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Mirza Shafi's campaign against Sikhs

2026-05-08T16:02:40Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Imperial Campaign Against the Sikhs
| partof = [[Fall of the Mughal Empire]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = February – June 1781
| place = [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Satluj region]], [[Karnal district]], [[Upper Doab]] (present-day [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Strategic Mughal failure
* Peace agreement of July 1781
* Sikhs formally confirmed in possession of estates north of [[Panipat]]
* Sikhs granted ''[[rakhi system|rakhi]]'' rights across the Panipat–Delhi corridor and Upper Doab
* Gajpat Singh of [[Jind State|Jind]] awarded title of ''[[Maharajah]]''
* Cease of Sikh raids
* Mughal forces withdraw from [[Haryana]]
* Recognition of Sikh Supremacy over the [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Upper Doab]]
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] auxiliaries (Bagha Rao)
* [[Rohilla|Rohilla contingent]] (Ghulam Qadir)
* ''Allied (nominal)'': [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and [[Jind State|Jind]] states
| combatant2 = [[Sikh Confederacy]]
* [[Singh Krora Misl]]
* [[Ahluwalia Misl]]
* [[Faizullapuria Misl]]
* [[Nakai Misl]]
* [[Dallewalia Misl]]
* Multiple allied ''[[sardars]]''
| commander1 = [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] ([[Mir Bakshi]]) Mirza Shafi (field commander) Zain-ul-Abidin Khan Mir Mansur [[Ghulam Qadir]] Bagha Rao [[Ismail Beg]] [[Gajpat Singh of Jind]]
| commander2 = [[Baghel Singh]] [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]] [[Bhag Singh Ahluwalia]] [[Lehna Singh Bhangi]] [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]] Diwan Singh Karam Singh Rae Singh Mohar Singh
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = ~10,000-40,000 troops Multiple [[sepoy]] battalions Artillery (cannon and camel-mounted guns)
| strength2 = Guerrilla cavalry forces Up to 5,000 Horsemen
| casualties1 =
''est.'': 10,000–15,000 killed
| casualties2 = In Total: ~1,000 Sikhs killed
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
'''Mirza Shafi's campaign against Sikhs'''{{sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=381}}{{sfn|Rao|1968|p=115}} or the '''Imperial campaign against the Sikhs''' was a Mughal campaign led by Mirza Muhammad Shafi Khan against Sikh chiefs in the [[Cis-Sutlej states|Cis-Satluj region]] from February to June 1781. It formed part of the Mughal attempt under [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] to restore authority, collect tribute, and check Sikh activity in the country around [[Karnal]], [[Ambala]], the [[Yamuna]], and the [[Upper Doab|upper Ganga Doab]].

The campaign began after Shafi's earlier operations in the Doab and after fighting in which Sahib Singh Khondah was supposodely killed. Shafi entered Sikh territory on 25 February 1781 and encamped at Radaur, but Sikh forces avoided a single decisive engagement and relied on mobile attacks, pressure on imperial posts, and raids across the [[Yamuna]] into the Doab. Although Shafi gained temporary successes at Indri and in a night attack on a Sikh camp, his army suffered from shortage of money, lack of reinforcements, desertion, and the inability of the Delhi government to protect the Doab from Sikh incursions.

By the end of the campaign, Shahabad had been retaken by the Sikhs, Sadhaura and other Mughal posts had been abandoned, and Shafi had fallen back toward Kunjpura. The failure led Najaf Khan to negotiate through [[Zabita Khan]] and Gajpat Singh of Jind. In July 1781, Gajpat Singh's tribute was fixed, he was granted the title of [[Maharaja]], and a settlement was reached under which the Sikhs agreed not to raid imperial territory, while their possession of estates north of Panipat and their right to levy [[Rakhi system|''rakhi'']] in specified areas were confirmed.
== Background ==
The Sikh advance into the upper Doab followed the failure of the [[Siege of Patiala (1779)|imperial campaign against Patiala]] in October 1779. The imperial government was temporarily weakened by political changes at Delhi after [[Mirza Najaf Khan]] rose to the regency, but by January 1780 his grand-nephew Mirza Muhammad Shafi was sent to the [[Doab]] with 10,000 men and artillery to protect the province and its crops.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=151}} Shafi first operated from [[Meerut]] and attacked local landlords who had used the Sikh incursion to withhold obedience from the Mughal government. On 10 February 1780 he advanced through Barnawa and sacked the village of Sup after fighting there.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=151–152}}

By late 1780, the Cis-Satluj Sikh chiefs were divided by local conflicts. [[Amar Singh of Patiala]] was fighting Bhai Desu Singh of Kaithal, who was supported by Sahib Singh Khondah, Dulcha Singh, and Bhag Singh were also involved in fighting with [[Thaneswar]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=152}} Both sides appealed to Shafi, and Najaf Khan allowed him to choose whichever alliance seemed most useful to the Delhi government.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=152}} Shafi and Zabita Khan reached Bidauli on 9 November 1780, where Sikh chiefs including Sahib Singh and his allies discussed terms with them.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=152}}

The Mughal commanders later crossed to the western bank of the Jamuna and halted at Kunjpura. Shafi imprisoned Gajpat Singh and three other Sikh chiefs to extract money from them, a policy that Zabita Khan opposed because of his ties to the Sikhs.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=152–153}} Zabita Khan returned to Delhi with his own contingent on 10 December, leaving Shafi with reduced strength.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=153}} Sikh raiding parties then entered [[Saharanpur district]], and Shafi made a forced march from Kunjpura into the Doab.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=153}}

The Sikh raiders gathered near Saharanpur but were defeated by Shafi's artillery and trained sepoys. Sahib Singh Khondah was killed, several Sikh chiefs were wounded, and many Sikhs drowned while crossing the Jamuna during the retreat.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=153}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}} A different version attributed to Francklin placed the battle at Meerut on 15 August 1781 and gave Sikh losses at about 5,000, but the [[Hari Ram Gupta]] and [[Jadunath Sarkar]] note that contemporary mid-August records do not mention such an action.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=105}}
== Campaign ==
After the earlier fighting, Shafi returned to Sikh territory in the [[Karnal district]]. The Sikhs chose guerrilla tactics and continued raids across the Yamuna to show that Shafi's previous success had not stopped them from entering the Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=132}} On 25 February 1781, Shafi encamped at Radaur, north of Karnal and west of the Yamuna. He was attacked by 150 Sikh horsemen, who later withdrew.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=132}} On 27 February, while Shafi remained at [[Radaur]], the Sikhs camped four ''kos'' away, and Diwan Singh and [[Baghel Singh]] sent him a letter stating that his presence was damaging crops and that he would be responsible for the losses.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=132}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=86}}

On 28 February, Shafi left Radaur and was attacked on the march. About seventy men were killed and wounded on both sides, and local inhabitants fled toward the [[Sirmur]] hills.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=132}} On 3 March, following Dalel Khan's advice, Shafi decided to establish a camp at Sikandra. His troops had marched only a short distance when the Sikhs attacked. Zain-ul-Abidin Khan and Bagha Rao Maratha fought in the engagement, the Sikhs withdrew after losing eight horses, while carrying off two camels and six ponies. About twenty men on both sides were killed or wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=132–133}}
=== Operations around Nikobat and Buriya ===
On 4 March, Shafi moved to Nikobat, described as the residence of Rae Singh Bhangi and Bhag Singh of Thaneswar. Several skirmishes took place on the march, and the Sikhs later camped about ten kilometres from him.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} The Sikh inhabitants of Nikobat fled with their families and property to Jamalgarh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}}

Shafi remained at Nikobat for about a week, during which daily skirmishing continued. On 6 March he received ammunition from Najaf Khan, after which the Sikhs moved their camp farther away.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} On 7 March it was reported that Diwan Singh's representative told Sher Din Khan that the Sikhs would not raid the Ganga Doab if Shafi immediately returned to his own country.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} [[Ghulam Qadir]], the son of Zabita Khan, attacked places where cultivators from Sikh territory had taken refuge, collected booty, and later joined Shafi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}}

On 9 March Sikh troopers attempted to seize cattle from the imperial camp. Four or five men were killed or wounded in the resulting action.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} Later that day the Sikhs appeared near Shafi's camp, and Shafi marched out with a battalion and three cannon. The Sikhs withdrew after losing twenty-five men, and Shafi pursued them for three ''kos''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}}

During the night of 11–12 March, the Sikhs attacked Shafi and carried off 3,000 cattle.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}} On 12 March Shafi marched toward [[Buria|Buriya]], was attacked on the way, and dispersed the attackers with artillery fire before encamping at Nakri.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=133–134}}
=== Patiala's attempted intervention ===
Raja [[Amar Singh of Patiala]] offered assistance to Shafi while Shafi was under pressure. On 17 March 1781, Chain Singh, Amar Singh's representative, visited Shafi and received gifts, while a five-piece ''khilat'' was sent for Amar Singh. Chain Singh was instructed to bring money and reinforcements.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=133}}

On 25 March, Chain Singh reported that Amar Singh's troops had left Patiala and were marching toward [[Ambala]].{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} The Sikh chiefs prevented these troops from joining Shafi. [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] entered Patiala territory on 28 March, Karam Singh and [[Tara Singh Ghaiba]] intercepted Amar Singh's contingent, and other Sikh forces blocked the route at Ambala.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} Amar Singh recalled the contingent, while Sikh forces continued to plunder in Patiala territory. Amar Singh's representative then offered money, after which the Sikhs withdrew toward Malerkotla and then Khanna, where Amar Singh agreed to meet Jassa Singh to settle terms.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}}
===Continued advance towards Saudhaura===
While Shafi was at Buria, the Sikh camp was at Kharvan, north of Buria. On 18 March Shafi marched there, but the Sikhs evacuated the place and moved farther away.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} Shafi was attacked during the march and drove the attackers away with artillery.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} On 19 March he moved from Kharvan to Balchhappar on the Chittang stream, where the Sikhs had been halting, but they again withdrew.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}}

According to Gupta, the significant disunity in the Sikh camp probably explains why they opted to harass Shafi rather than directly attack his forces.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} Diwan Singh and Gurdit Singh left the Sikh camp and moved toward Sikandra because of differences with other Sikh chiefs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} On 21 March, Gajpat Singh of Jind promised to pay the balance of his tribute within a week and received gifts together with his Diwan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}}
=== Disaffection in Shafi's army ===
By late March, Shafi's army faced severe financial strain. No revenue could be collected from Sikh territory because inhabitants had fled, no money had arrived from Delhi, and Sikh attacks were causing continuing losses.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Ghulam Qadir was dissatisfied because his troops had not been paid, and Shafi attempted to conciliate him with gifts.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=134}} Grain and gunpowder arrived from Sadhaura, but [[Banjaras]] carrying grain were plundered by Mohar Singh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=134–135}}

On 25 March, Shafi moved from Balchhappar and camped near Mustafabad, which the Sikhs had left after handing the fort to the local Qazi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Shafi appointed Sher Din Khan Mandal officer of Shahabad and sent a letter to the Raja of Nahan asking him not to shelter Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Najaf Quli warned Shafi that the army was becoming disaffected, and Shafi tried to satisfy him with promises of parganahs and a ''doshala''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}}

On 30 March, Shafi marched back to Sikandra under pressure from Sikh attacks, raids in the Doab, and unrest in his camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Two battalions under Gangaram and Bhawani Singh openly revolted over unpaid dues, refused to leave Mustafabad, and stayed behind.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Shafi sent Shuja Khan to persuade them to join him and offered to pay one month's salary from Gajpat Singh's tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}}

On 31 March, Shafi ordered local zamindars to pay revenue and threatened to harvest their crops and confiscate grain if they did not comply.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} Reports also reached him that fighting had broken out at Sadhaura between [[Ismail Beg]] and the Sikhs, and he sent 200 horse and foot as reinforcement.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} On 1 April, the Sikhs attacked the ''amil'' of Buria and withdrew before reinforcements arrived and one infantry ''jamadar'' was killed.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=135}} On 2 April, Shafi demolished the forts of Daulat Singh and Diwan Singh and established his own ''thana'' at Sikandra.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=135–136}}
=== Fighting at Indri ===
On 4 April, Shafi sent Mir Mansur and five other chiefs to Indri from his camp on the Chittang stream. They plundered Husainpur, expelled Baghel Singh's military post from Indri, and stationed troops there with camel artillery, long firelocks, and grain.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=86}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}} On 6 April, Mir Mansur fought the Sikhs near Indri. The Sikh force left its horses in nearby jungle and fought on foot.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}}

Mir Mansur was reinforced by 3,000 Afghans from Karnal and [[Kunjpura]], and the battalions of Sayyid Ali and Shaikh Haidar later opened artillery fire on the Sikhs from the rear.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}} Mir Mansur and Shaikh Haidar lost their horses in the fighting.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}} The Sikhs left 150 dead, including Ratan Singh, while the Mughal side lost thirty killed and fifty wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=87}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=426}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=153}} The Sikhs withdrew to Radaur, and the Mughal posts at Indri and Husainpur were maintained.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}}

Najaf Khan sent robes and gifts to Shafi, Zain-ul-Abidin Khan, Mir Mansur, and subordinate chiefs after hearing of the success at Indri.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}} It is also noted that Najaf Khan had not been able to supply Shafi with money or stop Sikh activity in the Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=136}}
=== Night attack on a Sikh camp ===
On the night of 8 April, Shafi and Zain-ul-Abidin Khan attempted to attack a Sikh camp. Villagers warned the Sikhs, who broke camp, but Shafi's forces overtook them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=136–137}} In the action, 150 Sikhs were killed and 50 captured and Shafi's forces also seized 100 horses, 200 ponies, and 150 camels.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}} The village of Biana was plundered and its cattle taken by Mughal troops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}}

On 9 April, Zain-ul-Abidin Khan arrested inhabitants of villages that had warned the Sikhs about Shafi's night movement and had them blown from a cannon.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}} Ghulam Qadir was also ordered to devastate villages that had not cooperated with Shafi during the attack.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}}
=== Operations at Shahabad and Sadhaura ===
On 14 April, Shafi moved from the Sikandra area to Mustafabad.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}} Mirza Saidu complained that the Sikhs had plundered his village and that local zamindars and villagers were unable to resist them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}} On 17 April, Shafi moved to Kabutar Khera and sent Mir Mansur and Sher Din Khan to establish posts near Sadhaura.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}}

On 20 April, Khalil Beg Khan seized Shahabad, south of Ambala, but his troops were continually harassed by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=137}} On 23 April, he reported that 200 Sikhs were near Shahabad and that five zamindars had been wounded outside the town, requesting a battalion and two cannon.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}}

On 25 April, Shafi moved from Kabutar Khera to Sadhaura after sending Zain-ul-Abidin Khan to reassure Ghulam Qadir, who was discouraged by lack of funds.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}} On 26 April, Sher Din Khan and Bagha Rao brought money from Kunjpura to Sadhaura, and it was distributed among the troops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}} Shafi then retreated to Bilaspur.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}} On 27 April, he received Rs. 25,000 from Gajpat Singh of Jind and distributed it among the soldiers. He also fixed a tribute of Rs. 17,000 on the Raja of Nahan and Rs. 7,000 on the zamindars of Indri.{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=87}}{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}}
== Sikh raids in the Ganga Doab ==
The Sikh response to Shafi's entry into their territory included repeated raids into the Doab. On 25 February, the same day Shafi entered Sikh territory, 1,000 Sikhs crossed the Yamuna into Shafi's rear and drove away 2,000 cattle from Kot.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=148}} Shafi sent two battalions and two cannon in pursuit.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=148}} On 27 February, more Sikhs crossed into the Doab, carried off cattle from Lakhnauti, and moved to Bidauli.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=148}}

After concentrating for about a month on fighting Shafi, Sikh raids resumed near the end of March.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=148}} On 29 March, 200 men under [[Ladwa State|Gurdit Singh of Ladwa]] raided the Doab and carried off cattle from Garhi Bhai Khan, also called Garhi Duhtar.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=148–149}} On 2 April, Gurdit Singh plundered a village near Meerut and killed or wounded several people.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}}
=== Mughal response in the Doab ===
Shafi repeatedly asked Najaf Khan to drive the Sikhs out of the Doab because the raids were increasing unrest among his own troops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} On 2 April, Najaf Khan sent an infantry battalion and 400 horse under Kajjar Farangi and Qalandar Singh, instructing them to join Shafi if needed.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} On 7 April, Najaf Khan ordered Mirza Jafar to proceed to Saharanpur with 3,000 horse and foot and two cannon, but Jafar was unwilling to serve under Shafi because of personal differences, and Najaf Khan did not insist.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}}

Najaf Khan also consulted the astrologer Opat, who predicted that the Sikhs would fight Shafi on 16, 22, and 24 April and on 4 May, and that the imperial forces would ultimately be victorious.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}}
===Sikh Waves of destruction===
On 8 April, another Sikh force crossed the Yamuna and plundered Gangoh and several other villages.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} They halted west of Shamli, where two men were killed in fighting, and then returned while plundering a village and taking cattle on the way.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} Kajjar was at Kandhla but did not engage them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} On 10 April, the Sikhs moved toward Shamli and the local ''chaudhri'' paid money for ''karah prashad'', and the town avoided an attack.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=149}} Another Sikh contingent plundered Husainpur and later entered Budhana, where twelve Afghan houses were plundered and the rest of the town was spared after paying Rs. 4,000.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=149–150}}

On 12 April, the Sikhs advanced farther south, sacked Baghpat, laid waste Khekra, and intercepted letters from Najaf Khan to Shafi, causing alarm in Delhi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} On 13 April, Ghulam Qadir Khan detached 500 horse to protect his territories in the Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} Najaf Khan summoned Najaf Quli Khan for an expedition and offered Rs. 50,000, but Najaf Quli demanded a jagir worth one lakh of rupees.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}}

The Sikhs attacked Sardhana, the estate of Begum Samru, then stormed Mawana and forced its ''amil'' to pay tribute.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} They also reached Muradnagar and plundered it.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} Begum Samru's representative asked Najaf Khan for assistance, but Najaf Khan's officers would not march without two months' salary in advance, and he had no funds to pay them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}}

On 16 April, the Sikhs attacked Shahdara and Patparganj, the suburbs of Delhi, and residents fled.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} Begum Samru sent troops and guns to protect her villages, while alarm spread as far as Rewari.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=150}} Another Sikh body attacked Shaikhpura Barnawa, wounded the local ''amil'', plundered and burned the village, and established a post there.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=150–151}} The Sikhs then attacked Bamnauli and imposed Rs. 400 and a horse as ''rakhi''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=151}} Three nearby villages were laid waste, while the Gosains of Rampur resisted a Sikh force of 2,500.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=151}}

On 18 April, the Sikhs besieged Jasar Kot. The villagers fought them, and the Sikhs lost forty to fifty men before withdrawing.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=151}} The village powder magazine then caught fire and destroyed the village and when villagers fled on horseback, the Sikhs attacked them and plundered their property.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=151}} A body of 500 Sikhs carried off cattle from Dhakauli, while another force attacked Meerut, withdrew in the afternoon, and halted west of the city with booty.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=151}}

On 19 April, the Sikhs were encamped east of the Kali River near Sardhana and controlled the area between Meerut and Budhana.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=151–152}} They plundered a chariot and eight horsemen travelling from Shikarpur and then sought information about Jamuna crossings.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}} On 20 April, 400 Sikhs crossed the Yamuna into their own territory with booty, reaching Dhin and Manglaur, where they began selling plundered property.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}} A separate report stated that 1,000 Sikhs were moving toward Hardwar.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}}

On 24 April, another body of 500 Sikhs crossed the Yamuna, 300 of them carrying booty.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}} Mir Mansur attacked them and was wounded in the left arm, while his horse was also wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}} Mir Baqar, Mir Kalian, Inayat Ali, and several ''jamadars'' were killed and about twenty men in all were killed or wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}} The Sikhs carried off fifteen horses, while four Sikh heads were brought into the imperial camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=152}}

These Sikh incursions into the Doab are referred to as the ''"Sikh Waves of Destruction"'', as the primary objective of these punitive expeditions was to inflict widespread havoc and devastation, compelling the Mughal forces to withdraw from Sikh-controlled territory.{{sfn|Dilagīra|Sekhon|2017|p=213}}
== Mughal command disputes in the Doab ==
Najaf Khan blamed Zabita Khan for the failure to check the Sikhs in the Doab, alleging that Zabita Khan corresponded with them and did not seriously oppose them.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=153}} Najaf Khan considered seizing Zabita Khan's estates, establishing posts at Ghausgarh and Thana Bhawan, giving [[Najaf Quli Khan]] charge of the area, and assigning Zabita Khan a cash subsidy.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=153}}

On 27 April, Murtaza Khan marched from Khekra to Bamnauli, while the Sikhs were encamped at Khatauli.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=153}} He intended to attack them via Barnawa, but his troops also lacked money, and Najaf Khan promised to remit funds.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=153}} On 29 April, Sahib Singh, Zabita Khan's representative, asked Najaf Khan to investigate the charges against Zabita Khan. Najaf Khan told him to advise Zabita Khan to join Najaf Quli Khan in driving the Sikhs from the Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=153}}

On 30 April, Sahib Singh stated that Zabita Khan would not fight under Najaf Quli Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=153–154}} Najaf Khan then told Najaf Quli to send Jalal Khan to Zabita Khan with a message that success against the Sikhs depended on Zabita Khan's assistance.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=154}} Shafi also opposed Najaf Quli Khan's appointment in Saharanpur district, and his representative Dilaram complained that territory conquered by Shafi and Zain-ul-Abidin Khan had been assigned to Najaf Quli Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=154}}

Murtaza Khan camped at Kandhla and sought help from local chiefs against the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=154}} Sixteen troopers of Bagha Rao, fearing the Sikhs, hid in Kakripur while going to join Murtaza Khan. The Sikhs invested the village, forced the inhabitants to surrender the Marathas, seized their horses, and left them wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=154}} Several Sikh parties with cattle and booty were reported crossing or preparing to cross the Jamuna.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=154}}

Najaf Khan then instructed Sahib Singh to urge Zabita Khan to join Najaf Quli, settle terms with the Sikhs quickly, and arrange for 5,000 Sikhs to serve under Najaf Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}} Zabita Khan was made mediator in the affair.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}} On the same day, Kajjar fought the Sikhs in Kairana parganah, losing two ''hawaldars'' and ten soldiers before artillery fire forced the Sikhs to withdraw.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}} The Sikhs then besieged Garhi Abdullah Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}}

On 7 May, when Shafi moved against Buriya, a Sikh force under Rae Singh and Bhag Singh crossed into Saharanpur district.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}} Najaf Khan again pressed Zabita Khan to cooperate with Najaf Quli Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=155}} On 3 June, Gopal Rao Maratha was appointed to restore order in the Meerut parganahs with 500 horse, five infantry battalions, and two cannon.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=155–156}}
== Final phase of the campaign ==
On 1 May, Shafi fixed his camp at Damla, and on 2 May he moved to Drazpur. The Sikhs fought him during the march.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=138}} He then reached the Jamuna at the Nakum-Tabar ghat and established his headquarters there.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=138–139}} On 4 May, he received letters from officers at Sadhaura and Shahabad stating that rumours of Najaf Quli Khan's approach were spreading, zamindars were rebelling, and Sikhs were creating disturbances.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}}

Petitions from the ''amils'' of Sadhaura and Shahabad described their difficulties. The ''amil'' of Shahabad stated that he had been defeated, expelled from the town, and forced to shelter in a serai outside it.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}} On 7 May, Shafi learned that the Sikhs had besieged Buriya and marched there with a selected force. On hearing of his approach, the Sikhs crossed the Jamuna into Saharanpur district.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}} Shafi sent two battalions of Shaikh Haidar to Shahabad after receiving another appeal from the ''amil'' there, and then returned to Nakum-Tabar.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}}
=== Agreement with Gajpat Singh ===
Shafi received a written agreement from Gajpat Singh. Gajpat Singh agreed to pay one lakh of rupees when he reached Kunjpura and fifty thousand rupees at Karnal, to provide his son as security for two lakhs of rupees, and to remain in attendance on Shafi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}} The agreement provided that his country would be laid waste if he intrigued with the Sikhs against the Emperor.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=139}} Shafi released him and gave him a six-piece ''khilat'', a jewelled turban ornament, an elephant, and a horse. His Diwan Nigahi Singh and companions also received gifts.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=139–140}}

On 9 May, Bhag Singh and Rae Singh returned from plundering Saharanpur district and began fighting the ''amil'' of Buriya.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} The Sikhs also continued pressure on Sadhaura, and Mir Mansur was asked to send selected horsemen to relieve both places.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} On 10 May, Khalil Beg reported from Shahabad that Baghel Singh, Bhag Singh, and Sher Singh were fighting him daily and that he had taken up a defensive position below the serai walls outside the town.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}}

Shafi marched to Mahanpur and was attacked on the way. About fifteen men on each side were wounded, one Sikh follower of Baghel Singh was killed, and two Sikh horses were seized.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} On 12 May, Jai Singh Rae reported that Gajpat Singh could arrange payment of one lakh of rupees within twenty days.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}}
=== Recapture of Shahabad by the Sikhs ===
The ''amil'' of Shahabad informed Shafi that the Sikhs had again besieged him and were firing from nearby rooftops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} Shafi ordered Sher Din Khan and Bagha Rao to relieve him, but they refused because their troops were demanding arrears of pay, had gone without food for three days, and were deserting.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} Another report stated that fighting continued until 15 May.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=140}} On 15 May, Shafi also learned that Tara Singh Kakar, Mohar Singh, Jai Singh, and Khushhal Singh Faizullahpuria had left Rupar for Patiala to confer with Amar Singh and had reached Sirhind.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=140–141}}

On 16 May, Shafi received two ''hundis'' worth fifty thousand rupees and ten thousand rupees in cash from Gajpat Singh, and the cash was distributed to the troops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=141}} Najaf Khan, aware of disaffection in the camp, wrote to Shafi's officers that deserters would lose their estates and horses.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=141}}

Khalil Beg sent an urgent request for help. Shafi asked his officers to relieve him, but none agreed because of discontent among the troops.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=141}} Zain-ul-Abidin Khan also refused, arguing that the destruction of his troops would endanger the whole army.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=141}} Najaf Khan nevertheless instructed Shafi to march to Shahabad and ordered Murtaza Khan to join him.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=141}}

On 18 May, a messenger reported that Karam Singh and Baghel Singh were fighting the ''amil'' of Shahabad and had breached the wall of the serai.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=141–142}} Sher Singh of Buria was besieging Sadhaura, Rae Singh and Bhag Singh were encamped at Amin, and Sikhs from Rupar remained at Sarhind.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=142}} On 21 May, the ''amil'' of Shahabad reported that the Sikhs had advanced closer and controlled the town. Shafi prepared to march, but Mir Mansur dissuaded him from moving without a strong army.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=142}}

On 22 May, Khalil Beg sought peace through Karam Singh and offered a horse as ''nazar''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=142}} The Sikhs demanded that he evacuate the serai. When Khalil Beg came out with 300 horse, 800 foot, and two cannon, his troops were attacked and plundered, and Khalil Beg was shot dead.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=142}}{{sfn|Gupta|1939|p=87}}{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=426}} The fall of Shahabad disheartened Shafi and led him to appeal to Delhi for reinforcement.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=142}}
===Mughal Retreat from Punjab===
On 28 May, Shafi sent Sayyid Ali, Gangaram, Ghulam Muhammad, and Sher Din Khan Mandal, each with a battalion, to assist the ''amil'' of Sadhaura.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} On 29 May, Shafi wrote to Najaf Khan that the soldiers were demanding salary and wanted to go to Delhi with Gajpat Singh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}}

The battalions marching to Sadhaura reached Damla and fought the Sikhs through the day on 30 May before reaching the vicinity of Sadhaura by nightfall.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} The imperial troops lost seven killed and 150 wounded; the Sikhs lost ten troopers and their horses.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} The commanders decided that if the Sikhs appeared in greater strength they would retire with the ''amil'' to Shafi's camp.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}}

Early on 31 May, the Mughal commanders evacuated Sadhaura and withdrew the posts at Bilaspur and Mustafabad before rejoining Shafi.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} The Sikhs pursued them throughout the day. In the day's fighting the Sikhs lost eighty men, while the imperial forces lost forty killed and wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} The Sikhs then moved toward Buriya to expel Shafi's officer.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}}

===Continued Retreat and the Battle of Sirhind, June 1781===
Shafi wanted to send Gajpat Singh to Delhi but hesitated because of the Sikhs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} The same day 2,000 Sikhs appeared at Buria to invest it, but artillery fire from the fort drove them away.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} On 2 June, Shafi sent Gajpat Singh to Delhi with the battalions of Kajjar and Murad Beg.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=143}} A body of 2,000 Sikhs marched toward Kunjpura, and another force of 5,000 besieged Damla and Ghulam Qadir Khan, being ill, left for Ghausgarh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=143–144}}

Rae Singh, Bhag Singh, and Baghel Singh camped at Damla with 3,000 soldiers, while other Sikhs halted about nine kilometres away.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}} Five hundred Sikhs suddenly appeared before Shafi's camp at Nakum-Tabar and withdrew after wounding two or three soldiers.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}} Frequent skirmishing took place on 4 June.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}}

On 4 June, Gajpat Singh, Nigahi Singh, and Diwan Singh were presented to Najaf Khan by Mahdi Quli Khan in Delhi and received robes or shawls after offering ''nazar''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}} On 8 June, Dilaram presented Shafi's petition to Najaf Khan, asking for immediate money because the troops were becoming rebellious.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}}

On 9 June, Surjan Khan Mandal marched toward Damla and skirmished with the Sikhs, killing one Sikh, wounding three or four, and seizing two horses, while three or four of his own troopers were wounded.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}} Zain-ul-Abidin Khan considered leaving the camp because no money had arrived from Delhi, but Mir Mansur persuaded him to remain.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}}

Reports stated that the Sikhs intended to cross the Jamuna into the Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=144}} Shafi wished to pursue them, leave the west bank under Gajpat Singh, and camp during the rainy season in the Doab, but Najaf Khan ordered him not to cross the Jamuna.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=144–145}} On 12 June, Shafi sent Jai Singh Rae to Diwan Singh, Baghel Singh, and Gurdit Singh to negotiate peace. Shafi offered Radaur, Babain, and Shamgarh in return for the booty of Shahabad, but the Sikhs rejected the offer.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}}

On the same day, Ram Ratan Modi submitted a report to Najaf Khan on Gajpat Singh's revenues. The total revenue was six lakhs of rupees and two lakhs and forty thousand had already been paid to Shafi, two lakhs and ten thousand were promised within eight days, and the remaining one lakh and fifty thousand were to be paid in three instalments over two months.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}} Hostages were to be given until full payment.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}}

A Marathi letter dated 10 June 1781 claimed that Najaf Khan had sent Shafi with 40,000 troops and artillery, that the Sikhs defeated the imperial army, killed 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers, seized all its guns, and drove it back to Panipat.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}}

On 16 June, Dalel Khan of Kunjpura advised Shafi to camp near Buriya for the rainy season because the Sikhs were attacking it daily.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}} On 19 June, the Sikh chiefs offered peace terms, which Shafi rejected.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}} On 22 June, Najaf Khan ordered Shafi to camp at Radaur for the rainy season, but Shafi remained for a time at the Nakum-Tabar ghat and later fell back to Kunjpura.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=155}}
== Causes of the Mughal failure ==
Shafi's campaign failed despite disunion among the Sikh chiefs.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=145}} The chief reason given by [[Hari Ram Gupta]] and [[Jadunath Sarkar]] is Najaf Khan's bankruptcy, which prevented him from supplying Shafi with reinforcements, money, or even sufficient ammunition.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=146}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|pp=153–154}} Najaf Khan's financial weakness also affected the Emperor and the imperial harem, whose allowances were unpaid.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=146}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=154}}

Many Mughal commanders were paid by revenue assignments in the upper Doab, but Sikh raids prevented revenue collection there.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=146}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=154}} As a result, the commanders were unable to maintain their troops, and Shafi's camp became increasingly unstable.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=141–146}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=154}} Najaf Khan needed Zabita Khan's cooperation because Zabita Khan had large estates and influence in the region, but Shafi and Zabita Khan were unable to cooperate.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|pp=146–147}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=154}} This can be attributed to personal, ethnic, religious, and political factors. Shafi was an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Shia]], while Zabita Khan was a [[Rohilla]] Afghan Sunni. Zabita Khan demanded money to support his troops and was reluctant to attack Sikh allies who could be useful to him in the future.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=147}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=154}}

Shafi remained at Kunjpura until mid-summer 1782, even after Najaf Khan's death on 6 April 1782.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=147}} The Emperor sent him a robe of honour on 14 April 1782, and Najaf Khan's sister called him to Delhi on 12 June 1782.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=147}}
== Settlement and recognition of ''rakhi'' ==
By the end of May 1781, Najaf Khan had moved toward a negotiated settlement through Zabita Khan because Shafi had failed as an agent for dealing with the Sikhs.{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=155}} On 27 June 1781, Zabita Khan was permitted to settle terms with the Sikhs and went to Ghausgarh.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=156}} On 12 July, Najaf Khan fixed Gajpat Singh's tribute at six lakhs of rupees, received three lakhs, and kept Gajpat Singh's son as hostage for the balance.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=156}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=155}}

Gajpat Singh received robes of honour, a jewelled ornament for the turban, a sword, a pearl necklace, a frilled palanquin, a horse, and an elephant, and was granted the title of Maharaja.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=156}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1972|p=155}} His son, Diwan, and companions also received ''khilats''.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=156}} The Marathi records cited by Gupta place the grant of the title on 7 July 1781.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=156}}

Hari Ram Gupta characterizes the settlement as formal Mughal acceptance of Sikh possession west of the Yamuna and recognition of Sikh ''rakhi'' rights in the upper Ganga Doab.{{sfn|Gupta|1999|p=157}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=1999 |isbn=9788172052171}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769–1799 |series=History of the Sikhs |volume=3 |publisher=S. N. Sarkar |year=1939}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |series=History of the Sikhs |volume=4 |edition=3rd, illustrated |location=New Delhi |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1978 |isbn=9788121501651}}
* {{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803 |series=History of the Sikhs |volume=3 |edition=2nd, illustrated |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=8121502136}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=Fall of the Mughal Empire: 1771–88 |series=Fall of the Mughal Empire |volume=3 |edition=2nd reprint |publisher=AMS Press |year=1972 |isbn=040405580X}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dilagīra |first1=Harajindara Siṅgha |last2=Sekhon |first2=Awatar Singh |title=The Sikhs' Struggle for Sovereignty: An Historical Perspective |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust |year=2017 |isbn=9780986803741}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Rao |editor-first=Vasant D. |title=Studies in Indian History: Dr. A. G. Pawar Felicitation Volume |others=Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar |publisher=Y. P. Pawar |year=1968}}

[[Category:Sikh Empire]]

Department of Public Elections (Tamil Nadu)

2026-05-02T10:11:50Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Third-party|date=January 2024}}{{Short description|Government department of Tamil Nadu state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Public Elections (Tamil Nadu)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| headquarters = [[Chennai]]
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Duraimurugan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister of Elections Department
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| parent_agency = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/38 Public Elections Department]
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Public Elections''' is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== Objective and functions ==
The department is responsible for enabling the conduction of [[Free and fair election|free and fair elections]] in coordination with the [[Election Commission of India]] and its entities.<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/38|title=Public Elections department|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Gov1">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/public_elections_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Public Elections department policy nore, 2023-24|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The department is responsible for infrastructure for storage of [[Electronic Voting Machine]]s, maintaining [[Information technology|IT]] infrastructure for elections, electoral roll maintenance and issue of [[Voter ID (India)|voter identity cards]], voter awareness and appointment of poll observers and officers as directed by Election Commission.<ref name="Gov1"/>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/department/38 Official website of the Tamil Nadu Public Elections Department]
* [http://www.tn.gov.in Official website of Government of Tamil Nadu]

{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]

Mayiladuthurai–Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-05-01T18:42:34Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created new page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| color = 87CEFA
| name = Mayiladuthurai Junction - Coimbatore Junction ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| image = JAN SHATABDI EXPRESS.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption =
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2003|01|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} (CBE)
| stops = 8
| end = {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}} (MV)
| distance = {{convert|362|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Six days a week{{efn|Except Tuesdays.}}
| trainnumber = 12083 / 12084
| class = Chair Car, Second Class Seating General Unreserved
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|67|km/h}} average including halts.
| maintenance = {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}
| map = [[File:(Coimbatore - Mayiladuturai) Janshatabdi Express Route map.png|250px]] {{Mayiladuthurai-Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Mayiladuthurai–Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express''' is a [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] train connecting {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}} and {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The passenger service is one among the twenty [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] trains in India other than [[Chennai Central–Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express]] that runs within Tamil Nadu.

== Overview ==
This passenger service was introduced under [[Jan Shatabdi Express]],<ref name="jse">{{cite web|title=Jan Shatabdi Trains At A Glance|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/Janshatabdi.pdf|website=[[Indian Railways]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|accessdate=10 March 2017|page=80|date=1 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114180900/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/Janshatabdi.pdf|archivedate=14 January 2017}}</ref> and had its inaugural run on 20 January 2003<ref name="runrun">{{cite news|last1=V. S. Palaniappan|title=Jan Shatabdi Express covers a decade, but awaits improvements|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/Jan-Shatabdi-Express-covers-a-decade-but-awaits-improvements/article12308377.ece|accessdate=10 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 January 2013|location=Coimbatore|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121121740/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/jan-shatabdi-express-covers-a-decade-but-awaits-improvements/article4319106.ece|archivedate=21 January 2013}}</ref> between {{rws|Thanjavur Junction}} and {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], flagged-off by then Union Minister of State for Railways, [[A. K. Moorthy]],<ref name="begin">{{cite news|title=Thanjavur-Coimbatore Shatabdi from Jan. 20|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/15/stories/2003011503050400.htm|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=15 January 2003|location=Chennai|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130204732/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/01/15/stories/2003011503050400.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=30 November 2003}}</ref> as a trial service for a limited period of three months.<ref name="three">{{cite news|last1=V. S. Palaniappan|title=Is it curtains for Coimbatore, Thanjavur Jan Shatabdi Exp.?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/06/29/stories/2003062903940500.htm|accessdate=10 March 2017|date=29 June 2003|location=Coimbatore|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113234918/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/06/29/stories/2003062903940500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archivedate=13 January 2004}}</ref> Apart from the [[Chennai Central–Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express]] running within Tamil Nadu,<ref name="rb0203">{{cite web|title=Railway Budget for 2002–2003|url=http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2002-03.pdf|website=[[Railway Board]]|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=12 March 2017|page=699|date=26 February 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106135741/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/2002-03.pdf|archivedate=6 November 2015}}</ref> this service is one among twenty Jan Shatabdi Express trains in India.<ref name="twojs">{{cite news|title=Rail users seek Jan Shatabdi from Nagercoil to Coimbatore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/rail-users-seek-jan-shatabdi-from-nagercoil-to-coimbatore/articleshow/56099917.cms |accessdate=12 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 December 2016 |location=Madurai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313205919/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/rail-users-seek-jan-shatabdi-from-nagercoil-to-coimbatore/articleshow/56099917.cms |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service ==
During June 2004, the [[Southern Railway zone]] announced that the service would run until 15 July 2004.<ref name="july">{{cite news|title=Service extended |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/16/stories/2004061608240400.htm |accessdate=10 March 2017 |date=15 June 2004 |location=Chennai/Tiruchi |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313212326/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/06/16/stories/2004061608240400.htm |archivedate=13 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the service initially received poor patronage the railways were forced to operate the service in reverse direction [[viz.]] Coimbatore–Thanjavur expecting a better response.<ref name="concern">{{cite news|last1=Syed Muthahar |first1=Saqaf |title=Poor patronage for Shatabdi Express, a matter of concern |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/poor-patronage-for-shatabdi-express-a-matter-of-concern/article6697041.ece |accessdate=13 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2014 |location=Salem, Tamil Nadu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313212541/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/poor-patronage-for-shatabdi-express-a-matter-of-concern/article6697041.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During [[Railway Budget]] 2005–2006, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] announced the extension of service up to {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}} pending [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]].<ref name="extnkmu">{{cite web|title=Speech: Railway Budget 2005–06 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=7351 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=10 March 2017 |date=26 February 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403041740/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=7351 |archivedate=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service was once again extended to {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}},<ref name="revise">{{cite news|title=Train timings revised |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Train-timings-revised/article15252402.ece |accessdate=10 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=2 July 2008 |location=Coimbatore |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313213838/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Train-timings-revised/article15252402.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mayil">{{cite news|last1=K. Subramanian |title=Jan Shatabdi extended to Mayiladuturai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Jan-Shatabdi-extended-to-Mayiladuturai/article15281505.ece |accessdate=10 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=15 August 2008 |location=Nagapattinam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313222042/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Jan-Shatabdi-extended-to-Mayiladuturai/article15281505.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="finally">{{cite news|title=5 new rail link schemes await plan panel nod |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/5-new-rail-link-schemes-await-plan-panel-nod/article15284397.ece |accessdate=10 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2008 |location=Mayiladuthurai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313222406/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/5-new-rail-link-schemes-await-plan-panel-nod/article15284397.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as announced during Railway Budget 2008–2009 by [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the then Minister of Railways pending gauge conversion.<ref name="extnmv">{{cite web|title=Ten Garib Rath and 53 other trains to be introduced |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=35592 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=10 March 2017 |date=26 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403144357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=35592 |archivedate=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rb89">{{cite news|title=Highlights of Railway Budget 08–09 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=28872 |accessdate=10 March 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |date=12 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312052838/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=28872 |archivedate=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The service initially numbered as 2083{{\}}2084 was changed to 12083{{\}}12084 since December 2010 onwards as a part of train management system over the entire Indian Railways network.<ref name="five">{{cite web|title=Railways to Switch to 'Five' – Digit System for Numbering all its Passenger Carrying Trains from December 2010 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=23 September 2010 |accessdate=10 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301181459/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917 |archivedate=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="number">{{cite news|title=Railways migrate to 5-digit number scheme to monitor trains |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=10 March 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223135532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms |archivedate=23 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Rakes ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"

|-

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|-

|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||EoG||D1||D2||D3||D4||D5||D6||D7||D8||D9||D10||D11||D12||D13||D14||D15||D16||D17||D18||C1||C2||SLR||

|}

== Route ==
This Jan Shatabdi Express service initially originated from {{rws|Thanjavur Junction}} to {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} via {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}} and {{rws|Erode Junction}} with single rake halting back at Thanjavur Junction,<ref name="begin"/> had to reverse the point of service owing to poor patronage.<ref name="concern"/> Despite extension of service,<ref name="extnkmu"/><ref name="revise"/> the train originating in Coimbatore Junction traverses through {{rws|Irugur Junction}},<ref name="irugur">{{cite news|title=Janshatabdi to stop at Irugur from July 1 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Janshatabdi-to-stop-at-Irugur-from-July-1/article16271653.ece |accessdate=12 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2010 |location=Coimbatore |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313231130/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Janshatabdi-to-stop-at-Irugur-from-July-1/article16271653.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{rws|Tiruppur}}, Erode Junction, {{rws|Karur Junction}}, Tiruchirappalli Junction,<ref name="plea">{{cite news|last1=Syed Muthahar |first1=Saqaf |title=Plea for more Jan Shatabdi coaches |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Plea-for-more-Jan-Shatabdi-coaches/article16498446.ece |accessdate=13 March 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=21 October 2009 |location=Tiruchi |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313224421/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Plea-for-more-Jan-Shatabdi-coaches/article16498446.ece |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it reverses the loco and proceeds to Thanjavur Junction, {{rws|Kumbakonam}} and the final destination, {{rws|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}.<ref name="runrun"/><ref name="CBEMV">{{cite web|title=Train schedule of CBE–MV|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/69.pdf|website=Indian Railways|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=10 March 2017|page=264|date=1 October 2016}}</ref> The service follows the same route and pattern during the return journey too.<ref name="MVCBE">{{cite web|title=Train schedule of MV–CBE|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/69A.pdf|website=Indian Railways|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=10 March 2017|page=265|date=1 October 2016}}</ref>{{efn|The schedule and routes are subject to change for administrative reasons.}}

== Developments ==
As a part of Go Green initiative, of the 6 chosen non-Air conditioned coach of this passenger train, one bearing No.CZ026256 was fitted with 16 [[solar photovoltaic panels]] capable of producing {{cvt|300|W}} each and aggregating up to {{cvt|4.8|kW}}.<ref name="solar">{{cite news|last1=Shruti|first1=Suresh|title=Tamil Nadu: In a first, Jan Shatabdi to have solar powered coach|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060117/karnataka-in-a-first-jan-shatabdi-to-have-solar-powered-coach.html|access-date=13 March 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=6 January 2017|location=Salem|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106215705/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060117/karnataka-in-a-first-jan-shatabdi-to-have-solar-powered-coach.html|archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Built at a cost of {{INRConvert|3.9|l}}, the solar panels are designed to be capable of withstanding wind velocities, vibrations and shocks while the train is running, and enough to power all the fans and lights in the coach in addition to saving {{cvt|1700|litre|lk=on}} of [[diesel fuel|diesel]] per coach for every year.<ref name="flag">{{cite news|title=Jan Shatabdi fitted with solar panels flagged off|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Jan-Shatabdi-fitted-with-solar-panels-flagged-off/article17002381.ece|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=The Hindu|date=7 January 2017|location=Salem|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108134918/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Jan-Shatabdi-fitted-with-solar-panels-flagged-off/article17002381.ece|archivedate=8 January 2017}}</ref> Thus becoming the first train in [[Southern Railway zone]] and [[South India]] as well to be fully operated with [[solar powered]] coaches.<ref name="become">{{cite news|title=Trial runs of South India's first solar powered coach has begun |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/trial-runs-of-south-indiaaposs-first-solar-powered-coach-has-begun/articleshow/57195212.cms |accessdate=13 March 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 February 2017 |location=Coimbatore |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313234050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/trial-runs-of-south-indiaaposs-first-solar-powered-coach-has-begun/articleshow/57195212.cms |archivedate=13 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being primarily maintained at Carriage and Works Depot in {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} under [[Salem railway division]], the train is one among the others to have retro fitment of Biotoilets at a cost of {{INRConvert|4.13|l}} for each coach.<ref name="biotoi">{{cite tweet |author=Divisional Railway Manager |user=SalemDRM|number=836932231041994753|date=1 March 2017 |title=Bio Toilets in all trains of #SalemDivision |access-date=13 March 2017||archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235454/https://twitter.com/SalemDRM/status/836932231041994753 |archive-date= 13 March 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Chennai Central Vijayawada Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Raigarh Gondia Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram-Kozhikode Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Kannur Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Patna-Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Howrah-Patna Jan Shatabdi Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in|Southern Railway zone}}
*{{IRI Train|849|Mayiladuturai – Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express}}
*{{IRI Train|850|Coimbatore – Mayiladuturai Jan Shatabdi Express}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Portal bar|Trains}}
{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayiladuthurai-Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]
[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Transport in Mayiladuthurai]]

Spice Money

2026-04-28T09:16:00Z

IsraelGuinn0047: stub

{{Short description|Indian rural fintech company}}
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Spice Money Limited
| logo = Official logo of Spice Money.png
| type = [[Publicly held company|Public]]
| industry = [[Fintech]]
| founded = 2000
| founder = Dilip Modi
| hq_location_city = Noida
| hq_location_country = India

| services =
| parent = DiGiSPICE Technologies
| website = {{URL|spicemoney.com/}}
}}

'''Spice Money''' (SML) is an Indian rural financial services company headquartered in [[Noida]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Spice Money optimising unit economics in ATM, Payments, and Collection says Dilip Modi |url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/videos/spice-money-optimising-unit-economics-in-atm-payments-and-collection-says-dilip-modi/105972334 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref> It was founded in 2000 by Dilip Modi, who serves as the chairman and group CEO of DiGiSPICE Technologies. SML is a subsidiary of DiGiSPICE Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Spice Money: Changing the way Bharat banks |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme-spice-money-changing-the-way-bharat-banks-2908966/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It provides financial services, such as money transfer, cash deposit, account opening, bill payments, mini ATMs and more services. It engages with local individuals (Adhikari's) to assist its customers with banking requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |last=P |first=Suraksha |date=2022-12-08 |title=Spice Money to offer B2B transactions on ONDC next quarter |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/spice-money-to-offer-b2b-transactions-on-ondc-next-quarter/articleshow/96064649.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2024, the company reported having 1.4 million Adhikari's on its platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-11 |title=Fintech platform Spice Money partners BCG to improve its rural reach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/fintech-platform-spice-money-partners-bcg-to-improve-its-rural-reach/articleshow/100154891.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
Spice Money began its operations as a digital wallet under the name Spice Digital Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambre |first=Ashna |date=2014-09-09 |title=Spice Digital picks up 26% stake in Vavia Technologies |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/BfSBVMu4kRTVUweIdekTcK/Spice-Digital-picks-up-26-stake-in-Vavia-Technologies.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Later, the company expanded into ticketing, bill payment, banking, and micro [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] services.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Spice Money deploys 1 lakh micro ATMs in rural India |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/spice-money-deploys-1-lakh-micro-atms-in-rural-india-11629195213600.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Surabhi |date=2021-06-03 |title=Spice Money looks to expand beyond payments, scale up network |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/spice-money-looks-to-expand-beyond-payments-scale-up-network/article34714904.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Digispice Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Raghu |date=11 September 2022 |title=Ours is more than a business correspondent model: Spice Money's Dilip Modi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/ours-is-more-than-a-business-correspondent-model-spice-money-s-dilip-modi-122091100678_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2015, Spice Money received license to operate as a PPI from RBI and in 2017, the company launched its micro ATM and bill pay services. This was followed by the mPOS service launch in 2018, which earned Spice Money the NPCI National Payments Excellence Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spice Money : Bolstering India' S Digital Payments Industry |url=https://marketing-technology.ciotechoutlook.com/vendor/2019/spice_money |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=CIOTechOutlook |language=en}}</ref> In January 2018, Spice Money received its final license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] to operate as a Bharat Bill Payment Operating Unit (BBPOU) within the [[Bharat Bill Payment System]] (BBPS).<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Venkatesan |date=2017-08-26 |title=Spice Digital gets RBI licence to operate under BBPS |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/spice-digital-gets-rbi-licence-to-operate-under-bbps/article9831691.ece |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, the company launched a proposition to assist nanopreneurs with onboarding. This initiative helped entrepreneurs in rural and semi-urban areas by launching products like, AEPS, IRCTC ticketing, Cash Management services (CMS), Lending etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spice Money's Micro ATM: How Noida-based FinTech company is helping small merchants |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-spice-money-s-micro-atm-how-noida-based-fintech-company-is-helping-small-merchants-2766269 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, the company announced the establishment of an ATM network with 1 lakh micro-ATMs operating across rural India.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2023, a strategic partnership was formed with Grameen Foundation for Social Impact (GFSI) India, a non-profit organization supporting underserved communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Spice Money partners with Grameen Foundation India to upskill women entrepreneurs for financial inclusion |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme-spice-money-partners-with-grameen-foundation-india-to-upskill-women-entrepreneurs-for-financial-inclusion-3240750/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Spice Money also partnered with [[National Securities Depository Limited|NSDL]] Payments Bank and [[Axis Bank]], enabling the opening of zero-balance savings or current accounts for rural citizens through its Adhikari platform.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Spice Money taps NSDL Payments Bank to offer zero balance accounts to rural India |url=https://www.fintechfutures.com/2023/10/spice-money-taps-nsdl-payments-bank-to-offer-zero-balance-accounts-to-rural-india/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=fintechfutures}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In December 2021, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) imposed a monetary penalty on Spice Money, for non-compliance with norms, as stated in a central bank announcement. Spice Money incurred fines of ₹1 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=RBI imposes Rs 1 cr fine each on Mobikwik and Spice Money |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/banks/story/rbi-imposes-rs-1-cr-fine-each-on-mobikwik-and-spice-money-316633-2021-12-23 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Digital payment providers}}

[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Mobile payments in India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Modi Enterprises]]

Somatne railway station

2026-04-26T15:01:59Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{one source|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Somatne railway station
| type = Regular
| style =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Panvel, Dist - Raigad
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9506|73.1455|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[Vasai Road–Roha line]]
| other =
| structure = on Ground
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes<ref>Central Railway to be completely electrified. Retrieved from http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/121118/central-rly-to-be-completely-electrified.html</ref>
| accessible =
| code = SMNE
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Vasai Road-Roha|left=Panvel|right=Rasayani}}
| map_type = India#Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Somatne
| route_map = {{MSR Vasai Road–Roha line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Somatne''' is a railway station on the [[Vasai Road–Roha line|Panvel–Roha route]] of [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] in India. It is at a distance of 73.3 km from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] via {{stnlnk|Diva Junction}}. Its station code is SMNE. It belongs to the Mumbai division of Central Railway.<ref name="CentralRailway-20100401">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,1191,1192,1394,1397|title=Central Railway Mumbai Division System Map|date=2010-04-01|publisher=[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]|access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>

The station is situated in [[Raigad district]] of [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is situated between {{stnlnk|Panvel}} and {{stnlnk|Rasayani}} railway stations, both too in Navi Mumbai.<ref name="CentralRailway-20100401" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Panvel-Roha rail line]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Saudan Singh

2026-04-21T04:32:29Z

IsraelGuinn0047: biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saudan Singh
| image = Saudan Singh.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|5|10}}
| birth_place = Kagpur, Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| education = M.A. in Political Science
| office = National Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party
| term_start = 2021
| predecessor = 
}}

'''Saudan Singh''' (born 10 May 1961) is an Indian politician and a senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has held several organizational roles in both the BJP and its ideological parent, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS). As of 2021, he serves as the National Vice President of the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-12-31 |title=BJP appoints V Satish as organiser, Saudan Singh vice-president |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Dec/31/bjp-appoints-v-satish-as-organiser-saudan-singh-vice-president-2243698.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-31 |title=बीजेपी में संगठन स्तर पर 3 बड़े बदलाव, सौदान सिंह बने राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/politics/story/organizational-changes-done-in-national-bjp-saudan-singh-promotes-vice-president-1185564-2020-12-31 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP appoints Saudan Singh as national vice president, V Satish as organiser |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/31/bjp-appoints-saudan-singh-as-national-vice-president-v-satish-as-organiser.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष सौदान सिंह की बोर्डों-निगमों के अफसरों को दो टूक, अब फील्ड में जाना होगा - BJP National Vice President Saudan Singh said Officers of boards and corporations now have to go to the field |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/kangra-bjp-national-vice-president-saudan-singh-said-officers-of-boards-and-corporations-now-have-to-go-to-the-field-22900488.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Saudan Singh named Himachal poll in-charge by BJP, Devendra Singh to be his deputy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/saudan-singh-himachal-poll-in-charge-bjp-devendra-singh-deputy-8111968/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chamoli News: भाजपा राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष सौदान सिंह ने किए बदरीनाथ के दर्शन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/chamoli/bjp-national-vice-president-saudan-singh-visited-badrinath-gopeshwar-news-c-47-1-sdrn1002-108865-2024-10-27 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-02 |title=BJP's senior leader Saudan Singh in Jaipur to help resolve conflict between Jaipur's ex-royal family and state govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bjps-senior-leader-saudan-singh-in-jaipur-to-help-resolve-conflict-between-jaipurs-ex-royal-family-and-state-govt/articleshow/53984643.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-31 |title=भाजपा संगठन में फेरबदल, सौदान सिंह बने राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष, यहां देखें सूची |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/national/bjp-sangathan-reshuffle-latest-updates-bjp-appoints-v-satish-as-sangathak-saudan-singh-as-national-vice-president-and-shiv-prakash-as-national-joint-general-secretary-organisation-smb |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP appoints V Satish as organiser, Saudan Singh vice-president |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bjp-appoints-v-satish-as-organiser-saudan-singh-vice-president-933695.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Saudan Singh was born in the village of Kagpur in [[Vidisha district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. He holds a Master of Arts degree in Political Science.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Political career==
Singh began his political career through the [[RSS]], where he served in several pracharak (campaigner) roles across Madhya Pradesh:

* 1980–1982: Nagar Pracharak, Bhopal
* 1982–1984: Tehsil Pracharak, Huzur and Berasia
* 1984–1986: Zila Pracharak, Bhopal
* 1986–1989: Zila Pracharak, Raisen
* 1989–1992: Zila Pracharak, Vidisha

He joined the BJP's organizational structure in the 1990s:

* 1993–1995: Sangathan Mantri for Betul, Hoshangabad, Harda, and Bhopal
* 1995–2001: Sambhag Sangathan Mantri for various districts in Madhya Pradesh
* 2001–2004: State General Secretary (Organization), Chhattisgarh
* 2004–2007: Zonal General Secretary (Organization) for Chhattisgarh, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and Telangana
* 2007–2020: Joint National General Secretary (Organization) for northern and eastern Indian states including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Rajasthan
* 2021–present: National Vice President of the BJP, with responsibility over Haryana, Punjab, Chandigarh, and Himachal Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal BJP: राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष सौदान सिंह बने भाजपा के राज्य चुनाव प्रभारी, देवेंद्र सह प्रभारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/saudan-singh-appointed-as-chief-election-in-charge-and-devender-singh-rana-appointed-as-election-co-in-charge |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=BJP के राष्ट्रीय उपाध्यक्ष सौदान सिंह पहुंचे शिमला, प्रदेशाध्यक्ष चयन व नगर निगम चुनाव का लेंगे फीडबैक |url=https://himachal.punjabkesari.in/himachal-pradesh/news/bjp-national-vice-president-saudan-singh-1808324 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=BJP appoints Saudan Singh as chief election in-charge, Devender Singh Rana as co-incharge for Himachal Pradesh polls 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-appoints-saudan-singh-as-chief-election-incharge-devender-singh-rana-himachal-pradesh-polls-2022-1992629-2022-08-25 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, he was appointed as the BJP's election in-charge for the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elections.<ref name="tribune2022">{{cite news |title=Saudan Singh appointed BJP in-charge for Assembly poll |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/saudan-singh-appointed-bjp-in-charge-for-assembly-poll-425388 |work=The Tribune |date=25 August 2022 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-06-30 |title=Rajeev Bindal set to retain BJP Himachal Pradesh president post unopposed |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rajeev-bindal-set-to-retain-bjp-himachal-pradesh-president-post-unopposed-1503451778.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Saudan Singh named Himachal poll in-charge by BJP, Devendra Singh to be his deputy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/shimla/saudan-singh-himachal-poll-in-charge-bjp-devendra-singh-deputy-8111968/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा ने सौदान सिंह को बनाया हिमाचल प्रदेश का चुनाव प्रभारी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-made-saudan-singh-the-election-in-charge-of-himachal-pradesh/articleshow/93777598.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==Public statements and activities==
In April 2023, Singh criticized the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]’s governance in [[Punjab]], alleging economic distress and poor healthcare infrastructure under its rule.<ref name="ht2023">{{cite news |title=BJP's Saudan Singh slams AAP for economic duress and lawlessness in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjps-saudan-singh-slams-aap-for-economic-duress-and-lawlessness-in-punjab-says-youth-migrating-in-hoards-civil-hospitals-in-shambles-101682870521293.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

He also participated in the "Swachh Teerth" (Clean Pilgrimage) campaign initiated by the BJP in line with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]’s cleanliness mission.<ref name="guardian2024">{{cite news |title=BJP's Saudan Singh takes part in 'Swachh Teerth' on PM's call |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/bjps-saudan-singh-takes-part-in-swachh-teerth-on-pms-call/ |work=The Daily Guardian |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saudan Singh resides in Chandigarh. He was born to Anrat Singh (also known as Anurudh Singh) and Radha Bai. He has several siblings, including Randheer Singh, Het Singh, and Jagat Singh.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.bjp.org/national-office-bearer Bharatiya Janata Party official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Saudan}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]

Jandaha Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:27Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Jandaha 
| type = SLA

|state = [[Bihar]]

|district = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
|established = 1962
|abolished = 2010

}}
'''Jandaha Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Vaishali district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Jandaha Assembly constituency emerged in 1962 and ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 8. Hajipur | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Elections and Results 2015 - Latest News and Updates |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar |access-date=2016-06-12 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Tulsidas Mehta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhuvneshwar Chaudhary
| style="background-color:{{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Tulsidas Mehta]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Bhagdeo Singh
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Munshi Lal Ray
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Birendra Singh
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tulsidas Mehta]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Upendra Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Achyutanand Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Lok Janshakti Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|25|42|58|N|85|31|58|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Barabatia, Bhadrak

2026-04-12T18:04:40Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up a data...

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barabatia
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| official_name =
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tihidi]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Harisinghpur Gram Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_density_km2 =
| seat_type =
| governing_body = Harisinghpur Gram Panchayat
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
}}
'''Barabatia''' is a village in [[Bhadrak district]], [[Odisha]]. Barabatia comes under the Tihidi block and governed locally under the panchayata raj system with the panchayat headed by a sarpanch. The village comes under the Harisinghpur Panchayat. Being a rural area the traditional culture, festival and heritage have flourished here.

== Etymology ==
The name comes from an odian name which is the combination of two odian words: bara(ବାର), which means twelve, and bati(ବାଟି), which means 20 acres.

== Geography ==
The place is located in tihidi block of Bhadrak District, Odisha. Barabatia comes under the pirahat RI circle. The village's geography is suited for agriculture.

== Demographics ==
As of the 2011 census there were a total of 216 families residing in Barabatia. Barabatia has a population of 1155, of which 571 are males and 584 are females.

The population of children ages 0–6 is 117, making up 10.13% of the village's total population. Batabatia's average sex ratio is 1023, which is higher than the Orissa state average of 979. Child Sex Ratio for the Barabatia as per census is 696, lower than Orissa average of 941.

Barabatia has a higher literacy rate than Orissa. In 2011, the literacy rate of Barabatia was 83.72% compared to Orissa's 72.87%. In Barabatia male literacy stands at 89.44%, while the female literacy rate is 78.36%.

Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 3.38% of the total population of Barabatia. The village currently doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.

== Government and politics ==
Barabatia village is under the Harisinghpur Gram Panchayat which is the local government in [[Panchayati raj (India)|panchayati Raj system]]. Ayodhya Rani Jena was the [[sarpanch]] of the Panchayat who won the 2017 panchayat election. In 2022 panchayat election Ajay Mohanty won election for sarpanch candidate and became the new sarpanch and Dhiren Sahoo elected as panchayat samiti member for the panchayat which comes under the Tihidi Panchayat Samiti. Barabatia comes under the [[Chandabali (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandabali Vidhansabha constituency]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha legislative assembly]] and current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is Byomkesh Ray of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]. Loksabha constituency is [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] and current MP is Manjulata Mandala of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]].

==Economy==
In Barabatia village out of total population, 310 were engaged in work activities. 76.77% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 23.23% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 310 workers engaged in Main Work, 53 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 112 were Agricultural labourer. [[Pirahat]] is the largest market in the locality. Most of the people depend upon it.

== Transportation ==
Barabatia is 31 km away from Bhadrak town. The state highway no9 is passes through the village. One can reach Barabatia from Bhadrak by this way.

== Education ==
There is two schools in the village. One primary school is Barabatia U.G.U.P. school and one High school is BNVP High school. Nearest college to the village is [[Tihidi College]], Ghanteswar degree College etc.

== Culture ==
The place has rich culture and heritage of Hinduism. Place is famous for Durga Puja in the locality. Other Hindu festivals like Kali puja, Diwali, Rath Yatra, Ganesh puja, Saraswati Puja are also observed by people. There is a Maa Durga temple, Maa kali temple and a Jagannath temple is present in the village. A Gandhi statue is present in kali padia in the village which is the emblem of the freedom fighter of the area.
[[File:Maa Kali Temple, Pirahat, Bhadrak.png|thumb|Kali Temple in Kali Padia]]

== See also ==
[[Tihidi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhadrak district]]

Pratap Singh (Rajasthan politician)

2026-04-11T19:52:47Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created initial bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Other people|Pratap Singh|Pratap Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Pratap Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratap Singh
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_date =
| death_place =
| death_date =
| death_cause = Lung failure
| resting_place = Delhi
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| term_start = 1951
| term_end = 1956
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency = [[Sujangarh]]
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician, Editor
| children =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = Aligarh Muslim University
| spouse =
| sibling =
| native_name =
}}

'''Pratap Singh''' was an Indian politician (Independent) and a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Sujangarh]] Vidhan Sabha constituency of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/1951/sujangarh/pratap-singh/ | title=Get Latest Information on News Related to India, World, Sports, Entertainment & Social Trends at LatestLY }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Durai Krishnamurthy

2026-04-09T03:12:43Z

IsraelGuinn0047: Put up new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Durai Krishnamurthy துரை கிருஷ்ணமூர்த்தி
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1954|11|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thanjavur
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[S. Natarajan]]
| successor1 = [[S. N. M. Ubayadullah]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Agriculturist
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''Durai Krishnamurthy''' is an [[Indian politician]] and former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Hailing from Keezhavasal in the [[Thanjavur district]], Krishnamurthy completed his school education at Thanjavur. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984 Tamil Nadu state elections]], representing the [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency]].<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1985. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். திசம்பர் 1985. p. 412-414</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1984/tamil-nadu/53/40 | title=1984 Vidhan Sabha / Assembly election results Tamil Nadu | publisher=India Votes | accessdate=20 September 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
=== 1984===
{{transcluded section|source=Thanjavur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Thanjavur Assembly constituency|1984}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bahar (film)

2026-04-01T04:13:15Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up article

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
Bahar
| image = Bahar2.jpg
| caption = Film Posterp
| director = [[M. V. Raman]]
| producer = [[A. V. Meiyappan]]
| writer = [[Rajendra Krishan]]
| story = Daksh Garg
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Karan Dewan]] [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Pandari Bai]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] [[Om Prakash]]
| music = [[S. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = T. Muthuswamy
| editing = M. V. Raman [[K. Shankar]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions|A. V. M Studios]]
| distributor = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1951|10|26|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahar (Hindi) |publisher=Avm.in |url=http://www.avm.in/images%5CBig1946-1955%5C20.jpg |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724172747/http://www.avm.in/images%5CBig1946-1955%5C20.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 170 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}12,500,000<ref name="box">{{Cite news |title=Box Office 1951 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121001128/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=156&catName=MTk1MQ== |archive-date=21 January 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bahar''''' ({{translation|The spring season}}) is a 1951 Hindi [[Black-and-white]] [[social guidance film]] written and directed by [[M. V. Raman]]. It was a remake of the 1949 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|''Vazhkai'']]. The film starred [[Vyjayanthimala]] and [[Pandari Bai]] in their [[Bollywood]] debut, [[Karan Dewan]] in the lead with [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Leela Mishra]], Sunder, [[Tabassum (actress)|Tabassum]], Indira Acharya and Chaman Puri, forming an [[ensemble cast]]. The film was produced by [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar|A. V. Meiyappan]] with his production company, [[AVM Productions|AVM]]. The music was composed by [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]] with lyrics provided by [[Rajendra Krishan]], while the editing was done by K. Shankarand and M. V. Raman and the camera was handled by T. Muthuswamy. The story revolves around Lata, Daksh Garg, and Malti.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Lata, who lives a wealthy lifestyle with her parents who wish for her to marry the wealthy Shekhar which she initially approves of. Shortly thereafter, she meets Vasant Kumar, and they fall in love and marry. Heartbroken and angry, Shekhar starts to investigate Vasant's background. He finds out that Vasant's real name is Ashok, an editor for a magazine. What happens in Ashok's or Vasant Kumar's life?

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[Karan Dewan]] as Ashok / Vasant Kumar
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Shekhar
* [[Om Prakash]] as Chaudhary Govardhanlal Patwardhanlal
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Lattu
* [[Chaman Puri]]
* Shyamlal
* Narbada Shankar
* Desraj
* [[P. D. Sambandam|Sambandam]] as Seeni
* Baby Ashok
* Baby Bobbal
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Female Cast
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Lata
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Malti
* [[Tabassum]] as Shashi
* [[Leela Mishra]] as Malti's Mother
* Sope
* Indra Acharya
* Saroja as Laxmi
* Revathi
{{col-end}}

== Crew ==
* H. Shantaram as the [[Art director]]
* K. A. Rehman as the [[Costume designer]]
* E. I. Jeeva as the [[Audiography|Audiographer]]
* Hiralal and [[K. N. Dhandayudapani Pillai|K. N. Dandayuthapani]] as the Choreographers
* K. Kumar and R. N. Nagaraja Rao as the [[Unit still photographer|Still photographer]]
* P. N. Nambiar, Panchapagesan, T. Ramaswamy and Sudhir Kumar Dey as the Colour Consultants
* R. Rangaswamy as the [[Line producer]]
* S. P. Chellappa and T. K. Srinivasan as the Production controllers
* K. N. Kini as the make-up person
* S. L Narayan as the [[Assistant director]]
* P. L. Valliappan and V. R. Ratan as the [[Cinematographer|Assistant cinematographers]]
* M. Alagappan as the [[Art director|Assistant art director]]
* C. D. Viswanathan, M. K. Balu and S. P. Ramanathan as the [[Audiography|Assistant audiographers]]
* Somu as the Assistant make-up person

== Production ==
After his film ''[[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Vazhkai]]'' was a runaway success at the box office where it completed 25 weeks of its theatrical run, [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar|A. V. Meiyappan]] planned to remake the film in Hindi with his company [[AVM Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=AVM Production |publisher=Avm.in |url=http://www.avm.in/about.html |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218230421/http://www.avm.in/about.html |archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> For the lead female role, actress [[Vyjayanthimala]] was roped in, Vyjayanthimala, who has done the same role previously in the [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Tamil]] and [[Jeevitham (1950 film)|Telugu]] versions was about to make her [[Bollywood]] debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 1997 |title=1951 – Year that was |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970725/20650953.html |url-status=dead |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328033700/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970725/20650953.html |archive-date=28 March 2005 |df=dmy}}</ref> She had also learned Hindi at the Hindi Prachar Sabha to dub her own voice for her character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudha Umashanker |date=19 April 2001 |title=Bali uncensored |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/19/stories/13190782.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719113253/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/19/stories/13190782.htm |archive-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> For second female lead, popular [[South India]]n actress [[Pandari Bai]] was approached, though earlier she was considered to enact the same role in the [[Vaazhkai (1949 film)|Tamil version]], only to be rejected by [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar|A. V. Meiyappan]] because of her [[Kannada]]-tinged [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Accent (dialect)|accent]], who replaced her with actress M. S. Draupadi in that role.<ref name="bai">{{Cite news |last=Randor Guy |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 February 2003 |title=Remembering Pandari Bai |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://syndication.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=1966&pg=-1 |access-date=22 November 2011}}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Pandari Bai]] was credited as Padmini in this film, as her name is too old-fashioned for [[Bollywood]].<ref name="bai" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randor Guy |author-link=Randor Guy |date=14 February 2003 |title=Actress who glowed with inner beauty |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704142108/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bahar
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1951
| recorded = Minoo Katrak
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|The Gramophone Company of India]]
| producer = S. D. Burman
| prev_title = Buzdil
| prev_year = 1951
| next_title = [[Baazi (1951 film)|Baazi]]
| next_year = 1951
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Rajendra Krishan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahar (1951) |work=[[Raaga.com]] |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=h001730 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> R.Sudarsanam of south was the associate music director. Almost all the songs were chartbusters and the album proved to be successful for music director [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]], who previously tasted success through [[Shabnam (1949 film)|''Shabnam'']].

The album features [[Kishore Kumar]]'s early hit song "Qasoor Aapka", and he later became one of the leading male playback singers in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dinesh Raheja |author-link=Dinesh Raheja |date=18 February 2002 |title=Kishore Kumar: The master voice |publisher=[[Rediff]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/feb/18dinesh.htm |access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raju Bharatan |date=13 October 2000 |title=Remembering Kishore Kumar |publisher=[[Rediff]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/13kumar.htm |access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> ''Bahar'' is also one of the rare soundtracks where Burman uses [[Shamshad Begum]] as his main singer. Her voice for the song "Saiyan Dil Mein Aana Re" became a hit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siraj Khan ([[Web Feature Service]]) |date=17 April 2009 |title=Shamshad Begum: Still topping the charts at 90 |publisher=Newstrackindia.com |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/86857 |access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> "Saiyan Dil Mein Aana Re" was later remixed by Harry Anand for the album ''UMI 10 Vol 4''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishnu |first=A. |date=6 August 2003 |title=Return to remixes |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/06/stories/2003080600260400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016153416/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/06/stories/2003080600260400.htm |archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kusoor Aapka Huzoor Aapka"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Kusoor Aapka Huzoor Aapka"
| [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| "Ae Zindagi Ka Rahi"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
| "Bhagwan Do Ghadi Zara"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "O Duniyawale Kitne Zalim Hai"
| Geeta Dutt
|-
| "Saiyan Dil Mein Aana Re"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| "Chhodo Ji Kalai Hamar"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| "Duniya Ka Maza Le Lo"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
| "O Pardesiya"
| Shamshad Begum
|-
|}

== Box office ==
At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around {{INR}}12,500,000 with a net of {{INR}}{{formatnum:7000000}}, while it became the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1951 with a verdict of "hit" at the box office.<ref name="box" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0043310|Bahar}}
* [http://www.upperstall.com/films/1951/bahar Bahar profile] at ''Upperstall.com''

{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1951 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1951 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. V. Raman]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

Abraham in Islam

2026-03-29T16:50:22Z

IsraelGuinn0047: small adjusted page per standard format and fixed typos

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Islamic view of Abraham}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Religious text primary|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| image = Ibrahim's sacrifice of Emsaeil is stopped by Jibril delivering a sheep instead cropped.jpg
| caption = Ibrahim's sacrifice of his son, Ismail, is stopped by Jibril delivering a sheep.
| honorific_prefix = [[prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]
| name = ʾIbrāhīm
| native_name = إِبْرَاهِيْمُ [[Abraham]]
| native name lang = ar
| honorific_suffix = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| other_names = ''Khalīlullāh'' (Friend of God)
| birth_place = [[Ur of the Chaldees|Ur al-Chaldees]], [[Mesopotamia|Bilād
ar-Rāfidayn]]
| birth_date = 1996 [[Before the Common Era|BCE]]
| known_for = *Being an ancestor of the [[Ishmaelites]] and the [[Israelites]]
*Building the [[Kaaba]]
| death_place = 1821 [[Before the Common Era|BCE]] (aged 175) [[Hebron]], [[Syria (region)|Shaam]]
| resting_place = [[Cave of the Patriarchs#Islam|Ibrahimi Mosque]], Hebron
| children = [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]), [[Isaac in Islam|Isḥaq]] ([[Isaac]])
| parents = [[Terah#Islamic tradition|Tarakh]]<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[Tafsir al-Alusi|Roohul Ma'ani]]'', 7/194,95.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''[[Tafsir Ibn Kathir]],'' vol. 2, p. 100.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">''[[Al-Dur al-Manthur]],'' vol. 3, p. 43.</ref><ref name="Niazi">{{Cite web |last=Niazi |first=Yama |date=2022-10-06 |title=Will All Believers and Their Non-Muslim Parents Be Forgiven? |url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/will-all-believers-and-their-non-muslim-parents-be-forgiven/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615104746/https://seekersguidance.org/answers/islamic-belief/will-all-believers-and-their-non-muslim-parents-be-forgiven/ |archive-date=2023-06-15 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Seekers Guidance |language=en |quote=The Prophet Ibrahim’s actual father was a Muslim. His name is given as Tarakh by historians.}}</ref> Mahalath (mother)
| office1 = [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet of Islam]]
| predecessor1 = [[Salih]]
| successor1 = [[Lot in Islam|Lut]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]),
* [[Sarah#Islam|Sarah]],
* [[Keturah]] }}
| relatives = [[Lot in Islam|Lut]] (nephew)
}}

'''Abraham''', in Islam,{{Efn|{{langx|ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}; {{IPA|ar|ʔɪbraːˈhiːm}}; the name appears in early Quranic manuscripts in two different spellings, either أبرهَم (Abraham) or إبرهيم (Ibrahim)}} is a [[prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet and messenger]]<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Sajjadi |author-first=Sadeq |year=2015 |orig-date=2008 |title=Abraham |translator-last=Negahban |translator-first=Farzin |editor1-last=Madelung |editor1-first=Wilferd |editor2-last=Daftary |editor2-first=Farhad |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |volume=1 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0028 |isbn=978-90-04-16860-2 |issn=1875-9823}}</ref><ref>{{qref|87|19|b=y}}</ref> of [[God in Islam|God]] and is an ancestor to the [[Ishmaelites#Quran|Ishmaelite Arabs]] and [[Twelve Tribes of Israel#In Islam|Israelites]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015"/><ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Mona |author-link=Mona Siddiqui |title=Ibrahim – the Muslim view of Ibrahim |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ibrahim.shtml |work=Religions |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref> Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015"/> In [[Muslim]] belief, Abraham fulfilled all the commandments and trials wherein God nurtured him throughout his lifetime. As a result of his unwavering faith in [[God in Islam|God]], Abraham was promised by God to be a leader to all the nations of the world.<ref name="q2s124">{{qref|2|124|b=y}}</ref> The [[Quran]] extols Abraham as a model, an exemplar, obedient and not an idolater.<ref>{{qref|16|120|b=y}}</ref> In this sense, Abraham has been described as representing "primordial man in universal surrender to the Divine Reality before its fragmentation into religions separated from each other by differences in form".<ref name="Glasse" />{{rp|18}} Most Muslims believe that the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] was built by Abraham and his son [[Ishmael]] as the first house of worship on earth. The Islamic holy day '[[Eid ul-Adha]] is celebrated in commemoration of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son on God's command, as well as the end of the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to the Kaaba.<ref name="Glasse">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |title=Kaaba |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]], Suhail Academy |year=1991 |chapter=Abraham |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref>

Muslims believe that Abraham became the leader of the righteous in his time and that it was through him that [[Adnanite]]-[[Arabs]] and [[Israelites]] came. Abraham, in the belief of Islam, was instrumental in cleansing the world of [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]] at the time. [[Paganism]] was cleared out by Abraham in both the [[Arabian peninsula]] and [[Canaan]]. He spiritually purified both places as well as physically sanctifying the houses of worship. Abraham and [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) further established the rites of [[pilgrimage]],<ref>{{qref|2|128|b=y}}</ref> or ''[[Ḥajj]]'' ('Pilgrimage'), which are still followed by Muslims today. Muslims maintain that Abraham further asked God to bless both the lines of his progeny, of Isma'il and [[Isaac in Islam|Isḥaq]] ([[Isaac]]), and to keep all of his descendants in the protection of God.

{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}

== In the Quran==
The Quran repeatedly establishes Abraham's role as patriarch and mentions numerous important descendants who came through his lineage, including Isaac,<ref>{{qref|25|53|b=y}}</ref> Jacob<ref>{{qref|29|49|b=y}}, {{qref|21|72}}, {{qref|29|27}}, {{qref|6|84}}, {{qref|11|71}} and {{qref|38|45–47}}</ref> and Ishmael.<ref>{{qref|2|132–133|b=y}}</ref> In the later chapters of the Quran, Abraham's role becomes yet more prominent. The Quran mentions that Abraham and Ishmael were the reformers who set up the Ka‘bah in Mecca as a center of pilgrimage for monotheism<ref>{{qref|2|123–141|b=y}}, {{qref|3|65–68}}, {{qref|3|95–97}}, {{qref|4|125}}, {{qref|4|26–29}} and {{qref|22|78}}</ref> The Quran consistently refers to Islam as "the Religion of Abraham" (''millat Ibrahim'')<ref>{{qref|2|135|b=y}}</ref> and Abraham is given a title as ''[[Hanif]]'' (''The Pure'', "true in Faith" or "upright man").<ref>{{qref|3|67|b=y}}</ref> The Quran also mentions Abraham as one whom God took as a friend (''Khalil''),<ref>{{qref|4|125|b=y}}</ref> hence Abraham's title in Islam, ''Khalil-Allah'' (''Friend of God''). The term is considered by some to be a derivation of the patriarch's title, ''Qal El''.<ref>Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. {{ISBN|978-1-881927-32-7}}</ref><ref>World Jewish Digest (Aug 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer</ref> Other instances in the Quran which are described in a concise manner are the rescue of Abraham from the fire into which he was thrown by his people';<ref>{{qref|37|97|b=y}} and {{qref|21|68–70}}</ref><ref>{{qref|21|51–73|b=y}}</ref> his pleading for his father;<ref>{{qref|28|47|b=y}}</ref> his quarrel with an unrighteous and powerful king<ref>{{qref|2|58|b=y}}</ref> and the miracle of the dead birds.<ref>{{qref|2|260|b=y}}</ref>

All these events and more have been discussed with more details in Muslim tradition, and especially in the ''[[Stories of the Prophets]]'' and works of universal Islamic theology.<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Ibn Kathir, ''Ibrahim''; ''Tales of the Prophets'', Kisa'i, ''Ibrahim''</ref> Certain episodes from the life of Abraham have been more heavily detailed in Islamic text, such as the arguments between Abraham and the evil king, Nimrod, the near-sacrifice of his son, and the story of Hagar and Ishmael, which Muslims commemorate when performing [[pilgrimage]] in Mecca. An important [[Muslim holidays|Islamic religious holiday]], Eid al-Adha, commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God, before God intervened to provide him with a sheep to sacrifice instead.<ref>[http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040746/http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html |date=19 October 2012 }} University of Kansas Medical Center</ref> In some cases, some believe these legends in Islamic text may have influenced later Jewish tradition.<ref>J. Eisenberg, ''EI'', ''Ibrahim''</ref>

== Biography in Islamic scripture ==
===Youth===
{{See also|Akkadian Empire|Sumer|Sumerian religion}}
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=
|image1=Birthplace of Abraham (30644538800).jpg |caption1=Ruins in the [[ancient Iraq]]i city of [[Ur]], 2016, where Ibrahim is thought to have been born, and are thus named "Abraham's House" ({{coord|30|57|42.75|N|46|06|21.3|E}})
|image2=Operation Iraqi Freedom DVIDS284470.jpg |caption2=The [[Ziggurat of Ur]], in 2010.
}}

Ibrahim was born in a house of [[Idolatry|idolaters]] in the ancient city of [[Ur Kaśdim#Islamic|Ur of the Chaldees]], likely the place called '[[Ur]]' in present-day [[Iraq]], in which case, the idolaters would have been practitioners of the hypothesized [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} His father [[Azar (Quran)|Azar]] was a well-known [[Shirk (Islam)|idol-sculptor]] that his people worshiped. As a young child, Ibrahim used to watch his father sculpting these idols from stones or wood. When his father was finished with them, Ibrahim would ask his father why they could not move or respond to any request and then would mock them; therefore, his father would always scold him for not following his ancestors' rituals and mocking their idols.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.qtafsir.com/?option=com_content&task=view&id=2637&Itemid=76|title=QTafsir Tafsir Ibn Kathir Mobile|website=m.qtafsir.com}}</ref>

Despite his opposition to [[Shirk (Islam)|idolatry]], his father Azar would still send Ibrahim to sell his idols in the marketplace. During one of the many festivals that would take place in the city, the people would gather in their temple and place offerings of food before their idols. Ur's most prominent temple is the [[Ziggurat of Ur|Great Ziggurat]], which can be seen today.<ref name="Zettler, R.L. 1998">{{citation |editor1-last=Zettler |editor1-first=R. L. |editor2-last=Horne |editor2-first=L. |year=1998 |title=Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]}}</ref> Ibrahim would ask them, "What are you worshipping? Do these idols hear when you call them? Can they help you or hurt you?" The people would reply, "It is the way of our forefathers." Ibrahim declared "I am sick of your gods! Truly I am their enemy."{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===The great fire===
The decision to have Abraham [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]] was affirmed by the temple priests and the king of Babylon, [[Nimrod]]. The news spread like fire in the kingdom and people were coming from all places to watch the execution. A huge pit was dug up and a large quantity of wood was piled up. Then the biggest fire people ever witnessed was lit. The flames were so high up in the sky that even the birds could not fly over it for fear of being burnt themselves. Ibrahim's hands and feet were chained, and he was put in a [[catapult]], ready to be thrown in. During this time, Angel [[Jibril|Gabriel]] came to him and said: "O Abraham! Is there anything you wish for?" Abraham could have asked to be saved from the fire or to be taken away, but Ibrahim replied, "God is sufficient for me, He is the best disposer of my affairs." The catapult was released and Ibrahim was thrown into the fire. God then gave an order to the fire, "O fire! Be coolness and safety for Ibrahim." A miracle occurred, the fire obeyed and burned only his chains. Abraham came out from it as if he was coming out from a garden, peaceful, his face illuminated, and not a trace of smoke on his clothes. People watched in shock and exclaimed: "Amazing! Abraham's God has saved him from the fire!"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stories of the Prophets {{!}} Alim.org |url=https://www.alim.org//history/prophet-stories/6/13/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.alim.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{qref|21|69|b=y}}</ref>

===Confrontation with Nimrod===
The Quran discusses a very short conversation between an unrighteous ruler and Abraham.<ref>{{qref|2|258|b=y}}</ref> Although the king in the Quran is unnamed, and this fact has been recognized as being least important in the narrative, outside of the Quran, namely in some of the ''[[Tafsir|tafasir]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quranx.com/tafsirs/2.258|title=Tafsir Surah 2:258|website=quranx.com|access-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> this king has been suggested to be [[Nimrod]].<ref>''History of the Prophets and Kings'', [[Tabari]], Vol. I: ''Prophets and Patriarchs''</ref> This Tafsir by [[Ibn Kathir]], a 14th-century scholar, has many embellishments in the narrative like Nimrod claiming [[divinity]] for himself. The [[Tafsir]] describes Nimrod's quarrel with Ibrahim, how he (Nimrod) became extremely angry and in his 'utter disbelief and arrant rebellion' became a tyrant.<ref>{{Qtaf|en:ibk|2|258}}</ref>
[[File:Ibrahim_is_rescued_from_Nimrud's_fire_by_Jibril.jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of Ibrahim being rescued from Nimrod's fire by the angel Jibril from a Persian 1577 manuscript.]]
According to [[History of the Jews in Rome|Romano-Jewish]] historian [[Flavius Josephus]], Nimrod was a man who set his will against that of God. Nimrod proclaimed himself as a living god and was worshipped as such by his subjects. Nimrod's consort [[Semiramis]] was also worshipped as a goddess at his side.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Before Abraham was born, a portent in the stars tells Nimrod and his [[Astrology|astrologers]] of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to [[idolatry]]. Nimrod therefore orders the [[Infanticide|killing of all newborn babies]]. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. Flavius Josephus mentions that Abraham confronts Nimrod and tells him face-to-face to cease his idolatry, whereupon Nimrod orders him [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]]. Nimrod has his subjects gather enough wood so as to burn Abraham in the biggest fire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit and Abraham is thrown into it, Abraham walks out unscathed. In Islam, it is debated whether the decision to have Ibrahim burned at the stake came from Nimrod and the temple priests or whether the people themselves became [[Vigilantism|vigilantes]] and hatched the plan to have him burned at the stake. According to Muslim commentators, after Abraham survived the great fire, notoriety in society grew bigger after this event. Nimrod, who was the King of [[Babylon]] felt that his throne was in danger, and that he was losing power because upon witnessing Ibrahim coming out of the fire unharmed, a large part of society started believing in God and Abraham being a [[Prophets in Islam|prophet of God]]. Up until this point, Nimrod was pretending that he himself was a god. Nimrod wanted to debate with him and show his people that he, the king is indeed the god and that Ibrahim was a liar. Nimrod asked Ibrahim, "What can your God do that I cannot?" Ibrahim replied, "My Lord is He who gives life and death." Nimrod then shouted, "I give life and death! I can bring a person from the street and have him executed, and I can grant my pardon to a person who was sentenced to death and save his life." Abraham replied, "Well, my lord God makes the sun rise from the East. Can you make it rise from the West?" Nimrod was confounded. He was beaten at his own game, on his own territory and in front of his own people. Abraham left him there speechless and went back to his mission of calling people to worship God.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicity.com/media/ancmts/docum1.htm|title=The Father of the Prophets|work=islamicity.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamawareness.net/Prophets/ibrahim.html|title=Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)|work=islamawareness.net}}</ref>

This event has been noted as particularly important because, in the Muslim perspective, it almost foreshadowed the prophetic careers of future prophets, most significantly the career of Moses. Abraham's quarrel with the king has been interpreted by some to be a precursor to Moses's preaching to [[Fir'awn|Pharaoh]]. Just as the ruler who argued against Abraham claimed divinity for himself, so did the [[Pharaoh of the Exodus]], who refused to hear the call of Moses and perished in the [[Red Sea]]. In this particular incident, scholars have further commented on Abraham's wisdom in employing "rational, wise and target-oriented" speech, as opposed to pointless arguments.<ref>''Book 1: The Prophet Abraham'', Harun Yahya, ''The Unbeliever Advised By Abraham'', Online.</ref>

Abraham, in the eyes of many Muslims, also symbolized the highest moral values essential to any person. The Qur'an details the account of the [[angel]]s coming to Abraham to tell him of the birth of Ismael. It says that, as soon as Abraham saw the messengers, he "hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf."<ref name="q11s69">{{qref|11|69|b=y}}</ref> This action has been interpreted by all the scholars as exemplary; many scholars have commentated upon this one action, saying that it symbolizes Abraham's exceedingly high moral level and thus is a model for how men should act in a similar situation. This incident has only further heightened the "compassionate" character of Abraham in [[Islamic theology|Muslim theology]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===Sacrifice===
[[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim's Sacrifice; Timurid Anthology, 1410–1411]]
The classical Quranic exegete and historian [[Tabari]] offered two versions, whom Abraham was ordered to sacrifice. According to the first strand, Abraham wished for a righteous son, whereupon an angel appeared to him informing him, that he will get a righteous son, but when he was born and reached puberty, he must be sacrificed for God. Later, the angel appeared to Hagar to inform her about the upcoming child. When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham, invites him to keep his vow.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rippin |first1=Andrew |last2=Knappert |first2=Jan |title=Textual Sources for the Study of Islam |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |date=15 October 1990 |isbn=978-0-2267-2063-0 |page=63}}</ref>
<blockquote> When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham in a dream and said to him: "Keep your vow which you made! God bestowed upon you a boy by Hagar so that you may sacrifice him" So he said to Ishmael: "Let us go offer a sacrifice to God!" So he took a knife and some rope and went with him until they reached a place in the mountains. The boy said to him: "Oh father! Where is your sacrifice?" He replied: "Oh my son, I saw in a dream, that I will slaughter you. So pay attention to what you see". He said, "Oh my father, do what you have been commanded; you will find me, Insha-Allah (if God wills), one of the patient". Ishmael then said to him: "Make tight my bonds, so that I will not struggle to pull back your clothes so that none of my blood will be shed on them for Hagar will see it and be grieved. Hurry! Pass the knife over my throat so that death will be easy for me. When you come to Hagar, greet her'. Abraham began to approach him and, while crying, tied him up. Ishmael too was crying such that the tears gathered by the cheek of Ishmael. He then drew the knife along his throat but the knife did not cut, for God had placed a sheet of copper on the throat of Ishmael. When he saw that, he turned him on his forehead and nicked him on the back of the head just as God has said in Quran {{qref|37|103|pl=y}}: ''When they had both submitted and he flung on his forehead'', that is they had submitted the affair to God. A voice called out: 'Abraham, you have fulfilled the vision!" He turned around and behold, there was a ram. He took it and released his son and he bent over his son saying: "Oh my son, today you have been given to me". That comes in God's saying in Quran {{qref|37|107|pl=y}}: ''We ransomed him with a great sacrifice''.</blockquote>

The second strand, provided by Tabari, states that Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael, and [[Iblis]] appeared in form of a man to prevent the sacrifice.
<blockquote> Iblis (Satan), who had taken on the form of a man, said: "Where are you going, O Shaikh?" He replied: " I am going to these mountains because I must do something there'. Iblis said: "By God, I have seen that Shaytan has come to you in a dream and ordered you to slaughter this little son of yours. And you intend to do that slaughtering!" Thereupon Abraham recognized him and said: "Get away from me, enemy of God! By God, I will most certainly continue to do what my Lord has commanded". Iblis, the enemy of God, gave up on Abraham but then he encountered Ishmael, who was behind Abraham carrying the wood and the large knife. He said to him: "O young man, do you realize where your father is taking you?" He said: "To gather wood for our family from the mountains". He replied: "By God, his actual intention is to sacrifice you!" He said: "Why?!" Iblis replied: "He claims that his Lord has ordered him to do so!" Ishmael replied: "He must do what his Lord commands, absolutely!" When the young man had rebuffed him, Iblis went to Hagar, the mother of Ishmael who was still at home. Iblis said to her: "Oh mother of Ishmael! Do you realize where Abraham is going with Ishmael?" She replied: "They have gone to gather wood for us in the mountains". He said: "He has actually gone in order to sacrifice him!" She replied: "It cannot be! He is too kind and too loving towards him to do that!" Iblis said: "He claims that God has ordered him to do that!" Hagar said: "If his Lord has ordered him to do that then he must submit to the command of God!" So the enemy of God returned exasperated at not being able to influence the family of Abraham as he wished.</blockquote>

This great sacrifice denotes the importance of the ram that replaced Ibraheem's son. [[Ibn Kathir|Tafsir ibn Kathir]] records Ibn Abbas' explanation of the verse, according to Muhammad's teachings. The explanation is as follows:<ref name="Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107">{{Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice" (37:107). It was reported that Ibn `Abbas (may God be pleased with him) said, "A ram which had grazed in Paradise for forty years."|{{Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107}}}}

The Tafsir further goes on to say that the ram's horns were preserved until the time of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]]:<ref name="Qtaf|en:ibk|37|107" />
<blockquote> Imam Ahmad recorded that Safiyyah bint Shaybah said, "A woman from Bani Sulaym, who was the midwife of most of the people in our household, told me that the Messenger of God sent for `Uthman bin Talhah, may God be pleased with him.<nowiki>''</nowiki> On one occasion she said, "I asked `Uthman, `Why did the Prophet call you' He said, `The Messenger of God said to me, I saw the horns of the ram when I entered the House (i.e., the Ka`bah), and I forgot to tell you to cover them up; cover them up, for there should not be anything in the House which could distract the worshipper.)<nowiki>'''</nowiki> Sufyan said, "The horns of the ram remained hanging in the House until it was burned, and they were burned too.<nowiki>''</nowiki> The Quraysh had inherited the horns of the ram that Abraham sacrificed, and they had been passed down from generation to generation, until the Messenger of God was sent. And God knows best.</blockquote>

From that day onwards, every [[Eid al-Adha]] once a year Muslims around the world slaughter an animal to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice and to remind themselves of self-abnegation in the way of God, and they would share the meat among friends, family, the poor and the needy. This is called [[Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)|Qurban]]i ("sacrifice").<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mga/khutbahilhamiyya/khutbahilhamiyyadeepermeaningsacrifice.pdf|title=Deeper Meaning of Sacrifice in Islam|access-date=8 December 2014|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809042827/https://www.aaiil.org/text/books/mga/khutbahilhamiyya/khutbahilhamiyyadeepermeaningsacrifice.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Miracles===
{{Abraham}}
Abraham encountered several miracles of God during his lifetime. The Quran records a few main miracles, although different interpretations have been attributed to the passages. Some of the miracles recorded in the Quran are:
* Abraham was shown the kingdom of the [[Heaven]]s and the [[Earth]].<ref>{{qref|6|75|b=y}}</ref>
* Abraham and the miracle of the birds.<ref name="q2s260">{{qref|2|260|b=y}}</ref>
* Abraham was thrown into a fire, which became "cool" and "peaceful" for him.<ref>{{qref|21|68–70|b=y}}</ref>
The first passage has been interpreted both literally, allegorically, and otherwise. Although some commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the entire kingdom of Heaven ([[Jannah]]),<ref>''The Book of Certainty'', M. Lings, S. Academy Publishing</ref> others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of Abraham; these latter scholars maintain that the [[Babylon|Chaldeans]] were skilled in the observance of the stars, but Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm. The second passage has one mainstream interpretation amongst the [[Tafsir|Quranic commentators]], that Abraham took four birds and cut them up, placing pieces of each on nearby hills; when he called out to them, each piece joined and four birds flew back to Abraham.<ref>''Stories of the Prophets'', Kisa'i/Kathir, ''Story of Abraham''</ref> This miracle, as told by the Quranic passage, was a demonstration by God to show Abraham how God gave life to the dead. As the physical cutting of the birds is not implied in the passage, some commentators have offered alternative interpretations, but all maintain that the miracle was for the same demonstrative purpose to show Abraham the power God has to raise the dead to life.<ref>Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, ''Abdullah Yusuf Ali'', note. 285</ref> The third passage has also been interpreted both literally and metaphorically, or in some cases both. Commentators state that the 'fire' refers to the main aspects. They maintained that, firstly, the fire referred to the physical flame, from which Abraham was saved unharmed. The commentators further stated that, secondly, the fire referred to the 'fire of persecution', from which Abraham was saved, as he left his people after this with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot.<ref>Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, ''Abdullah Yusuf Ali'', note. 2703</ref>

==Title==
Abraham is given the title ''Khalilullah'' in Islam.<ref name=bbc /> The Quran says:
{{Blockquote|And who is better in faith than those who ˹fully˺ submit themselves to Allah, do good, and follow the Way of Abraham, the upright? Allah chose Abraham as a close friend.|{{qref|4|125|c=y}}}}
This particular title of Abraham is so famous in [[Islamic culture|Muslim culture]] and tradition that, in the areas in and around Mecca, Abraham is often referred to solely as ''The Friend''.<ref>''Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now'', M. Lings. Archetype Books</ref> This title of ''Friend of God'' is not exclusive to Islamic theology. Although the other religious traditions do not stress upon it, Abraham is called a ''Friend of God'' in the second [[Books of Chronicles|Book of Chronicles]] and the [[Book of Isaiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]])<ref>{{Bibleverse||Isaiah|41:8}} and {{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|20:7}}</ref> as well as in the [[New Testament]].<ref>{{Bibleverse||James|2:23}}</ref>

==Relationship with Islamic shrines==
{{See also|List of mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran|Qibla}}

One of Abraham's most important features in Islamic [[theology]] is his role as the constructor of the Kaaba. Although tradition recounts that [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] constructed the original Kaaba, which was demolished by the [[Flood myth|Great Flood]] at the time of Noah, Abraham is believed to have rebuilt it in its original form. The Quran, in the Muslim perspective, merely confirms or reinforces the laws of [[pilgrimage#Islam|pilgrimage]]. The rites were instituted by Abraham and for all Muslims, as they perform the pilgrimage, the event is a way to return to the perfection of Abraham's faith.<ref name="Lings">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=[[Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources]] |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0}}</ref> Just as [[Medina]] is referred to as the "City of the Prophet [Muhammad]" or simply the "City of Muhammad", Mecca is frequently cited as the "City of Abraham", because Abraham's reformation of the monotheistic faith is believed to have taken place in Mecca.<ref name="Glasse" /> Likewise, Islamic belief links the original [[Haram (site)|sanctuary]] of [[Al-Aqsa]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] to Abraham.<ref name="Michigan C 1986">{{cite book |author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies |editor1=Goss, V. P. |editor2=Bornstein, C. V. |title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University |volume=21 |page=208 |isbn=0918720583 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ |year=1986}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|The [[holiest sites in Islam|most significant]] [[mosque]] in Islam, that is the [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Mosque]] of the [[Kaaba]] in the [[Hejaz]]i city of [[Mecca]], is believed to date to the time of Abraham and Ishmael<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/>
File:Maqam Ibrahim.JPG|The ''[[Maqam Ibrahim|Maqam]]'' (Station) of Abraham which is believed by Muslims to contain his footprints, near the Kaaba in ''[[Great Mosque of Mecca|Al-Masjid Al-Haram]]''
File:Temple Mount (Aerial view, 2007) 05.jpg|[[Temple Mount|Masjid Al-Aqsa]], also known as the [[Temple Mount]], [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] in [[Shaam]], is also believed to date to the lifetime of Abraham<ref name="Michigan C 1986"/>
</gallery>

==''Suhuf''==
{{Main|Scrolls of Abraham}}

The Quran refers to certain [[Scrolls of Abraham]]. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture.<ref>''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', B. M. Wheeler, ''Abraham''</ref> The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Qur'an.

The 87th chapter of the Quran, Surah [[al-Ala]], concludes by saying the subject matter of the sura has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:
{{blockquote|<poem>So ˹always˺ remind ˹with the Quran˺—˹even˺ if the reminder is beneficial ˹only to some˺.
Those in awe ˹of Allah˺ will be mindful ˹of it˺.
But it will be shunned by the most wretched,
who will burn in the greatest Fire,
where they will not ˹be able to˺ live or die.
Successful indeed are those who purify themselves,
remember the Name of their Lord, and pray.
But you ˹deniers only˺ prefer the life of this world,
even though the Hereafter is far better and more lasting.
This is certainly ˹mentioned˺ in the earlier Scriptures—
the Scriptures of Abraham and Moses.</poem>|{{qref|87|9–19|c=y}}}}

''Surah [[an-Najm]]'' mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of Abraham and [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] ([[Moses]]):
{{blockquote|<poem>Or has he not been informed of what is in the [[Torah in Islam|Scripture of Moses]],
and ˹that of˺ Abraham, who ˹perfectly˺ fulfilled ˹his covenant˺?
˹They state˺ that no soul burdened with sin will bear the burden of another,
and that each person will only have what they endeavoured towards,
and that ˹the outcome of˺ their endeavours will be seen ˹in their record˺,
then they will be fully rewarded,
and that to your Lord ˹alone˺ is the ultimate return ˹of all things˺.
Moreover, He is the One Who brings about joy and sadness.
And He is the One Who gives life and causes death.
And He created the pairs—males and females—
from a sperm-drop when it is emitted.
And it is upon Him to bring about re-creation.
And He is the One Who enriches and impoverishes.
And He alone is the Lord of [[Sirius]].
And He destroyed the first ˹people of˺ [[ʿĀd]],
and ˹then˺ [[Thamud|Thamûd]], sparing no one.
And before ˹that He destroyed˺ the people of Noah, who were truly far worse in wrongdoing and transgression.
And ˹it was˺ He ˹Who˺ turned the cities ˹of Sodom and Gomorrah˺ upside down.
How overwhelming was what covered ˹them˺!
Now, which of your Lord’s favours will you dispute?
This ˹Prophet˺ is a warner like earlier ones.
The approaching ˹Hour˺ has drawn near.
None but Allah can disclose it.
Do you find this revelation astonishing,
laughing ˹at it˺ and not weeping ˹in awe˺,
while persisting in heedlessness?
Instead, prostrate to Allah and worship ˹Him alone˺!</poem>|{{qref|53|36–62|c=y}}}}

Yet some scholars{{By whom|date=March 2012}} suggested it to be a reference to the ''[[Sefer Yetzirah]]'', as [[Judaism|Jewish tradition]] generally ascribed its authorship to Abraham.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Other scholars, however, wrote of a certain ''[[Testament of Abraham]]'', which they explained was available at the time of [[Muhammad]].<ref>''Tafsir'' and Commentary on 87: 18–19 & 53: 36–37, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Asad</ref>

The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers, and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]]. On a relevant note, surah [[al-Kahf]] was revealed as an answer from God to the [[Jews]] who inquired of Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in surah Al-Kahf, not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.
{{blockquote|Some will say, "They were three, their dog was the fourth," while others will say, "They were five, their dog was the sixth," ˹only˺ guessing blindly. And others will say, "They were seven and their dog was the eighth." Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ "My Lord knows best their ˹exact˺ number. Only a few people know as well." So do not argue about them except with sure knowledge,1 nor consult any of those ˹who debate˺ about them.|{{qref|18|22|c=y}}}}
The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of al-Kahf:
{{Blockquote|We relate to you ˹O Prophet˺ their story in truth. They were youths who truly believed in their Lord, and We increased them in guidance.|{{qref|18|13|c=y}}}}

Regarding consultation with the [[People of the Book]], it is also narrated by [[Abu Hurairah]] in hadith:
{{Blockquote|Narrated Abu Huraira: The people of the Scripture (Jews) used to recite the [[Torah]] in Hebrew and they used to explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. On that God's Apostle said, "Do not believe the people of the Scripture or disbelieve them, but say: 'We believe in God and what is revealed to us.'"|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|{{Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|6|60|12}}}}
Therefore, relating to any ascription of the Scrolls of Abraham by the people of the book is not required.

==Significance as a patriarch==
{{Main|Ishmael in Islam|Isaac in Islam}}

{{Six Islamic Prophets}}

Abraham is also extremely important as a leader of Islam and as a patriarch of the Islamic faith. Muslims recognize Abraham as the ancestor through whom many other prophets and [[saint]]s (''[[Wali]]'') came, including Moses, [[Jesus]] ([[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]) and Muhammad. The Quran lists, in the sixth chapter, some of the greatest figures to have through Abraham's progeny:
{{blockquote|This was the argument We gave Abraham against his people. We elevate in rank whoever We please. Surely your Lord is All-Wise, All-Knowing. And We blessed him with Isaac and Jacob. We guided them all as We previously guided Noah and those among his descendants: [[David]], [[Solomon]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]], Moses, and [[Aaron]]. This is how We reward the good-doers. Likewise, ˹We guided˺ [[Zechariah in Islam|Zachariah]], [[John the Baptist in Islam|John]], Jesus, and [[Elijah|Elias]], who were all of the righteous. ˹We also guided˺ Ishmael, Elisha, [[Jonah]], and Lot, favouring each over other people ˹of their time˺. And ˹We favoured˺ some of their forefathers, their descendants, and their brothers. We chose them and guided them to the Straight Path.|{{qref|6|83–87|b=y}} <ref>See also [[Islamic view of David]], [[Islamic view of Solomon]], [[Job (prophet)]] and [[Islamic view of Joseph]]</ref>}}

Abraham's narrative in the Quran indirectly refers to his role as one of the great patriarchs. The Quran says that God made Abraham "an [[Imam]] to the Nations"<ref name="q2s124"/> and father to Muslims,<ref>{{qref|22|78|b=y}}</ref> and his narrative records him praying for his offspring.<ref>{{qref|14|35|b=y}}</ref> The Quran further states that Abraham's descendants were given "the Book and Wisdom",<ref>{{qref|4|54|b=y}}</ref> and this fact is reinforced in a verse which states that Abraham's family was one of those in which the gift of [[prophecy]] was established as a generic trait.<ref>{{qref|19|58|b=y}}</ref> The Quran emphasizes upon Abraham's significance as it states that Abraham's family, Noah, Adam and the family of [[Amram]] were the four selected by God above all the worlds.<ref>{{qref|3|33|b=y}}</ref> As a result of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is sometimes given the title ''Father of the Prophets.'' Of Abraham's immediate sons, the Quran repeatedly establishes the gifts God bestowed upon them. Ishmael, along with Elisha and [[Dhul-Kifl]] (possibly [[Ezekiel]]), is regarded as being "of the Company of the Good."<ref>{{qref|38|48|b=y}}</ref> and one of the men who was given "favour above the nations."<ref>{{qref|6|86|b=y}}</ref> In addition, Ishmael is described as being "true to what he promised, and he was a messenger (and) a prophet."<ref name="q19s54">{{qref|19|54|b=y}}</ref> Likewise, the Quran says of Isaac that he was "of the company of the Elect and the Good."<ref>{{qref|38|47|b=y}}</ref> and was "a prophet,- one of the Righteous."<ref name="q37s112">{{qref|37|112|b=y}}</ref> and further describes him as "of Power and Vision."<ref>{{qref|38|45|b=y}}</ref>

==Burial place==
{{Main|Sanctuary of Ibrahim}}

Muslims believe that Abraham was buried, along with his wife Sarah, at the Sanctuary of Ibrahim (Cave of the Patriarchs) in the [[Old City of Hebron]], in the [[Levant]]. Known in Arabic as ''al-Ḥaram al-Ibrāhīmī'' it is also thought to be the burial site of his son Isaac, his wife [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebecca]], their son Jacob, and his wife [[Leah]].<ref name="Emmett2000">{{cite book |last=Emmett |first=Chad F. |editor1-last=Murphy |editor1-first=Alexander B. |editor2-last=Johnson |editor2-first=Douglas L. |editor3-last=Haarmann |editor3-first=Viola |chapter=Sharing Sacred Space in the Holy Land |title=Cultural encounters with the environment: enduring and evolving geographic themes |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=271–291 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WLmLRYxRZoC&q=hebron&pg=PA261 |isbn=978-0-7425-0106-5 |year=2000}}</ref><ref name="Gish2018">{{cite book |last=Gish |first=Arthur G. |title=Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7qCDwAAQBAJ&q=abraham |isbn=978-1-5326-6213-3 |date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180">
File:Abraham in the Mosque of Abraham IMG 2289.JPG|[[Cenotaph]] over Abraham's grave in his mosque at Hebron
File:Abraham cave.jpg|In the section of the cave which is a mosque, this grate allows visitors to look down into a shaft measuring {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=off}}, which leads to the ground level of the cave where Abraham and Sarah are buried
File:Hebron, Cave of Machpela (14393237461).jpg|Exterior view of the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in the [[Old City of Hebron]], the [[Holy Land]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Abraham (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ibrahim (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ibrahim (name)]]
* [[Islamic architecture]]
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[List of legends in the Quran]]
* [[Muhammad in the Quran]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Saad Assel|first=Mary|title=25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony|year=2010|publisher=iUniverse|isbn= 9781440169014|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwE06I3ID_IC}}
* {{cite book|last=Mehar|first=Iftikhar Ahmed|title=Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion|year=2003|publisher=AL-ISLAM|isbn= 9781410732729|page=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0gypGNaj3kC}}
* {{cite book|author=Islam Kotob|title=Stories Of The Prophets By Ibn Kathir|publisher=Islamic Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ls1fKaZFYtAC}}
* {{cite book|last=Lalljee|first=compiled by Yousuf N.|title=Know your Islam|year=1993|publisher=Taknike Tarsile Quran|location=New York|isbn=978-0-940368-02-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowyourislam0000lall/page/255 255]|url=https://archive.org/details/knowyourislam0000lall|url-access=registration|edition=3rd}}

===Further reading===

==== General ====
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/alpha/a?s.start=240| editor1=P.J. Bearman | editor2=Th. Bianquis | editor3=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor4=E. van Donzel | editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |title=Ibrāhīm | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 }}

====Abraham and the Kaaba====
* [[Martin Lings]], ''Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now'', Archetype
* Leila Azzam, ''Lives of the Prophets'', ''Abraham and the Kaaba'', Suhail Academy

====Abraham's life====
* [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]], ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'', Vol. II: ''Prophets and Patriarchs''
* [[Ibn Kathir]], ''Stories of the Prophets'', Chapter VI: ''Story of Abraham''

==External links==
* [http://muslimways.com/library/islamic-history/stories-of-the-prophets/the-story-of-the-prophet-ibrahim-his-wife-hajar.html The Story of the Prophet Ibrahim & His Wife Hajar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128090616/http://muslimways.com/library/islamic-history/stories-of-the-prophets/the-story-of-the-prophet-ibrahim-his-wife-hajar.html |date=28 November 2017 }}
* [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Contrad/MusTrad/sacrifice.html The Sacrifice Of Abraham: Isaac or Ishmael?]

{{Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islamic mythology]]
[[Category:Abraham in Islam| ]]

Uri: The Surgical Strike

2026-03-29T04:36:55Z

IsraelGuinn0047: added info

{{short description|2019 Indian film by Aditya Dhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uri: The Surgical Strike
| image = URI - New poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aditya Dhar]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| starring = [[Vicky Kaushal]] [[Yami Gautam]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Kirti Kulhari]] [[Mohit Raina]]
| writer = Aditya Dhar
| music = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| cinematography = Mitesh Mirchandani
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]]
| distributor = RSVP Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|01|11|ref1=<ref name="rd"/>}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/uri-2019|title=Uri: The Surgical Strike|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|access-date=3 April 2019|date=1 January 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727051751/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/uri-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|44}} crore<ref name="auto"/>
| gross = {{INR|342.06}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web|title=Uri Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/uri/box-office/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 April 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Uri: The Surgical Strike''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[war film|war]] [[action film]] written and directed by debutant [[Aditya Dhar]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] under the [[RSVP Movies]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|last=Parasara|first=Noyon Jyoti|date=28 April 2018|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raazi-for-any-role/cid/1429393|title=Raazi for any role|publisher=[[Telegraph India]]|quote=Uri will change that. It is an out and out action film.|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510091525/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raazi-for-any-role/cid/1429393|url-status=live}}</ref> An account based on the real story of the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|retaliation]] to the [[2016 Uri attack]], the film stars [[Vicky Kaushal]] along with [[Yami Gautam]], [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], and [[Mohit Raina]] in pivotal roles, and tells the story of Major Vihaan Shergill (Kaushal) of the [[Para (Special Forces)]], who played a leading role in the events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-uri-the-surgical-strike-actor-vicky-kaushal-reveals-his-all-time-favourite-war-film-watch-video/345779|title=Uri The Surgical Strike actor Ankit Chaudhary reveals his all-time favourite war film - watch video|date=11 January 2019|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510091523/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/exclusive-uri-the-surgical-strike-actor-vicky-kaushal-reveals-his-all-time-favourite-war-film-watch-video/345779|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uri-the-surgical-strike-box-office-collection-ankit-chaudhary-action-film-crosses-rs-100-cr-mark-5933421.html|title=Uri: The Surgical Strike box office collection — Ankit Chaudhary's action film crosses Rs 100 cr mark|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=21 January 2019|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223804/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uri-the-surgical-strike-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushals-action-film-crosses-rs-100-cr-mark-5933421.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Screwvala announced the film in September 2017, a year after the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike. [[Principal photography]] began in June 2018 in [[Serbia]] where it was largely shot before being [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in September in [[Mumbai|Mumbai.]]

''Uri'' was released on 11 January 2019. It received acclaim from the critics; it was praised for direction, cinematography, superbly executed single shot combat scenes and the performance of Kaushal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-first-poster-vicky-kaushal-looks-intense-as-he-goes-on-surgical-strike/articleshow/65990817.cms|date=28 September 2018|title=Check out ankitchaudhary's intense soldier look from Uri, a film based on surgical strike|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928101327/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-first-poster-vicky-kaushal-looks-intense-as-he-goes-on-surgical-strike/articleshow/65990817.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR}}44 [[crore]], ''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' grossed {{INRConvert|342.73|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} worldwide, emerging as the [[List of Hindi films of 2019|fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2019]].<ref name="bo" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5569|title='URI - THE SURGICAL STRIKE|date=5 March 2019|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220205501/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5569|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received [[#Awards and nominations|various accolades]] including four [[National Film Awards]], including Best Director, Best Actor, Best Audiography and Best Music Director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2019-the-full-list-of-winners/article28931491.ece|title=National Film Awards 2019: 'Andhadhun', 'Uri:The Surgical Strike' bag awards|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 August 2019|date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809103542/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2019-the-full-list-of-winners/article28931491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It received 13 nominations at the [[65th Filmfare Awards]], winning Best Editing and Best Debut Director for Dhar.<ref name="FilmfareWinners" />

==Plot==
{{Plot too long|date=February 2025}}
The film is divided into five chapters.

===''The Seven Sisters'' (North-east India)===
The first chapter opens up with an ambush in June 2015 on a convoy of [[Indian Army]] troops in [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]], [[Manipur]] by [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN(K)]] militants. In retaliation, [[Major (rank)|Major]] Vihaan Singh Shergill, a [[Para (Special Forces)|Para SF]] officer and his unit, including his brother-in-law Major Karan Kashyap, [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|infiltrate and attack the Northeastern militants and also kill the key leader responsible for the ambush]]. After a successful strike, the [[Prime Minister of India]] congratulates him and the whole unit at a [[formal dinner]]. Vihaan requests early retirement as he wants to be close with his mother, who is suffering from Stage VI [[Alzheimer's]]. The Prime Minister offers him a desk job at New Delhi near his mother instead of retirement, to which he agrees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ata Hasnain |first=Syed |author-link=Syed Ata Hasnain |date=24 January 2018 |title=Ex-Uri Brigade Commander: "You Watch a Film for Fun, Not Facts" |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/uri-review-perspective-of-former-uri-brigade-commander-syed-ata-hasnain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131094312/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/uri-review-perspective-of-former-uri-brigade-commander-syed-ata-hasnain |archive-date=31 January 2019 |access-date=31 January 2019 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref>

===''An Unsettling Peace'' (New Delhi, India)===
The second chapter shows Vihaan taking up a desk job at the [[Integrated Defence Staff]] HQ in [[New Delhi]] and spending time with his family. This segment also briefly describes the [[2016 Pathankot attack|Pathankot attack]] and the [[2016 Pampore attack | Pampore attack]]. Nurse Jasmine D'Almeida is assigned to take care of Vihaan's mother. Vihaan meets an [[Indian Air Force]] pilot, [[Flight Lieutenant]] Seerat Kaur, who is trying to prove her patriotism to her dead husband [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] Jaskirat Singh Rangi, an army officer who died in an ambush. One day, Vihaan's mother goes missing. He searches for her, and blames Jasmine for her ignorance, saying there is no need for her security. Vihaan's mother is found under a bridge, and Jasmine reveals she is an intelligence agent.

===''Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts'' (Uri, Jammu Kashmir, India)===
On 18 September 2016, four heavily armed militants attack the brigade headquarters at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at dawn, killing 19 soldiers in their sleep. The terrorists are killed, but Karan dies in a grenade explosion as he accidentally pulls the pin attached to a terrorist's rifle he picked up to examine. The whole family is devastated, including Vihaan. The Ministry decides to take strict action against the perpetrators of the attack. [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] Govind Bharadwaj suggests the idea of a [[surgical strike]], inspired by [[Operation Wrath of God]] conducted by [[Israel]]. The Prime Minister gives it a go and gives ten days for the strike. Vihaan leaves his desk job and leaves for the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] base in [[Udhampur]]. He requests [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] [[General]] Arjun Singh Rajawat to add him to the operation and he agrees. Vihaan chooses the elite [[Ghatak Force]] commandos from the [[Bihar Regiment]] and the [[Dogra Regiment]] along with the special forces as most of the soldiers killed in the attack were from these regiments. Vihaan informs them they can no longer use their phones and disguises the mission as regular training exercises. The commandos begin their training.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/we-asked-a-Pakistani-Bollywood-buff-to-review-uri-she-has-a-request-for-Indian-directors/176916/|title=We asked a Pakistani Bollywood buff to review Uri & she has a request for Indian directors|last=Ajaz|first=Mahwash|date=12 January 2019|work=The Print|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706042854/https://theprint.in/opinion/we-asked-a-pakistani-bollywood-buff-to-review-uri-she-has-a-request-for-indian-directors/176916/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-top-notch-performance-in-potent-war-drama-5860541.html|title=Uri: The Surgical Strike movie review — Vicky Kaushal delivers top-notch performance in potent war drama|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|date=11 January 2019|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203173214/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-top-notch-performance-in-potent-war-drama-5860541.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baradwajrangan.WordPress.com/2019/01/17/URI-the-surgical-strike-not-so-much-a-war-movie-as-a-hukumat-style-revenge-drama-but-it-works/|title="Uri: The Surgical Strike"… Not so much a war movie as a 'Hukumat'-style revenge drama, but it works|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=17 January 2019|website=Baradwaj Rangan|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131095331/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2019/01/17/uri-the-surgical-strike-not-so-much-a-war-movie-as-a-hukumat-style-revenge-drama-but-it-works/|archive-date=31 January 2019|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

=== ''Naya Hindustan'' (New India) (New Delhi, India) ===
During the planning, Govind ropes in [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] (for providing satellite images), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] (for drone surveillance), and [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] (for intelligence). When he goes to meet DRDO Chief Brian D'Souza, he meets an intern named Ishaan who has developed a drone called [[Garuda]] which looks and is shaped like an Eagle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/NSA-Ajit-Doval-hasn%27t-seen-Uri-but-will-be-more-than-pleased-when-he-does/177142/|title=NSA Ajit Doval hasn't seen Uri, but will be more than pleased when he does|last=Bamzai|first=Kaveree|date=13 January 2019|work=The Print|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405084044/https://theprint.in/opinion/NSA-Ajit-Doval-hasn%27t-seen-Uri-but-will-be-more-than-pleased-when-he-does/177142/|url-status=live}}</ref> With the help of the drones and satellite images they get the exact location of the hideouts and training camps of the terrorists. Jasmine reveals her true name Pallavi Sharma to Vihaan, and during an interrogation, the two extract information about who planned the attack. Vihaan chooses Seerat as his pilot, she agrees. The commandos also start training under Vihaan. The Pakistani officials suspect the Indian activities but dismiss them due to underestimation.

===''The Surgical Strike'' (Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)===
On the night of 28 September, the commandos leave for the strike in Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]] in [[Mi-17]] helicopters. During the mission, Vihaan's helicopter is forced to not cross the [[Line of Control]] due to latest intelligence from spies in Pakistan that the [[Pakistani Army]] has deployed an "[[Airborne early warning and control|AWAC]]" radar-based [[surface to air missile]] system in [[Muzaffarabad]] sector to bring their helicopter down. He and his team improvise by going on foot through a manned cave. His teams successfully infiltrate and kill all the terrorists at the launchpads. Vihaan kills Idris and Jabbar, the perpetrators of the Uri attack. The local police are alerted, and the commandos who are low on ammunition and time escape. On their way back, they are attacked from both a nearby machine gun bunker and a [[Pakistani Air Force]] Mi-17 Helicopter scrambled to intercept Vihaan's team. Flight Lieutenant Seerat comes to their rescue by firing back at the Pakistani gunship, thus driving it away and eliminating the machine gun bunker. His team successfully crosses the LoC on the Indian side with no casualties. Vihaan lands at [[Hindon Air Force Station]]. The film ends with him, Pallavi, Govind, and the commandos having dinner with the Prime Minister.

In the post-credits scene, Zameer, a Pakistani minister, wakes up and shouts in frustration while seeing the news of India's successful surgical strike. The scene cuts to a title card reading "[[Jai Hind]]".

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Vihaan Singh Shergill, [[Para (Special Forces)|Para SF]] (based on [[Colonel]] Kapil Yadav)
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as [[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]] Govind Bhardwaj (Based on [[Ajit Doval]])
* [[Yami Gautam]] as Jasmine D'Almedia / Pallavi Sharma, an undercover [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] agent
* [[Mohit Raina]] as Major Karan Kashyap (Para SF sniper), Vihaan's brother-in-law (based on Colonel [[MN Rai]])
* [[Kirti Kulhari]] as [[Flight Lieutenant]] Seerat Kaur, [[Indian Air Force]]
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as [[Prime Minister of India]] (based on [[Narendra Modi]])
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as [[General]] Arjun Singh, [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (based on General [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]])
* [[Swaroop Sampat]] as Suhasini Shergill, Vihaan's mother
* [[Dhairya Karwa]] as [[Captain]] Sartaj Singh Chandhok, Para SF
* Akashdeep Arora as Ishaan Wattal, intern at the [[Defence Research and Development Organization|DRDO]]
* [[Manasi Parekh]] as Neha Shergill Kashyap, Karan's wife and Vihaan's sister
* Riva Arora as Suhani Kashyap, Vihaan's niece
* [[Satyajit Sharma]] as [[Lieutenant General]] Ajay Garewal (based on Lieutenant General [[Deependra Singh Hooda]])
* Yogesh Soman as [[Minister of Defence#India|Defence Minister]] Ravinder Agnihotri (based on [[Manohar Parrikar]])
* [[Navtej Hundal]] as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Home Minister of India]] (based on [[Rajnath Singh]])
* Kamal Malik as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]
* [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues]] as Brian D'Sousa, DRDO Chief (based on [[S. Christopher]])
* [[Abrar Zahoor]] as Idris Qayoom Al Baghdadi, Uri attack planner
* [[Ujjwal Chopra]] as Shahid Khan, Aasma's husband; an undercover R&AW agent in [[Pakistan]]
* [[Rukhsar Rehman]] as Aasma Khan, an undercover R&AW agent in Pakistan
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as an [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent, working as an undercover [[Research and Analysis Wing|R&AW]] agent
* Anil George as Zameer Ul Hasan, Pakistani Minister
* Sunil Palwal as Jabbar Firozi, Uri attack planner
* Sunil Mehra as Defence Minister of Pakistan
* Adarsh Gautam as [[Brigadier]] Afzal
* Ajit Shidhaye as Pakistan Army officer Zubair Mehmood
* Guru Bhullar as SF Commando Akash Singh Narula
* Padam Bhola as SF Commando Vikram Dabas
* Amaan Asif as SF Commando Zeeshan Khan
* Amit Saproo as SF Commando K. S. Venkatesh
* Anurag Mishra as SF Commando K. S. Venkatesh
* Bhupendra Singh Negi as SF Commando Ajay Shukla
* Beant Singh Buttar as SF Commando Chetan Jha
* Dev Raj Ghosh as SF Commando Neloy Banerjee
* Gagan Singh Khanna as SF Commando Jagjit Singh Sandhu
* Harshit Dang as SF Commando Rohit Vyas
* Himanshu Sharma as SF Commando A. S. Rao
* Nishant Singh as SF Commando Rahil Hussain
* Rahul Tyagi as SF Commando Shiraz Ali
* Rajvir Chauhan as SF Commando Uday Singh Rathod
* Tashi Tobgay as SF Commando Ratan Thapa
* James W. C. Meetei as SF Commando Robin Nagrum
* Aamir Yaseen as Faheem Khan, Pakistani terrorist involved in the URI attack
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Uri'' was announced by producer Ronnie Screwvala one year after the surgical strike in September 2017. The film was to be directed by debutant Aditya Dhar. He said the film is "the story of what was imagined to have happened in those eleven days."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/a-year-after-surgical-strikes-ronnie-screwvala-announces-uri-starring-vicky-kaushal-4850823/|title=A year after surgical strikes, Ronnie Screwvala announces URI starring Vicky Kaushal|work=The Indian Express|date=19 September 2017|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517073455/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/a-year-after-surgical-strikes-ronnie-screwvala-announces-uri-starring-vicky-kaushal-4850823/|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography began in June 2018 and was finished in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-embarks-on-uri-journey/articleshow/64514712.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal embarks on 'Uri' journey|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 June 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=10 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610005436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-embarks-on-uri-journey/articleshow/64514712.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/view-picture-it-s-wrap-yami-gautam-and-vicky-kaushal-s-uri-424921|title=View picture: It's a wrap up for Yami Gautam and Vicky Kaushal's Uri|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=5 September 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914111459/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/view-picture-it-s-wrap-yami-gautam-and-vicky-kaushal-s-uri-424921|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kaushal went through extensive military training for five months and gained weight. He trained for five hours a day and did three to four hours of military training to enhance stamina. He also received gun training at a [[INS Shikra|naval base]] in [[Cuffe Parade]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uri-first-look-poster-vicky-kaushal-gets-ready-to-lead-his-paratroopers-in-surgical-strikes-across-the-loc-5279451.html|title=Uri first look poster: Vicky Kaushal gets ready to lead his paratroopers in surgical strikes across the LoC|work=Firstpost|date=28 September 2018|access-date=28 September 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124233617/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/uri-first-look-poster-vicky-kaushal-gets-ready-to-lead-his-paratroopers-in-surgical-strikes-across-the-loc-5279451.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He called it "physically the most challenging film for me".<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-uri-was-the-most-physically-challenging-film-for-me/articleshow/65992703.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal: 'Uri' was physically the most challenging film for me|last=Dubey|first=Rachna|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 September 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929100907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-uri-was-the-most-physically-challenging-film-for-me/articleshow/65992703.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He injured his arm while filming an action sequence in the film.<ref name="uri">{{cite web|last=Bhowal|first=Tiasa|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-injures-arm-while-filming-uri-keeps-shooting-1884617|publisher=NDTV|title=Vicky Kaushal Injures Arm While Filming ''Uri'', Keeps Shooting|date=17 July 2018|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718114726/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-injures-arm-while-filming-uri-keeps-shooting-1884617|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kaushal and the supporting cast trained at Mumbai's [[Navy Nagar]] with Captains and Majors teaching them slithering, using arms and ammunitions and other drills used by the armed forces.<ref name="mm">{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-to-play-a-para-commando-in-uri/articleshow/64309075.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal to play a Para Commando in Uri|last=Iyer|first=Sanyukta|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=25 May 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=11 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022554/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-to-play-a-para-commando-in-uri/articleshow/64309075.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Uri'' was largely shot in [[Serbia]] and was wrapped up in Mumbai.<ref name=toi/> The [[India–Pakistan border|Indo-Pak border]], the [[Line of Control|LOC]] and other areas resembling military posts and terrorist camps were recreated in Serbia.<ref name=mm/> [[Yami Gautam]] underwent mixed martial arts training.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yami-gautam-gets-a-makeover-for-her-role-in-uri/articleshow/64429958.cms|title=Yami Gautam gets a makeover for her role in 'Uri'|last=Gupta|first=Rachit|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 June 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603055058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/yami-gautam-gets-a-makeover-for-her-role-in-uri/articleshow/64429958.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She called the process of shooting "exhausting yet enjoyable." The film also stars [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Mohit Raina]], [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues|Ivan Rodrigues]] and [[Kirti Kulhari]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-says-shooting-for-films-like-uri-is-never-easy-1925247|title=Yami Gautam Says Shooting For Films Like Uri Is 'Never Easy'|last=Dubey|first=Pranita|publisher=NDTV|date=1 October 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011349/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/yami-gautam-says-shooting-for-films-like-uri-is-never-easy-1925247|url-status=live}}</ref> Screwvala said the film has elements of "war, action, and strategy based on a true story" and the "Indian audience is yet to watch such experience in cinema."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ronnie-screwvala-on-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-directed-by-vasan-bala-5427553/|title=Producer Ronnie Screwvala on Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota: It was a calculated risk taken with conviction|work=The Indian Express|date=31 October 2018|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223804/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ronnie-screwvala-on-mard-ko-dard-nahi-hota-directed-by-vasan-bala-5427553/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The film was released in theatres on 11 January 2019,<ref name="rd">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/uri-the-surgical-strike/articleshow/67250687.cms|title=Uri: The Surgical Strike|newspaper=Times of India|date=26 December 2018|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810203031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/uri-the-surgical-strike/articleshow/67250687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and digitally on [[ZEE5]] on 19 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/zee5-to-showcase-world-digital-premiere-of-uri-the-surgical-strike-95293.html|title=ZEE5 to showcase world digital premiere of 'URI – The Surgical Strike' - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=12 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=25 June 2019|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114160231/https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/zee5-to-showcase-world-digital-premiere-of-uri-the-surgical-strike-95293.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

To curtail piracy, the makers of ''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' deployed a 3.8 gigabyte fake version of the film over networks like [[BitTorrent|torrent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-makers-prevent-illegal-leak-on-torrents|title='URI' Makers Know How to Prevent Illegal Leak on Torrents|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=17 January 2019|date=16 January 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203033036/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/uri-makers-prevent-illegal-leak-on-torrents|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the film was leaked by the bootleg website [[Tamil Rockers]] within a week of release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-uri-leaked-tamilrockers-5528954/|title=Uri full movie leaked online by Tamilrockers|date=22 January 2019|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118135225/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-uri-leaked-tamilrockers-5528954/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version of the film was released with the same name on 14 June 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/vicky-kaushal-s-uri-the-surgical-strike-in-telugu-now-to-release-on-june/435593|title=Vicky Kaushal's Uri: The Surgical Strike in Telugu now, to release on June 14|work=Times Now|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606063126/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/vicky-kaushal-s-uri-the-surgical-strike-in-telugu-now-to-release-on-june/435593|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Uri: The Surgical Strike (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] and songs were composed and produced by [[Shashwat Sachdev]], with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]], [[Raj Shekhar]], and Abhiruchi Chand.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8291224/soundtrack/ |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019) - Soundtracks - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-12-19 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=57|count=14|average=5.8|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=25 February 2024}} [[Namrata Joshi]], writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', said "Whichever side of the political divide one may stand, one can't dismiss Dhar's canniness and craft and Vicky Kaushal as the Army officer was brilliant."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=2019-01-11 |title=‘Uri: The Surgical Strike’ review: Triumph of the will |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/uri-the-surgical-strike-review-triumph-of-the-will/article25961987.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=}}</ref>
Amman Khurana of ''[[Times Now|Times Now News]]'', giving 4 stars out of 5, said "''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' is a rather mature film. It somehow knows that it is catering to the viewer that is tired of watching the men in uniform who thump their chests to show their love and passion for the country." He further said: "The stunning cinematography and the VFX work ensure that ''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' does not pass off as a comic-book account of the operation." He concludes: "''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' is a good one-time watch. If not for anything else, watch it for Vicky Kaushal, who brings the right amount of intensity to his role and drives the film from start to finish."<ref>{{cite web |last=Khurana |first=Amman |date=9 January 2019 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Movie Review: Mission accomplished, but not without casualties |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-mission-accomplished-but-not-without-casualties-3-stars/344172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109072759/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-mission-accomplished-but-not-without-casualties-3-stars/344172 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |access-date=9 January 2019 |website=Times Now News}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] rated the film 4 stars out of 5, and said "''Uri'' is one film that *should* be watched… Absorbing screenplay, superbly executed combat scenes, efficient direction Aditya Dhar… ''Uri'' is thrilling, gripping, instils patriotism, without getting jingoistic."<ref>{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=9 January 2019 |number=1082955719882694658 |title=#OneWordReview #UriTheSurgicalStrike: IMPACTFUL. Rating:⭐️⭐️⭐️½ #Uri is one film that *should* be watched… Absorbing screenplay, superbly executed combat scenes, efficient direction Aditya Dhar… #Uri is thrilling, gripping, instils patriotism, without getting jingoistic. https://t.co/tTkEE1H50u}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News 18]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said "Vicky Kaushal is in especially good form as the protagonist, looking every bit the army man. He brings both the bulked-up physicality and the sort of steely determination that the part requires."<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=9 August 2019 |title=Uri The Surgical Strike Movie Review: There's a Lot to Admire in This Vicky Kaushal Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-theres-a-lot-to-admire-in-this-vicky-kaushal-film-2000035.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804061620/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-theres-a-lot-to-admire-in-this-vicky-kaushal-film-2000035.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=9 August 2020 |publisher=News18}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated the move 3.5 out of 5 stars and said "On the whole, ''URI: THE SURGICAL STRIKE'' has a thrilling and a gripping narrative which instills patriotism without getting jingoistic."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-11 |title=Uri – The Surgical Strike Movie Review: The Vicky Kaushal starrer Uri is a thrilling and a gripping narrative which instills patriotism without getting jingoistic. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/uri/critic-review/uri-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

[[Anupama Chopra]] of Film Companion said, "The film alternates between fact and fiction, between gritty re-creations of combat and [[Top Gun|''Top Gun'']]-style, slow-motion shots of soldiers getting out of helicopters. For the first half, Aditya manages this tight-rope walk efficiently, aided by the strong work of DOP Mitesh Mirchandani. The story-telling has the scale and the narrative beats are predictable but satisfying", but found the plot simplistic in places.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=11 January 2019 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Movie Review – An Unabashed Love Letter To The Indian Army |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-an-unabashed-love-letter-to-the-indian-army/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809091544/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-an-unabashed-love-letter-to-the-indian-army/ |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |publisher=Film Companion}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and said, "''Uri'' is a very good looking film — though the cinematographer appears to have been told to highlight the lens-flare in every single shot of nighttime combat — and while the action is totally brilliant."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=2019-01-11 |title=Uri review: Vicky Kaushal leads an efficient but unimpressive attack |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/uri-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-leads-an-efficient-but-unimpressive-attack/story-GLB87YbBPnBRqBk4erAoQP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116055803/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/uri-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-leads-an-efficient-but-unimpressive-attack/story-GLB87YbBPnBRqBk4erAoQP.html |archive-date=2019-01-16 |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] writing for [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Revenge over personal loss is hardly patriotism. It's just run-of-the-mill revenge. Despite slick visuals and solid acting, ''Uri'' fails to make this distinction."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |date=11 January 2019 |title=Uri review: A deadpan take on warfare! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/uri-review-deadpan-take-on-warfare/20190111.htm |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> Shilpa Jamkhandikar of [[Reuters]] said "But forget about nuance – the dark side of war and the human cost of it are barely dealt with."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=11 January 2019 |title=Movie Review - Uri: The Surgical Strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/india/movie-review-uri-the-surgical-strike-idUSKCN1P50MK/ |url-status=live |work=Reuters}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and said "The war actioner is both bland and patchy."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Movie Review - Without Vicky Kaushal, The Film Would Be A Complete Washout |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-without-vicky-kaushal-it-would-be-a-complete-washout-2-stars-ou-1976284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530214556/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-without-vicky-kaushal-it-would-be-a-complete-washout-2-stars-ou-1976284 |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] said "Impressively gritty action sequences bookend moments of sycophancy towards the government."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2019-01-11 |title=‘Uri: The Surgical Strike’ movie review: The action is as slick as the propaganda |url=https://scroll.in/reel/908958/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-the-action-is-as-slick-as-the-propaganda |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of Film Companion said "''Uri'' becomes a cautionary tale of how even an original filmmaking voice can mean little if confined to a time of strategic jingoism."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2019-01-11 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Movie Review – A Competent Action Drama Whitewashed Into A Conveniently Timed Tale Of Hyper-Nationalism |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-a-competent-action-drama-whitewashed-into-a-conveniently-timed-tale-of-hyper-nationalism |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the movie 2 out of 5 stars and said "Action, emotion, drama, it’s all there, beat for beat: more [[Border (1997 film)|''Border'']] than [[Zero Dark Thirty|''Zero Dark Thirty'']]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=2019-01-11 |title=Uri review: A slick war film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/uri-review-rating-vicky-kaushal-5531285/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Tanul Thakur of [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] said "But a film of this sort needs exceptional writing to transcend its rigid boundaries. So we ultimately find out, to no one’s surprise, that the subplot involving the family was just a ruse."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |date=11 January 2019 |title=Movie Review {{!}} 'Uri' is Predictably Patriotic With a Brand New Blood-Lust |url=https://thewire.in/film/movie-review-uri-predictably-patriotic |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' said "I was riveted and impressed with much of ''Uri’s'' human drama and action, despite balking at its craven desire to toady up to the government."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=2019-01-12 |title=Uri movie review: A fine film, even though it toadies up to powers that be |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120119/uri-movie-review-a-fine-film-even-though-it-toadies-up-to-powers-tha.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and said "''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' is a fitting tribute to the Indian Army conceptually but cinematically, it’s not a film without flaws."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=1 February 2019 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Review {3.5/5}: Fitting tribute to the Indian Army conceptually but cinematically, it’s not a film without flaws |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/uri-the-surgical-strike/movie-review/67451477.cms |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and said "The problem is with the screenplay. Instead of watching a patriotic film, you get the feeling you're watching a revenge drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=4 February 2025 |title=Movie Review: Uri: The Surgical Strike |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-uri-the-surgical-strike-32020.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref> Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and said "The film is a blatant homage to the bravery displayed by the Indian army and it makes no attempts to hide its allegiance. The opponents in this film are skimmed through swiftly and remain faceless villains."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=2019-01-11 |title=‘Uri: The Surgical Strike’ review: Vicky Kaushal pays homage to a brave story |url=https://gulfnews.com/going-out/movie-reviews/uri-the-surgical-strike-review-vicky-kaushal-pays-homage-to-a-brave-story-1.61354171 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 stars and said "''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' plays out in the precarious sub-genre of the 'well-made' propaganda."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2019-01-10 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike Review: Caught in the crossfire |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/something/2019/Jan/10/uri-the-surgical-strike-review-caught-in-crossfire-9578.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Ajit Duara of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]'' said "The film is made well, with high production values and realistic battle scenes, but the theatrical release of such an action film has a limited shelf life."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duara |first=Ajit |date=2019-01-11 |title=URI: The Surgical Strike Movie Review |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Open Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of [[The Asian Age|''The Asian Age'']] said "Lauding heroism in war movies is an easy sell to mass audiences but ''URI'' stays clear of jingoistic grandstanding or flag-waving patriotism."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanap |first=Mayur |date=2019-01-11 |title=URI - The Surgical Strike movie review: A gripping and pulsating thriller |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110119/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-a-ripping-revenge-yarn.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref> Priya Hazra of [[The Statesman (India)|''The Statesman'']] gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and said "The film is based on a real incident and thus not much unfolds to surprise the viewers. However, what lacked in the story was in-depth research which left the second half weaker."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Priya |date=2019-01-09 |title=URI review: Vicky Kaushal shines through in this film on Indian Army’s surgical strikes |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/uri-review-vicky-kaushal-shines-film-indian-armys-surgical-strikes-1502723252.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> Stutee Ghosh of [[The Quint]] rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said "Despite all the things working for it, ‘''Uri: The Surgical Strike''’ could have been a far better film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |date=2019-01-09 |title=Vicky Kaushal Goes All Guns Blazing in ‘Uri: The Surgical Strike’ |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-is-all-guns-blazing |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] said "It is a worthy tribute to the armed forces. The claim of a New India it pushes forward is debatable."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |author-link=Deepa Gahlot |date=2019-01-12 |title=Uri: The Surgical Strike - Movie Review |url=https://deepagahlot.com/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Deepa Gahlot |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
In its opening weekend, the film earned {{INR}}35.73 crore domestically. In the first week, the film collected {{INR}}70.94 crore from India. It grossed {{INR}}300 crore from India and {{INRConvert|59.73|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} from overseas, taking the worldwide gross collection to {{INRConvert|359.73|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}.<ref name="india today">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-s-war-to-ranveer-singh-s-gully-boy-10-money-spinners-of-2019-1632562-2019-12-30|title=War at Rs 475 crore to Gully Boy at Rs 240 crore: Top 10 highest money grossers of 2019|date=30 December 2019 |access-date=22 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922084203/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-s-war-to-ranveer-singh-s-gully-boy-10-money-spinners-of-2019-1632562-2019-12-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film crossed the {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} mark in gross collection on 8th day of its release. It took 15 days to gross {{INRConvert|200|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} and in its fourth week of release, it grossed {{INRConvert|300|c|year=2019|mode=historical}}. It took seven weeks to gross {{INRConvert|342|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref name="bo" /><ref name="boxoffww">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 April 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174446/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Uri: The Surgical Strike'' emerged as the [[List of Bollywood films of 2019#Box office collection|4th highest-grossing Bollywood]] film of 2019. Based on box office collections, the film became the tenth highest-grossing film by 5 March 2019 produced in [[Bollywood]] until that date.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/uri-box-office-collection-day-53-the-vicky-kaushal-starrer-military-drama-is-now-the-tenth-highest-grosser-film-ever/articleshow/68267802.cms|title='Uri' box office collection Day 53: The Vicky Kaushal starrer military drama is now the tenth highest grosser film ever|date=5 March 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412110656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/uri-box-office-collection-day-53-the-vicky-kaushal-starrer-military-drama-is-now-the-tenth-highest-grosser-film-ever/articleshow/68267802.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:Vicky Kaushal National Award for Uri.jpg|thumb|upright|Vicky Kaushal wins [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Ceremony !! Date !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2019-the-full-list-of-winners/article28931491.ece|title=National Film Awards 2019: Full list of winners{{!}} 'Andhadhun', 'Uri:The Surgical Strike' bag awards|date=9 August 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809103542/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2019-the-full-list-of-winners/article28931491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/how-did-2019-release-uri-win-4-national-film-awards-for-the-year-2018-1579249-2019-08-09|title=How did 2019 release Uri win 4 National Film Awards for the year 2018?|website=India Today|date=9 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809154831/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/how-did-2019-release-uri-win-4-national-film-awards-for-the-year-2018-1579249-2019-08-09|url-status=live}}</ref>|| rowspan="4" |[[66th National Film Awards|9 August 2019]]||[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Director]]||[[Aditya Dhar]]||rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]||[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]||[[Bishwadeep Chatterjee]]
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Director (Background Score)]] ||[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Screen Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-deepika-padukone-ananya-panday-add-glam-as-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-win-top-awards-read-complete-winners-list/story-wxcAy5E1LqYOcCwJkB6OtM.html|title=Star Screen Awards: Deepika Padukone, Ananya Panday add glam as Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh win top awards. Read complete winners list|date=9 December 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219091337/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-deepika-padukone-ananya-panday-add-glam-as-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-win-top-awards-read-complete-winners-list/story-wxcAy5E1LqYOcCwJkB6OtM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |[[26th Screen Awards|8 December 2019]]
|Best Film
|''Uri: The Surgical Strike''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|Aditya Dhar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Vicky Kaushal
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Aditya Dhar
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html|title=Technical Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|website=filmfare.com|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202001359/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FilmfareWinners">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners|title=Winners Of the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|work=Filmfare|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323041020/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners|url-status=live}}</ref>
|rowspan="11"|[[65th Filmfare Awards|15 February 2020]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Uri: The Surgical Strike''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Aditya Dhar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Vicky Kaushal
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|Shashwat Sachdev
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Mitesh Mirchandani
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Stefan Richter
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|Shivkumar V Panicker
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
|Aditya Kanwar
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|[[YRF Studios]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|Aditya Dhar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award For Upcoming Music Talent]]
|Shashwat Sachdev
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[IIFA Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |title=IIFA Awards 2020: Here's the complete winner list |url=https://www.masala.com/news-2/complete-winner-list-of-iifa-awards-2020 |access-date=26 November 2021 |work=Masala.com}}</ref>
|rowspan="6"|[[21st IIFA Awards|24 November 2021]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Uri: The Surgical Strike''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|rowspan="2"|Aditya Dhar
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Vicky Kaushal
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|Shashwat Sachdev
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Design]]
|Ravi Soni
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==Impact==
The protagonist (played by Kaushal) in the film asks his squad "How's the [[wikt:Josh#Hindi|Josh]]?" ([[Hinglish]] for "How's the spirit?") The squad replies "High, Sir!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-is-how-uri-s-popular-how-s-the-josh-line-came-to-life/story-v7BXkqjJEyI7K4VRNwsIGL.html|title=Here is how Uri's popular 'How's the Josh' line came to life|date=6 February 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|agency=PTI|access-date=7 February 2020|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/here-is-how-uri-s-popular-how-s-the-josh-line-came-to-life/story-v7BXkqjJEyI7K4VRNwsIGL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This question is asked to the cadets in military academies in India to test their enthusiasm. The dialogue went viral over Indian social media<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-on-uri-the-surgical-strike-dialogue-hows-the-josh-going-viral/articleshow/67805459.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal on 'Uri: The Surgical Strike' dialogue 'How's the Josh' going viral|newspaper=Times of India|date=2 February 2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202194049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vicky-kaushal-on-uri-the-surgical-strike-dialogue-hows-the-josh-going-viral/articleshow/67805459.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and eventually became a cultural phenomenon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bamzai|first=Kaveree|date=22 October 2021|url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/vicky-kaushal-taking-the-lead/|title=Vicky Kaushal: Taking the Lead|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307211752/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/vicky-kaushal-taking-the-lead/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The dialogue was quoted by several individuals and institutions. The Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], while inaugurating the National Museum of Indian Cinema of [[Films Division of India]] in [[Mumbai]], asked this question at the beginning of his address to the film fraternity attending the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hows-the-josh-asks-prime-minister-narendra-modi/articleshow/67611298.cms|newspaper=Times of India|title=How's the josh asks prime minister Narendra Modi|date=21 January 2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121103444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hows-the-josh-asks-prime-minister-narendra-modi/articleshow/67611298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian Cricket Team]], after winning ODI series in New Zealand, raised the morale of the team by asking "How’s the Josh?" for the coming [[Twenty20]] series;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/watch-indian-cricket-team-with-unique-celebration-after-new-zealand-series-win-5567160/|publisher=Indian Express|title=Watch: Indian cricket team celebrates New Zealand series win with 'How's the Josh' chant|date=4 February 2019|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-date=8 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208100026/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/watch-indian-cricket-team-with-unique-celebration-after-new-zealand-series-win-5567160/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Mumbai Police]] used the slogan to raise awareness about cybersecurity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/vicky-kaushal-uri-the-surgical-strike-hows-the-josh-mumbai-police-tweet-5551841/|title=Mumbai Police uses Uri's 'How's the josh' to raise awareness about cybersecurity|publisher=Indian Express|date=23 January 2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204140236/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/vicky-kaushal-uri-the-surgical-strike-hows-the-josh-mumbai-police-tweet-5551841/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8291224}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|uri}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|uri}}

{{Aditya Dhar}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shashwat Sachdev]]
[[Category:2010s action war films]]
[[Category:2019 war films]]
[[Category:2019 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2016]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films about military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Serbia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Belgrade]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Uri, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:Chandel, Manipur]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Suicide car and truck bombings in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aditya Dhar]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films about special forces]]

Ferdausi Rahman

2026-03-25T18:13:18Z

IsraelGuinn0047: enhance citations to improve readability and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Bangladeshi singer (born 1941)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ferdausi Rahman
| native_name = ফেরদৌসী রহমান
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Ferdausi Rahman 2017.jpg
| caption = Rahman in 2017
| birth_name = Ferdausi Begum
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1941|06|28}}
| birth_place = [[Cooch Behar]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| genre = [[Bhawaiya]] (folk), [[Nazrul Geeti]], [[Ghazal]]
| occupation = Singer, Music director
| instrument = Vocals, Harmonium
| years_active = 1955–present
| website = {{URL|ferdausi.com}}
}}
'''Ferdausi Rahman''' ({{nee|Begum}}; born 28 June 1941)<ref name="eyes" /> is a Bangladeshi [[playback singer]].<ref name="eyes">{{cite news |title=Through the Eyes of Ferdausi Rahman |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/through-the-eyes-of-ferdausi-rahman-16477 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="ferdausi.com"/><ref name="NTV"/> She sang some popular film songs for [[Pakistan]]i films also in the 1960s especially working with the music composer [[Robin Ghosh]] in film [[Chakori]] released in 1967. She was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1977 and [[Independence Day Award]] in 1995 by the [[government of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cabinet.gov.bd/site/view/all_independence_awardees |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কারপ্রাপ্ত ব্যক্তি/প্রতিষ্ঠানের তালিকা |language=bn |trans-title=List of the names of personnel and institutions who won the Independence Day Award |access-date=4 August 2019 |publisher=Government of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name=ekushey>{{cite web |url=http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/ |script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=Government of Bangladesh |language=bn |trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref> She also got the 2015 [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-24 |title=Actress Shabana, singer Ferdausi Rahman given lifetime achievement awards |url=https://en.ntvbd.com/entertainment/142699/Actress-Shabana-singer-Ferdausi-Rahman-given-lifetime-achievement-awards |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=NTV Online |language=en}}</ref> She remains the only female to receive the [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director]], for the film ''[[Megher Onek Rong]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmography|url=https://ferdausi.com/filmography/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ferdausi Begum was born to folk singer [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]].<ref name="eyes" /> She had two elder brothers, Justice [[Mustafa Kamal (judge)|Mustafa Kamal]] (d. 2015) and singer [[Mustafa Zaman Abbasi]] (d. 2025).<ref name="eyes" /> Her nieces, [[Nashid Kamal]], Samira Abbasi and Sharmini Abbasi, are also singers. Her grand niece [[Armeen Musa]] is also a singer.

==Career==
Rahman participated as a child artiste in radio programmes. In 1955, she first sang for the radio as an adult artiste.<ref name="ferdausi.com"/> The first released movie where she sang as a playback singer was Ehtesham's ''Ei Desh Tomar Amar'' under the music direction of [[Khan Ataur Rahman]] in 1959, followed by ''[[Asiya (film)|Asiya]]'' in 1960. Her father was one of the music directors of the film.

In 1964, her song was broadcast on the newly established [[Pakistan Television]] in erstwhile [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh).
Her children's program ''Esho Gaan Shikhi'' is a program to teach children about music on [[Bangladesh Television]] and the program has been running for 44 years. She is known as ''Gaaner Khalamoni'' (Aunt of Song) for this program.<ref>{{cite news |title='Khalamoni' Ferdausi Rahman returns with 'Esho Gaan Shikhi' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/news/khalamoni-ferdausi-rahman-returns-esho-gaan-shikhi-2976951 |access-date=6 March 2022 |work=The Daily Star |date=6 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[NTV (Bangladesh)|NTV]] has been airing a program of her songs presented by contemporary artistes.<ref name="NTV">{{cite news |title=Ferdausi Rahman - Unique in her own domain |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/03/d60303140168.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=12 June 2013 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123248/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/03/03/d60303140168.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
* Lahore Cine Journalist Awards (1963)
* President's [[Pride of Performance]] Award (1965) by the [[President of Pakistan]]
* [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director]] (1976)<ref name="ferdausi.com"/>
* [[Bachsas Awards]] (1976)<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সঙ্গীতসম্রাজ্ঞী ফেরদৌসী রহমান |trans-title=Music Queen Fedausi Rahman |url=http://www.dainikazadi.org/details2.php?news_id=969&table=january2013&date=2013-01-10&page_id=25 |newspaper=Dainik Azadi |date=10 January 2013 |language=bn |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051322/http://www.dainikazadi.org/details2.php?news_id=969&table=january2013&date=2013-01-10&page_id=25 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (1977)
* [[Independence Day Award]] (1995)
* Nasiruddin Gold Medal
* A crest as part of the Gunijon Shongbordhona programme (2009)
* Lifetime Achievement Award 2008 at the [[Meril Prothom Alo Awards]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Ferdausi Rahman Wedding 1966 Dhaka.jpg|thumb|right|Rahman with her husband at her wedding in Shahbagh Hotel, Dhaka (1966)]]
Rahman was married to Rezaur Rahman, an engineer and industrialist, from 1966 until his death in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Anisul |date=2025-06-06 |title=Why do my eyes get wet when I think of my father? |script-title=bn:বাবাদের কথা মনে হলে চোখ কেন ভিজে আসে|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/relation/jodee3keeg |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref> They had two sons, Rubaiyat Rahman and Razin Rahman.<ref name="ferdausi.com">{{cite web |url=http://ferdausi.com/biography/ |title=Biography |website=Ferdausi Rahman |access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref>

==Film songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=21%| Year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaana.com/artist/ferdousi-rahman|title=Ferdousi Rahman songs in Bengali|access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" width=21%| Film
! scope="col" width=23%|Song
! scope="col" width=20%|Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=20%|Songwriter(s)
! scope="col" width=21%|Co-artist(s)
|-
| 1961
!''[[Harano Din]]''
| "Ami Rupnogorer Rajkonna"
| Robin Ghosh
| N/A
| solo
|-
| 1962
!''Jowar Elo''
| "Nishi Jaga Chand Hase"
| Dhir Mansur Ali
| Mohammad Mohsin
| solo
|-
| 1964
!''Sangam'' (Urdu)
| "Kitne Suhaane Rangeen"
| Khan Ataur Rahman
| Azizul Haque Aziz
| solo
|-
| 1965
!''Kaajal''
| "Yeh Aarzoo, Jawaan Jawaan"
| Subal Das
| Suroor Barabankvi
| solo
|-
| rowspan=6| 1966
! rowspan=2| ''Begaana''
| "Main Tujhse Mohabbat Karta Hoon"
| rowspan=2| Robin Ghosh
| rowspan=2| Shair Siddiqui
| Nazir Baig
|-
| "Yeh Pyaar Ki Saugat Hain"
| solo
|-
! Rowspan=3| ''Daak Babu''
| "Ogo Tumi Dure Theke"
| rowspan=3| Ali Hossain
| rowspan=3| Mohammad Moniruzzaman
| Syed Abdul Hadi
|-
| "Chupi Chupu Kachhe Ese"
| Rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Dole Dol Dolna Dole"
|-
!''Gunai Bibi''
| "O Kokil Daiko Na"
| Satya Saha
| Abdul Hai Mashreki
| solo
|-
| 1967
!''Chaowa Paowa''
| "Kichhu Aage Hole Khoti Ki Chhilo"
| Satya Saha
| Mohammad Moniruzzaman
| Mahmudun Nabi
|-
| 1968
!''Aparichita''
| "Tomader Ei Rong Mohole"
| Satya Saha
| Masud Karim
| solo
|-
| 1969
!''[[Neel Akasher Niche]]''
| "Gaan Hoye Ele"
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
| rowspan=9| 1970
!''Binimoy''
| "Kichhu Bola Jayna"
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
!''Chhoddobeshi''<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/album/7dGwOZdtyLTCeatXsXZM6s Chhoddobeshi (1977) movie songs]</ref>
| "Ei Neel Neel Sei Nirjoner"
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
!''Jog Biyog''
| "Bolaka Mon Harate Chay"
| Subal Das
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
! rowspan=2| ''Ka Kha Ga Gha Umo''
| "Shaluk Shaluk Jhiler Jole"
| rowspan=2| Altaf Mahmud
| rowspan=2| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Amar Jhumko Latar Bajubondhe"
|-
! rowspan=2| ''Modhu Milon''
| "Keno Ami Osohay Aaj"
| rowspan=2| Bashir Ahmed
| rowspan=| Syed Shamsul Haque, Masud Karim
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Chhaya Hoye Tobu Pashe Roibo"
| Shahidul Islam
|-
! rowspan=2| ''Rong Bodlay''
| "Amar Naam Soniya"
|rowspan=2| Satya Saha
| rowspan=2| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| Satya Saha
|-
| "Jokhon Chhilem Ekla"
| solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 1972
!''[[Manusher Mon]]''
| "Gaaner Kotha"
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
!''Nijere Haraye Khuji''
| "Sarabela Mon Jeno Kare"
| Karim Shahabuddin
|
| solo
|-
| 1974
!''Bichar''
| "Bolbo Na Go, Sei Kothati"
| Anwar Parvez
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
| 1976
!''Cholo Ghor Bandhi''
| "Ogo Bosonto Koto Juge Juge"
| Khandaker Nurul Alam
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| solo
|-
| rowspan=2| 1977
!''Amar Prem''<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/album/6iZxGSs3vKk0mO2VWXIIBU Amar Prem (1977) movie songs]</ref>
| "Ami Karo Jonno Potho Cheye Robo"
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar
| Khandaker Faruk Ahmed
|-
!''Pinjor''
| "Ki Kore Tomake Bhulbo"
| Khandaker Nurul Alam
| Shahjahan Chowdhury
| solo
|-
| 1978
!''Modhumita''<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/album/0xrU2oxaatLHK336UGa6p9 Modhumita (1978) film songs]</ref>
| "Ogo Mor Modhumita" (female)
| Satya Saha
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar, M. N. Akhtar
| solo
|-
| 1979
!''Iman''
| "Tor Banda Aaj Haat Tulechhe"
| Ali Hossain
| Gazi Mazharul Anwar, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, M A Hedayet
| solo
|-
|}

==Non-film songs==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=21%| Year
! scope="col" width=21%| Film
! scope="col" width=23%|Song
! scope="col" width=20%|Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=20%|Songwriter(s)
! scope="col" width=21%|Co-artist(s)
|-
| N/A
!''Single''
| "Ami Sagorero Neel"
| Abdul Ahad
| Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal
| solo
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{discogs artist|Ferdausi Rahman}}

{{Bangladesh National Film Award Lifetime Achievement}}
{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}
{{Meril Prothom Alo Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Ferdausi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Nazrul Geeti singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:National Film Award (Bangladesh) for Lifetime Achievement recipients]]
[[Category:Meril-Prothom Alo Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Music Director National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:Best Female Singer Bachsas Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]

Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853

2026-03-25T17:57:11Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Short description|Act of the Council of the Governor General of India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853
| legislature = [[Council of the Governor General of India]]
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to facilitate the removal of nuisances and eneroachments below high water mark in the Islands of Bombay and Kolaba.
| citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/maharashtra/1853/1853MH11.pdf Act No. XI of 1853]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by = [[Council of the Governor General of India]]
| date_enacted = 15 July 1853
| date_assented =
| date_commenced =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| committee_report =
| white_paper =
| repeals =
| amended_by =
| amendments =
| repealed_by = '''Repealed in part, By:''' Ports and Ports-dues Act, 1855 (Act 22 of 1855) Repealing Act, 1870 (Act 14 of 1870)
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = amended
| imagelink =
}}

The '''Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853''' (Act XI of 1853) is a law which was enacted for large sea-shore in the islands with a view to the safe navigation of the harbour, and to facilitate the removal of nuisances, obstructions and encroachments below high-water mark in harbour, or upon or about the shores of islands in [[Bombay]] and [[Colaba|Kolaba]] (now Colaba) in former [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Kanoon |url=https://indiankanoon.org/ |website=indiankanoon.org |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220174411/https://indiankanoon.org/ |archive-date=December 20, 2008 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay Act No. XI of 1853: The Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853 |website=Maharashtra Law And Judiciary Department |date=9 February 2012 |url=https://lj.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/Acts/(62)%20The%20Shore%20Nuisances%20(Bombay%20and%20Kolaba)%20Act%20(H%204178).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=a1853-11.pdf |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19040/1/a1853-11.pdf#search=Shore%20Nuisances%20(Bombay%20and%20Kolaba)%20Act,%201853 |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

The law was enacted by the [[Council of the Governor General of India]], which was the legislative body before the establishement of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] in 1861.

== See also ==

* [[Seven Islands of Bombay]]
* [[History of Bombay under British rule]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act, 1853}}
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:1853 in India]]
[[Category:1853 in law]]

Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying

2026-03-25T13:07:52Z

IsraelGuinn0047: Put up new details.

{{Short description|Government agency}}
[[File:Office Of Joint Director Of Animal Husbandary.jpg|thumb|'''Office Of Joint Director Of Animal husbandary , Vijayawada , A.P''']]
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo =
| formed =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}}[[Republic of India]]
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]] alias [[Lalan Singh]]
| chief1_position =[[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries|Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
| chief2_name = [[Sanjeev Kumar Balyan]]
| chief2_position = [[Minister of State]]
| chief3_name = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]]
| chief3_position = [[Minister of State]]
| chief4_name = Venkata Rama Chandra Purushottam Basava
| chief4_position = Secretary of Animal Husbandry, Cooperatives, Dairy, Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Planning
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| website = [http://www.dahd.nic.in/ Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying ]
}}
The '''Department of Animal husbandry and Dairying''' (DAHD) is an [[Government of India|Indian government]] department. It is a subsidiary department of the [[Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]] which was formed as a new Indian ministry in 2019.<ref>{{citation|title=GCMMF welcomes separate ministry for animal husbandry |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gcmmf-welcomes-separate-ministry-for-animal-husbandry/article27400480.ece |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref><ref name="Business Today">{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget-2019/news/union-budget-2019-govt-carves-out-new-ministries-for-fisheries-animal-husbandry-and-dairying/story/361927.html |title=Union Budget 2019: Govt carves out new ministries for fisheries, animal husbandry, dairy|website=Business Today |work= |accessdate=2020-05-16}}</ref> The '''DAHD''' or the erstwhile Department of Animal husbandry, Fishiries and Dairying was formed in 1991 by merging together into a separate department, of two divisions of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, namely animal husbandry and dairy development. In 1997 the fisheries division of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and a part of the [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] was transferred to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department|title=Department of Animal husbandry and Dairying|website=DAHD|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref> In February 2019 the '''Department of Fisheries''' was carved out from the Department of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries and it has been functioning as Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying since then.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dof.gov.in/about-us/about-department|title=Department of Fisheries|website=dof.gov.in|accessdate=2022-11-21}}</ref>

==Mandate==
[[File:Radha Mohan Singh gave away the National Gopal Ratna and Kamdhenu awards, at the “World Milk Day” celebration, organised by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Former [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Radha Mohan Singh]] gave away the National Gopal Ratna and Kamdhenu awards, at the “World Milk Day” celebration, organised by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Fisheries, in [[New Delhi]].]]
It is responsible for the production of [[livestock]], improving their stocks as well as matters related to [[dairy]] infrastructure development in the country. It is also mandated to provide healthcare and other services to the livestock for overall development of the Dairy sector. Since 1919–20 a census of livestock has been periodically conducted in India, which covers all domesticated animals and their headcount.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/reading-the-livestock-census-2019-india-6075270/|title= Explained: Reading the livestock census|website=[[Indian Express]]|first=Harikishan|last=Sharma|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref> After being functional the "DAHD" has taken up the responsibility to release the livestock census report which involves participation of all [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]. According to the 20th Livestock census report released by the department, the total livestock population in India was found to be 535.78 million showing an increase of 4.6% over the previous count in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1588304#:~:|title=Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying releases 20th Livestock Census; Total Livestock population increases 4.6% over Census-2012, Increases to 535.78 million|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref>

==Initiatives==
[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Shri Radha Mohan Singh releasing the National Action Plan for Dairy Development of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Former [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare|Minister for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]], Shri Radha Mohan Singh releasing the National Action Plan for Dairy Development of Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, in New Delhi.]]

===National Livestock mission===
The programme was launched during the 12th [[Five-Year Plans of India|five year plan]] in 2014–15 aiming for overall development of the Livestock sector which includes improvement in feed and fodder. It has four sub-mission under it which are submission on feed and fodder development; submission on Livestock development; submission on pig development in North-East region; Sub-Mission on Skill Development, Technology Transfer and Extension .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/livestock-a-lifeline-for-small-farmers/article21328347.ece1|title=Livestock, a lifeline for small farmers|first=Harsh Kumar|last=Bhanwala|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref>

===Rashtriya Gokul mission===
The Rashtriya Gokul mission was launched in order to conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds under the National program for Bovine breeding and Dairy development, the mission which was aimed at improving the genetic makeup of the cattle and bovine population. It has two sub mission under it, namely National program for bovine breeding and National program for Dairy development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/Government-launches-Rashtriya-Gokul-Mission-for-indigenous-cattle/articleshow/45533132.cms|title=Government-launches-Rashtriya-Gokul-Mission-for-indigenous-cattle|website=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref> The Rashtriya Gokul mission also aims to develop ''Gokul Gram'' cattle care centres in order to increase indigenous bovines of high genetic merit. It also aims to develop nondescript cattle in these cattle care centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/750-crore-to-nurture-native-cow-breeds/article26155987.ece|title=Interim Budget 2019: Not really bullish on native cow breeds|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref> As a part of "Rashtriya Gokul mission" a total of 14 ''Gokul Grams'' were planned to be set up across the country with the first one at [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/agriculture-ministry-to-set-up-grams-for-conserving-native-cattle-breeds/article9150719.ece|title= Agriculture Ministry to set up ‘Grams’ for conserving native cattle breeds|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref> The 20th Livestock census data, however, revealed a drop in population of indigenous milch cows despite government efforts, on the other hand, exotic breeds saw a rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/foreign-milch-cows-grow-32-while-no-growth-in-desi-milk-producers-livestock-census-2019/article29715020.ece|title=Foreign milch cows grow 32%, while no growth in desi milk-producers: Livestock Census 2019|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref> Government of India has also set up '''Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog''' (RKA) to function as a part of Rashtriya Gokul mission in order to promote indigenous breed of cows and income opportunities they provide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chip-made-of-cow-dung-reduces-radiation-from-phone-meet-the-rashtriya-kamdhenu-aayog|title=Chip made of cow dung reduces radiation from phone? Meet the Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog|website=Free Press Journal|accessdate=7 January 2021}}</ref> The RKA which functions under the Ministry of Animal husbandry, Dairying and Fishiries launched ''Kamdhenu-Gau Vigyan Prachar Prasar Examination'' in 2021 to infuse curiosity among indians regarding indigenous cow breeds. The exam was supposed to be conducted in four categories and 12 regional languages apart from Hindi and English and aimed at making materials related to cow science available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1686299|title=Rastriya Kamdhenu Aayog announces Kamdhenu Gau-Vigyan Prachar-Prasar Exam|website=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=7 January 2021}}</ref>

===National Animal Disease Control Program===
The program was launched in order to eradicate the [[Foot and Mouth Disease]] (FMD) and Brucellosis. India has largest population of cattle in the world but due to prevalence of diseases in them overall productivity remains low. This program aims to vaccinate 500 million Livestock against FMD and 36 million female bovines annually against [[Brucellosis]].The programme received 100% central funding for five years until 2024 in order to eradicate these two disease by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/nadcp-fmd-brucellosis-in-central-programme-focus-on-animal-health-5987672/|title=PM Modi launches NADCP: In Central programme, focus on animal health|website=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=2020-09-03}}</ref>

===Dairy Entrepreneurship development scheme===
The Department of Animal husbandry has launched this scheme along with [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD) in order to support dairy infrastructure projects with back ended capital subsidy of 25% of the project cost for the farmers of General category and of 33% for farmers of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] category. More than one member of same family can also avail benefits of the scheme to set up separate dairy units, provided they set up their respective units at a distance of 500 metres from each other's units. The entrepreneurs have to contribute 10% of the project cost. Further apart from farmers and individual entrepreneurs, self-help groups, and companies are also eligible for the support under the scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/government-schemes/dairy-entrepreneurship-development-scheme.html|title=Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme|website=starupindia.gov.in|accessdate=2020-09-04|archive-date=15 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073245/https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/government-schemes/dairy-entrepreneurship-development-scheme.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/Nabard-to-carry-on-DEDS-dairy-scheme-this-year/article20437911.ece|title=Nabard to carry on DEDS dairy scheme this year|first=KV|last=Kurmanath|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|accessdate=2020-09-04}}</ref>

===Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund===
The Animal husbandry infrastructure development fund (AHIDF) is a 15,000 crore fund that was set up in 2020 in order to increase private sector investment in developing animal husbandry infrastructure viz dairy plants, meat processing units and animal feed plants. It was set up by [[Government of India]] as a part of [[COVID-19]] stimulus package. The setting up of AHIDF preceded '''Dairy Infrastructure Development Fund''', a 10,000 crore fund set up to enhance investment in dairy sector by [[cooperative]]s. But amidst the government's drive to enhance the participation of private companies and [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|MSMEs]] the setting up of AHIDF was planned. The new fund was aimed to support Farmer producer organizations (FPOs), MSMEs, Section 8 companies, private companies and individual entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/government-approves-rs-15000-crore-animal-husbandry-infra-development-fund/articleshow/76563252.cms|title=Government approves Rs 15,000 crore Animal Husbandry Infra Development Fund|website=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|accessdate=2020-09-04}}</ref>

===E-Pashuhaat portal===
{{main|Epashuhaat}}
It is a web portal which was launched to organise the livestock market in India. It provides information to the farmers and dairy entrepreneurs regarding feed and fodder of the livestock. It also eases the sale of bovine germplasm, embryos and [[frozen semen]] by providing first hand information to the stakeholders involved. It provides facilities for multi channel communication between the stakeholders and transportation facilities too, to make a deal successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sale-of-livestock-and-their-frozen-semen-goes-digital-in-India/articleshow/55641463.cms|title=
Sale of livestock and their frozen semen goes digital in India|website=Indian Express|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>

===Ensure portal===
Under National livestock mission, the subsidy is provided to the farmers for activities like poultry, small ruminants and pig rearing. In order to track the payment of subsidy directly into the bank accounts of the farmers, Ministry of Agriculture launched "Ensure portal", which is developed by the [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|NABARD]] and will be managed by DAHD. The portal will also provide information related to beneficiary and processing of applications. The portal has been launched under the component of the mission called Entrepreneurship Development & Employment Generation (EDEG).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/economy/agriculture-ministry-launches-online-portal-ensure-to-connect-with-direct-benefit-transfer-2162722.html|title=Agriculture ministry launches online portal Ensure to connect with direct benefit transfer|website=Zeenews.india.com|accessdate=2020-09-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana]]
*[[Dairy in India]]
*[[Article 48 of the Constitution of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dof.gov.in/ Department of Fisheries]

[[Category:Animal husbandry in India|Ministry_of_Fisheries,_Animal_Husbandry_and_Dairying]]

Sagol kāngjei

2026-03-23T08:34:54Z

IsraelGuinn0047: stub

{{Short description|Traditional form of polo in Manipur}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Sagol kangjei
| image = Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 510569 - Sagol Kangjei.jpeg
| imagesize = 300
| alt =
| caption = The illustration of the traditional Meitei game of Sagol Kangjei in a postage stamp of India
| union =
| nicknames = Game of Kings, Horse Hockey, Sakol Kangchei, Shakol Kangchei, Shagol Kangjei
| first = c. 3100 BCE
| firstlabel =
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact =
| team =
| mgender = no
| type = [[equestrian sport]]
| equipment =
| venue =
| glossary =
| region = [[Manipur, India]] 
| olympic = no
| world = yes
| paralympic = no
| obsolete =
| IWGA = no
}}

'''Sagol Kangjei''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|sagol kāngjei|horse hockey}}) (also '''Sakol Kangchei''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery of Kangleipak 1 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_1 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website= |quote=...Polo (Kanglei indigenous people called Sakol Kangchei)...}}</ref> '''Shakol Kangchei''', '''Shagol Kangjei'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |author-link=Imphal Free Press |date=2014-09-28 |title=Manipuri Ponies are critically endangered – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2014/09/manipuri-ponies-are-critically-endangered/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |language=en-US |quote=... the rally was carried out to save the Manipuri pony from extinction because it has given an identity to Manipur through Shagol Kangjei and Polo.}}</ref>) is a [[Meitei tradition|traditional Meitei]] ball sport played on horseback with a long-handled stick. The sport, also known as '''Manipuri polo''', is a predecessor of modern international [[polo]].

[[File:Marjing Polo Statue — World's tallest statue of a polo player — Classical monumental Meitei equestrian sculpture — G20 summit — Cultural heritage of Meitei civilization — Cradle of "modern polo".jpg|thumb|300px|[[Marjing Polo Statue]], the world's tallest statue of a polo player, dedicated to Meitei polo deity [[Marjing]], built in the sport's birthplace, shown during the [[G20 summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Excursion to historic and places of tourists interest marks the second day of G20 delegates visit to Manipur |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1900407 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], Government of India}}</ref>]]

==History and myth==
Manipuri polo is one of the world's oldest sports, with some historians claiming it was first played {{circa|3100BCE}} in the ancient Meitei kingdom of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Kangleipak]].<ref name=aldous>{{Cite book |last=Aldous |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1_XAwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA9 |title=International Turf Management |date=2014-06-17 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-84491-4 |pages=9 |language=en |quote=The early sport of polo, which also involves horse and rider, had its origins in Manipur State, India, circa. 3100 BC when it was played at Sagol Kangjei. Polo was introduced to England from India in 1869 and now has a keen following in the United States, Argentina and Australia.}}</ref> ''Sagol kāngjei'' is a [[Meitei culture|traditional Meitei]] form of polo and the ancestor of [[polo|the modern game]].<ref name=prakesh/> In [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]], ''sagol kāngjei'' was played by the [[ancient Meitei gods|gods]] led by [[Marjing]] and [[Thangjing]].<ref name=agarwal/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Dr Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA21 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=2019-06-16 |publisher=LP |isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]], the Royal Chronicle of Kangleipak, ''sagol kāngjei'' was not only a sport, but used as an instrument of diplomacy, politics, and [[palace intrigue]].<ref name=ic>{{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/sagol-kangjei |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Indian Culture |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India |language=en}}</ref> According to the ''Kangjeirol'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩꯔꯣꯜ}}}}), another [[ancient Meitei language]] text, polo was played during the reign of King [[Ningthou Kangba]] (1405-1397/1359 BCE) of Kangleipak. Kangba organized a polo matches to be played by his officials.<ref name=ic/><ref name=eom>{{Cite book |last=Lisam |first=Khomdan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA701 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.) |date=2011 |publisher=GPH |isbn=978-81-7835-864-2 |pages=701 |language=en}}</ref> During reign of King [[Khagemba]] (1597-1652 CE) ''sagol kāngjei'' was popularised and the rules were revised.<ref name=ic/>

''Sagol kāngjei'' was introduced to the British officers at [[Cachar]], [[Assam]] by Sir [[Chandrakirti Singh]], the then ruler of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]].<ref name=ic/><ref name=aldous/>

==Description==
''Sagol kāngjei'' is a form of [[polo]], a ball game resembling [[hockey]],<ref name=ic/> played on a [[Manipuri pony]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯒꯣꯜ}}|sagol}}), a traditional breed standing 11-13 hands, with a long-handled stick or mallet ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|kāngjei|label=none}}).<ref name=prakesh>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Col Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxkC9S2jYCkC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA1558 |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India |date=2007 |publisher=APD |isbn=978-81-269-0706-9 |pages=1558 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=agarwal>{{Cite book |last=Agarwal |first=M. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEAvZF4TBEcC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA351 |title=From Bharata to India: Volume 1: Chrysee the Golden |date=2012 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-1-4759-0765-0 |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref> The kāngjei is made of seasoned cane. It has a narrow angled wooden head, which is fixed at its striking end.<ref name=ic/> The polo ball is solid, made of bamboo root<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&dq=sagol+kangjei&pg=PA108 |title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass |date=2008 |publisher=APH |isbn=978-81-313-0369-6 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> and is generally 10cm in diameter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipuri Polo |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Manipuri_Polo |website=e-pao.net |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>

[[File:SAGOL KANGJEI - POLO IN MANIPUR.jpg|thumb|300px|Sagol Kangjei – Polo in Manipur]]
The game is played between two teams of seven players, which are referred to as the northern team and the southern team. Both of the teams have seven players each. The playing field is usually rectangular in shape, around {{convert|210|yards|metres}} long and {{convert|100|yards|metres}} wide. Players may only strike the ball with their mallets.
There are no goal posts. A goal is scored when the ball crosses the end line.<ref name=ic/>

Sangol kāngjei is one of the three types of Meitei kāngjei (or hockey), with the other two types being [[khong kangjei|foot hockey]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯣꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|khong kāngjei|label=none}}) and hockey with wrestling ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯨꯛꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯡꯖꯩ}}|muknā kāngjei|label=none}}).<ref name=ic/><ref name=agarwal/>

== Uniforms and equipment ==
Players typically wear short-sleeved jackets in their team's colours and white [[dhoti]]s tucked up above their knees. A traditional Manipuri turban, or [[kokyet]], held by a khadangchet completes the look.
Leg guards ({{lang|mni|khongyon}}) are used to protect the shins and the calves and more guards ({{lang|mni|khuning khang}}) protect the heels and the ankles, but the players' feet are bare.

[[Saddles]] are made of decorated leather, attached to a wooden frame called ukang khe. The [[stirrup]] has a flat base with a narrow foothold. A [[snaffle bit]] ({{lang|mni|chanam caru}}) is used.<ref name=ic/>

== International competitions ==
[[Manipur International Polo]] attracts teams from nations including [[Argentina]], Australia, Canada, [[Egypt]], France, Germany, [[Haiti]], India, [[Kenya]], [[Mongolia]], [[Morocco]], [[Poland]], South Africa, [[Thailand]], United Kingdom, United States and [[Uruguay]], competing with the team of players from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur lift Polo International trophy|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/6126|website=www.thepeopleschronicle.in|language=en|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2021-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220102559/http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/6126|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Manipur USA win in Manipur Polo International|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-usa-win-in-manipur-polo-international/Sports/news/1803253.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Manipur lifts Polo International Trophy defeating England|work=UNI India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/manipur-lifts-polo-international-trophy-defeating-england/Sports/news/1805281.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India B wins Manipur International polo tournament – The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/Nov/29/india-b-wins-manipur-international-polo-tournament-1713955.html|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=11th Manipur International Polo Tournament|url=https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/|website=POLO+10 The Polo Magazine|date=19 December 2017|language=en-US|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617224913/https://www.poloplus10.com/11th-manipur-international-polo-tournament-73179/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo Tournament]] is the first and the only international women's polo tournament organized in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur celebrates Statehood Day with first international women's polo tournament |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-manipur-celebrates-statehood-day-with-first-international-women-s-polo-tournament-2167827 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women Polo Tournament 20160114 |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=announcements.Ann_2016.1st_Manipur_Statehood_Day_Women_Polo_Tournament_20160114 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2010-09-15 |title=1st Manipur Statehood Day Women's Polo |url=https://assamtribune.com/1st-manipur-statehood-day-womens-polo |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Some important sites==

Two of the world's oldest polo grounds are the [[Inner Polo Ground]], located inside [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]] and the nearby [[Imphal Polo Ground]]. Historically, the Inner Polo Ground was reserved for Meitei royals and nobles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri Pony |url=http://imh.org/exhibits/past/breeds-of-the-world/asia/manipuri-pony/ |website=International Museum of the Horse |language=en |quote=These consist of the Manung Kangjeibung (inner polo ground), within the ramparts of the Kangla Fort, where only royalty and noblemen were allowed to play. This may be the world's oldest polo ground.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Polo Ground, Imphal |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/imphal/attractions/polo-ground/ |language=en}} —{{Cite web |date=2022-01-05 |title=Exploring The World's Oldest Polo Ground |url=https://sportztalk.com/exploring-the-worlds-oldest-polo-ground/ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-21 |title=Manipur: The place where polo was born? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/manipur-the-place-where-polo-was-born/story-uyfQePncOT6QVn42yw0ytI.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Exploring the World's Oldest Polo Ground |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/news/exploring-the-world-s-oldest-polo-ground.html |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Marjing Polo Complex]] is a [[sports complex]], dedicated to [[Marjing]], the Meitei god of horses and polo. It was built in the hilltop of the [[Heingang Ching]], the mythical abode of Marjing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2018-03-25 |title=Manipur CM N Biren Singh inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex in Imphal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-cm-n-biren-singh-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-in-imphal.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Chief Minister Biren inaugurates Marjing Polo Complex; says Polo ground will also be constructed at the hillock shortly |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/1263-chief-minister-biren-inaugurates-marjing-polo-complex-says-polo-ground-will-also-be-constructed-at-the-hillock-shortly |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Impact |language=en-gb}}</ref> It includes the [[Marjing Polo Statue]], is the world's tallest statue of a mounted polo player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-28 |title=World's tallest polo statue to be constructed in Mnp {{!}} Nagaland Post |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/worlds-tallest-polo-statue-to-be-constructed-in-mnp/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was built to commemorate the Manipur as the birthplace of modern polo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Manipur: Union Home Minister Amit Shah Unveils 122-feet-tall Polo Statue In Imphal {{!}} Ukhrul Times |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipur-union-home-minister-amit-shah-unveils-122-feet-tall-polo-statue-in-imphal/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=120 feet Polo Statue to be {{as written|Bu|ild [sic]|expecting=built}} in Manipur, the Birthplace of the Sport |url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/120-feet-polo-statue-to-be-build-in-manipur-the-birthplace-of-the-sport-5494663.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2022-11-17 |title=Construction Of Much-Awaited 120-Ft-Tall Effigy Of 'Sagol Kangjei' Completed; Upholds Historical Significance Of Polo Sport |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/11/17/construction-of-much-awaited-120-ft-tall-effigy-of-sagol-kangjei-completed-upholds-historical-significance-of-polo-sport/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

Also on Heingang Ching, there is a shrine dedicated to the god Marjing, where devotees, including polo players, offer prayers, and perform rites and rituals in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imphal tourist park coming up at birth place of polo |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/imphal-tourist-park-coming-up-at-birth-place-of-polo-116050100301_1.html}}</ref> Devotees offer polo mallets, balls,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recreational Park – Manipur Tourism |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/1508-2/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |language=en-US |quote=Situated near the heritage center Ibudhou Marjing at Heingang, the complex serves as an offering to the God of the Chenglei, Marjing, to whom the Kangjei (Polo-stick) along with the ball (Kangdrum) are continued to be offered during worship. Marijing befits as the centre of polo tourism.}}</ref> and replicas of polo ponies to the god,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marjing Complex, Heingangching |url=https://manipur.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/eoi_tourism.pdf |website=manipur.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Manipur]] |page=15 |quote=At Heingangching, there is the temple of Marjing where every year replica of pony and polo mallet is offered to the Lord.}}</ref> making the temple a storehouse of small, white horse figurines, red and white polo mallets, and pictures of horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/2017-01-13/how-a-polo-tour-in-india-is-helping-to-protect-a-rare-breed-of-ponies |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=GBH |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How a polo tour in India is helping to protect a rare breed of ponies |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2017-01-13/how-polo-tour-india-helping-protect-rare-breed-ponies}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* [[Daughters of the Polo God]]
* [[Eigi Kona]]
* [[Manipuri Pony (film)|Manipuri Pony]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery showfilename="true">
File:Manipur Polo Players 1875.jpg
File:Sagol Kangjei match.JPG
File:Traditional Polo in Manipur India.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Polo]]
* [[Dakyu]]
* [[Chovgan]]
* [[Buzkashi]]
* [[Jereed]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=1st CHIEF MINISTER'S SAGOL KANGJEI CHAMPIONSHIP 2022. |url=https://manipur.mygov.in/talk/1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship-2022/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Manipur.MyGov.in |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=CM Biren kicks off 1st Chief Minister's Sagol Kangjei championship |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/cm-biren-kicks-off-1st-chief-ministers-sagol-kangjei-championship |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Historical perspective of Sagol Kangjei 1 |url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Sports_and_Manipur.Historical_perspective_of_Sagol_Kangjei_1 |access-date=2023-12-30}}
* {{Cite web |title=Saving Manipuri pony & polo |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/1/16/Free-ThinkerToday-we-can-t-revive-the-Manipur-Royal-Cavalry-which-was-once-feared-by-the-Burmese-Awas-and-other-neighboring-countries-including-Takhels-and-Ahoms-But-we-can-still-maintain-and-pr.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sagol Kangjei- The Traditional Manipuri Polo |url=https://www.chaseyoursport.com/Indian-Sports/Sagol-Kangjei-The-Traditional-Manipuri-Polo/1070 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=CYS |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=SAGOL-KANGJEI |url=https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TMP}}
* {{Cite web |last= |title=Sagol Kangjei (Manipur, India) – Traditional Sports |url=https://www.traditionalsports.org/traditional-sports/asia/sagol-kangjei-manipur-india.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=TS |language=en-gb}}
* {{Cite web |title=Recently, Union Home Minister inaugurated a 122-foot-high Sagol Kangjei (Polo) Statue at the Ibudhou Marjing complex at Heingang in Imphal. |url=https://vajiramias.com/current-affairs/sagol-kangjei/63b92b1dc302e72e228ef070/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=VIAS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Indigenous Game of Manipur |url=https://manipurtourism.gov.in/indigenous-game-of-manipur/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=29-11-2014: Indian Postage stamp on Sagol Kangjei – Indian Stamps |url=https://philacy.com/product/stamps/29-11-2014-indian-postage-stamp-on-sagol-kangjei-buy-online |access-date=2023-12-30 |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=Sagol Kangjei: The ancient polo of Manipur, played on the celebrated Manipur Pony |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/sagol-kangjei-ancient-polo-of-manipur-played-manipur-pony-8365959/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Sagol Kangjei}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Polo in Manipur}}

{{Portal bar|India|Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]
[[Category:Polo in Manipur]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:World record holders]]

Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-18T17:34:02Z

IsraelGuinn0047: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir
| image = File:Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg
| image_width = 200
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| year_adopted = 31 October 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=S33225|title=Untitled Page}}</ref>
| crest =
| torse =
| shield = [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]]
| supporters =
| compartment =
| motto = Government of Jammu and Kashmir
| orders =
| other_elements =
| earlier_versions =
| use =
}}

The '''Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir''' is an official symbol used to represent the government of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a region administered by [[India]] as a [[union territory]].

Between 1947 and 2019, Jammu and Kashmir was administered as the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]]. The state was reorganised into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and [[Ladakh]], on 31 October 2019. The new union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] has not as yet adopted a distinct symbol for official use and instead uses the words "Government of Jammu and Kashmir" on official documents either alone or in conjunction with the [[National Emblem of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/262919539/srinagar-murmu-takes-oath-as-first-lt-guv-sans-j-k-flag-emblem|title=Srinagar: Murmu takes oath as first Lt Guv sans J-K flag, emblem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=S33225|title=Untitled Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/jk-and-ladakh-become-union-territories-today-this-is-what-changes-on-ground/313711/|title = J&K and Ladakh become union territories today — this is what changes on ground| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=DIPR-J&K |user=diprjk |number=1241730324356194305 |date=22 March 2020 |title=#COVID19 Shutdown of all establishments except Essential services in J&K till 31st March 2020. @kansalrohit69 @PIB_India https://t.co/vNQX5lPXvY |language=en |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322155509/https://twitter.com/diprjk/status/1241730324356194305 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==

===1947–1952===
Initially the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]] continued to use the coat of arms of the [[Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir]].

<gallery>
File:Kashmir Princely State CoA.png|Coat of arms of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir
File:Seal of Maharaja Hari Singh on the cover of the Civil List.jpg|Seal of the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]]
File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|Flag of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1936–1952)
</gallery>

===1952–2019===
A new emblem was adopted by the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]] in November 1952 when the monarchy of was formally abolished. It was designed by Mohan Raina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ikashmir.net/mktiku/mohanraina.html|title = MK Tiku's Writings}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaKashmir.htm|title=Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref> It depicted a lotus flower rising out of a lake as its central elements. The lake was flanked by two ploughs and supported by ears of grain. Below is a triangular representation of a mountain peak and a banner bearing the name of the state in English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=S33220|title=Untitled Page}}</ref> The three broad stripes shown within the lake represented the three geographical areas of the state at the time the emblem was adopted, the [[Jammu region]], the [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir region]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ikashmir.net/mktiku/mohanraina.html|title = MK Tiku's Writings}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Emblem of Jammu & Kashmir.svg|Emblem of the State of Jammu and Kashmir (1952–2019)
File:Jammu and Kashmir Flag (1952-2019).svg|[[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|Flag]] of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1952–2019)
</gallery>

===2019–present===
The state of Jammu and Kashmir was reorganised into two union territories, the [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] on 31 October 2019. The new union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has not as yet adopted a distinct emblem and instead uses the words "Government of Jammu and Kashmir" on official documents either alone or in conjunction with the [[Emblem of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/262919539/srinagar-murmu-takes-oath-as-first-lt-guv-sans-j-k-flag-emblem|title=Srinagar: Murmu takes oath as first Lt Guv sans J-K flag, emblem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=S33225|title=Untitled Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=DIPR-J&K |user=diprjk |number=1240607600271491074 |date=19 March 2020 |title=DM Udhampur, Dr. Piyush Singla ordered closure of all shops/business units except essential supplies units like fruits,vegetables,chemists, grocery & dairy. https://t.co/nsDA4Zs6Pd |language=en |access-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319122404/https://twitter.com/diprjk/status/1240607600271491074 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/sites/default/files/CrPC%20144%20Order-22032020.pdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602021548/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/sites/default/files/CrPC%20144%20Order-22032020.pdf.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=jk.gov.in}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg|Emblem used by the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[National Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian coats of arms|Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mastor (musician)

2026-03-14T22:55:17Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created new page v1...

{{Short description|Indian musician and trumpeter (1928–2011)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mastor
| image = Mastor.jpg
| caption = Rebello in his later years
| birth_name = João Santana Rebêlo
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|2|9|df=y}}
| death_place = Benaulim, Goa, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|12|2|1928|2|9|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|double bass player}}
| years_active = 1956–1980s
| children = 8, including [[Luis Rebello|Luis]] and [[Jack Rebello|Jack]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Faustina Rodrigues|1966}}
}}

'''João Santana Rebello''' ([[né]] '''Rebêlo'''; 9 February 1928 – 2 December 2011), known [[mononymously]] as '''Mastor''', was an Indian musician, [[double bass]] player, and former [[trumpeter]] known for his work in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatr]]'' and ''zomnivoile khell'' ([[street play]]) productions.

==Early life==
João Santana Rebêlo was born on 9 February 1928 in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India), to [[palm tree]] farmer Joaquim Peidade Rebelo and [[homemaker]] Pascoela Gomes, into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. He was the third of three children, with an elder brother João Caetano (born 1917) and a sister Jacinta (born 1924).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==Career==
Rebello was a musician known for his contributions to the cultural scene. Originally a [[trumpet player]] in ''zomnivoile khells'' ([[street play]]s), he eventually shifted his focus due to health concerns and became actively involved in organizing ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell]]'' competitions. Rebello played a pioneering role in bringing ''zomnivello khell'' to the stage, organizing the first-ever ticketed ''khell'' competitions. One of his significant accomplishments was the organization of the inaugural ''khell tiatr'' in [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], featuring a competition between the works of [[mistri|mestri]] Anton Marie and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright A. Moraes. In the late 1960s to the early 1980s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=202}}</ref> Rebello embraced the [[double bass]] and showcased his musical prowess as a member of the popular [[British dance band|dance band]], Luis and his Melodians, for 12 years.<ref name=":0" /> He collaborated with his brother Joao Caetano, who was also a musician proficient in the double bass, trumpet, and [[tuba]]. Rebello's brother Joao Caetano also led a [[brass band]] that performed at a variety of events, including feasts and funerals. During these performances, he would play either the [[snare drum]] or the big [[bass drum]]. Rebello's musical legacy influenced the next generation, particularly his two sons, [[Jack Rebello|Jack]] and Agnelo, who embarked on their own musical careers at a young age of 14 by joining their uncle Joao Caetano's band.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-03-24 |title=In the groove – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/03/24/magazines/buzz/in-the-groove/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412183745/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/03/24/magazines/buzz/in-the-groove/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Rebello actively supported drama shows by providing essential amenities such as [[pandal]] facilities and organized parking spaces for the convenience of the attendees.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-09-10 |title=Know about tiatr and music personality Jack Rebello – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/09/10/magazines/buzz/know-about-tiatr-and-music-personality-jack-rebello/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412183808/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/09/10/magazines/buzz/know-about-tiatr-and-music-personality-jack-rebello/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:A typed letter by Joao Santan Rebello (Mastor).jpg|thumb|Rebello's typed letter about organizing the first ''khell'' on the stage in 1956.]]
Rebello played a crucial role in nurturing his son [[Luis Rebello|Luis]]'s musical career, imparting drumming skills to him during his formative years. Concurrently, Rebello himself was an adept [[drummer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-11 |title=The day the beat stopped for 'Luis drummer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-day-the-beat-stopped-for-luis-drummer/articleshow/47226195.cms |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213165009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Goa/The-day-the-beat-stopped-for-Luis-drummer/articleshow/47226195.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, Rebello was recognized as a proponent and patron of ''khells'', a traditional [[Goan]] theatrical performance. Fostering an innovative idea, Rebello conceived the notion of hosting a ''zomnivoile khell'' competition on a stage akin to those employed in ''[[tiatr]]s'', a popular form of Goan theater. To realize this vision, Rebello reached out to two ''khell'' [[maestro]]s, Anton Moraes (A. Moraes) from Benaulim and Anton Marie from [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Orlim]], who eagerly embraced the opportunity to showcase their ''zomnivoile khells'' on a stage, a novel prospect for them. Assuming the primary role in organization, Rebello meticulously coordinated the event. On an [[Easter]] evening of 1 April 1956, when several ''khells'' were already captivating audiences across Goan villages, Rebello collaborated with Manuel João Costa, a pandal decorator (''mattoukar'') from [[Varca]], to erect a stage at Tolleabandh, Benaulim. The structure featured a ''mattou'' (pandal) housing a stage at one end, complemented by chairs arranged in front to accommodate the audience, akin to a ''tiatr'' setting. Unlike ''tiatrs'', there were no elaborate curtains or intricate [[Scenic design|stage setting]]s. Rather, the ''zomnivoile khell'' performed on this stage retained its original essence, with the actors directed to face the audience and deliver their performances upon request.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=14–16, 40}}</ref>

On that particular occasion, two distinct ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khells]]'', which were popular forms of theatrical performances, were showcased. The first ''khell'', titled ''Zolmachi Khomptti'', was presented by A. Moraes, followed by Anton Marie's rendition of ''Bhau-Bhau'' (Brother-Brother). Rebello, the organizer of the event, had set aside an open space within the ''mattou'' (pandal) where spectators could stand and observe the performances. The event operated on a ticketed system, offering seating tickets priced at 1 rupee and 2 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]], while standing tickets were available for 10 annas. All tickets were sold out, indicating the event's triumph. It is worth noting that the intention of the event was not to foster competition, but rather to provide public entertainment. The audience thoroughly relished the performances, although no official awards were distributed. Nevertheless, the packed auditorium likely led attendees to form their own conclusions regarding which ''khell'' was superior, or perhaps perceive both as equally favourable. The significance of this day lies in the decision to bring the ''zomnivoilo khell'', traditionally performed at ground level, onto the stage. This moment marked the initial stride towards the establishment of the ''khell tiatr'', a theatrical tradition that would assume diverse names and forms, eventually even posing a challenge to the dominant [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' in the entertainment realm. Rebello, A. Moraes, and Anton Marie Pereira were recognised for their collective efforts in propelling this significant advancement. "Without their collaboration, this groundbreaking leap forward would not have been conceivable", writes author [[Wilson Mazarello]].<ref name=":0" />

The ''zomnivoilo khell'', a traditional theatrical performance, gained significant attention in the town of Tolleabandh, Benaulim. News spread that the ''khell'' had been performed on a stage, generating interest among those who had missed the initial show. However, organizing an immediate follow-up performance proved challenging for Rebello, the organizer, as both participating groups were already committed to other engagements. Despite this setback, the enthusiastic response from the audience encouraged Rebello to strive for an even more impressive production. In 1957, during the [[Carnival in Goa|Carnaval season]], Rebello collaborated with Anton Marie to stage two plays of his ''khell'', ''Bhattkaracho Dusman'' (Landlord's Enemy) and Mauxechi Nossai (Aunt's Jealousy). A dedicated stage was constructed, complete with a traditional [[Backdrop (theater)|backdrop]] and seating arrangements. Rebello introduced stage settings and curtains, transforming the performance into a Konkani ''tiatr''-like experience. The staged ''khells'' were showcased in various locations, including [[Sanvordem]] on 24 February 1957, [[Assolna]] on 2 March 1957, [[Agaçaim]] on 3 March 1957, and [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] on 4 March 1957. Additionally, Rebello presented the same show at the Damodar Vidhya Bhawan in [[Margão]]. It is worth mentioning that Rebello continued to refer to the performance as "Anton Marie-cheo Don khellacheo Parti", with no evidence suggesting an alternate name. The introduction of ''khell'' performances on a theatrical stage sparked a wave of innovation among other ''khell'' contractors, with A. Moraes being one example. Inspired by Rebello's approach, these contractors began exclusively staging ''khells'' on a formal stage. Performances took the form of either a competition between two groups or two consecutive plays (''don parti'') by the same group. In the latter format, one play was presented before the [[intermission]], and the other followed. The inclusion of stage settings and the shift towards staged ''khells'' marked an important evolution in this traditional art form, offering audiences a more visually engaging and immersive experience.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
In his lifetime, Rebello was an [[agriculturist]] and farmer who lived in Maddar, [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]]. Besides farming, he had a keen interest in [[bullfights]] and owned a prize-winning [[bull]] named Landdo. He was known for organizing bullfights and even coined the term "''[[Bull wrestling#South Asia|Dhirio]]''" for these events, replacing the previous term "''Boilam Gheram''."<ref name=":0" /> In 1966, he married Faustina Florina Rodrigues from Orlim, [[Salcete]], with a civil registration in [[Margão]] followed by a [[church wedding]] in Benaulim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 1966 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Their three sons, [[Luis Rebello|Luis]], Agnelo,<ref name=":1" /> and [[Jack Rebello|Jack]],<ref name=":2" /> have made a mark as musicians in the [[Goan music|Konkani music scene]]. Rebello died at the age of 83 in Pulvaddo, Benaulim, on 2 December 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2011 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mastor}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts

2026-03-11T09:36:58Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts
| image = This map (with modern hand coloring) from Philip Baldaeus's work.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Late 16th century illustration of Portuguese Goa
| partof = [[Portuguese presence in Asia]]
| date = 1 March 1506–1659 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1506|year2=1659}})
| place = [[Deccan]], [[India]]
| territory = Establishment of Portuguese Goa
| result = {{crossref|printworthy=y|See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]] section}}
| combatant1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flag|Portuguese Empire|1521}}
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[Vijayanagara Empire]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Sultanate of Bijapur]]
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[Calicut (kingdom)|Kingdom of Calicut]]
*[[Sultanate of Ahmadnagar]]
*Kingdom of Gerusoppa
*{{flagicon|Dutch East India Company|size=22px}} [[Dutch East India Company]]
}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1495}} [[Francisco de Almeida|Dom Francisco de Almeida]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1495}} [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1495}} Dom Guterre de Monroy
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[Nuno da Cunha]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[João de Castro|Dom João de Castro]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} Dom Diogo de Meneses
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia|Dom Luís de Ataíde]]
*{{flagdeco|Portuguese Empire|1640}} Dom Brás de Castro
*[[Timoji|Timoji Saluva]]
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist |
*[[Yusuf Adil Shah]]
*[[Ismail Adil Shah]]
*Pulad Khan
*Rassul Khan{{WIA}}
*[[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]
*Ashad Khan
*[[Ali Adil Shah I]]
*[[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]
*[[Ali Adil Shah II]]
}}
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}
The '''Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts''' were various armed engagements that took place in India between the [[Portuguese Empire]] and the Sultanate of Bijapur, ruled by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty]], whose rulers were known to the Portuguese as ''Hidalcão''.

The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. The Portuguese first clashed with the forces of Bijapur in 1506 at the [[Siege of Anjadiva (1506)|siege of Angediva]]. The Portuguese governor of India [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] captured Goa in 1510 after its ruler was found to be harbouring mercenaries there and preparing an expedition to send against the Portuguese.

Goa became the capital of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese State of India]] and head of all Portuguese possessions in Asia until 1961, though the Sultanate of Bijapur ceased to exist when it was conquered by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1686.

==Background==
In 1498, the Portuguese established direct contact with India by sea after [[Vasco da Gama]] sailed around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and reached [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. An alliance was struck with the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Raja of Cochin]] in the [[Malabar Coast]], who was a rebellious vassal of the [[Zamorin|Zamorin of Calicut]] and [[Fort Emmanuel|fort Manuel]] was built on his territory in 1502.

At this time, southern India was divided between the mutually hostile Hindu Vijayanagara Empire and the Muslim [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultanate of Bijapur]] was created out of the Bahmani Sultanate after [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] declared independence in 1490. As a Muslim power, it was hostile to the presence of the Portuguese in India.

In 1505, [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel of Portugal]] nominated [[Francisco de Almeida|Dom Francisco de Almeida]] as the first Viceroy of India. Among other things, Dom Francisco was tasked with building a fort on [[Anjediva Island|Angediva Island]], which was believed to be useful to conduct trade at safely and support Portuguese fleets operating in the region.<ref name=cunha/>

==Siege of Angediva, 1506==
{{main|Siege of Anjadiva (1506)}}

The Portuguese first clashed with the forces of Bijapur in 1506 when the lord of Goa attempted to capture the fort the viceroy [[Francisco de Almeida|Dom Francisco de Almeida]] had built on Angediva Island six months before.<ref name=cunha>J. Gerson da Cunha: "An Historical and Archeological Sketch of the Island of Angediva" in ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay'', Volume 11, Asiatic Society of Bombay, 1876, pp. 302-306.</ref> The forces of Bijapur numbered 60 sail but although they managed to land on the island in the dead of the night or by dawn they were met with an unexpected sally and repulsed.<ref name=cunha/> The fort was dismantled shortly afterwards.

==Battle of Dabul, 1509==
{{main|Battle of Dabul}}

The Portuguese conducted a punitive attack against [[Dabhol|Dabul]] in 1509 after the naval squadrons of the city harassed the armada of the viceroy Dom Francisco de Almeida en route to the [[Battle of Diu]]. In spite of fierce resistance by its defenders, the settlement was stormed, sacked and razed, with many of its inhabitants perishing.

==Portuguese conquest of Goa, 1510–1512==
{{main|Portuguese conquest of Goa}}
[[File:Retrato de Afonso de Albuquerque (após 1545) - Autor desconhecido.png|thumb|Afonso de Albuquerque, II governor of India.]]
When the governor of India [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] learnt that [[Mamluk]] mercenaries defeated at the [[Battle of Diu]] were being regrouped and refitted by [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] at Goa, he determined to occupy the strategically-located city to serve as capital of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese State of India]]. He got the information from one of the local contacts of the Portuguese in the [[Malabar Coast]], the Hindu privateer [[Timoji|Timoja]].

The Portuguese captured Goa on the second attempt in November 25, 1510, Day of [[Catherine of Alexandria|Saint Catherine]]. The forces of Bijapur besieged the city for the first time but were unable to drive the Portuguese out and withdrew at the end of a two-year conflict.

Unlike the forts built in the allied kingdoms of [[Kolathunadu|Cannanore]] and Cochin, Goa featured a hinterland which was also annexed. By capturing Goa, Albuquerque became the second European to conquer land in India, after [[Alexander the Great]].<ref>{{cite book
|first=Roger
|last=Crowley
|year=2015
|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Seized the Indian Ocean and Forged the First Global Empire
|page=352
|publisher=Faber & Faber
|location=London}}</ref>

==Second Siege of Goa, 1517==
In 1517, the governor of India [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] sailed to the [[Red Sea]] with a large armada and while he was away with the bulk of Portuguese forces, the captain of Goa Dom Guterre de Monroy raided the neighbouring lands of Bijapur. [[Ismail Adil Shah]] had just signed a peace with the neighbouring Sultan of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] and attempted to recover the city with an army of 20,000 to 22,000 men<ref name="castanheda">Fernão Lopes de Castanheda: ''História do Descobrimento e Conquista da Índia pelos Portugueses'', 1833 edition, Typographia Rollandiana, book IV, pp. 44-52.</ref><ref name="correia">Gaspar Correia: ''Lendas da Índia'', book II, tome II, part II, Typografia da Academia Real das Sciencias, Lisboa, 1861, pp. 514-517</ref><ref name="barros">João de Barros: ''Década Terceira Da Ásia'' book I, 1777 ed. pp. 83-84.</ref>{{bsn|date=February 2024}} The Portuguese mobilized the native Goan militia and after receiving reinforcements from Europe forced the army of Bijapur to withdraw.<ref name="castanheda"/><ref name="barros"/><ref name="correia"/>

==Occupation of Bardez, Salcete and Pondá, 1520–1524==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Foot-Soldier of Goa.jpg|thumb|Portuguese sketch of a Kanarese foot-soldier of Goa from the [[Códice Casanatense]].]]

The Portuguese occupied [[Bardez]], [[Salcete]] and [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] between 1520 and 1524 owing to a conflict between Bijapur and Vijayanagara over the [[Raichur Doab]].

In 1520 the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] sieged the [[Rachol Fort|Rachol fort]] in Salcete with the support of 20 Portuguese mercenaries, and although [[Ismail Adil Shah]] came to the aid of the fortress his army (which also included 40 Portuguese mercenaries) was routed in battle.<ref name=gazetteer/> The district of Rachol was captured by Krishnadevaraya and then granted to the Portuguese.<ref name=gazetteer>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=86s50Mb03hwC&pg=PA106 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency]'', volume XV, part II, Government Central Press 1883, p. 106.</ref>

A Hindu detachment of 8000 men then marched to annex the remaining districts.<ref name=saldanha33/> Lacking the men to defend it, the local Muslim governor requested that the Portuguese captain of Goa Ruy de Mello either help him repulse the attack or take over it those lands, in the hopes that he'd be able to keep its revenue.<ref name=saldanha33/> Mello occupied the districts with some cavalry and infantry and as he approached the Hindus withdrew.<ref name=saldanha33>Gabriel de Saldanha: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xetAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33 Resumo da História de Goa]'', Typ. Rangel, 1898 p. 33.</ref>

The mainland territories were later recovered by the Adil Shah between 1523 and 1524.<ref name=bhat>N. Shyam Bhat: "Political Interaction Between Portuguese Goa and Karnataka" in Portuguese Studies Review, volume 16, no. 2, 2008, pp. 25-47.</ref> In 1523 the chief tax-collector Fernão Annes de Souto-Maior was attacked and sieged for two days at a temple in Mardol that was built like a fort, by a 5000 men force dispatched by the Adil Shah. A brief combat was struck after [[António Correia (admiral)|António Correia]] arrived to souccour Fernão Annes but although the Muslims were badly mauled the governor of India decided to quit the lands so as not to break the peace previously signed with the Adil Shah.<ref>Gabriel de Saldanha: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xetAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35 Resumo da História de Goa]'', Typ. Rangel, 1898 p. 35.</ref>

==Luso-Adil Shahi conflicts 1532–1537==
The mainland districts adjacent to Goa fell under Portuguese control once more between 1532 and 1537 after the governor of Belgaum Ashad Khan lost the favor of the sultan of Bijapur and granted the territory to the Portuguese in exchange for protection.<ref name=bhat/> When Ashads relation with the Adil Shah improved, he invaded the lands he had granted to the Portuguese in an effort to recover them, though the Portuguese defeated his forces.<ref name=bhat/> The Portuguese signed a peace with Ashad Khan in 1536-1537 and returned the territory in order to focus against [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]].<ref name=bhat/>

==Luso-Adil Shahi War 1547–1548==
[[File:John de Castro.jpg|thumb|The viceroy of India Dom João de Castro.]]
The lands of [[Salcete]] and [[Bardez]] were ceded to the Portuguese in 1543 but invaded by the forces of the Adil Shah in 1547 after the Portuguese had provided shelter in the city to a rival claimant to the throne, [[Mallu Adil Shah]] (''Meale'' in Portuguese). The governor [[João de Castro|Dom João de Castro]] dispatched Diogo de Almeida with 300 horsemen and 400 infantry but upon approaching Colem, the 4000 men of Bijapur stationed there withdrew.<ref name=danvers477/> The Adil Shah sent a new army of 13,000 men and Almeida retreated in the face of numerical superiority, but Castro reinforced him in person with 1500 men.<ref name=danvers477/> The forces of Bijapur again withdrew, but they were pursued by the Portuguese and routed at the fort of Pondá.<ref name=danvers477>Danvers, 1894, p. 477.</ref>

On his way back to Goa from a campaign along the shores of Gujarat, Dom João de Mascarenhas attacked Dabul.<ref name=danvers479/> The lands of Salsette and Bardês where invaded once again by Calabate Khan, but the forces of Bijapur abandoned their equipment and withdrew to the mountains of Colem, when Castro marched out to meet him with 1500 horse and 4000 foot.<ref name=danvers479/> A battle took place on the mountains of Colem, Calabate Khan was killed and the forces of Bijapur retreated.<ref name=danvers479>Danvers, 1894, p. 479.</ref>

The Portuguese signed an alliance with the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagara Emperor]] in September 1547 against all mutual enemies except the Sultan of Ahmadnagar, and in October 1547 signed an alliance with the Sultan of Ahmadnagar against the Sultan of Bijapur, thus isolating him.<ref name=bhat/>

Castro signalled the beginning of the year of 1548 by a campaign along the shores of Bijapur. Amphibious operations began in January two leagues to the north of Goa at the [[Chapora River]], the settlements around which were attacked and raided or burned with no quarter being given, and continued as far as River Cifardão, which marked the border between the Sultanate of Bijapur and the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Sultanate of Ahmadnagar]], the city of [[Dabhol|Dabul]] having been sacked along the way.<ref>Danvers, 1894, p. 481-482.</ref> Castro died in office and was succeeded by [[Garcia de Sá]], who signed a peace treaty with the Adil Shah on August 22 1548 much to Portuguese advantage, according to which the Velhas Conquistas were confirmed as Portuguese property in perpetuity.<ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1481-1571'', .H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 484-485.</ref>

==Luso-Adil Shahi War 1555–1557==
[[File:Dom João de Castro - Roteiro de Goa a Diu - Dabul.jpg|thumb|Sketch of a Portuguese galley at the Bijapur port city of Dabul by Dom João de Castro.]]

In 1555 the Portuguese instigated a revolt in Bijapur and attempted install Meale on the throne as a puppet.<ref name=Subrahmanyam/>

The Portuguese governor of India [[Pedro Mascarenhas|Dom Pedro de Mascarenhas]] was contacted by a number of Bijapur nobles who sought his support for an impending revolt against the ruling Adil Shah.<ref name=saldanha>Gabriel de Saldanha: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xetAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA81 Resumo da historia de Goa]'', Typographia Rangel, 1898, pp. 81-82.</ref> Meale received Portuguese support in exchange of a third of all captured loot and the ceding of nearly the entire coastal territories of Bijapur.<ref name=bhat/><ref name=Subrahmanyam/> Meale was crowned at Pondá and crossed the [[Western Ghats]] with an army of supporters.<ref name=bhat/><ref name=Subrahmanyam/> [[Antão de Noronha|Dom Antão de Noronha]] was dispatched to take possession of the territories, and while collecting tributes at Curale he was attacked by a force of 7000 men by the river Carlim but the forces of Bijapur were routed.<ref name=saldanha/> Meanwhile, Meale was defeated by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I|Ibrahim Adil Shah]], who had called upon the aid of an army of Vijayanagara.<ref name=Subrahmanyam/> The Portuguese withdrew from all newly occupied territories to the Island of Goa, Bardes and Salcete.<ref name=Subrahmanyam/>

Pedro Barreto Rolim later sacked Dabul.<ref name=danvers508-509/><ref name=saldanha/> The Adil Shah then attempted to punish the Portuguese by having Bardez and Salcete invaded but this backfired as the Portuguese retaliated with vigor.<ref name=bhat/><ref name=Subrahmanyam>Sanjay Subrahmanyam: ''Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World'', Brandels University Press, 2011, pp. 57-65.</ref> The lands of Bardez were repeatedly raided by forces under the command of Morat-Khan, however they were repulsed by João Peixoto.<ref name=saldanha/><ref name=danvers508-509/> General Nazer-Melek marched through Salsete and came in sight of the [[Rachol Fort|fortress of Rachol]], from where captain Dom Pedro de Menezes o Ruivo sallied out with a number of men and skirmished favourably, but the Portuguese were ultimately forced to abandon the field.<ref name=saldanha/> Aware of this, the new governor of India [[Francisco Barreto]] marched out with 200 horsemen, 3000 Portuguese soldiers, 1000 kanarese auxiliaries and routed Nazer-Melek at Pondá.<ref name=danvers508-509/><ref name=saldanha/> Fighting continued in Salcete and the commander of Rachol Fort Dom Francisco de Mascarenhas fought with the forces of Bijapur.<ref name=danvers508-509/> Nazer Melek entrenched himself at Pondá once more, but after a number of ships arrived from Portugal with fresh reinforcements, he sued for peace and a treaty was signed shortly afterwards.<ref name=danvers508-509>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1481-1571'', .H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 508-509.</ref>

The later years of 1550s and the 1560s saw the development of unexpectedly cordial relations between Goa and Bijapur, after Ibrahim Adil Shah was succeeded by [[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali Adil Shah]], who unlike previous sultans was described by the Portuguese as "most liberal and magnanimous", and with whom the Portuguese hoped to strike an alliance against the Ottomans.<ref name=Subrahmanyam/> Portuguese focus therefore shifted to Gujarat and Ceylon.<ref name=Subrahmanyam/>

==Siege of Goa, 1570–1571==
{{main|War of the League of the Indies}}
[[File:D. Luís de Ataíde (Archaeological Survey of India, Goa).png|thumb|The Portuguese governor of India Dom Luís de Ataíde.]]
In December 1570 Goa was sieged by a large army commanded personally by Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur, who had struck a pact of alliance with the Sultan of Ahmadnagar, the Zamorin of Calicut, the Ali Raja of Cannanore, the Queen of Gerusoppa, the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultan of Aceh]], among others to try and drive the Portuguese out of Asia.

The viceroy of India [[Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia|Dom Luís de Ataíde]] was however able to keep the naval supply lines open while the forces of Bijapur proved unable to overcome Portuguese defenses. Once the monsoon was over Portuguese naval squadrons conducted amphibious operations against the coasts of Bijapur and before long a peace was signed in December 13, 1571.

==Luso-Adil Shahi War, 1577–1578==
During the tenure of governor Dom Diogo de Meneses, a fleet was dispatched to [[Terekhol River]] to the north of Goa, where the local governor was harbouring a malabarese pirate fleet against the terms of the peace treaty.<ref name=monteiro/> As the governor refused to deliver the vessels, the local town was sacked and hostilities broke out between Goa and Bijapur once more.<ref name=monteiro/> In late 1577 about 100 Portuguese soldiers who disembarked at Dabul unaware of the war were massacred.<ref name=monteiro/>

After the Dabul incident, a powerful fleet commanded by Dom Paulo de Meneses was dispatched from Goa to conduct amphibious operations along the coasts of Bijapur in retaliation.<ref name=monteiro/> In August 1578 Dom Luís de Ataíde took over governorship for the second time and intensified Portuguese naval efforts against Bijapur.<ref name=monteiro/> A flotilla was captured in the harbour of Dabul.<ref name=monteiro>Saturnino Monteiro: ''Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa'', volume III, Livraria Sá da Costa Editora, pp. 408-417.</ref>

Ali Adil Shah meanwhile invaded the mainland districts of Bardês and Salcete once more, however in 1578 peace was signed with governor Dom Luís de Ataíde.

==Luso-Adil Shahi War, 1654–1655==
{{main|Luso-Adil Shahi War (1654–1655)}}
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops.png|thumb|Portuguese soldiers in Asia in a 17th century painting.]]
The [[Dutch East India Company]] developed friendly ties with the Sultan of Bijapur, and encouraged him to attack the Portuguese.

Among the Court of Bijapur there was a party hostile to the Portuguese, led by the Queen Mother and Abdulla Hakim, who invaded Portuguese territory in 1654 with the backing of the Dutch, who instigated the attack.<ref name=shastry/> Between August and October 1654, the Sultan of Bijapur invaded the delta lands of Bardês and briefly put the supply of food into Goa in jeopardy.<ref>Dauril Alden: ''The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750'', Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 187-188.</ref> The forces of Bijapur were however repulsed.<ref name=shastry/> The Adil Shah admitted that he had declared war against Portugal without sufficient cause but had since ordered his captains to withdraw from Bardez and Salcete and his port to opened to commerce. Upon this explanation Dom Brás de Castro ratified anew the treaties of January 29, 1582 and April 3, 1633, on March 7, 1655.<ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894'', W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 309-310.</ref>

==Luso-Adil Shahi War, 1659==
{{main|Battle of Margão (1659)}}
Ali Adil Shah II endeavoured to retake Portuguese territory around Goa and in 1659 Abdulla Hakim invaded the [[Velhas Conquistas]].<ref name=shastry/> He was however routed by Luiz de Mendonça Furtado, who inflicted a severe defeat upon his forces at Margão and forced him to retire with the loss of 400 to 500 men.<ref name=shastry/><ref>Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India: A.D. 1571-1894'', W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, p. 324.</ref>
==Aftermath==
[[File:GoaConquistas.png|thumb|Map of the Velhas Conquistas (in red) and the Novas Conquista (yellow).]]

Conflict with the Sultanate of Bijapur resulted in the securing of Goa and [[Tiswadi|Tiswadi island]] for Portugal and later of the [[Velhas Conquistas]] with the districts of Bardez and Salcete.

Notwithstanding occasional conflict over the possession of Goa, bilateral relations were established and Portuguese ambassadors, merchants and missionaries often frequented Adil Shahi domains including the capital.<ref>Dr. Ratnakar D. Hosamani: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c-KgEAAAQBAJ&dq=bijapur+portuguese&pg=PA124 Adil Shahis of Bijapur A Study on their contributions to Deccan Art and Heritage]'', Ashok Yakkaldevi, 2022, p. 124.</ref> The Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the two major connections of Portuguese India, alongside the Mughal Empire.<ref>Michael N. Pearson: The Indian Ocean, Routledge, 2002, pp. 130-131.</ref> The sultans of Bijapur paid tribute to the king of Portugal in the form of gifts.<ref name=shastry/>

In October 22, 1576 the Portuguese signed a commercial treaty with Bijapur that remained valid until the Mughal Empire annexed Bijapur in 1686.<ref name=shastry/> The Portuguese provided sulphur, lead and copper while the Adil Shah would supply timber, steel, iron, sailors, stone cannon, ballast for the ships, saltpeter for gunpowder manufacture, and numerous other articles in return.<ref name=shastry/> Bijapur merchant ships would take in Portuguese naval trading licenses called ''[[cartaz]]'' and not transport goods banned by the Portuguese.<ref name=shastry/> The governors of India maintained close contacts with the Court of Bijapur and through these the Portuguese were able to exert some influence within its politics.

After the Portuguese captured Goa, the Adil Shahis lost the capacity to import high-quality warhorses directly from overseas, and became dependant on the Portuguese for this strategic asset. Whenever war broke out naval imports or exports in Bijapur were blockaded by the Portuguese navy.

In 1675 Portuguese India ceased to have common borders with Bijapur after [[Shivaji]] captured the entire coast of Bijapur.<ref name=shastry>B. D. Shastry: "The Portuguese Commercial Relations with Bijapur in the Seventeenth Century" in Souza, Teotónio: ''Essays in Goan History'', Concept Publishing Company, 1989, pp. 39-48.</ref>

==See also==
[[File:Banner of the Order of Christ.svg|thumb|16th century Portuguese naval and war banner featuring the [[Order of Christ Cross|Cross of the Order of Christ]].]]
*[[Military history of Portugal]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Malay-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Mamluk-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Mughal-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)]]
*[[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)]]
*[[Sinhalese-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Deccan sultanates]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Warfare of the early modern period]]
[[Category:Wars involving Portugal]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:16th century in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]

H. S. Bhabra

2026-03-02T01:44:11Z

IsraelGuinn0047: small changes

{{Short description|British Asian writer and broadcaster (1955 – 2000)}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Bareurls|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1955|6|7}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|6|1|1955|6|7}}
| death_place = [[Toronto]]
| occupation = writer and broadcaster
| education = [[Trinity College, Oxford]]
| movement =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Hargurchet Singh Bhabra''' (7 June 1955 – 1 June 2000) was a [[British Asians|British Asian]] [[writer]] and [[Television presenter|broadcaster]] who settled in Canada.

Bhabra was born in [[Mumbai]], India, and moved to England with his family in 1957. The family eventually settled in [[Beare Green]], [[Surrey]]. From 1966 to 1973, Bhabra attended [[Reigate Grammar School]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.reigategrammar.org/ora2/form_lists/1974class_of.pdf#search=%22Hargurchet%20Bhabra%22 | title=Class of 1974 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013160054/http://www.reigategrammar.org/ora2/form_lists/1974class_of.pdf | archivedate=13 October 2007 | publisher=Reigate Grammar School | accessdate=13 May 2018 }}</ref> He was the only boy of Asian origin in the school, was highly regarded by his teachers, and an accomplished actor in school productions such as ''[[Much Ado about Nothing]]''. Regarded by his teachers as the most exceptional member of an exceptional year,<ref name=IndependentObit>Eilenberg, Max (2000). [https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20000627/ai_n14310264/ "Obituary"]. ''[[The Independent]]'' (London), 27 June 2000.</ref> he won a scholarship to [[Trinity College, Oxford]], where he read [[English Literature]].

==Publication==
Bhabra worked for six years in financial advertising in the [[City of London]]. In 1984, he resigned to complete ''Gestures'', a novel on which he had been working for years. He travelled and worked as a correspondent for a few years, which provided material for his career as a writer of fiction, under his own name and also as A M Kabal and John Ford. ''Gestures'' won a [[Betty Trask Award]] in 1987. It has been described thus: "With extraordinary force and subtlety, Gestures conducts the 'funeral rite over an entire way of life . . . a liberal, human, European culture which has finally disappeared'. The lines could stand as an epitaph for Bhabra himself. Infused with his own erudition, elegance and empathy, it was also—and to a great degree—an expression of his own sense of displacement."<ref name=IndependentObit /> Indeed, although he published in quick succession three thrillers—''The Adversary'' (1986) and ''Bad Money'' (1987), and ''Zero Yield''—the next few years were spent largely on travels to [[Egypt]], [[Mexico]] and [[Latin America]].

==The United States==
In 1989, Bhabra was awarded the first [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] [[Raymond Chandler|Chandler]] Fellowship in Spy and Detective Fiction Writing. This prize included a post as writer-in-residence at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], for one year. Bhabra stayed on in [[Los Angeles]] from 1991 to 1993, hoping to earn money as a scriptwriter. That did not work out, however, though his fund of esoteric knowledge did help him win $21,800 (appearing in three shows, winning two) as a contestant on the television quiz show ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' in April 1993, an accomplishment of which he remained proud.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://j-archive.com/showplayer.php?player_id=17237 |title=J! Archive - H. Bhabra |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref> While there, he also developed an obsession with climbing bridges, which led to his arrest while making an assault on the [[Golden Gate]], [[San Francisco]]. Bhabra also taught at [[Amherst College]] in [[Massachusetts]].

==Canada==
In 1994, Bhabra moved to [[Toronto]], where his parents now lived. In Canada, Bhabra was perceived as an Asian-Canadian writer and broadcaster. He taught at the Humber School for Writers at [[Humber College]] and then joined public broadcaster [[TVOntario]] as co-host, with [[Marni Jackson]], of the book show ''[[Imprint (TV series)|Imprint]]'' from 1995 to 1997.<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05/> Knowledgeable and intelligent, Bhabra had interests ranging from food and fashion to films and books. His contract with ''Imprint'' was not renewed after the 1997 season.

After leaving ''Imprint'', Bhabra struggled to make ends meet with occasional freelance magazine and television work. Television projects included the show ''Starting Up!'', about the challenges and rewards of opening a business, which he created and produced for TVO. Bhabra also embarked on an ambitious fiction quartet: ''South'', ''West'', ''North'', and ''East''. By the spring of 1999, Bhabra had completed a draft of the first chapter of the first novel, ''South'', a draft which failed to lead to the publishing contract he hoped for and much needed, in order to support himself financially.<ref name=LastExit/> When opportunities at TVO dried up, Bhabra joined [[TFO]], the French-language counterpart of TVO, where he worked for a short time on a new arts show, ''Ôzone''. Bhabra left TFO in late 1999 as a result of artistic differences. He was sustained during these years by the support of his partner, Vee Ledson, daughter of educator Sidney Ledson. Bhabra had encouraged Ledson to pursue her dream of running her own school, Laurel Academy, which she established in Toronto in 1995.

On 1 June 2000, a week before his 45th birthday, he killed himself by jumping off the [[Prince Edward Viaduct]] which spans the [[Don River (Ontario)|Don River]], connecting Toronto's [[Bloor Street]] to [[Danforth Avenue]].<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05/><ref name=Globe2000-06-03/> None around him knew of his debilitating writer's block; in the months and weeks leading up to his death, Bhabra had led some of those closest to him to believe he had, at last, completed the first novel and secured a book contract for it, and that he had begun work on the second book.<ref name=LastExit/>

Bhabra wrote letters shortly before killing himself in which he revealed he had misrepresented important elements of his life.<ref name=Globe2000-06-03/> In addition to acknowledging that he had not been making any progress in his writing, he revealed he did not have legal residence status in Canada.

His death contributed to the argument for the [[Luminous Veil]], a suicide barrier fence over the viaduct.<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05/> In 2001, Bhabra, was posthumously nominated for a [[Gémeaux Award]] (Prix Gémaux), for his work on ''Ôzone''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=300170&shownum=16&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=5&curstep=4 |title=Canada's Awards Database | publisher = [[Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television]] | access-date = 2009-04-08 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000137/http://www.academy.ca/hist/history.cfm?categid=300170&shownum=16&winonly=0&awards=3&rtype=5&curstep=4 | archive-date = 2011-09-28 }}</ref> In 2003, the Luminous Veil was finally completed and in the same year ''Gestures'' was reprinted.

In December 2014, ''[[Maclean's]]'' published Marni Jackson's description of being sexually harassed by Bhabra.<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05/> Jackson compared Bhabra's behaviour to the then recently publicised [[Trial of Jian Ghomeshi|behaviour of Jian Ghomeshi]]:
<blockquote>I am struck by some of the similarities: the narcissistic "host" whose increasingly self-serving behaviour was tolerated by his bosses and co-workers, and an intelligent, talented man whose "charm" had a hidden element of misogyny.<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05/></blockquote>

==Bibliography==
*''Gestures'' (1986)
*''The Adversary'' (1986), as A.M. Kabal
*''Bad Money'' (1987), as A.M. Kabal
*''Zero Yield'', as John Ford

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=LastExit>{{cite news
|url = http://members.shaw.ca/curtis.cathy/lastexit.htm
|title = Last Exit
|work = [[Saturday Night (magazine)|Saturday Night]]
|author = [[Curtis Gillespie]]
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20040214125144/http://members.shaw.ca/curtis.cathy/lastexit.htm
|archive-date = 14 February 2004
|access-date = 2018-05-30
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<ref name=Macleans2014-12-05>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.macleans.ca/society/behind-the-camera-author-marni-jacksons-story-of-backstage-harassment/
| title = Author Marni Jackson's story of backstage harassment
| work = [[Maclean's magazine]]
| author = [[Marni Jackson]]
| date = 2014-12-05
| accessdate = 2018-05-30
| quote = Then one day when everyone else had left the office he said, "You know Marni, I'm very grateful there's a wall between our offices, because otherwise I should find it difficult not to throw myself at you." (Yes, he really did talk like that.) I felt off-balance. This was not a compliment, I realized, it was more like a threat. I told him that his remarks were inappropriate and asked him to stop.
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Globe2000-06-03>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/the-unseen-faces-of-hs-bhabra/article768098/
| title = The unseen faces of H.S. Bhabra
| work = [[The Globe and Mail]]
| author = Gayle MacDonald, Alexandra Gill
| date = 2000-06-03
| location = [[Toronto]]
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180530235531/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/the-unseen-faces-of-hs-bhabra/article768098/
| archive-date = 2018-05-30
| url-status = live
| quote = {{'}}He tells her everything was a lie,{{'}} said a friend who read Bhabra's letter. {{'}}He tells her he was not a legal immigrant. That there is no book [the writer was working on a trilogy with Doubleday] no publisher, no money. That he failed at everything and everybody. And that he's sorry, but he has to go.{{'}}
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070930095343/http://brannan.org/2000/bhabra.html
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051126141213/http://www.ryerson.ca/library/events/asian_heritage/bhabra.html Ryerson Library - Asian Heritage in Canada - Authors - HS Bhabra]
*[https://www.rediff.com/us/2000/jun/07us2.htm rediff.com US edition: Failed writer commits suicide]
*[https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/2001/minutes/committees/wks/wks010221.pdf ]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhabra}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2000 suicides]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:British Asian writers]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:Suicides in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian writers of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent|Bhabra, H.S.]]
[[Category:Canadian television hosts]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:British male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in Canada]]
[[Category:Contestants on American game shows]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:TVO people]]

Bijay Chandra Majumdar

2026-03-01T23:55:05Z

IsraelGuinn0047: Put up new post

{{short description|Indian Bengali poet}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bijay Chandra Majumdar
| image = MajumderBijayChandra.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1861|10|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Khanakul, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|12|30|1861|10|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = poet, linguist, anthropologist and archaeologist
| education =
| alma_mater =
| awards =
}}

'''Bijay Chandra Majumdar''' ({{langx|bn|বিজয়চন্দ্র মজুমদার}}) (27 October 1861 – 30 December 1942) was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] poet, linguist, archaeologist, anthropologist and researcher known for his linguistic studies on the [[Charyapada]]. He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in [[1937 Nobel Prize in Literature|1937]] and [[1939 Nobel Prize in Literature|1939]] as ''Bensadhar Majumdar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5830|title=Nomination archive – Bensadhar Majumdar|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Majumdar was born on 27 October 1861 in Khanakul, [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[British India]]. He graduated at the [[Hooghly Branch Government School]] in 1885 and Metropolitan College in [[Kolkata]], India in 1895 with degrees on literature, history, science and law.<ref>( প্রথম খণ্ড)। কলকাতার সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান। কলকাতা: সাহিত্য সংসদ। পৃষ্ঠা ৪৬৫, ৪৬৬। (in Bengali); (Part One). ''Kolkata Parliament Bengali Charitavidhan''. Kolkata: Sahitya Sangsad. Pages 465, 466. (in English)</ref>

===Career===
Majumdar started his career as a private tutor to the sons of [[Basudeb Sudhal Deb]], the [[Raja]] of [[Bamra]], and afterwards became the president of the Council of the State.<ref name=bn/> For forty years, he worked as a legal advisor for the [[Sonepur State|State of Sonepur]], a teacher at the Puri District School from 1887 to 1891, the headmaster of the Sambalpur District School since 1891, and later practiced law in the Sambalpur and Calcutta High Courts.<ref name=bn/>

Majumdar was equally proficient in [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Prakrit]]. He was invited to give lectures on Indian tradition and attended the Mahadharma Conference in [[London]] in 1908. In 1918, he joined the University of Calcutta as a professor despite being becoming blind since 1914. During this period, he wrote his famous book ''Odisha in the Making [ওড়িশা ইন মেকিং]'' (1925), mainly collecting information from various religious texts and deciphering the inscriptions by running his hand over the tablets.<ref name=bn/>

Despite being blind, he was able to research literature, history and science tirelessly due to his extraordinary memory. He and [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]] jointly edited the ''Bangabani'' magazine and became its sole editor for the last four years. He also edited ''Shardiya Bangla'' (1339) and ''Barshik Shishu Sathi'' (1335).<ref name=bn>{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Majumder,_Bijay_Chandra|title=Majumder, Bijay Chandra|access-date=11 December 2024|website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

===Death===
Majumdar died on 30 December 1942.<ref name=bn/>

==Publications==
===Poetry collections===
* ''কবিতা'' ("Poem", 1889)
* ''যুগপূজা'' ("Yug Puja", 1892)
* ''ফুলশর'' ("Fulshar", 1904)
* ''যজ্ঞভস্ম'' ("Yajnabhasma", 1904)
* ''পঞ্চকমলা'' ("Panchakamala", 1910)

===Essays===
* ''থেরীগাথা'' ("Therigatha", 1905)
* ''গীতগোবিন্দ'' ("Gitagovinda", 1906)
* ''ব্যাকরণের সন্ধি'' ("Grammar Treaty", 1911)
* ''সচ্চিদানন্দ গ্রন্থাবলী'' ("Sachchidananda Books", 1926)
* ''প্রাচীন সভ্যতা'' ("Ancient Civilizations", 1915)
* ''ভারতবর্ষের ইতিহাস'' ("History of India", 1919)
* ''ওড়িশা ইন মেকিং'' ("Odisha in the Making", 1925)

===Editorials===
* ''বঙ্গবাণী'' ("Bangabani", 1921-27)
* ''শিশুসাথী'' ("Child Companion", 1928-32)
* ''বাংলা'' ("Bengali", 1932)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Bijay Chanda}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Tripura Lok Adalat

2026-02-28T19:49:33Z

IsraelGuinn0047: entry

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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West Tripura District.TEL : (0381) 232-2481.<ref name="tla ref1">{{cite web |title=Tripura State Legal Services Authority |url=https://slsa.tripura.gov.in/node/29 |website=Tripura State Legal Services Authority |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
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'''Tripura Lok Adalat''' or Tripura State Legal Services Authority(People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Tripura]].The Tripura Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la ref10">{{cite news |title= chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat |last1=Gupta |first1=Vishal |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/chhattisgarh-high-court-will-hold-national-lok-adalat-on-september-11 |access-date=4 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com |date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="la Ref1" /> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la Ref1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==

Tripura Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="la ref7">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Sarfaraz Ahmed |title=Lok adalat : an effective alternative dispute resolution mechanism |date=2006 |publisher=A.P.H. Pub. House |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-868-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChRWJjouEesC&dq=bihar+lok+adalat&pg=PA67 |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="la ref9">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat: A Critical Analysis |url=https://www.jusdicere.in/lok-adalat-a-critical-analysis/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Jus Dicere |date=16 June 2020}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Tripura Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.<ref name="la ref8">{{cite news |title=Significance of Lok Adalats in present scenario. |url=http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/583/Significance-of-Lok-Adalats-in-present-scenario..html |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=legalservicesindia.com}}</ref>

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

# Chairman.
# Secretaries.
*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Manipur Lok Adalat organised first E-Lok Adalat on 2 September 2020.<ref name="mla ref4">{{cite news |title=First Online Lok Adalat Organized In Manipur |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/first-online-lok-adalat-organized-in-manipur-162353 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

Mr. Justice Indrajit Mahanty, [[Tripura High Court]], is current Patron-in-Chief of Manipur State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="tla ref1" />

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved<ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=2G court correct in not referring LTL matter to Lok Adalat: Supreme Court {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/2g-court-correct-in-not-referring-ltl-matter-to-lok-adalat-supreme-court-1653421/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=18 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:<ref name="tla ref2">{{cite news |title=Tripura High Court schedules National Lok Adalat on December 11 |url=https://www.latestlaws.com/latest-news/tripura-high-court-schedules-national-lok-adalat-on-december-11-180192 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=latestlaws.com |date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.<ref name="tla ref4">{{cite news |title=396 cases disposed in Tripura Lok Adalat |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/396-cases-disposed-in-tripura-lok-adalat-36140.cms |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=tripurachronicle.in |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
*It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.<ref name="tla ref3">{{cite news |title=First National Lok Adalat in state on Feb 8 |url=https://www.tripuraindia.in/update/index/first-national-lok-adalat-in-state-on-feb-8 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=tripuraindia |date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* Issues relating to Matrimony.<ref name="tla ref5">{{cite news |title=2536 Cases Were Disposed In Lok Adalat Conducted On Saturday In Tripura |url=https://thetripurapost.com/2536-cases-were-disposed-in-lok-adalat-conducted-on-saturday-in-tripura/ |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=thetripurapost |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc. excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Tripura Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.

== Details of Cases Resolved ==

* Tripura Lok Adalat resolved 396 cases during national lok adalat organised by it in December'21.<ref name="tla ref4" />
* Tripura Lok Adalat resolved 2536 cases during national lok adalat organised by it in December'21.<ref name="tla ref5" />

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://slsa.tripura.gov.in/lok_adalat Official website]


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]

Lalburha

2026-02-25T15:32:24Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created initial info v1

{{Short description|Eastern Lushai chief (1843–1933)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lalburha
| image =
| title = Chief of [[Champhai]] {{lang|lus|[[Champhai]] Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign = 1871–1892
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Vanhnuailiana]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1843
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1933|1843}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = *Chawnbika (Vancheng Lal)
*Rokima (Arro Lal)
*Lalhluta (Khawzawl Lal)
*Thangchungnunga (Chhawrtui Lal)
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Vanhnuailiana]]
| mother = Rolianpuii
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftain
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}
'''Lalburha''' ({{langx|en|'''Lalbura'''}}{{efn|variations: Lalboora, Lalburah}}, 1843–1933) was a Lushai chief in the Eastern Lushai Hills and ruled the settlement of [[Champhai]]. Lalburha is recognised for being the third son of [[Vanhnuailiana]] and the target of the [[Lushai Expedition]] in 1871. His anti-British diplomacy led to his participation in the [[Lushai Rising]] following [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British annexation of the Lushai Hills]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=115}}

==Chieftainship==
Lalburha was one of the chiefs who participated in the raids leading to the [[Lushai Expedition]]. After [[Bengkhuaia]] attacked Katlichera and Alexandrapore and captured [[Mary Winchester (Zoluti)]], several chiefs followed in a similar fashion. Lalburha attacked Monierkhal outpost on January 20 1871 and killed 7 people while suffering heavy casualties on his side.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=17}} Lalburha managed to capture 13 guns from the British forces in total.{{sfn|Nunthara|1996|p=52}} His raid was followed by Thanhranga, who attacked Nugdigram.{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=17}}

===Lushai Expedition===
The British arranged a punitive expedition targeted at Lalburha as part of the overall campaign.{{sfn|Hutchinson|1906|p=6}} The Cachar column, which was prepared for the Eastern Lushai chiefs, was aided by Western Lushai chiefs such as [[Suakpuilala]] and [[Kalkhama]]. Lalburha refused to cooperate with the British and instead opted for resistance against the expedition. General Bourchier of the Cachar Column prepared his forces to overwhelm Lalburha. However, Lalburha left the settlement before the column arrived. Only his father, [[Vanhnuailiana]]'s tomb, remained in the settlement. Lalburha had left the village on account of his father's death and a Suktê invasion and escaped South-East of Champhai. Lalburha's mother, Rolianpuii, and her {{lang|lus|upas}} ({{translation|elders/councillors}}) surrendered to the column and concluded peace with the British instead.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=115}}

It was recorded that the Manipur contingent withdrew due to a disease outbreak among troops. This incentivised the [[Sukte people|Suktê tribes]], historical enemies of the Lushais, to descend on Lalburha's settlement amidst the panic of the expedition.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=26}}

The Suktê tribes held grievances against Lalburha and his father [[Vanhnuailiana]]. At a time when the Suktê's were short of food and requested aid, both Lalburha and Vanhuailiana turned them away. The Suktês were prepared to purchase rice but still turned away empty-handed. A second attempt to purchase rice was made, and Vanhnuailiana, with Lalburha, killed one of the party members. This had led to war between the Suktes and the Eastern Lushais. The Suktês later claimed to have destroyed Tumpai, Lemkam and Tatlangkwa and overran the country around Champhai with many heads and captives. The [[Sizang people|Siyin]] tribes also joined in, and as a result, Lushai slaves were settled in the Chin Hills under their settlements.{{sfn|Carey|Tuck|1896|p=154}}

Lalburha retaliated with two invasions into the Suktê territories. His first attempt to invade Saiyan failed after his party was spotted and counterattacked until it retreated. The first skirmish led to the death of seven Lushais. His second attempt was targeted at Molbem. Lalburha succeeded in crossing the Manipur River unobserved. However, Molbem's position at the top of the mountain fortified itself against the attack and forced Lalburha to retreat. Crossing the Manipur River back into Champhai saw two Lushais drown.{{sfn|Carey|Tuck|1896|p=154}} Lalburha succeeded in defending his settlement but at a heavy cost. His stockades and defences were destroyed, and this incentivised him to burn down his village and leave it. Only his father, [[Vanhnuailiana]]'s tomb, remained untouched.{{sfn|Reid|1893|p=26}} The {{lang|lus|upas}} of Rolianpuii met with the British column encamped at Vanhnuailiana's tomb and negotiated peace terms on 18th February 1872. The terms were that:{{sfn|Joshi|2005|p=18}}{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=286-287}}
*British agents would have free access to the village.
*Three hostages would accompany the force to Tipaimukh if Lalburha could not be surrendered into their custody.
*Arms and guns taken from the raids at Moinerkhal and Nugdigram would be surrendered. If unable to, then their own weapons would compensate for the ones looted.
*A fine of two elephant tusks, a necklace, and a war gong. Along with the fine, a number of animals were demanded, consisting of four [[gayal|mithuns]], ten goats, ten pigs, fifty fowls and twenty maunds of husked rice.
If the last two terms were unable to be completed, then the column would attack the settlement of Rolianpuii in Chawnchhim on the 20th of February. The column moved to Rolianpuii's village of Chawchhin. Difficulties were proclaimed in collecting the muskets but the quota was fulfilled by nighttime and three {{lang|lus|upas}} were chosen to accompany the column to Tipaimukh.{{sfn|Woodthorpe|1873|p=298}}

==Lushai Rising==
{{main|Lushai Rising}}
After the annexation of the Lushai Hills with the [[Chin-Lushai Expedition]], [[R.B. McCabe]] was appointed the first political officer of the North Lushai Hills. McCabe set up camp at Lalburha's settlement of the same name as he was the only powerful Eastern Lushai chief apart from Vuta's son, Kairuma. McCabe hoped to use Lalburha's settlement as a base to collect taxes and demand labour as coolies. McCabe hesitated at the prospect until John Shakespear of the South Lushai Hills guaranteed him help.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=110}} In February 1892, McCabe ordered Lalburha to supply 100 coolies, which Lalburha refused.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} Most Eastern Lushai chiefs were not hostile regarding the new house tax and coolie system, apart from Bungtey and Lalbura. Lalburha attempted to make a defensive alliance with Vuta's sons but failed. McCabe departed for Lalburha's settlement on 28th February. {{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=111}} Along the way, McCabe found Lalburha's men burning his camp at Sonai. When McCabe reached Lalburha's settlement on the 29th of February, 300 Lushais were seen advancing. McCabe ordered a volley to be fired to subdue them temporarily. However, the settlement began to burn, and McCabe and his men and coolies took shelter in a heap of baggage and belongings in the middle of the settlement amidst musket shots being fired.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} The Lushais under Lalburha had thought to blockade the British by trapping them inside a hilly ravine surrounded by burning buildings.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=111}} Lalburha was supported by other resistant chiefs such as [[Pâwibâwia]], [[Liankhama]] and Bungtheuva. The chiefs continued to attack McCabe's position between 1 March-10 April 1892. Furthermore, Pâwibâwia and Lalburha raided a tea estate in Cachar on 4 April in [[Hailakandi]] of [[Cachar]].{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} The resisting chiefs continued to raid supplies and transport, causing losses to the British garrisons in the Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=111}}

McCabe, as a result, brought reinforcements from the Bengali infantry who arrived on 19 March. On 14 April, Poiboi was captured. Bungteya was captured on the 7th of May and Lalburha became a fugitive with little resistance to the British remaining.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} Lalburha eventually submitted, and by 1896, A.Porteus commented that Lalburha had received him in his village like any other chief who had reconciled with the expedition.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=26}} A fort was established on top of Lalburha village, and their arms were confiscated.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=112}}

==Biography==
{{Vonolel Family tree}}
===Family===
Lalburha was the son of [[Vanhnuailiana]] and Rolianpuii. His sister [[Ropuiliani]] was wedded to Vandula of the Howlong chiefs. Lalburha had four sons, namely Rokima of Arro, Lalhluta of Khawzawl, Thangchungnunga of Chhawrtui and Chawnbika of Vancheng.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1993|p=17}}

===Death===
Lalburha would move from Sesawng village to Phunchawngzal and die in 1933.{{sfn|Tribal Research Institute|1993|p=17}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Source==
*{{cite book |last1=Carey |first1=Bertram S|last2=Tuck|first2=H.N.|date=1896|title=The Chin Hillls:A History of the people, British dealings with them, their customs and Manners and a Gazetteer of their Country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.41732/page/n8/mode/1up?q=Lushai |location=Delhi |publisher=Cultural Publishing House}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=R.H Sneyd |date=1906 |title=An Account of the Chittagong Hill Tracts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZtEAQAAMAAJ |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Secreteriat Book Depot}}
*{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kyle |date=2023 |title=The Mizo Discovery of the British Raj: Empire and Religion in Northeast India, 1890-1920 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mizo-discovery-of-the-british-raj/A04346D654F1DFD301BB9D85619DD791#:~:text=Book%20description&text=The%20Mizo%20Discovery%20of%20the%20British%20Raj%20presents%20a%20history,the%201890s%20to%20the%201920s. |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-009-26734-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=Hargovind |date=2005 |title=Mizoram: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-997-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Nunthara |first=C |date=1996 |title=Mizoram: Society and Polity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PA24 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |page=42 |isbn=81-7387-059-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=A.S. |date=1893 |title=Chin-Lushai Land: Including a description of the various expeditions into the Chin-Lushai Hills and the final annexation of the country |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79810/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co.}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=49}}
*{{cite book |last=Woodthorpe |first=R.S |date=1873 |title=The Lushai Expedition: 1871-1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458408 |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett Publishers}}
*{{cite book |last=Tribal Research Institute |date=1993 |title=Objects of Mizo Antiquity |url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/16/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.467497/2015.467497.objects-Of_text.pdf |location=Aizawl |publisher=J & J Press}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]

Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle

2026-02-24T03:16:56Z

IsraelGuinn0047: fixed issues

{{Short description|Ballistic missile payload containing multiple warheads which are independently targetable}}
{{Redirect|MIRV|the band|M.I.R.V.}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
[[Image:W87 MX Missile schematic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The MIRV U.S. [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] missile, with the re-entry vehicles highlighted in red.]]
[[Image:W87 MIRV.jpg|thumb|Technicians secure a number of Mk12A re-entry vehicles on a [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] MIRV bus.]]
[[File:LGM-118A Peacekeeper MIRV.jpg|thumb|upright|LGM-118A Peacekeeper MIRV at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]].]]
[[File:MIRV_cut-away.jpg|thumb|Cut away diagram of a MIRV.]]
[[Image:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[UGM-133 Trident II|Trident II missile]], operated exclusively by the [[US Navy]] and [[Royal Navy]]. Each missile can carry up to 12 warheads.<ref name="Lockheed Martin UGM-133 Trident II">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-133.html |title=UGM-133 |last=Parsch |first=Andreas |publisher=Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles |access-date=2014-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315090113/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-133.html |archive-date=2011-03-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

A '''multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle''' ('''MIRV''') is an [[atmospheric entry|exo]]<nowiki>atmospheric</nowiki> [[ballistic missile]] payload containing several [[warhead]]s, each capable of being aimed to hit a different target. The concept is almost invariably associated with [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s carrying [[thermonuclear warhead]]s, even if not strictly being limited to them. An intermediate case is the [[#MRV|multiple reentry vehicle]] (MRV) missile which carries several warheads which are dispersed but not individually aimed. All [[List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear-weapon states]] except [[Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan]]{{efn|"Pakistan is confirmed to possess MIRV technology, but there is no confirmation yet that it has deployed MIRV missiles."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dia.mil/News/Speeches-and-Testimonies/Article-View/Article/1457815/statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment/utm_content/buffer03bbe/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/utm_content/buffer6e4e7/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/?utm_source=twitter.com|title=Statement for the Record: Worldwide Threat Assessment |date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031732/https://www.dia.mil/News/Speeches-and-Testimonies/Article-View/Article/1457815/statement-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment/utm_content/buffer03bbe/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/utm_content/buffer6e4e7/utm_medium/social/utm_campaign/buffer/?utm_source=twitter.com |access-date=March 31, 2024|archive-date=2018-03-13 }}</ref><ref name="Ref1">{{ cite news | author= Usman Haider | author2= Abdul Moiz Khan | title =Why Did Pakistan Test Its MIRV-Capable Ababeel Missile? | newspaper = [[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] | date = 18 November 2023 | url =https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/why-did-pakistan-test-its-mirv-capable-ababeel-missile/ | access-date =11 March 2024}}</ref>}} and [[North Korea]]{{efn|"North Korea claims to possess and have successfully tested a MIRV, but there is no confirmation yet that it has operationally deployed MIRVs on any missiles."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2024/06/north-korea-says-it-successfully-conducted-multiple-warhead-missile-test/|website=NKNews|title=North Korea Says it Successfully Conducted Multiple Warhead Missile Test|date=27 June 2024|access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>}} are currently confirmed to have deployed MIRV missile systems.

The first true MIRV design was the [[Minuteman III]], first successfully tested in 1968 and introduced into actual use in 1970.<ref name=lmtapmilm>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EcFeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1876%2C3599204 |work=Lewiston Morning Tribune |location=Idaho |agency=Associated Press |title=Military says Minuteman missiles ready |date=July 20, 1970 |page=1 |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828223736/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EcFeAAAAIBAJ&pg=1876%2C3599204 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1= Polmar |first1= Norman |author-link1= Norman Polmar |last2= Norris |first2= Robert S. |date= 2009-07-01 |title= The U.S. Nuclear Arsenal: A History of Weapons and Delivery Systems since 1945 |language= en |edition= 1st |publisher= [[Naval Institute Press]] |isbn= 978-1557506818 |lccn= 2008054725 |oclc= 602923650 |ol= OL22843826M |ref= 2009_Polmar |df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Mmiii.html |title=The Minuteman III ICBM |access-date=2017-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118234653/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/Mmiii.html |archive-date=2019-01-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Minuteman III held three smaller [[W62]] warheads, with yields of about {{convert|170|ktonTNT}} each in place of the single {{convert|1.2|MtonTNT}} [[W56]] used on the Minuteman II.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Nuclear Chronology |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/chronology/NuclearChronology_updatedJuly2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812151017/https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/chronology/NuclearChronology_updatedJuly2021.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=www.acq.osd.mil}}</ref> From 1970 to 1975, the United States would remove approximately 550 earlier versions of the Minuteman ICBM in the [[Strategic Air Command]]'s (SAC) arsenal and replace them with the new Minuteman IIIs outfitted with a MIRV payload, increasing their overall effectiveness.<ref name=":0" /> The smaller power of the warheads used (W62, W78 and W87) was offset by increasing the accuracy of the system, allowing it to attack the same hard targets as the larger, less accurate, W56.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2019 |title=W87-1 Modification Program |url=https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/03/f60/2019-03-08-FACTSHEET-W87-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030517/https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/03/f60/2019-03-08-FACTSHEET-W87-1.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |access-date=January 18, 2024 |website=energy.gov}}</ref> The MMIII was introduced specifically to address the Soviet construction of an [[anti-ballistic missile]] (ABM) [[A-35 anti-ballistic missile system|system]] around Moscow; MIRV allowed the US to overwhelm any conceivable ABM system without increasing the size of their own missile fleet. The Soviets responded by adding MIRV to their [[R-36 (missile)|R-36]] design, first with three warheads in 1975, and eventually up to ten in later versions. While the United States phased out the use of MIRVs in ICBMs in 2014 to comply with [[New START]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/local/2014/06/18/last-malmstrom-icbm-reconfigured-treaty/10773351/|title=Last Malmstrom ICBM reconfigured under treaty|work=Great Falls Tribune|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828223736/https://www.greatfallstribune.com/story/news/local/2014/06/18/last-malmstrom-icbm-reconfigured-treaty/10773351/|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia continues to develop new ICBM designs using the technology.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-satan-2-icbm-nuclear-weapon-works-2018-3|title=Putin has touted an 'invincible' nuclear weapon that really exists — here's how it works and why it deeply worries experts|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130742/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-satan-2-icbm-nuclear-weapon-works-2018-3|archive-date=2018-09-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

The introduction of MIRV led to a major change in the strategic balance. Previously, with one warhead per missile, it was conceivable that one could build a defense that used missiles to attack individual warheads. Any increase in missile fleet by the enemy could be countered by a similar increase in interceptors. With MIRV, a single new enemy missile meant that multiple interceptors would have to be built, meaning that it was much less expensive to increase the attack than the defense. This [[cost-exchange ratio]] was so heavily biased towards the attacker that the concept of [[mutual assured destruction]] became the leading concept in strategic planning and ABM systems were severely limited in the 1972 [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] in order to avoid a massive [[arms race]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty at a Glance {{!}} Arms Control Association |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/anti-ballistic-missile-abm-treaty-glance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727045833/https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/anti-ballistic-missile-abm-treaty-glance |archive-date=2025-07-27 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.armscontrol.org |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2017 the United States finished converting its Minuteman III missiles back to using a single reentry vehicle system, as part of its obligations under the [[New START]] treaty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-27 |title=The End of MIRVs for U.S. ICBMs |url=https://blog.ucsusa.org/emacdonald/the-end-of-mirvs-for-u-s-icbms/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=The Equation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NMHB 2020 [Revised] |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/ncbdp/nm/NMHB2020rev/chapters/chapter3.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=www.acq.osd.mil}}</ref>

On November 21, 2024, Russia used a conventionally-armed MIRV system on the [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile]] to attack the Ukrainian city of [[Dnipro]], marking their first usage in combat.<ref name="r017" />

== Purpose ==
The military purpose of a MIRV is fourfold:
*Enhance [[first-strike]] proficiency for strategic forces.<ref name="gwu.edu">{{cite web |url= https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//nsa/NC/mirv/mirv.html |title= MIRV: A BRIEF HISTORY OF MINUTEMAN and MULTIPLE REENTRY VEHICLES |last= Buchonnet |first= Daniel |date= 1976-02-01 |website= gwu.edu |publisher= [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore Laboratory]] |agency= [[United States Department of Defense]] |language= en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190915054553/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//nsa/NC/mirv/mirv.html |archive-date= 2019-09-15 |url-status= live |access-date= 2019-11-24 |quote= The idea of multiple warheads dates back to the mid-1960s, but the key year in the history of the MIRV concept was 1962 when several of technological developments made it possible for scientists and engineers to conceive of multiple, separately targeted warheads that could hit a growing list of Soviet nuclear threat targets. One important innovation was that the weapons laboratories had designed small thermonuclear weapons, a necessary condition for deploying multiple reentry vehicles on the relatively small Minuteman. |ref= gwu.edu |df= dmy-all}}</ref>
*Providing greater target damage for a given [[thermonuclear weapon]] payload. Several small and lower yield warheads cause much more target damage area than a single warhead alone. This, in turn, reduces the number of missiles and launch facilities required for a given destruction level – much the same as the purpose of a [[cluster munition]].<ref name="Hansen">The best overall printed sources on nuclear weapons design are: [[Chuck Hansen|Hansen, Chuck]]. ''U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History.'' San Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck, "[http://www.uscoldwar.com/ Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230020259/http://www.uscoldwar.com/ |date=2016-12-30 }}" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chukelea Publications, 1995, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-9791915-0-3}} (2nd Ed.)</ref>
*With single-warhead missiles, one missile must be launched for each target. By contrast, with a MIRV warhead, the post-boost (or bus) stage can dispense the warheads against multiple targets across a broad area.
*Reduces the effectiveness of an [[anti-ballistic missile]] system that relies on intercepting individual warheads.<ref name="Aldridge1983">{{cite book|author=Robert C. Aldridge|title=First Strike!: The Pentagon's Strategy for Nuclear War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb0mnwEACAAJ|access-date=26 February 2013|year=1983|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-154-3|pages=65–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716180535/http://books.google.com/books/about/First_Strike.html?id=Pb0mnwEACAAJ|archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> While a attacking MIRV missile can have multiple warheads (3{{hyphen}}12 on United States and Russian missiles), interceptors may have only one warhead per missile. Thus, in both a military and an economic sense, MIRVs render ABM systems less effective, as the costs of maintaining a workable defense against MIRVs would greatly increase, requiring multiple defensive missiles for each offensive one. Decoy [[Atmospheric entry|re-entry]] vehicles can be used alongside actual warheads to minimize the chances of the actual warheads being intercepted before they reach their targets. A system that destroys the missile earlier in its trajectory (before MIRV separation) is not affected by this but is more difficult, and thus more expensive to implement.

MIRV land-based [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]]s were considered destabilizing because they tended to put a premium on [[first-strike|striking first]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1628.html |title=China's Evolving Nuclear Deterrent: Major Drivers and Issues for the United States |date=15 March 2017 |access-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182213/https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1628.html |archive-date=2017-12-01 |url-status=live |last1=Heginbotham |first1=Eric }}</ref> The world's first MIRV—US [[Minuteman III]] missile of 1970—threatened to rapidly increase the US's deployable nuclear arsenal and thus the possibility that it would have enough bombs to destroy virtually all of the [[Russia and weapons of mass destruction|Soviet Union's nuclear weapons]] and negate any significant retaliation. Later on the US feared the Soviet's MIRVs because Soviet missiles had a greater [[throw-weight]] and could thus put more warheads on each missile than the US could. For example, the US MIRVs might have increased their warhead per missile count by a factor of 6 while the Soviets increased theirs by a factor of 10. Furthermore, the US had a much smaller proportion of its nuclear arsenal in ICBMs than the Soviets. Bombers could not be outfitted with MIRVs so their capacity would not be multiplied. Thus the US did not seem to have as much potential for MIRV usage as the Soviets. However, the US had a larger number of [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s, which could be outfitted with MIRVs, and helped offset the ICBM disadvantage. It is because of their first-strike capability that land-based MIRVs were banned under the [[START II]] agreement. START II was ratified by the [[Russian Duma]] on 14 April 2000, but Russia withdrew from the treaty in 2002 after the US withdrew from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty|ABM treaty]].

== Operation ==

In a MIRV, the main rocket motor (or [[booster (rocketry)|booster]]) pushes a "bus" into a free-flight [[suborbital]] ballistic flight path. After the boost phase, the bus maneuvers using small on-board rocket motors and a computerized [[inertial guidance system]]. It takes up a ballistic trajectory that will deliver a re-entry vehicle containing a warhead to a target and then releases a warhead on that trajectory. It then maneuvers to a different trajectory, releasing another warhead, and repeats the process for all warheads.

[[Image:Minuteman III MIRV path.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman III]] MIRV launch sequence:

1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its first-stage boost motor (''A'').
2. About 60 seconds after launch, the first-stage drops off and the second-stage motor (''B'') ignites. The missile shroud (''E'') is ejected.
3. About 120 seconds after launch, the third-stage motor (''C'') ignites and separates from the second-stage.
4. About 180 seconds after launch, the third-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (''D'') separates from the rocket.
5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
6. While the post-boost vehicle backs away, the RVs, decoys, and chaff are deployed (this may occur during ascent).
7. The RVs and chaff reenter the atmosphere at high speeds and are armed in flight.
8. The nuclear warheads detonate, either as air bursts or ground bursts.]]

The precise technical details are closely guarded [[military secret]]s, to hinder any development of enemy counter-measures. The bus's on-board [[propellant]] limits the distances between targets of individual warheads to perhaps a few hundred kilometers.<ref name=airliners>{{Cite web |url=http://www.airliners.net/discussions/military/read.main/68181/ |title=Question Re Mirv Warheads — Military Forum {{!}} Airliners.net |access-date=2008-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016214658/http://www.airliners.net/discussions/military/read.main/68181/ |archive-date=2007-10-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some warheads may use small [[hypersonic|hyper]]<nowiki>sonic</nowiki> [[airfoil]]s during the descent to gain additional cross-range distance. Additionally, some buses (e.g. the British [[Chevaline]] system) can release [[decoy]]s to confuse interception devices and [[radar]]s, such as [[aluminium|aluminized]] balloons or electronic noisemakers.

[[Image:Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg|thumb|Testing of the [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] reentry vehicles: all eight (of a possible ten) were fired from only one missile. Each line shows the path of an individual warhead captured on reentry via long-exposure photography.]]

Accuracy is crucial because doubling the accuracy decreases the needed warhead energy by a factor of four for radiation damage and by a factor of eight for blast damage. Navigation system accuracy and the available geophysical information limits the warhead target accuracy. Accuracy is expressed as [[circular error probable]] (CEP). This is the radius of the circle that the warhead has a 50 percent chance of falling into when aimed at the center. CEP is about 90–100 m for the [[Trident missile|Trident II]] and [[LGM-118A Peacekeeper|Peacekeeper]] missiles.<ref name="Cimbala2010">{{cite book|last=Cimbala|first=Stephen J.|title=Military Persuasion: Deterrence and Provocation in Crisis and War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMe9guZoyIUC&pg=PA86|access-date=3 May 2013|year=2010|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-04126-1|page=86|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426054128/https://books.google.com/books?id=rMe9guZoyIUC&pg=PA86|archive-date=26 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==MRV==
A multiple re-entry vehicle (MRV) system for a [[ballistic missile]] deploys multiple warheads above a single aimpoint which then drift apart, producing a cluster bomb-like effect. These warheads are not individually targetable. The advantage of an MRV over a single warhead is the increased effectiveness due to the greater coverage; this increases the overall damage produced within the center of the pattern, making it far greater than the damage possible from any single warhead in the MRV cluster; this makes for an efficient area-attack weapon and makes interception by [[anti-ballistic missile]]s more challenging due to the number of warheads being deployed at once.<ref name=":0" />

Improved warhead designs allow smaller warheads for a given yield, while better electronics and guidance systems allow greater accuracy. As a result, MIRV technology has proven more attractive than MRV for advanced nations. Multiple-warhead missiles require both a miniaturized [[physics package]] and a lower mass re-entry vehicle, both of which are highly advanced technologies. As a result, single-warhead missiles are more attractive for nations with less advanced or less productive nuclear technology. The United States first deployed MRV warheads on the [[UGM-27 Polaris|Polaris A-3]] SLBM in 1964 on the [[USS Daniel Webster (SSBN-626)|USS Daniel Webster]]. The [[Polaris A3 missile|Polaris A-3]] missile carried three warheads each having an approximate yield of {{convert|200|ktTNT|TJ}}. This system was also used by the Royal Navy who also retained MRV with the [[Chevaline]] upgrade, though the number of warheads in Chevaline was reduced to two due to the ABM counter-measures carried.<ref name=":0" /> The Soviet Union deployed 3 MRVs on the [[R-27 Zyb#R-27U (RSM-25)|R-27U]] SLBM and 3 MRVs on the [[R-36 (missile)#R-36P|R-36P]] ICBM. Refer to [[atmospheric reentry|atmospheric re-entry]] for more details.

== Combat usage ==
On November 21, 2024, as part of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Russia launched an [[Oreshnik (missile)|Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile]], striking [[Dnipro]].<ref name="c077">{{cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Putin says Russia hit Ukraine with new intermediate-range ballistic missile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c20726y20kvt?post=asset:a94a8e80-95a1-425e-acbe-f4d418555f20#post |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Western officials stated the missile used a MIRV system, marking their first use in combat.<ref name="r017">{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Christian |last2=Nicholls |first2=Catherine |last3=Radford |first3=Antoinette |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |date=2024-11-21 |title=Russian ballistic missile carried multiple warheads, US and Western officials say |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/ukraine-russia-war-11-21-24#cm3rqdcdg00053b6ql9grs2v0 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="d173">{{cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Russia fired experimental ballistic missile at Ukraine, Putin says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-launches-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-attack-ukraine-kyiv-says-2024-11-21/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Reuters}}</ref> The night attack was reported to see six sequential vertical flashes, each comprising a cluster of up to six individual projectiles.<ref name="i831">{{cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Videos circulating online show impact of Dnipro strike |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c20726y20kvt?post=asset:794c5e44-1c70-412e-9d1e-395b6027be7e#post |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Ukraine's air force initially claimed an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (range greater than 5,500 km) was used,<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2024-11-21 |title=Putin says Russia fired experimental ballistic missile into Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/putin-says-russia-fired-experimental-ballistic-missile-into-ukraine |access-date=2024-11-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and Ukrainian media initially reported it was an [[RS-26 Rubezh]] IRBM with range 5,800 km. The US and Russia confirmed it was [[Intermediate-range ballistic missile|intermediate-range]] (3,000–5,500 km),<ref name=":2" /> but the Pentagon stated it was based on the RS-26 IRBM.<ref name="r017" /> It was fired from the [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]] region 700 km away.<ref name="d173" /> UN spokesperson [[Stéphane Dujarric]] called the use of the intermediate-range weapon "concerning and worrying".<ref name="c0772">{{cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=UN says Russia's use of intermediate-range missile 'worrying' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c20726y20kvt?post=asset:a94a8e80-95a1-425e-acbe-f4d418555f20#post |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

== MIRV-capable missiles ==
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2020}}
;[[China]]:
*[[DF-3#DF-3A|DF-3A]] (retired, 3 warheads)
*[[DF-4#DF-4A|DF-4A]] (retired, 3 warheads)
*[[DF-5#DF-5B|DF-5B]] (active, 3-8 warheads)
*[[DF-5#DF-5C|DF-5C]] (active, 10 warheads)
*[[DF-31#DF-31A|DF-31A]] (active, 3-5 warheads)
*[[DF-31#DF-31AG/DF-31B|DF-31B]] (active, 3-5 warheads)
*[[DF-41]] (active, up to 10 warheads)
*[[JL-2]] (active, 1-3 warheads)
*[[JL-3]] (under development)

;[[France]]:
*[[M4 (missile)|M4]] (retired, 6 warheads)
*[[M45 (missile)|M45]] (retired, 6 warheads)
*[[M51 (missile)|M51]] (active, 6-10 warheads)

;[[India]]
*[[Agni-V]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-missile-test-multiple-warheads-77de306d97fe1a299d811e6edcefc740|title=India conducts first test flight of domestically developed missile that can carry multiple warheads|website=apnews.com|date=11 March 2024}}</ref> (active, 3-6 (tested)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's MIRV-tipped Agni-5 Missile Test : All your questions answered |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-s-mirv-tipped-agni-5-missile-test-all-your-questions-answered-124031201019_1.html |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=One missile, many weapons: What makes the latest Agni-5 special |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-missile-many-weapons-what-makes-the-latest-agni-v-special-9208831/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> 10–12 (Operational)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Why India Testing Agni-5 is a Milestone Moment |url=https://www.news18.com/opinion/opinion-why-india-testing-agni-5-is-a-milestone-moment-8812790.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> nuclear warheads)
*[[Agni-P|Agni Prime]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2021-09-13 |title=India to conduct first user trial of Agni-V missile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/Sep/13/india-to-conduct-first-user-trial-of-agni-v-missile-2357942.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (active, 2 warheads)
*[[Agni-VI]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Divyastra successful: A look at evolution of Agni missiles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/evolution-of-agni-missiles-2513492-2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>(under development)
*[[K-6 (missile)|K-6]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=India Launches Second Ballistic Missile Sub |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/india-launches-second-ballistic-missile-sub/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (under development)

;[[Israel]]:
*[[Jericho (missile)#Jericho III|Jericho 3]] (active, suspected capability, not announced, 2-3 technically possible)<ref>{{cite web |title=Jericho 3 |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/jericho-3/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121132332/http://missilethreat.com/missiles/jericho-123/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[North Korea]]:
*[[Pukguksong-4]] (unconfirmed)
*[[Hwasong-17]]
*[[Hwasong-19]]
*[[Hwasong-20]] (under development)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Đào Cảnh|date=15 September 2025|title=Tên lửa Hwasong-20 tầm bắn 15.000km, công nghệ MIRV, thay đổi cuộc chơi quân sự toàn cầu|trans-title=Hwasong-20 missile with range of 15,000km, MIRV technology, changing the global military game|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/ten-lua-hwasong-20-tam-ban-15-000km-thay-doi-cuoc-choi-quan-su-toan-cau-2442068.html|access-date=2025-09-29|website=[[VietNamNet]]|language=vi}}</ref>

;[[Pakistan]]:
*[[Ababeel (missile)|Ababeel]] (active, 3-8 warheads)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan missile test confirms its MIRV ambitions |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/missile-dialogue-initiative/2023/10/pakistan-missile-test-confirms-its-mirv-ambitions/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=IISS |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ref1">{{ cite news | author= Usman Haider | author2= Abdul Moiz Khan | title =Why Did Pakistan Test Its MIRV-Capable Ababeel Missile? | newspaper = [[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] | date = 18 November 2023 | url =https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/why-did-pakistan-test-its-mirv-capable-ababeel-missile/ | access-date =11 March 2024}}</ref>

;[[USSR]]/[[Russian Federation]]:
[[File:RSD10 MIRV.jpg|thumb|upright|[[RSD-10 Pioneer]] MIRV at the [[National Air and Space Museum]]]]
*[[R-36 (missile)|R-36 mod 4]] (retired, 10-14 warheads)
*[[R-36 (missile)|R-36 mod 5]] (active, 10 warheads)
*[[R-29 Vysota|R-29R]] (active, 3 warheads)
*[[R-29 Vysota|R-29RK]] (retired, 7 warheads)
*[[MR-UR-100 Sotka]] (retired, 4 warheads)
*[[UR-100N]] mod 3 (retired, 6 warheads)
*[[RSD-10 Pioneer]] (retired, 3 warheads)
*[[R-39 Rif]] (retired, 10 warheads)
*[[R-29RM Shtil]] (retired, 4 warheads)
*[[RT-23 Molodets]] (retired, 10 warheads)
*[[R-29RMU Sineva]] (active, 4 or 10 warheads)
*[[RS-24 Yars]] (active, 3-4 warheads)
*[[R-29RMU2 Layner]] (active, 4 or 12 warheads)
*[[RSM-56 Bulava]] (active 6-10 warheads)
*[[RS-28 Sarmat]] (active, 10-15 warheads)
*[[RS-26 Rubezh]] (development stopped, 4 warheads)
*[[BZhRK Barguzin]] (development stopped, 4-16 warheads)

;[[United Kingdom]]:
*[[UGM-133 Trident II]] (active, 8-12 warheads)

;[[United States]]:
*[[LGM-30 Minuteman|LGM-30 Minuteman III]] (active, 1-3 warheads, currently carries one warhead)
*[[UGM-73 Poseidon]] (retired, 10 or 14 warheads)
*[[UGM-96 Trident I]] (retired, 8 warheads)
*[[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]] (retired, 10 warheads)
*[[UGM-133 Trident II]] (active 8-12 warheads)

==See also==
* [[Comparison of ICBMs]]
* [[DARPA Falcon Project]]
* [[List of ICBMs]]
* [[Maneuverable reentry vehicle|Maneuverable re-entry vehicle]] (MARV or MaRV)
* ''[[Missile Command]]''—1980s video game in which MIRVs must be intercepted
* [[Multiple Kill Vehicle]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/NC/mirv/mirv.html "MIRV: A Brief History of Minuteman and Multiple Reentry Vehicles"] by Daniel Buchonnet, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, February 1976.
*[https://archive.org/details/Operatio1964 Operation 1964]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5487766263025895160 The Defense of the United States, 1981 CBS Five-Part TV Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607201202/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5487766263025895160 |date=2011-06-07 }} from [[Google Video]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle}}
[[Category:Ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:MIRV capable missiles|*]]
[[Category:Penetration aids]]

Agatheeswarar Temple, Karur

2026-02-23T17:20:20Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Agatheeswarar Temple
| image = [[File:Agatheeswarar Temple, Karur.jpg|frameless]]|
| alt = Agatheeswarar Temple, Karur
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10.962810989942321|78.17863909561548|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Karur]]
| location = Thirumukkudalur, Karur
| deity = Agatheeswarar (Shiva) Anjanakshi Amman
| architecture = South Indian, Temple
}}

'''Agatheeswarar Temple''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] in Thirumukkudalur village of Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India, around 15 km from Karur. It is on the banks of River Amaravathi, near the confluence of the rivers Cauvery, Amaravathi and Thirumanimuthaaru.<ref name="karurnic">{{Cite web|url=https://karur.nic.in/tourism/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest | Karur District, Government of Tamil Nadu | India}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-karur/news/1567133|title=பழமையான திருமுக்கூடலூர் அகஸ்தீஸ்வர் கோவில் சிதிலமடைந்து கிடப்பதால் வேதனை}}</ref>

The main deities are Agatheeswarar and Anjanakshi Amman. Other deities include Brahma, Vishnu, Suryan, Chandran, Agoraveerabadrar, Murugan, Valli, Deivanai.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The temple is in ruins.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==History==
The temple is more than 1000 years old.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref name="lightuptemples">{{Cite web|url=https://lightuptemples.com/temple-detail/sri-agasthiswarar-anjanakshi-temple-karur/827|title=Light up Temples|access-date=20 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201604/https://lightuptemples.com/temple-detail/sri-agasthiswarar-anjanakshi-temple-karur/827|url-status=live}}</ref> It is said to have been built by [[Rajendra Chola I]], who ruled from 1014-1044.<ref name="karurnic"/>

==Legend==
According to the legend, both sage Agasthya and Vaali had wanted to consecrate a Shiva lingam here. Vaali brought a Kashilingam from Kashi. However, before he reached there, Agasthya had already built a Shiva lingam with sand and consecrated it. As a result, Vaali ended up consecrating his lingam across the river at Ayalur (Sriramasamuthiram) where the temple is known as Valeeswarar temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://karur.nic.in/tourism/places-of-interest/
* https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-karur/news/1567133
* [[:ta:திருமுக்கூடலூர் அகத்தீசுவரர் கோயில்]]
* https://lightuptemples.com/temple-detail/sri-agasthiswarar-anjanakshi-temple-karur/827 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201604/https://lightuptemples.com/temple-detail/sri-agasthiswarar-anjanakshi-temple-karur/827 |date=24 June 2021 }}

 

[[Category:Hindu temples in Karur district]]
[[Category:Karur]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Karur district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Aishwarya Rajinikanth

2026-02-20T16:38:02Z

IsraelGuinn0047: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian film director and playback singer (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aishwarya|Rajinikanth}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Rajinikanth
| image = Aishwarya Dhanush at a 43rd IFFI press conference.jpg
| caption = Aishwarya in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]] (now Chennai), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[playback singer]]}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dhanush]]|2004|2024|end=divorced}}
| children = 2
| father = [[Rajinikanth]]
| mother = [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Rajinikanth family|Rajinikanth family]]
| family = [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] (sister)
}}

'''Aishwarya Rajinikanth'''<ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=In Credits of Her Latest Song, Aishwarya Rajinikanth Doesn't Have Dhanush in Her Name |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-credits-of-her-latest-song-aishwarya-rajinikanth-doesnt-have-dhanush-in-her-name-4782977.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315120526/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-credits-of-her-latest-song-aishwarya-rajinikanth-doesnt-have-dhanush-in-her-name-4782977.html |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> (born 1 January 1982<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya is my lucky charm: Dhanush |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Aishwarya-is-my-lucky-charm-Dhanush/articleshow/11315160.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 July 2016 |date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822093729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Aishwarya-is-my-lucky-charm-Dhanush/articleshow/11315160.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya R. Dhanush to Release Autobiography 'Standing on an Apple Box' |agency=Press Trust of India |work=India West |date=23 March 2016 |access-date=29 July 2016 |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/aishwarya-r-dhanush-to-release-autobiography-standing-on-an-apple/article_2d80b0a2-f13f-11e5-9d5b-4fd92247963c.html |quote=The 34-year-old daughter of Rajinikanth |archive-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712162922/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/south_indian/aishwarya-r-dhanush-to-release-autobiography-standing-on-an-apple/article_2d80b0a2-f13f-11e5-9d5b-4fd92247963c.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>) is an Indian film director and playback singer who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. She is the elder daughter of actor [[Rajinikanth]] and playback singer [[Latha Rajinikanth]]. She made her feature film directorial debut with ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012).
[[Image:Master Classes by David Wonark, the Producer, Avy Kaufman, the American casting Director, Aiswarya Rajnikant, at the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012), in Panaji, Goa on November 23, 2012.jpg|right|thumb|Aishwarya Rajinikanth (center), [[David Womark]] (left), [[Avy Kaufman]] (right) at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[43rd International Film Festival of India|2012]]]]

==Early life==
Aishwarya was born to actor [[Rajinikanth]] and singer [[Latha Rangachari]].<ref name=TH090225>{{cite news |title=70 persons get Kalaimamani awards |date=25 February 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/25/stories/2009022554160400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130005942/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/25/stories/2009022554160400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref name=TH061012>{{cite news |title=Rajinikanth turns grandpa |date=12 October 2006 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/12/stories/2006101205680200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217100314/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/12/stories/2006101205680200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> She has a younger sister, [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Soundarya]], who works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] [[film industry]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |last=Muthalaly |first=Susan |title=Silken choices to color your hair |date=1 July 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103600200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718073906/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070103600200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
Aishwarya began her career in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] as a playback singer in the unreleased film ''Ramanaa'', directed by Parthy Bhaskar. The song was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] in November 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/03-11-00/rajini.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209114034/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/03-11-00/rajini.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2005 |title=dinakaran |date=9 February 2005}}</ref> Her first song to be released was "Natpe Natpe" from [[D. Imman]]'s soundtrack for ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' (2003), which she sang alongside the composer and actor [[Silambarasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2002/dec/28-12-02.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306222934/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2002/dec/28-12-02.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2005 |title=28-12-02 |date=6 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news02.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213010415/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/07122002/news02.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2003 |title=Hotnews - Rajini - K.S.Ravikumar together?, Rajini's daughter debuts as a singer with Silambarasan !, Vizil, Aditya, Sherin, Gayathri Raghuram, Music Director Imaan, Visil, Prashanth hunts for soulmate online!, Sridevi is all set to return! |date=13 December 2003}}</ref>

In August 2011, she announced that she would direct her husband, Dhanush, and [[Shruti Haasan]] in her first feature film titled ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''. The film was highly anticipated prior to its release, after the song "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]" from its soundtrack went viral and became an [[internet meme|internet phenomenon]]. The song was composed by her cousin [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. She appeared alongside the lead cast and composer in the making of the video. In July 2015, Aishwarya announced she will soon launch a YouTube channel under the banner of "Ten Entertainment" to exclusively promote original content and short films by aspiring filmmakers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aishwarya Dhanush to launch YouTube channel |url=http://www.ratingvilas.com/telugu/movies/news/aishwarya-rajnikanth-channel |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001035105/http://www.ratingvilas.com/telugu/movies/news/aishwarya-rajnikanth-channel |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

She was a judge on [[STAR Vijay]]'s dance competition ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]'' in its third season alongside actors [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] and [[Jeeva (actor)|Jeeva]].<ref>{{cite news |date=26 September 2008 |title=Serials |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650311400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927045600/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650311400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 April 2009}}</ref> She became a [[playback singer]] with the film ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' alongside [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]], which was then followed by the song "Un Mela Aasadhan" in the film ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'', for which she also worked as an assistant director.

In August 2016, Aishwarya was selected as India's [[goodwill ambassador]] for the [[UN Women]] organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwaryaa R Dhanush appointed UN Goodwill Ambassador |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-r-dhanush-un-women-s-advocate-for-gender-equality-and-women-empowerment-337881-2016-08-29 |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708035320/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/aishwarya-r-dhanush-un-women-s-advocate-for-gender-equality-and-women-empowerment-337881-2016-08-29 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Dance criticism ==
In March 2017, Aishwarya performed [[Bharatanatyam]], a style of [[Indian classical dance]], at the UN headquarters on [[International Women's Day]]. Her performance was criticized on social media by professional Bharatanatyam dancers,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwaryaa-dhanush-pathetic-bharatnatyam-performance-at-un-draws-criticism-4565328/ |title=Aishwaryaa Dhanush's 'pathetic' Bharatnatyam performance at UN draws criticism |date=11 March 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708035348/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aishwaryaa-dhanush-pathetic-bharatnatyam-performance-at-un-draws-criticism-4565328/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rajinikanths-daughter-aishwaryaa-dhanushs-bharatanatyam-performance-at-un-criticized-1668584 |title=Rajinikanth's Daughter Aishwaryaa Dhanush's Bharatanatyam Performance At UN Criticized |publisher=NDTV |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315164216/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/rajinikanths-daughter-aishwaryaa-dhanushs-bharatanatyam-performance-at-un-criticized-1668584 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aishwarya-dhanush-performs-bharatanatyam-at-the-un-but-not-all-are-impressed/story-xmJtN0TrMcNAFCx2feq4wM.html |title=Aishwarya Dhanush performed "Bharatanatyam" at the UN, but not all were impressed |date=11 March 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315090201/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aishwarya-dhanush-performs-bharatanatyam-at-the-un-but-not-all-are-impressed/story-xmJtN0TrMcNAFCx2feq4wM.html |url-status=live}}</ref> with popular Indian dancer [[Anita Ratnam]] writing on Aishwarya's Facebook that "This is what Bharatanatyam becomes... A caricature and a farce!".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anita-ratnam-slams-aishwaryaa-dhanushs-bharatnatyam/articleshow/57590742.cms |title=Anita Ratnam slams Aishwaryaa Dhanush's Bharatnatyam! |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 March 2017 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708035320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anita-ratnam-slams-aishwaryaa-dhanushs-bharatnatyam/articleshow/57590742.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 18 November 2004, Aishwarya married actor [[Dhanush]], with whom she has two sons, born in 2006 and 2010.<ref name=":0" /> The couple announced their separation through their respective social media handles on 17 January 2022.<ref name="Dhanush and his wife Aishwaryaa Rajinikanth part ways after 18 years of togetherness">{{cite news |date=17 January 2022 |title=Dhanush and his wife Aishwaryaa Rajinikanth part ways after 18 years of togetherness |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhanush-parts-ways-from-his-wife-aishwarya-rajnikanth/articleshow/88959139.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117183807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dhanush-parts-ways-from-his-wife-aishwarya-rajnikanth/articleshow/88959139.cms |archive-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> In April 2024, they filed for divorce,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=After two years of separation, Dhanush, Aishwarya Rajinikanth file for divorce |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dhanush-aishwarya-rajinikanth-file-for-divorce-1.9472292 |access-date=9 April 2024 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708035322/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dhanush-aishwarya-rajinikanth-file-for-divorce-1.9472292 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was finalised that November.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=PTI |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=2024-11-28 |title=Family court grants divorce to actor Dhanush and filmmaker Aishwarya Rajinikanth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/family-court-grants-divorce-to-actor-dhanush-and-aishwarya-rajinikanth/article68921545.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129022406/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/family-court-grants-divorce-to-actor-dhanush-and-aishwarya-rajinikanth/article68921545.ece |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> In December 2016, Aishwarya Rajinikanth released her own memoir ''Standing on An Apple Box: The Story of A Girl Among the Stars.''<ref>[http://www.vowelor.com/book/standing-on-an-apple-box-aishwaryaa-rajinikanth-review/ "Standing on An Apple Box: The Story of A Girl Among the Stars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222153729/http://www.vowelor.com/book/standing-on-an-apple-box-aishwaryaa-rajinikanth-review/ |date=22 December 2016 }} by Aishwarya R. Dhanush</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
=== As film director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref..
|-
| 2012 || ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''|| ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]''|| ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Cinema Veeran]]''|| Documentary ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/cinema-veeran-rajnikanth-aishwarya-dhanush-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-a-documentary-310589-2016-02-25 |title=Cinema Veeran: Rajinikanth, Aishwarya Dhanush and AR Rahman join hands for a documentary |date=25 February 2016 |website=India Today |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160922/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/cinema-veeran-rajnikanth-aishwarya-dhanush-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-a-documentary-310589-2016-02-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Lal Salaam (2024 film)|Lal Salaam]]''|| ||
|}

;As dubbing artist
*''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' (2010) for [[Reema Sen]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/aishwarya-dhanush-does-dubbing-for-reema/articleshow/4505668.cms |title=Aishwarya Dhanush does dubbing for Reema |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708035320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/aishwarya-dhanush-does-dubbing-for-reema/articleshow/4505668.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Song !! Co-singer(s)
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || "Natpae Natpae" || [[Silambarasan]], [[D. Imman]], Uma Mahesh, Roopa Venkat ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || "Un Mela Aasadhan" || [[Dhanush]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Rajinikanth]]

Matthew Gray (governor of Bombay)

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{{Short description|Governor of Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''Matthew Gray''' was the Deputy [[Governor of Bombay]] from 14 July 1669 to 7 June 1672.
==References==
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gray, Matthew}}
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:17th-century diplomats]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{UK-diplomat-stub}}

AIR National

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{{For|the New Zealander airline|Air National}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox radio station
| country = IN
| name = AIR National
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| caption =
| city =
| area = India
| branding =
| frequency = 1566 kHz
| translator =
| repeater =
| airdate = 1988/05/18
| last_airdate = 2019/01/03
| format = Music & News Radio
| language = Hindi & English
| power = 500 kW
| erp =
| haat = 191.6 M
| class =
| facility_id =
| coordinates =
| callsign_meaning =
| former_callsigns =
| former_frequencies =
| affiliations =
| operator = AIR Nagpur &
AIR Delhi
| owner = [[All India Radio]]
| licensee =
| sister_stations = *[[Vividh Bharati]]
*[[AIR FM Gold]]
*[[AIR FM Rainbow]]
*[[Raagam (Radio channel)|Raagam]]
| webcast =
| website = http://allindiaradio.gov.in
}}

'''AIR National''' was an Indian radio station. It was run by [[All India Radio]]. Programming is mainly in Hindi and English languages. These programmes emphasize [[entertainment]], music and news. The channel is designed to represent India's cultural [[mosaic]] and ethos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News on AIR – News Services Division, All India Radio News |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref>

The programmes of National Channel are broadcast by a one [[Watt|megawatt]] transmitter from Nagpur, Kolkata, Delhi, [[Bangalore]], and [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/homepage-air/ | title=Homepage AIR | Prasar Bharati }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:All India Radio]]

Gidhaur, Bihar

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gidhaur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Small Town
| image_skyline = Minto Tower(Gidhaur).jpg
| mapsize = 50px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Minto Tower
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.857941|N|86.300369|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Angika]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Munger division|Munger]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_ft = 85
| population_total = 9,353
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Gidhauriya
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Angika]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 811305
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06345
| registration_plate = BR46
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 910/1000(2011) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jhajha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhajha]]
| website = [http://www.gidhaur.com]
| News website = 
}}

'''Gidhaur''' (also known as '''Patsanda''') is a small town in the [[Jamui District]] of [[Bihar]]. In the early-modern period, it was the centre of the [[Gidhaur chieftaincy]].

==History==
Raja Bir Bikram Shah who belonged to [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajput]] Dynasty founded this princely state in 1262 AD, after defeating the local leader Nagoria.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ansari|first=Tahir Hussain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|date=2019-06-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-65152-2}}</ref> From here he started to expand his kingdom. He was the younger brother of Raja of Bardi From [[Singrauli]]. The Chandel Rajput rulers ruled over Gidhaur for more than six centuries. Raja Puran Mal, ninth in descent of this dynasty is said to have built the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Dham temple]] at [[Deoghar]] in 1596.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deoghar history|url=https://deoghar.nic.in/history/}}</ref>

==Geography==
Gidhaur is located at the bank of river [[Ulai]], 167 kilometres south-east of state capital, [[Patna]]. It is situated at ({{coord|24|52|0|N|86|19|0|E|type:city|display=inline}}) about 19 kilometers east from the district headquarters Jamui.

Ulai is a monsoon river which flows parallel to the town and makes southern-western boundary. There are two hill Seva-Pahar and Bandhora-pahar in the direction of north and south of town.

The population is equally distributed around Minto tower. The town can be divided into eastern part (Jhajha side) and western side (Jamui side) in a way to categorize different local positions.

==Demographics==
The Patsanda village has a population of 9353, of which 4897 are males and 4456 are females, as per Population Census 2011. In Patsanda village population of children with age 0–6 is 1617 which makes up 17.29% of total population of village. The average sex ratio of Patsanda village is 910, which is lower than the Bihar state average of 918. The child sex ratio for the Patsanda as per census is 1011, higher than the Bihar average of 935. Patsanda village has a higher literacy rate than Bihar. In 2011, the literacy rate of Patsanda village was 67.72% compared to 61.80% in Bihar. In Patsanda the male literacy was 79.53% while the female literacy rate was 54.46%.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patsanda|first1=Overview|title=Demographics|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/259066-patsanda-bihar.html|website=Census 2011|accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

===Adjacent boundaries===
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gidhaur (Patsanda)
|North = Sewa
|Northeast = Gidhaur railway station
|East = Banjhulia
|Southeast = Chhatarpur, Gangara
|South = Bandhaura
|Southwest = Dhobghat
|West = Kumardih
|Northwest = Mahuli
}}

==Gidhaur Block==
The geographical area of Gidhaur Block is 71.11 km2. Its population was 60,670 according to the census of 2011. There are twenty villages in Gidhaur block.

{|
|
*Bandhaura
*Gangra
*Kharhua
*Mahuli
*Ratanpur
|width="10px"| 
|
*Banjhulia
*Genadih
*Kolhua
*Maura
*Sansarpur
|width="10px"| 
|
*Chhatarpur
*Guguldih
*Kumardih
*Nayagaon
*Sewa

|width="05px"| 
|
*Dhobghat
*Ketru Nawada
*Kundhur
*Patsanda
*Simaria
*Tardih
*Sohjana
|}

==Economy==
All the business premises are located in Gidhaur Bazaar centered around Minto tower. Earlier Local business shops were mainly in Tower chowk but now it is widely distributed. Most of the people depend on agriculture and small scale business for their livelihood.

==Transportation==

===Rail===
[[File:Gidhaur railway station.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Gidhaur railway station]]]]

Gidhaur lies on the [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Howrah–Delhi main line]] section of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] of [[Danapur railway division|Danapur Division]] The [[Gidhaur railway station]] (station code: GHR) is 2 kilometers away from the center of town. Presently, ten express train and eight passenger train stops here. The railway station can be reached by auto-rickshaw and tumtum (horse-cart). Jhajha, a major railway station, connects Gidhaur to across the country.

===Road===

State Highway SH-18 passes through Gidhaur main market alongside Minto tower, connecting it to district headquarters Jamui and nearby major railway station Jhajha. The condition of the road has dramatically improved in last 5 years.

Ulai river bridge connects southern smaller villages to the town.

===Air===
There is a small helipad at Surendra Singh stadium which is used to land small helicopters.

==Climate==
Gidhaur has a [[humid subtropical climate]] with extremely hot summers from late March to early June, the [[monsoon]] season from late June to late September and a mild winter from November to February. In summer, Temperature rises to 45 °C and in winter It goes down to 5 °C. The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.
{{Clear}}
{{Weather box|collapsed =
|location = Gidhaur
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 23
|Feb high C = 26.1
|Mar high C = 32.4
|Apr high C = 37.4
|May high C = 38.4
|Jun high C = 36.7
|Jul high C = 32.9
|Aug high C = 32.5
|Sep high C = 32.2
|Oct high C = 31.7
|Nov high C = 28.9
|Dec high C = 24.6

|Jan low C = 9.3
|Feb low C = 11.6
|Mar low C = 16.4
|Apr low C = 22.1
|May low C = 25.1
|Jun low C = 26.7
|Jul low C = 26.1
|Aug low C = 26.1
|Sep low C = 25.3
|Oct low C = 21.6
|Nov low C = 14.8
|Dec low C = 10.1

|Jan precipitation mm = 20.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 11.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 11.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 9
|May precipitation mm = 35.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 141
|Jul precipitation mm = 319.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 279.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 212.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 72.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 8.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 7.4

|source 1 = worldweather.org<ref name=weatherbox>{{cite web
| url = http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00534.htm | title =Climatological Information for Patna|accessdate=31 July 2013 | publisher =World Weather}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
Total population of Gidhaur town is 7453 according to census of 2011. The male population is 4013 and the female population is 3440.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.populationofindia.co.in/bihar/jamui/gidhaur/.patsanda|title=Population of Patsanda Village, Gidhaur, Bihar|work=populationofindia.co.in|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Culture==

===Festivals===
[[File:Gidhaur Durga.jpg|thumb|120px|left|alt=A|[[Durga|Durga Maa]]]]
Durga-puja of Gidhaur is very famous. It is celebrated with much fun-fare and religious way.
A folk-line related to Durga-puja of Gidhaur is ''Kali hai kalkatte ki, Durga hai patsande ki'', describes the popularity of it. Thousands of people visit Durga mandir in Navratri.

Laxmi Puja is celebrated after the fifth day of Dasami (the last day of Navratri). A month-long [[mela]] is held adjacent to Durga mandir to facilitate rural entertainment. A large variety of trees are sold, making this festival very environmentally friendly.

In addition to it, Holi, Diwali, Chhath puja, Eid, Muharram, and Ramnavmi are widely celebrated.

==Sports==
[[File:Gidhaur stadium.jpg|thumb|180px|Gidhaur stadium]]
Football is very popular and is played daily in Kumar Surendra Singh Stadium. Every year a major football tournament is organised. Cricket is also played by most children. There is a regional center of sports authority of India, where sportspersons train for athletics, volleyball, basketball, football etc.

Maharaja of Gidhaur Chandrachud Singh was a member of Bihar cricket team in one-day match played at Keenan Stadium Jamshedpur against English team Lord Tennyson's XI on 29 December 1937.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/136/136188.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Major public places==
It is one of the few towns of district Jamui where basic governmental facilities like hospital, higher secondary school, public library, post office, police station, block office, stadium, and town hall are available.

===Religious sites===
* Budanath mandir
* Kali maa mandir
* Panchmandir
* Mosque
* Durga mandir
* Hanuman mandir
* Macchendranath Hill
* Ratanpur Hill (Ratan Garh)
* Braham Baba, Sewa
* Kokilchand Baba, Gangra

==Notable inhabitants==

* Maharaja Bahadur Pratap Singhji (1935–2012) Former member of parliament, Banka (Bihar)
*[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]], (1955–2010) Ex-Union Minister
*[[Putul Kumari]], Ex-MP Banka (W/o Digvijay Singh)
*[[Shreyasi Singh]], Indian double trap shooter, gold medal winner, Member of Legislative Assembly, Jamui-241 (Bihar)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gidhaur}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071024212926/http://jamui.bih.nic.in/d_sites.htm Bihar government information]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212032622/http://www.indian-wildlife.com/other-wildlife-sanctuaries.htm Bird sanctuaries]
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/g/gidhaur.html Brief genealogy of the Gidhaur Maharajas]

*[https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no42643.htm Book containing information about Gidhaur Estate]

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Jamui district}}
{{Munger Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jamui district]]

Jacobin pigeon

2026-02-05T07:01:14Z

IsraelGuinn0047: formatting fix

{{Short description|Breed of pigeon}}
{{Infobox Pigeonbreed
| name = Jacobin
| image = A Jacobin Pigeon.JPG
| imagecaption =A Jacobin pigeon
| status = Common
| altname =
| country = India
| nickname =
| augroup = Asian feather and voice pigeons
| usgroup = Fancy pigeons
| eegroup = Structure pigeons
| extinct =
| crest =
| feather =The head ornament is a combination of three parts known as the hood, mane and chain.
| note =A popular exhibition breed.
}}
The '''Jacobin''' is a [[breed]] of [[fancy pigeon]] developed over many years of [[selective breeding]] that originated in [[Asia]].<ref name="Levi">{{cite book |last=Levi |first=Wendell |title= The Pigeon|year= 1977|publisher= Levi Publishing Co, Inc|location= Sumter, S.C.|isbn=0-85390-013-2 }}</ref> Jacobins, along with other varieties of [[Domestic pigeon|domesticated pigeons]], are all descendants of the [[rock pigeon]] (''Columba livia''). It is in the Asian feather and voice pigeon show group.
The breed is known for its feathered hood over its head.<ref>Seymour, Rev. Colin (Ed)(2006) ''Australian Fancy Pigeons National Book of Standards''.</ref>

The breed name comes from the feather arrangements on their heads (known as a muff or cowl) that look similar to the hoods that [[Jacobins (religious order)|Jacobin]] monks wore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke's Backyard |title=The Jacobin Pigeon: Breed Guide |url=https://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/fact-sheets/pets/pet-road-tests/birds/jacobin-pigeon/#:~:text=Jacobins%20cost%20from%20%2450%20to,since%201949%20arrived%20in%201991.}}</ref>

It is an unusual and popular pigeon. It can be found on the cover of ''Extraordinary Pigeons''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green-Armytage |first=Stephen |title=Extraordinary Pigeons |publisher=Harry N. Abrams Inc. |year=2003 |isbn=9780810946309 |edition=1st |location=China |pages=cover, & 62-62 |language=English}}</ref> and the [[American Pigeon Journal]] devoted an entire issue to the breed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hollmann |title=American Pigeon Journal 1986 May |url=https://pigeoncote.com/books/apj1970/apj5.html |journal=[[American Pigeon Journal]] |volume=1986 |issue=May}}</ref>

== Origin and habitat ==
Jacobin Pigeons originated in [[India]], but have evolved after many years of [[selective breeding]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/fact-sheets/pets/pet-road-tests/birds/jacobin-pigeon/|title=Jacobin Pigeon|first=Don|last=Burke|date=September 19, 2013|website=Burke's Backyard}}</ref> The breed started in India in the 1500s but has since evolved into the Jacob we know today. Explorers brought the breed to Europe in the 16th century.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pigeonask.com/|title=Pigeon Ask | We Answer Your Pigeon Cooeries!|date=September 5, 2021}}</ref> A distinguishing factor commonly associated with this breed of bird is the feathered hood covering its head, this is a [[genetic mutation]]. This breed, along with a few others has evolved from the [[Wild Rock Pigeon]] or the "feral pigeon".<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=https://www.roysfarm.com/jacobin-pigeon/#:~:text=Jacobin%20Pigeons%20come%20in%20a,red%2C%20yellow%2C%20and%20silver. |title=Jacobin Pigeon: Characteristics & Best 23 Facts |website=roysfarm.com |date=October 14, 2023}}</ref> The Jacobin Pigeon gained its name through the Jacobin order of [[Monk]]s, present in the year 1100 who were also known for their distinct hoods and practices.<ref name="auto3"/> This breed's lifespan is around 15 years and is not for beginner bird keepers. Their habitat often includes a self-built flimsy nest found in tall trees or buildings, as they adapt quite well to human development.

== Appearance ==
The Jacobin Pigeon is a medium-sized pigeon not as robust as a racing pigeon. Hidden behind the feathers is a slender lanky body. Colors can vary in this species, ranging from white, black, blue, red, yellow, and silver.<ref name="auto3"/> Over its head, there is a distinct muff or [[cowl]] of fluffed feathers that form in the shape of a rosette surrounding the pigeon's head. The hood stands around 5 inches around the skull of the animal. The bird grows to around 14 inches and weighs about 350 grams.<ref name="auto"/> While the body and head are covered in feathers, the legs are bare.<ref name="auto"/> It is extremely hard to tell the difference between male and female Jacobin Pigeons just based on their color and appearance. As they are almost identical in markings and colors, only a trained eye can easily determine the gender of adult pigeons solely based on appearance. The male pigeon tends to have a thicker head and wider neck, looking more [[robust]] than a female of the same species. A juvenile Jacobin Pigeon will have paler feathering than the adults and will not have developed a robust neckband of feathers.<ref name="auto2"/>
=== Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jacobin Pigeon.jpg|Black Splash
Jacobine_pigeon_black_NPA_National_2026_01_23.png|Black
Jacobine_pigeon_red_NPA_National_2026.png|Red splash
File:Jacobin(red).jpg|Red
File:Jacobin Pigeon (18899979605).jpg|Head View
File:Schachtzabel 1906 Tafel 55.jpg|Schachtzabel 1906 Tafel 55
</gallery>

== Mating ==
Jacobin Pigeons have a unique way of [[reproduction]]. When bred in [[captivity]], the hood is trimmed to prevent it from interfering with mating. Generally, Jacobins should have found a mate by late July. When hens are ready to lay eggs, they lay one egg and then wait one day before laying the next. Often [[Foster care|foster]] parents are used for this breed, Jacobin breeding has led to a short beak which makes feeding chicks much harder.<ref name="auto3"/> Homer Pigeons are often used as the foster parents for the Jacobins. Once the Jacobins have found a mate, it is crucial to keep them away from other birds. Male Jacobins choose their mate by circling a female on the ground and inflating his neck feathers. The males are often very aggressive to other males who could cause a threat. The birds will fight until one or the other "wins" and take over the space as well as the female.

== Diet ==
They get the [[majority]] of their hydration from standing water.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.crittersquad.com/fact-sheets/jacobin-pigeon-fact-sheet/|title=Jacobin Pigeon Fact Sheet|website=C.S.W.D}}</ref> Pigeons can actually drink from standing water just by dipping their beak into the water, they do not have to tip their head back to swallow like other birds.<ref name="auto1"/> When kept in captivity, it is easier to regulate what the Pigeons are eating. They can be fed regular store-bought pigeon food. Adding wheat and legumes is popular when providing the birds with their diet, mixing this with pigeon feed is important. While Pigeon feed is not a great feed to give alone, it provides necessary vitamins and minerals to the pigeon.<ref name="auto"/>

== See also ==
*[[List of pigeon breeds]]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Pigeon_Journal_1960_12.pdf American Pigeon Journal 1960 Dec.]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Levi |first=Wendell |title= Encyclopedia of Pigeon Breeds|page=195|year= 1965|publisher= Levi Publishing Co, Inc|location= Sumter, S.C.|isbn=0-910876-02-9}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Pigeon breeds originating in India]]

Amaravathiputhur

2026-02-01T14:14:44Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up article...

{{Orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amaravathipudur
| other_name = A.Pudur, Pudur
| nickname = Amaravathiputhur
| settlement_type = [[Suburban]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in South Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.021881|78.767536|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation|Karaikudi City Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 77
| population_total = 9221
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 630301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04565
| registration_plate = TN63Z
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amaravathipudur''' is situated in the southern part of [[Karaikudi Municipal Corporation]] in the [[Sivaganga District]] which is 7 km from the center of the [[Karaikudi]] City. This village panchayat has a total of 7 panchayat constituencies. 7 Panchayat Council members are elected from these. According to the 2011 India census, the total population in Amaravathipudur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaravathipudur SO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Amaravathipudur SO locality of Tamil Nadu - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/sivaganga/amaravathipudur-so |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> is 9,221. Among them 4,475 females and 4,746 males. It has 9 wards in total.<ref>{{cite news |title=Village Administration |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-amaravathiputhur-228187 |access-date=28 December 2023 |agency=localbodydata.com |issue=website |publisher=localbodydata.com |ref=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Battalion Camp has been set up here by Former Union Finance Minister P.Chidambaram<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sushilkumar-shinde-and-pchidambaram-inaugurate-cisf-camp-near-karaikudi/article4843739.ece | title=Sushilkumar Shinde and P.Chidambaram inaugurate CISF camp near Karaikudi | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Sankarapathi Fort==

Sankarapathi Fort is located in the northern entrance of this village on the western side of National Highway NH536.
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/features/present-condition-of-historical-sankarapathi-fort | title=மருது சகோதரர்கள் கால்பதித்த சங்கரபதிக் கோட்டை! சிதலமடைந்த அவலநிலையில் சேதுபதி காலத்து வரலாற்று இடம் | date=9 June 2023 }}</ref> which is more than 200 years old.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Karaikudi]]

{{Sivaganga-geo-stub}}

Kerala State Film Award for Best Director

2026-02-01T04:57:07Z

IsraelGuinn0047: New a article

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox film award
| name = Kerala State Film Award for Best Director
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Recent winner : [[Chidambaram S. Poduval]] for the Movie, ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Malayalam cinema]]
| awarded_for = Award for excellence in direction
| sponsor = [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
| firstawarded = 1969
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Chidambaram S. Poduval]] (''[[Manjummel Boys]]'')
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 54
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[A. Vincent]] ( ''[[Nadhi (film)|Nadhi]]'' )
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Kerala State Film Award for Best Director''' is an honour presented annually at the [[Kerala State Film Awards]] of India since 1969. It is given to a film director who has exhibited outstanding direction while working in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. Until 1997, the awards were managed directly by the Department of Cultural Affairs of the [[Government of Kerala]]. Since 1998, the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], an autonomous non-profit organisation functioning under the Department of Cultural Affairs, has been exercising control over the awards.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_BkAAAAMAAJ |title=Festival Book |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |year=2004 |page=8}}</ref> The recipients are decided by an independent jury formed by the academy.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xQwAQAAIAAJ |title=India Today International |publisher=[[Living Media]] India Limited |year=1999 |page=52}}</ref> They are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sweta-menon-s-daughter-hogs-limelight-at-state-film-awards-imagegallery-malayalam-mlhkPcffjegsi.html |title=Sweta Menon's daughter hogs limelight at State Film Awards |website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102121613/http://www.sify.com/movies/sweta-menon-s-daughter-hogs-limelight-at-state-film-awards-imagegallery-malayalam-mlhkPcffjegsi.html |archive-date=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>

The first Kerala State Film Awards ceremony was held in 1970 with cinematographer-director [[A. Vincent]] receiving the Best Director award for his work in ''[[Nadhi (film)|Nadhi]]'' (1969).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC|title=Cultural Heritage of Kerala|publisher=[[DC Books]]|year=2008|isbn=978-81-264-1903-6|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|page=54|access-date=4 May 2017|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024131449/https://books.google.com/books?id=R7QNGkZKc5wC|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, the Government of Kerala has presented a total of 50 best director awards to 25 different filmmakers. The recipients receive a figurine, a certificate, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|2|l||lk=r}}.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/cabinet-amends-norms-governing-state-film-awards/article7203975.ece |title=Cabinet amends norms governing State film awards |date=14 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411144951/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/cabinet-amends-norms-governing-state-film-awards/article7203975.ece |archive-date=11 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2019 was 68.53 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/rupee-vs-dollar-currency-exchange-march-22-2019-rupee-strengthens-against-us-dollar-inr-vs-usd-2011295|title=Rupee Rises Against Dollar, Set To Finish Week Higher: 10 Things To Know|publisher=NDTV|date=22 March 2019|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514192408/https://www.ndtv.com/business/rupee-vs-dollar-currency-exchange-march-22-2019-rupee-strengthens-against-us-dollar-inr-vs-usd-2011295|url-status=live}}</ref>|name=exhange2019}}

[[G. Aravindan]] is the most frequent winner in this category with seven awards. He is followed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] (six awards), [[Shyamaprasad]] (five awards), [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] (four awards) and [[Blessy]] (three awards). As of 2023, five directors{{mdash}}[[Shaji N. Karun]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[T. V. Chandran]], [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]{{mdash}} have won the award twice in their careers. The academy did not present the award at the 2002 ceremony.<ref name=nota>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Bhavam-adjudged-best-Malayalam-film-of-2002/articleshow/42894474.cms|title=Bhavam adjudged best Malayalam film of 2002|work=The Times of India|date=9 April 2003|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205050505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Bhavam-adjudged-best-Malayalam-film-of-2002/articleshow/42894474.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vidhu Vincent]] was the first female director to win the award in 2016, for her debut film ''[[Manhole (2016 film)|Manhole]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-awards-2016-winner-list-964427-2017-03-07|title=Kerala State Awards 2016: Vinayakan bags Best Actor, Vidhu Vincent wins Best Director|work=India Today|date=7 March 2017|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509084457/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-awards-2016-winner-list-964427-2017-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The most recent recipient was [[Chidambaram S. Poduval]], who received the award for his film ''Manjummel Boys'' in 2024.

== Winners ==

[[File:DirectorAdoor.jpg|alt=An image of Adoor Gopalakrishnan.|thumbnail|upright|Adoor Gopalakrishnan and Aravindan has won the award six times.]]
[[File:Vidhu Vincent IMG 9503.jpg|alt=An image of Vidhu Vincent.|thumbnail|upright|Vidhu Vincent is the only woman to receive the award.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of award recipients, showing the year and film(s)
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1969
! scope="row" | {{Sort|Vincent|[[A. Vincent]]}}
|''[[Nadhi (film)|Nadhi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-nadhi-1969/article3591714.ece |title=Old is Gold: Nadhi (1969) |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=1 July 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505160056/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/old-is-gold-nadhi-1969/article3591714.ece |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1970
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sethumadhavan|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]}}
|''[[Aranazhika Neram]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ARANAZHIKANERAM-1970/article16210195.ece |title=Aranazhikaneram (1970) |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=26 July 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505161427/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/ARANAZHIKANERAM-1970/article16210195.ece |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1971
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sethumadhavan|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]}}
|''[[Karakanakadal]]''
|<ref name="1969-80">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |title=State Film Awards (1969–80) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1972
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sethumadhavan|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]}}
|''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1973
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Nair|[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]}}
|''[[Nirmaalyam]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1974
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Uttarayanam]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1975
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Backer|[[P. A. Backer]]}}
|''[[Kabani Nadi Chuvannappol]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1976
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Rajeevnath|[[T. Rajeevnath]]}}
|''[[Thanal (1978 film)|Thanal]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1977
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Kodiyettam]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1978
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Thampu]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1979
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Esthappan]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1980
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sethumadhavan|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]}}
|''[[Oppol]]''
|<ref name="1969-80" />
|-
|1981
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Pokkuveyil]]''
|<ref name="1981-90">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |title=State Film Awards (1981–90) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1982
! scope="row" |[[Bharathan]]
|''[[Marmaram]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1983
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Fazil|[[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]}}
|''[[Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1984
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Mukhamukham]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1985
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Chidambaram (film)|Chidambaram]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1986
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Oridathu]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1987
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Anantaram]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1988
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Kumaran|[[K. P. Kumaran]]}}
|''[[Rugmini]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1989
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sasi|[[I. V. Sasi]]}}
|''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1990
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Aravindan|[[G. Aravindan]]}}
|''[[Vasthuhara]]''
|<ref name="1981-90" />
|-
|1991
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Kamal|[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]}}
|''[[Ulladakkam]]''
|<ref name="1991-99">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |title=State Film Awards (1991–99) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1992
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Hariharan|[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]}}
|''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1993
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Vidheyan]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1994
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Karun|[[Shaji N. Karun]]}}
|''[[Swaham]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1995
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Kathapurushan]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1996
! scope="row" |[[Jayaraj]]
|''[[Desadanam]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1997
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Chandran|[[T. V. Chandran]]}}
|''[[Mangamma (film)|Mangamma]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1998
! scope="row" |[[Shyamaprasad]]
|''[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|1999
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Karun|[[Shaji N. Karun]]}}
|''[[Vanaprastham]]''
|<ref name="1991-99" />
|-
|2000
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Nair|[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]}}
|''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''
|<ref name="2000-12">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |title=State Film Awards (2000–12) |publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2001
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Chandran|[[T. V. Chandran]]}}
|''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2002
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | No winner
|<ref name=nota/>
|-
|2003
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Malayil|[[Sibi Malayil]]}}
|''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2004
! scope="row" |[[Shyamaprasad]]
|''[[Akale]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2005
! scope="row" |[[Blessy]]
|''[[Thanmathra]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2006
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Rajendran|[[Lenin Rajendran]]}}
|''[[Rathri Mazha]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2007
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sasi|[[M. G. Sasi]]}}
|''[[Atayalangal]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2008
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Gopalakrishnan|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]}}
|''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2009
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Hariharan|[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]}}
|''[[Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2010
! scope="row" |[[Shyamaprasad]]
|''[[Elektra (2010 film)|Elektra]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2011
! scope="row" |[[Blessy]]
|''[[Pranayam (2011 film)|Pranayam]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2012
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Jose|[[Lal Jose]]}}
|''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''
|<ref name="2000-12" />
|-
|2013
! scope="row" |[[Shyamaprasad]]
|''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/portrait-of-the-director/article5942998.ece |title=Portrait of the director |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=24 April 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505155139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/portrait-of-the-director/article5942998.ece |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Sasidharan|[[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]}}
|''[[Oraalppokkam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/04/sexy-durga-wins-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-the-rotterdam-film-festival-hivos-tiger-prize-1566925.html |title=Sexy Durga wins Sanal Kumar Sasidharan the Rotterdam Film Festival Hivos Tiger Prize |date=4 February 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505155348/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/feb/04/sexy-durga-wins-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-the-rotterdam-film-festival-hivos-tiger-prize-1566925.html |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2015
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Prakkat|[[Martin Prakkat]]}}
|''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/charlie-stars-dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-shine-at-state-film-awards-night-3085593/ |title=Charlie stars Dulquer Salmaan, Parvathy shine at state film awards' night |date=16 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505155604/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/charlie-stars-dulquer-salmaan-parvathy-shine-at-state-film-awards-night-3085593/ |archive-date=5 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2016
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Vincent|[[Vidhu Vincent]]}}
|''[[Manhole (2016 film)|Manhole]]''
|<ref name="Vidhu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vidhu-vincent-bags-best-director-award-for-manhole/article17423465.ece |title=Vidhu Vincent bags best director award for 'Manhole' |date=7 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504061517/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vidhu-vincent-bags-best-director-award-for-manhole/article17423465.ece |archive-date=4 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Pellissery|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]}}
|''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-indrans-and-lijo-jose-win-big-kerala-state-film-awards-2017-77624 |title=Parvathy, Indrans and Lijo Jose win big at Kerala State Film Awards 2017 |date=8 March 2018 |work=The News Minute |access-date=8 March 2018 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301120054/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-indrans-and-lijo-jose-win-big-kerala-state-film-awards-2017-77624 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
! scope="row" |[[Shyamaprasad]]
|''[[Oru Njayarazhcha]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-kanthan-the-lover-of-colour-wins-best-film-jayasurya-is-best-actor-2050369.html |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019: Kanthan–The Lover of Colour Wins Best Film, Jayasurya is Best Actor |date=28 February 2019 |website=CNN-News18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135905/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-kanthan-the-lover-of-colour-wins-best-film-jayasurya-is-best-actor-2050369.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
! scope="row" |{{Sort|Pellissery|[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]}}
|[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|''Jellikkettu'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=മികച്ച നടൻ സുരാജ്, നടി കനി, സ്വഭാവ നടൻ ഫഹദ്, ലിജോ സംവിധായകൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/13/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-winners-list.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013204651/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/10/13/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-winners-list.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row" |[[Sidhartha Siva]]
|''Ennivar''
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/specials/kerala-state-film-awards-2020/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-best-movie-actor-actress-nominations-director-1.6091992 |title=ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഇന്ത്യന്‍ കിച്ചണ്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം, നടന്‍ ജയസൂര്യ,നടി അന്ന ബെന്‍ |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=Mathrubhumi News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2021
! scope="row" |[[Dileesh Pothan]]
|[[Joji (film)|Joji]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.R |first=Praveen |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Experimental cinema wins big at 52nd Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experimental-cinema-wins-big-at-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards/article65467180.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112162733/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/experimental-cinema-wins-big-at-52nd-kerala-state-film-awards/article65467180.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row" |[[Mahesh Narayan]]
|''[[Ariyippu]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.html|title=മമ്മൂട്ടി നടൻ, വിൻസി നടി, മഹേഷ് നാരായണൻ സംവിധായകൻ: അവാർഡുകൾ വാരിക്കൂട്ടി 'ന്നാ താൻ കേസ് കൊട്' - Kerala Film Awards|date=21 July 2023|access-date=21 July 2023|work=Manorma Online News|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721101814/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-2022-winners-list.amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-best-film-mammootty-vincy-aloshious-mahesh-narayanan-8851060|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam named Best Film; Mammootty, Vincy Aloshious, Mahesh Narayanan bag top honours |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" |[[Blessy]]
|''[[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list-aadujeevitham-wins-big-prithviraj-urvashi-beena-chandran-take-top-honours-9517307/lite/|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2024 winners list: Aadujeevitham wins big; Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena Chandran take top honours}}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row" |[[Chidambaram S. Poduval]]
|''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-list-of-winners-live.html|title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025: Mammootty Best Actor, Shamla Hamza Best Actress, 'Manjummel Boys' is Best Film|work=OnlineManorama.com}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722074426/http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm PRD, Govt. of Kerala: Awardees List]

{{Kerala State film Award}}

{{featured list}}
[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]

The Oath of the Vayuputras

2026-01-16T05:20:11Z

IsraelGuinn0047: stub.

{{short description|2013 novel by Amish Tripathi}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = The Oath of the Vayuputras
| image = The Oath of the Vayuputras.jpg
| alt = Shiva shooting an arrow in front of a background showing fire burning through a battlefield
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]
| cover_artist = Rashmi Pusalkar
| country = India
| language = English
| series = Shiva trilogy
| subject = [[Shiva]], [[Myth]], [[Fantasy]]
| genre = Fiction
| publisher = [[Westland Press]]
| release_date = 27 February 2013
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 565
| isbn = 9789382618348
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = [[The Secret of the Nagas]]
}}
'''''The Oath of the Vayuputras''''' is the third book of [[Amish Tripathi]], third book of Amishverse, and also the third book of [[Shiva Trilogy]]. The book was released on 27 February 2013, through Westland Press and completes the mythical story about an imaginary land [[Meluhha|Meluha]] and how its inhabitants were saved by a barbarian named Shiva. Starting from where the previous installment left off, Shiva discovers what is the true evil in ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''. Shiva then declares a holy war on those who seek to continue to use it, mainly the Emperors Daksha and Dilipa, who are being controlled by the sage Bhrigu. The battle rages on and Shiva travels to the land of Pariha to consult with Vayuputras, a legendary tribe. By the time he returns, the war has ended with Sati, his wife, being murdered. An enraged Shiva destroys the capital of Meluha and Somras is wiped out of history. The story concludes with Shiva and his associates being popularized as Gods for their deeds and accomplishments.

Tripathi had confirmed in September 2011 that he was writing ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'', with Westland announcing the release date as 27 February 2013. The book was longer than the previous installments of the series and Tripathi clarified that all the loose ends left out in the previous book would be addressed, with the death of certain characters. Following the release of the cover art, it was announced that the publication rights of the books have been bought by both US and UK publisher houses. Like ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'' and ''[[The Secret of the Nagas]]'', the book contained innovative marketing techniques, including launching interactive apps, merchandise and a music album titled ''Vayuputras'', containing music inspired by different events in the series.

After its release, The Oath of the Vayuputras received positive reviews for the story and characterisation with Business Standard calling Tripathi 'India's Tolkien'. However, his continued insistence on using modern, easy English gave way to a negative review by Mint. The book was a commercial success with 350,000 copies for pre-order, and an initial print-run of 500,000 copies. On the first day of the release itself, the book sold the initial print-run breaking the record for the fastest selling book in India. This prompted Westland to pay Tripathi an advance amount of {{INRConvert|5|c}} for Tripathi's next book series. As of June 2015 over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over {{INRConvert|60|c}}, making it the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing.

==Plot==
{{see also|The Immortals of Meluha#Plot synopsis|The Secret of the Nagas#Plot synopsis}}

On meeting Brahaspati at the Naga capital of [[Panchavati]], Shiva learns of the evil "Somras", and its ill effects on the people of India. Brahaspati explains that the large amounts of water required to manufacture Somras has resulted in the depletion of the Saraswati River's water. The waste generated in the process of manufacturing the Somras was dumped in the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo river]], which flows through Branga territory as [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], and resulted in their disastrous plague. Also the birth of Naga babies was credited to Somras as it results in the multiplication of cells at a very high rate which lead to their deformation and outgrowths.

Shiva travels to the hidden city of [[Ujjain]] along with his entourage to meet the chief of Vasudev pandits, Gopal. Gopal explains how the Vayuputra council—an ancient tribe left by the previous ''Mahadev'' Lord Rudra, dwelling in remote land of Pariha in the West—train a member of their tribe as the Neelkanth when "evil" rises. Shiva comes to the conclusion that it was his uncle Manobhu, who turns out to be a former Vayuputra member, trained him as Neelkanth. Seeing that [[Meluhha|Meluha]] is the center of manufacturing the Somras, Shiva declares a [[holy war]] on the Kingdom and appeals the people to stop using the drink. Parvateshwar decides to join Meluha, since he thinks that it is his duty to defend his motherland; Anandamayi joins him. Shiva also realizes that Maharishi [[Bhrigu]] is the mastermind behind the attack on Panchavati, plotting against him along with the Swadweepan emperor Dilipa and [[Daksha]]. The preparation for the war mobilizes as Branga, [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] and [[Varanasi|Kashi]] come to Shiva's aid. He takes the Nagas, the Brangas and the Vasudev elephant corps to attack Meluha, while Kartik and Ganesh attack [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and successfully prevent them from aiding Meluha. Shiva captures the city of Mrittikavatti and makes the citizens imprison the Meluhan army led by Vidyunmali, who believes Shiva to be a fraud. He escapes and persuades Bhrigu and Parvateshwar to attack Sati's army by a thousand Meluhan troops, and defeat them.

Following this defeat, Shiva abandons the plan of invading Meluha and leaves for Pariha with Gopal; they wanted to procure the deadly [[Brahmastra]] weapon, to threaten the Meluhans for peace with them. There he meets the chief of Vayuputras, Mithra, who turns out to be his maternal uncle. Mithra convinces the Vayuputras that Shiva is the real Neelkanth and gives him the [[Pashupatastra|Pashupathiastra]] which acts on a specific target, rather than annihilating everything like the Brahmastra. Meanwhile, Parvateshwar uses decoy ships to give an impression to [[Kali]] that he was going to attack Panchavati. Alarmed, Kali takes the bait and leaves with the finest Naga soldiers in their pursuit. However, she realizes her folly and returns.

Daksha plans to assassinate Shiva and sends Vidyunmali to get Egyptian assassins. He frames a peace treaty for Shiva but in his absence, Sati attends the peace conference and learns the truth. She fights the assassins valiantly, but is killed. The war ends with Sati's death, but an enraged Shiva decides to use the Pashupatiastra to finish Devagiri forever. Parvateshwar, Anandmayi, Veerini decide to stay back in the city and die with it, but Kartik persuades Bhrigu to remain alive and share his vast knowledge with future generations. Shiva unleashes the astra and ends Devagiri's history, along with the Somras manufacturing units hidden beneath the city.

In the epilogue, Shiva retires to [[Mount Kailash]] where he lives the rest of his days peacefully, though missing Sati every day. Ganesh, Kali and Kartik become renowned as Gods for their prowess, all over India. They take revenge for Sati's death by wiping out the whole clan of the Egyptian assassins. Bhrigu continues teaching and collates his knowledge in a book called ''[[Bhrigu Samhita]]''. Sati's death is not forgotten and she is later renowned as Goddess [[Shakti]]. It is revealed that in order to ensure that the Somras is not mass-manufactured again, the course of the Yamuna is turned towards the east, thus drying up the Saraswati River.

==Characters and locations==
Tripathi believes that "Myths are nothing but jumbled memories of a true past. A past buried under mounds of earth and ignorance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|title=Theory on Indian Gods|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308093657/http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book has known characters from [[Hindu texts]] as well as those born from Tripathi's imagination,<ref name = "characters"/> however the characters from the Hinduism do not inherit all of their classical traits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|title=The Immortals of Meluha: A review|date=29 September 2010|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228180338/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|archive-date=28 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Characters===
*[[Shiva]] – The main character in the story. He is a Tibetan immigrant to Meluha and the chief of the Guna tribe. On arriving in Meluha and consuming the Somras (a potion), his throat turns blue making him the [[Nilkanth|Neelkanth]] of the Meluhan legend, which speaks of the appearance of Neelkanth as a destroyer of evil. The Meluhans end up believing that Shiva would be their saviour. Shiva searches for the source of Evil, and deciding that it is Somras which would destroy India, he declares war to eradicate the drink completely. His deeds and accomplishments to save India from its dangers makes him the Mahadev (''Great God'').
*[[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] – A Meluhan princess, she is the daughter of King Daksha. Shiva falls in love with her and marries her. Sati is a skilled swords-woman and is very brave since childhood. She assists Shiva on his journey to destroy Evil, but dies a valiant death while saving her people from a group of assassins. Her death becomes a trigger for the wars to cease. She is later renowned as Goddess [[Shakti]], and her ashes are spread throughout India, in places later known as [[Shakti Peethas]] (''Seat of Shakti'').
*[[Kali]] – Sati's twin sister who was separated from her after birth, due to their father denouncing her. Kali was born with two extra functioning appendages, hence she was ostracized from society and declared a Naga. A hot-tempered woman, Kali assists and helps Shiva in his journey to destroy Evil. Kali is later renowned as a Goddess.
*[[Ganesh]] – Sati's first child, who was declared dead by her father Daksha, as he was born with physical deformities. Ganesh was raised later by Kali, and they created the formidable Naga army. Ganesh becomes an ardent follower of Shiva and Sati, and later comes to be renowned as a God.
*[[Murugan|Kartik]] – Son of Shiva and Sati, Kartik is a fearsome warrior and gains recognition for his battle skills and strategies. Kartik recognizes the importance of preserving Shiva's legacy by not destroying everything in Meluha. He later moves to South India and is renowned as a God there.
*[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] – A captain in the Meluhan army. A loyal devotee of Shiva, who is often considered for his opinion and suggestions by Shiva.
*[[Virabhadra|Veer Bhadra]] – A captain of Shiva's army and his close childhood friend. He was later renamed as Veer Bhadra, a title earned by once defeating a tiger single-handedly. He is quick tempered and is husband to Krittika.
*Krittika — She is the best friend and hand maiden of Sati. She is like a second mother to Kartik and is married to Shiva's best friend Veer Bhadra. She does not have children as she has become infertile due to the adverse effects of Somras.
*[[Bṛhaspati|Bŗahaspati]] – The chief Meluhan scientist who becomes good friend. Though he does not believe the legend of the Neelkanth, he believes that Shiva is capable of taking Meluha to its new glory.
*[[Daksha]] – The King of the Meluhans, he wants to be the Emperor of the whole of India, and is bitter towards Shiva for bringing into light his injustices against his own daughter, Sati.
*Veerini – The Queen of the Meluhans, wife of Emperor Daksha, Veerini is against Daksha's diabolical schemes to bring down Shiva.
*[[Himavat|Parvateshvar]] – Head of Meluhan Army and a Suryavanshi, Parvateshvar is a follower of Shiva. However, he is caught in a dilemma when Shiva decides to destroy Meluha for ending the usage of Somras, and ultimately decides to help the country by leading it in the impending war, being bound to his duty as the protector of the country. He is a man of his word and places truth and honour even above God. He is a tall, well-built giant of a man and is husband to Princess Anandamayi.
*[[Bhagiratha|Bhagirath]] – The prince of Ayodhya, he assists Shiva in his journey to destroy Evil.
*Anandamayi – The princess of Ayodhya. A strong-willed woman, Anandamayi joins Parvateshwar as he decides to lead Meluha in the war.
*Ayurvati – The Chief of Medicine, Ayurvati is another intelligent and revered woman, who is capable of curing any disease. She is the first one to realize that Shiva is the "Neelkanth", their savior.
*[[Bhrigu]] – Bhrigu is a renowned sage of India, who is extremely powerful and malevolent. He believes that the Somras is never Evil, and hence mobilizes the war against Shiva. Held in high-esteem and fear by everyone, Bhrigu realizes the error of his ways after Sati is killed.
*Dilipa – King of Ayodhya and the father of Bhagirath and Anadamayi, Dilipa is obsessed about his looks and decaying body, and is black-mailed by Bhrigu in helping him in the impending war against Shiva.
*Gopal – The chief of the Vasudevs, Gopal assists Shiva throughout his journey from the hidden city of Ujjain, to Pariha, the land of the Vayuputras.
*Kanakhala – Meluhan prime minister, Kanakhala is shocked at the criminal side and dark revelations about her King Daksha, and never supported him in his misdeeds. When she discovers Daksha's plans to kill Shiva, she stealthily informs Parvateshvar about his plans and kills herself.
*[[Parashurama|Parshuram]]- He was a Bandit-Priest purely devoted to Shiva. He is a courageous man and will fight till his last breath for the Lord Neelkanth.
*Tara-Lover of Brahaspati; they loved each other but were separated.

===Races===
*[[Suryavansha|Suryavanshis]] – The Suryavanshis are followers of [[Rama|Shri Ram]] and the Solar Calendar and try to lead a life that is as ideal as possible. The Suryavanshis believe in [[Satya]], [[Dharma]], Maan—truth, duty and honor.
*[[Chandravanshi]]s – The Chandravanshis are followers of the Lunar Calendar. Traditionally the Chandravanshis and Suryavanshis are enemies.
*[[Nāga|Naga]] – A cursed race of people who have physical deformities. They are extremely skilled warriors.
*Vasudevs – The Vasudevs are a secretive group of priests, who wait through the millennia to assist the Neelkanth in destroying Evil.
*Vayuputras – The Vayuputras are a secret group of followers left by the previous Mahadev, Lord Rudra. Staying in remote Pariha, the Vayuputras are responsible for the creation of the Neelkanth, when Evil approaches.

===Kingdoms===
*Meluha – The empire of the Suryavanshis, also known as the land of pure life. Meluha is based in the areas of the modern Indian provinces of [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and the whole of Pakistan. It also includes parts of eastern Afghanistan.
*Swadweep – The empire of the Chandravanshis, also known as the island of the individual. Swadweep comprises the modern Indian provinces of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and all of the country of Bangladesh, besides most parts of Nepal and Bhutan.
*Brangaridai – The land of the Brangas, situated on the eastern part of India. Shiva travels there with his entourage in search of the recipe for a medicine and to know the truth about the Nagas.
*Dandak Forest – Located in the modern Indian province of [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], Dandak is a dense and treacherous forest where the Nagas stay, at their capital Panchavati.
*Ujjain – A circular city situated beside the [[Chambal River]] and hidden completely to the outsiders, Ujjain is the home of the Vasudevs. Shiva travels there for counselling and asking their help.
*Pariha – Situated in far West, Pariha is the home of the Vayuputras. A secluded city formed from the [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotemian civilization]], Pariha is the birthplace of Lord Rudra. Shiva travels there with Gopal for asking their help.

Characters and locations adapted as per the books from the series and from the official website.<ref name="characters">{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_characters.html|title=The Characters|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308093735/http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_characters.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_world.html|title=The World|access-date=12 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308100653/http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_world.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Development and release==
{{Quote box|quote="It's been an unbelievable, almost surreal journey. ''The Immortals of Meluha'' was the first piece of fiction that I wrote. Becoming an author was not a scenario in any of my childhood fantasies. However, being academically inclined, I chose to graduate in Science rather than History or English Literature, and then went on to do my MBA, as it seemed a practical life-choice to make. And yet, here I am, actually making my living from writing. It's all because of Lord Shiva's blessings."<ref name="loose"/>|width=30%|source=—Tripathi talking about his journey as an author}}

Tripathi had initially decided to write a book on philosophy, but was dissuaded by his family members, so he wrote a book on Shiva, one of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]].<ref name="dna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_amish-tripathi-s-going-digital_1369184|title=Amish Tripathi's going digital|date=9 April 2010|access-date=8 January 2011|last=Chakraberti|first=Sujata|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222152356/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_amish-tripathi-s-going-digital_1369184|archive-date=22 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The story was of how a Tibetan tribal chief called Shiva became the fabled savior of the land of Meluha. His adventures nearly 4000 years ago, morphed into the mythical legends of the Hindu God Shiva.<ref name="mba">{{cite web|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/writing-changed-me-from-an-atheist-to-a-shiva-bhakt-amish-tripathi/|title=Writing changed me from an atheist to a Shiva bhakt: Amish Tripathi|date=10 September 2011|access-date=7 November 2011|last=Babbar|first=Sonakshi|work=The Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201624/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/writing-changed-me-from-an-atheist-to-a-shiva-bhakt-amish-tripathi/|archive-date=1 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="open">{{cite journal|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/true-life/the-mba-writer|last=Tripathi|first=Amish|date=1 September 2010|title=The MBA Writer|journal=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|publisher=Open Media Network Pvt Ltd.|volume=35|access-date=13 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114175400/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/true-life/the-mba-writer|archive-date=14 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="onemillion"/> Titled ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'', the book went on to become a huge commercial success, after its release in February 2010, with film director [[Karan Johar]]'s [[Dharma Productions]] purchasing the film rights of the book.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article625853.ece|last=Umair|first=Siddique|title=Faith at Heart|date=11 September 2010|journal=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=Kasturi and Sons Ltd.|issn=0971-751X|volume=1345|issue=211|pages=13|access-date=23 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015734/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article625853.ece|archive-date=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Karan-Johar-brings-Meluha-to-life/articleshow/11350653.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704153309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-04/news-interviews/30588163_1_lord-shiva-book-rights-karan-johar-s-dharma-productions|url-status=live|archive-date=4 July 2013|title=Karan Johar brings Meluha to life|date=4 January 2012|access-date=25 January 2012|last=Basu|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Upala}}</ref> The success prompted Tripathi to pen a second part of the trilogy, titled ''[[The Secret of the Nagas]]''. Following what happens in the life of Shiva, the plotline and the geography of the story was expanded to venture into unknown territories.<ref name="mm">{{cite news|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/136/2011071320110712173606726dab7dbe1/I%E2%80%99m-nervous-about-the-fans%E2%80%99-expectations-Amish.html?pageno=14|last=Pathak|first=Shilpi Dubey|date=13 July 2011|title=I'm nervous about the fans' expectations: Amish|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|volume=45|issue=202|page=8}}</ref><ref name="ibn">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiva-presents-suprise-success/167994-60-120.html|title=Shiva presents surprise success|date=6 July 2011|access-date=2 September 2011|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023050131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiva-presents-suprise-success/167994-60-120.html|archive-date=23 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tripathi quit his job as a banker while writing the book, dedicating his whole time to the marketing and the promotion of the release.<ref name="dc">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/%E2%80%98shiva-chose-me-write-story%E2%80%99-317|title=Shiva chose me to write this story|date=31 August 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Holdings Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012014020/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/%E2%80%98shiva-chose-me-write-story%E2%80%99-317|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> ''The Secret of the Nagas'' was also a commercial success, with both the books having crossed a print run of a million copies. These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of [[Nielsen BookScan]], with the gross retail sales being impressive at {{INRConvert|22|c}} within two years of publishing.<ref name="onemillion">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Shiva Trilogy's final book to release in March 2013|date=11 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HT Nielsen Bookscan Top 10|date=2 June 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3d%3d|access-date=2 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002553/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3D%3D|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:The Oath of the Vayuputras release.jpg|thumbnail|left|Book cover release party for ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''. From left: [[Gautam Padmanabhan]], CEO of Westland Books, filmmaker [[Karan Johar]], author Amish Tripathi and cover artist Rashmi Pusalkar.]]
In September 2011, Tripathi confirmed that from the next month he would start penning the third installment of the trilogy, ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Don't like to research while writing a book: Amit Tripathi|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/dont-like-to-research-while-writing-a-book-amit-tripathi/830842.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064705/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/dont-like-to-research-while-writing-a-book-amit-tripathi/830842.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> In January 2013, it was revealed that ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' would be released on 27 February of the same year, by Westland Publishing.<ref name="onemillion"/> Tripathi explained that the final version of the book was longer than he had expected it to be, and consisted of 53 chapters, making it twice as long as the other books.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vakkalanka|first=Harshini|title=Going back to the source|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/going-back-to-the-source/article4201892.ece|publisher=The Hindu Group|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2013|date=15 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015739/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/going-back-to-the-source/article4201892.ece|archive-date=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During an interview with ''The Times of India'', the author discussed some of the important scenarios being presented in the book. He explained that since Shiva is a mortal in his series, he would have a fitting epilogue in the book, with many of the loose ends of the plot finally being deciphered.<ref name="loose">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-22/books/36257131_1_shiva-trilogy-meluha-amish-tripathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-22/books/36257131_1_shiva-trilogy-meluha-amish-tripathi|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2013|title=I'm Only A Witness To Shiva's Magic|last=Chaudhuri|first=Dibyajyoti|date=2 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Shiva would meet the chief of the Vasudevas and the Vayuputras in the hidden cities of [[Ujjain]] and Pariha.<ref name="loose"/> "Some loose ends will be left deliberately open for the readers to interpret. As for losing someone we love? The ''Shiva trilogy'' chronicles a battle against evil. And evil does not go quietly into the night; instead, it puts up a strong fight against Good. So yes, people will die in Vayuputras," he concluded.<ref name="loose"/>

Explaining that he wrote it as per his whim, and not according to the need to have more philosophy or love or war, Tripathi was sure that ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' would have a tragic ending.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-aftertandav/article4547040.ece|title=The after-tandav|last=Vakkalanka|first=Harshini|date=25 March 2013|access-date=25 March 2013|work=The Hindu|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327235529/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-aftertandav/article4547040.ece|archive-date=27 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During an interview with ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Tripathi explained that he had purposefully used the modern terms for the different historical locations described in the book, including calling India by its name, rather than its ancient name, Jambudweep. He did not believe that India could be represented as a political concept in his book, since at the timeline followed in the Shiva trilogy, India was still a cultural concept.<ref name="dnadna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_mythology-is-part-of-our-dna-amish-tripathi_1806658|title=Mythology is part of our DNA|last=Krishna|first=Radha|date=3 March 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304171935/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_mythology-is-part-of-our-dna-amish-tripathi_1806658|archive-date=4 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since some of the characters have their mythological names, but do not follow the characteristic traits, Tripathi believed that such development was spontaneous and did not question his writing further. Giving an example, the author said: "When I was writing the first book, I was struggling with the Naga, because I wanted to desperately change his character – that he should be jovial and happy. But he kept ending up as a tormented and troubled a guy who was suffering. And I just had to surrender"<ref name="dnadna"/>

The cover art of the book was launched in Mumbai, by Tripathi and Johar in a ceremony, which also saw the presence of [[Gautam Padmanabhan]], CEO of Westland Publishers, and Rashmi Pusalkar, the designer of the cover of ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''.<ref name="onemillion"/> The author added that Pusalkar had managed to merge in many of the symbolic elements represented in the storyline of the book, while maintaining the same visual appeal of the previous releases of the trilogy.<ref name="onemillion"/> He wanted the cover to have a symbolic meaning, portraying Shiva wielding [[Shiva Dhanush|Pinaka]]—the legendary bow of the God according to Mythology—and a burning bush behind him. The increasing brightness of the book covers signified the triumph of good over evil, according to Tripathi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/books/37409333_1_shiva-trilogy-vayuputras-amish-tripathi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201200456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-03/books/37409333_1_shiva-trilogy-vayuputras-amish-tripathi|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|title=Small talk with Amish Tripathi|last=Khan|first=Ashwin|date=3 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 March 2013}}</ref> The UK publication rights of the Shiva trilogy, including ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' was purchased by Jo Fletcher Books, with the deal being made by Claire Roberts at Trident Media Group, acting on behalf of the author and the author's Indian agent, Anuj Bahri of Red Ink Literary Agency. ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' would be released in the United States in summer 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/The-Shiva-Trilogy-overseas-rights-bought-by-Jo-Fletcher-Books/articleshow/18046260.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427130323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/books/36373504_1_shiva-trilogy-meluha-indian-market|url-status=live|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=The Shiva Trilogy overseas rights bought by Jo Fletcher Books|date=16 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' was released in six different languages, namely English (South Asia), English (UK), Hindi, Telugu, Gujarati and Marathi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |title=Released In Several Regional Languages Amish's Shiva Trilogy Is the Fastest selling book series in Indian publishing history |date=3 December 2013 |work=This Week Bangalore |access-date=18 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230020435/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Marketing techniques==
Since both ''The Immortals of Meluha'' and ''The Secret of the Nagas'' had innovative marketing techniques, Tripathi spoke about similar innovativeness with the release of ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''.<ref name="loose"/> One of the marketing strategies included a [[LP record|music album]] called ''Vayuputras'', an original soundtrack based on the Shiva Trilogy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-party/bollywood/Shiva-trilogy-music-released/articleshow/18515875.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-16/bollywood/37120075_1_shiva-trilogy-original-soundtrack-bickram-ghosh|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Shiva Trilogy original soundtrack|date=16 February 2013}}</ref> The idea for the album came from Sangram Surve, CEO of Tripathi's advertisement agency, ''Think WhyNot''.<ref name="zeenews"/> The album had nine songs dedicated to Lord Shiva with several [[Bollywood]] singers lending their voices, and was inspired by the different sections and storyline in the books.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Amishs-Shiva-trilogy-inspires-a-music-album/articleshow/18132460.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-and-interviews/36485094_1_amish-s-shiva-music-album-shiva-trilogy|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Amish's Shiva trilogy inspires a music album|last=Sharma|first=Garima|date=18 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Titled "Jo Vayuputra Ho" ("One Who is a Vayuputra"), the lead song was composed by musician [[Taufiq Qureshi]] and recorded by singer [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Amish-Tripathi-plans-music-album-for-Oath-of-Vayuputras/Article1-992902.aspx|title=Amish Tripathi plans music album for Oath of Vayuputras|date=18 January 2013|access-date=23 January 2013|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Group|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122162537/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Amish-Tripathi-plans-music-album-for-Oath-of-Vayuputras/Article1-992902.aspx|archive-date=22 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_music-for-readers_1798109|title=Music for readers |date=13 February 2013|access-date=13 February 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|last=Naik|first=Varsha}}</ref> A music video was also developed by ''Think WhyNot'' team, directed by Amit Pandirkar and music by Rajeev Sharma. The video was broadcast in popular television channels and across all social media platforms. The concept of the music video was the journey of the three books of the Shiva Trilogy in its five-minute span.<ref name="busi">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/final-book-in-shiva-trilogy-to-kick-off-with-innovative-marketing-campaign-113020701134_1.html|title=Final book in Shiva Trilogy to kick off with innovative marketing campaign|date=7 February 2013|access-date=24 February 2013|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|work=[[Business Standard]]|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228134312/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/final-book-in-shiva-trilogy-to-kick-off-with-innovative-marketing-campaign-113020701134_1.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other marketing strategies included launching interactive apps, merchandise and events that would follow the music and book launch.<ref name="busi"/> In an interview with ''[[Business Standard]]'', Surve explained:
<blockquote>
"After tasting the stupendous marketing success of, ''The Secrets of the Nagas'', we are very excited to partner with Amish for the launch of ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''. The 'think big' brief given to us was apt for the launch of the final book ... The challenge was to not just get existing fans of the franchise to buy ''The Oath of Vayuputras''—that would happen anyway—but to expand the reader base. The campaign idea revolved around creating another 'first-of-its-kind' in book marketing, which this time around turned out to be the production of a world-class music video which is poised at reaching out to the masses through television, in a bid to garner greater awareness about the book."<ref name="busi"/>
</blockquote>

==Critical response==
The book received mixed to positive responses from critics. R Krishna from ''Daily News and Analysis'' gave a positive review for the book. He observed that the criticism in the second book regarding bad editing and writing has been polished in ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''. He complimented the fact that philosophical discussions in the book is rightly balanced by action sequences, commending the way in which Sati's fight with the assassins is described. Krishna concluded that the different characters of the book make it a good reading and a fitting ending to the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review_book-review-the-oath-of-the-vayuputras_1806692|title=Book review: The Oath Of The Vayuputras|last=Krishna|first=Radha|date=3 March 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304171628/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review_book-review-the-oath-of-the-vayuputras_1806692|archive-date=4 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Phorum Dalal from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' praised the urban dialect used by Shiva in the book and felt that Tripathi's grip on the whole story is steady and has the reader's undivided attention, ultimately "giving the Trilogy an end it deserves".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2013/mar/100313-book-review-the-oath-of-the-vayuputras.htm|title=Book review: The oath of the Vayuputras|last=Dalal|first=Phorum|date=10 March 2013|access-date=25 March 2013|work=[[Mid-Day]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314110318/http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2013/mar/100313-book-review-the-oath-of-the-vayuputras.htm|archive-date=14 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sanjeev Sanyal from ''[[Business Standard]]'' gave a neutral review saying that although the fast-paced and easy style from the earlier books has been retained, it is evident if one goes back and rereads the first few pages of ''The Immortals of Meluha'' that Tripathi has become much more comfortable and confident of his writing. "Of course, those whose literary tastes have not outgrown ''[[Wren & Martin|Wren and Martin]]'' will still find fault with his use of the English language. For the rest of us, it is delightful to see how Tripathi applies simple language to evoke great battle scenes and extraordinary landscapes".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-tolkein-invokes-the-spirit-of-shiva-113032900319_1.html|title=India's Tolkein [sic] invokes the spirit of Shiva|date=29 March 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=[[Ananda Publishers]]|access-date=2 April 2013|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609100406/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-tolkein-invokes-the-spirit-of-shiva-113032900319_1.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Aadisht Khanna from ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' was disappointed with the book and gave a negative review. According to him poor grammar and bad editing of the book marred the possibility of ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' becoming a classic. Adding that the scope of imagination was vast and ambitious, Khanna explained that he "really wanted to like this book. But the laziness in editing and rewriting is evident, and unforgivable ... It seems as though Westland Ltd, knowing that it has a guaranteed best-seller on its hands, has decided to be as lazy as possible when it comes to the actual editing."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/H8xiXxGWJwpTO8NAfWuRUJ/Book-Review--The-Oath-of-The-Vayuputras.html|title=Book Review <nowiki>|</nowiki> The Oath of The Vayuputras|last=Khanna|first=Aadisht|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|date=8 March 2013|access-date=21 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313170641/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/H8xiXxGWJwpTO8NAfWuRUJ/Book-Review--The-Oath-of-The-Vayuputras.html|archive-date=13 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Kolkata Statesman]]''{{'}}s Mrityunjay Khurana gave a positive review to the book, saying "Amish has skillfully used [[Upanishads|Upanishadic]], [[Puranas|Puranic]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] mythological images and their essence in lucid and contemporary language." The review goes on to say that Tripathi had tried to bring out knowledge from the dogma-box approach and that despite the author's much criticized "clunky language and sloppy grammar", the tale reached its goal of attraction the attention towards Mythology and traditions, along with inspiring readers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=451882:spotlight&catid=44:8th-day&from_page=search|title=Spotlight: The Oath of the Vayuputras|last=Khurana|first=Mrityunjay| date=13 April 2013| work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=16 April 2013|publisher=The Statesman Ltd}}</ref>

==Commercial response==
According to [[Zee News]], before its official release ''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' had about 350,000 copies for pre-order, with an initial print-run of 500,000 copies.<ref name="zeenews">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/for-the-youth-lord-shiva-holds-a-different-kind-of-attraction-amish-tripathi_6064.html|title=For the youth, Lord Shiva holds a different kind of attraction: Amish Tripathi|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ananya|date=24 February 2013|access-date=24 February 2013|publisher=[[Zee News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228191828/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/for-the-youth-lord-shiva-holds-a-different-kind-of-attraction-amish-tripathi_6064.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Placeholder-HT-UI-BusinessSectionPage-TopStories/New-age-authors-cash-in-on-growing-market/Article1-1016478.aspx|title=New-age authors cash in on growing market|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=23 February 2013|access-date=24 February 2013|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223232810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Placeholder-HT-UI-BusinessSectionPage-TopStories/New-age-authors-cash-in-on-growing-market/Article1-1016478.aspx|archive-date=23 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On the first day of the release itself, the book sold the initial print-run breaking the record for the fastest selling book in India.<ref name="500,000">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18775583.cms|last=Umachandran|first=Shalini|title=Westland gives Amish Tripathi Rs 5cr advance for his next series|work=The Economic Times|publisher=The Times Group|date=3 March 2013|access-date=4 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306053905/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/18775583.cms|archive-date=6 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This prompted Westland to pay Tripathi an advance amount of {{INRConvert|5|c}} for the next series that he would pen, even though Tripathi confessed that he did not have any idea regarding the subject that he would pursue for his next endeavor.<ref name="500,000"/> Padmanabhan clarified that the advance included the book, audio and e-publishing rights for Tripathi's next series, and was only for the South-Asian region and "It's the largest advance we've ever paid, and the largest Indian deal".<ref name="500,000"/> Anuj Bahri, who was the first publisher for ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'', said that the deal could go up to US$4 million once they acquire the film, foreign and translation rights for the books.<ref name="500,000"/> As of June 2015 over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over {{INRConvert|60|c}}, making it the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150629-amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram-819917-2015-06-18|title=The myths of Amish|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmie|date=18 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622202431/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram/1/445483.html|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Lopex">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Cover-Story-How-Amish-Tripathi-changed-Indian-publishing/Article1-1050648.aspx|title=How Amish Tripathi changed Indian publishing|first=Rachel|last=Lopex|date=26 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|work=[[Brunch|Hindustan Times]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428120335/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Cover-Story-How-Amish-Tripathi-changed-Indian-publishing/Article1-1050648.aspx|archive-date=28 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lZ6T9wr4M0Mnmmk1aFnZ5K/Amish-Tripathi--The-sound-of-money.html?facet=print|title=Amish Tripathi, The Sound of Money|first=Mayank|last=Austen Soofi|authorlink=Mayank Austen Soofi|date=11 March 2013|access-date=9 April 2013|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205812/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/lZ6T9wr4M0Mnmmk1aFnZ5K/Amish-Tripathi--The-sound-of-money.html?facet=print|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.authoramish.com/ ''Shiva Trilogy'' — Official website]
*[http://www.westlandbooks.in/book_details.php?cat_id=4&book_id=372 ''The Oath of the Vayuputras''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130412231916/http://www.westlandbooks.in/book_details.php?cat_id=4&book_id=372 |date=12 April 2013 }} at Westland Press
*[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?283992 Like A Rhino Cowboy] – Excerpt at ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' India
* {{YouTube|title=''The Oath of the Vayuputras'' music video|id=7WMwxYzIrUk}}

{{Amish Tripathi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oath of the Vayuputras}}
[[Category:2013 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2013 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Jo Fletcher Books books]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Works set in the 19th century BC]]
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]
[[Category:Novels set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation in popular culture]]
[[Category:Shiva]]

Pawan (actor)

2026-01-11T18:49:35Z

IsraelGuinn0047: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Pawan Krishna]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Bhanuprasad Pandya

2025-12-31T07:59:25Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up new stub...

{{Short description|Indian poet and critic}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bhanuprasad Pandya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|4|24}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2022|4|9|1932|4|24}}
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* literary critic
}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (1969)
* [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (2011)
* [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] (2011)
* [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (2016)
}}
| signature =
| years_active =
| genres =
| subjects =
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| doctoral_advisor = [[Anantrai Raval]]
| thesis_title = Gujarati Novel from 1950 to 1970 – a Critical Study (with Special Reference to Form)
| thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/10603/47124
| thesis_year = 1977
| doctoral_students= }}
}}

'''Bhanuprasad Moolshankar Pandya''' (24 April 1932 – 9 April 2022) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language poet and literary critic from [[Gujarat]], India. For his contribution, he received [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (1969), [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (2011), [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] (2011), and [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (2016).

==Biography==
Bhanuprasad Pandya was born on 24 April 1932 in Tori, [[Amreli]], Gujarat in an [[audichya Brahmins|audichya sahastra Zalavadi Brahmins]] family to his mother Shivkunwarbahen Pandya and his father Moolshankar Pandya, a schoolteacher and principal, from whom he inherited a literary bent of mind. Pandya completed his schooling in Amreli, and passed the [[matriculation]] exam in 1954. He received his B.A. in 1958 with Gujarati and Psychology subjects, and an M.A. in 1960 with Gujarati and [[Sanskrit]] subjects. He submitted his doctoral dissertation ''Gujarati Novel from 1950 to 1970 – a Critical Study (with Special Reference to Form)'' under [[Anantrai Raval]].<ref name="Gujarati Vishwakosh">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Chaudhari|first=Amrit|encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|title=પંડ્યા ભાનુપ્રસાદ મૂળશંકર|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/પંડ્યા-ભાનુપ્રસાદ-મૂળશંક/|date=January 1999|language=gu|access-date=2022-06-13}}</ref>

Pandya died on 9 April 2022.<ref name="Vadgama 2022">{{cite magazine |editor-last=Raval|editor-first=Praful|editor-link=Praful Raval|last=Vadgama|first=Nitin|script-title=gu:પ્રશિષ્ટ સર્જક અને આદર્શ અધ્યાપક: ભાનુપ્રસાદ પંડ્યા|title=Prashisht Sarjak ane Aadarsh Adhyapak: Bhanuprasad Pandya|trans-title=A Classic Writer and an Ideal Professor|magazine=[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]] |date=May 2022 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=50–52}}</ref>

==Works==
His poetry collections include ''Adoad'' (1972), ''Otaprot'' (1987), ''Shabde Korya Shilpa'' (1999), ''Kshan Samipe Kshan Door Door'' (2003), and ''Shabda na Antarpate'' (2012). In 2019, [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] published his complete poems under the title ''Shabde Korya Shilpa''.<ref name="Vadgama 2022"/> His works of criticism include ''Pratyudagar'' (1978), ''Itarodagar'' (1981), ''Sonnet: Shilpa ane Sarjan'' (1981), ''Anuspand'' (1987), ''Anucharvana'' (1989), ''Samalok'' (1991), ''Manovaijnanik Navalkatha: Svarup ane Vikas'' (2001), ''Anusanket'' (2003), ''Sampratiti'' (2010), and ''Ubhayanvay'' (2015).<ref name="Vadgama 2022"/>

==Awards==
Pandya received [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (1969), [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] (2011), [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] (2011), and [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (2016).<ref name="Vadgama 2022"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{GujLit author}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Bhanuprasad}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]

Pagalpanti (2018 film)

2025-12-29T03:28:10Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created basic entry nd citations

{{short description|2018 Indian Gujarati language comedy film}}
{{for|the Hindi-language action comedy film|Pagalpanti (2019 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pagalpanti
| image = Pagalpanti poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Jakee Patel
| producer = Jakee Patel Jimmy Asija Hiren Khunt
| writer = Jakee Patel Irshad Dalal
| starring = [[Rahul Dev]] [[Mukul Dev]] [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] [[Purva Rana]] [[Bhavik Bhojak]]
| cinematography = Raju Badiger
| editing = Jagesh singh
| music = Ronak Raval Raju Sardar Anwar Shaik
| released = {{Film date|2018|06|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pagalpanti''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Jakee Patel featuring [[Rahul Dev]], [[Mukul Dev]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]][[Purva Rana]] and [[Bhavik Bhojak]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/pagalpanti/movieshow/64027602.cms|title=Movie Pagalpanti details on Times Of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The film was released on 1 Jun, 2018. Foram Mehta and Dinesh Lamba play supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pagalpanti Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/pagalpanti/movieshow/64027602.cms |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
This [[comedy-drama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/gujarati/akila+news-epaper-akila/pagalapanti+gujaratani+philm+indstriz+mate+margadarshak+chhe-newsid-87996812?ss=wsp&s=a|title=Pagalpanti Gujratani philm indstriz mate margadarshak chhe|publisher=m.dailyhunt.in|accessdate=16 May 2018}}</ref> centers on a group of individuals from different Indian states who meet for the first time during a tour. Due to cultural and regional differences, conflicts frequently arise among them. Some of the husbands neglect their wives and attempt to flirt with other’s wives, particularly showing interest in three foreign women who have also joined the tour. The film combines elements of comedy and drama, presented in the [[Gujarati language]] drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popbollywood.com/get-ready-enjoy-roller-coster-ride-pagalpanti/|title=Get ready to enjoy roller coster ride of Pagalpanti|publisher=www.popbollywood.com|accessdate=17 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Inspector Singh
*[[Sonu Sood]] as Jeeva
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Kazaam
*[[Mukul Dev]] as Inspector Ram Sharma
*[[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Chhoti Goli
*Bhavik Bhojak as Anthony Goli
*Ashish Lal as Lakhan (Inspector Laxman Pandey)
*[[Purva Rana]] as Roshni Tendulkar
*[[Amanda Rosario]] as Jacqueline
*Sumit Sarkar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/bioscopewala-and-pagalpanti-films-will-be-released-on-may-25|title=Bioscopewala and Pagalpanti films will be released on May 25|publisher= www.amarujala.com|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> as Sujoy Mukherjee

*Dinesh Lamba as Harbhajan Singh
*Sunil Vishrani as Kantibhai Shah
*Jay Vijay Sachan as Rocky
*Muni Jha as Vasudev
*Hemant Jha as Prakash Rao
*Sahil Kohli as Rishi
*Amanda Rosario as Jaqueline
*Jitu Mehta as Periaswamy
*Sheetal Suvarna as Mrs. Preeto Harbhajan Singh
*Sujata Thakkar as Mrs. Rupal Kantibhai Shah
*Hemang Dave as Rustam
*Nimesh Dilip Rai as Retd. Col. Ashok Tendulkar
*Krupa Chandera as Mrs. Nandini Mukherjee
*Foram Mehta as Mrs. Madhubala Swamy
*Maulik Chauhan as Akbar Goli
*Nirali Joshi as Basanti (Chhoti Goli Gang Member)
*Hiren Khunt as Tom
*Ravi Ratan as Karan
*Hitarth Asija as Inspector's Son
*Rohit Gida as Max
*Abhilash Shah as Inspector Abhilash (Mumbai Police)
*Vijay as Sharib
*Satish Asija as Minister
*Jimmy Asija as Senior Inspector
*Aasnhi as Resort Receptionist-1
*Luisa as Resort Receptionist-2
*Shiv & Jash Dave as Kids at School
*Aditya Sani
*Abhay Goswami
*Kalpesh Prajapati
*Varun
*Jaimin Panchal
*Madhav
*Omkar Gajjar
*Manindar Singh
*Alok Mani Mishra
*Manish Balwani

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8423008}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pagalpanti (Film)}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
{{Gujarati-film-stub}}

Mangalwedha

2025-12-16T09:33:16Z

IsraelGuinn0047: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangalwedha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.51667|N|75.46667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21,824
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics_type2 = Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1= +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413305<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/MAHARASHTRA/SOLAPUR/MANGALVEDHA_PINCODE|title=MANGALVEDHA Pin Code, Search MANGALVEDHA SOLAPUR PinCode|website=www.citypincode.in}}</ref>
| registration_plate = MH-13
|website=
}}

'''Mangalwedha''' is a town in the [[Solapur district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/referer/5483/DMS-article-about-shivaji-maharaj-visit-of-mangalvedha-4909152-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610172712/http://m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/referer/5483/DMS-article-about-shivaji-maharaj-visit-of-mangalvedha-4909152-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2015|last= Mahesh Bhandarkawathekar|first=Gopalrao Deshmukh|location=[[Pandharpur]]|work=[[Divya Marathi]]|title=एक लढाई : शिवरायांची दख्खन स्वारी अन् मंगळवेढा भेट, मुघलांनी घेतली माघार|trans-title=Ēk Laḍhā'ī: Śivarāyān̄cī Dakhkhan Svārī An Maṅgaḷvēḍhā Bhēṭ, Mughalānnī Ghētlī Māghār|language=Marathi|date= 19 February 2015|access-date= 10 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Census of India 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/27/2730_PART_A_DCHB_SOLAPUR.pdf|access-date=|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> It is the birthplace of [[Jayatirtha|Shri Jayatirtha]], also called Teekacharya, one of the prominent saints of the [[Dvaita]] school of [[Vedanta]].

==Geography==
The city of Mangalwedha is situated 55 km west of the district headquarters at [[Solapur]] and 25 km southeast of [[Pandharpur]] city.

Mangalwedha shares boundaries with [[Pandharpur]], [[Sangola]], [[Mohol]], [[Jath]], and [[Bijapur]] in [[Karnataka]].

==History==
Mangalwedha is also known as the "Land of Saints" as Saint [[Jayatirtha]], Saint [[Damaji]], Saint [[Kanhopatra]], Saint [[Chokhamela]], saint Gopabai are said to have come from Mangalwedha during the 14th century.

Mangalwedha is also known as Jwariche Kothar.

The major crops that are grown in and around Mangalwedha include [[Sorghum bicolor|Jowar]], [[Pearl millet|Bajra]], [[Peanut|groundnut]], [[Sugarcane]], and [[maize|sweetcorn]]. Mangalwedha's Jowar and Bajra have received [[geographical indication]]s (GI) tags.

In the 14th century, Mangalwedha was ruled by the [[Bidar Sultanate]] followed by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]].

Huljanti village is known for the Mahalingaraya deity and [[Biroba]] deity and as well as having a large fair during [[Diwali]]. Many people from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] come there to worship their deities.

Khomnal village is known for the Kamsidhha deity and Maykka deity and as well as having a large fair during Gudi Padwa. kamsiddha deity temple is managed by [[Sudhir Pandurang Ingale-Patil]].

==Cuisine==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
Mangalwedha is known for its cuisine of [[jowar bhakri]] and [[thecha]] made from coarsely ground green [[Chili pepper|chilis]], [[onion]], and [[chutney]] of [[Peanut|groundnuts]]. Bhaji (a fritter made from gram flour) and [[Laddu]] is another delicacy from Mangalwedha. It is also known for its spicy [[Bhelpuri|bhel]], pav ragda, [[vada pav]], [[Basundi]], and [[puri bhaji]].

Few weeks before harvesting season of jowar there are privet Hurda Parties all over the Farms . Hurada is roasted and mixed with some spices. It is eaten with different kind of berries.

==Geographical indication==
[[Mangalwedha jowar|Mangalwedha Jowar]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 31 March 2016 and is valid until 28 April 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra jowar |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/472 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

Maldandi Jowar Vikas Sangh from Mangalwedha, proposed the GI registration of Mangalwedha jowar. After filing the application in March 2014, the jowar was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Mangalwedha jowar" exclusive to the jowar crop grown in the region. It thus became the first jowar variety from Maharashtra and the 12th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref name=":7" />

The GI tag protects the jowar from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Mangalwedha has a population of 21,824 consisting of 11,109 males and 10,715 females. There were 2,510 children ages 0–6.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=635098|access-date=3 August 2020|website=|publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official and most spoken language of Mangalwedha.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Census tables {{!}} Government of India | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509161148/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables | access-date=2025-06-28 | archive-date=2022-05-09}}</ref> The town also has [[Urdu]] and [[Kannada]] speaking demographics . Kannada is mostly spoken in villages near the karnataka border .

==Villages==


*[[Ganeshwadi, Mangalwedha|Ganeshwadi]]
* [[Kagasht]]
* [[Maroli (Solapur district)|Maroli]]
*[[Shelewadi, Mangalwedha|Shelewadi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://solapur.gov.in/htmldocs/1977/places_Mangalvedha.html Mangalvedha on Solapur District Gazette]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915184337/http://www.mangalwedhalive.in/ Mangalwedha Live]

{{Solapur district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Solapur district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

MV Dwarka

2025-12-12T23:33:00Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created some stub more to come

{{short description|British passenger & cargo liner that traded in the Indian Ocean}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= United Kingdom
|flag= {{Shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|name= ''Dwarka''
|namesake= [[Dwarka]]
|owner= *1947: [[British India Steam Navigation Company|British India SN Co]]
*1973: [[P&O]]
*1975: British India SN Co
|operator=
|registry= [[Port of London|London]]
|route= [[Mumbai Harbour|Bombay]] – [[Persian Gulf]]
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder= [[Swan Hunter|Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson]], [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number= 1828
|laid_down=
|launched= 25 October 1946
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed= 25 June 1947
|acquired=
|in_service=
|out_of_service= 1982
|refit=
|identification= *UK [[official number]] 181650
*{{IMO Number|5095270}}
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] GCKS
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Sierra}}
|nickname=
|fate=Scrapped 1983
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= D-class passenger and cargo ship
|tonnage={{GRT|4851}}, {{NRT|2672}}, {{DWT|4525}}
|length= *{{cvt|398.6|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]]
*{{cvt|382.3|ft|abbr=on}} registered
|beam= {{cvt|54.8|ft|abbr=on}}
|height=
|draught= {{cvt|21|ft|11|in|abbr=on}}
|depth= {{cvt|23.6|ft|abbr=on}}
|hold_depth=
|decks= 2
|power= 894 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]], 4,200 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|bhp]]
|propulsion=*1 × 5-cylinder [[two-stroke diesel engine|2-stroke diesel engine]]
*1 × [[Propeller|screw]]
|speed= {{convert|13+1/2|kn|km/h|0}}
|range=
|boats=
|capacity= *{{cvt|212384|cuft|0}} cargo
*'''1947:''' 1,591 passengers:
* 13 1st class; 41 2nd class; 1,537 deck class
*'''1979:''' 1,119 passengers:
*52 cabin class; 534 berthed; 533 deck
|crew=122
|sensors= *as built: wireless [[direction finding]], [[echo sounding]] device
*by 1959: [[Marine radar|radar]]
|notes= [[sister ship]]s: ''Dumra'', {{MV|Dara||2}}, ''Daressa''
}}
}}
'''MV ''Dwarka''''' was a [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] passenger and cargo ship that operated between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Persian Gulf]]. She was in service from 1947 until 1982. She was the second of four "modern D Class" [[sister ship]]s built between 1946 and 1950, and the only one of the four to be built by [[Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson]] at [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]].

She was the third BI ship to be named after [[Dwarka]], an ancient city of religious significance in the state of [[Gujarat]], on [[India]]'s northwest coast. The first was a [[steamship]] that was built in 1894 and scrapped in 1920.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=79}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=10273 |title=Dwarka |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> The second was a [[motor ship]] that was built in 1922 and scrapped in 1937.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=140}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?&ref=204016 |title=Dwarka |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

==Building==
Swan, Hunter built the ship at [[Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne|Low Walker]] as yard number 1828.<ref name=TBS>{{cite web |url= https://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/D-Ships/dwarka1947.html |title=Dwarka |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> Mrs GF Hotblack, the wife of one of BI's Directors, launched her on 25 October 1946. Swan, Hunter completed the ship on 25 June 1947.<ref name=P&OH>{{cite web |url= https://www.poheritage.com/Upload/Mimsy/Media/factsheet/93085DWARKA-1947pdf.pdf |title=Dwarka (1947) |work=P&O Heritage |date=October 2009 |access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> The ship's lengths were {{cvt|398.6|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]] and {{cvt|382.3|ft|abbr=on}} registered. Her [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] was {{cvt|54.8|ft|abbr=on}}, her depth was {{cvt|23.6|ft|abbr=on}}, and her depth was {{cvt|21|ft|11|in|abbr=on}}. Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|4851}}, {{NRT|2672}},{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=DVI–DZI}} and {{DWT|4525}}.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}}

She had a single [[Propeller|screw]], driven by a [[William Doxford & Sons|Doxford]] five-cylinder [[opposed piston]] [[two-stroke diesel engine]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=DVI–DZI}} It was rated at 894 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] or 4,200 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|bhp]], and gave her a speed of {{convert|13+1/2|kn|km/h|0}}.<ref name=P&OH/> Her navigation equipment included wireless [[direction finding]], and an [[echo sounding]] device.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=DVI–DZI}} By 1959 it also included [[Marine radar|radar]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1959|loc=DVINA}}

BI [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Dwarka'' in [[Port of London|London]]. Her UK [[official number]] was 181650 and her [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was GCKS.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948|loc=DVI–DZI}}

''Dwarka''{{'}}s cargo capacity was {{convert|212384|cuft|0}}.<ref name=P&OH/> As built, she had capacity for 1,591 passengers: 13 first class, 41 second class and 1,537 deck class.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}} She had a crew of 122. She and her sisters were described as "ships of transport, cargo plus passengers – comfortable but not luxurious, dependable but not speedy – appropriately functional for their time".{{sfn|Miller|1986|pp=145–146}}

==Career==
''Dwarka'' entered service in June 1947, joining ''Dumra'' on BI's route between Bombay (now [[Mumbai Harbour|Mumbai]]) and the [[Persian Gulf]]. When {{MV|Dara||2}} was completed in June 1948, she joined them on the same route. The fourth sister, ''Daressa'', joined the same route when she was completed in June 1950.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}}

On 20 September 1953, there was a dispute among some of the deck passengers about the price of food. Two [[Somali people|Somalian]] deck passengers killed three crewmen, and injured 11, before they were restrained.<ref name=P&OH/>

On 12 December 1959 ''Dwarka'' left [[Muscat]] for Bombay. A few hours later a bomb exploded under a bed in one of her passenger cabins. The target was the Minister of the Interior of [[Muscat and Oman]], Sayed Ahmed bin Ibrahim. The cabin caught fire, and the minister suffered burns and severe [[Acute stress disorder|shock]]. The resident [[Royal Navy]] officer in [[Bahrain]], [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] Roger Fisher, was also aboard, and rescued bin Ibrahim from the cabin. The minister was taken ashore and admitted to the US mission hospital at [[Muttrah]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Naval officer saves minister from bomb |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |place=London |date=12 December 1959 |page=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Minister is saved by a Briton – Cabin On Fire – Bomb Attempt |newspaper=[[Liverpool Echo]] |place=Liverpool |date=12 December 1959 |page=23}}</ref>{{sfn|Abraham|1963|p=104}}

On 19 June 1961 ''Dwarka'' was leaving Muscat when there was an explosion in her number one hold, injuring one person. Damage was minor, and the ship continued her voyage to [[Port of Karachi|Karachi]].<ref name=P&OH/>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], ''Dwarka'' met another BI motor ship, ''Santhia'', in Muscat to exchange passengers. ''Dwarka''{{'}}s Indian passengers were transferred to ''Santhia'', and ''Santhia''{{'}}s Pakistani passengers were transferred to ''Dwarka''. Omani police and the [[frigate]] {{HMS|Nubian|F131|6}} supervised the exchange.<ref name=P&OH/>

In 1971 ''Dwarka'' joined the General Cargo Division of BI's parent company [[P&O]]. Ownership of ''Dwarka'' was transferred to P&O on 19 April 1973, but transferred back to BI on 30 May 1975.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}}<ref name=P&OH/>

In 1979 ''Dwarka'' was refitted in [[Port of Singapore|Singapore]]. Her holds were fitted with [[Reefer ship|refrigeration plant]], and her passenger accommodation was revised to 52 cabin class, 534 berthed, and 533 deck passengers.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=161}}

Toward the end of her career, ''Dwarka'', under the command of Captain GA Hankin, featured in two films. In 1979 the [[BBC]] made a television documentary as part of the series ''[[The World About Us]]'' called "Dwarka: An Arabian Voyage".<ref name=P&OH/> It documented a voyage from Mumbai, calling at Karachi, taking migrant workers to countries in the [[Persian Gulf]]. This illustrated the ship's unique historic status, and reportedly prompted renewed interest in her from around the world.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In 1981 [[Richard Attenborough]]'s [[biographical film]] ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' used ''Dwarka'' for several location shoots in Mumbai,<ref name=P&OH/> portraying much earlier BI ships.

''Dwarka'' was the last survivor of the four D-class ships. ''Dara'' had caught fire and sunk in 1961, ''Daressa'' was scrapped in 1974, and ''Dumra'' was scrapped in 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=1848 |title=Dara |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=1854 |title=Daressa |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?&ref=1836 |title=Dumra |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |access-date=29 December 2023}}</ref>

On 15 May 1982 ''Dwarka'' reached Mumbai at the end of her final voyage, and sailed on to reach Karachi on 23 May 1982<ref>Captain Warwick John Harwood's (Chief Officer on Final Voyage) Log Book</ref> where she was delivered to Zulfiqar Metals of [[Pakistan]] which had bought her for scrap. She was [[Ship breaking|broken up]] at [[Gadani ship-breaking yard|Gadani Beach]], Pakistan, beginning on 13 June 1982.<ref name=P&OH/>

''Dwarka'' was the last BI ship to operate traditional liner service. However, the last passenger ship in BI livery was {{SS|Uganda|1952|2}}, which was transferred to P&O's Passenger Division in 1972 but remained in BI colours. ''Uganda'' was laid up in April 1985 and sold for scrap in 1986.{{sfn|Haws|1987|p=170}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=PJ |year=1963 |title=Last Hours on Dara |place=London |publisher=[[Peter Llewelyn Davies|Peter Davies]]}}
*{{cite book |last=Haws |first=Duncan |year=1987 |title=British India S.N. Co |series=Merchant Fleets |volume=11 |place=Burwash |publisher=Travel Creatours Ltd Publications |isbn=0-946378-07-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Laxon |first1=William A. |last2=Perry |first2=F. W. |title=B.I: The British India Steam Navigation Company Limited |date=1994 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |isbn=0-905617-65-7 |pages=182−183}}
*{{cite book |year=1948 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I. A–L |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949AL/page/n460/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1948}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Miller |first=William H |author-link=William H. Miller (writer) |year=1986 |title=The Last Blue Water Liners |place=London |publisher=[[Conway Maritime Press]] |isbn=0-85177-400-8}}
*{{cite book |year=1959 |title=Register Book |volume=I Register of Ships |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1960/page/n534/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1959}} }}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLhUCaasWG0 |title=An Arabian Voyage |work=[[The World About Us]] |publisher=[[BBC Television]] |year=1979 |via=[[YouTube]]}}
*{{cite web |url= http://www.shipsnostalgia.com/guides/DWARKA |title=Dwarka |work=Ships Nostalgia |year=2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwarka}}

[[Category:1946 ships]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships of the British India Steam Navigation Company]]
[[Category:Ships built by Swan Hunter]]

Bodo Kachari Autonomous Council

2025-12-07T10:39:13Z

IsraelGuinn0047: added new article

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council
| house_type = [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Autonomous Council]]
| body =
| houses =
| coa_pic = Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council logo.png
| members = 40 councillors
| voting_system1 = 36 [[Plurality voting system|plurality voting]]
| voting_system2 = 4 nominated
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = Gambaru Muchahary<ref>[https://bkwac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Executive-Member-2.pdf List of executive members]</ref>
| party1 =
| election1 = 17 February 2021
| leader2_type = Chief Executive Member
| leader2 = Mihiniswar Basumatary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/boro-kachari-welfare-autonomous-council-cabinet-discusses-creation-of-posts-permanent-office-540267|title=Boro Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council Cabinet Discusses Creation of Posts, Permanent Office - Sentinelassam|date=28 May 2021}}</ref>
| election2 = 17 February 2021
| leader3_type = Deputy Chief Executive Member
| leader3 = Romeo Narzary
| election3 = 17 February 2021
| meeting_place = Simen Chapori, [[Dhemaji District]], [[Assam]]
| website = [https://bkwac.in/ Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]
}}
'''Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council''', (BKWAC), is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous council]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]], for the development and protection of ethnic [[Boro people|Bodo-Kachari]] people living in villages outside the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]].<ref>[https://legislative.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/legislative_medhassu_in_oid_3/menu/document/the_bodo_kachari_welfare_autonomous_council_act_2020assam_act_no.ii_of_2021.pdf The official gazette]</ref> It was formed in 2020.<ref name="wire">{{Cite news|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/government/assam-assembly-passes-bill-to-create-autonomous-council-for-bodo-kachari-community/amp|title=Assam Assembly Passes Bill to Create Autonomous Council for Bodo-Kachari Community|newspaper=The wire|date=31 December 2020|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>

==History==
There has been a long-standing demand for a Boro Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council outside the Bodoland territorial region for the welfare of Bodo-Kachari people. Several protests were also conducted by the Bodo organizations for this.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bodo-kachari-autonomous-welfare-council-outside-6th-schedule-area-to-come-up-soon-hbs-505667|title=Bodo Kachari Autonomous Welfare Council outside 6th Schedule Area to come up soon: HBS|newspaper=Sentinelassam|date=7 October 2020|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> The Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council Bill, 2020 was moved in Assam legislative assembly by the Welfare of Plain Tribes and Backward Classes Minister [[Chandan Brahma]] in December 2020 and the bill was passed after a brief discussion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/assam-house-passes-bill-to-create-autonomous-council-for-bodo-kachari-community-3232208.html|title=Assam House Passes Bill to Create Autonomous Council for Bodo-Kachari Community|newspaper=News18|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

==Administration==
The Bodo Kachari Autonomous Welfare Council consists of 40 members. 36 of these members are elected directly and 4 members are nominated by the State government. Among the 36 election seats, 25 of them will be reserved for the Scheduled Tribe communities, 6 will be reserved for women of any community residing within the Council area. The 4 nominated members will be from among the communities residing within the Council area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/bill-to-form-council-for-bodo-kacharis-placed-bodo-to-be-made-an-associate-official-language-518409|title=Bill to form Council for Bodo Kacharis placed; Bodo to be made an 'associate official language'|newspaper=Sentinelassam|date=29 December 2020|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

In January 2021, the Assam State Government said it will constitute interim councils for Bodo Kachari Autonomous Council as elections to the autonomous council can't be done before the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-government-to-form-four-interim-councils-soon|title=Assam Government To Form Four Interim Councils Soon|newspaper=Sentinelassam|date=9 January 2021|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref> An interim council made up of 14 members was appointed in February 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/103187148011084/249959803333817 |archive-date = 2022-04-27| url = https://www.facebook.com/borokachariwelfarecouncil/photos/a.103242898005509/249959803333817 |title = Bodo-Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Autonomous administrative divisions of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://bkwac.in/ Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council]
*[https://www.facebook.com/borokachariwelfarecouncil/ Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council on Facebook]

{{Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[Category:Autonomous district councils of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Assam]]

Sindi, Maharashtra

2025-11-20T07:00:36Z

IsraelGuinn0047: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sindi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pola city
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.8|N|78.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 243
| population_total = 18200
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 442105
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sindi''' is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Wardha district]]. Sindi is also known as Pola city.{{cn|date=February 2018}} Sindi railway station is important stop between Wardha-Nagpur central rail route.

==Geography==
Sindi is located at {{Coord|20.8|N|78.87|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Sindi.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sindi]</ref> It has an average elevation of 243 metres (797 feet).

==Transport==
There is a railway Station on Wardha - Nagpur line of [[Central Railways]].
Wardha to Sindi Bus (MSRTC)
NAGPUR TO SINDI BUS (MSRTC)

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sindi had a population of 13,052. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sindi has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 67%. In Sindi, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wardha district topics}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Wardha district]]

{{Wardha-geo-stub}}

National Highway 101 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-29T18:26:00Z

IsraelGuinn0047: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 331 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Alvito D'Cunha

2025-09-26T22:24:42Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Alvito D'Cunha
| image =
| fullname = Alvito Ronaldo Correia D'Cunha<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/62|title=East Bengal's success in ASEAN Championship|publisher=IndianFootball.com|author=Abhishek Gujral|date=2003-08-01|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195928/http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/62|url-status=live}}</ref>
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|7|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sanvordem]], [[Goa]], [[India]]
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Left winger]]
| years1 = 1997–1998
| clubs1 = [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa]]
| caps1 = 14
| goals1 = 6
| years2 = 1998–2002
| clubs2 = [[Salgaocar SC]]
| caps2 = 59
| goals2 = 7
| years3 = 2002–2016
| clubs3 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| caps3 = 159
| goals3 = 23
| totalcaps = 232
| totalgoals = 36
| nationalyears1 = 2001–2006
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 20
| nationalgoals1 = 3
| pcupdate = 10 November 2016
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Alvito Ronaldo Correia D'Cunha''' (born 12 July 1978, in [[Sanvordem]]) is a retired [[India]]n [[football (soccer)|football]] player. He was a former member of the [[India national football team|India national team]] and represented India in the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers]]. He spent most of his club career in East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football: Part Four – Modern Era (1999—2011)|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/|location=Kolkata|date=13 July 2011|access-date=11 October 2022|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041621/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-four-modern-era/}}</ref>

==Playing career==
He played for [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] as a left winger for a long span of 14 seasons. He retired at the start of 2016 season as the club had not included D'Cunha in the squad. He previously played for two renowned Goan sides [[Salgaocar SC]] (1998–2002), and [[Sesa Football Academy|Sesa SC]] (1997–1998).

He made a start after a few years for East Bengal against [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat Milan Sangha]] in the inaugural match of the Calcutta Premier Division 2013, where he scored from a penalty on the 15th minute, and assisted his state-mate [[Joaquim Abranches]] with a forward through pass to score his first goal for the [[Kolkata]]-based side.

==Statistics==

=== International ===
Source: <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3115.html |title=Alvito D'Cunha |website=National-Football-Teams.com |access-date=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=6|'''[[India national football team|India]]'''
|2001||4||0
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
!Total!!19!!3
|}

==Honours==

'''Salgaocar'''
*[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[1998-99 Indian National Football League|1998–99]]<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india99.html Philips National League]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611102350/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india99.html#nfl1 |date=11 June 2009 }}. ''[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]''. Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref>
*[[Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]: 1999
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1999
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1999
*Governor's Cup: 1999, 2001

'''East Bengal'''
*[[ASEAN Club Championship]]: [[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|2003]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|title=Making a mark in Asia: East Bengal's 2003 Asean Cup win – a defining moment for Indian club football|website=Scroll.in|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127192359/https://amp.scroll.in/field/968097/making-a-mark-in-asia-east-bengals-2003-asean-cup-win-a-defining-moment-for-indian-club-football|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[National Football League (India)|National Football League]]: [[2002–03 Indian National Football League|2002–03]],<ref>{{cite news |title=East Bengal champs |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/apr/25nfl.htm |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=Rediff.com |date=25 April 2003 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019163955/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/apr/25nfl.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2003-04 Indian National Football League|2003–04]]
*[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]: 2007, [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup|2009–10]], [[2010 Indian Federation Cup|2010]], [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]]
*[[Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]: 2006, [[2011 Indian Super Cup|2011]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super Cup |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748 |publisher=aiff |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925102945/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748 |archive-date=2011-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[IFA Shield]]: 2002, [[2012 IFA Shield|2012]]
*[[Durand Cup]]: 2002, 2004
*[[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]]: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013.

'''India'''
*[[SAFF Championship]]: [[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]]; third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]

'''Individual'''
* ''IndianFootball.com'' Awards —Player of the Year: 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|title=India — ''indianfootball.com'' AWARDS 2003 winners|archive-date=10 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610034651/http://indianfootball.de/data/ifc_awards/results2003.html|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2016|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIFA|183141|Alvito D'Cunha}}
* {{NFT|3115|Alvito D'Cunha}}
*{{Soccerway|alvito-rolando-correia-dcunha-correia/72894}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{S-sports}}}}
{{succession box
| title = [[East Bengal FC]] captain
| before = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
| after = [[Abhra Mondal]]
| years = 2006–2007
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Cunha, Alvito}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from South Goa district]]
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Army Red football team

2025-09-20T16:14:38Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up article

{{Short description|Indian Army's association football club}}
{{Distinguish|Army Green football team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Army Red football team
| image = Army Red (football team).svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Army Red football team Indian Army football team
| nickname =
| short name = ARFT, IAFT
| founded =
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Services Sports Control Board]] [[Indian Army]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Manish Wahi
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _greyhoops
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = C51E3A
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = C51E3A
| socks1 = C51E3A
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFB6C1
| body2 = FFB6C1
| rightarm2 = FFB6C1
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
| website =
}}

'''Army Red''', also known as '''Indian Army football team''',<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammedan SC suffers first loss; go down 1–2 to Tollygunge|url=http://thif-live.com/cfl-mohammedan-sc-suffers-first-loss-go-down-1-2-to-tollygunge/|location=Kolkata|first=Ujjal|last=Sarkhel|publisher=Thif-Live.com|date=9 August 2016|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821022613/http://thif-live.com/cfl-mohammedan-sc-suffers-first-loss-go-down-1-2-to-tollygunge/|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/olympian-tulsidas-balaram-the-once-don-of-maidan-soccer-is-no-more|title=Olympian Tulsidas Balaram, the once don of Maidan soccer is no more|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402004749/https://www.getbengal.com/details/olympian-tulsidas-balaram-the-once-don-of-maidan-soccer-is-no-more|archive-date=2 April 2023|access-date=20 February 2023|date=16 February 2023|website=getbengal.com|publisher=Get Bengal Information Desk|location=Kolkata}}</ref> is one of the [[association football|football]] sections that represents the [[Indian Army]]. The team regularly participates in the [[Durand Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nongmeikapam Suresh Meitei Player Profile|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/128474?type=club|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505053417/https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/128474?type=club|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=1 January 2021|website=All India Football Federation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2019|title=Durand Cup 2019, As it happened: Army Red, Indian Navy hold Bengaluru FC, ATK to draws|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-bengaluru-fc-vs-army-red-bikash-thapa-naushad-moosa-ajay-chhetri-roshan-singh-indian-football/article28821628.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201062910/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-2019-bengaluru-fc-vs-army-red-bikash-thapa-naushad-moosa-ajay-chhetri-roshan-singh-indian-football/article28821628.ece|archive-date=1 December 2020|access-date=1 January 2021|website=SPORTSTAR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 August 2019|title=QUESS EAST BENGAL PREVAILS OVER ARMY RED IN SEASON OPENER|url=https://durandcup.in/matches/east-bengal-fc-vs-army-red/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305164811/https://durandcup.in/matches/east-bengal-fc-vs-army-red/|archive-date=5 March 2021|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Durand Cup Official Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2020|title=BENGALURU FC-ARMY RED MATCH ENDS IN A DRAW.|url=https://durandcup.in/matches/auto-draft/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305160601/https://durandcup.in/matches/auto-draft/|archive-date=5 March 2021|access-date=1 January 2021|website=Durand Cup Official Website}}</ref> [[Calcutta Football League|Calcutta Premier Division]] and various regional tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2005–06|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html|website=RSSSF|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=126th Durand Cup|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|website=KolkataFootball|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125532/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Army Red briefly participated in the top division of the [[Calcutta Football League]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calcutta Premier Division: East Bengal defeat Army XI 2-1|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/calcutta-premier-division-east-bengal-defeat-army-xi-2-1/|website=arunfoot.com|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|date=12 August 2016|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815130211/http://www.arunfoot.com/calcutta-premier-division-east-bengal-defeat-army-xi-2-1/}}</ref> In June 2023, the club was placed in the group I, when the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) announced the merger of both Premier Division A and B of the Calcutta Football League ahead of its 125th edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|title=Calcutta Football League (CFL) goes bigger than ever for its historic 125th season|website=thefangarage.com|publisher=The Fan Garage|location=Kolkata|date=5 June 2023|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060715/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19091-calcutta-football-league-cfl-goes-bigger-than-ever-for-its-historic-125th-season|archive-date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=5 June 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html|title=Calcutta Football League: মোহনবাগান-মহমেডানের গ্রুপে অভিষেকের ক্লাব, ইস্টবেঙ্গলের গ্রুপে ভবানীপুর|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Debutant club in Mohun Bagan-Mohammedan group, Bhavanipur in East Bengal group|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154245/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/have-a-look-on-2023-calcutta-football-league-premier-division-group-stage-830841.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Koushik|last=Biswas|date=5 June 2023|url=https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms|title=Calcutta Football League : বাজল কলকাতা ফুটবল লিগের ঘণ্টা, কঠিন গ্রুপে মোহনবাগান|trans-title=Calcutta Football League: Bell of Calcutta Football League rings, Mohun Bagan in tough group|language=bn|work=Ei Samay|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605154719/https://eisamay.com/sports/football/news/mohun-bagan-is-in-comparatively-tough-group-in-calcutta-football-league/articleshow/100770942.cms}}</ref>

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[Calcutta Football League|CFL First Division]]'''
**Champions (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=IFA CFL 1st DIVISION :: CHAMPIONSHIP ROUND 2022|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2022/cfl_divn1_result.html|website=kolkatafootball.com|date=4 November 2022|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112194141/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ifa_cfl_lower_division_2022/cfl_divn1_result.html}}</ref>

===Cup===
* '''[[Durand Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 2005<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html List of Durand Cup tournament winners and runner-ups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729142839/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html |date=2014-07-29 }} ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref>
** Runners-up (1): 2002–03
* '''[[IFA Shield]]'''
** Runners-up (1): 1991
* '''[[Sikkim Gold Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 1999
** Runners-up (5): 1994, 1998, 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html#sikkimgov|title=India 2006/07: Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=28 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203074819/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html#sikkimgov|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|date=29 November 2007|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> 2008, 2018
* '''[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]'''
** Champions (1): 2010
* '''[[Kalinga Cup]]'''
** Champions (2): 2010, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-25|title=Army XI crowned 2016 All India Kalinga Cup champions|url=https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2016/05/25/army-xi-crowned-2016-all-india-kalinga-cup-champions/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=The Blog » CPD Football by Chris Punnakkattu Daniel|language=en-GB|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220133019/https://blog.cpdfootball.de/2016/05/25/army-xi-crowned-2016-all-india-kalinga-cup-champions/|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Runners-up (1): 2009
* '''[[Mohan Kumar Mangalam Football Tournament]]'''
** Champions (1): 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|title=DFA Udaipur enter finals of the MKM National Football Tournament for the first time in 43 years|date=29 January 2023|access-date=28 February 2023|website=udaipurtimes.com|publisher=Udaipur Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129144906/https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>

===International===
* {{flagicon|NEP}} '''[[Tribhuvan Challenge Shield]]'''
** Winners (2): 1955, 1956 ''(as Indian Army Club)''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal — List of Champions and Cup Winners: Tribhuvan Challenge Shield – Other Cup Tournaments|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nepalchamp.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|author1=Atsushi Fujioka |author2=Biplav Guatam |author3=Malik Riaz Hai Naveed|date=1996|access-date=6 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712145240/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nepalchamp.html|archive-date=12 July 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Army Green football team|Army Green]]
* [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
* [[Services football team]]
* [[Railways football team]]
* [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force SC]]
* [[Indian Army Service Corps]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{Durand Cup winners}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Military football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-mil-stub}}
{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Pali Assembly constituency

2025-09-15T09:33:50Z

IsraelGuinn0047: quick fix

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pali
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-118-Pali.svg
| mla = [[Bheem Raj Bhati]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| constituency_no = 118
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:274659}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Pali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Pali district|Pali]] district and is a segment of [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1957||Mool Chand||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1962||[[Kesri Singh Mundiyar|Kesri Singh]]||{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| 1967||M. Chand||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|1972||Shankar Lal
|-
|1977||Mool Chand Daga
|-
| 1980||Manak Lal Mehta
|-
| 1985||Pushpa||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1990||[[Pusp Jain]]
|-
| 1993||[[Bheem Raj Bhati]]||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| 1998||rowspan=5|[[Gyanchand Parakh]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 2003
|-
| 2008
|-
| 2013
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Bheem Raj Bhati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pali<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahaveer Singh Sukarlai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:95092}}
|percentage = 50.25
|change = +31.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gyanchand Parakh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87204}}
|percentage = 46.08
|change = +2.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Dungar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2738}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1760}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7888}}
|percentage = 4.17
|change = -7.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189256}}
|percentage = 68.91
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Pali<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gyanchand Parakh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75480}}
|percentage = 43.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bheemraj Bhati
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:56094}}
|percentage = 32.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahaveer Singh Sukarlai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:33143}}
|percentage = 19.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishal
|votes = {{formatnum:1938}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2026}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19386}}
|percentage = 11.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172348}}
|percentage = 69.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.78|73.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Nayanthara Chakravarthy

2025-09-05T08:17:17Z

IsraelGuinn0047:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2002)}}
{{Distinguish|Nayanthara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nayanthara Chakravarthy
| image = Actress Nayanthara Chakravarthy.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|04|20}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/child-artist-nayanthara-chakravarthy-going-to-kick-start-her-career-in-movies-as-heroine/articleshow/82145153.cms |title=ഇനി ബേബി നയൻതാരയല്ല; നായികയാവാൻ ഒരുങ്ങി നയൻതാര ചക്രവർത്തി}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| education = 
| occupation = Actress
| other_names = Kutty Nayan<ref>{{cite news |title=Kutty Nayan busy with her new film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/baby-nayanthara-busy-with-her-new-film/articleshow/12895319.cms|work=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
| years_active = 2005–2016
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Maninath Chakravarthy|Bindu Maninath}}
| awards = See [[#Awards|Awards]]
| website = 
}}

'''Nayanthara Chakravarthy''' (born 20 April 2002), also known as '''Baby Nayanthara''', is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She established herself as a child actress. Nayanthara made her acting debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' in 2005, for which she won the “Sathyan Memorial Award” for the Best Child Artist in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sathyan Memorial Awards announced. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/sathyan-memorial-awards-announced/article3052626.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 October 2018 |date=25 November 2006}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nayanthara, born on 20 April 2002 in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of [[Kerala]], is the daughter of Maninath Chakravarthy and Bindu Maninath. She has a younger brother, Ayaan Chakravarthy. She started her acting career at the age of 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=അഭിനയത്തിന് താല്‍ക്കാലിക വിട. |url=http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/156256-mangalam-varika.html |work=Mangalam |date=10 October 2018}}</ref> She studied at [[Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram]] till class 2 after which, she moved to [[Kochi]] where she finished her schooling in [[The Choice School|The Choice School, Thrippunithura]].

==Career==
Nayanthara's notable works include ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'', ''[[Swarnam]]'', ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loud Speaker]]'', ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'', ''[[Marupadi]]''. She has appeared several commercials including [[The Chennai Silks]], [[RMKV Silks]] and Silver Storm Parks.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film awards received by Nayanthara Chakravarthy
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Film
|-
| 2006
| Sathyan Memorial Award
| Best Child Artist
| [[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]
|-
| 2008
| Atlas - Film Critics Award
| Best Child Artist <ref>{{cite news |title=Mohanlal, Sukumari adjudged best actors . |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Mohanlal-Sukumari-adjudged-best-actors/article16363026.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Swarnam]]''
|-
| 2009
| Mathrubhumi Amrita Award
| Best Child Artist
|-
| 2009
| Jaycee Foundation Award
| Best Child Artist
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]''
|-
| 2009
| Jeevan Minnalai Award
| Best Child Artist
|-
| 2015
| IFA Awards (Dubai)
| Best Child Artist in 10 Years
| Various films
|}

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| rowspan="4"|2006
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]''
| Tinku Mol
|-
| ''[[Achanurangatha Veedu]]''
| Nayana
|-
| ''[[Chess (2006 film)|Chess]]''
| Achu
|-
| ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]''
| Student
|-
| rowspan="6"|2007
| ''[[Athisayan]]''
| Kingini
|-
| ''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]''
| Ammukutty
|-
| ''[[Inspector Garud]]''
| Grand Daughter of Raghavan
|-
| ''[[Aakasham]]''
| Mayakutty
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]''
| Sooryan's niece
|-
| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]''
| Josekutty's Niece
|-
| rowspan="5"|2008
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''
| Antony Punnekkadan's Daughter
|-
| ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]''
| Thara
|-
| ''[[Swarnam]]''
| Ponnu
|-
| ''[[Thirakkatha]]''
| Shalini
|-
| ''[[Crazy Gopalan]]''
| Babu John's Daughter
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009
| ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]''
| [[Sreenath]]'s Daughter
|-
| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]''
| Ammukutty
|-
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2009 film)|Loudspeaker]]''
| Angela
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011
| ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]''
| Omanakuttan's Daughter
|-
| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]''
| Avinash Varma's Daughter
|-
| ''[[Naayika]]''
| Anand's Adopted Daughter
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]''
| Amala
|-
| ''[[Poppins]]''
| Chakki
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Silence (2013 film)|Silence]]''
| Arya
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Little Superman]]''
| Serah
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Aval Vannathinu Shesham]]''{{Citation needed |date=March 2024}}
| Devu
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Marupadi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=When justice is denied. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/v-m-vinu-is-back-in-the-marquee-with-marupadi/article16832843.ece |work=The Hindu |date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
| Riya (Aby's daughter)
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarthy, Nayanthara}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Annamalai Reddiyar

2025-08-30T20:37:51Z

IsraelGuinn0047: rework formatting to improve readability per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{short description|Indian poet}}
'''Annamalai Reddiyar''' or '''Reddiar''' (1865–1891) was a Tamil poet and composer.

Born in Sennikulam, [[Sankarankoil taluk]], [[Tirunelveli district]], Tamil Nadu, he studied Tamil under Ramaswami Pulavar and [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]] and was later patronised by the zamindar of Uttrumalai.<ref>{{cite book|author1=S. Ramanathan |title=Glimpses of Indian music |publisher=Sundeep |year=1982 |page=5–6}}</ref>

He is particularly remembered for his ''Kavadi Chindu'', a genre of songs chanted by devotees of Lord [[Murugan]] while performing [[Kavadi Attam]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ganga Ram Garg |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |isbn=9788170223757|page=496}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/dancing-tunes/article5272174.ece |author=T. Saravanan |title=Dancing tunes |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2013 |accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddiyar, Annamalai}}
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Adhotar

2025-08-19T12:22:51Z

IsraelGuinn0047: put up post...

{{Short description|Coarse handloom cotton variety from India}}
'''Adhotar''' was a coarse variety [[Loom|handloom]] cloth with a loosely [[Woven fabric|woven]] structure. Adhotar was a [[Textile|cloth]] of locals in the early 19th century. It was one among various other [[India]]n handloom fabrics such as [[Khadi|khaddar]], {{Transliteration|hi|garha, dres}}, and [[Khasa (cloth)|Khasa]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio0000unse|title=Fairchild's dictionary of textiles|date=1959|publisher=New York, Fairchild Publications|pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Pawar|first1=Appasaheb Ganapatrao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFZXAAAAMAAJ&q=Adhotar+used+for|title=Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: Papers|last2=University|first2=Shivaji|date=1971|publisher=Shivaji University|pages=52|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OQ2AQAAMAAJ&q=A |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Ibbetson series, 1883-1884]. |date=1884 |publisher=Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arcBAAAAYAAJ&q=W |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh |date=1877 |publisher=Oudh Government Press |language=en}}</ref>

The cloth was also meant for [[Textile printing|printing]] to produce coarser [[chintz]] called {{Transliteration|hi|dogha}} or {{Transliteration|hi|galef}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hadi|first=Saiyid Muhammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p1CAQAAMAAJ&q=adhotar+Dhoti+cloth|title=A Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh|date=1899|publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press|pages=45|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dosuti]]
* [[Khadi]]
* [[Bafta cloth]]
* [[Longcloth]]
* [[Calico]]
* [[Chintz]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{weaving}}
{{fabric}}

[[Category:Woven fabrics]]

{{Clothing-stub}}

Uttar Goara

2025-08-19T04:03:16Z

IsraelGuinn0047: Added Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uttar Goara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2345|N|88.3393|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,178
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uttar Goara''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kalna I]] CD Block in [[Kalna subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Kalna subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|20|55|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Kalna | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Kalna, India]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|24|20|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Srirampur | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Srirampur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|21|30|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Hatsimla | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Hatsimla]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|20|30|N|88|20|44|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jaluidanga | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jaluidanga]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|18|54|N|88|19|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Gopinathpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Gopinathpur, West Bengal]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|18|36|N|88|20|20|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nasratpur | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nasratpur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|16|43|N|88|18|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Dhatrigram | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Dhatrigram]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|27|N|88|20|32|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Piarinagar | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Piarinagar]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|15|30|N|88|19|21|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Uttar Goara | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= Uttar Goara (CT)| shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|22|45|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Shashpur | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Shashpur]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|22|35|N|88|15|6|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nadanghat| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Nadanghat]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|28|0|N|88|19|58|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Purbasthali| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Purbasthali]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|21|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Monteswar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Monteswar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|14|30|N|88|20|27|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Rangapara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Rangapara, Kalna]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|10|15|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Singarkone| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singarkone]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|26|57|N|88|18|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Parulia| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Parulia, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|16|32|N|88|16|36|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Atgharia| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Atgharia]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|24|N|88|16|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Badla| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Badla, Purba Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|55|N|88|19|17|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Samudragarh| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Samudragarh]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|34|7|N|88|17|15|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Patuli| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Patuli]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|9|20|N|88|14|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Baidyapur Jora Deul| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Baidyapur Jora Deul]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.1327|88.4529}}| label22=Hooghly| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=-90| label-pos22=right| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.1787|88.4579}}| label23=River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-45| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.4564|88.2065}}| label24=Khari River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=55| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none}}

===Location===
Uttar Goara is located on the agriculturally rich alluvial plains between the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and [[Damodar River|Damodar]] rivers.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}} , Vol I, p. 15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> Temperatures in this region varies from 17-18 °C in winter to 30-32 °C in summer.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 19</ref>

===Urbanisation===
87.00% of the population of Kalna subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 13.00% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Uttar Goara had a total population of 7,178, of which 3,717 (52%) were males and 3,461 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 658. The total number of literates in Uttar Goara was 5,257 (80.63% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 February 2017 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Uttar Goara had a population of 6,972. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Uttar Goara has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 55%. In Uttar Goara, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Uttar Goara covered an area of 1.61 km2. It had 5 km roads. Amongst the medical facilities, the nearest nursing home was 1 km away and the nearest veterinary hospital was 1 km away. It had 3 primary schools. The nearest secondary and senior secondary schools were 1.5 km away at Nibhuji.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Statement I: Growth History, Pages 1179-1181; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1188-1191; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1191-1195; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1196-1199; Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities 2009, Pages 1200-1209| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 3 February 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
Uttar Goara has one primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |title=7th All-India School Education Survey 2003 |access-date=2007-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Yakshagana bells

2025-07-17T22:34:20Z

IsraelGuinn0047: corrected formatting further

{{Short description|Type of finger bell}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:ybells.jpg|right|thumb|Yakshagana cymbal.]]
The '''Yakshagana bells''' ({{langx|kn|ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ ತಾಳಗಳು}}) or '''Yakshagana cymbal''' are a pair of finger bells made of a special alloy (traditional five metal) used in [[Yakshagana]] (Badagu Thittu). They are used by the singer to keep the tempo and rhythm of Yakshagana performances. The pitch of the bells are generally very high and do not match the pitch of the singer; as such, singers may use bells of any key.

== Methods of use==
The player of the Yakshagana bells holds the thread tied to the bells and hits the edge of one bell to the face of the other bell. There are various techniques that may be used to produce different sounds from the instrument. For fast rhythms, the non-dominant hand is rolled to facilitate fast beating. A closed hit of the bells produces a sound without any overtone and with sudden decay. This stroke indicates a gap (husi) and is often used to indicate change in rhythm or tempo to other musicians.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
* [[Tabla]]
* [[Thavil]]
* [[Karatalas]]
* [[Chande]]
* [[Tala-Maddale]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://shruti.hejje.com Yashagana Shruti Box Software Online/WINDOWS/Linux/Mobile/iPhone/Android] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426124213/http://shruti.hejje.com/ |date=26 April 2013 }}.

[[Category:Yakshagana]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Pitched percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]

{{Carnatic-music-stub}}