasco-da-gujarati |archive-date=1 October 2013 |quote=Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian, a Muslim and a Gujarati. According to another account, he was the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. Some historians suggest Majid could not have been near the vicinity at the time. German author Justus says it was Malam who accompanied Vasco ... Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came In Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=N. Subrahmanian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |title=Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift |last2=Tamil̲an̲pan̲ |last3=S. Jeyapragasam |publisher=Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee |year=1976 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwis Khudori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rethinking solidarity in global society: the challenge of globalisation for social and solidarity movements: 50 years after Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955 |publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre |year=2007 |isbn=978-983-3782-13-0 |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |page=35 |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6zZAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the Gujarat Sultanate allied with the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] and [[Mamluks|Egyptian Mamluks]] naval fleets led by governor-generals [[Malik Ayyaz]] and [[Amir Husain Al-Kurdi]], vanquished the Portuguese in the 1508 [[Battle of Chaul]] resulting in the first Portuguese defeat at sea in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Padfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Tide of Empires: 1481–1654 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-7100-0150-4 |page=62 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACI-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |archive-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

To 16th-century European observers, Gujarat was a fabulously wealthy country. The customs revenue of Gujarat alone in the early 1570s was nearly three times the total revenue of the whole [[Portuguese Empire]] in Asia in 1586–87, when it was at its height.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |title=Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-520-02809-8 |edition=illustrated |location=Berkeley |page=109 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=yVPn43u846AC&pg=PA108 |url-status=live }}</ref> Indeed, when the British arrived on the coast of Gujarat, houses in [[Surat]] already had windows of [[Venetian glass]] imported from [[Constantinople]] through the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |title=The East in the West |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-55673-6 |edition=1998 Repr. |location=Cambridge |page=113 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXsaTLDG5HcC&pg=PA113 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1514, the Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] described the cosmopolitan atmosphere of [[Rander]] known otherwise as ''City of Mosques'' in Surat province, which gained the fame and reputation of illustrious Islamic scholars, Sufi-saints, merchants and intellectuals from all over the world:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach Volume 2, Part 1 of Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Bombay (India: State) |date=30 April 2007 |publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press |page=299 |format=Digitized |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| Ranel (Rander) is a good town of the [[Moors]], built of very pretty houses and squares. It is a rich and agreeable place ... the Moors of the town trade with [[Malacca]], [[Bengal]], Tawasery (Tannasserim), [[Pegu]], [[Martaban]], and [[Sumatra]] in all sort of spices, drugs, silks, musk, benzoin and porcelain. They possess very large and fine ships and those who wish Chinese articles will find them there very completely. The Moors of this place are white and well dressed and very rich they have pretty wives, and in the furniture of these houses have china vases of many kinds, kept in glass cupboards well arranged. Their women are not secluded like other Moors, but go about the city in the day time, attending to their business with their faces uncovered as in other parts.}}

The conquest of the Kingdom of Gujarat marked a significant event of Akbar's reign. Being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to Mecca, it gave the Mughal Empire free access to the Arabian sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports. The territory and income of the empire were vastly increased.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tsukasa Mizushima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title=Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century European Expansion and Indigenous Response |last2=George Bryan Souza |last3=Dennis O. Flynn |date=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28390-9 |page=88 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712204224/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== The Sultanate of Gujarat and the merchants ====
[[File:Pundole Agiary Udvada.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[Zoroastrian]] [[Agiary]] in [[Udvada]], Gujarat]]

For the best part of two centuries, the independent [[Khatri]] [[Sultanate of Gujarat]] was the cynosure of its neighbours on account of its wealth and prosperity, which had long made the Gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the Indian Ocean.<ref name="wink143" /><ref name="Mehta1991">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Makrand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective |date=11 January 1991 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-017-1 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154259/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gujaratis, including Hindus and Muslims as well as the enterprising [[Parsi]] class of [[Zoroastrians]], had been specialising in the organisation of overseas trade for many centuries, and had moved into various branches of commerce such as [[commodity trade]], [[brokerage]], [[money-changing]], [[money-lending]] and [[banking]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Haider |first1=Irfan Habib with contributions from Najaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |title=Economic history of medieval India, 1200–1500 |last2=Khan |first2=Iqtidar Alam |last3=Moosvi |first3=Shireen |last4=Prasad |first4=Pushpa |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |location=New Delhi |page=171 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA171 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the 17th century, [[Arab (Gujarat)|Chavuse]] and [[Baghdadi Jews]] had assimilated into the social world of the Surat province, later on their descendants would give rise to the [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|Sassoons]] of Bombay and the [[Ezra Mir|Ezras]] of Calcutta, and other influential Indian-Jewish figures who went on to play a philanthropical role in the commercial development of 19th-century British Crown Colony of [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lentin |first=Sifra Samuel |title=India's Jewish heritage: ritual, art, & life-cycle |date=2002 |editor-last=Weil |editor-first=Shelve |location=Mumbai |pages=22–35 |language=en |chapter=The Jewish presence in Bombay}}</ref> Spearheaded by [[Khoja]], [[Mustaali|Bohra]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatiya]] [[shahbandar]]s and Moorish [[nakhuda]]s who dominated sea navigation and shipping, Gujarat's transactions with the outside world had created the legacy of an international transoceanic empire which had a vast commercial network of permanent agents stationed at all the great port cities across the [[Indian Ocean]]. These networks extended to the [[Philippines]] in the east, [[East Africa]] in the west, and via maritime and the inland caravan route to [[Russia]] in the north.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=1 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese official at [[Malacca City|Malacca]], wrote of conditions during the reigns of Mahmud I and Mozaffar II:

{{blockquote|[[Cambay]] stretches out two arms; with her right arm she reaches toward [[Aden]] and with the other towards Malacca<ref>Pires, I, p. 41</ref>}}

He also described Gujarat's active trade with [[Goa]], the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. His contemporary, [[Duarte Barbosa]], describing Gujarat's maritime trade, recorded the import of horses from the Middle East and elephants from Malabar, and lists exports which included muslins, chintzes and silks, carnelian, ginger and other spices, aromatics, opium, indigo and other substances for dyeing, cereals and legumes.<ref>Barbosa, I, pp. 108–58</ref> [[Persia]] was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in [[horses]] and [[pearls]] taken from [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]].<ref>Barbosa, I, p. 82</ref> The latter item, in particular, led Sultan [[Sikandar Lodi]] of [[Delhi]], according to Ali-Muhammad Khan, author of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, to complain that the

{{blockquote|support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls<ref>apud Bayley, p. 20</ref>}}

Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, to build madrasas and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat GUJARAT – Encyclopædia Iranica] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117040036/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gujarat |date=17 November 2012 }}. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

[[File:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg|thumb|[[Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad|Jama Masjid]], Ahmedabad]]

Even at the time of [[Tomé Pires]]' travel to the [[East Indies]] in the early 16th century, Gujarati merchants had earned an international reputation for their commercial acumen and this encouraged the visit of merchants from [[Cairo]], [[Armenia]], [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Shiraz]], [[Turkestan]] and [[Gilan Province|Guilans]] from Aden and Hormuz.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Freeman-Grenville |first1=G.S.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |title=Historical atlas of Islam |last2=Munro-Hay |first2=Stuart Christopher |date=2002 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1417-5 |edition=Rev. and expanded |location=New York [u.a.] |page=250 |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=3fKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pires noted in his ''Suma Orientale'':<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-10595-3 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor-last2=Peter Reeves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bwJD2WBNtNMC&pg=PA28 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| These [people] are [like] Italians in their knowledge of and dealings in merchandise ... they are men who understand merchandise; they are so properly steeped in the sound and harmony of it, that the ''Gujaratees'' say that any offence connected with merchandise is pardonable. There are ''Gujaratees'' settled everywhere. They work some for some and others for others. They are diligent, quick men in trade. They do their accounts with fingers like ours and with our very writings.}}

==== Gujarat in the Mughal Empire ====
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Portrait of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]]]

Gujarat was one of the twelve original [[subah]]s (imperial top-level provinces) established by [[Mughal Emperor]] (''Badshah'') [[Akbar]], with a seat at Ahmedabad, bordering on [[Thatta]] (Sindh), [[Ajmer]], [[Malwa]] and later Ahmadnagar subahs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

[[Aurangzeb]], the sixth Mughal Emperor, was born in [[Dahod]], Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of [[Shah Jahan]] and [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Knut A. |title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-62206-9 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNgDEAAAQBAJ&dq=Aurangzeb+born+Dahod&pg=PA190}}</ref> At the time of his birth, his father, Shah Jahan, was then the Subahdar (governor) of Gujarat, and his grandfather, [[Jehangir]], was the Mughal Emperor. Before he became emperor, Aurangzeb was made Subahdar of Gujarat subah as part of his training and was stationed at Ahmedabad.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Aurangzeb had great love for his place of birth. In 1704, he wrote a letter to his eldest son, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], asking him to be kind and considerate to the people of Dahod as it was his birthplace. Muhammad Azam was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat.<ref name="DNA_May2012"/>

In his letter, Aurangzeb wrote:<ref name="DNA_May2012">{{Cite news |last=Vashi |first=Ashish |date=1 May 2012 |title=Aurangzeb loved Dahod till the end |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927142458/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1682952/report-aurangzeb-loved-dahod-till-the-end |archive-date=27 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=4 October 2013 |quote=Eminent historian Manekshah Commissariat has quoted from this letter in his book 'A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758'.}}</ref>

{{blockquote| My son of exalted rank, the town of Dahod, one of the dependencies of Gujarat, is the birthplace of this sinner. Please consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town as incumbent on you.}}

=== Maratha Empire ===

When the cracks had started to develop in the edifice of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the mid-17th century, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] were consolidating their power in the west, [[Chatrapati Shivaji]], the great Maratha ruler, attacked Surat in southern Gujarat twice first in 1664 and again in 1672.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aakar |date=6 April 2012 |title=Blame the British Raj on bankers – Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152732/http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/zgaDxyMuIrH3QWHElwkX3M/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-bankers.html |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=livemint.com |publisher=Livemint}}</ref> These attacks marked the entry of the Marathas into Gujarat. However, before the Maratha had made inroads into Gujarat, the Europeans had made their presence felt, led by the Portuguese, and followed by the Dutch and the English.

The [[Peshwa]]s had established sovereignty over parts of Gujarat and collected taxes and tributes through their representatives. [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] and [[Kadam (clan)|Kadam]] Bande divided the Peshwa territory between them,<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |title=MULTIPLE AUTHORITIES – DISPUTED SOVEREIGNTY |access-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152712/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/60443/8/08_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> with Damaji establishing the sway of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] over Gujarat and making [[Baroda]] (present day [[Vadodara]] in southern Gujarat) his capital. The ensuing internecine war among the Marathas was fully exploited by the British, who interfered in the affairs of both Gaekwads and the Peshwas.

In [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], as elsewhere, the Marathas were met with resistance.<ref name="cpc">{{Cite book |last1=Behera |first1=Deepak Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198 |title=The concept of tribal society |last2=Pfeffer |first2=Georg |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7022-983-4 |page=198}}</ref> The decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] helped form larger peripheral states in Saurashtra, including [[Junagadh State|Junagadh]], [[Nawanagar State|Jamnagar]], [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] and a few others, which largely resisted the Maratha incursions.<ref name=cpc />

=== European colonialism (1614–1947) ===
[[File:Portuguese possessions in the Province of North.jpg|thumb|Territory ceded by the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] to Portugal in 1534 according to the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]].]]

In the 1600s, the Dutch, French, English and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] all established bases along the western coast of the region. Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, and after the [[Battle of Diu]], acquired several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including [[Daman and Diu]] as well as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. These enclaves were administered by [[Portuguese India]] under a single union territory for over 450 years, only to be later incorporated into the [[Republic of India]] on 19 December 1961 by military conquest.

The [[British East India Company]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Surat]] in 1614 following the commercial treaty made with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim [[Jahangir]], which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by [[Mumbai|Bombay]] after the English received it from Portugal in 1668 as part of the marriage treaty of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]]. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in India was in Gujarat.<ref name="wingsbirds.com">[http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ WINGS Birding Tours to India: the West – Gujarat and the Rann of Kutch – Itinerary] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730052857/http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-west-gujarat-rann-kutch/ |date=30 July 2013 }}. Wingsbirds.com (14 December 2011). Retrieved 28 July 2013.</ref>

17th-century French explorer [[François Pyrard de Laval]], who is remembered for his 10-year sojourn in South Asia, bears witness in his account that the Gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the Portuguese, and in turn imparted skills to the Portuguese:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31 |title=The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves, Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |location=London |page=31 |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote| I have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these Indians: they have nothing barbarous or savage about them, as we are apt to suppose. They are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the ''Portuguese''; yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship, being all very curious and desirous of learning. In fact, the ''Portuguese'' take and learn more from them than they from the ''Portuguese''.}}

Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Hindu [[Maratha Empire]] that arose, defeating the Muslim Mughals who had dominated the politics of India. Most notably, from 1705 to 1716, [[Senapati]] [[Khanderao Dabhade]] led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. [[Pilaji Gaekwad]], first ruler of [[Gaekwad dynasty]], established the control over Baroda and other parts of Gujarat.

The [[British East India Company]] wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1802–1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwad Maharajas of Baroda ([[Vadodara]]), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule.

An epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Eskild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide |last2=Chen |first2=Lin Hwei |last3=Schlagenhauf-Lawlor |first3=Patricia |date=14 February 2017 |isbn=978-1-119-08573-7 |page=8 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903073809/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPEjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the [[Bombay Presidency]], with the exception of [[Baroda State]], which had a direct relationship with the [[Governor-General of India]]. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including [[Kathiawar]], Kutch and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of [[princely states]], but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], Broach ([[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]), Kaira ([[Kheda district|Kheda]]), [[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]] and [[Surat district|Surat]], were governed directly by British officials. In 1819, [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]] established the first [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad|Swaminarayan Mandir]] in [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Baroda-gujarat.png|Princely states of Gujarat in 1924
File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion
File:Gandhi at Dandi, 5 April 1930.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] picking salt at [[Dandi Beach|Dandi beach]], [[South Gujarat]], ending the [[Salt satyagraha]] on 5 April 1930
File:Shree Swaminarayan Sampraday, Ahmedabad.jpg|Foundational Swaminarayan Mandir, est. 1819
</gallery>

=== Post-independence (1947–present) ===
[[File:Bombay 1956-1960.svg|thumb|300px|Gujarat in Bombay state]]
[[File:Gujarat-High-Court.jpg|thumb|[[Gujarat High Court]] in Ahmedabad]]
[[File:Gandhinagar Capital Railway Station.jpg|thumb|[[Gandhinagar Capital railway station]]]]

Initially there was confusion over whether Junagadh would join India or Pakistan. This was resolved in 1947 with a [[plebiscite]] for full union with India following the next year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |title=Five states that refused to join India after Independence |date=August 2017 |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113171155/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/five-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Independence of India|Indian independence]] and the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], which included the former princely states on the [[Kathiawad]] peninsula, [[Kutch]], and [[Bombay state]], which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of [[Baroda State]] and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra (Kathiawar) and parts of [[Hyderabad state]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Gujarati nationalists, the [[Mahagujarat Movement]], and Marathi nationalists, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra]], for their own states led to the split of [[Bombay state]] on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]]. In [[1969 Gujarat riots|1969 riots]], at least 660 died and properties worth millions were destroyed.<ref name="Yasmeen2007">{{Cite book |last=Peer |first=Yasmeen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528094126/http://books.google.com/books?id=y0J4T6Rt-90C&pg=PA103 |title=Communal Violence in Gujarat: Rethinking the Role of Communalism and Institutionalised Injustices in India |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-51753-5 |pages=103–104 |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="LaurentChris2012">{{Cite book |last1=Gayer |first1=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpGLmAEACAAJ&pg=PA53 |title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation |last2=Jaffrelot |first2=Christophe |date=30 May 2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70308-6 |pages=53–60 }}</ref>

The first capital of Gujarat was [[Ahmedabad]]. The capital of Gujarat was moved to [[Gandhinagar]] in 1970. ''[[Nav Nirman]] Andolan'' was a socio-political movement of 1974. It was a students' and [[middle class]] people's movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life. This was the first and last successful agitation after the Independence of India that ousted an elected government.<ref name="it">{{Cite magazine |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |date=20 December 2007 |title=Pulse of the people |magazine=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-pulse-of-the-people-734871-2007-12-20 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917002911/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Pulse+of+the+people/1/2727.html |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="avk">{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Ananth V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA120 |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 |page=117 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bs">{{Cite news |last=Dhar |first=P. N. |year=2000 |title=Excerpted from 'Indira Gandhi, the "emergency", and Indian democracy' published in ''Business Standard'' |work=Business Standard India |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/the-nav-nirman-movement/80363/ |access-date=23 November 2012 |isbn=978-0-19-564899-7 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809043300/https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/the-nav-nirman-movement-100021901024_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has emerged as an important industrial hub in India. In Western India [[Surat]] was among the strongest industrial clusters in the 1970s. Between 1971 and 1981 [[diamond cutting]] was established as industry in Surat. At the same time the production of [[artificial silk]] and a substantial [[petrochemical industry]] became a fixture in Surat.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Dispossession and Resistance in India: The River and the Rage | author1= Alf Gunvald Nilsen |publisher= Taylor & Francis |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-136-99432-6 | pages=24}}</ref>

The [[Morvi dam failure]], in 1979, resulted in the death of thousands of people and large economic loss.<ref name="expi">{{Cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=Book on 1979 Morbi dam disaster rubbishes 'Act of God' theory |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040543/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-on-1979-morbi-dam-disaster-rubbishes-act-of-god-theory/979087/0 |archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various [[Indian caste system|castes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yagnik |first=Achyut |date=May 2002 |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322112252/http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |archive-date=22 March 2006 |access-date=10 May 2006 |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

The [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] was located about 9 km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in the [[Bhachau]] taluka of [[Kutch]] District. This magnitude 7.7 shock killed around 20,000 people (including at least 18 in South-eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Earthquakes |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101003339/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2001/2001_01_26.php |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov}}</ref>

In February 2002, the [[Godhra train burning]] led to statewide [[2002 Gujarat violence|riots]], resulting in the deaths of 1,044 people – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, and hundreds missing still unaccounted for.<ref name="Riots toll">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4536199.stm BBC News. 11 May 2005] , These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005</ref> The [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Swaminarayan Akshardham in Gandhinagar]] was [[Akshardham Temple attack|attacked]] by two terrorists in September 2002, killing 32 people and injuring more than 80 others. [[National Security Guard]]s intervened to end the siege killing both terrorists.<ref name="akshar">{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta, Manas |date=1 June 2010 |title=Death sentence for Akshardham temple attack convicts upheld |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214449/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/death-sentence-for-akshardham-temple-attack-convicts-upheld/article443455.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> On 26 July 2008 a [[2008 Ahmedabad serial blasts|series of seventeen bomb blasts]] rocked Ahmedabad, killing and injuring several people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2008 |title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html |archive-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Gujarat}}

{{See also|Climate of Gujarat|List of rivers of Gujarat}}
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Gujarat borders the [[Tharparkar District|Tharparkar]], [[Badin District|Badin]] and [[Thatta District|Thatta]] districts of [[Pakistan]]'s [[Sindh]] province to the northwest, is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of [[Rajasthan]] to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, the [[Union Territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] to the south. Historically, the north was known as [[Anarta]], the Kathiawar peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".<ref>P. Page xvii ''Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat'' edited by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.<ref>P. 391 ''The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism'' by Benjamin Walker</ref> The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a [[planned city]]. Gujarat has an area of {{cvt|75686|sqmi|km2}} with the longest coastline (24% of Indian sea coast) {{cvt|1600|km}}, dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor.

The [[Narmada River|Narmada]] is the largest river in Gujarat followed by the [[Tapti River|Tapi]]. The [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] has the longest course through the state.
The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on Narmada, one of the major rivers of [[peninsular India]] where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi and the [[Mahi River|Mahi]]. It is about {{cvt|1312|km}} long. Several riverfront embankments have been built on the Sabarmati River.

The eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of India, the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]], [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri (Western Ghats)]], [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] and [[Saputara]]. Apart from this the Gir hills, Barda, Jessore and [[Chotila]] together make up a large minority of Gujarat. [[Girnar]] is the tallest peak and [[Saputara]] is the only hill-station (hilltop resort) in the state.

=== Rann of Kutch ===
{{Main|Rann of Kutch}}

Rann (રણ) is Gujarati for desert. The [[Rann of Kutch]] is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the [[Thar Desert]] biogeographic region between the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]] and the rest of the state of Gujarat; it commences {{cvt|8|km}} from the village of Kharaghoda, Surendranagar District.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Kutch White Rann Tents (8335851293).jpg|The colourful Rann Utsav Festival is held annually in the Rann of Kutch.
File:People in the Twilight.jpg|People enjoying Raan Utsav at [[Dhordo]], [[Kutch]]
File:Kutch Adventures India.jpg|Camel ride in the Rann of Kutch
File:Greater Flamingo at Kutch.jpg|[[Greater flamingo]] at the Rann of Kutch
</gallery>

=== Flora and fauna ===
{{Main|Fauna of Gujarat|List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India}}

==== Prehistoric fauna ====
[[File:Dinosaurs Park.jpg|thumb|Indroda [[Dinosaur]] and Fossil Park, [[Gandhinagar]]]]

In the early 1980s, palaeontologists found [[dinosaur egg]] hatcheries and [[fossil]]s of at least 13 species in [[Balasinor]].<ref name="bbc_jurassic"/> The most important find was that of a carnivorous [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]] dinosaur named ''[[Rajasaurus|Rajasurus narmadensis]]'' which lived in the [[Late Cretaceous]] period.<ref name="bbc_jurassic">{{cite news |title=The wonders of India's Jurassic Park |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8671676.stm |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=BBC |date=11 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510111635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8671676.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian"/> A notable discovery in the village of Dholi Dungri was that of ''[[Sanajeh indicus]]'', a primitive [[Madtsoiidae|madtsoiid]] snake that likely preyed on [[sauropod]] dinosaur hatchlings and embryos.<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Neha |date=21 January 2016 |last2=Mehta |first2=Vishal |title=Meet India's Dinosaur Princess |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102120728/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/balasinor-dinosaur-fossil-park-raiyoli-gujarat-india-princess-aaliya-sultana-babi-180957798/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey A. |last2=Mohabey |first2=Dhananjay M. |last3=Peters |first3=Shanan E. |last4=Head |first4=Jason J. |title=Predation upon Hatchling Dinosaurs by a New Snake from the Late Cretaceous of India |journal=PLOS Biology |date=2 March 2010 |volume=8 |issue=3 |article-number=e1000322 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000322 |doi-access=free |pmid=20209142 |pmc=2830453 |issn=1544-9173}}</ref>

==== Extant species ====
As of 2023, Gujarat has {{formatnum:15016.64}} km2 of forest cover, which is about {{formatnum:7.65}}% of its geographical area. The total recorded forest area in the state is {{formatnum:21870.35}} km2 ({{formatnum:11.14}}%).<ref name="TOI2025Forest">
{{Cite news|title = Tree cover outside forest area grew by 241 sq km in Gujarat|work = The Times of India|date = 6 May 2025|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tree-cover-outside-forest-area-grew-by-241-sq-km-in-gujarat/articleshow/122327156.cms|access-date = 28 September 2025}}</ref> Among the districts, [[the Dangs]] has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries. It is the only home of Asiatic lions and, outside [[Africa]], is the only present natural habitat of lions.<ref name="Singh2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh, H. S. |last2=Gibson, L. |year=2011 |title=A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica'') of Gir forest |url=http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=144 |issue=5 |pages=1753–1757 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 |bibcode=2011BCons.144.1753S |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808105532/http://www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/lab/cons-lab/documents/Singh_Gibson_Biol_Cons_2011.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 | issn=0006-3207}}</ref> [[Gir Forest National Park]] in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. [[Indian leopard]]s are also found in the state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat. Other national parks include [[Vansda National Park]], [[Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar]], and [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch|Narara Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutchh, Jamnagar]]. Wildlife sanctuaries include [[Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Porbandar Bird Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary]], Anjal, [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary|Balaram-Ambaji]], [[Barda Wildlife Sanctuary|Barda]], [[Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary|Jambughoda]], [[Khavda]], Paniya, [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary|Purna]], Rampura, [[Ratan Mahal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ratan Mahal]], and Surpaneshwar.

In February 2019, a [[Bengal tiger]] claimed to be from [[Ratapani Tiger Reserve|Ratapani]] in Madhya Pradesh was spotted in the area of [[Lunavada]] in [[Mahisagar district]], in the eastern part of the state,<ref name="HT 02-2019">{{Cite news |date=18 February 2019 |title=Like humans, animals too have a right to migrate |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227174147/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/like-humans-animals-too-have-a-right-to-migrate/story-61db8VDgKftuIkBtPNO6eL.html |archive-date=27 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="DTE 02-2019">{{Cite news |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=12 February 2019 |title=Camera trap proves Gujarat now has tiger |work=[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]] |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212203213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/camera-trap-proves-gujarat-now-has-tiger-63216 |archive-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> before being found dead later that month, likely from starvation.<ref name="TOI 03-2019">{{Cite news |last=Kaushik |first=Himashu |date=9 March 2019 |title=Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation: Post-mortem report |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228102726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68327799.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Asiatic Lioness with around 30 days old cub.jpg|A family of [[Asiatic lion]]s, which live in and around [[Gir National Park]]
File:Greater Flamingo, Jamnagar, Rangilo Gujarati 01.jpg|[[Greater flamingo]]s at the [[Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary]]
File:Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena).jpg|[[Striped hyena]] at the [[Gir National Park]]
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Gujarati people}}

{{Historical populations
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1901 | 9094748
| 1911 | 9803587
| 1921 | 10174989
| 1931 | 11489828
| 1941 | 13701551
| 1951 | 16263000
| 1961 | 20633000
| 1971 | 26697000
| 1981 | 34086000
| 1991 | 41310000
| 2001 | 50671000
| 2011 | 60383628
}}

The population of Gujarat was 60,439,692 (31,491,260 males and 28,948,432 females) according to the 2011 census data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919152632/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND024_Gujarat.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The population density is {{convert|308|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|persons |persons}}, lower than other Indian states. As per the census of 2011, the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India.

While Gujarati speakers constitute a majority of Gujarat's population, the metropolitan areas of Ahmedabad, [[Vadodara]] and [[Surat]] are cosmopolitan, with numerous other ethnic and language groups. [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] compose large minorities of economic migrants; smaller communities of people from the other states of India have also migrated to Gujarat for employment. [[Luso-Indian]]s, [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Parsi]]s also live in the areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taraporevala |first=Sooni |title=Parsis – the Zoroastrians of India |url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725090319/http://www.the-south-asian.com/april2001/Parsis-Arrival%20in%20India.htm |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |website=the-south-asian.com}}</ref> [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] presence is traditionally important here following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Indian Institute of Sindhology |url=http://www.sindhology.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103548/http://sindhology.org/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Sindhology.org}}</ref> The [[Koli people|Koli]] forms the largest caste-cluster, comprising 24% of the total population of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rajneesh |date=13 December 2017 |title=गुजरात: बनिये का दिमाग़ और मियांभाई की बहादुरी |language=hi |work=BBC News हिंदी |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |access-date=19 January 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119163651/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42334430 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-095-4 |language=en |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105622/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat ranked fifth in the Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025, with a score of 50.5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Cherry |date=28 January 2025 |title=India's top 10 best-performing states in the Fiscal Health Index 2025 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/indias-top-10-best-performing-states-in-the-fiscal-health-index-2025-9801341/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Gujarat (2011)<ref name="census2011" />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 88.57
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 9.67
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Jainism]]
|value3 = 0.96
|color3 = Brown
|label4 = [[Christianity]]
|value4 = 0.52
|color4 = Blue
|label5 = [[Sikhism]]
|value5 = 0.1
|color5 = DarkKhaki
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.05
|color6 = Gold
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.03
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.1
|color8 = Black
}}

According to 2011 census, the religious makeup in Gujarat was 88.57% [[Hindu]], 9.67% [[Muslim]], 0.96% [[Jain]], 0.52% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.10% [[Sikh]], 0.05% [[Buddhist]] and 0.03% others. Around 0.1% [[Irreligion|did not state any religion]].<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> Hinduism is the majority religion, and is over 93% in rural areas. [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]] are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9.7% of the population. Gujarat has the third-largest population of [[Jain]]s in India, following [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]], almost all of whom live in urban areas like Vadodara, Ahmedabad and Surat.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110075348/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:Sheth Hutheesinh Temple.jpg|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple|Hutheesing Temple]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Palitana.jpg|[[Palitana temples|Shatrunjaya Mahatirth]], [[Palitana]]
File:Gurudwara Govinddham.JPG|Gurudwara Govinddham, Ahmedabad
File:Ahmedabad Synagogue.jpg|[[Magen Abraham Synagogue|Magen Abraham]] Jewish Synagogue, Ahmedabad
</gallery>

=== Language ===

[[File:Language Map of Gujarat (2011 Census).svg|left|thumb|Languages spoken by district 
'''Gujarati'''
{{legend|#ffc4b8|40–50%}}
{{legend|#ff9985|50–60%}}
{{legend|#ff6f52|60–70%}}
{{legend|#ff441f|70–80%}}
{{legend|#eb2700|80–90%}}
{{legend|#cc2200|90–100%}}
'''Bhil languages'''
{{legend|#b78ad1|50–60%}}
]]

[[File:Gujarati Script Sample.svg|thumb|right|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] written in [[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati script]]]]
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Gujarat (2011)
| thumb = right
| label1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| value1 = 85.97
| color1 = skyblue
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 7.06
| color2 = orange
| label3 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| value3 = 1.96
| color3 = limegreen
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value4 = 1.52
| color4 = red
| label5 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]]
| value5 = 1.37
| color5 = indianred
| label6 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| value6 = 0.79
| color6 = green
| label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| value7 = 0.30
| color7 = brown
| label8 = [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]
| value8 = 0.25
| color8 = coral
| label9 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value9 = 0.13
| color9 = pink
| label10 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| value10 = 0.12
| color10 = steelblue
| label11 = Others
| value11 = 0.52
| color11 = grey
}}

[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is the official language of the state of Gujarat. An [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], it is spoken natively by 86% of the state's population, or 52 million people (as of 2011). Hindi is the second-most frequently spoken language in the state, being spoken by more than 6% of the population. Marathi also is spoken in urban areas.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718113847/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

People from the Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] mother tongue and, to a great extent, understand [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as well. [[Memoni]] is the mother tongue of Kathiawar and Sindhi Memons, most whom are Muslims.

Almost 88% of the [[Gujarati Muslims]] speak Gujarati as their mother tongue and the remaining 12% speak [[Urdu]]. A sizeable proportion of Gujarati Muslims are bilingual in the two languages.

In rural areas among the tribals, various Bhil dialects are spoken by approximately 1.37% of the population. In the northeast part of the state [[Bhili language|Bhili]] is spoken, in the central part of the state [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Bhilali language|Bhilali]], and [[Vasavi language|Vasava]] are spoken, while in the southeast part of the state [[Dhanki language|Dangi]], [[Varli language|Varli]], [[Chodri language|Chodri]], and [[Dhodia-Kukna language|Dhodia]] (which are related to Marathi) are spoken.

Apart from this, English, [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and others are spoken by a considerable number of economic migrants from other states of India who are seeking employment.<ref name="CensusLang2011">{{Cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185603/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10203/download/13315/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2400.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the ''[[three-language formula]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2016 |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |page=96}}</ref> the languages taught in schools are:

'''First language''': Gujarati/Hindi/English

'''Second language''': Gujarati/English

'''Third language''': Hindi

== Governance and administration ==
{{Main|Politics of Gujarat|Government of Gujarat|Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Districts of Gujarat|Cities of Gujarat|Talukas of Gujarat}}

{{See also|Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Gujarat Council of Ministers}}

{{Wide image|SACHIVALAY PANORAMA.jpg|1200px|{{center|[[Gandhinagar]], the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government.}}}}
Gujarat is governed by a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes|scheduled castes]] and 27 for [[scheduled tribe]]s. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a [[Speaker of the Legislative Assembly (India)|speaker]] who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A [[List of governors of Gujarat|governor]] is appointed by the [[President of India]], and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The [[List of governors of Gujarat|Governor]] is the constitutional head of the state, while the [[Gujarat Council of Ministers]], headed by the [[Chief Minister of Gujarat|Chief Minister]], exercises executive authority and functions as the de facto government.<ref>https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/introduction.htm</ref>
[[File:Maganbhai Ninama, a Class IV Karma Yogi in Secretariat belonging to Adivasi community inaugurated Swarnim Sankul 2 (12534098875).jpg|thumb|right|Swarnim Sankul 2, Office of Gujarat Government]]

After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) ruled the [[Bombay State]] (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960.

During and after India's [[The Emergency (India)|State of Emergency of 1975–1977]], public support for the INC eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995 with the brief rule of nine months by [[Janata Morcha]]. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) led by [[Keshubhai Patel]] who became the Chief Minister. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]. BJP again won election in 1998 with clear majority. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to [[Narendra Modi]]. BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi remained as Chief Minister. On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Raman Singh breaks Modi's record to be longest serving BJP CM |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514064535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/raman-singh-breaks-modi-s-record-to-be-longest-serving-bjp-cm/story-5bakVFEDVU9MrSQIlDCYdK.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahoo |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070606/43/6gpdc.html |access-date=7 February 2016}}{{dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Narendra Modi to complete 12 years as Gujarat's chief minister tomorrow |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110050753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narendra-Modi-to-complete-12-years-as-Gujarats-chief-minister-tomorrow/articleshow/23610694.cms |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> BJP retained the power in subsequent elections in 2007 and 2012 and Narendra Modi continued as the chief minister. After Narendra Modi became the prime minister of India in 2014, [[Anandiben Patel]] became the first female chief minister of the state. [[Vijay Rupani]] took over as chief minister and Nitin Patel as deputy chief minister on 7 August 2016 after [[Anandiben Patel]] resigned earlier on 3 August. [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]] became chief minister in September 2021 after the resignation of Vijay Rupani.

The incumbent [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of Gujarat is Raj Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Chief Secretary |url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). |website=Gad.gujarat.gov.in |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085204/https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/chief-secretary.htm#:~:text=Shri%20Raj%20Kumar%2C%20IAS%20has,January%2C%202023%20(AN). }}</ref> and [[director general of police]] (DGP) is Vikas Sahay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikas Sahay appointed as Gujarat DGP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/vikas-sahay-appointed-as-dgp/articleshow/98349969.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2023 }}</ref>

Gujarat has 34 districts, listed below:
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Ahmedabad District|Ahmedabad]]
*[[Surat District|Surat]]
*[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
*[[Dang District, India|Dang]]
*[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
*[[Tapi District|Tapi]]
*[[Valsad District|Valsad]]
*[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
*[[Vadodara District|Vadodara]]
*[[Anand District|Anand]]
*[[Chhota Udaipur District|Chhota Udaipur]]
*[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
*[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
*[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
*[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
*[[Gandhinagar District|Gandhinagar]]
*[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
*[[Banaskantha District|Banaskantha]]
*[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
*[[Patan District|Patan]]
*[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
*[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
*[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
*[[Amreli District|Amreli]]
*[[Bhavnagar District|Bhavnagar]]
*[[Botad District|Botad]]
*[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
*[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
*[[Junagadh District|Junagadh]]
*[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
*[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
*[[Surendranagar District|Surendranagar]]
*[[Kachchh district|Kachchh]]
*[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
{{Div col end}}

{{Largest cities
| country = Gujarat
| stat_ref = As of the [[List of cities in Gujarat|2011 Census]]
| list_by_pop = List of cities in Gujarat
| div_name = District
| div_link = List of districts of Gujarat{{!}}District

| city_1 = Ahmedabad
| div_1 = Ahmedabad district{{!}}Ahmedabad
| pop_1 = 6,357,693
| city_2 = Surat
| div_2 = Surat district{{!}}Surat
| pop_2 = 5,935,000
| city_3 = Vadodara
| div_3 = Vadodara district{{!}}Vadodara
| pop_3 = 4,065,771
| city_4 = Rajkot
| div_4 = Rajkot district{{!}}Rajkot
| pop_4 = 1,390,640
| city_5 = Bhavnagar
| div_5 = Bhavnagar district{{!}}Bhavnagar
| pop_5 = 605,882

| city_6 = Jamnagar
| div_6 = Jamnagar district{{!}}Jamnagar
| pop_6 = 479,920

| city_7 = Junagadh
| div_7 = Junagadh district{{!}}Junagadh
| pop_7 = 319,462

| city_8 = Gandhinagar
| div_8 = Gandhinagar district{{!}}Gandhinagar
| pop_8 = 292,167

| city_9 = Gandhidham
| div_9 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_9 = 248,705

| city_10 = Nadiad
| div_10 = Kheda district{{!}}Kheda
| pop_10 = 225,071

| city_11 = Morbi
| div_11 = Morbi district{{!}}Morbi
| pop_11 = 210,451

| city_12 = Anand, Gujarat{{!}}Anand
| div_12 = Anand district{{!}}Anand
| pop_12 = 209,410

| city_13 = Mehsana
| div_13 = Mehsana district{{!}}Mehsana
| pop_13 = 190,753

| city_14 = Surendranagar Dudhrej
| div_14 = Surendranagar district{{!}}Surendranagar
| pop_14 = 177,851

| city_15 = Veraval
| div_15 = Gir Somnath district{{!}}Gir Somnath
| pop_15 = 171,121

| city_16 = Navsari
| div_16 = Navsari district{{!}}Navsari
| pop_16 = 171,109

| city_17 = Bharuch
| div_17 = Bharuch district{{!}}Bharuch
| pop_17 = 169,007

| city_18 = Vapi
| div_18 = Valsad district{{!}}Valsad
| pop_18 = 163,630

| city_19 = Porbandar
| div_19 = Porbandar district{{!}}Porbandar
| pop_19 = 152,760

| city_20 = Bhuj
| div_20 = Kutch district{{!}}Kutch
| pop_20 = 148,834
}}
{{Administrative structure of Gujarat}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Gujarat}}

[[File:Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mundra Port]], Kutch]]

Gujarat is the most industrialised state in India and has the highest industrial output when compared to other states in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22109 |date=15 November 2023|access-date=13 March 2024 |title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian States|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> It has the highest exports of any Indian state, accounting for 30.7% of all Indian exports in 2024–2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soupramanien |first=Sindhu Hariharan & Avantika |date=29 April 2025 |title=Telangana and Tamil Nadu clock highest growth in exports in FY25 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/southern-states-grow-their-share-as-indias-export-basket-diversifies/article69503849.ece |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It leads in diverse industrial sectors such as chemicals, petrochemicals, dairy, drugs and pharmaceuticals, cement and ceramics, gems and jewellery, textiles and engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSDP of Gujarat, Economic Growth Presentation and Reports {{!}} IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/states/gujarat-presentation |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation}}</ref> It has the highest electricity production capacity<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2023 |title=Gujarat pips Maharashtra in power generation capacity: Report |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-no-1-in-installed-power-capacity/articleshow/98886266.cms |access-date=3 January 2024 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and maritime port cargo volume<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: cargo traffic volume at ports by state 2022 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/692571/cargo-traffic-volume-at-ports-by-state-india/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=Statista}}</ref> among all states in India.
Major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton, [[peanut|groundnuts]] (peanuts), [[Date (fruit)|dates]], [[sugar cane]], milk and milk products. Industrial products include cement and [[gasoline|petrol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2008 |title=Reliance commissions worlds biggest refinery |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516044443/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/reliance-commissions-worlds-biggest-refiner/402999 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
Gujarat is ranked number one in the [[pharmaceutical industry in India]], with a 33% share in drug manufacturing and 28% share in drug exports. The state has 130 USFDA certified drug manufacturing facilities. Ahmedabad and Vadodara are considered as pharmaceutical hubs, as there are many big and small pharmaceutical companies established in these cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=Despite Covid-19, fresh investments flowing into Gujarat's Pharma Sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503094424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/despite-covid-19-fresh-investments-flowing-into-gujarats-pharma-sector/articleshow/81488146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gujarat has the longest coastline in India (1600 km), and its ports (both private and public sector) handle around 40% of India's ocean cargo, with [[Mundra Port]] located in [[Gulf of Kutch]] being the largest port of India by cargo handled (144 million tons) due to its favourable location on the westernmost part of India and closeness to global shipping lanes. Gujarat also contributes around 20% share in India's industrial production and merchandise exports. According to a 2009 report on [[economic freedom]] by the [[Cato Institute]], Gujarat is the most free state in India (the second one being [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Summary |url=http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924142234/http://www.cato.org/economic-freedom-india/ExecutiveSummary.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Cato.org}}</ref> [[Reliance Industries]] operates the oil refinery at [[Jamnagar]], which is the world's largest grass-roots refinery at a single location. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at [[Alang]]. India's only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at [[Dahej]], developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG terminals are proposed, at [[Pipavav]] and [[Mundra]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

According to most recent data, Gujarat is considered the fourth richest state in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=GUpta |first=Cherry |date=21 February 2025 |title=Top 10 richest states in India by GDSP and GDP per capita, as of 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-richest-states-in-india-by-gdsp-and-gdp-per-capita-as-of-2024-9601172/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref>

Gujarat has 85% village connectivity with all‐weather roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uday Mahurkar |date=11 September 2006 |title=Gujarat – Physical fitness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060911-gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads-783992-2006-09-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074907/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gujarat-ranks-best-when-it-comes-to-quality-of-roads/1/182220.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=India Today}}</ref> Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have been connected to the electrical grid for 24-hour power to households and eight hours of power to farms, through the [[Jyotigram Yojana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2013 |title=Claim Check: Narendra Modi on Gujarat's Jyotigram Yojana |work=livemint.com |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015558/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NjBbkbKEVhIAYnW3iB7qtN/Claim-Check-Narendra-Modi-on-Gujarats-Jyotigram-Yojana.html |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Gujarat ranks [[States of India by installed power capacity|first nationwide]] in gas-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 8%, and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive summary of month of November 2015 |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051607/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2015/installed_capacity-11.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=cea.nic.in |publisher=Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, Government of India}}</ref>

The state registered 12.8% agricultural growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2010 |title=Gujarat Brand |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012155436/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/modi-woos-investors-in-state-markets-brand-gujarat/415381/ |archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref>

Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97%. Over 20% of the ''S&P CNX 500'' conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of S&P CNX 500 conglomerates |url=https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |website=NSE India |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504103917/https://www.nseindia.com/products-services/indices-nifty500-index |url-status=live }}</ref> As per RBI report{{which|date=June 2022}}, in year 2006–07, 26% of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

According to a 2012 survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat had the lowest unemployment rate of 1% against the national average of 3.8%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2012 |title=Survey says Gujarat has lowest unemployment; Narendra Modi is 'delighted' |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713222924/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>

[[Legatum Institute]]'s Global Prosperity Index 2012 recognised Gujarat as one of the two highest-scoring among all states of India on matters of social capital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2012 Legatum Prosperity Index |url=https://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624103332/http://www.prosperity.com/download_file/view_inline/2837 |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=29 April 2019 |publisher=Legatum Institute |page=20 |format=PDF}}</ref> The state ranks 15th alongside Germany in a list of 142 nations worldwide: higher than several developed nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DNA India: Latest News Headlines, Breaking News & Live Updates on Politics, Business, Sports, Bollywood at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220155532/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_gujarat-in-list-of-top-15-prosperous-states-globally_175965 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Tallest Building in Gujarat Gift One.jpg|thumb|Tallest building in Gujarat: [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT One]]]]

The tallest tower in Gujarat, GIFT One was inaugurated on 10 January 2013. One other tower called GIFT Two has been finished and more towers are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=India's tallest proposed building Diamond Tower showcased (video) |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113234/http://deshgujarat.com/2009/01/22/indias-tallest-proposed-building-diamond-tower-showcasedvideo/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Deshgujarat.com}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the largest overall stadium in the world by capacity, is located in Gujarat. The [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]], the largest of its kind in India, is under construction in [[Ahmedabad]] and will help host the [[2030 Commonwealth Games]].

=== Industrial growth ===
Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]] and [[Bhavnagar]]. In 2010, ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} list of the world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after [[Chengdu]] and [[Chongqing]] from China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotkin |first=Joel |title=In pictures- The Next Decade's fastest growing cities |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="07 October 2010">{{Cite news |title=In Pictures: The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014101651/http://www.forbes.com/2010/10/07/cities-china-chicago-opinions-columnists-joel-kotkin_slide_4.html |archive-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> The state is rich in [[calcite]], [[gypsum]], [[manganese]], [[lignite]], [[bauxite]], [[limestone]], [[agate]], [[feldspar]], and [[quartz sand]], and successful mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Jamnagar is the hub for manufacturing [[brass]] parts. Gujarat produces about 98% of India's required amount of soda ash, and gives the country about 78% of the national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average.[[Mehsana]], [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]], Khambhat, and [[Ankleshwar]] are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil, and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, {{cvt|50|km|mi}} southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest). [[MG Motor India]] manufactures its cars at Halol near [[Vadodara]], The world's least expensive car, the [[Tata Nano]], was manufactured in [[Sanand]] near Ahmedabad. [[Surat]], a city by the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |last=Adiga |first=Aravind |date=12 April 2004 |title=Uncommon Brilliance |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729170654/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501040419-610100,00.html |archive-date=29 July 2010 |access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> The diamond industry employs 500,000 people in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lum |first=Kathryn |date=16 October 2014 |title=The rise and rise of Belgium's Indian diamond dynasties |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |url=http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054721/http://theconversation.com/the-rise-and-rise-of-belgiums-indian-diamond-dynasties-32332 |archive-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit", arranged between 11 and 13 January 2015, at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, the state government signed 21000 Memoranda of Understanding for Special Economic Zones worth a total of {{Indian Rupee}} 2.5 million crores ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Vibrant Gujarat' signs 21000 MoUs worth Rs 25 lakh cr |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115190330/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-12/news/57982792_1_lakh-crore-mous-narendra-modi |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=The Economic Times Line}}</ref> However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |access-date=30 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232701/http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=1&chklogin=N&autono=271739&tab=r |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 12500 billion were signed, estimated to create 2.5 million new job opportunities in the state.<ref name="in.rediff.com">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2008 |title=Gujarat aims at 15% industrial growth: Rediff.com Business |url=http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622031757/http://in.rediff.com/money/2008/mar/10guj.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth {{Indian Rupee}} 21 trillion ({{USD}} 463 billion) were signed.

Gujarat is a state with surplus electricity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2014 |title=How Gujarat became a power surplus State |work=Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/how-gujarat-became-a-power-surplus-state/article6105053.ece |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Kakrapar Atomic Power Station]] is a nuclear power station run by NPCIL that lies in the proximity of the city of Surat. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2011 |title=Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujarat-sold-surplus-power-to-12-states/articleshow/7650494.cms |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708120149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-08/ahmedabad/28667798_1_surplus-power-industrial-units-uninterrupted-power-supply |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Nano.jpg|Shown here is the [[Tata Nano]], the world's least expensive car.<ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite news |last=Robyn Meredith |date=16 April 2007 |title=The Next People's Car |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118032004/http://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0416/070.html |archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Tata Nano]] was manufactured in [[Sanand]], Gujarat.
File:GauravPath1.jpg|[[Surat]] is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
File:Alang Ship Breaking - panoramio.jpg|[[Alang]] shipbreaking yard
</gallery>

=== Energy ===
{{see also|Solar power in Gujarat}}
[[File:Astonfield 11.5MW Solar Plant Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Astonfield's 11.5 MW solar plant in Gujarat]]

As of May 2024, the peak power requirement of state is 25,088 MW.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/states-peak-power-demand-grew-by-66-in-9-years/articleshow/110606882.cms | title=State's peak power demand grew by 66% in 9 years | newspaper=The Times of India | date=June 2024 }}</ref> As of March 2024, total installed power generation capacity is 52,945.13 MW. Of this 23,643.41 MW belongs to thermal power generation capacity while 27,461.72 MW (51.87%) belongs to renewable energy generation capacity including 1990 MW [[Hydropower]]. The rest 1840 MW is nuclear power generation capacity.<ref>{{cite web|title= Western region installed capacity|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2024/MAR/capacity2-Western-2024-03.pdf|website=National Power Portal|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> The renewable energy installed capacity includes 11,823 MW wind power and 14,182 MW solar power totalling 26,005 MW, as of June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=16 June 2024 |title=Gujarat plans ₹96,000 crore transmission infrastructure push |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/gujarat-plans-96000-crore-transmission-infrastructure-push/article68297114.ece |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> Total rooftop solar power installation capacity of state is 3455.90 MW, as of April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 5 States In Rooftop Solar In India – Saur Energy International |url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-blog/top-5-states-in-rooftop-solar-in-india |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=www.saurenergy.com|date=24 April 2024 }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:SherdiImage6.JPG|thumb|right|Traditional farming]]
The total geographical area of Gujarat is 19,602,400 hectares, of which crops take up 10,630,700 hectares.{{Verify source|date=July 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat: Information, Statistics |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034720/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/informations/statistics.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |publisher=Agriculture and Co-operation Department, Government of Gujarat}}</ref> The three main sources of growth in Gujarat's agriculture are from cotton production, the rapid growth of high-value foods such as livestock, fruits and vegetables, and from wheat production, which saw an annual average growth rate of 28% between 2000 and 2008 (According to the [[International Food Policy Research Institute]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat State Portal |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk/rntr0H+OnwOK0bubU/5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102042740/http://www.gujaratindia.com/initiatives/initiatives.htm?enc=TEnmkal8rLd9cWRBUEX85lswwfZZ+o8b+w+YfQPy7dU93tk%2Frntr0H+OnwOK0bubU%2F5kzexyi+JTm2rA12QenK3wnOMJgYTOqvtfZeqRdaaFE5dh5rbDG2NUzRJa12on+xN1tLzJGwcCVbF2GvgkPA%3D%3D |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref> Other major produce includes bajra, groundnut, cotton, rice, maize, wheat, mustard, sesame, pigeon pea, green gram, sugarcane, mango, banana, sapota, lime, guava, tomato, potato, onion, cumin, garlic, isabgul and fennel. Whilst, in recent times, Gujarat has seen a high average annual growth of 9% in the agricultural sector, the rest of India has an annual growth rate of around 3%. This success was lauded by former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2012 |title=Gujarat's agriculture turnaround an eye opener for the entire nation: Dr. Kalam |work=IBTL for CNBC |url=http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam/ |access-date=20 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214033503/http://www.ibtl.in/video/6413/gujarats-agriculture-turnaround-an-eye-opener-for-the-entire-nation-dr-kalam |archive-date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

The strengths of Gujarat's agricultural success have been attributed to diversified crops and cropping patters; climatic diversity (8 climatic zones for agriculture); the existence of 4 agricultural universities in the state, which promote research in agricultural efficiency and sustainability;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pattanayak |first=Debi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |title=Multilingualism in India |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-85359-072-6 |location=USA |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155116/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQYICqUZJ8UC&pg=PA15 |url-status=live }}</ref> co-operatives; adoption of hi-tech agriculture such as tissue culture, green houses and shed-net houses; agriculture export zones; strong marketing infrastructure, which includes cold storage, processing units, logistic hubs and consultancy facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Modi |first=Narendra |title=Agricultural Exhibition and Conference |url=http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629005930/http://www2.kenes.com/agritech-asia/about/Pages/About_Gujarat.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Agritech Asia}}</ref>

Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, ''jowar, bajra'', maize, ''tur'', and ''gram''. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Gujarat State Agriculture Marketing Board |url=http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204125421/http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarati/boards_corporations/gs-agri-mark-board/agri_profile.htm |archive-date=4 February 2011 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Agri.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The [[Amul]] milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2006 |title=Amul to become world's largest liquid milk brand-Food-Cons. Products-News By Industry-News |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518071424/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Cons-Products/Food/Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/articleshow/1988793.cms |archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> Among the livestock raised are, buffaloes and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 2002–03, Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries.

The adoption of cooperatives in Gujarat is widely attributed to much of the success in the agricultural sector, particularly sugar and dairy [[cooperative]]s. Cooperative farming has been a component of India's strategy for agricultural development since 1951. Whilethe success of these was mixed throughout the country, their positive impact on the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat have been the most significant. In 1995 alone, the two states had more registered co-operatives than any other region in the country. Out of these, the agricultural cooperatives have received much attention. Many have focused on subsidies and credit to farmers and rather than collective gathering, they have focused on facilitating collective processing and marketing of produce. However, whilethey have led to increased productivity, their effect on equity in the region has been questioned, because membership in agricultural co-operatives has tended to favour landowners whilelimiting the entry of landless agricultural labourers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahim |first=Alnoor |year=2000 |title=Agricultural cooperatives in Gujarat, India: Agents of equity or differentiation? |journal=Development in Practice |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=178–188 |doi=10.1080/09614520050010214 |s2cid=154497407}}</ref> An example of co-operative success in Gujarat can be illustrated through dairy co-operatives, with the particular example of [[Amul]] (Anand Milk Union Limited).
[[File:Amul Plant at Anand.jpg|thumb|right|Amul plant at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]]]

Amul was formed as a dairy cooperative in 1946,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bellur |first1=Venkatakrishna |last2=Saraswathi P. Singh |last3=Radharao Chaganti |last4=Rajeswararao Chaganti |year=1990 |title=The white revolution—How Amul brought milk to India |journal=Long Range Planning |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=71–79 |doi=10.1016/0024-6301(90)90104-C}}</ref> in the city of Anand, Gujarat. The cooperative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.
(GCMMF), is jointly owned by around 2.6 million milk producers in Gujarat. Amul has been seen as one of the best examples of cooperative achievement and success in a developing economy and the Amul pattern of growth has been taken as a model for rural development, particularly in the agricultural sector of developing economies. The company stirred the White Revolution of India (also known as [[Operation Flood]]), the world's biggest dairy development program, and made the milk-deficient nation of India the largest milk producer in the world, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2011 |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426131554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> The "Amul Model" aims to stop the exploitation by middlemen and encourage freedom of movement since the farmers are in control of procurement, processing and packaging of the milk and milk products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amul Model |url=http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306085945/http://www.amul.com/m/about-us |archive-date=6 March 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=Amul}}</ref> The company is worth 2.5 billion US dollars ({{as of|2012|lc=y}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=News Release: Taste of India Continues to Commemorate its Producers |url=http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224507/http://www.amul.com/files/pdf/ENGLISH-AGM-PRESS-RELEASE.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2013 |access-date=23 February 2013 |publisher=GCMMF}}</ref>

70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suran |first=B |date=10 June 2012 |title=Is Agriculture in Gujarat on a Different Growth Trajectory? |journal=Social Science Research Network |publisher=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) |ssrn=2080876}}</ref> Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with [[overdrafting|groundwater depletion]], especially after demand for water increased in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, submersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, while only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=Ashok |url=http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20&%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |title=Agriculture performance in Gujarat since 2000 |publisher=International Water Management Institute & International Food Policy Research Institute |year=2009 |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221231/http://www.gujaratcmfellowship.org/document/Agriculture/Agriculture%20Performance%20in%20Gujarat%20since%202000_IWMI%20%26%20IFPRI%20Report-_May%202009.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. In 2012 Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area, by constructing solar panels over the canals. In a one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=D.C. |date=June 2012 |title=India Launches Solar Power Project |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=230 |doi=10.1890/i1540-9295-10-5-228 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Government of Gujarat, to improve [[soil management]] and introduce farmers to new technology, started on a project which involved giving every farmer a Soil Health Card. This acts like a ration card, providing permanent identification for the status of cultivated land, as well as farmers' names, account numbers, survey numbers, [[soil fertility]] status and general fertiliser dose. Samples of land from each village are taken and analysed by the [[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers|Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertiliser Corporation]], State Fertiliser Corporation and [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited|Indian Farmers Fertilisers Co-operative]]. 1,200,000 [[soil test]] data from the villages was collected as of 2008, from farmer's field villages have gone into a database. Assistance and advice for this project was given by local agricultural universities and crop and soil-specific data was added to the database. This allows the soil test data to be interpreted and recommendations or adjustments made in terms of fertiliser requirements, which are also added to the database.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Attri |first=S.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |title=Challenges and Opportunities in Agrometeorology |publisher=Springer |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-642-19360-6 |location=Heidelberg |page=265 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105621/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmqIGTngveIC&pg=PA266 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Gujarat}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Gujarati literature}}

[[File:Hemachandra JCNJ.jpg|thumb|200px|Idol of Hemchandra Acharya at a Jain temple in [[New Jersey]], regarded as the father of Gujarati language.]]
The city of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] was renowned for its collection of ancient Jain manuscripts and as a royal capital of Jain learning,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kudalk |first1=J. S. |title=The Jain Manuscript-Bhandars at Patan a Final Word on Their Search |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1920 |volume=3 |pages=35–52 |jstor=44526773 }}</ref> which has drawn the admiration of many scholars. [[British people|British]] [[Indologist]] and [[Sanskrit|Sanskritist]] Peter Peterson described the collection as follows:

{{blockquote|I know of no town in India and only a few in the world which can boast of so great a store documents of venerable antiquity. They would be the pride and jealously guarded treasure of any University Library in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference — General President's Address by A. N. Upadhye (1969) |url=https://archive.org/details/xtgk_proceedings-and-transactions-of-the-all-india-oriental-confeence-ed-by-a.-s.-alt/page/19/mode/2up |publisher=Gurukul Kangri University |date=1969 |page=19 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>}}

The history of [[Gujarati literature]] may be traced back to 1000 CE. Well-known laureates of Gujarati literature include [[Hemchandracharya]], [[Narsinh Mehta]], [[Mirabai]], [[Akho]], [[Premanand Bhatt]], [[Shamal Bhatt]], [[Dayaram]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Narmad]], [[Govardhanram Tripathi]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[K. M. Munshi]], [[Umashankar Joshi]], [[Suresh Joshi]], [[Swaminarayan]], [[Pannalal Patel]] and [[Rajendra Shah (author)|Rajendra Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarati Writers in India, Gujarati Novelists of India, Gujarati Poets |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000438/http://www.culturopedia.com/Literature/gujarati_gems.html |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Culturopedia.com}}</ref>

[[Kavi Kant]], [[Zaverchand Meghani]] and [[Kalapi]] are famous Gujarati poets.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]], [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]], and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature.
[[Saraswatichandra (novel)|Saraswatichandra]] is a landmark novel by [[Govardhanram Tripathi]]. Writers like Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Ashvini Bhatt, [[Balwantray Thakore]], Bhaven Kachhi, [[Bhagwatikumar Sharma]], [[Chandrakant Bakshi]], [[Gunvant Shah]], Harindra Dave, Harkisan Mehta, Jay Vasavada, Jyotindra Dave, Kanti Bhatt, Kavi Nanalal, Khabardar, [[Tribhuvandas Luhar|Sundaram]], Makarand Dave, Ramesh Parekh, Suresh Dalal, Tarak Mehta, Vinod Bhatt, Dhruv Bhatt and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

[[File:Shrimad Rajchandra and Ambalal.jpg|200px|thumb|Depiction of Shrimad Rajchandra writing ''Atmasiddhi'' in single sitting of 1.5 hrs, one of the longest Gujarati poems based on [[Jain philosophy]].]]
A notable contribution to Gujarati literature came from the [[Bhagwan Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan]] paramhanso, like [[Brahmanand Swami]], Premanand, with prose like [[Vachanamrut]] and poetry in the form of [[bhajans]].<ref name="Williams">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |title=Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-65422-7 |pages=187–190 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154258/https://books.google.com/books?id=tPkexi2EhAIC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shrimad Rajchandra Vachnamrut and Shri [[Atma Siddhi]] Shastra, written in 19th century by Jain philosopher and poet [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] (Mahatma Gandhi's guru) are very well known.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrimad Rajchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |title=Shrimad Rajchandra Vachanamrut |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221956/https://archive.org/details/shrimadvachanamrutweb |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=live |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atma Siddhi |url=http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202803/http://www.rajsaubhag.org/atmasiddhi/ |archive-date=14 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |website=Shree Raj Saubhag}}</ref>

Gujarati theatre owes a lot to [[Bhavai]]. Bhavai is a [[Folk music|folk]] musical performance of stage plays. [[Ketan Mehta]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'', ''[[Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India]]'' and ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Mumbai theatre veteran, [[Alyque Padamsee]], best known in the English-speaking world for playing [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in Sir [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', was from a traditional Gujarati-Kutchi family from Kathiawar.<ref name="Padamsee1999">{{Cite book |last1=Padamsee |first1=Alyque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |title=A Double Life: My Exciting Years in Theatre and Advertising |last2=Prabhu |first2=Arun |date=11 January 2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-024071-9 |page=1 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105640/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWsdGDA2j8EC&pg=PA63 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Gujarati cuisine}}

[[File:Gujarati Dish.jpg|thumb|Gujarati thali]]

Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. The typical Gujarati ''[[thali]]'' consists of ''[[roti|rotli]]'' or ''[[bhakri|bhakhari]] or thepala or rotlo'', ''[[dal]]'' or ''[[kadhi]]'', ''[[khichdi]]'', Bhat and ''[[Curry|shak]]''. [[South Asian pickle#India|Athanu (Indian pickle)]] and ''[[chhundo]]'' are used as [[condiment]]s. The four major regions of Gujarat all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] & Kutch region ''[[chass|chhash]]'' (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Gujarati cinema}}

The [[Gujarati film industry]] dates back to 1932, when the first Gujarati film, ''[[Narsinh Mehta (1932 film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'', was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2009 |title=Narsinh Mehta |url=http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512105953/http://gujaratirocks.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57:narsinh-mehta&catid=34:gujarati-films&Itemid=29 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 2007 |title=NEWS: Limping at 75 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692 |magazine=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2007 |title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602081522/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/news-and-the-ugly-truth/1080794/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s, the industry saw a decline. The industry is revived in recent times. The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception.<ref name="Thou2011">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2011 |title=Golly! Gujarati films cross 1k mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Golly-Gujarati-films-cross-1k-mark/articleshow/9401332.cms |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Government of Gujarat announced a 100% entertainment [[tax exemption]] for Gujarati films in 2005<ref name="Roy 2005">{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Mithun |date=3 May 2005 |title=Crisis-hit Gujarati film industry gets 100% tax rebate |work=Business Standard India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714025118/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/crisis-hit-gujarati-film-industry-gets-100-tax-rebate-105050301103_1.html |archive-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> and a policy of incentives in 2016.<ref name="polic2016">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2 February 2016 |title=Gujarat govt announces new policy for incentives to Gujarati films |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204040324/http://deshgujarat.com/2016/02/02/gujarat-govt-announces-new-policy-for-incentives-to-gujarati-films/ |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Gujarat}}

Gujarati folk music, known as ''Sugam Sangeet'', is a hereditary profession of the [[Barot (caste)|Barot]] community. [[Gadhvi]] and [[Charan]] communities have contributed heavily in modern times. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such as {{transliteration|gu|turi}}, {{transliteration|gu|bungal}}, and {{transliteration|gu|pava}}, [[string instrument]]s, such as the {{transliteration|gu|ravan hattho}}, {{transliteration|gu|ektaro}}, and {{transliteration|gu|jantar}} and percussion instruments, such as the {{transliteration|gu|manjira}} and {{transliteration|gu|zanz}} pot drum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dance & Music |url=http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213195733/http://www.nri.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat-dances.htm |archive-date=13 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=NRI Division [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

=== Festivals ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Navratri Garba.jpg|[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] during Navaratri in [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Navratri garba at Ambaji temple.jpg|Navratri Garba at [[Ambaji Mata Temple]]
File:Dandiya Raas.jpg|Tourists playing [[Dandiya Raas]]
File:International Kite Festival,India.JPG|[[International Kite Festival in Gujarat – Uttarayan|International Kite Festival]], Ahmedabad
</gallery>

The folk traditions of Gujarat include {{transliteration|gu|[[bhavai]]}} and {{transliteration|gu|[[Dandiya Raas|raas]]-[[Garba (dance)|garba]]}}. ''Bhavai'' is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to [[Durga|Amba]]. The {{transliteration|gu|raas-garba}} is a folk dance done as a celebration of [[Navratri]] by Gujarati people. The [[folk costume]] of this dance is ''[[Gagra choli|chaniya choli]]'' for women and {{transliteration|gu|kedia}} for men. Different styles and steps of {{transliteration|gu|garba}} include {{transliteration|gu|dodhiyu}}, simple five, simple seven, {{transliteration|gu|popatiyu}}, {{transliteration|gu|trikoniya}} (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), {{transliteration|gu|lehree}}, {{transliteration|gu|tran taali}}, butterfly, {{transliteration|gu|hudo}}, two claps and many more. {{transliteration|gu|Sheri garba}} is one of the oldest form of garba where all the women wear red patola sari and sing along while dancing. It is a very graceful form of garba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navratri |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725085151/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/navratri.htm |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

''[[Makar Sankranti]]'' is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to ''Makar Sankranti'', people start enjoying kite flying. ''[[Undhiyu]]'', a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on ''Makar Sankranti''. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kite Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103200212/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/kite-festival.htm |archive-date=3 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

Apart from Navratri and Makar Sankranti (Uttarayana), [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Janmashtami]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Mahavir Jayanti|Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Chup Tazia|Tazia]], [[Paryushan]], [[Bhavnath fair]], and others are also celebrated.

=== Diffusion of culture ===

Due to close proximity to the Arabian Sea, Gujarat has developed a mercantile ethos which maintained a cultural tradition of [[seafaring]], long-distance trade, and overseas contacts with the outside world since ancient times, and the diffusion of culture through Gujarati [[diaspora]] was a logical outcome of such a tradition. During the pre-modern period, various European sources have observed that these merchants formed diaspora communities outside of Gujarat, and in many parts of the world, such as the [[Persian Gulf]], Middle East, [[Horn of Africa]], Hong Kong, [[Indonesia]], and [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational networks and changing identities |last2=Reeves |first2=Peter |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-89235-0 |editor-last=Rajesh Rai, Peter Reeves |page=41 |quote=The Gujarati merchant diaspora can still be found in the littoral cities of West Asia and Africa on the one hand and in Southeast Asia on the other. |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153225/https://books.google.com/books?id=zb_X3L96AfgC&pg=PA41 |url-status=live }}</ref> long before the internal rise of the [[Maratha]] dynasty, and the [[British Raj]] colonial occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2012 |title=Even British were envious of Gujaratis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Even-British-were-envious-of-Gujaratis/articleshow/17575976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928112046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/vadodara/35748553_1_gujaratis-maritime-history-subcontinent |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote='Most people perceive that British dominated everything in the 19th century when the Indian sub-continent was under their control. But Gujarati merchants, especially those from Kutch, dominated the economy all along the East African coast. So while British were ruling, Gujaratis were making all the money,' said Pearson. 'As financers, they (Gujarati merchants) had agents to collect tax, they had money to provide loans, they dominated the merchandise business and they were also into slavery business at [[Nairobi]], [[Mombasa]], [[Zanzibar]] on the East African coast and to some extent their influence was also on the South African region,' he said. 'In fact, the dominance of Gujarati merchants on economy was to such an extent that at one point of time the British even complained about it. They, however, couldn't make any difference as most of them were either administrators or soldiers,' said Pearson}}</ref>

Early 1st-century Western historians such as [[Strabo]] and [[Dio Cassius]] are testament to Gujarati people's role in the spread of Buddhism in the Mediterranean, when it was recorded that the ''[[Shramana|sramana]]'' monk [[Zarmanochegas]] (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς) of [[Barygaza]] met [[Nicholas of Damascus]] in [[Antioch]] while Augustus ruled the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to [[Athens]] where died by [[self-immolation|setting himself on fire]] to demonstrate his faith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, NOTICE. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004061428/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&layout=&loc=15.1.73 |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cassius Dio – Book 54 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54*.html |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925090709/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/54%2A.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A tomb to the ''sramana'', was still visible in the time of [[Plutarch]],<ref>Plutarch. 'Life of Alexander' in The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. (trans John Dryden and revised Arthur Hugh Clough) The Modern Library (Random House Inc). New York. p.850</ref> which bore the mention "ΖΑΡΜΑΝΟΧΗΓΑΣ ΙΝΔΟΣ ΑΠΟ ΒΑΡΓΟΣΗΣ" ("The ''sramana'' master from Barygaza in India").<ref>Elledge CD. Life After Death in Early Judaism. Mohr Siebeck Tilbringen 2006 {{ISBN|3-16-148875-X}} pp. 122–125</ref>

The progenitor of the [[Sinhala language]] is believed to have been [[Prince Vijaya]], son of King Simhabahu, who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar).<ref>P. 25 ''Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1'' by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar</ref> Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="ReferenceB">P. 4 ''Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot'' by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division</ref>

Many Indians migrated to [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]], most of them Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to have been a king of Gujarat.<ref name="ReferenceA">P. 67 ''An era of peace'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> The first Indian settlements in the [[Philippines]] and Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.<ref>P. 158 ''Foreign Influence on Ancient India'' By Krishna Chandra Sagar</ref> A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, [[Java]].<ref name="ReferenceB" />

== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Gujarat}}

[[File:Saputara, Gujarat, India - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|[[Saputara]] – a hill station in Gujarat]]

Gujarat's natural environment includes the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] and the hills of [[Saputara]], and it is the sole home of pure Asiatic lions in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Amitabh Bachchan offers to become brand ambassador of Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amitabh-Bachchan-offers-to-become-brand-ambassador-of-Gujarat/articleshow/5418507.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419042844/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-07/india/28113940_1_brand-ambassador-harivansh-rai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan |archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> During the reigns of the sultans, Hindu craftsmanship blended with [[Islamic architecture]], giving rise to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], figures of [[Indian independence movement|India's Independence]] movement. [[Amitabh Bachchan]] is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAAI award for Gujarat Tourism |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/TAAI-award-for-Gujarat-Tourism/article20373068.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026035058/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article2735467.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=26 October 2012 |access-date=10 December 2019 |website=@businessline}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Unity in 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of Unity]] facing the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] on the river [[Narmada]] in Kevadiya colony]]

=== Museums and memorials ===
Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres that are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery]] in [[Vadodara]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact us |url=http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103165553/http://sycd.gov.in/museum/mus_contact_us.htm |archive-date=3 November 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> which is also the location of the [[Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum]]. The [[Kirti Mandir, Porbandar]], [[Sabarmati Ashram]], and [[Kaba Gandhi No Delo]] are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi, the former being the place of his birth and the latter two where he lived in his lifetime. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in [[Rajkot]] exhibits part of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi. Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhi initiated the [[Dandi March]]. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohandas |title=Gandhi Ashram Official Website |url=http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205221519/http://www.gandhiashram.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=41 |archive-date=5 December 2011}}</ref>

The Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace]], the residence of the erstwhile [[Maharaja]]s, located in [[Vadodara]].

The [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pancholi |first=Preksha |date=25 April 2023 |title=Museums of the World: The Calico Museum of Textiles |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/travel-and-architecture/a9943-museums-of-the-world-the-calico-museum-of-textiles/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=RTF {{!}} Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The Lakhota Museum at Jamnagar is a palace transformed into museum, which was residence of the Jadeja Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artefacts spanning from 9th to 18th centuries, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale.

Other well-known museums in the state include the [[Kutch Museum]] in [[Bhuj]], which is the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877, the [[Watson Museum]] of human history and culture in [[Rajkot]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watson Museum |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220115535/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/rajkot/sights/other/watson-museum-library |archive-date=20 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> [[Gujarat Science City]] and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial]] in Ahmedabad. In October 2018, the world's tallest statue commemorating the independence leader Sardar Patel was unveiled. At 182 metres tall the [[Statue of Unity]] is the newest tourist attraction with over 30,000 visitors every day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statue of Unity – Project Features, Progress & Major Facts |url=http://www.statueofunity.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091552/http://www.statueofunity.in/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=statueofunity.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2018 |title=Statue of Unity now getting 30k daily visitors: Guj officials |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |url-status=live |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327151106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/statue-of-unity-now-getting-30k-daily-visitors-guj-officials/articleshow/66920618.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Religious sites ===
Religious sites play a major part in the tourism of Gujarat. [[Somnath]] is the first of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]s, and is mentioned in the [[Rigveda]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} The [[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]] and [[Dakor]] are holy pilgrimage sites with temples dedicated to [[Krishna]]. The [[Sun Temple, Modhera]] is a ticketed monument, handled by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun Temple, Modhera |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416092518/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple.asp |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> Other religious sites in state include [[Ambaji]], [[Dakor]], [[Shamlaji]], [[Chotila]], [[Becharaji]], [[Mahudi]], [[Shankheshwar]] etc. The [[Palitana temples|Shatrunjaya Mahatirth]] of [[Jainism]] on Mount [[Shatrunjaya]], [[Palitana]] are considered the holiest of all [[Tirtha (Jainism)|pilgrimage places]] by the [[Svetambara]] and [[Digambara]] [[Jain community]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Murtipujakas, Jainism", ''Encyclopedia of World Religions'' (PHILTAR), University of Cambria |url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131021/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/murti.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=30 September 2014 |publisher=Philtar.ucsm.ac.uk}}</ref> Palitana is the world's only mountain with more than 900 temples.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=World's only mountain that has more than 900 temples |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121080531/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/JM-world---s-only-mountain-that-has-more-than-900-temples-4225137-PHO.html |archive-date=21 November 2013 |access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> [[Girnar|Girnar Mahatirth]] is another major pilgrimage destination for Jains.<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53162/page/n386/mode/1up</ref><ref name="Ginas">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Lives of the Ginas: Life of Arishtanemi |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2287.htm |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Fairs ===
[[File:Tarnetar01.jpg|thumb|right|Tarnetar Fair, [[Tarnetar]] ]]
[[File:Tarnetar Fair 09.jpg|thumb|A man in traditional costumes during [[Tarnetar]] fair]]

A five-day festival is held during [[Maha Shivaratri]] at the fort of [[Girnar]], Junagadh, known as the Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ભવનાથ નો મેળો). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during [[Mahashivratri]]. The ''Modhra Dance Festival'' is a festival for classical dance, arranged by the [[Government of Gujarat]]'s Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modhra Dance Festival |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302202810/http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/modhera-festival.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>

The Ambaji Fair is held in the Hindu month of Bhadrapad (around August–September) at Ambaji, during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers, when the busy monsoon season is about to end. The Bhadrapad fair is held at Ambaji which is in the Danta Taluka of Banaskantha district, near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometre, under a roofed walkway. Direct buses are available from many places, including Mount Abu (45 km away), Palanpur (65 km away), Ahmedabad and Idar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
The Bhadrapad fair is held in the centre of the Ambaji village just outside the temple premises. The village is visited by the largest number of sanghas (pilgrim groups) during the fair. Many of them go there on foot, which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon, when the landscape is rich with greenery, streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh. About 1.5 million devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world. Not only Hindus, but some devout Jains and Parsis also attend the functions, while some Muslims attend the fair for trade.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The [[Tarnetar]] Fair is held during the first week of ''Bhadrapad'', (September–October according to [[Gregorian calendar]]), and mostly serves as a place to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where [[Arjuna]] took up the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarnetar Fair |url=http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018082543/http://gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/tarnetar-mela.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref>
Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar, Shamlaji Fair, Chitra Vichitra Fair, Dhrang Fair and Vautha Fair.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Government of Gujarat has [[Alcohol laws of India|banned alcohol]] since 1960.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174131/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-02/news/34218094_1_gutkha-ban-gujarat-chief-minister-prohibition-policy |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=30 September 2014 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2024, the Gujarat police seized around 82 lakh bottles of Indian-made foreign liquor, amounting to ₹144 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2025 |title=In dry Gujarat, a liquor bottle seized every 4 seconds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/in-dry-gujarat-a-liquor-bottle-seized-every-4-seconds/articleshow/118696390.cms |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Gujarat government collected the ''Best State Award'' for 'Citizen Security' by IBN7 Diamond States on 24 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE PROFILE |url=http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206120740/http://gujaratindia.com/state-profile/awards.htm |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gujaratindia.com}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Statue of Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram.jpg|Statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Sabarmati Ashram]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Shrimad Rajchandra Spiritual Centre.jpg| Shrimad Rajchandra Spiritual Centre, [[Valsad]]
File:Somnath-current.jpg|[[Somnath Temple]], [[Veraval]]
File:Dwarkadheesh temple.jpg|[[Dwarkadhish Temple]], [[Dwarka]]
File:Damodar Kund - Junagadh - Gujarat - DSC001.jpg|[[Radha Damodar Temple, Junagadh]]
File:Vadnagar Torana.JPG|Kirti Toran, [[Vadnagar]]
File:Akshardham Gandhinagar Gujarat.jpg|[[Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Akshardham]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Jama masjid in Champaner.JPG|[[Jama Mosque, Champaner]]
File:Lakhota Lake Museum.JPG|Lakhota Museum, [[Jamnagar]]
File:Sun Temple, Modhera 06.jpg|[[Sun Temple, Modhera]]
File:Laxmi Vilas Palace - Vadodara.jpg|[[Laxmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]], [[Vadodara]]
File:Vijay Vilas - 2009.JPG|[[Vijay Vilas Palace]], [[Mandvi]], [[Kutch]]
File:Bahauddin Maqbara by Kshitij.jpg|[[Mahabat Maqbara]], [[Junagadh]]
File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]], [[Kutch]]
File:Wankaner-palace.png|[[Ranjit Vilas Palace (Wankaner)|Ranjit Vilas Palace]], [[Wankaner]]
File:Mandvi Beach.jpg|[[Mandvi]] Beach, [[Kutch]]
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Air ===
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{{main|List of airports in Gujarat}}

{{Map/Airports in Gujarat}}
There are four international airports ([[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]], [[Rajkot International Airport|Rajkot Int'l]], [[Vadodara Airport|Vadodara]]), eight domestic airports ([[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]], [[Bhuj Airport|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Kandla Airport|Kandla]], [[Porbandar Airport|Porbandar]], [[Rajkot Airport|Rajkot]], [[Amreli Airport|Amreli]], [[Keshod Airport|Keshod]]), two private airports ([[Mundra Airport|Mundra]], [[Mithapur]]) and three military bases ([[Bhuj Rudra Mata Air Force Base|Bhuj]], [[Jamnagar Airport|Jamnagar]], [[Naliya Air Force Station|Naliya]]) in Gujarat. Three more airports ([[Dholera International Airport|Dholera]], [[Ankleshwar Airport|Ankleshwar]], [[Deesa Airport|Deesa]]) are under construction. There are two infrequently used airports situated at [[Mandvi]] and [[Mehsana Airport|Mehsana]]; the latter serving as a flying school. Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited (GUJSAIL) has been established by the Government of Gujarat to foster development of aviation infrastructure in the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521063246/https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/gujarat.htm |archive-date=21 May 2019 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref>

These airports are operated and owned by either the [[Airports Authority of India]], [[Indian Air Force]], Government of Gujarat or private companies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports {{!}} Gujarat State Aviation Infrastructure Company Limited |url=https://gujsail.gujarat.gov.in/airports.htm |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=gujsail.gujarat.gov.in}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="GCAP">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Civil Aviation Policy 2010 |url=http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818221315/http://cadgog.org/images/civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=Government of Gujarat}}</ref>

=== Rail ===
{{Main|:Category:Railway stations in Gujarat|l1 = Railway stations in Gujarat|:Indian Railways}}

{{Further|Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor }}
Gujarat comes under the [[Western Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Junction Railway Station]] is the most important, centrally located and biggest railway station in Gujarat which connects to all important cities of Gujarat and India. [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction Railway Station]] is the busiest railway station junction in Gujarat and the fifth busiest railway station in India. [[Surat railway station|Surat Railway Station]], [[Rajkot Junction railway station|Rajkot Junction Railway Station]], and [[Sabarmati Junction railway station|Sabarmati Junction Railway Station]] are the other busy and well connected railway stations in the state. Other important railway stations are [[Mahesana Junction railway station|Mahesana Junction]], [[Palanpur Junction railway station|Palanpur Junction]], [[Bhavnagar Terminus railway station|Bhavnagar Terminus]], [[Nadiad Junction railway station|Nadiad Junction]], [[Valsad railway station|Valsad Railway Station]], [[Bharuch Junction railway station|Bharuch Junction]], [[Gandhidham Junction railway station|Gandhidham Junction]], [[Anand Junction railway station|Anand Junction]], [[Godhra Junction railway station|Godhra Junction Railway Station]], etc.

Indian Railways is planning a dedicated rail freight route Delhi–Mumbai passing through the state of Gujarat.

[[High-speed rail in India|India's first high speed rail line]] is set to run from [[Ahmedabad]], the largest city in Gujarat to [[Mumbai]], the [[Financial centre|financial hub]] of India, with a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).

{{cvt|60.06|km|mi}} long tracks of [[Ahmedabad Metro]], a [[rapid transit|metro rail system]] for Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is currently operational. The construction started on 14 March 2015.<ref name="DeshGuj32015">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=14 March 2015 |title=First 6 km works of Ahmedabad Metro to complete by September 2016:CM |url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404045909/http://deshgujarat.com/2015/03/14/first-6-km-works-of-ahmedabad-metro-to-complete-by-september-2016cm/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=12 April 2015 |website=DeshGujarat}}</ref><ref name="gujarat">{{Cite web |title=Gujarat plans 12 giant industrial hubs |url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034644/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/21/slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Sea ===
{{Map/Ports and harbours of Gujarat}}
Gujarat State has the longest sea coastline of 1214 km in India.
[[Mundra Port]] is the largest port as well as the highest capacity port in India, and it is also the largest container port by volume in the country. It is India's first private port owned and operated by [[Adani Ports & SEZ]]. [[Kandla Port]], owned by the central government and operated by Deendayal Port Authority, is one of the largest and busiest ports serving Western India. It has the third-highest cargo capacity in India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the [[Port of Navlakhi]], [[Port of Magdalla]], [[Port Pipavav]], [[Jamnagar|Bedi Port]], Port of [[Porbandar]], Port of [[Veraval]] and the privately. The state also has [[Dahej–Ghogha Sea Connect]], a Ro-Ro ferry service.<ref>{{Citation |title=What is Gujarat's Ro-Ro ferry service? |date=22 October 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022074819/http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-gujarat-ro-ro-ferry-service-ghogha-dahej-4900767/ |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Further|List of ports and harbours of Gujarat}}

=== Road ===
{{Main|List of National Highways in India#Gujarat|l1 = List of National Highways in Gujarat|List of state highways in Gujarat}}

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}}

[[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighbouring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC.
*Mofussil Services – connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GSRTC Services |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503044915/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/gujarat-state-road-transport-corporation/services.htm |archive-date=3 May 2018}}</ref>
*Intercity Bus Services – connects major cities – Ahmedabad,Mehsana, Surat, Veraval, Vapi, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bharuch etc.<ref name=":0" />
*Interstate Bus Services – connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighbouring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />
*City Services – GSRTC provides city bus services at Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" />
*Parcel Services – service used for transporting goods.<ref name=":0" />

Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places also buses are given on contract basis to the public for certain special occasions.<ref name=":0" />

*There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad ([[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service|AMTS]] and [[Ahmedabad BRTS]]), Surat ([[Surat BRTS]]), Bhavnagar (BMC CITY BUS), Vadodara (Vinayak Logistics), Gandhinagar (VTCOS), Mehsana (Mehsana Municipal Bus Service), Rajkot (RMTS and [[Rajkot BRTS]]), Anand (VTCOS), Bharuch (Gurukrupa) etc.
[[Auto rickshaw]]s are common mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promoting bicycles to reduce pollution by the way of initiative taken by free cycle rides for commuters.

== Education and research ==
{{Main|Education in Gujarat}}

{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Gujarat}}

The [[Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board]] (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 30 state universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University grant commissions |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== |access-date=12 April 2025 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626131419/https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=LZ1FUMk6U2JWGNLvhWfVSA== }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Central board of seconday education |url=https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/cbse.html}}</ref>

=== Universities ===
The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat. It is one of the oldest universities of Gujarat and provides education in [[Faculty of Fine Arts]], Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |url=https://msubaroda.ac.in/}}</ref>

[[Gujarat National Law University]], founded in 2004, located in the capital city Gandhinagar, was ranked 3rd best law school in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consortium of NLUs |url=https://consortiumofnlus.ac.in/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=consortiumofnlus.ac.in}}</ref>

Institutes for Engineering and Research in the area include [[IIT Gandhinagar]],[[Gujarat Technological University]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara|Indian Institute of Information Technology Vadodara (IIITV)]], [[Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management|Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM)]], [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]] ([[DA-IICT]]) also in Gandhinagar, [[Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology]] ([[SVNIT]]) and [[P P Savani University]] in Surat, [[Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University]] (PDPU) in Gandhinagar, [[Nirma University]] in Ahmedabad, M.S. University in Vadodara, Marwadi Education Foundation's Group of Institutions (MEFGI) in Rajkot and [[Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya]] (BVM) in Vallabh Vidyanagar (a suburb in Anand district).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering Colleges in Gujarat {{!}} List of Engineering Colleges in Gujarat |url=https://targetstudy.com/colleges/engineering-colleges-in-gujarat.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=targetstudy.com}}</ref>

MICA, [[MICA (institute)|Mudra Institute of Communications Ahmedabad]], is a residential institute dedicated to marketing and communication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About MICA |url=https://www.mica.ac.in/introduction/about-mica |website=MICA}}</ref>

[[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] (IRMA), a part of [["Tribhuvan" Sahkari University]], is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knowing IRMA True learning at its core |url=https://irma.ac.in/about-irma/knowing-irma |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Institute of Rural Management Anand |language=en-us}}</ref>

The [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Design]] (NID) in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar is a multi-disciplinary institution in the field of design education and research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.nid.edu/about |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=www.nid.edu}}</ref> Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University (CEPT) is a planning and architectural school providing various technical and professional courses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CEPT University |url=https://cept.ac.in/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=cept.ac.in}}</ref>

[[Gujarat University]], [[Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Sardar Patel University]], [[Ahmedabad University]], [[Saurashtra University]], [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]], Dharmsinh Desai University and [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]] are also among reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of State Universities |url=https://uap.gujarat.gov.in/Home/Contents/ListofStateUniversities |website=University action plan Government of Gujarat }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, panorama 2006.jpg|[[Indian Institute of Management]], [[Ahmedabad]]
File:Gujarat National Law University, Administrative Block.jpg|The [[Gujarat National Law University]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Daiict-campus.jpg|Campus at [[Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology]], [[Gandhinagar]]
File:Gujarat University Tower Building, 2006-2.jpg|The clock tower in [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad
File:Baroda Techo.jpg|Kala Bhavan, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], [[Vadodara]]
</gallery>

=== Research ===
[[File:Rocket at Science City, Ahmedabad.JPG|thumb|upright|Rocket model at Science City, Ahmedabad]]

The [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). [[Vikram Sarabhai]], a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded [[Physical Research Laboratory]], a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]], one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India's top 50 business schools |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |access-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201080409/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Images/HTEditImages/Images/top-50-business-school.jpg |archive-date=1 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top B-schools in India |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218202628/http://www.moneycontrol.com/mccode/bestbschools/top_b_schools_in_India.php |archive-date=18 February 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012 |publisher=CNBC-TV18}}</ref>

[[Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute]] has been established under [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] Government of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|first]] [[Prime Minister of India]] on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on [[reverse osmosis]], electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields. The [[Gujarat National Law University]] situated at Gandhinagar is the 5th Best Law School currently in India.

[[Gujarat Science City]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2010 |title=Gujarat Science City |url=http://www.scity.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726171222/http://www.scity.org/ |archive-date=26 July 2010 |access-date=16 July 2010 |publisher=Scity.org}}</ref> is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first [[IMAX]] 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an [[amphitheatre]], and dancing [[musical fountain]]s among others. Institute of Management under Nirma University is constantly ranked among the top MBA colleges in India. [[International Institute of Management and Technical Studies]] affiliated with Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[European Association for Distance Learning]], Association of Indian Management Schools and [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] has performed globally for its [[higher education]] certification courses for working professionals. IIMT STUDIES also launched GET SET GO programme in 2013 in affiliation with [[Gujarat Technological University]] and Gujarat Knowledge Society, [[Department of Technical Education]]- [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY |url=http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802142737/http://www.gtu.ac.in/circulars/14May/13052014.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gtu.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Knowledge Society |url=http://gksgujarat.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217081456/http://gksgujarat.org/ |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Gksgujarat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMT -International Institute of Management and Technical Studies-Distance Education Distance Learning Institute |url=http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218123529/http://iimtstudies.edu.in/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Iimtstudies.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS) |url=http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224112241/http://www.aims.org.in/cmspage.php?sid=UzI0NDQ= |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Aims.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102052018/http://www.eadl.org/members/india/ |archive-date=2 January 2016 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Eadl.org}}</ref> [[B.K. School of Business Management]] is ranked sixth in financial management. [[K. S. School of Business Management]] is also an MBA college in [[Gujarat University]] providing a five-year integrated MBA course. Shanti Business School in Ahmedabad is a business school offering a post-graduate diploma in management through a corporate citizenship initiative.

The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) was established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat, in 2003 and is registered as a society. ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar, on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier international institute in few years time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Notable people ==
{{See also|List of people from Gujarat}}
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* [[Gautam Adani]], founder and chairman of [[Adani Group]]; from [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
* [[Lal Krishna Advani]], ex-president of [[BJP]] and Deputy Prime Minister of India (1999–2004)
* [[Dhirubhai Ambani]], founder of [[Reliance Industries]]; from [[Chorvad]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Dhirubhai Ambani – The founder of Reliance |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=Britannica |language=en-US |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807102732/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dhirubhai-Ambani |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]], Indian bowler who plays for Indian National Cricket team (all formats), from [[Ahmedabad]].
* [[Morarji Desai]], 4th Prime Minister of India (1977–1979); from Valsad
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Television & Bollywood actress
* [[Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi]], Architect, Pritzker Architecture Prize laureate
* [[Dadudan Gadhvi]] (Kavi DadBapu), poet, singer and lyricist of [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati Cinema]], [[Padma Shri|Padmashri]] title given in 2021
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]], spearheaded the [[Indian independence movement]] against [[British India|British colonial rule]]; Gujarati<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Gujarat |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024600/https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/gujarat/ |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |publisher=Mapsofindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]], Indian all-rounder & part of the Indian U-19 cricket team, from [[Navagam Ghed]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] a Versatility Bollywood actor, Born in [[Surat]]
* [[Shri Gopinathji Maharaj]], family founder
* [[Narendra Modi]], 14th and current [[Prime Minister of India]]; from [[Vadnagar]], Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2020 |title=narendra modi |url=https://www.narendramodi.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002045436/https://www.narendramodi.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=21 May 2020 |website=narendramodi.in}}</ref>
* [[Asha Parekh]] influential actress in Hindi cinema, she was born in Ahmedabad
* [[Urjit Patel]], former Governor of Reserve Bank of India; from [[Kheda district]], Gujarat
* [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], Independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister; from [[Karamsad]]
* [[Falguni Pathak]], a female singer and performing artist born & brought up in [[Vadodara]], who currently resides in Mumbai
* [[Azim Premji]], software magnate and chairman of [[Wipro Limited]]; ethnically Gujarati<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel, Aakar |date=16 May 2016 |title=The Muslim businessmen of India |work=DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203054158/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/comment_the-muslim-businessmen-of-india_1383602 |archive-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], Indian batter who plays fior Indian National Cricket Test team, from [[Rajkot]].
* [[Shrimad Rajchandra]], poet, philosopher and reformer best known as the spiritual guru of Mahatma Gandhi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jathar, Dnyanesh |date=16 July 2016 |title=Indian who inspired Gandhi |work=The Week |url=http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217195207/http://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/mahatma-gandhis-mentor-shrimad-rajchandra.html |archive-date=17 February 2018}}</ref>
* [[Paresh Rawal]], Indian film actor and politician of Gujarati origin born in Mumbai
* [[Vikram Sarabhai]], "father of the Indian space programme"; from Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2013 |title=Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Program passed away 45 years ago |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |magazine=First Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024557/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/vikram-sarabhai-the-father-of-the-indian-space-program-passed-away-45-years-ago-3695105.html |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Dayananda Saraswati]] is an Indian philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, Born in [[Tankara]]
* [[Amit Shah]], 31st and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Current Home Minister of India]], former [[Minister of State]], Government of Gujarat; born in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balan |first=Premal |date=10 July 2014 |title=Amit Shah: An organisation man at helm |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115205507/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/amit-shah-an-organisation-man-at-helm-114071000099_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jamsetji Tata]], pioneer industrialist, founder of the [[Tata Group]]; from a [[Parsi]] family of [[Navsari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Steel |url=http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208061222/http://www.tatasteel100.com/people/index.asp |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=Tatasteel100.com}}</ref>
* [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]], an Indian revolutionary fighter, an Indian patriot, lawyer and journalist From Kutch




==Sister states==

* {{flag|New Jersey}}, United States (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2019 |title=Gujarat, New Jersey ink sister state MoU |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/gujarat-new-jersey-ink-sister-state-mou-119092100944_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Delaware}}, United States (September 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Govt, Delaware State of America sign MoU for sister state |url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=newsonair.com |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712203325/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Gujarat-Govt,-Delaware-State-of-America-sign-MoU-for-sister-state&id=371134 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|California}}, United States<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 4 {{!}} Senate Office of International Relations |url=https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=soir.senate.ca.gov |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002225/https://soir.senate.ca.gov/scr42001 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Hyōgo Prefecture}}, Japan (November 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan Information & Study Centre |url=https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Japan Information and Study Centre |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002229/https://www.japancentreatama.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |title=Quarterly Current Affairs Vol. 3 – July to September 2019 for Competitive Exams |date=25 September 2019 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-89418-63-7 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110128/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_yzDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state+hyogo&pg=PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], China (2014)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Jagannath P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |title=India-China Relations: Politics of Resources, Identity and Authority in a Multipolar World Order |date=4 October 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-56381-5 |language=en |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi8lDwAAQBAJ&q=gujarat+sister+state&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=7 June 2019 |title=Gujarat, Guangdong look to strengthen trade relations |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gujarat-guangdong-look-to-strengthen-trade-relations-119060800006_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}, Russia<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Dadan |last2=RIR |first2=specially for |date=9 December 2015 |title=Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234439/https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Dadan |date=16 January 2017 |title=Russia, India turn to Gujarat to help increase trade turnover |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |access-date=12 April 2020 |website=rbth.com |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002227/https://www.rbth.com/economics/business/2017/01/16/russia-india-turn-to-gujarat-to-help-increase-trade-turnover_681841 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Cuttanee]]
* [[Dharasana Satyagraha]]
* [[Navnirman Andolan]]
* [[Outline of Gujarat]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bleeker |first1=Claas Jouco |year=1971 |title=Historia Religionum: Religions of the present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rrQY1tzLQUC |volume=II |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-02598-1 |last2=Widengren |first2=Geo}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boyce |first=Mary |year=2001 |title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC |edition=2nd |place=New York |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=978-0-415-23902-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hodivala |first=Shahpurshah Hormasji |year=1920 |title=Studies in Parsi History |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinparsihi00hodiuoft&printsec=frontcover |place=Bombay |publisher=Captain Print Works}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Abraham Valentine Williams |year=1906 |title=Persia Past and Present: A Book of Travel and Research, with More Than Two Hundred Illustrations and a Map |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9coAAAAYAAJ |publisher=The Macmillan Company}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khanbaghi |first=Aptin |year=2006 |title=The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iAbUEaXnfEC |edition=reprint |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-056-7}}

== Further reading ==
* Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). ''India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)''. Leiden: Brill. xxxi + 669 pp. [http://eh.net/?s=gujarat Online review].

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Gujarat}}
; Government
* {{Official website}}
* [https://igod.gov.in/sg/GJ/categories Gujarat web directory]
* [https://www.gujarattourism.com/ Official tourism site 1]
* [https://tourism.gujarat.gov.in/ Official tourism site 2]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
; General information
* {{GovPubs|Gujarat}}
* {{Britannica|249059|Gujarat}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|1949080}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Gujarat
| North = [[Rajasthan]]
| Northeast = [[Rajasthan]]
| East = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| Southeast = [[Daman and Diu]] [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] [[Maharashtra]]
| South = ''[[Arabian Sea]]'' [[Maharashtra]]
| Southwest = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| West = ''[[Arabian Sea]]''
| Northwest = [[Sindh]], {{flagu|Pakistan}}
}}
{{Gujarat}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1960]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Bhagalpur College of Engineering

2026-03-10T09:20:46Z

It Is Unique Official: small enhanced references for clarity

{{short description|Government engineering college in Bhagalpur, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bhagalpur College of Engineering
| native_name =
| logo =
| image = Bhagalpur_College_of_Engineering_logo.svg
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1960}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/about-us/history/ |title=About Us}}</ref>
| type = [[State school|Public college]]
| motto = योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् (Sanskrit)
| Executive Director =
| principal = Dr. Raju M. Tugnayat <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/about-us/principals-message/ |title=Principal Message}}</ref>
| chairman =
| undergrad = 1200+
| postgrad =
| staff =
| faculty =
| free_label =
| free =
| students =
| city = [[Sabour, Bhagalpur|Sabour]], [[Bhagalpur]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban, {{convert|230|acre|m2}}
| colors = Brown and Pink
| other_name = BCE
| academic_affiliations = [[Bihar Engineering University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in}}
}}
[[File:Bce bhagalpur main building.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A]]

'''Bhagalpur College of Engineering''' ('''BCE Bhagalpur''') is one of the best State Government Technical Institution and was established in 1960 in [[Bhagalpur, Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/about-us/history/|title=History}}</ref> This institute offers full-time [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech.) degree programs. It is administered by the [[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dst.bih.nic.in/EngineeringCollegeDetails.aspx|title=Department of Science & Technology :: List of Engineering College|website=dst.bih.nic.in|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.admissionjankari.com/college-details/be-b.tech/bhagalpur-college-of-engineering|title=Bhagalpur College Of Engineering {{!}} Bhagalpur {{!}} Bihar {{!}} BE/B.Tech - Admission Jankari|website=www.admissionjankari.com|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref> The college is affiliated with Bihar Engineering University

== History ==
The college was set up by the Department of Science and Technology, [[Government of Bihar]] in the year 1960. Earlier, the affiliation was under [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Tilkamanjhi Bhagalpur University]]. In 2008, after the establishment of [[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]], affiliation of the college is transferred to this university.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/about-us/history/ |title=History}}</ref> After 15 March 2023, the affiliation was transferred to [[Bihar Engineering University]].

== Admission ==
===UG admission===

Earlier, undergraduate admissions were done through the [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board#BCECE|BCECE]] conducted by [[Bihar Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board]]. From 2019 and onwards admissions is taken through [[BCECEB#UGEAC|UGEAC]] based on rank list of [[JEE Main]] conducted by [[National Testing Agency]].

===PG admission===
Admission in [[M.Tech]] is done on the basis of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score through [[BCECEB#PGEAC|PGEAC]].

== Academic departments ==
BCE Bhagalpur has nine academic departments"
* Department of [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]
* Department of [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* Department of [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]]
* Department of [[Electronics and Communication engineering|Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* Department of [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]]
* Department of [[Physics]]
* Department of [[Chemistry]]
* Department of [[Mathematics]]
* Department of [[Humanities]]

==Degree programs==
College conducts educational programs leading to the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) in following branches each with capacity of 63 students and Master of Technology (M.Tech.) in Mechanical Engineering (total 36 seats in the specializations of Thermal Engineering and Manufacturing), M.Tech. in Electrical Engineering (total 18 seats in the specialization of Power System) and M.Tech. in ECE (total 30 seats in the specialization of Microelectronics and VLSI Design)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/academics/admission/|title=UG Admission}}</ref>

*[[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/department/civil-engineering/about-civil-engineering/|title=Civil Engineering}}</ref>
*[[Computer Science and Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/department/computer-engineering/about-computer-engineering/|title=Computer Science and Engineering}}</ref>
*[[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/department/electrical-engineering/about-electrical-engineering/|title=Electrical Engineering}}</ref>
*[[Electronics and Communication engineering|Electronics and Communication Engineering]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/department/electronics-engineering/about-electronics-engineering/|title=Electronics and Communication Engineering}}</ref>
*[[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/department/mechanical-engineering/about-mechanical-engineering/|title=Mechanical Engineering}}</ref>

==Student life==
===Computer center===
BCE, Bhagalpur has a well-equipped centralized computer center to cater to the needs of students and faculty in the university. It is housed, in a magnificent state-of-the-art building having specialized laboratories to provide a variety of platforms and computing environment for UG students. BCE, Bhagalpur computer center presently has around 250 computers connected into LAN in two floors providing internet access and programming facilities to all software related laboratories of all the departments of the college, predominantly CE, ME, ECE, EE, CSE Department
All academic buildings, library, administrative blocks, residential buildings, and all the hostels of BCE, Bhagalpur are connected using optical fiber links and around 95 Wi-Fi access points. C-DAC Kolkata has also opened a centre for 3D printing and additive manufacturing with its high end lab in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BCE Bhagalpur. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/facilities-and-services/computer-center/|title=Computer Center}}</ref>

===Digital library===
Digital library also known as digital repository is an online database having digital objects in different formats such as text, audio, video, images, etc. Digital library provides access to multiple users at time and requires very little space. The information retrieval is quite easy. Bhagalpur College of Engineering provides the access for both the students and Faculties. The digital platform offers around 3000 online courses. The students and faculties can interact on the online portal and faculties can upload their self taught lectures on the platform. The digital library is hosted both on the online portal and on the Android app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/facilities-and-services/central-library/|title=Library}}</ref>
Online portal link: bec.skylearning.in

===Hostels===
BCE, Bhagalpur provides hostel facilities to boys & girls. It has 7 Boys' hostels and 2 Girls' hostel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/facilities-and-services/hostels/|title=Hostels}}</ref>

===Medical facilities===
The college provides medical facilities and health education program for students. The college invites a registered medical practitioner from time to time to examine the student's health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/facilities-and-services/medical-facilities/|title=Medical Facilities}}</ref>

===Sports===
College has playground for various sports like Volleyball, Cricket. It also has indoor stadium for Badminton and table tennis. Previously it has also gym facilities.But currently there is no gym facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcebhagalpur.ac.in/facilities-and-services/sports-facilities/|title=Sports Facilities}}</ref>

===College fests===
Bhagalpur College of Engineering organizes Technoriti as its annual festival every year from 2012. Started with the name AAGHAZ the festival comprises Parakram the annual Sports meet, Umang the Cultural festival and technical fest. Later in 2013, the name aagaz was changed to Technoriti by the student organization which additionally included Sangam as the Alumni meet of BCE Bhagalpur.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bihar Engineering University}}
{{Engineering Colleges in Bihar}}
{{Portal|Education|Engineering|India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Education in Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bihar Engineering University]]

Ponnunjal (film)

2026-03-04T04:52:45Z

It Is Unique Official: Created Some Entry W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ponnunjal film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[C. V. Rajendran]]
| story = [[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy]]
| producer = K. S. Kutralingam
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Ushanandini]]
| cinematography = S. Maruthi Rao
| editing = T. R. Srinivasalu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Gomathy Shankar Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1973|06|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ponnunjal''''' ({{Translation|The Golden [[Oonjal]]}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[C. V. Rajendran]] and produced by K. S. Kutralingam. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Ushanandini]]. It was released on 15 June 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=161-170 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227175030/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=11 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2022}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Muthu
*[[Ushanandini]] as Valli
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Minor Manickam
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Ponnan
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Sivalingam
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Sengamalam
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Komberi Devan
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Velaee
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Pethaperumal
*[[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]] as Singaram
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Veeramma
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as Sundari
*S. A. Kannan as Village Panchayat Head
*[[A. Veerappan]] as Sappani
*[[Usilai Mani]] as Iyer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 1973 |title=Ponnunjal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ponnunjal/FweMxoUwjtw_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010044050/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ponnunjal/FweMxoUwjtw_ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ponnunjal ( EP, 45 RPM ) |url=https://avdigital.in/products/ponnunjal-ep-45-rpm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010044305/https://avdigital.in/products/ponnunjal-ep-45-rpm |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Muthucharam Soodi Varum" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[B. Vasantha]] || 'Nellai' Arulmani || 02:58
|-
| "Agaya Pandhalile" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]] || rowspan=5|[[Kannadasan]] || 03:26
|-
| "Varuvan Mogana" || [[S. Janaki]] || 03:21
|-
| "Nalla Kariyam" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 02:55
|-
| "Nigar Edhu Enakku" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 03:42
|-
| "Agaya Pandhalile" (Sad) || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 01:50
|-
| "Inbathil Malartha" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || Selvabharathi || 02:20
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of star cast, Sakthi Krishnaswamy's dialogues and the film's title but panned the humour for being unfunny and screenplay for being dragged.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 June 1973 |title=பொன்னுஞ்சல் |url=https://ibb.co/VpxPzBy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010042958/https://ibb.co/VpxPzBy |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |url-status=usurped |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1427097}}

{{C. V. Rajendran}}

[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Rajendran]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Doctor Babu

2026-03-03T20:23:20Z

It Is Unique Official: slightly update references per standard format after review

{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Tammareddy Lenin Babu]]
| producer = [[Tammareddy Krishna Murthy]]
| story = Vrajendra Sinha
| starring = [[Sobhan Babu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = Akkineni Sanjeeva Rao Balu
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| studio = [[Ravindra Art Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doctor Babu 1973 Telugu Movie Wiki, Cast Crew, Songs, Videos, Release Date|url=https://moviegq.com/movie/doctor-babu-2789|access-date=2021-09-18|website=MovieGQ|language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|11|9}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Doctor Babu''''' is a [[Telugu language]] film released in 1973. It starred [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] in lead roles. This romantic social drama film was a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Himalay Ki Godmein]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Sobhan Babu]] as Sekhar
* [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] as Gauri
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Pothuraju
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Narayana Rao
* [[S.V. Ranga Rao]] as Mallu Dora
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Chikkadu
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Devayya
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Dharmanna
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Jagannatha Rao
*[[G. Varalakshmi]] as Parvathi
*[[Vijaya Lalitha|Vijayalalitha]] as Leela
*K.K. Sarma as Thimmaraju
*[[Chalapathi Rao]]
*[[Gokina Rama Rao]] as Sambhulu
*[[Nagesh]] (special appearance in a song)

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Naa Raatha
| extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 = 3:07

| title2 = Gaajulaite Todigaadu
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:41

| title3 = Nee Vanukunnadhi
| extra3 = P. Susheela, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length3 = 4:47

| title4 = Evadura Donga
| extra4 = M. Satyam & B. Vasantha
| length4 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1485700|Doctor Babu}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Repeat Shoe

2026-03-03T02:40:18Z

It Is Unique Official: Created Basic Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|2022 Tamil language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Repeat Shoe
| image = Repeat Shoe.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Kalyaan]]
| producer = T. Madhuraj
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Yogi Babu]]
*Priya Kalyaan
*[[Dileepan]]
}}
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = ATM Productions Studios Karthik & Niyaz
| distributor =
| runtime = 112 mins
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|10|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Repeat Shoe''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by [[Kalyaan]] and starring [[Yogi Babu]], Priya Kalyaan and [[Dileepan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title="மதுபோதையில் விபத்தை ஏற்படுத்தினேனா?"- இயக்குநர் கல்யாண் விளக்கம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/director-kalyan-interview-repeat-shoe-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017105528/https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/director-kalyan-interview-repeat-shoe-movie |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Nakheeran |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Repeat Shoe Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/repeat-shoe/movieshow/94839659.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/repeat-shoe/movieshow/94839659.cms |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The plot revolves around a scientist who attempts to save a girl from [[Trafficking of children|child trafficking]] through his invention of a shoe that can time travel.

The film was theatrically released on 14 October 2022 to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
Dileepan, a scientist, creates a pair of technical shoes with the ability to [[time travel]], that will either go back in time for 10 days or 10 minutes depending on which shoe is hit on the ground. He attempts to test the shoe by trying to speed and escape, however gets caught. Whilst running away, he throws the shoes into a bush so that the police chasing after him do not get it, and he encounters Priya, a maternal orphan and uses her as a threat to the police officers to leave him.

Maari, an aspiring rowdy waiting for an [[Work (human activity)|assignment]], wishes to show that he is apt to become a rowdy to his friends and tries to shoot the police officers chasing Dileepan from an above building. He instead shoots Dileepan, and Priya runs away.

The next day, Priya, who works at her drunkard father's [[Shoemaking|cobbler stall]] before school, encounters Maari as her customer. He asks her to repair his sentimental shoes in two days in exchange for a makeover of the stall, which Priya agrees to. However Priya loses the shoe and attempts to calm Maari down by playing with him. She also finds Dileepan's shoe and gives it to him, stating it will give him good luck. Maari develops a soft spot for her.

Priya's father decides to sell her to a [[Child trafficking in India|child trafficking]] group in exchange for {{INRConvert|100000}}, where girls there are regularly transported to different places to avoid police and are used as prostitutes. Priya encourages the girls to escape, and they plot a plan.

Dileepan comes out of the hospital and tries to find his shoe, where he learns that Priya took it. Whilst trying to find her, he learns that her father sold her. He then tries to go to the place, where he understands that the girls are currently attempting to escape. Maari also learns that Priya has been sold, and tries to find her too. Dileepan fights with the people there and frees the girls, but also sees that Priya had died.

Maari also manages to come, and Dileepan sees that Maari is wearing his shoes. He begs Maari to give them back, which Maari reluctantly does so. Dileepan then uses the shoes to travel back in time to the point he was threatening the police using Priya, where he dodges Maari's bullet and escapes, letting Priya go and escaping the police. He then stops Priya's drunkard father as he takes her to sell her whilst they are travelling to the place, and takes Priya with him. Finally, he intercepts the child trafficking group whilst they were transporting the girls and saves them.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Maari; an aspiring, orphaned rowdy
*Priya Kalyaan as Priya; a maternal orphan who almost becomes the subject of child trafficking
*[[Dileepan]] as Dileepan; a scientist who creates a time-travelling shoe
*[[Redin Kingsley]] as Maari's friend
*[[KPY Bala]] as Maari's friend
*[[Anthony Daasan]]
*George Vijay
*[[Semmalar Annam]] as the child trafficker's henchmen
}}

==Production==
This was the first film produced by Studios Karthik, and they favoured Kalyaan as the movie's director due to his experience with filming with children. During production, the film was titled as ''Shoe'', before changing name prior to release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Yogi Babu's 'Shoe,' thriller comedy, audio and trailer launched with much fanfare |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/yogi-babus-shoe-thriller-comedy-audio-and-trailer-launched-with-much-fanfare/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104029/https://navjeevanexpress.com/yogi-babus-shoe-thriller-comedy-audio-and-trailer-launched-with-much-fanfare/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film was released on 14 October 2022 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a mixed review, noting that it was "average".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2017 |title=ரிப்பீட் ஷு |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3207 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104026/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3207 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a negative review, adding that "more effort was needed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2022 |title=Repeat Shoe |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/repeat-shoe-24867 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104028/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/repeat-shoe-24867 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' also criticised the film, stating that Sam C.S.'s music created high expectations, but ultimately failed to deliver this.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2022 |title=ஷூ: சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/shoe-cinema-review-815746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017104043/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/shoe-cinema-review-815746 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|21996794}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kasaai

2026-03-02T21:40:30Z

It Is Unique Official: starting basic data initial version

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kasaai
| image = Kasaai.jpeg
| caption =
| director = Gajendra S. Shrotriya
| based_on = A story by Charan Singh Pathik
| producer = Gajendra S. Shrotriya Utkarsh Indaliya Nilesh Singhi
| writer = Gajendra S. Shrotriya
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mita Vashisht]]|[[Mayur More]]|[[Amit Bimrot]]|[[Ravi Jhankal]]|[[Ashok Banthia]]|[[V K Sharma]]|Richa Meena}}
| music = Shanker Indaliya
| cinematography = Ashvin Ameri
| editing =
| studio = [[ShemarooMe]]
| distributor = ShemarooMe Box Office
| released = {{Film date|2019}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Kasaai (The Devil)''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film directed by Gajendra Shrotriya and produced by [[Shemaroo Entertainment|ShemarooMe]]. The film stars [[Mita Vashisht]], [[Mayur More]], and [[Amit Bimrot]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kasaai Movie Review: Mita Vashisht’s Sterling Matriarch Act Cannot Save This Mess {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/kasaai-movie-review-mita-vashisht-s-sterling-matriarch-act-cannot-save-this-mess/5f955d3e4a28e37ba117bb74 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref> The narrative of the film is inspired by a true incident and is based on a story by Charan Singh Pathik, known for his work on ''[[Pataakha]]''. The story revolves around a mother’s struggle to seek justice for her son, set against a backdrop of political and social complexities in rural India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Mita Vashisht opens up about her role in Kasaai |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mita-vashisht-opens-up-about-her-role-in-kasaai-160404/ |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Set against the backdrop of village council elections in rural [[Rajasthan]], the film delves into the life of [[Gulabi Gang|Gulabi]], a mother striving for justice after the untimely death of her 18-year-old son, Suraj. The tragedy unfolds when Suraj is killed by his impulsive father, Lakhan, in a fit of rage. As the family attempts to conceal the crime to safeguard their political ambitions, Gulabi confronts societal and familial challenges in her pursuit of truth.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Mita Vashisht]] as Gulabi
* [[Mayur More]] as Suraj
* [[Amit Bimrot]] as Chhotu cameo
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Lakhan
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Bhaggi Patel
* [[V K Sharma|V.K. Sharma]] as Sarpanch Poornaram
* Richa Meena as Misri
* Raman Atre as Police Inspector
* Altaf Khan as Bhopa
* Vikas Pareek as Babu
* Manoj Swami as Ganeshi
* Jyoti Verma as Kasturi
* Teetu Verma as Dayal
* Sanjay Vidrohi as Krishna Patel
* Sarvesh Vyas as Jagan

== Release & reception ==
''Kasaai'' premiered at the [[Jaipur International Film Festival]] in January 2019, where it received a Special Jury Mention Award. The film won Best Feature at the Open Window International Film Festival 2020 and received a special mention at the 11th Jaipur International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=11th Aryan Jaipur International Film Festival-JIFF 2019 |url=https://jiffindia.org/uploads/JIFF-2019-Awards.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasaai (The Devil) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/Kasaai_TheDevil |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on ShemarooMe Box Office on 23 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=एक बेबस मां की कहानी है 'कसाई', फिल्म में दिखेगी मीता वशिष्ठ की दमदार एक्टिंग |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/kasai-movie-meeta-vashishtha-and-ravi-jhanjhaal-movie-story-cast-and-shooting-tmov-1149759-2020-10-22 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Pooja Batra of ''[[Zee Media Corporation|India.com]]'' noted, "Kasaai- Rajasthan's story-land is very fertile. But for unknown reasons, Hindi cinema has been indifferent to the stories generated here. This film reduces this silence."<ref>{{Cite web |title=रिव्यू-अपने भीतर के ‘कसाई’ से रूबरू करवाती कहानी |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/mita-vashisht-reveals-the-ugly-side-of-bollywood-movie-review-of-kasaai-4226198/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.india.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Subhash K. Jha of ''[[9X Media|Spotboye]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Kasaai robs the theme of honour killing of all drama and dignity. Some of the actors try hard to breathe life into the inert drama. Except for Mita Vashisht, no actor seems comfortable in the environment of artificial tension."<ref name=":0" />

Pooja Tiwari of ''Glamsham'' commented "Kasaai could have been a solid statement but still it’s an engaging human drama which is bracingly raw & rustic."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Movie Review {{!}} Kasaai: Engagingly Raw & Rustic |url=https://glamsham.com/ott/web-review/kasaai-movie-review-shemaroome-box-office/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=glamsham.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=10133680}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]

1953–54 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T20:07:40Z

It Is Unique Official:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1953–54 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 7
| participants = 21
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Madhav Mantri]] (Bombay) (522)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1953/54 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1953-54/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Chandu Sarwate]] (Holkar) (23)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1953/54 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1953-54/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1952–53
| previous_tournament = 1952–53 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1954–55
| next_tournament = 1954–55 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1953–54 Ranji Trophy''' was the 20th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] won the title defeating [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the final.

==Zonal Matches==
===Central Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|25 Dec 1953 – Ajmer|'''[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]'''|'''199 & 173'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|182 & 123
|28 Nov 1953 – Jabalpur|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|72 & 147|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''464'''

|23 Jan 1954 – Ajmer|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|125 & 161|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''486'''
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|||||
|||||
|28 Nov 1953 – Ahmedabad|'''[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]'''|'''225 & 360/8d'''|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|207 & 192/9

|12 Dec 1953 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''249 & 122/2'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|117 & 251
|9 Jan 1954 – Kolhapur|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''576/6d'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|151 & 364/6

|23 Jan 1954 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''385 & 62/0'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|239 & 206

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|28 Nov 1953 – Bangalore|'''[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]'''|'''290 & 49/2'''|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]|150 & 188
|||||
|||||

|25 Dec 1953 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]] (T)'''|101/6|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|243/8d
|28 Nov 1953 – Trivandrum|'''[[Travancore-Cochin cricket team|Travancore-Cochin]]'''|'''241 & 171/4d'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|125 & 104/4

|21 Jan 1954 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''275 & 336/5d'''|[[Travancore-Cochin cricket team|Travancore-Cochin]]|147 & 148

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

'''(T)''' – Advanced to next round by spin of coin.

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|12 Dec 1953 – Cuttack|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|118 & 142|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''479 & 321/9d'''

|13 Feb 1954 – Jamshedpur|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|169 & 267/7|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''256 & 304'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== North Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|18 Dec 1953 – Delhi|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|345 & 124/5d|'''[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]'''|'''367 & 76/2'''
|23 Dec 1953 – Patiala|[[Patiala cricket team|Patiala]]|119/9d & 258|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''125 & 253/4'''

|18 Jan 1954 – Jullundur|'''[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]'''|'''163 & 82/6'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|123 & 120/6d
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 90px

|12 Feb 1954 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''350/9d & 10/0'''|[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]|127 & 229
|||||
|||||
|||||

|6 Mar 1954 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''575'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|149 & 111
|20 Feb 1954 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''504 & 342/9d'''|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|318 & 149

|13 Mar 1954 – Indore|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|292 & 193|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''376 & 111/2'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 13–17 March 1954
| team1 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] (H)
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''292 (145.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 82
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Baloo Gupte]] 3/95
| score-team2-inns1 = '''376 (143.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rusi Modi]] 141
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 4/76
| score-team1-inns2 = '''193 (89 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Madhavsinh Jagdale]] 53
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vinoo Mankad]] 4/61
| score-team2-inns2 = '''111/2 (49 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Madhav Apte]] 53*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Arjun Naidu]] 1/39
| result = Bombay won by 8 wickets
| venue = [[Yeshwant Club|Yeshwant Club Ground]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[Santosh Ganguli]] and [[Balkrishna Mohoni]]
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/21/21003.html Scorecard]
| toss = Holkar won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1953-54.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1953-54 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1953 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1954 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1953–54]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Sharanabasappa Darshanapur

2026-02-08T00:03:51Z

It Is Unique Official: done...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| image = SharanabasappaGouda Darsahanapur Minister.jpg
| office = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Karnataka]]
| predecessor = [[M. T. B. Nagaraj]]
| successor =
| governor = [[Thawarchand Gehlot]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = *'''Small Scale Industries'''
*'''Public Enterprises'''
| term_start = 27 May 2023
| successor1 =
| governor1 = [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice1 = [[First Kumaraswamy ministry]]
| 2blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata1 = * '''Agricultural Marketing'''
| term_start1 = 2006
| term_end1 = 2007
| successor2 =
| governor2 = [[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[J. H. Patel]]
| subterm2 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice2 = [[J. H. Patel ministry]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = * '''Power (MOS)'''
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 1997
| office3 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]
| term_start3 = 2018
| predecessor3 = Guru Patil Shiraval
| constituency4 = [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]
| term_start4 = 2004
| term_end4 = 2013
| predecessor4 = Shivashekharappagouda Sirwal
| successor4 = Guru Patil Shiraval
| constituency5 = [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]
| term_start5 = 1994
| term_end5 = 1999
| predecessor5 = Shivashekharappagouda Sirwal
| successor5 = Shivashekharappagouda Sirwal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|03|03}}
| spouse = Bharti Darshanapur
| parents = Late Bapugouda Darshanapur (Father)
}}

'''Sharanabasappa Gouda Darshanapur''', also known as '''Sharanabasappa Darshanapur''' (born 3 March 1961) is an Indian politician, He was born in Darshanapur village in shahapur taluk, Shahapur in [[Yadgir District]], [[Karnataka]]. He is currently serving as the Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a Civil Engineer graduate from PDA Engineering college in Gulbarga.

== Political career ==
Sharanabasappa Darshanapur has been elected from the Shahapur constituency for 5 terms in the 1994, 2004, 2008, 2018 and 2023 Karnataka State Legislative elections. After being elected for the first time as MLA from Shahapur (Karnataka), he became the minister of state for power in 1996 under J.H. Patel Cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fcreport/11threport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128084358/https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fcreport/11threport.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-28 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=fincomindia.nic.in}}</ref> He served as the Cabinet Minister of Agricultural Marketing and Minister In-charge for undivided Gulbarga District from 18 February 2006 to 8 October 2007 in HD Kumaraswamy's [[First Kumaraswamy ministry|First Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/karnataka-ministry-expanded/story-eyb2dS6MJPirxNCpuHfdVP.html | title=Karnataka ministry expanded | date=17 February 2006 }}</ref> Alongside, in 2006 he was made the Incharge Minister for the undivided Gulbarga District (which then comprised today's Kalaburagi and Yadgir Districts and was one of the largest Districts in Karnataka). In 2018, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Board.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-appoints-heads-state-boards-corporations-karnataka-93832 | title=Congress appoints heads for state boards, corporations in Karnataka | date=22 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/karnataka-chief-minister-hd-kumaraswamy-inducts-8-ministers-giving-more-representation-to-north-karnataka/articleshow/67211580.cms|title=Karnataka Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy inducts 8 ministers, giving more representation to North Karnataka|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/appointment-to-boards-and-corporations-cm-overrules-congress-key-nominees/|title=Appointment to Boards and Corporations: CM overrules Congress' key nominees|date=7 January 2019}}</ref> On 14 February 2022 he was appointed the member of KKRDB Board along with 11 other MLAs belonging to the Hyderabad Karnataka Region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/government-finally-picks-members-for-kalyana-karnataka-board-1081503.html|title=Government finally picks members for Kalyana Karnataka board|date=14 February 2022|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

In 2023 Karnataka state assembly elections, Darshanapur was re-elected as an MLA from Shahapur constituency in Yadgir district. This will be his fifth term as an MLA.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Know your minister: A look at the 24 MLAs sworn in to the Karnataka cabinet today |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/know-your-minister-a-look-at-the-24-mlas-sworn-in-to-the-karnataka-cabinet-today/article66900241.ece |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> He was inducted into the second Siddaramaiah Cabinet as a Cabinet rank minister and given the portfolios of Small Scale Industries and Public enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-27 |title=Karnataka Cabinet expansion: Complete list of ministers and their portfolios |url=https://newsd.in/karnataka-cabinet-portfolio-allocation-dk-shivakumar-gets-irrigation-and-bangalore-development-authority/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Newsd.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sharanabasappa Darshanapur completed his bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from PDA college of Engineering Kalaburagi. Before entering into politics, he worked as an Assistant engineer in Lift Irrigation Corp. Bijapur from 1985 to 1989. In 1992, he was elected as a senate member from Engineering Graduate Constituency Gulbarga University Gulbarga. In 1996, he became the founder member & President of Sir M Vishweshwaraiah sahakar Bank Niyamitha. In 1997, he became the founder and President of The Gulbarga Engineers' Family Club Gulbarga, he is currently the Chief patron of club.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gefc.in/about-us/ | title=About us }}</ref>

He is married to Bharti Darshanapur and has one son and a daughter. His father Late Bapugouda Darshanapur was also an MLA of Shahapur for 3 terms. Late Bapu Gowda had also served as Minister for Small Scale Industries, Chief whip and Chairman of KHB.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Positions held
|-
! Year
! Description
! Political Party
|-
| 1994
||Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly - [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur constituency]]
|| [[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 1996||Minister of State Energy & Power - JH Patel Cabinet<ref>https://fincomindia.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/oldcommission_html/fcreport/11threport.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2022}}</ref>||[[Janata Dal]]
|-
| 2004
||Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly - [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur constituency]]<ul></ul>
||[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 2006||Cabinet Minister APMC - First Kumaraswamy Cabinet<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/karnataka-ministry-expanded/story-eyb2dS6MJPirxNCpuHfdVP.html | title=Karnataka ministry expanded | date=17 February 2006 }}</ref>||[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 2006||District Incharge Minister - [[Gulbarga]] ([[Kalaburagi]]-[[Yadgir]])||[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
| 2008
||Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly - [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur constituency]]||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2018
||Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly - [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur constituency]]
||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2018||Deputy Chairman- State Planning commission, Govt. of Karnataka <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-appoints-heads-state-boards-corporations-karnataka-93832 | title=Congress appoints heads for state boards, corporations in Karnataka | date=22 December 2018 }}</ref>||[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2022||Member, Kalyana Karnataka Regional Development Board<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/government-finally-picks-members-for-kalyana-karnataka-board-1081503.html | title=Government finally picks members for Kalyana Karnataka board | date=14 February 2022 }}</ref>||
|-
|2023
|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly - [[Shahapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Shahapur constituency]]<ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|2023
|Cabinet Minister Small Scale Industries & Public enterprises - second Siddaramaiah Cabinet <ref name=":0" />
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darshanapur, Sharanabasappa}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Sarfraz Bugti

2026-02-06T20:49:06Z

It Is Unique Official:

{{Short description|Chief Minister of Balochistan, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarfraz Bugti
| image =
| office = [[Chief Minister of Balochistan]]
| term_start = 2 March 2024
| governor = [[Abdul Wali Kakar]] [[Sheikh Jaffar Khan Mandokhail]]
| predecessor = [[Ali Mardan Khan Domki]]
| successor =
| order6 = [[List of senators in the 14th Parliament of Pakistan|Pakistani Senator from Balochistan]]
| office6 =
| term_start6 = March 2015
| term_end6 = March 2021
| order3 = [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Minister for Home & Tribal Affairs of Balochistan]]
| caption = Bugti in 2024
| term_start3 = January 13, 2018
| term_end3 = May 31, 2018
| term_start4 = October 14, 2013
| term_end4 = January 1, 2018
| birth_place = [[Dera Bugti District]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| residence = [[Dera Bugti District]], [[Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| profession =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| party = [[Pakistan People’s Party|PPP]] (2024-present)
| otherparty = [[Balochistan Awami Party|BAP]] (2018-2023) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2013-2018)
| order2 = Federal Minister for Interior & Narcotics Control, Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development {{small|Caretaker}}
| predecessor2 = [[Rana Sanaullah]]
| president2 = [[Arif Alvi]]
| term_start2 = 17 August 2023
| term_end2 = 15 December 2023
| successor2 = [[Chaudhry Salik Hussain]] [[Aun Chaudhry]] 
[[Mohsin Naqvi]]
| primeminister2 = [[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan]]
| termstart1 = 29 February 2024
| constituency1 = [[PB-10 Dera Bugti]]
| native_name = سرفراز بگٹی
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|June|1}}
}}

'''Mir Sarfraz Bugti'''{{efn|[[Urdu]], {{langx|bal|{{Nastaliq|میر سرفراز بگٹی}}}}}} (born 1 June 1980) is a Pakistani politician who is the [[Chief Minister of Balochistan]] since March 2024. He belongs to the [[Pakistan People's Party]]. Prior to this, Bugti was Home and Tribal Affairs Minister of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/347798-6-terrorists-linked-to-RAW-NDC-arrested-from-Quet|title = 6 terrorists linked to RAW, NDC arrested from Quetta: Sarfraz Bugti - Pakistan - Dunya News| date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> Bugti was a [[Senate of Pakistan|senator]] from March 2015 to March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=939|title=Senate of Pakistan|website=www.senate.gov.pk|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> He has also served as the chief of the [[Bugti]] tribe in Balochistan since 29 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=CM Balochistan named new chief of Bugti tribes |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/926363-cm-balochistan-named-new-chief-of-bugti-tribes |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Dunya News |language=en}}</ref>

On 17 August 2023, he took oath as caretaker [[Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)|Interior Minister]] and resigned from the position on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latif |first=Amir |date=17 August 2023 |title=Pakistan's new caretaker Cabinet takes oath |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistans-new-caretaker-cabinet-takes-oath/2969593 |website=[[Anadolu Ajansı]]}}</ref><ref name="arynews.tv">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-15 |title=Interior Minister Sarfraz Bugti resigns |url=https://arynews.tv/interior-minister-sarfraz-bugti-resigns/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sarfraz was born on 1 June 1980, in a village in Bekar, [[Dera Bugti District|Dera Bugti]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=Mir Sarfraz Bugti crowned Eighth Chief of Bugti Tribes |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/12/29/mir-sarfraz-bugti-crowned-eighth-chief-of-bugti-tribes/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

His father Mir Ghulam Qadir Masori Bugti was a tribal elder of the Masori sub-clan of the [[Bugti]] tribe who was a member of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia]]'s [[Majlis-e-Shoora]] before becoming a part of the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Saleem |date=18 December 2008 |title=Pro-govt elder's house attacked in Dera Bugti |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/434115/pro-govt-elderaes-house-attacked-in-dera-bugti |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref> Mir Ghulam was known to be active against the sardari or neo-feudal system of Balochistan and being a political rival of [[Nawab Akbar Bugti]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Mariam |date=January 2018 |title='There is no no-go area in Balochistan; the state has established its writ and it will consolidate it further' - Sarfraz Ahmad Bugti |url=https://magtheweekly.com/detail/1356-there-is-no-no-go-area-in-balochistan-the-state-has-established-its-writ-and-it-will-consolidate-it-further-sarfraz-ahmad-bugti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818191239/https://magtheweekly.com/detail/1356-there-is-no-no-go-area-in-balochistan-the-state-has-established-its-writ-and-it-will-consolidate-it-further-sarfraz-ahmad-bugti |archive-date=18 August 2023 |website=Mag The Weekly}}</ref>

His brother Jan Mohammad Bugti has also been active in politics as a PPP candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2007 |title=Fahim assails kidnapping of PPP candidate |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/277839/fahim-assails-kidnapping-of-ppp-candidate |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Dawn News}}</ref>

Sarfraz completed his early education at the [[Lawrence College Murree|Lawrence College, Murree]] before enrolling at the [[Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad]] to study Defence and Strategic Studies (DSS) but had to interrupt his higher education when his father was jailed by [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref name=":0" />

Sarfraz was arrested in 2007 when he reached his village to oversee preparations for the forthcoming elections and later jailed under maintenance of public order charges and Jan Muhammad Bugti was allegedly kidnapped by security agencies from the office of the [[Election Commission of Pakistan|Election Commission]] in Dera Bugti when he had gone there to file his nomination paper.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-28 |title=Abduction of Qadir Bugti's sons condemned |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/3457885 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

Later, he tried to join the [[Pakistan Army]] and to pass the [[Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)|Inter-Services Selection Board]] (ISSB) exams.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==

=== Provincial politics in Balochistan ===
In 2013, he won the Provincial Assembly elections from [[Constituency PB-24 (Dera Bugti)|Constituency PB-24]] as a representative of the Baloch community from [[Dera Bugti]] with a clear majority as an independent candidate by securing 10013 votes, and after elections joined [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML (N)]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ecp.gov.pk/ERConsolidated2013/SearchFull2013.aspx?constituency=PA&constituencyid=PB-24 |title=PB-24 Official Result, Election Commission of Pakistan |access-date=2014-02-03 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119081532/http://ecp.gov.pk/ERConsolidated2013/SearchFull2013.aspx?constituency=PA&constituencyid=PB-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sarfraz became Minister of Interior of Balochistan on 14 October 2013.

=== National politics as Caretaker Interior Minister ===
In August 2023, he took charge as the country's Caretaker Interior Minister. One of his first decisions was to ask for the release of the [[Pashtun Tahafuz Movement]] (PTM) activists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Interior Minister orders to release PTM activists |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/08/18/interior-minister-orders-to-release-ptm-activists/ |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref>

On 15 December 2023, he resigned from this position in order to contest the [[2024 Pakistani general election]].<ref name="arynews.tv"/> In December 2023, Bugti joined [[Pakistan People's Party]].

== Chief Minister of Balochistan (2024–present) ==
{{Further|Sarfaraz Bugti ministry}}

In 2024, Bugti was elected unopposed as the [[Chief Minister of Balochistan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1818464/sarfraz-bugti-becomes-balochistan-cm-unopposed | title=Sarfraz Bugti becomes Balochistan CM 'unopposed' | date=2 March 2024 }}</ref> This came after he joined the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP). He also got the support of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PMLN). His nomination for this post was announced by People's Party Co-Chairman [[Asif Ali Zardari]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dailyausaf.com/en/election-2024/election-2024-sarfraz-bugti-nominated-cm-balochistan.html | title=Election 2024: Sarfraz Bugti nominated CM Balochistan | date=March 2024 }}</ref> Bugti outlined a comprehensive plan of about sixty measures aimed at enhancing governance. He urged ministers to actively engage with their respective departments, ensure effective service delivery and accountability. To assess progress, [[key performance indicators]] (KPIs) will be established to assess departmental performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=New Balochistan cabinet sworn in |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2463205/new-balochistan-cabinet-sworn-in-1 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Political views ==
=== Pakistani nationalism ===
Baloch journalist [[Malik Siraj Akbar]] has called Sarfraz a representative of "hyper [[Pakistani nationalism]]", which he considers being engineered by the country's [[The Establishment (Pakistan)|establishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Malik Siraj |date=20 August 2016 |title=Why Modi's statements should be the least of our worries on Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1278370 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[Dawn News]] |quote=Instead of healing the Baloch people's wounds, the establishment has promoted a dangerous wave of hyper Pakistani nationalism. Hence, people like Home Minister Sarfaraz Bugti spend most of their time questioning other people’s patriotism and resort to bizarre ways to prove themselves as better Pakistanis than the rest.}}</ref>

=== Islamic welfare state ===
Sarfraz is a proponent of an [[Islamic socialism|Islamic welfare state]].<ref name=":0" /> This is in order to combat Balochistan’s high poverty rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=40% Pakistanis live in poverty: lowest in Punjab (31%), highest in Balochistan (85%) – Welcome to Inford |url=https://inford.org/40-pakistanis-live-in-poverty-lowest-in-punjab-31-highest-in-balochistan-85/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Activism against Baloch separatism ===
Sarfraz is a notable critic of [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch separatism]], and has spoken against the organization [[Baloch Republican Army|Baluchistan Republic Army]] (BRA) headed by [[Brahamdagh Khan Bugti|Brahamdagh Bugti]], grandson of [[Akbar Bugti]]. The BRA is declared as a terrorist organization by the government of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-09|title=Five Baloch militant outfits banned|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/857046/five-baloch-militant-outfits-banned|access-date=2021-10-30|website=Dawn (newspaper)|language=en}}</ref>

In a [[BBC]] interview, Bugti claimed that the Indian agency [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) was involved in funding and arming militants in Balochistan, but that it stopped doing so after its agent was arrested in Balochistan.<ref>[http://www.newspakistan.tv/raw-funds-militant-groups-balochistan-sarfraz-bugti/ RAW funds militant groups in Balochistan: Sarfraz Bugti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409125800/http://www.newspakistan.tv/raw-funds-militant-groups-balochistan-sarfraz-bugti/ |date=2023-04-09 }}, News Pakistan, 5 December 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/multimedia/2014/01/140126_sarfaraz_bugti_fz.shtml RAW involved in terrorism in Balochistan: Sarfraz Bugti]</ref>

== Publications ==
* “The Role of Intelligence Agencies in Balochistan” (Paper presented at a two days national workshop held in [[National Defence University, Islamabad]], July 17–18, 2012).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Balochistan Unrest: Internal-External Dimensions |url=https://ndujournal.ndu.edu.pk/site/issue/download/11/6 |format=PDF |journal=NDU Journal |publisher=National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan |volume=26 |pages=121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818192118/https://ndujournal.ndu.edu.pk/site/issue/download/11/6 |archive-date=18 August 2023}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Current Pakistani chief ministers}}
{{Kakar Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bugti, Sarfraz}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Baloch politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani nationalists]]
[[Category:Muslim socialists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dera Bugti District]]
[[Category:Balochistan MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Lawrence College Ghora Gali alumni]]
[[Category:Balochistan MPAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Balochistan Awami Party MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party MPAs (Balochistan)]]
[[Category:Quaid-i-Azam University alumni]]

Allirajah Subaskaran

2026-02-04T21:00:52Z

It Is Unique Official: Made The Info More To Come

{{short description|British-Sri Lankan entrepreneur (born 1972)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = 0Y2A04257.jpg
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|3|2}}
| birth_place = [[Jaffna]], [[Dominion of Ceylon]] (present-day [[Sri Lanka]])
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessman]]|
[[Film producer]]}}
| organization = [[Lyca Mobile]], [[Lyca Productions]]
| spouse = Prema Subaskaran
| children = 3
}}

'''Allirajah Subaskaran''' (born 2 March 1972) is a British-Sri Lankan entrepreneur. He was born in Sri Lanka, and later migrated to England and became a British citizen. He is the founder and chairman of [[Lyca Mobile]], a telecommunications company and its entertainment subsidiary, [[Lyca Productions]], based in [[Chennai]], India.

== Career ==
Allirajah started Lycamobile in 2006. As of 2018, Lycamobile was reported to serve 16 million customers across 18 countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lycamobile settles with T-Mobile, reportedly heads to AT&T |url=https://www.lightreading.com/business-transformation/lyca-mobile-settles-with-t-mobile-reportedly-heads-to-at-t |website=Light Reading}}</ref>

In 2010, he founded the Gnanam Foundation, named for his mother, Gnanambikai Allirajah. Gnanam has partnered with Muslim Aid to build a well in Sudan, and with Children’s Hunger Relief Fund to renovate wells in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Officials of Dignity Award conferred on first Lankan woman |url=https://www.ft.lk/article/561038/Www.aquavista.lk |website=Daily Ft}}</ref> In 2014, the foundation donated £59,000 to Save the Children during the Ebola crisis in West Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lyca’s Gnanam Foundation supports Ebola fight |url=https://trumpetmediagroup.com/the-trumpet/health/lycas-gnanam-foundation-supports-ebola-fight/ |website=Trumpet Media}}</ref>

The company's first production was the film ''[[Kaththi]]'' in 2014. It produced the science fiction thriller ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]'' (2018), which was [[List of most expensive Indian films|India's most expensive film]] and the 5th [[List of most expensive non-English-language films|most expensive non-English-language film]] at the time of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/at-rs-543-crore-akshay-kumar-and-rajinikanths-2-0-is-costlier-than-deadpool-and-these-hollywood-blockbusters-bollywood-news/283291|title=At Rs 543 crore, Akshay Kumar and Rajinikanth's 2.0 is costlier than Deadpool and these Hollywood blockbusters - Bollywood News|author=|date=11 September 2018|website=timesnownews.com|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>

Since November 2018, Lycatel and its founder have been embroiled in disputes relating to alleged fraud. The company was due for a tribunal hearing in March 2020 to argue against the [[HM Revenue and Customs]]. The firm estimates that it would have to pay £60m if it loses – a potential liability that has almost doubled in recent years. Lycamobile declined to say how much is at stake in two other disputes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2020/feb/02/major-tory-donor-lycamobile-embroiled-in-three-disputes-with-hmrc|title=Major Tory donor Lycamobile embroiled in three disputes with HMRC|first1=Solomon|last1=Hughes|first2=Rob|last2=Evans|newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 February 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

In September 2021, he became the new owner of the [[Jaffna Kings]] in the [[Lanka Premier League]] (LPL). [[Lyca Kovai Kings]], a cricket team based in [[Coimbatore]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]] (TNPL) tournament, is owned by Lyca Productions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lyca Group Chairman Allirajah Subaskaran new owner of Jaffna Kings {{!}} Daily FT|url=https://www.ft.lk/sports/Lyca-Group-Chairman-Allirajah-Subaskaran-new-owner-of-Jaffna-Kings/23-723591|access-date=2021-09-30|website=www.ft.lk|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=Allirajah Subaskaran new proprietor of Jaffna LPL franchise|url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2021/09/28/allirajah-subaskaran-new-proprietor-of-jaffna-lpl-franchise/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Sri Lanka News - Newsfirst|language=en}}</ref>

Allirajah formerly served on the Advisory Council for Sri Lanka within the British Asian Trust.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Allirajah Subaskaran’s Gnanam Foundation Creates Global Impact |url=https://www.abcmoney.co.uk/2025/08/how-allirajah-subaskarans-gnanam-foundation-creates-global-impact/ |website=ABC Money}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Allirajah fled Sri Lanka with his family as a teenager, and moved first to France, where he worked at his family's restaurant in Paris, and then at their corner shop. He later settled in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=This Former Immigrant From Sri Lanka Just Made India's Most Expensive Movie|first=Anu|last=Raghunathan|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2018/12/11/this-former-immigrant-from-sri-lanka-just-made-indias-most-expensive-movie/|website=Forbes|date=11 December 2018|accessdate=11 November 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Lyca Productions}}

All films produced or distributed by Allirajah Subaskaran have been through Lyca Productions, the company he founded. For a complete list, see [[Lyca Productions]].

==Awards==
In October 2011 Lycatel was ranked 36th out of 250 leading mid-market private companies in ''[[The Sunday Times]]''.<ref name=mnews3>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/top250leaguetable.asp?siteID=5&searchName=&yr=2011&sort=num&area1=99|title=Top Track 250 league table|date=30 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130153217/http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/top250leaguetable.asp?siteID=5&searchName=&yr=2011&sort=num&area1=99|archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> Allirajah received a gold award for Best Overall Enterprise in 2010 at the Asian Achievers Award ceremony for the impact he has made on the Asian community in the UK.<ref name=mnews4>{{cite web|url=http://aaa.abplgroup.com/previous-winners/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207180340/http://aaa.abplgroup.com/previous-winners/2010|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2010|title=Asian Achievers Awards 2010 > 2010|author=|date=7 December 2010|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref> The Asian Voice Political and Public Life awarded Allirajah in 2011 its "International Entrepreneur of the Year" award.<ref name=mnews5>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article1485786.ece |title=Asian bags international entrepreneur award for 2011 |date=24 February 2012 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |accessdate=21 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2012 the English Asian Business Awards presented Allirajah with the "2011 Power Business of the Year" award, recognizing the growth of the Lycamobile business globally,<ref name=mnews6>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/united_kingdom/9574311.Honour_for_English_Asian_Business_awards_winners/ |title=Honour for English Asian Business award winners |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Asian Image |accessdate=21 March 2012}}</ref> as well as the "Social Entrepreneur of the Year" award.<ref name=mnews7>{{cite web |url=http://www.easterneye.eu/ABAwards/index.php?page=Awards |title=Winners of 2012 Asian Business |date=2 April 2012 |publisher=Asian Business Awards |accessdate=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403064828/http://www.easterneye.eu/ABAwards/index.php?page=Awards |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subaskaran, Allirajah}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan businesspeople]]
[[Category:Lyca Productions]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the telecommunications industry]]

Bar Council of Jharkhand

2026-01-01T14:42:50Z

It Is Unique Official: Starting...

{{Short description|Representative body for lawyers in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Jharkhand
| type = Statutory body
| seal = Jharkhand State Bar Council logo.png
| seal_size = 150
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|2005}}
| headquarters = Doranda, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] - 834002
| chief1_name = Shri Sri Rajendra Krishna<ref name="jhar bar ref1">{{cite web |title=Chairman And Members {{!}} Jharkhand State Bar Council |url=http://jharkhandstatebarcouncil.org/chairman-and-members/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=English}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = Shri Sri Rajesh Kumar Shukla
| chief2_position = Vice-Chairman
| website = https://jharkhandstatebarcouncil.in
}}

'''Bar Council of Jharkhand''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Jharkhand]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Jharkhand]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Bar Council of Jharkhand was formed in 2005 as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.
#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.
#Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.
#Facilitating the formation of managing committee like Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="jh bar ref12">{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Sanjay |title=Jharkhand: Bar benched, small lawyers till family land for survival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/bar-benched-small-lawyers-till-family-land-for-survival/articleshow/79376888.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="jh bar ref14">{{cite news |title=Corona impact:lawyers in Jharkhand to abstain from work for a week |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/east/law-jharkhand-state-bar-council/2374254.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=uniindia.com |date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in adhoc situations.<ref name="jh bar ref13">{{cite news |title=Bar Council decides to close down Bar buildings in State |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/bar-council-decides-to-close-down-bar-buildings-in-state.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=17 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="jh bar ref15">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand State Bar Council bars 8,500 lawyers from practise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-state-bar-council-bars-8500-lawyers-from-practise/articleshow/60070579.cms |access-date=23 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.
#Occasionally verifying the renewal of the enrolled members.
#Ensuring polls are conducted to Bars associated with it.

== Constitution ==
The Bar Council of Jharkhand elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members. Assisted by the various committees of the Council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the Council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. In Bar Council of Jharkhand, currently around 27000 lawyers are enrolled for practice.<ref name="jh bar ref15" /> As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.

Shri Sri Rajendra Krishna was elected chairman of the council.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of Jharkhand.Law graduates can enroll online for Bar Council of Jharkhand. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==

1. In May 2021, the council advised its members across the state not to take up any court work whether physically or online to prevent the Covid spread.<ref name="jhar bar ref1b">{{cite news |title=Bar Council restrains lawyers from court work till May 9 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/bar-council-restrains-lawyers-from-court-work-till-may-9.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=The Pioneer |date=4 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

2. In April 2021, the council imposed a week's lockdown to prevent Covid spread in the city and among its members.<ref name="jhar bar ref3">{{cite news |title=State bar council imposes self-lockdown; Lalu's release deferred |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/state-bar-council-imposes-self-lockdown-lalu-s-release-deferred-101618851331907.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

3. In April 2021, the council's imposition of a lockdown delayed former Bihar Chief Minister Lalu Yadav's release from jail on bail even though the orders for the same were issued by [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref name="jhar bar ref6">{{cite news |title=COVID-19: Lalu's Release Delayed as Jharkhand Bar Council Restricts Lawyers' Attendance |url=https://thewire.in/law/covid-19-lalus-release-delayed-as-jharkhand-bar-council-restricts-lawyers-attendance |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=The Wire |date=28 April 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://wbbarcouncil.org/ official website]


[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

St. Elmo Steak House

2025-12-13T19:22:53Z

It Is Unique Official: small fix

{{Short description|Restaurant in Indianapolis, Indiana, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox restaurant
| embed = no
| name = St. Elmo Steak House
| title = 
| logo =
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| logo_alt =
| image = St. Elmo Steak House (35379p).jpg
| image_width =
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| image_caption = St. Elmo Steak House in 2024
| mapframe = 
| pushpin_map = 
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
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| established = {{start date and age|1902|10}}
| closed = 
| current_owner = Steve and Craig Huse (Huse Culinary)
| previous_owner = Harry Roth and Isadore "Izzy" Rosen
| head_chef = Jeremy Holmes<ref name="Contreras"/>
| chef =
| pastry_chef =
| food_type = Steak and seafood
| dress_code = None
| rating =
| street_address = 127 S. Illinois St.
| city = [[Indianapolis]]
| county = [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
| postcode = 46225
| country = U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|39.764817|-86.159645|type:landmark_region:US-IN|display=inline,title}}
| seating_capacity = 455<ref name="Independents"/>
| reservations =
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| website = {{URL|stelmos.com}}
}}
'''St. Elmo Steak House''' is a [[restaurant]] in the [[Wholesale District, Indianapolis|Wholesale District]]<ref name="Contreras"/> of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], United States. Founded in 1902, it is the oldest [[steakhouse]] in Indianapolis. Its specialty [[shrimp cocktail]] has earned wide recognition in the American culinary scene.<ref name="Markisohn">{{cite encyclopedia |title=St. Elmo Steak House |encyclopedia=Digital Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |orig-date=1994 |year=2021 |last=Markisohn |first=Deborah B. |publisher=Indianapolis Public Library |url=https://indyencyclopedia.org/st-elmo-steak-house/ |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> In 2020, it was among the 25 highest-grossing independent restaurants in the U.S. with annual sales exceeding $21 million.<ref name="Independents">{{cite news |title=Top 100 Independents: St. Elmo Steak House |url=https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/top-100-independents-2020/st-elmo-steak-house |publisher=Winsight, LLC |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=Restaurant Business |date=2020}}</ref>

==History==
St. Elmo opened at the Braden's Block, or the Braden Building, in the [[Wholesale District, Indianapolis|Wholesale District]] of [[downtown Indianapolis]] in 1902.<ref name="Contreras">{{cite news |last=Contreras |first=Natalia E. |title='We'll survive this pandemic, too:' What St. Elmo's reopening says about Indianapolis |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/dining/restaurants/2020/07/01/indianapolis-restaurants-st-elmos-steak-house-survives-another-pandemic/3242571001/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Founder Joe Stahr named the restaurant after [[Erasmus of Formia]] (or St. Elmo), [[patron saint]] of sailors. In 1947, Stahr sold the business to local tavern operator Burt Condon. Condon's ownership was brief, selling the restaurant six months later to brothers Harry, Sam, and Ike Roth in 1948.<ref name="Markisohn"/>

In 1956, Sam and Ike Roth left the business to their brother, Harry, and new partner, Isadore "Izzy" Rosen. Roth and Rosen co-owned the establishment until 1986 when St. Elmo was sold to local entrepreneurs Stephen "Steve" Huse (founder of [[Noble Roman's]]) and Jeff Dunaway for [[US$]]2.5 million.<ref name="King">{{cite news |last=King |first=Mason |title=INSIDE DISH: St. Elmo stakes out expansion plan |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/26183-inside-dish-st-elmo-stakes-out-expansion-plan |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=Indianapolis Business Journal |date=March 25, 2011}}</ref> Steve Huse's son, Craig Huse, joined as a minority-owner in 1997 and operates the restaurant.<ref name="Olson">{{cite news |last=Olson |first=Scott |title=Historic St. Elmo building's exterior undergoing lengthy repairs |url=https://www.ibj.com/property-lines-scott-olson/58572-historic-st-elmo-buildings-exterior-undergoing-lengthy-repairs |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=Indianapolis Business Journal |date=May 12, 2016}}</ref> In 1998, Dunaway sold his 49-percent stake in ownership.<ref name="King"/>

A US$2 million renovation in 1997 refreshed the wine cellar, kitchen, and two dining rooms. In commemoration of the restaurant's 100th anniversary in 2002, exterior renovations were undertaken, including the installation of an awning, façade lighting, and decorative brick pavers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lovely |first=Lori |magazine=Indianapolis Monthly {{!}} 2003 Downtown Living Guide |title=Veteran's Day |publisher=Emmis Communications |date=July 2003 |pages=7–8 |issn=0899-0328 |quote=Now encompassing three buildings, the landmark eatery has undergone numerous changes and renovations, one of the most recent being what [Craig] Huse calls a $2 million 'reinvestment in the building' in 1997. Two dining rooms, a large kitchen open to the original tiger-oak back-bar, and an award-winning 20,000-bottle wine cellar were all part of the '97 makeover. For the building's 100th anniversary last year, Huse spruced up the exterior with lights, an awning and brick pavers.}}</ref> In 2011, renovations to the restaurant's second floor converted {{convert|3000|sqft|m2}} into a bar, 1933 Lounge—a homage to the year [[Prohibition in the United States|prohibition]] ended.<ref name="King"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Kightlinger |first=Cathy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/126384594 |url-access=subscription |title=St. Elmo lounge recalls dry times |date=September 25, 2011 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=G6 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=That's because they used Dec. 5, 1933 — the day the ban on alcohol in the United States ended — as a theme for the new 1933 Lounge. (...) Located on St. Elmo's second floor, and decorated by proprietor Craig Huse's interior designer wife, Jill, the lounge opened Sept. 16.}}</ref>

Since 2013, St. Elmo has partnered with the Indiana Sports Corp and [[Major League Eating]] to host an annual [[competitive eating]] event.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hunsinger Benbow |first=Dana |title=Joey Chestnut breaks world shrimp-eating record at St. Elmo Steak House contest |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/life/2013/12/07/joey-chestnut-breaks-world-shrimp-eating-record-at-st-elmo-steak-house-contest/3904581/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=December 7, 2013}}</ref> [[Joey Chestnut]] has remained undefeated since the inaugural competition<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jiang |first1=Hannah |last2=Barth |first2=Dylan |last3=Abadi |first3=Mark |title=There's a growing appetite for competitive eating contests — and it's become a valuable marketing tool for brands and cities |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/competitive-eating-contest-joey-chestnut-marketing-2020-1 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=Insider |date=January 29, 2020}}</ref> and holds the world record for consuming {{cvt|18|lb|9.6|oz}} of the restaurant's shrimp cocktail in eight minutes at the 2018 contest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Joey Chestnut sets world record, eating 18 Lb. 9.6 oz. of St. Elmo Shrimp Cocktail |url=https://www.indystar.com/picture-gallery/news/2018/12/01/joey-chestnut-wins-st-elmo-shrimp-cocktail-eating-championship-again/2177834002/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=December 3, 2018}}</ref>

St. Elmo Foods LLC was established in 2018 to oversee the restaurant's portfolio of retail products, including cocktail sauce, steak sauce, seasoning, horseradish, salad dressing, bourbon whiskey, and [[hard soda]].<ref name="IBJ">{{cite news |author= |title=St. Elmo Foods rolls out bourbon whiskey as its latest retail product |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/st-elmo-foods-rolls-out-bourbon-whiskey-as-its-latest-retail-product |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=Indianapolis Business Journal |date=October 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Cheryl V. |title=St. Elmo cans its signature 'Elmo Cola.' Here's how you can buy it. |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/dining/restaurants/2020/06/17/indianapolis-restaurants-st-elmo-cola-target-meijer-liquor-stores/3200834001/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=June 17, 2020}}</ref>

In November 2025, Huse Culinary was sued by Perry Tole, a man who was attacked by [[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]] [[color commentator]] and former NFL quarterback [[Mark Sanchez]], with Tole's lawsuit seeking damages under the state's [[dram shop]] act for St. Elmo overserving Sanchez drinks, and later attacking Tole in a nearby alley while he was filling his truck with used cooking oil, forcing Tole to stab Sanchez in self defense under duress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fox59.com/news/indycrime/st-elmos-parent-company-implicated-in-lawsuit-against-mark-sanchez/|title=St. Elmo's parent company implicated in lawsuit against Mark Sanchez|last=Maurer|first=Sam|date=November 21, 2025|work=[[WXIN]]|publisher=[[Nexstar Media Group]]|access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>

===Building and site===
[[File:View east, context, looking at west facades - Reinhardt Building, 133 South Illinois Street, Indianapolis, Marion County, IN HABS IND,49-IND,54-1.tif|thumb|left|Left to right: Braden's Block, Reinhardt, and Louis G. Deschler Company buildings, c. 1990]]
Since its establishment in 1902, St. Elmo has been located in the Braden's Block building.<ref name="King"/> Initially, the business occupied a small footprint on the building's ground-floor (the current front room and bar).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamm |first=Jeffrey S. |title=Classic Restaurants of Indianapolis |date=November 14, 2016 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-1-62585-723-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VhmDQAAQBAJ&q=st.%20elmo |access-date=July 17, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Beginning in the 1970s, St. Elmo expanded into the neighboring Reinhardt and Louis G. Deschler Company buildings to the south.<ref name="King"/> Despite extensive interior modifications, each building has maintained its unique historic façade.

Completed in 1875, Braden's Block (127–131 S. Illinois St.) is distinctive for its beveled northwestern bay and ornamental stone [[cornice]].<ref name="IHPC">{{cite web |title=Wholesale District Historic Area Plan |publisher=Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission |url=https://citybase-cms-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/375774ba24724c92a559ee8562c51eb6.pdf |pages=117–118 |year=1990 |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> The Braden's façade was extensively rehabilitated in 2016.<ref name="Olson"/> The [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]]-style Reinhardt Building (133 S. Illinois St.) is notable as the oldest surviving building on Illinois St. in the Mile Square, completed in 1864.<ref>{{HABS |survey=IN-255 |id=in0367 |title=Reinhardt Building, 133 South Illinois Street, Indianapolis, Marion County, IN |photos=3 |link=https://www.loc.gov/item/in0367/}}</ref> The Louis G. Deschler Company Building (135 S. Illinois St.) was built in the [[Renaissance Revival architecture|German Renaissance Revival]]-style in 1907. The three buildings are faced with brick and number three stories.<ref name="IHPC"/> They are contributing structures to the [[Indianapolis Union Station-Wholesale District]], listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url={{NRHP url|id=82000067}} |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form: Indianapolis Wholesale District |access-date=July 15, 2022 |format=PDF |pages=16–17 |author1=James A. Glass |author2=Mary Ellen Gadski |date=January 18, 1982 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}} {{NRHP url |id=82000067 |title=56 Photos (1979, 1982) |photos=y}}</ref>

[[Le Méridien Indianapolis Hotel]] is sited immediately north of St. Elmo, across a small service drive (formerly W. Chesapeake St.). Completed in 1995, [[Circle Centre Mall]] was constructed on the east and south sides of the three buildings.

==Cuisine==
[[File:St. Elmo Steak House Shrimp Cocktail (cropped).jpg|thumb|The shrimp cocktail at St. Elmo Steak House]]
St. Elmo's lone appetizer, a [[shrimp cocktail]], consists of four jumbo shrimp and a dollop of its signature spicy cocktail sauce. According to reporting by ''[[Indianapolis Monthly]]'', the restaurant orders four tons of horseradish,<ref name="Essential">{{cite news |title=The 25 Essential Eats Of Indy |url=https://www.indianapolismonthly.com/food-and-drinks/the-25-essential-eats-of-indy |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=Indianapolis Monthly |date=February 13, 2022}}</ref> 48,600 pounds of shrimp, and 3,800 gallons of sauce for more than 100,000 servings of the popular dish each year. In 2012, St. Elmo began bottling and selling its signature sauce via regional grocers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Six Things You Didn't Know About St. Elmo Steakhouse |url=https://www.indianapolismonthly.com/food-and-drinks/dining/st-elmo-steakhouse |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=Indianapolis Monthly |date=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

Navy bean soup and Red Gold tomato juice are the two available starter options, per tradition. Entrées are served with a choice of sides, either green beans or three varieties of potatoes (fries, baked, or redskin-mashed). Besides steak, other notable dishes include locally sourced [[Amish]] chicken, king crab mac 'n' cheese, and wedge salad.<ref name="Olmsted">{{cite web |last=Olmsted |first=Larry |title=Great American Bites: Indy's St. Elmo serves steak fit for a champion |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Travel/great-american-bites-indys-st-elmo-serves-steak/story?id=15670827 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=USA Today |date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>

The restaurant's basement wine cellar contains 20,000 bottles, including a bottle of 1902 [[Château Lafite Rothschild]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kightlinger |first=Cathy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/126341518 |url-access=subscription |title=That's rich: 4 unique experiences |date=February 3, 2012 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 15, 2022 |page=X17 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=St. Elmo also offers an intimate dining experience in its wine cellar. Privacy there is enhanced because customers are surrounded by 20,000 bottles of wine. (...) St. Elmo's crown jewel is a bottle of 1902 Château Lafite Rothschild.}}</ref> The restaurant's signature cocktail and most popular beverage, the Elmo Cola, consists of [[Maker's Mark]] bourbon infused with Luxardo cherries and Madagascar vanilla beans served alongside a classic bottle of [[Coca-Cola]].<ref name="IBJ"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Biro |first=Liz |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/619561413 |url-access=subscription |title=St. Elmo just got into the bourbon business |date=November 7, 2019 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=3H |via=Newspapers.com |quote='In fact, it may be more consistent than what we do in the restaurant,' Huse said, referring to the Makers Mark bourbon St. Elmo bartenders infuse with Luxardo cherries and Madagascar vanilla beans. The Elmo Cola is a glass of the bourbon served alongside a little, classic bottle of Coke.}}</ref>

==Reception==
In 2002, [[food critic]] Susan Guyett of ''[[The Indianapolis Star]]'' called the restaurant an "institution... that put Indianapolis on the national restaurant map".<ref name="Guyett">{{cite news |last=Guyett |first=Susan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107707591 |url-access=subscription |title=Venerable St. Elmo deserves its reputation |date=September 13, 2002 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=28 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=When it comes to dining in Indianapolis, St. Elmo Steak House is more than a restaurant; it's an institution. (...) Though same may not agree, it's St. Elmo – more than any other local eatery – that put Indianapolis on the national restaurant map.}}</ref> The restaurant's shrimp cocktail has been called one of the "essential eats" of Indianapolis by ''[[Indianapolis Monthly]].''<ref name="Essential"/> In 2012, St. Elmo was recognized with the [[List of James Beard America's Classics|America's Classics]] award by the [[James Beard Foundation]].<ref name="Ketzenberger">{{cite news |last=Ketzenberger |first=Jolene |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/126356758 |url-access=subscription |title=St. Elmo Steak House on Forbes' list of 10 classic restaurants |date=July 13, 2012 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 15, 2022 |page=D6 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=St. Elmo Steak House, established in 1902, was recently included in a Forbes.com gallery of 10 classic restaurants around the world. (...) St. Elmo was honored earlier this year with an America's Classic award from the James Beard Foundation.}}</ref> Due to its distinctive dishes and longevity, the restaurant has been featured in numerous publications, including ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Hanley |first=Marge |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/312550544 |url-access=subscription |title=Perfect Steak, Medium Rare |date=May 1, 1976 |newspaper=The Indianapolis News |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=17 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Esquire magazine evidently agreed with the restaurant's definition of perfection because St. Elmo was listed in the magazine's February 1973 feature, 'This is the Perfect Steak.'}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'',<ref name="Ketzenberger"/> ''[[The New York Times]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Considine |first=Austin |title=36 Hours in Indianapolis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/travel/36-Hours-what-to-do-Indianapolis.html |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Reader's Digest]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Corbin |first=Melissa |title=The Best Traditional Restaurant in Every State |url=https://www.rd.com/list/traditional-restaurant/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |publisher=Trusted Media Brands, Inc. |work=Reader's Digest |date=July 6, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Koren |first=Marina |title=The 20 Most Iconic Food Destinations Across America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/the-20-most-iconic-food-destinations-across-america-24768503/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=Smithsonian |date=August 6, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=The Best Steakhouses in the United States |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/food-drink/restaurants/best-steakhouses-in-the-us |access-date=July 16, 2022 |work=Travel + Leisure |date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> and ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref name="Olmsted"/>

St. Elmo has also been featured in numerous television programs, including ''[[The Best Thing I Ever Ate]]'',<ref name="Kightlinger">{{cite news |last=Kightlinger |first=Cathy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/126264625 |url-access=subscription |title=St. Elmo has spot on 'Best Thing' |date=March 9, 2010 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 15, 2022 |page=A11 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=But this week, the Illinois Street eatery – a well-known favorite of Colts quarterback Peyton Manning and his is family – is going to get even more notoriety when it is featured on an episode of "The Best Thing I Ever Ate," scheduled to air at 10 p.m. Friday on the Food Network.}}</ref> ''[[CBS This Morning]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Cheryl V. |title=These are some of the best steakhouses in downtown Indianapolis |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/dining/restaurants/2022/01/03/downtown-indianapolis-best-steakhouses-where-eat-and-menu-suggestions/9005702002/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=January 3, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Drinking Made Easy]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=October 31, 2012 |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/37618-st-elmo-to-be-featured-on-cable-television-show |title=St. Elmo to be featured on cable television show |work=Indianapolis Business Journal |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> ''[[Food Paradise]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Guide: Steak Paradise 3|url=http://www.travelchannel.com/tv-shows/steak-paradise-3-travel-guide|publisher=Travel Channel|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> ''[[Man v. Food]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Bahr |first=Sarah |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/470542816 |url-access=subscription |title=Tenderloin bests 'Man v. Food' host |date=August 9, 2018 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 15, 2022 |pages=A3, A8 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Webb visited Indianapolis earlier this year to gulp down the largest item on the St. Elmo Steak House menu, the 38-ounce, slow-roasted, marbled monster of prime rib. He also tackled Traders Point Creamery's fried-egg topped, bread crumb-garnished take on mac 'n' cheese, which he deemed "Mac 'n' Cheese 2.0," in the Indianapolis episode that aired Monday night on the Travel Channel.}}</ref> ''[[Parks and Recreation]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Hayden |first=Maureen |date=January 14, 2013 |url=https://www.heraldbulletin.com/community/parks-and-rec-episode-shot-in-indianapolis-airs-thursday/article_54293db0-a63c-5d86-a511-80b6317a015b.html |title='Parks and Rec' episode shot in Indianapolis airs on Thursday |work=The Herald Bulletin |access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lindquist |first=David |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/106834851 |url-access=subscription |title='Parks and Rec' is headed back to Indianapolis |date=September 28, 2013 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 15, 2022 |page=A2 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Last December, cast members Nick Offerman, Aziz Ansari, Adam Scott, Chris Pratt, Rob Lowe and Jim O'Heir visited Lucas Oil Stadium and St. Elmo Steak House to shoot scenes for an episode titled 'Two Parties.'}}</ref> and ''[[Thursday Night Football]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Horner |first=Scott |title=St. Elmo Steak House shrimp cocktail used in NFL analysis |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2021/11/04/st-elmo-steak-house-shrimp-cocktail-used-nfl-analysis/6290983001/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=November 4, 2021}}</ref> The restaurant is a popular eatery for visiting celebrities,<ref name="Olmsted"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Lynn |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/107423081 |url-access=subscription |title=Food for the Famous |date=August 30, 1994 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=D1 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=While Benvenuti has several notables among its clientele, St. Elmo Steak House may be ''the'' hot spot for big names: The walls prove it.}}</ref> reportedly a favorite of [[Peyton Manning]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Clifton |title=Peyton Manning's man cave for 14 seasons in Indy was St. Elmo Steak House |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2017/10/05/peyton-manning-st-elmo-steakhouse-colts/717085001/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=October 5, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kightlinger"/> [[Jim Nantz]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Jill |title=5 Questions: St. Elmo's Craig Huse strives to carry on tradition |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/money/2014/01/25/5-questions-st-elmos-craig-huse-strives-to-carry-on-tradition-/4894795/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |work=The Indianapolis Star |date=January 25, 2014}}</ref> and [[Simon Pagenaud]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Biro |first=Liz |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/108213594 |url-access=subscription |title=7 restaurants to spot IndyCar drivers |date=May 21, 2015 |newspaper=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=July 16, 2022 |page=7N |via=Newspapers.com |quote=Earlier this year, Simon Pagenaud listed St. Elmo as one of his favorite restaurants when he lived in Indy.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of steakhouses]]
*[[List of attractions and events in Indianapolis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|St. Elmo Steak House}}
*{{official website|http://www.stelmos.com/}}

{{Restaurants in Indianapolis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Elmo Steak House}}
[[Category:America's Classics winners]]
[[Category:Steakhouses in the United States]]
[[Category:1902 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1902]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Indianapolis]]

Manuguru–CSMT Kolhapur Express

2025-12-06T03:44:21Z

It Is Unique Official: adding a article w/ infobox.

{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur - Manuguru Express
| image = Solapur to CSMT Kolhapur to Manuguru Express name board.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|03|14}}
| last = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|11|20}}
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Manuguru]] ('''MUGR''')
| stops = 33
| end = {{rws|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus}} ('''KOP''')
| distance = {{convert|997|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment = No
| baggage =
| otherfacilities=
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11303/11304
| speed = {{cvt|47|km/h}}
| map = [[File:(Kolhapur - Manuguru) Express Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''Manuguru - Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur Express''' was an express train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus railway station|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Manuguru]] of [[Telangana]]. It was permanently cancelled now.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-five-day-block-near-cr-s-solapur-to-lay-new-tracks-starting-february1-2296726 "Five day block near CR's Solapur to lay new tracks starting February 1"]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Need-to-improve-Churchorem-railway-station-Cabral/articleshow/54708603.cms | title=Need to improve Churchorem railway station: Cabral | date=6 October 2016 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=19 May 2018 }}</ref>

There is a consideration to terminate this train at either Miraj Jn or Belgaum.

Passengers demand termination at Miraj as Manuguru express is the only train connecting Western Maharashtra with Hyderabad

== Service ==

The 11303/Manuguru - SCSMT Kolhapur Express has an average speed of 42 km/h and covers 997 km in 23 hrs 30 mins. 11304/SCSMT Kolhapur - Manuguru Express has an average speed of 41 km/h and 997 km in 23 hrs 10 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:
* [[Manuguru]] (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Bhadrachalam Road}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Dornakal Junction}} (From 15 March 2018)
* [[Mahabubabad]] (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Warangal}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Kazipet}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Jangaon}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Bhongir}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Secunderabad}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Hyderabad Deccan}} (Till 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Begumpet}} (From 15 March 2018)
* {{rws|Vikarabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{rws|Bellary Junction}}
* {{rws|Hosapete Junction}}
* {{rws|Gadag Junction}}
* {{rws|Hubli Junction}}
* {{rws|Dharwad}}
* {{rws|Londa Junction}}
* {{rws|Belgaum}}
* {{rws|Miraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Hatkanangale}}
* {{rws|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus}}

==Coach composite==

The train consists of 15 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 7 Sleeper Coaches
* 4 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

== Traction ==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] or [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from [[Manuguru]] to [[Guntakal]] and from Guntakal it is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Guntakal|Guntakal Loco Shed]] based [[WDM 3A, WDM 3D, WDG3A]] diesel locomotive as far as [[Kolhapur]] and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

It share its rake with 11051/11052 [[Solapur - CSMT Kolhapur Express|Solapur - SCSMT Kolhapur Express]].

== Direction reversal ==

Train Reverses its direction 2 times:

* {{rws|Miraj Junction}}
* {{rws|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{rws|Bhadrachalam Road}} (i.e., from 15 March 2018)

== See also ==

* [[Solapur - CSMT Kolhapur Express|Solapur - SCSMT Kolhapur Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

* Will be extended to [[Manuguru]] from 15 March 2018 via [[Begumpet railway station]], [[Secunderabad Junction]], [[Bhongir railway station]], [[Jangaon railway station]], [[Kazipet Junction railway station]] [[Warangal railway station]], [[Mahabubabad]], [[Dornakal Junction railway station]], [[Bhadrachalam Road]].
* [http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=10021&id=0,5,268 New Time Table]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/hyderabad-csmt-kolhapur-express-11303/14054/834/77 11303/Hyderabad - CSMT Kolhapur Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/csmt-kolhapur-hyderabad-express-11304/14068/77/834 11304/CSMT Kolhapur - Hyderabad Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manuguru-CSMT Kolhapur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Songpi

2025-12-04T21:01:00Z

It Is Unique Official: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Songpi
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name = Old Churachandpur
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.3344|93.6525|format=dms| display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 670
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = {{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|pp=164, 182}}
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Paite language|Paite]] and [[Thadou language|Thadou]] languages ([[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin group]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-frame-width = 270
| mapframe-frame-height = 300
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Songpi''', at one time called "Churachandpur", is a village in the [[Churachandpur district]], [[Manipur]], India. It served as the headquarters of one of the first hill subdivisions established under the [[British Raj]] in the 1920s, which also came to be called the "Churachandpur Subdivision". Later, the Songpi cum "Churachandpur" village served as the headquarters of the Christian missionary organisation, North-East India General Mission (NEIGM).

After the British departure, a new headquarters was built at "New Churachandpur" 6 km to the east (which became the presen-day [[Churachandpur Town]]), and Songpi reverted to a regular village. The area around the old headquarters is called the '''Mission Compound''' and listed in the census as a separate village.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|pp=164, 182}}

== Geography ==
{{expand section|date=January 2025}}
Songpi is 6 km west of the [[Churachandpur Town]] on the [[Tipaimukh Road]] ([[National Highway 2 (India)|National Highway 2]]).

== History ==
During the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917-1919]], the chief of Songpi, Semthong Haokip, refrained from taking part in the rebellion and was regarded as a "friendly" chief by the British.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|p=55}}{{sfnp|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019|p=115}} Songpi was also at a strategic height overlooking the valley leading to the [[Thangjing Hill]], and used as the location of an [[Assam Rifles]] post.<ref>{{citation |title=History of the Assam Rifles |first=Colonel L. W. |last=Shakespear |publisher=Macmillan And Co |location=London |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2395 |via=archive.org |pages=203–204, 235}}</ref>

=== Subdivision headquarters ===
After the rebellion, the British Raj decided to set up four subdivisions for the hill areas, one of which, the South-West Subdivision, was headquartered at Songpi.{{efn|A "sub-division" in the British system was a smaller unit of administration than a district, but often larger than native units of administration such as [[tehsil]] or taluka, which were styled "circles". The whole of Manipur was a single district under the British Raj. Four sub-divisions for hill regions were created in 1919. Other than Churachandpur, there was a North-West Sub-division headquartered at [[Tamenglong]], a North-East Sub-division headquartered at [[Ukhrul]], and a fourth sub-division headquartered at Imphal that covered the remaining areas (extreme north and the south-east).{{sfnp|Singh, History of Christian Missions|1991|p=161}}}} B. C. Gasper was appointed as the subvidivisional officer. In 1921, Gasper organised a feast to welcome back the labour corps workers that returned from [[World War I]], to which Maharaja Churachand Singh was invited. It was decided on that occasion to give the name "Churachandpur" to the Songpi village.<ref name="IE Lamka">
{{citation |author=Sukrit Baruah |title=Amid ongoing violence, why there is an open challenge to the name of Manipur's Churachandpur |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=10 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/manipur-churachandpur-lamka-kuki-zomi-meitei-history-8820659/}}
</ref><ref name="Gangte">
T. Dongzakai Gangte, [https://zogam.com/articles/articles-i/general-articles/3026-a-brief-history-of-churachandpur.html A brief history of Churachandpur], Churachandpur District magazine, 2008. (via Zogam.com, 22 July 2009).
</ref> In due course, the subdivision headquartered here also came to be known as the "Churachandpur Subdivision".{{sfnp|Singh, History of Christian Missions|1991|p=161}}{{sfnp|Chishti, Political Development in Manipur|1979|p=45}}
In 1930, the Sub-Divisional Officers (S.D.O.'s) were withdrawn due to dearth of staff and the subdivision was administered directly from Imphal. The Songpi/Churachandpur office fell into disuse.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985|pp=158–159}}{{efn|While two other subdivision offices, at Ukhrul and Tamenglong, were reopened due to disturbances, the Churachandpur office remained closed.{{sfnp|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985|pp=159–160}}}}

=== Churachandpur Mission ===
Subsequently the Manipur administration sold the buildings of the Sub-Divisional Office to the North-East India General Mission (NEIGM, a Christian mission).{{efn|It was originally called Indo-Burma Thadou-Kuki Pioneer Mission.{{sfnp|Vaiphei, Christian Missionaries and Colonialism|2015|p=188}}}} The Mission also acquired the land around the site from the chief of Songpi. A village grew up on this land, which continued to be called "Churachandpur", while the Songpi village reverted to its original name. The village was called "Churachandpur Mission" as late as 1971. It had twice the population of Songpi.<ref>
[http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4343/1/51225_1971_SOU.pdf District Census Handbook – Manipur South District], Director of Census Operations, Manipur, page 31.
</ref>

== Demographics ==
In the 2011 census, the Songpi village has a population of 554 people, and the village associated with the "Mission Compound" (Old Churachandpur) has a population of 116.{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|pp=164, 182}}

== See also ==
* [[List of populated places in Churachandpur district]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144521638.pdf |year=1979 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |via=core.ac.uk |degree=PhD |ref={{sfnref|Chishti, Political Development in Manipur|1979}}}}
** {{citation |last=Chishti |first=S. M. A. W. |title=Political Development in Manipur, 1919-1949 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcxSM_ZO30C |year=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-424-8 |ref={{sfnref|Chishti, Political Development in Manipur|2005}}}}
* {{citation |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |chapter='Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=37– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |ref={{sfnref|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |chapter=Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the ‘largest series of military operations’ in the northeastern frontier of India |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=93– |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019}}}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Ibochou Singh |first=Khwairakpam |title=British administration in Manipur 1891–1947 |publisher=Gauhati University |via=Shodhganga |degree=PhD |year=1985 |hdl=10603/66697 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66697 |ref={{sfnref|Ibochou Singh, British administration in Manipur|1985}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. M. |title=History of the Christian Missions in Manipur and Neighbouring States |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-7099-285-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi0000sing |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Singh, History of Christian Missions|1991}}}}
** {{citation |first=Lianboi |last=Vaiphei |chapter=Christian Missionaries and Colonialism in the Hills of Manipur |editor1=Arambam Noni |editor2=Kangujam Sanatomba |title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT183 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27066-9 |pages=183– |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-16 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Vaiphei, Christian Missionaries and Colonialism|2015}}}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |last=Vualzong |first=Ginza |title=The Story Behind Songpi, Churachandpur and Lamka |url=https://www.zogam.com/articles/articles-i/general-articles/3022-the-story-behind-songpi-churachandpur-and-lamka.html |date=29 March 2015 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.zogam.com}}
* Gangte, Thangzam (undated) ''Churachandpur Chanchin'' (An Account of Churachandpur)
* Ginsum, H (undated) ''Lamka Vangkhua'' (Lamka Town).
* Kamkhenthang, Dr. H (1995) "Lamka Town vis-a-vis Churachandpur", ''Shan'' (daily), 21 December.
* Kamkhenthang (1998) "Lamka (Churachandpur)" in B.D. Ray, A.K. Neog & H.K. Mazhari (eds.) ''Urban Development in North-East India : Potentiality and Problems'', New Delhi: Vedams Books.
* Manipur State Archives, Imphal: ''Manipur State Durbar 1907–1947'' – Papers related to the Court of the President of Manipur State Durbar, Hill Misc. Case No. 28 of 1945–46, Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka; also Misc Case No. 504 of 1934 Phungkhothang Chief of Hiangtam Lamka.

{{Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

Khandar Fort

2025-11-13T21:44:56Z

It Is Unique Official: cleaned up citations as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Fort in Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandar Fort
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Taragarh Fort
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Fort
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|1|24|N|76|36|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]], Harauti, Dundhani
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 322025
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07468
| registration_plate = RJ-25
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sawai Madhopur
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = sawai madhopur-tonk
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khandar Fort''' is an ancient fort located in [[Khandar|Khandar Tehsil]], [[Sawai Madhopur]] district, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. This fort is on the boundary of [[Ranthambore National Park]]. The fort has three big entrances, but they are damaged.

==Geography==
It is located at {{coord|26|1|24|N|76|36|25|E}}.<ref>http://wikimapia.org/9690979/Khandar-Fort {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}</ref>

==Location==
The fort is 40 km away from the main city.

==History==
[[File:Kangure.jpg|thumb|220px|Walls of Khandar Fort]]
Khandar fort was built by Kshatriya [[Badgujar]] rulers. But eventually due to internal conflicts between Rajput rulers Badgujar lost its control and thus was a major setback for Badgujars. After losing their lands in fight against [[Kachhwaha]] rajputs. Badgujars migrated to neighbouring states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]]. Located on top of a strategic vertical hill, the Khandar Fort in [[Sawai Madhopur]] could never come under an easy attack and thus was truly regarded as invincible and was a favorite of many dynasties in India. It is also said that king of this fort never lost in the war. This fort also tells some historical stories by the damaged walls and gates.

The fort was long ruled by the Sisodia kings of Mewar after which it was taken over by the Mughals for a short while before coming under the direct control of the Maharajas of Jaipur in the 18th century.<ref>http://www.rajasthanandwildlife.com/sawai-madhopur-tour/forts-in-sawai-madhopur/khandar-fort.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031754/http://www.rajasthanandwildlife.com/sawai-madhopur-tour/forts-in-sawai-madhopur/khandar-fort.html |date=20 April 2019 }} Sisodia Kings' Rule</ref>

This fort also belonged to [[Bargujar|Badgujar]] Kings and was attacked by [[Alauddin Khalji|Allaudin Khilji]].

==Attractions within the Khandar Fort==
There are seven temples within the Khandar Fort. There is an old Jain temple which displays an exquisite work of carved rock idols of Jain Gurus. There is also a Hanuman temple with a single stone idol of Lord Hanuman with a demon under its feet. The other temples at the Khandar Fort are Chaturbhuja Temple, Gobind Devji Temple, Jagatpalji Temple, and Jayanti Mata Temple. Chaturbhuja Temple houses an impressive idol of the four-armed God. An annual fair is held at the Jayanti Mata Temple. There is also the beautiful Rani Temple of the Khandar Fort located on top of the highest platform of the fort and perhaps the most magnificent part of the Fort. There are a lot of damaged sculptures here.

Other attractions at the Khandar Fort are the two huge water tanks of Ramkunda and Laxmankunda. Seven small ponds are also there but due to lack of maintenance, only four ponds are clearly visible. Tigers, leopards, and many other wild animals can be easily seen in the fort.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rajtourism.com/citiesofraj.htm Rajasthan Tourism]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Khandar-Fort-66573.htm About Khandar Fort]

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sawai Madhopur district]]

Peraciezie Ward

2025-11-07T03:35:00Z

It Is Unique Official: Created The Details From Scratch

{{one source|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Peraciezie Ward
| other_name = High School
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
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| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.688963|N|94.098448|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
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| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Peraciezie Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 1 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Peraciezie Ward:'''
* G. Rio School
* Rüzhükhrie Government Higher Secondary School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map1.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 1]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Hindustan Pencils

2025-10-31T11:11:30Z

It Is Unique Official: starting a article basic info

{{Short description|Indian stationery manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Hindustan_Pencils.jpeg
| type =
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1958||}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = [[Stationery]]
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Pencils]]|Office products}}
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| traded_as =
| homepage = {{URL| https://www.hindustanpencils.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Natraj pencil container.jpg|thumb|Nataraj pencil metal container in the 1990's]]
'''Hindustan Pencils Pvt. Ltd.''' is an Indian manufacturer of [[pencil]]s, writing materials and other stationery items, established in 1958<ref name="Sople">{{cite book|author=Sople|title=Supply Chain Management: Text and Cases|date=29 May 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SM8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA408|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-93-325-1169-9|pages=408–}}</ref> in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai). The company makes writing implements under the brands '''Nataraj''' and '''Apsara''', and claims to be the largest pencil manufacturer in [[India]].<ref name=companysite>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustanpencils.com/|title=The Most Popular Pencil of India|publisher=Hindustan Pencils Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

==History==

The company was started in 1958 by friends B. J. Sanghvi (fondly called as Babubhai), Ramnath Mehra and Mansookani.
It is now one of the most well known pencil manufacturing companies in India and it manufactures writing instruments; primarily wood-cased pencils, sharpeners, erasers and pens under the Nataraj and Apsara brands.
Hindustan Pencils is a market leader with a 45% market share and is the largest manufacturer in [[India]], making over 8.5 million pencils a day.
It currently has a presence in over 50 countries.

It also produces a line of coloured pencils under the Colorama brand. In 2013, a law student in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] filed a consumer complaint against the company over its coloured pencils, claiming that the "skin" colour was lighter than his own skin colour, and that the company's preference for the lighter "skin" colour promoted "racist ideas" (or [[colourism]]).<ref name=colorama2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/student-sues-company-over-racist-crayon/article4792263.ece|title=Student sues company over 'racist' crayon|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=Sudipto|last=Mondal|date=8 June 2013|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> The "skin" coloured pencil was also the subject of a campaign by anti-discrimination activist group ''Brown n' Proud''.<ref name=jha2015>{{cite book|title=The Global Beauty Industry: Colorism, Racism, and the National Body|publisher=Routledge|date=2015|last=Jha|first=Meeta|pages=81–82|isbn=9781317557951}}</ref>

==Products==

[[File:Pencil on table.jpg|thumb|Nataraj 621 HB [[graphite]] pencil]]

Hindustan Pencils' products include: ''621'', ''Bold'', ''Marble'' (pencils) and ''Dust Clear'' (eraser) under the Nataraj brand; ''Platinum'', ''Absolute'' (pencils) and ''Long Point'' (pencil sharpener) under the Apsara brand.
The range of products is as follows:

{| class="wikitable" width="800px"
|-
! width=150px| Type
! width=650px| Products
|-
| [[Writing implement]]s || [[pencils]], [[mechanical pencil]]s, [[ballpoint pen]]s
|-
| [[list of art media|Art materials]] ||[[colored pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s
|-
| Others || [[Eraser]]s, [[Pencil sharpener|sharpener]]s, [[ruler]]s
|}

== See also ==
*[[Kokuyo Camlin]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://www.hindustanpencils.com/}}

[[Category:Pencil brands]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Stationery]]

7 RCR (TV series)

2025-10-30T07:25:04Z

It Is Unique Official: general reworked article per sources further and added references

{{About|the television series|the official residence of PM of India|7, Race Course Road}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = 7 RCR...Projecting India's Future
| image =
| genre = Documentary
| creator =
| starring = [[Chetan Bhagat]]
| narrated = Chetan Bhagat
| director = Puneet Sharma
| producer =
| country = India
| language =  Hindi
| num_episodes = 15
| network = [[ABP News]]
| runtime = 60 minutes
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|1|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2014|3|29|df=y}}
}}

'''''7 RCR...Projecting India's Future''''' is an Indian television politics-based reality series/documentary series, hosted by Indian author, columnist, and speaker [[Chetan Bhagat]] on Hindi news channel [[ABP News]], which premiered on 11 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news| title = Chetan Bhagat's '7 RCR' to go on air Jan 11|newspaper= Business Standard India|publisher= IANS| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/chetan-bhagat-s-7-rcr-to-go-on-air-jan-11-114011001227_1.html|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> This is a show of dramatized biographies of all those who have the mettle to make it to [[7, Race Course Road]], the Prime Minister's official residence, presented in the most interesting manner.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/show-time/race-for-7-rcr-begins-on-abp-news.html| title = RACE FOR 7 RCR BEGINS ON ABP NEWS}}</ref> It aims to bring to the audience the never seen before facts of [[Indian history]]. The 7 RCR show started immediately after the much critically acclaimed [[Pradhanmantri (TV Series)]] hosted by [[Shekhar Kapur]].<ref>{{cite news| title = ABP to telecast new show '7 RCR'|newspaper= Business Standard India|publisher= IANS| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/abp-to-telecast-new-show-7-rcr-114011001178_1.html|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014|agency= Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = 7 RCR- A New Series on ABP News| url =http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/7-rcr-a-new-series-on-abp-news-140110|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> 7 RCR is a show in lead up to [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Chetan Bhagat's '7 RCR' to go on air Jan 11| url =http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/chetan-bhagat-39-39-7-rcr-39-air-141626487.html|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Chetan Bhagat to narrate biographies of PM candidates in ABP News' new show 7 RCR| url =http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/01/10/article111313.ece/Chetan-Bhagat-to-narrate-biographies-of-PM-candidates-in-ABP-News%E2%80%99-new-show-7-RCR#.UtASidIW2Ao|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Write things-Mumbai Mirror| url =http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/mumbai-001/I-Diva/articleshow/28607286.cms|date= 11 January 2014 | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref> Raghi Papiya Joshi and Sohan Thakur are casting Directors of the show. It showed 8 possible candidates for PM of India. The series is re-launched post-election with episodes on Narendra Modi's journey to 7RCR on 24 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/05/24/article328824.ece/Re-launch-of-ABP-News%E2%80%99-popular-show-7-RCR-chance-to-win-an-iPad-mini#| title = Re-launch of ABP News' popular show 7 RCR; chance to win an iPad mini}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Navni Parihar]] as [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Suzanne Bernert]] as [[Sonia Gandhi]] in 7 RCR.
| align = right

| image1 =
| width1 = 100
| alt1 = Indira Gandhi

| image2 =
| width2 = {{#expr: (125 * 634 / 634) round 0}}
| alt2 = Sonia Gandhi
}}

* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Ambalal Khosti, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] Pracharak
*[[Navni Parihar]] as [[Indira Gandhi]]
*[[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
*[[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as [[Jaswant Singh]]
*[[Suzanne Bernert]] as [[Sonia Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Suzanne-Bernert-to-play-Sonia-Gandhi/movie-review/29716826.cms| title = Suzanne Bernert to play Sonia Gandhi| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1085735/playing-sonia-gandhi| title = Playing Sonia Gandhi - Newspaper - DAWN.COM| date = 9 February 2014}}</ref>
* Kartik Soni as [[Rahul Gandhi]]
*Sangam Rai as [[Narendra Modi]]

== Episodes ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|- align="center"
!width=8%|Episode
!width=29%|Topic
!width=15%|{{nowrap|Original Air date}}
|-
|1
|Story Of Narendra Modi From 1950 To 2001
|11 January 2014
|-
|2
|Story Of Narendra Modi in Controversial Years From 2001 To 2013
|18 January 2014
|-
|3
|Truth Behind Brand Modi
|25 January 2014
|-
|4
|Story Of Rahul Gandhi From 1970 To 2004
|1 February 2014
|-
|5
|Story Behind Not Naming Rahul Gandhi As PM Candidate For 2014 General Elections
|8 February 2014
|-
|6
|Story Of Arvind Kejriwal's Rise
|15 February 2014
|-
|7
|Story Of Arvind Kejriwal – Jan Lokpal Bill To 49 – Day CM Of Delhi
|22 February 2014
|-
|8
|Story Of Nitish Kumar – CM Of Bihar
|1 March 2014
|-
|9
|Story Of Mayawati
|8 March 2014
|-
|10
|Story Of Mulayam Singh Yadav
|15 March 2014
|-
|11
|Story Of Jayalalithaa – AIADMK Supremo
|22 March 2014
|-
|12
|Story Of Mamata Banerjee – CM Of West Bengal
|29 March 2014
|-
|13
|Narendra Modi's Journey From Childhood To 7 RCR
|24 May 2014
|-
|14
|Election Journey Of Narendra Modi To 7 RCR
|31 May 2014
|-
|15
|Masterplan Of Narendra Modi's NDA Govt.
|7 June 2014
|}

== Episode URLs ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Episode !! Episode URL
|-
| Episode 1 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1nBPAfwVRA Story Of Narendra Modi From 1950 To 2001]
|-
| Episode 2 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp-BlKjocZg Story Of Narendra Modi In Controversial Years From 2001 To 2013]
|-
| Episode 3 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxDiqnaOpbg Truth Behind Brand Modi]
|-
| Episode 4 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VzAT2eGoh0 Story Of Rahul Gandhi From 1970 To 2004]
|-
| Episode 5 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkRVwAcSvFs Story Behind Not Naming Rahul Gandhi As PM Candidate For 2014 General Elections]
|-
| Episode 6 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orZwEe6ZTDA Story Of Arvind Kejriwal's Rise]
|-
| Episode 7 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJhRalaRIEs&list=PL4gSUwMBf0L21DB3NxL2PLDo9PxiSSvGS&index=7 Story Of Arvind Kejriwal – Jan Lokpal Bill To 49 – Day CM Of Delhi]
|-
| Episode 8 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO_O21mpc7w&list=PL4gSUwMBf0L21DB3NxL2PLDo9PxiSSvGS&index=8 Story Of Nitish Kumar – CM Of Bihar]
|-
| Episode 9 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEFyhY6cqJI Story Of Mayawati]
|-
| Episode 10 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4DFhW6znxQ Story Of Mulayam Singh Yadav]
|-
| Episode 11 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me7Sfo0f5bc Story Of Jayalalithaa – AIADMK Supremo]
|-
| Episode 12 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWqOPDgj-IY Story Of Mamata Banerjee – CM Of West Bengal]
|-
| Episode 14 ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph3Mo6RKWIM Election Journey Of Narendra Modi To 7 RCR]
|-
| Episode 15 ||Masterplan Of Narendra Modi's NDA Govt.
|-
|}

==Reception==

===Social media===
The show noticed a huge engagement on social media with the #7RCR trending on Twitter for over 4 days in India on its launch. The [[hashtag]] was promoted heavily by ABP News through running contest on Twitter started on 18 January 2014. The lucky winners of the #7RCR contest were given [[iPad Mini]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Following the 7RCR's success, [[Aaj Tak]] started a documentary series named Aandolan, which is narrated by [[Om Puri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aaj Tak launches AANDOLAN|url=http://mediakhabar.in/?p=2246|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214939/http://mediakhabar.in/?p=2246|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Controversies===
The producer of this series, ABP News, came under controversy over showing Arvind Kejriwal under negative light.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Use of language on defining every aspect of his life has been overly negative.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Arvind Kejriwal himself tweeted about his surprise over the episode on his life. ABP News itself in under criticism for producing biased news.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}.

On the contrary, ABP News has appealed to Arvind Kejriwal to tell about the 'fictional' part of the show and has mentioned that he will be given space to clarify his stand.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABP News stands by 7 RCR, requests Kejriwal to tell what is fictional in show, the channel will be happy to carry it|url=http://www.abplive.in/video/video_india/2014/02/15/article263583.ece/ABP-News-stands-by-7-RCR-requests-Kejriwal-to-tell-what-is-fictional-in-show-the-channel-will-be-happy-to-carry-it|access-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pradhanmantri (TV Series)]]
* [[Samvidhaan (TV Series)]]
* [[Bharatvarsh (TV Series)]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.abplive.in/incoming/2014/01/16/article247565.ece/7RCR-Contest-Terms--Conditions#.Uto1-9K6bIV 7RCR Contest]
* [http://www.abplive.in/7rcr/ 7RCR website on ABP News]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:ABP News original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian documentary television series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian television]]
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]
[[Category:Kejriwal government]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]
[[Category:Jayalalithaa]]
[[Category:Jaswant Singh]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]

Second Nanda ministry

2025-10-20T16:05:28Z

It Is Unique Official:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Short description|Interim Union Council of Ministers}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = Second Gulzarilal Nanda ministry
| cabinet_type = 
| cabinet_number = ''Interim''
| jurisdiction = the [[Republic of India]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Gulzarilal Nanda 1999 stamp of India.jpg
| caption =
| date_formed = {{Start date|1966|01|11|df=y}}
| date_dissolved = {{End date|1966|01|24|df=y}}
| government_head = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = ''None''
| opposition_leader = ''None''
| election = ''None''
| last_election = ''None''
| legislature_term = {{Age in years, months and days|1966|01|11|1966|01|24}}
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 = 
| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| predecessor = [[Shastri ministry]]
| successor = [[First Indira Gandhi ministry]]
}}
The '''Second Gulzarilal Nanda ministry''' was formed as an interim cabinet upon the death in office of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] on 11 January 1966.

==Cabinet==
;Key
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned

===Cabinet ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=n}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], and Minister of Atomic Energy
| minister1 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| minister1 = [[Swaran Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council">{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers - Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1966%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20DEC/CAB-1966-01-11_003.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 January 1966|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
| minister1 = [[Sachindra Chaudhuri]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council">{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers - Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1966%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20DEC/CAB-1966-01-11_003.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 January 1966|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals
| minister1 = [[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]
| minister1 = [[S. K. Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Minister of Education]]
| minister1 = [[M. C. Chagla]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]]
| minister1 = [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Communications and Parliamentary Affairs and [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Satya Narayan Sinha]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| minister1 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Steel and Mines
| minister1 = [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food and Agriculture
| minister1 = [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law and Social Security
| minister1 = [[Ashoke Kumar Sen]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Mahavir Tyagi]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 15 January 1966{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1966%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20DEC/CAB-1966-01-15_007.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 January 1966|accessdate=28 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
|}

===Ministers of State===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=n}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Works and Housing (additional charge as Minister of Rehabilitation from 15 January)
| minister1 = [[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Commerce
| minister1 = [[Manubhai Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[Raj Bahadur]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Community Development and Cooperation
| minister1 = [[S. K. Dey]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health
| minister1 = [[Sushila Nayyar]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Home Affairs) and Defence Supplies in the Ministry of Defence
| minister1 = [[Jaisukh lal Hathi]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (External Affairs)
| minister1 = [[Lakshmi N. Menon]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Supply)
| minister1 = [[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Petroleum and Chemicals)
| minister1 = [[O. V. Alagesan]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Railways)
| minister1 = [[Ram Subhag Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Law) and Minister of State (Social Security)
| minister1 = [[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Irrigation and Power)
| minister1 = [[K. L. Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning and Minister of State (Finance)
| minister1 = [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Defence Production
| minister1 = [[A.M. Thomas]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Revenue and Expenditure)
| minister1 = [[C. M. Poonacha]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industry
| minister1 = [[Tribhuvan Narain Singh|T. N. Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 January 1966
| minister1_termend = 24 January 1966
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = <ref name="Council"/>
}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian federal ministries}}

[[Category:Indian union ministries|Nanda II]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1966|Nanda II]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1966|Nanda II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1966|Nanda II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1966|Nanda II]]

William Rattigan

2025-10-06T19:28:10Z

It Is Unique Official: started

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
'''Sir William Henry Rattigan''', [[King's Counsel|KC]] (4 September 1842 – 4 July 1904)<ref>{{rayment-hc|l|1|date=March 2012}}</ref> was a British lawyer, judge, legal writer, and [[Liberal Unionist]] MP for [[North East Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Lanarkshire]].

==Life and career==
Rattigan was born in [[Delhi]], India, in September 1842, the son of Bartholomew Rattigan, of Athy, Co. Kildare. He was educated at the High School, [[Agra]]. After a short period in the uncovenanted Bombay civil service, Rattigan resigned to pursue a legal career. He became a pleader of the Punjab chief court on its establishment in 1866 and built a large practice. He entered [[Lincoln's Inn]] in 1871, was called to the bar there in 1873, also studying at [[King's College London]]. He later received a doctorate ([[Legum Doctor|LL.D]]) from the [[University of Göttingen]].<ref name="TT27091901">{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=Election intelligence|date=27 September 1901|issue=36571|page 7|}}</ref>

Most of his legal career took place in India. He served as judge in the Chief Court of the Punjab on four occasions, was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1895, [[took silk]] in 1897 and practiced in the [[Allahabad High Court|High Court of the North Western Provinces]]. He was also an additional member of the supreme legislative council of India 1892–93, and member of the Punjab legislative council 1898–99.<ref name=TT27091901 />

In 1887 he was Vice-Chancellor of Punjab University, from which he later received an honorary doctorate (LL.D).<ref name=TT27091901 /> An honorary doctorate (LL.D) from the [[University of Glasgow]] followed in June 1901.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-glasgow-university-jubilee/131294008/ |date=14 June 1901 |title=Glasgow University Jubilee |page=10 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |issue=36481 |access-date=2024-01-05 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

After moving back to the United Kingdom in 1900, Rattigan practiced before the Privy Council and contested the [[North East Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Lanarkshire constituency]] in the [[1900 United Kingdom general election|general election 1900]], but lost to the incumbent, [[John Colville (Liberal politician)|John Colville]]. When the latter died the following year, Rattigan contested and won a by-election for the same constituency in September 1901,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27360 |date=1 October 1901 |page=6395 }}</ref> and held it until his death in London three years later.

Rattigan died in a motor accident on 4 July 1904.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19040705.2.74&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |title=Member of Parliament Killed. |volume=XCVI |issue=35 |date=5 July 1904 |at=Page 7, column 7 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Call]] |access-date=18 December 2022 |via=[[California Digital Newspaper Collection]]}}</ref>

==Family==
Rattigan married, in 1878, Evelyn Higgins, daughter of Colonel A. Higgins, CIE.<ref name=TT27091901 /> His son [[Henry Adolphus Rattigan|Sir Henry Adolphus Rattigan]] later achieved note as the Chief Justice of the [[Lahore High Court]], while his youngest son [[Cyril Rattigan|Cyril Stanley Rattigan]] played first-class cricket and was killed in action during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McCrery|first=Nigel|title=Final Wicket: Test and First Class Cricketers Killed in the Great War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mphCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=[[Pen and Sword]]|isbn=978-1473864191|pages=286–7}}</ref>

==Publications==
*''The Roman Law of Persons'', 1873
*''The Science of Jurisprudence'', 1892
*''Private International Law'', 1895
*''Digest of Customary Law for Punjab'', 1895

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

* https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35680

== References ==
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Rattigan, William Henry|year=1920}} This source mistakenly gives his date of death as 1905.

== External links ==
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-william-rattigan | William Henry Rattigan }}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Rattigan, William Henry|short=x}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[John Colville (Liberal politician)|John Colville]] }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[North East Lanarkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Lanarkshire]]
| years = [[1901 North East Lanarkshire by-election|1901]]–[[1904 North East Lanarkshire by-election|1904]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Alexander Findlay (politician)|Alexander Findlay]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Vice-Chancellors of University of the Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattigan, William Henry}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1900–1906]]
[[Category:Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of the Punjab]]
[[Category:British King's Counsel]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:British legal writers]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]

{{Scotland-UK-MP-stub}}

Semmanur

2025-09-15T23:05:07Z

It Is Unique Official: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Salem district]]

Jamia Masjid, Shopian

2025-08-26T08:37:11Z

It Is Unique Official: starting the details more to come

{{Short description|Mosque in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Tone|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jamia Masjid
| image = Jamia masjid shopian.jpg
| caption = A view of eastern entrance
| image_upright = 1.4
| location = Tak Mohalla, [[Shopian]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| geo = {{Coord|34.098352|N|74.809180|E|region:IN-JK_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| tradition =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| year_completed = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal Era]] {{small|(first structure)}}}}|1953 [[Common Era|CE]] {{small|(rebuild)}}}}
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| dome_quantity =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| materials = [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], stones, bricks
}}

The '''Jama Masjid''' is an historic [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], located in [[Shopian]], in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The mosque was built during the Mughal period and is very beautiful from both inside and outside. It's considered one of the best mosques in the [[Shopian district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Taluat |date=2023-11-30 |title=Jamia Masjid Shopian |url=https://yemberzal.in/jamia-masjid-shopian/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Yemberzal |language=en}}</ref><ref name=radio>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=JAMIA MASJID: SHOPIAN → Kashmir |work=Radio Chinar |url=https://www.radiochinar.in/jamia-masjid-shopian/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Jamia Masjid Shopian was an important stop along the Mughal road through Pir Panjal, where the Mughals used to rest during their journeys. The mosque was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], making it a significant historical site of the period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Jamia Masjid Shopian |url=https://yemberzal.in/jamia-masjid-shopian/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Yemberzal |language=en}}</ref>

Local historical accounts also associate the mosque’s construction with contributions from the Banday family of Shopian, particularly Ab Rehman Banday and his relatives, who are said to have supported the building process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Jamia Masjid Shopian |url=https://medium.com/@Kashmirian/jamia-masjid-shopian-d86caf8d6410 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> However, these claims require stronger independent sources to be fully verified under [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Wikipedia’s sourcing guidelines]].

== Architecture ==
The Jamia Masjid is an historic mosque with a notable architectural heritage. Although the specific architectural details of the mosque are not outlined in the data provided, it is mentioned that the mosque was built during the Mughal period and later reconstructed in the 1940s. Mughal architecture has been noted for its designs, domes, and minarets, which could be features of this mosque as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Shopian District, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://shopian.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The mosque's construction was supervised by Ustab Habib Ullah Mast, a carpenter from [[Srinagar]], and it was built using local stones. The foundation stone of the modern Jamia Masjid at Shopian was laid in 1944, and the construction was completed over a few years. It's also mentioned that the mosque underwent renovation, indicating that efforts have been made to preserve its historical and architectural value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Gulzar |date=2021-07-25 |title=Renovation of Jamia Masjid Shopian goes on at full swing |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmir-todays-paper/renovation-of-jamia-masjid-shopian-goes-on-at-full-swing/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Shopian]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1953]]
[[Category:Mosques in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with spires]]

Hijra Farsi

2025-08-18T23:34:42Z

It Is Unique Official: revise

{{Short description|Argot of the Hijra people}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Hijra Farsi
| state = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| speakers = unknown
| date = 2017
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| script =
| iso3 = none
| glotto = none
| altname = Koti Farsi
}}

'''Hijra Farsi''' is a [[Cant (language)|secret language]] spoken by South-Asian [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]] and [[Kothi (gender)|Kothi]] (also Koti) communities. Hijras are a marginalized [[transgender]] community that lives in sequestered groups in many cities of India and Pakistan. The language, also known as ''Koti Farsi'', is spoken by the Hijra community throughout Pakistan and North India. Despite what its name suggests, the language is based on [[Indo-Aryan languages|local languages]] rather than [[Persian language|Farsi]].<ref name=Hall2001>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/dept/linguistics/colloq/prev/2001/2001feb09.html|title=Stanford Linguistics Colloquium|work=stanford.edu|accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref> The sentence structure is similar to [[Indo-Aryan languages|local languages]], but noticeable distinctions exist.<ref name="SheerazAfsar2011">Sheeraz, Muhammad, and Ayaz Afsar. "Farsi: An Invisible But Loaded Weapon for the Emerging Hijraism in Pakistan." Kashmir Journal of Language Research 14, no. 2 (2011).</ref> Hijra Farsi is mainly spoken by Muslim Hijras; Hindu Hijras speak the [[Gupti language]] and its regional dialects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Queer language|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/queer-language/article5407840.ece |date=30 November 2013|newspaper=The Hindu |department=City: World |agency=TNN |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>

Even though the language is not actually based on Persian (Farsi), the hijras consider the language to be related to the language of the [[Mughal Empire]], which they associate with the origin of Hijra identity. Hijra Farsi is most similar to local languages, but is not intelligible to speakers of local languages due to distinctive intonation and a large amount of distinctive vocabulary.<ref name=Hall2001/>

== History ==
Hijra Farsi has no documented history, but linguist and anthropologist [[Kira Hall]] has found indications of its existence from the early 1800s. Hijras enjoyed a high status during the Mughal empire, which may be the reason why the language is named after 'Farsi' despite its dissimilarity with Persian. With the fall of the Mughal empire and start of British colonial rule, eunuchs were pushed into a more marginalized position. Colonial laws criminalized their choice of dress, as well as the public dancing they regularly engaged in. The crackdown caused hijras to become protective of their language, which then evolved into a survival tool.<ref name="qz">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/662917/the-secret-language-of-south-asias-transgender-community/|title=The secret language of South Asia's transgender community|last=Rehman|first=Zehra|website=Quartz India|date=15 April 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

That the language is still in use may have to do with the fact that the community continues to be persecuted in independent India. "Seventy-four percent of the Hijra community has suffered violence and harassment,” says Simran Shaikh, who works with Alliance India, an NGO that works on AIDS prevention.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hijra-Farsi-Secret-language-knits-community/articleshow/23618092.cms|title=Hijra Farsi: Secret language knits community - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 October 2013 |access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

== Community-building tool ==
Hijra Farsi began and has continued as a learned, as opposed to a mother, tongue. The language is introduced to newcomers when they enter the hijra community, together with the group’s alternative family structure, cultural norms, and other traditions. Having a language that creates a sense of a community is a necessity for hijras, who typically give up a great deal when they join the community. Hijras see the language as something that is truly theirs, and speak about it with pride.<ref name="qz"/>

== Examples ==
The following examples are adapted from Awan & Sheeraz (2011), who researched Hijra Farsi in the communities within [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and [[Rawalpindi]]. Note that the transcriptions are taken directly from the text, which does not specify a distinction between [[retroflex plosive|retroflex]] and [[dental plosive|dental]] plosives, nor does it consistently mark a distinction between /ɐ/ and /a/. They do, however, mention that /ɽ/ is a very common sound used in Hijra Farsi, especially compared to its frequency in other languages in contact.<ref name=awan-sheeraz>{{cite journal|last1=Awan|last2=Sheeraz|first1=Muhammad Safeer|first2=Muhammad|title=Queer but Language: A Sociolinguistic Study of Farsi|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science|volume=1|number=10|year=2011|page=127-135}} {{predatory}}</ref>

=== Nouns ===
{|class="wikitable"
! English !! Gender{{ref|gender}}!! Hijra Farsi (sg) !! Hijra Farsi (pl) !! Punjabi !! Saraiki/Sindhi
|-
! face
|M || khombaɽ || khomaɽ|| monh || munh
|-
! nose
|M || nakɽa || nakɽey|| nak || nak
|-
! eye
|F || chamɽri || chamɽian|| akh || akh
|-
! tummy
|M || dhhambɽa || dhamɽey|| rowspan="2" | tidh || rowspan="2" | dhidh
|-
! tummy
|F || dambɽi || dambɽian
|-
! moustache
|M || choochkey || choochkey || muchh || muchh
|-
! pubic
|M || reskey || reskey|| chuan || bood
|-
! tooth
|M || nejma || nejme|| dand || dand
|-
! skin
|F || chamki || chamkian|| chum || chum
|-
! breast
|M || chhalka || chhalkey|| than || thanɽ
|-
! Neovagina (''sic'')
| F || chapti || chaptian|| n/a || n/a
|-
! penis
|M || leekaɽ || leekaɽ|| laoɽa || lun
|-
! hips
|F || vatal || vatal|| bund || chut
|-
! vagina
|F || seepo || seepo|| phudi || budi
|}

:{{note|gender}}This refers to the [[grammatical gender]] of the noun in Hijra Farsi

Many of these words are completely dissimilar to any of the locally spoken languages, but the pluralization strategies remain identical, i.e. nouns ending in what is transcribed here as -i are made plural by adding -an (/-i/ becomes /-ijã/), and nouns ending in -a replace the ending with plural suffix -e (/-a/ becomes /-e/).

=== Verbs ===
Awan & Sheeraz also give examples of verbs:
{|class="wikitable"
! English !! Hijra Farsi !! Punjabi !! Saraiki
|-
! to go
| vogna || janɽa, anɽa || wanjanɽ, avanɽ
|-
! to understand
| chamna || samajhna || samjhanɽ
|-
! to die
| lugiɽna || marna || maranɽ
|}

These verbs are given with the -na infinitival suffix, but that is only representative of the Rawalpindi variety: Awan and Sheeraz report that -anɽ endings are found specifically in the Dera Ghazi Khan variety, attributing it to the fact that Saraiki is more widely spoken there.<ref name=awan-sheeraz />{{rp|130}} Another such example is given with the feminine singular habitual form of the verb meaning "to do/make": whereas in Rawalpindi ''kerdi'' is used, demonstrating greater influence from Punjabi ''kardi'', Dera Ghazi Khan Hijra Farsi uses ''krendi'', which resembles the Saraiki ''kareyndi''.<ref name=awan-sheeraz />{{rp|131}}

=== Function words ===
In addition to [[content words]], Hijra Farsi demonstrates innovation (i.e. divergence from related languages) in some [[function words]]. Namely, in [[Lucknow]], Nagar (2008) found the pronouns ''humsio'' ("I", 1st person), ''tumsio'' ("you", 2nd person), and ''ojo'' ("he/she", 3rd person), and the augmentative ''adiyal'' ("very").<ref name=nagar>{{cite thesis |date=2008 |title=Language, gender and identity: the case of kotis in Lucknow-India |institution=The Ohio State University |author-last=Ila |author-first=Nagar}}</ref> The [[grammatical number|number]] of these pronouns is unclear in Nagar's thesis. In Rawalpindi and Dera Ghazi Khan, Awan and Sheeraz found ''hamala'' to be the 1st person pronoun, with ''tamala'' as the 2nd person.

In addition to pronouns, there is innovation in [[demonstratives]]: unlike surrounding languages, there is no proximal/distal distinction, and unlike surrounding languages, there ''is'' a gender distinction: ''insa'' for masculine and ''insi'' for feminine, both using productive plural morphology such that masculine "these" will be ''inse'' and feminine "these" will be ''insian'' (as transcribed by Awan & Sheeraz).

=== Numbers ===
Hijra Farsi's counting system, used specifically for counting money, uses lexemes unique to the cant:<ref name=kundalia>{{cite magazine |last1=Kundalia |first1=Nidhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/queer-language/article5407840.ece |magazine=The Hindu |title=Queer language |access-date=June 4, 2022}}</ref><ref name=awan-sheeraz />
{|class="wikitable"
! Number !! Hijra Farsi
|-
! 10
| dasola
|-
! 50
| adhi vadvi/adhi vadmi
|-
! 100
| vadvi/vadmi
|-
! 500
| panj vadvi/panj vadmi
|-
! 1000
| katka
|-
! 100000 or 10000{{ref|number}}
| nira patt*
|}
:{{note|number}} Awan & Sheeraz list this number as one hundred thousand, and Kundalia lists it as ten thousand.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite thesis| last = Hall| first = Kira| year = 1995| title = Hijra/Hijrin: Language and Gender Identity| type = PhD| institution = UC Berkeley| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6m5744jx}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Transgender topics in Pakistan]]
[[Category:LGBTQ argots]]
[[Category:Hijra (South Asia)]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]

Rishiraj Pathak

2025-08-02T23:43:10Z

It Is Unique Official: Created Basic Article V1

{{Short description|Indian scholar (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishiraj Pathak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|03|08}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| nationality =
| occupation = Assistant Professor
| parents = Narayan Pathak, Sunita Pathak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/brand-stories/brand-stories-english/dr-rishiraj-pathak-journey-of-scholarly-excellence-as-he-continues-preserving-sanskrit-literature-globally-259755.html|title=Dr Rishiraj Pathak's journey of scholarly excellence as he continues preserving Sanskrit literature globally
|website=News Nation}}</ref>
}}
'''Rishiraj Pathak'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=ऋषिराज पाठक की रचनात्मकता में है नये प्रयोगों और शोध का समन्वय |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/gujarat/story-rishiraj-pathak-creativity-is-combination-of-new-experiments-and-research-9427950.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> (born 8 March 1989; Delhi, India) is an Indian Sanskrit scholar, poet, musician and a dance Litterateur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2017 |title=Program Schedule for Upcoming Cultural Events/Programs |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/events/11042017_Upcoming%20cultural%20events%20(Sahitya%20Akademi,%20New%20Delhi).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Rishiraj Pathak's journey of scholarly excellence as he continues preserving Sanskrit literature globally |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/brand-stories/brand-stories-english/dr-rishiraj-pathak-journey-of-scholarly-excellence-as-he-continues-preserving-sanskrit-literature-globally-259755.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=News Nation English |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Pathak received the [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Sanskrit|Yuva Puraskar]] 2020 from the Sahitya Akademi for the book ''Aadyonmeshah''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni, DHNS |first=Sagar |title=Veerappa Moily, Arundhati Subramaniam among recipients of Sahitya Akademi Award 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/veerappa-moily-arundhati-subramaniam-among-recipients-of-sahitya-akademi-award-2020-961248.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-27 |title=How a Sanskrit poet is changing the way we see our traditional texts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sanskrit-poet-rishiraj-pathak-traditional-texts-yuva-puraskar-7375955/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is known to blend tradition with modernity as the author of over a hundred Sanskrit poems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Rishiraj Pathak Bridges Tradition And Modernity As An Author Of More Than Hundred Sanskrit Poems |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/spirituality/dr-rishiraj-pathak-bridges-tradition-and-modernity-as-an-author-of-more-than-hundred-sanskrit-poems |publisher=Free Press}}</ref>

Pathak produced the documentary film ''Bharat Ki Awaaz: Acharya Ramakant Shukla,'' which is directed by [[Beenu Rajpoot]] and was released on 10 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=I. B. T. |date=2024-02-25 |title=Dr. Rishiraj Pathak to pay cinematic tribute to his guru Acharya Ramakant Shukla with a documentary film |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/dr-rishiraj-pathak-pay-cinematic-tribute-his-guru-acharya-ramakant-shukla-documentary-film-866339 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=गुरु-शिष्य परम्परा पर बनी फिल्म भारत की आवाज का लोकार्पण {{!}} Launch of film Bharat Ki AAwaz based on Guru-Shishya Parampara |url=https://www.patrika.com/bassi-news/launch-of-film-bharat-ki-aawaz-based-on-guru-shishya-parampara-8768354 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://rishirajpathak.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|14260419}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Rishiraj}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

State Highway 1 (West Bengal)

2025-06-07T14:41:04Z

It Is Unique Official: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Highway in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| state = West Bengal
| type = SH
| route = 1
| alternate_name =
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=8|frame-lat=22.5506|frame-long=88.5388|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q28179339|stroke-width=3|title=State Highway 1}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = Map of the State Highway in red
| maint =
| length_km = 151
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[Bangaon]] junction with [[National Highway 112 (India)|NH 112]] and [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|SH 3]]
| junction = [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] from Chhatimtala to Birohi Bazar [[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH 2]] ([[Barrackpore Trunk Road]]) from [[Barrackpore]] to [[Kolkata]] NH 12 from [[Barasat]] to [[Rajarhat]] NH 12 from Sector 5 link-EM Bypass crossing [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Road]] from [[Garia]] to [[Rajpur Sonarpur|Rajpur]] SH 1 from [[Baruipur]] to [[Jaynagar Majilpur]]
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Kulpi]] junction with [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]]
| districts = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
| previous_route = 1
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 2
}}
'''State Highway 1 (West Bengal)''' is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Route==
SH 1 originates from [[Bangaon]] and passes through [[Chakdaha]], [[Madanpur, Nadia|Madanpur]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Halisahar]], [[Naihati]], [[Ichapore]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Jadavpur]], [[Garia]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]], [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] and terminates at [[Kulpi]].<ref>Google maps</ref>

The total length of SH 1 is 151 km.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>

Districts traversed by SH 1 are:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 November 2016}}</ref> 
North 24 Parganas district (0 - 32 km) Nadia district (32-91 km) South 24 Parganas (91-151 km)

==Road sections==
It is divided into different sections as follows:<ref name=police/><ref >{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/north-24-parganas.html |title = North 24 Parganas Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref><ref >{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Nadia Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html |title = South 24 Parganas Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Road Section ||District || CD Block ||Length (km)
|-
|Bongaon-Chakdaha||North 24 Parganas, Nadia||[[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]], [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]]||30
|-
|Chakdaha-Birohi via NH 12 ||Nadia|| - || -
|-
|Birohi-Madanpur-Kalyani||Nadia|| - ||14
|-
|Kalyani-Barrackpore||Nadia, North 24 Parganas||[[Barrackpore I]] ||27
|-
|Barrackpore-Kolkata via [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]]||North 24 Parganas||[[Barrackpore II]]|| 18
|-
|Jadavpur-Garia-Baruipur-Jaynagar-Kulpi||Kolkata & South 24 Parganas||[[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]], [[Jaynagar I]], [[Mandirbazar (community development block)|Mandirbazar]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] ||60
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:State highways in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaynagar Majilpur]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati

2025-05-09T12:14:52Z

It Is Unique Official:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Image of Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati]]

According to the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] tradition, '''Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati''' was its 54th Pontiff from 1498 to 1507AD. He was the son of Kamesvara and Kamalamba who belonged to Kanchi. His pre-sanyasa name was Kuppanna and his guru was [[Purnananda Sadasivendra Saraswati]]. He is the author of Vyasachala Sankara Vijaya. He attained mukti at Vyasachala on the first day of the dark fortnight of Ashada in the cyclic year Akshaya (1507 AD). The Acharyal has been described as great tapasvi and besmeared with holy vibhuthi and engaged himself in Shiva aradhana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39511/9/09_chapter%204.pdf | title=Development of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam | publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in | accessdate=3 February 2020 }}</ref> The jeeva samadhi of Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati is located in Sri Nallinaikeshwarar temple Ezhichur which is 55 km from Chennai. The [[Shiva Linga]] was worshipped by Surya and [[Chandra]] Bhagavan. There is a temple pond which was created by [[Surya]] Bhagavan for worshipping Lord Nallinakeshwarar. It's said that 7 [[Siddha]]s pray to the Shiva Linga in the form of snakes and one who is steeped in devotion can have the good fortune of having darshan of them. Acharyal Vyasachala Mahadevendra Saraswati attained videha mukti and went into Agni Mudra through which he was immediately transformed to sacred vibhuthi. It's said that one should chant Pancaksara Mantra with devotion to have darshan of the [[acharya]] in person or through speech or visions. The sacred vibhuthi provided by the priest should be only used during the evening and one should take care not to commit any aparadha or any sin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drlsravi.blogspot.ca/2012/10/sri-nallinaikeshwarar-temple-ezhichur.html|title=Dr.Ravishankar's blog: Sri Nallinaikeshwarar temple Ezhichur- Adhishtanam of Shri Vyasachala Mahadevendra saraswathi the 54th pontiff of the Kanchi Kamakoti peetam|date=23 October 2012}}</ref>
After his mukti, the disciplic succession was carried over by [[Chandrachudhendra Saraswati II]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kamakoti.org/peeth/origin.html#appendix2|title=Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada and Sri Kanchi Kamakoti}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|V]]

Mid-India Yearly Meeting

2025-03-10T20:38:08Z

It Is Unique Official: adjusted lead per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Mid-India Yearly Meeting
| image =
| imagewidth =
| alt =
| caption =
| main_classification = [[Quaker]]
| orientation =
| polity =
| leader/moderator =
| leader =
| fellowships =
| associations = [[Friends World Committee for Consultation]]
| area = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| website =
| founder =
| founded_date =
| founded_place = [[Hoshangabad]], [[India]]
| separated_from =
| branched_from = [[London Yearly Meeting]]
| merger =
| separations =
| hospitals =
| nursing_homes =
| aid =
| congregations = 6
| members =
| ministers =
| missionaries =
| temples =
| primary_schools = 4
| secondary_schools =
| tertiary =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mid-India Yearly Meeting''' is a [[yearly meeting]] of the [[Religious Society of Friends]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in mid-[[India]].<ref name="FWCC list of meetings">{{cite web|url=http://www.fwccworld.org/find_friends/index.php#awps|title=List of Meetings|last=Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC)|date=April 2009|accessdate=2009-07-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708124842/http://fwccworld.org/find_friends/index.php#awps|archivedate=2009-07-08}}</ref> Quakerism came to mid-India as a result of missionaries from [[London Yearly Meeting]] who were members of the [[Friends Foreign Mission Association]].<ref name="Mundus">{{cite web|url=http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=235&inst_id=7|title=Library of the Religious Society of Friends|last=Mundus|accessdate=2009-07-17}}</ref> Missions were established in Mid-India in {{Start date and age|1866|p=y}} by the [[Friends Foreign Mission Association]].<ref name="Nobel Lectures">{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=Frederick|title=Nobel Lectures, Peace, 1926-1950|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|year=1972|series=Nobel Lectures|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1947/friends-council-history.html}}</ref> Mid-India Yearly Meeting was founded as an independent [[yearly meeting]] in {{Start date and age|1907|p=y}} in [[Hoshangabad]].<ref name="Brief History of Friends in India">{{cite web|url=http://www.pym.org/india-friends-working-group/home/brief-history-of-friends-in-india/|title=Brief History of Friends in India|last=Arnett|first=Mary|publisher=Philadelphia Yearly Meeting|accessdate=2016-01-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020052715/http://www.pym.org/india-friends-working-group/home/brief-history-of-friends-in-india/|archivedate=2015-10-20}}</ref>

There are six [[monthly meeting]]s in Mid-India Yearly Meeting: Hoshangabad Friends Meeting, Itarsi Friends Meeting, Kheda Friends Meeting (also in Itarsi), Sohagpur Friends Meeting, Seoni Malwa Friends Meeting and Makoriya Friends Meeting.<ref name="Brief History of Friends in India" /> There are three schools in Itarsi which were founded and still run by Friends, but which now belong to the Indian government.<ref name="Brief History of Friends in India" /> There is also the Sohugpur Friends' Girls' School which was founded by Friends and continues to be run by Mid-India Yearly Meeting Friends.<ref name="Brief History of Friends in India" />

In 2002, Mid-India Yearly Meeting published a [[Hindi]] language version of [[Britain Yearly Meeting]]'s Advices and Queries, the part of British [[Book of Discipline (Quaker)#United Kingdom|Quaker Faith and Practice]].<ref name="FWCC accounts">{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Linley|title=Trustees' Report 2003|publisher=Friends' World Committee for Consultation|year=2004|pages=10|chapter=Asia - West Pacific Section|url=http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/ScannedAccounts/Ends47%5C0000211647_AC_20031231_E_C.pdf}}</ref>

It is affiliated to [[Friends World Committee for Consultation]].<ref name="FWCC list of meetings" /><ref name="FWCC AWPS">{{cite web|url=http://fwccawps.org/find_friends/index.php |title=FWCC Asia and West Pacific Section Affiliated Yearly Meetings and Groups |last=Friends World Committee for Consultation Asia and West Pacific Section |publisher=Friends World Committee for Consultation |accessdate=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708124848/http://fwccawps.org/find_friends/index.php |archivedate=2009-07-08 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

{{Religious Society of Friends}}

[[Category:Quaker yearly meetings]]
[[Category:Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1907]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1907]]

{{quaker-stub}}

Maa Manasa Temple, Jakpur

2025-01-18T14:03:58Z

It Is Unique Official: adding the place added tags.

{{short description|Hindu temple dedicated to goddess Manasa in Paschim Medinipur, India}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Maa Manasa Temple, Jakpur
| native_name = মা মনসা মন্দির
| native_name_lang =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt = Jakpur Maa Manasa Mandir
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|12|12.5|N|87|24|47.4|E|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| locale =
| location = [[Jakpur railway station|Jakpur]]
| deity = Maa [[Manasa]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| region =
| country = India
| architecture =
}}

'''Maa Manasa Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple in [[Jakpur railway station|Jakpur]] near [[Kharagpur]] in [[Paschim Medinipur]] district of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=অলৌকিক কাহিনিতে ভরপুর, যে মন্দিরে ভক্তদের যাবতীয় মনস্কামনা পূরণ করেন দেবী|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/where-blood-dripped-from-the-feet-of-the-idol-536548/|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> Dedicated to Maa [[Manasa]], it is one of the most popular temples in [[Paschim Medinipur]]. One of the unique features of this temple is that it does not have any rooftop.

This temple is well connected by NH-6 and south eastern railway tracks. The current temple is not very old as it was rebuilt in 2012. Devotees believe that Maa Manasa is actively present here and fulfill wishes of her followers. As per the local people, if someone prays from their heart to Maa Manasa, Maa will fulfill their dreams and wishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maa Manasa Mandir, Jakpur| website=[[YouTube]] | date=13 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQAyj56fnq8|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="beautyofbengal">{{cite web|title=জকপুরের মহিশা গ্রামের মনসা মন্দির - Jakpur Maa Manasa Temple|url=https://wmedinipur.beautyofbengaldhyt.com/2022/04/jakpur-manasa-mandir.html|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

Huge number of devotees visit this temple every Saturday and Tuesday and offers prayer to Maa Manasa. There is a special puja in the third Tuesday of Bengali Chaitra month.<ref>{{cite web|title= Temple of Ma Manasa|url=https://nobobela.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0/|access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
Many centuries ago, located in a dense forest was the small village of Mahisha. Mostly inhabited by farmers, it is located between the present day railway stations of Jakpur and Madpur. Despite having good harvests, the local people were worried due to the excessive presence of snakes in that region. So they always prayed to Maa [[Manasa]], the snake goddess in [[Hinduism]] in their minds. In the months of "Sravana" and "Bhadra", they worshipped Maa Manasa on Tuesdays and Saturdays to keep them protected from snakes. Besides protection from snakes, they also worshipped her as their ''"Krishidevi"''.

One year, after they had a successful harvest, all the farmers decided to worship Maa Manasa unanimously. They started worshipping her in one corner of the forest. Every year after harvest, each of the farmers used to offer one bundle of their grain harvest to Maa Manasa and this ritual continued for years. They prayed ''"Maa go, amra chaposha manush, din ani din khai. Peter daye chash korchi. Amader oporadh marjona koro. Sarabochor shontaander dudhebhate rekho. Porer bochor jeno abar chash kore tomake foshol diye pujo dite pari maa."''

Around 400 years ago, Jogeshwar Roy, the zamindar of Jakpur received ''swapnadesh'' from Maa Manasa. Adorned in her ''chaturbhuj rup'', she told him that she is present in the nearby Manasa forest and instructed him to preach about her puja. Scared, he woke up in the morning and informed about this to his wife and the villagers. En masse, they went to the spot in the forest where Maa Manasa was worshipped. He found that she was worshipped on a huge "uidhipi". The place was filled with innumerous snakes. Jogeshwar Roy ordered the woodcutters to cleanse the area with their axes and instructed the villagers to start worshipping Maa Manasa everyday. A proper road was constructed and the uidhipi was covered with concrete. Beside it, a red lotus was built from the soil of uidhipi. Maa Manasa's puja was started with the celebratory and pious sounds of [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[Conch#Other uses|sankha]] and [[ghanta]].<ref name="beautyofbengal"></ref>

== Puja Rituals ==
Daily puja is performed by the villagers while large crowds gather on Tuesdays and Saturdays to worship Maa Manasa. On special days like [[Manasa#Worship|Manasa Puja]], thousands of devotees gather here to pray to Maa Manasa. The unique feature of this temple is that there are no priests present. So the devotees have to give the puja by themselves. The temple also doesn't have a roof, making it different from most of the other temples constructed following the [[Bengal architecture]].

There is a faith that devotees can give puja only after taking a bath and cleansing themselves. People give "pranami" as per their wish and do "manat" to resolve their problems. Since there are no priests to read aloud the ''mantras'', people do their "manat" with [[Incense|incense sticks]], [[sindoor]] and [[Garland|flower garlands]]. The [[prasadam|prasad]] is cooked by the devotees themselves.<ref name="beautyofbengal"></ref>

== How to reach ==
Jakpur is well connected by highways and railways:
* [[Jakpur railway station|Jakpur]] to [[Kharagpur]], [[Panskura]],[[Kolaghat]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Jakpur railway station|Jakpur]] to [[Midnapur]], [[Keshpur]], [[Chandrakona]], [[Ghatal]]
* [[Jakpur railway station|Jakpur]] to [[Panskura]] Railways

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Paschim Medinipur district]]

C. Perumal

2024-08-31T09:35:46Z

It Is Unique Official: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''C. Perumal''' (died 18 July 2013) was an Indian politician of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party and incumbent member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Yercaud (State Assembly Constituency)|Yercaud constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-20 }}</ref> He also served as a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Tamil Nadu]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]]. He died from cardiac arrest on 18 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://puthiyathalaimurai.tv/arcot-mla-death-from-a-heart-attack |title=» ஏற்காடு அதிமுக சட்டமன்ற உறுப்பினர் பெருமாள் மரணம் » புதிய தலைமுறை |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721042552/http://puthiyathalaimurai.tv/arcot-mla-death-from-a-heart-attack |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221649/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1865 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perumal, C.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Bhinar

2024-07-08T18:47:05Z

It Is Unique Official: New...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhinar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3259757|N|73.0930821|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 23
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1599
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552640
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhinar''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bhinar has 359 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 83.54%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1599 || 840 || 759
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 214 || 113 || 101
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 79 || 42 || 37
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 288 || 152 || 136
|-
| Literates || 1157 || 658 || 499
|-
| Workers (all) || 542 || 466 || 76
|-
| Main workers (total) || 468 || 424 || 44
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 72 || 71 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 11 || 8 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 13 || 10 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 372 || 335 || 37
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 74 || 42 || 32
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 7 || 5 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 59 || 35 || 24
|-
| Non-workers || 1057 || 374 || 683
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

Administrative Reforms Commission

2024-05-22T22:53:19Z

It Is Unique Official: Starting

{{Short description|Indian government commission}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''Administrative Reforms Commission''' (ARC) is the commission appointed by the Government of India for giving recommendations for reviewing the public [[Public administration|administration system]] of India. The first ARC was established on 5 January 1966.<ref name="DARPG">[http://darpg.nic.in/ArticleContent.aspx?category=106 Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206020059/http://darpg.nic.in/ArticleContent.aspx?category=106 |date=6 February 2011 }}</ref> The Administrative Reforms Commission was initially chaired by [[Morarji Desai]], and later on [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah|K. Hanumanthaiah]] became its chairman when Desai became the [[ Deputy Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Vinod|title=Reforming Administration in India|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2000|pages=260|isbn=9788124107058|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SARxyNk20dAC&q=%22Administrative+Reforms+commission%22&pg=PA260}}</ref>

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) was constituted on 31 August 2005, as a Commission of Inquiry, under the Chairmanship of [[Veerappa Moily]] for preparing a detailed blueprint for revamping the public administrative system.<ref name="DARPG" />

== First Administrative Reforms Commission-5 January 1966==
The first ARC was constituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs under [[Government of India]] by resolution no. 40/3/65-AR(P) dated 5 January 1966.
In the resolution, the composition of the ARC, the mandate of the commission and the procedures to be followed were described.<ref name = "Res1">[[File:ARC I resolution.pdf|thumb|First ARC resolution]] Resolution for First Administrative Reforms Commission</ref>

=== Mandate ===
The Commission was mandated to give consideration to the need for ensuring the highest standards of efficiency and integrity in the public services, and for making public administration a fit instrument for carrying out the social and economic policies of the Government and achieving social and economic goals of development, as also one which is responsive to the people. In particular, the Commission is to consider the following:<ref name = "Res1" />
#The machinery of the Government of India and its procedures of work;
#The machinery for planning at all levels;
#Center-State relationships;
#Financial administration;
#Personnel administration;
#Economic administration;
#Administration at the State level;
#District administration;
#Agricultural administration; and
#Problems of redress of citizen's grievances.

==== Exclusions ====
The Commissions may exclude from its purview the detailed examination of administration of [[Military|defence]], [[railways]], external affairs, security and intelligence work, as also subjects such as educational administration already being examined by a separate commission. The Commission will, however, be free to take the problems of these sectors into account in recommending reorganization of the machinery of the Government as a whole or of any of its common service agencies.<ref name = "Res1" />

=== Recommendation Reports ===
The Commission submitted the following 20 reports before winding up in mid-1970s:<ref name="DARPG" />
#Problems of Redress of Citizens Grievances (Interim)
#Machinery for Planning
#Public Sector Undertakings
#Finance, Accounts & Audit
#Machinery for Planning (Final)
#Economic Administration
#The Machinery of GOI and its procedures of work
#Life Insurance Administration
#Central Direct Taxes Administration
#Administration of [[Union Territory|UTs]] & [[North-East Frontier Agency|NEFA]]
#Personnel Administration
#Delegation of Financial & Administrative Powers
#Center-State Relationships
#State Administration
#Small Scale Sector
#Railways
#Treasuries
#Reserve Bank of India
#Posts and Telegraphs
#Scientific Departments

The above 20 reports contained 537 major recommendations. Based on inputs received from various administrative Ministries, a report indicating implementation position was placed before the Parliament in November, 1977.

== Second Administrative Reforms Commission-31 August 2005 ==
The Second ARC was set up with a resolution no. K-11022/9/2004-RC of the [[Government of India]] as a committee of inquiry to prepare a detailed blueprint for revamping the public administration system.<ref name = "Res2">[[File:ARC II resolution.pdf|thumb|Second ARC resolution]] Resolution for Second ARC</ref>

=== Composition of the Second ARC ===
* [[Veerappa Moily]] - Chairperson
* [[V. Ramachandran]] - Member
* [[Dr. A.P. Mukherjee]] - Member
* [[Dr. A.H. Kalro]] - Member
* [[Nagabhairava Jaya Prakash Narayana|Jayaprakash Narayan]] - Member
* [[Vineeta Rai]] - Member-Secretary

[[Veerappa Moily]] resigned with effect from 1 April 2009.
[[V. Ramachandran]] was appointed chairman.
[[Nagabhairava Jaya Prakash Narayana|Jayaprakash Narayan]] resigned with effect from 1 September 2007.

=== Mandate ===
The Commission was given the mandate to suggest measures to achieve a proactive, responsive, accountable, sustainable and efficient administration for the country at all levels of the government.<ref name="Res2" /> The Commission was asked to, [[inter alia]], consider the following :

(i) [[Organizational structure|Organisational structure]] of the Government of India
(ii) [[Ethics]] in [[governance]]
(iii) Refurbishing of Personnel Administration
(iv) Strengthening of Financial Management Systems
(v) Steps to ensure effective administration at the State level
(vi) Steps to ensure effective District Administration
(vii) Local Self-Government/[[Panchayati Raj]] Institutions
(viii) Social Capital, Trust and Participative public service delivery
(ix) Citizen-centric administration
(x) Promoting [[e-governance]]
(xi) Issues of Federal Polity
(xii) [[Crisis management|Crisis Management]]
(xiii) Public Order

==== Exclusions ====
The Commission was to exclude from its purview the detailed examination of administration of [[Military defence]], [[railways]], external affairs, security and intelligence, as also subjects such as Centre-state relations, judicial reforms etc. which were already being examined by other bodies. The Commission, however, be free to take the problems of these sectors into account in recommending re-organisation of the machinery of the Government or of any of its service agencies.<ref name="Res2" />

=== Working of Second ARC ===
The Commission will devise procedures (including for consultations with Indian foreign services), and may appoint committees, consultants/advisers to assist it. The Commission may take into account the existing material and reports available on the subject and consider building upon them. The Ministries and Departments of the Government of India will furnish information and documents and provide other assistance as may be required to the Commission. The Government of India in allegory to the State Governments and only other concerned to extend their solidarity and assistance to A Commission.

=== Recommendation reports ===
The commission has presented the following 15 Reports to the A Commission for consideration:<ref name="DARPG" />
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/rti_masterkey1.pdf Right to Information] - Master Key to Good Governance (09.06.2006)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/human_capital2.pdf Unlocking Human Capital] - Entitlements and Governance-a Case Study (31.07.2006)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/crisis_management3.pdf Crisis management] - From Despair to Hope (31.10.2006)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/ethics4.pdf Ethics in Governance] (12.02.2007)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_order5.pdf Public Law and Order] - Justice for each..... peace for all. (25.06.2007)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/local_governance6.pdf Local Governance] | (27.11.2007)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/capacity_building7.pdf Capacity Building for PEACE Resolution] - Friction to Fusion (17.3.2008)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/combating_terrorism8.pdf Combating Terrorism]
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/Social_Capital9.pdf Social Capital] - A Shared Destiny
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/personnel_administration10.pdf Refurbishing of Personnel Administration] - Scaling New Heights
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/promoting_egov11.pdf Promoting e-Governance] - The Smart Way Forward (A. 20.01.2009)
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/ccadmin12.pdf Citizen Centric Administration] - The Heart of Governance
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/org_structure_gov13.pdf Organisational Structure of Government of India]
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/financial_mgmt14.pdf Strengthening Financial Management Systems]
#[https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/sdadmin15.pdf State and District Administration]

=== Implementation of recommendations ===
The Government constituted a Group of Ministers (GoM) on 30 March 2007 under the Chairmanship of the then External Affairs Minister to consider the recommendations of the Second ARC and to review the pace of implementation of the recommendations as well as to provide guidance to the concerned Ministries/Departments in implementation. It has since been reconstituted under the Chairmanship of Union Finance Minister on 21 August 2009. Core Group on Administrative Reforms under the Chairmanship of Cabinet Secretary has finished examination of all the 15 reports. This Group of Ministers has so far considered fifteen reports:
#Right to Information: Master Key to Good Governance (First report)
#Unlocking human capital: Entitlements and Governance – a Case Study relating to NREGA (Second Report)
#Crisis Management From Despair to Hope (Third report)
#Ethics in Governance (Fourth Report)
#Public order (Fifth Report)
#Local Governance (Sixth Report)
#Capacity Building for Conflict Resolution (Seventh Report)
#Combating Terrorism Protecting by Righteousness (Eight Report)
#Social Capital-A Shared Destiny (Ninth Report)
#Refurbishing of Personnel Administration- Scaling new Heights (Tenth Report)
#Promoting e-governance: The smart way Forward (Eleventh Report)
#Citizen Centric Administration – The Heart of Governance (Twelfth Report)
#Organisational Structure of Government of India (Thirteenth Report)
#Strengthening Financial management System (Fourteenth Report)
#State and District Administration (Fifteenth Report)

The decisions of GoM on these reports are at various stages of implementation. The report on "Combating Terrorism (Eighth Report)" has been handled by the Ministry of Home Affairs and it is understood that necessary action has already been taken on this report. Thus, in all 12 Reports have been considered, so far. Remaining three reports (Report No.V, X, and XIV ) are also shortly being put up for consideration of GoM. The Cabinet in its meeting held on 3 December 2009 had taken note of the progress of action taken in respect of second report (Unlocking human capital) relating to [[NREGA]] and in its meeting held on 29 December 2009 has taken note of the progress of action taken in respect of the first report (Right to Information) and third report (Crisis Management).

== See also ==
* [[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]]
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]

== Notes ==
*The first ARC recommended for the setting up of Lokpal (ombudsman) in 1966.

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120527170538/http://arc.gov.in/ Second Administrative Reforms Commission]
*[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/adm_reform.php National Portal of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110206020059/http://darpg.nic.in/ArticleContent.aspx?category=106 Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian commissions}}

[[Category:Administrative reforms in India]]

Proahaetulla antiqua

2024-05-15T20:44:30Z

It Is Unique Official: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Proahaetulla]]

{{italic title}}

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to monotypic taxon|reptile}}
{{R from species to genus}}
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q84156843}}

[[Category:Ahaetuliinae]]

Rampur, Tundla (census code 125497)

2024-04-26T08:47:59Z

It Is Unique Official: Created A Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Other uses|Rampur (disambiguation){{!}}Rampur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Tundla block Rampur 497.png
| map_caption = Map showing Rampur in Tundla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.35668|N|78.29752|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tundla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.554
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 495
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 207302
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rampur''' ({{IAST|Rāmpur}}) is a village in [[Tundla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was formerly part of [[Etah district]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 495, in 80 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rampur had a population of 495, in 80 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|85}} This population was 53.1% male (263) and 46.9% female (232). The 0-6 age group numbered 85 (47 male and 38 female), making up 17.2% of the total population. 78 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 15.8% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|92-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rampur as having a population of 287 people (160 male and 127 female), in 55 households and 54 physical houses. It was then counted as part of [[Jalesar]] block and tehsil in [[Etah district]].<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Series 22 Part XIII-B: District Etah |date=1983 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/44721/download/48394/1981_DCHB_UP_ETAH.pdf |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|128-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rampur as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 216 people (112 male and 104 female), in 38 households and 37 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 391 acres. It was then counted as part of Jalesar block and tehsil in Etah district.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (23 - Etah District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28468/download/31650/21853_1961_ETA.pdf |access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|L}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rampur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for agricultural and commercial (but not residential) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|85-90}}

== See also ==
* [[Rampur, Tundla (census code 125462)]], another village in Firozabad district with the same name

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Dharampur, Prayagraj

2024-04-21T17:36:48Z

It Is Unique Official: made info

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''Dharampur''', also known as Dhuravan Sakorais a village in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="EC Data">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2002/pollupd/ac/states/s24/acnstcand254.htm|title=State Elections 2002|accessdate=August 26, 2010|publisher=[[Government of India]]|year=2002|author=Election Commission of India|work=List of Contesting Candidates|format=Text/HTML}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Prayagraj district}}
{{Coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Prayagraj district]]

{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}

M. Paranjothi

2024-02-20T04:29:26Z

It Is Unique Official: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''M. Paranjothi''' is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bye Election to 140 Tiruchirappalli (West) Assembly Constituency|url=http://elections.tn.nic.in/ByeElection2011/AC140FORM20.PDF|publisher=CEO, Tamil Nadu|accessdate=28 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425114741/http://elections.tn.nic.in/ByeElection2011/AC140FORM20.PDF|archivedate=25 April 2012}}</ref> As a cadre of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], he was previously elected to [[Srirangam (State Assembly Constituency)|Srirangam constituency]] in 2006 elections.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report of Tamil Nadu 2006 Elections|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402043414/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf |archivedate=2013-04-02 }}</ref>

Paranjothi won a by-election in the [[Tiruchirappalli West (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruchirappalli West constituency]] in 2011 and in November of that year a cabinet reshuffle by [[Jayalalithaa]] resulted in him replacing both [[S. P. Shanmuganathan]] as Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments and [[G. Senthamizhan]] as Minister for Information, Law and Courts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa sacks six Tamil Nadu ministers |agency=PTI |date=4 November 2011 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jayalalithaa-sacks-six-tamil-nadu-ministers-572958 |work=NDTV |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjothi, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

1970–71 Duleep Trophy

2024-01-28T22:27:46Z

It Is Unique Official: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1970–71 Duleep Trophy
| image =
| imagesize =
| fromdate = 25 December 1970
| todate = 12 January 1971
| caption =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| count = 5
| participants = 5
| matches = 4
| attendance =
| most runs = [[M. L. Jaisimha]] (SZ) (333)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 1970/71 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1970-71/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Devraj Govindraj]] (SZ) (10)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 1970/71 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1970-71/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1969–70
| previous_tournament = 1969–70 Duleep Trophy
| next_year = 1971–72
| next_tournament = 1971–72 Duleep Trophy
}}

The '''1970–71 Duleep Trophy''' was the 10th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].

South Zone won the title, defeating East Zone in the final.

==Results==
{{5TeamBracket
| RD1=Quarterfinal
| RD2=Semifinals
| RD3=Final

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD1-score1=FIL
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2=[[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]]
| RD1-score2=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=[[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]]
| RD2-score1=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD2-score2=FIL

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]'''
| RD2-score3=FIL
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4=[[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]
| RD2-score4=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''[[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]'''
| RD3-score1=W
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2=[[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| RD3-score2=
}}

===Final===
{{Test match | date = 9–12 January 1971
| team1 = [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] | team2 = [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 382 (116.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gopal Bose]] 113
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Devraj Govindraj]] 5/114
| score-team2-inns1 = 451 (127.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[M. L. Jaisimha]] 131
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sushil Sanghvi]] 3/104
| score-team1-inns2 = 130 (43.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Anand Shukla]] 44
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Devraj Govindraj]] 3/40
| score-team2-inns2 = 62/0 (18.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[P. K. Belliappa]] 38*
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| toss = East Zone won the toss and elected to bat.
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/31/31381.html Scorecard]
| result = South Zone won by 10 wickets
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_1970-71.html Series home at CricketArchive]

{{Duleep Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1970-71 Duleep Trophy}}
[[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1970–71|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1970 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:1971 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Keragodu

2024-01-08T13:21:01Z

It Is Unique Official: starting initial stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Short description|Village in Mandya, Karnataka}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keregodu
| native_name = ಕೆರೆಗೋಡು
| native_name_lang = ಕನ್ನಡ
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Mandya
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9619
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 571446
| registration_plate = kA 11
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Keregodu ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2387600 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India : |accessdate=2008-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Keregodu, Mandya, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Mandya]] [[taluk]] of [[Mandya district]] in Karnataka. Panchalingeshwara temple is a noted landmark here.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Keregodu had a population of 9619 with 4705 males and 4914 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

===Noted people===
* [[A. P. Arjun]] - film director

==See also==
* [[Mandya]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Mandya.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Mandya district}}

{{coord|12|38|N|76|55|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandya district]]

{{Mandya-geo-stub}}

T. R. Venkataraman

2024-01-03T21:26:05Z

It Is Unique Official: enhance citations after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''T. R. Venkataraman''', an Indian politician, formerly served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Tenkasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tenkasi constituency]] elected him to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataraman, T. R.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

24 News (TV channel)

2023-11-04T13:50:37Z

It Is Unique Official: brief correct article for accuracy and added references per standard format

#REDIRECT [[24 News]]

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Pagalpanti

2023-06-21T08:52:10Z

It Is Unique Official:

'''Pagalpanti''' may refer to:
* [[Pagalpanti (2018 film)]], an Indian Gujarati-language comedy film
* [[Pagalpanti (2019 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language action comedy film

== See also ==
* [[Pagal (disambiguation)]]
* [[Panti (disambiguation)]]
* [[Pagal Panthis]], peasant movement in Bengal against the British East India Company
{{dab}}

Tamil cinema (disambiguation)

2023-04-04T19:19:25Z

It Is Unique Official:

'''[[Tamil cinema]]''' refers to the film industry dedicated to production of films in the Tamil-language, based in the Indian city of Chennai.

Tamil cinema can also refer to other Tamil filmmaking industries in other parts of the world.
* [[Sri Lankan Tamil cinema]]
** [[List of Sri Lankan Tamil films]]
*[[Malaysian Tamil cinema]]
*[[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics]], regional politics in India

== See also ==
*[[Kollywood (disambiguation)]], informal name for the Indian Tamil-language film industry
*''[[Pride of Tamil Cinema]]'', book on Indian cinema by G. Dhananjayan
*[[Vijay Award for Contribution to Tamil Cinema]], Indian award for excellence in cinematic arts
*[[S. S. Vasan]], Indian filmmaker known as the "Cecil B. DeMille of Tamil cinema"

{{disambig}}

Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency

2022-05-12T09:28:07Z

It Is Unique Official: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Patiala Rural Assembly constituency]]

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