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Chum Darang

2026-05-05T13:35:44Z

Isaac3301: put up a post.

{{Short description|Indian model, actress and entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Chum Darang
| image = Chum Darang clicked at the screening of Badhaai Do (cropped).jpg
| caption = Darang in 2022
| birth_place = [[Pasighat]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|10|16|df=y}}
| title = {{ubl|[[Miss Himalaya Pageant|Miss Himalaya 2015]]|[[Miss Earth India 2016]]}}
| competitions = {{ubl|[[Miss Himalaya Pageant]]|[[Miss Earth India]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Model|actress|entrepreneur|social activist}}
| years_active = 2020–present
}}

'''Chum Darang''' is an Indian model, actress, social activist, entrepreneur and beauty pageants title holder who works in hindi cinema and television. She was crowned Miss [[AAPSU]] in 2010, and later represented India at [[Miss Earth India 2016]] and Miss Asia World 2017. She participated in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]] in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister roots for Chum Darang ahead of Bigg Boss 18 finale |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/arunachal-pradesh-chief-minister-pema-khandu-roots-for-chum-darang-bigg-boss-18-finale-2662750-2025-01-10 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and finished as [[Runner-up|4th Runner-up]] of the show.

== Early life ==
Darang was born on 16 October 1991 in [[Pasighat]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bigg Boss 18: Chum Darang's family celebrates her birthday; asks her to 'stay strong'; watch heartwarming video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-18-chum-darangs-family-celebrates-her-birthday-asks-her-to-stay-strong-watch-heartwarming-video/articleshow/114290797.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She grew up in a close-knit family alongside her parents and three siblings, two younger brothers and one elder sister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Hasid |title=Bigg Boss 18: Chum Darang Net Worth, Age, Family, Career, Biography and Wiki |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/biography/chum-darang-net-worth-age-family-career-biography-and-wiki |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.pratidintime.com |language=en}}</ref> They follow [[Donyi-Polo]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m1xbn1IlGI |title=Chum Darang: What Most Indians Don't Understand About Northeast {{!}} Bharti TV Clips |date=2025-02-28 |last=BhartiTVPodcast Clips |access-date=2025-04-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

She attended D' Ering Memorial Higher Secondary School in [[Pasighat]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Bigg Boss 18: From Vivian Dsena To Karan Veer Mehra, Check Out The Educational Qualifications Of The Contestants |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-18-from-vivian-dsena-to-karan-veer-mehra-check-out-the-educational-qualifications-of-the-contestants/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shweta |title=Bigg Boss 18: From Vivian Dsena to Karan Veer Mehra; Know educational qualifications of contestants |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-18-from-vivian-dsena-to-karan-veer-mehra-know-educational-qualifications-of-contestants-3120093 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Pageantry==
Darang's interest in beauty pageants began in 2007 when she was 16. A major turning point in her journey was winning Miss [[All Arunachal Pradesh Students' Union|AAPSU]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/meet-chum-darang-from-arunachal-miss-earth-india-2016-finalist/ |title=Meet Chum Darang from Arunachal, "Miss Earth India 2016" Finalist |publisher=North East Today |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525211831/http://thenortheasttoday.com/meet-chum-darang-from-arunachal-miss-earth-india-2016-finalist/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> She later participated in various national and international beauty contests. She was a finalist in Miss North East Diva 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arunachalnews.com/chum-darang-qualifies-for-2014-vivel-north-east-diva-beauty-pageant-final/ |title=Chum Darang qualifies for 2014 Vivel North East DIVA Beauty Pageant final |publisher=Arunachal News |date=14 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Miss Himalaya 2015 ===
[[File:Chum Darang snapped at the Lakme Fashion Week 2025.jpg|thumb|Darang snapped at the [[Lakmé Fashion Week|Lakme Fashion Week]] 2025]]
She was the second runner-up at [[Miss Himalaya]] pageant in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.misshimalaya.com/event/2015/10/tanshuman-gurung-wins-miss-himalaya-pageant-crown/ |title=Tanshuman Gurung wins Miss Himalaya Pageant crown |publisher=Misshimalaya.com |date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

===Miss Earth India 2016===
Darang participated in the [[Miss Earth India 2016]] contest, which selects representatives for [[Miss Earth]]. She won the title of Miss Earth India Water 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/chum-darang-wins-miss-earth-india-water-crown/ |title=Chum Darang Wins Miss Earth India Water Crown |work=Northeast Today |publisher=North East Today |date=7 October 2016}}</ref>

===Miss Asia Pacific World 2017===
She represented India in the [[Miss Asia Pacific World|Miss Asia Pacific World 2017]] beauty pageant, competing with contestants from 24 countries. She was placed fifth and won the Miss Internet subtitle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arunachaltimes.in/arunachal-beauty-chum-darang-5th-runners-up-at-miss-asia-world/ |title=Arunachal beauty Chum Darang fifth runners up at Miss Asia World |work=Arunachal Times |date=22 May 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626090805/http://www.arunachaltimes.in/arunachal-beauty-chum-darang-5th-runners-up-at-miss-asia-world/ |archive-date=26 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One Stop Solution for Career and Livelihod |url=https://www.advancingnortheast.in/beti_bachao/chum-darang/ |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>

===Miss Tiara India International 2017===
Darang holds the crown of Miss Tiara India International 2017. She also won two subtitles, "Miss Sports Gear" and "Miss Best National Costume".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arunachaltimes.in/chum-darang-crowned-miss-tiara-india-international-2017/ |title=Chum Darang crowned Miss Tiara India International-2017 |work=Arunachal Times |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615171238/http://www.arunachaltimes.in/chum-darang-crowned-miss-tiara-india-international-2017/ |archive-date=15 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Chum Darang at the grand finale of Bigg Boss 18.jpg|thumb|Darang at the grand finale of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]]]
In 2020, Darang made her acting debut with [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s ''[[Paatal Lok]]'', directed by [[Avinash Arun]] and [[Prosit Roy]].

In 2022, she made her [[Bollywood]] film debut with ''[[Badhaai Do]]'', where she played a pivotal role alongside [[Bhumi Pednekar]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]]. Her portrayal of a [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex partner]] in the film was highly praised for its sensitivity and authenticity, earning her recognition as an emerging talent in the Indian film industry. The same year, she also appeared in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'', where she played the role of a [[Prostitution|prostitute]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-08 |title=Chum Darang: My character in Badhaai Do is a fun girl, I had no inhibitions playing her |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chum-darang-my-character-in-badhaai-do-is-a-fun-girl-i-had-no-inhibitions-playing-her/articleshow/89412117.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Chum Darang entered Bigg Boss 18 to promote North-East India culture |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/chum-darang-bigg-boss-18-coontestant-promote-north-east-india-culture-23410005 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

She also participated in the eighteenth season of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss]]'' and emerged as 4th runner up.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 18 Finale: Chum Darang evicted, Rajat, Avinash, Karan Veer and Vivian enter top 4 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-18-finale-chum-darang-evicted-rajat-avinash-karan-veer-and-vivian-enter-top-420250119234026/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" "style=text-align center;"
|-
!Year
! Scope=col|Title
! Scope=col | Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Badhaai Do]]''
|Rimjhim Jongkey
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-06 |title=Bhumi Pednekar's Badhaai Do co-star Chum Darang to be a part of Bigg Boss 18? Here's what we know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhumi-pednekars-badhaai-do-co-star-chum-darang-to-be-a-part-of-bigg-boss-18-heres-what-we-know/articleshow/113877116.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
|Chum
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bigg Boss 18 contestant Chum Darang says she respects Gangubai Kathiawadi co-star Alia Bhatt as an actor: 'She is very hardworking' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-18-contestant-chum-darang-says-she-respects-gangubai-kathiawadi-co-star-alia-bhatt-as-an-actor-9609634/lite/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" "style=text-align center;"
|-
! Year
! Scope=col|Title
! Scope=col | Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[Paatal Lok]]''
|Infomercial girl
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeem |first=Eba Fatima |title=Bigg Boss 18 Contestant Chum Darang: 5 Lesser-known Facts About The Arunachal Pradesh Girl |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-18-contestant-chum-darang-5-lesser-known-facts-about-the-arunachal-pradesh-girl/352905/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|Contestant
|4th runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-10 |title=Exclusive: Bigg Boss 18's Chum Darang: I won't tolerate disrespect of any kind, this is one thing that can trigger me |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-18s-chum-darang-i-wont-tolerate-disrespect-of-any-kind-this-is-one-thing-that-can-trigger-me/articleshow/114128040.cms |access-date=2024-11-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Khauf]]''
|Svetlana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=Prime Video announces Chum Darang-starrer horror series Khauf |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/chum-darang-rajat-kapoor-horror-series-khauf-released-april-18-prime-video-23515399 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-04-16 |title=Chum Darang talks 'Khauf': "I had to scream my lungs out... It gave me migraines" |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/chum-darang-talks-khauf-i-had-to-scream-my-lungs-out-it-gave-me-migraines-1503420883.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|11525862}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darang, Chum}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Miss Earth India delegates]]
[[Category:People from East Siang district]]
[[Category:Female models from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Mere Sai – Shraddha Aur Saburi

2026-04-24T16:54:19Z

Isaac3301: put up a article needs work

{{Short description|2017 Indian television series based on Sai Baba of Shirdi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name = ''Mere Sai''
| native_name =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Historical drama]]
}}
| creator = Aparna Padgaonkar
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Aparna Padgaonkar, Roshni Suvrna, Nitin Keswani
| screenplay = Koel Chaudhuri
| story = Nitin Keswani, Roshni Suvrna
| creative_director = Siddhav Nachane [[Hridaya Nath Jha]]
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Sachin Ambre
* Harsh B Agrawal
}}
| executive_producer = Rajan Singh
| presenter = 
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Devendra Bhome
| open_theme = "Om Sai Om...Sai Om..."
| end_theme =
| composer = Devendra Bhome
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1432 
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Nitin Vaidya
* [[Ninad Vaidya]]
* Aparna Padgaonkar
}}
| cinematography = Santosh Tripathi
| editor = Amey Godkar
| camera = 
| runtime = 22 mins
| company = Dashami Creations
| budget =
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|09|25|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abhishek Nigam to play the role of young Sai in 'Mere Sai' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abhishek-nigam-to-play-the-role-of-young-sai-in-mere-sai/articleshow/60496688.cms|access-date=2020-12-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|07|07|df=yes}}
| related = 
}}
'''''Mere Sai – Shraddha Aur Saburi''''' ({{Translation|''My Sai – Faith And Patience''}}) is an Indian Hindi-language [[historical drama]] series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] from 25 September 2017 to 7 July 2023. It starred Abeer Soofi initially from 2017-2019 and later on [[Tushar Dalvi]] from 2019-2023 in the lead role along with [[Kishori Godbole]], [[Vaibhav Mangle]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/abeer-soofi-i-am-not-a-saint-in-real-life/articleshow/63644303.cms|title=Abeer Soofi: I am not a saint in real life - The Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/little-wonder-on-the-sets-of-mere-sai/19536176|title=Little wonder on the sets of Mere Sai|date=2018-06-20|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tarun-khanna-roped-in-for-mere-sai/articleshow/63628113.cms|title=Tarun Khanna roped in for 'Mere Sai' - The Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref> The show traces the journey of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], a fakir who after witnessing the injustices due to religious and caste discrimination, faces several trials and tribulations on his journey to bring peace and love to the society. It is [[List of longest-running Indian television mythological series by episode count|longest-running Indian television mythological series by episode count]] to cross the iconic milestone of 1000 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE! Mere Sai set to complete 1000 episodes; director Sachin Ambre says ‘It's in my destiny to work on such shows with different tracks and that's why I never felt monotonous directing this show’ |url=https://tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-mere-sai-set-complete-1000-episodes-director-sachin-ambre-says-its-my-destiny |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show broadly covers the life and teachings of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], a 19th-century healer and spiritual leader who resides in the village of [[Shirdi]] in modern-day [[Maharashtra]]. Through his numerous acts of kindness, honesty, compassion, and nonviolence, he helps the people of Shirdi overcome their struggles by emphasizing values such as righteousness, humility, forgiveness, faith, and patience.

The show gently tackles various sociopolitical issues of the time while Sai Baba reforms egotistic individuals who initially hate him and his teachings. He shows them the path of [[Dharma]] and restores their faith in God.

==Cast==

===Main===
*[[Tushar Dalvi]] as [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] (2019–2023)
**Abeer Soofi as Sai Baba (2017-2019)
**[[Abhishek Nigam]] as Young Sai Baba (2017)
*[[Toral Rasputra]] / [[Kishori Godbole]] as Bayaza Bai/Bayaza Maa(2017-2019)/(2019-2023)(death)
*[[Vaibhav Mangle]] as Kulkarni Sarkar (2017–2020; 2021–2023)
**Satish Salgare as Kulkarni Sarkar (2020)

===Recurring===
*Dhruti Mangeshkar as Jhipri 'Lakshmi' (child)
*Drisha Kalyani as Jhipri 'Lakshmi' (teenage)
*Ashwini Kasar<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Ashwini Kasar Gets Candid About Her Character Jhipri In Mere Sai |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/television/ashwini-kasar-gets-candid-about-her-character-jhipri-in-mere-sai/92780/#:~:text=Essaying%20the%20pivotal%20role%20of,in%20Shirdi%20with%20her%20people. |website=Lehren}}</ref> as Jhipri 'Lakshmi' (adult)
*[[Himanshu Rai (actor)|Himanshu Rai]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Himanshu Rai: I am glad I got a chance to do 'Mere Sai' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/himanshu-rai-i-am-glad-i-got-a-chance-to-do-mere-sai/articleshow/74204939.cms|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Times of India|date=19 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Himanshu Rai talks about working with Tushar Dalvi: His unbiased assessment helps me groom my acting skills in Mere Sai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/himanshu-rai-talks-about-working-with-tushar-dalvi-his-unbiased-assessment-helps-me-groom-my-acting-skills-in-mere-sai/articleshow/81527311.cms|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Times of India|date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as Keshav Kulkarni
**Syed Aman Mian Sharma as Young Keshav Kulkarni
*Khushboo Tawde as Tejaswi Keshav Kulkarni
*Priyanka Joshi Hait as Rukmini Vaini: Kulkarni's wife
*Anish Railkar as Pralhad Keshav Kulkarni (Keshav's son)
*Saurabh Shrikant as Tatya Patil
**Rakshit Wahi as Young Tatya Patil
*Anjali Mishra as Rambha Tatya Patil
*Chirag Dave as Mhalsapati Ji
*Bhakti Chauhan/Anaya Soni as Parvati; Mhalsapati's wife
*Hemant Thatte/Vinayak Bhave as Appa Kote Patil
*Chhaya Phanse as Champa
**Karishma Dharmendra Bhuta<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-17 |title=Karishma Dharmendra Bhuta to enter Sony TV's Mere Sai |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/karishma-dharmendra-bhuta-enter-sony-tvs-mere-sai/2018/07/17 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref> as young Champa
*Mahi Milan Kanani as Ragini
*Chandan Madan as Srikanth
*Sharmila Shinde as Chihu Tai (Kulkarni's younger sister);Srikanth wife and Govinda's mother
*Bhupindder Bhoopii as Santa (2019–2023)
*Bhushan Dhupkar as Panta: Kulkarni's servant and as tuddu: Panta's younger brother(dual role) (2017–2018)
*Sanjay Wadekar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Wadekar replaces Bhooshan Dhupkar in Mere Sai |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sanjay-wadekar-replaces-bhooshan-dhupkar-mere-sai-180914 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> as Panta (2019–2023)
*Vikas Verma as Uddhav
*Vikas Kumar as Ali
*Arsh Syed as Bheema
*Mrunali Shirke as Sanvari
*Piyush Singh as Bhanu
*[[Siddhant Karnick]] as Ganpat Rao
* Atul Patil as Shashikant
*Aaloak Kapoor as Gokuldas2
*Sushma Prashant as Appa Kote Patil's mother
*Yash Rajendra Karia as Bheema
*[[Anant Mahadevan]] as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
*Manav Soneji as Ali
*Vansh Sayani as Baal Sai
*[[Sonal Vengurlekar]] as Savitri
*[[Ruhanika Dhawan]] as Rama
*Raj Sharnagat as Narayan / Naveen
*Sneha Bhawsar as Sulakshana
*Shishir Sharma as Sateshwar
*
*Arun Singh as Devidas
*Vivaek Srivastav as Nanasaheb Chandorkar
*Avtaar N Vaishnani as Keshav: Kulkarni's son - young
*
*Harpreet Singh Bindra as Anta: Kulkarni's servant
*Bippin Procha as Ranoji
*Mahesh Welkar as
*[[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Ratnakar Rao
*Siddarth Arya as Bal Sai
*Aishani Yadav as Yamuna: Mhalsapati's eldest daughter
*Mohammad Samar as Balram: Pari's cousin
*Amit Jaat as Tryambak: Bayaza Maa's younger brother
*Anupriya Parmar as Gunwanta Bai: Tryambak's wife
*Rajiv Mishra as Dilawar Ali
*Sangita Adhikari as Pandhari's wife
*Smita Dongre as Funtru Kaki
*[[Flora Saini]] as Suvarna Bai
*[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Suhasini Bai: Appa Kote Patil's aunt
*[[Sneha Wagh]] as Tulsa
*Bhawana Meghwal as Nirali's mother
*Advait Soman as Uddhav
* Tasheen Shah as
** Tara: Pari's cousin
** Gayatri: Sopan's daughter
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Kamala: Champa's mother-in-law
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Saras
*Sandeep Bhojak As BrahmaNandam (2019)
*Nishkarsh Kulshrestha as Raghunath
* Niel Satpuda as [[Ali]] (2019)
*Jay Zaveri as Ganpat/Das Ganu Maharaj
*[[Shruti Bisht|Shruti Bhist]] as Sumati
*Kalpesh Rajgor as Chintamani
*Aaditya Bajpayee as Mohan
*Anubhav Dixit as Digambar
*[[Anang Desai]] as Ganjanan
*[[Praneet Bhat]] as Madhusudan
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as Chakra Narayan
*Govind Khatri as Kakasaheb Dixit
*Amit Anand Raut as self in episodes 1012-1012 and promo of "Sai Vachan"
*[[Girish Oak]] as Khashaba
*Vikas Singh Rajput as Mahesh
*Prachi Vaishnav as Malti
*Vishwanath Kulkarni as Hemant
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Sadhu

== Production ==
The filming of the series which resumed after three months owing [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak in India in late June was halted soon in early July until 7 July 2020 when a crew member was tested positive for the virus and the cast and crew were kept under quarantine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mere Sai shoot stalled after crew member tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mere-sai-shoot-stalled-crew-member-coronavirus-positive-6492815/|website=The Indian Express|date=6 July 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]'', a 1977 film starring [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Sai Baba of Shirdi
*''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'', a 1986 Telugu film starring [[Vijayachander]] as Sai Baba of Shirdi
*''Jagadguru Sri Shiridi Saibaba'', a 2009 Telugu film starring B. V. Reddy as Sai Baba of Shirdi
*''[[Shirdi Sai]]'', a 2012 Telugu film starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Sai Baba of Shirdi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi-1700000107}}
* {{IMDb title|tt9044932}}
* [https://www.setindia.com/in-en/shows/mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi/35 Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi] on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of religious leaders]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sai Baba of Shirdi]]
[[Category:2000s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Narasinga Madkami

2026-04-20T05:38:21Z

Isaac3301: put up new entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narasinga Madkami
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Aditya Madhi
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Narasinga Madkami''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Narasinga Madkami Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=128 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malkangiri Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Narasinga Madkami of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/malkangiri-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917584.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madkami, Narasinga}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

G. Ragupathi

2026-04-19T08:52:37Z

Isaac3301: put up post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. Ragupathy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|4|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thondaiman Thulasi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 1989
| predecessor1 = [[N. A. Poongavanam]]
| successor1 = [[Durai Murugan]]
}}

'''G. Ragupathy''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). Ragupathy contested and won the [[Katpadi Assembly constituency]] in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on behalf of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1985. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். திசம்பர் 1985. p. 434-435</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1984/tamil-nadu/katpadi/40/7879/53 | title=IndiaVotes.com {{!}} Vidhan Sabha / 1984 / Tamil Nadu / Katpadi | accessdate=30 November 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Katpadi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ragupathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,077 |percentage=57.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Durai Murugan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,839 |percentage=39.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,195 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. G. S. Mahalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Santhanaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=894 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,238 |percentage=17.46% |change= 9.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,988 |percentage=75.73% |change= 18.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,249 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 10.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1937 births]]

Tijara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:30Z

Isaac3301: done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tijara
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-59-Tijara.svg
| mla = [[Mahant Balaknath|Yogi Balaknath]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2023-12-03 |title=BJP’s Hindutva outreach plays out well with all four ‘babas’ winning in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/bjps-hindutva-outreach-plays-out-well-with-all-four-babas-winning-in-rajasthan/article67601314.ece |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| incumbent_image = Mahant Balaknath ji 2019.jpg
| party ={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Khairthal-Tijara district]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:262727}}<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 59
}}
'''Tijara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1951
|rowspan=2|[[Ghasi Ram Yadav]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1957
|-
|1957{{Efn|by-election}}
|Sampat Ram
|-
|1962
|Hari Ram
|
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|1967
|Amimddin
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1972
|[[Barkatullah Khan]]
|
|-
|1977
|Ayub
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
|[[Deen Mohammad]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|1985
|rowspan=2|[[Jagmal Singh Yadav]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<ref name="election1990">{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/1990/tijara/jagmal-singh-yadav/|title=PAST WINNER OF TIJARA ASSEMBLY ELECTION (1985)}}</ref>
|-
|1990
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1993
|[[Aimaduddin Ahmad Khan]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1998
|[[Jagmal Singh Yadav]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/1998/tijara/|title=Tijara Rajasthan Assembly Election 1998 – Latest News & Results}}</ref>
|-
|2003
|rowspan=2|[[Aimaduddin Ahmad Khan]]
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2008
|-
|2013
|Maman Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|rowspan=2|Sandeep Kumar
|rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Mahant Balaknath|Yogi Balaknath]]<ref name="election2023-2">{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Ishita |date=2023-12-03 |title=BJP’s Hindutva outreach plays out well with all four ‘babas’ winning in Rajasthan |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/bjps-hindutva-outreach-plays-out-well-with-all-four-babas-winning-in-rajasthan/article67601314.ece |access-date=2023-12-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Tijara<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahant Balaknath|Yogi Balaknath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110209}}
|percentage = 49.03
|change = {{increase}}26.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Imran Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:104036}}
|percentage = 46.28
|change = {{increase}}16.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Udami Ram
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = {{formatnum:8054}}
|percentage = 3.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:778}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6173}}
|percentage = 2.75
|change = {{increase}}0.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224795}}
|percentage = 85.56
|change = {{increase}}3.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Tijara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sandeep Kumar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:59468}}
|percentage = 32.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aimanuddin Ahmad Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55011}}
|percentage = 29.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sandeep Dayma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41345}}
|percentage = 22.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Fazal Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:22189}}
|percentage = 12.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramvir Ahirwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1977}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:856}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4457}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183528}}
|percentage = 82.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.93|76.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Jasrana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:03Z

Isaac3301: new stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jasrana
| constituency_no = 96
| map_image = 96-Jasrana.svg
| mla = Sachin Yadav
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 305,791 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Jasrana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order " was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 96.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 23 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jasrana.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=23 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Jasrana Assembly constituency is Jasrana Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Jasrana Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/jasrana.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Vishnu Dayal Verma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Swarup
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Balbir Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raghunath Singh Verma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Balbir Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Vishnu Dayal Verma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Balbir Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Raghunath Singh Verma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Jaidan Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ramveer Singh]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Ram Prakash Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ramveer Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|Ram Gopal Lodhi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sachin Yadav (Jasrana politician)|Sachin Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jasrana<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sachin Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:108289}}
|percentage = 43.71
|change = {{increase}}7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manvendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:107453}}
|percentage = 43.37
|change = {{decrease}}1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surya Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:16955}}
|percentage = 6.84
|change = {{decrease}}4.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7765}}
|percentage = 3.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Suneel Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:2451}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1580}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:836}}
|percentage = 0.34
|change = {{decrease}}8.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:247762}}
|percentage = 67.46
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Jasrana<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramgopal Pappu Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:103426}}
|percentage = 44.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shivpratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:83098}}
|percentage = 36.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shivraj Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:26274}}
|percentage = 11.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = Ramveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11274}}
|percentage = 4.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1908}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20328}}
|percentage = 8.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230392}}
|percentage = 67.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Jasrana}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ramveer Singh]]
|votes = 104,440
|percentage = 51.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Gopal
|votes = 75,804
|percentage = 37.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anita Devi
|votes = 4,200
|percentage = 2.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 10 candidates
|votes = 19,099
|percentage = 9.37
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,636
|percentage = 14.07
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 203,543
|percentage = 66.56
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Independent politician
| Independent
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=23 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Firozabad district]]
*[[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

N. M. Velappan

2026-04-11T10:00:33Z

Isaac3301: put up basic details initial version...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. M. Velappan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|2|14|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1962
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[S. S. Rajendran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''N. M. Velappan''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the village of Kottoor in the [[Theni district]]. He was educated at [[Uthamapalayam]] Board High School. Velappan belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] party. In the [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections]], he contested and won from the [[Theni Assembly constituency]] and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).<ref>Madras Legislature WHO IS WHO 1957. Madras-9: Legislature Department, Madras. 1957. p. 59.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Theni<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. R. Thiagarajan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,185 |percentage=26.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. S. Rajendran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=31,404 |percentage=21.90% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Velappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,673 |percentage=18.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=15,308 |percentage=10.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ayyanar (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=13,163 |percentage=9.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Suruliammal (SC) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,731 |percentage=7.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvaraj (SC) |party=Independent politician |votes=7,960 |percentage=5.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,781 |percentage=4.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,424 |percentage=90.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,58,034 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Tamil phonology

2026-04-11T09:09:18Z

Isaac3301: pg

{{Short description|Phonology of the Tamil language}}
{{main|Tamil language}}
{{Self reference|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Tamil for Wikipedia articles, see [[Help:IPA/Tamil]].}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{IPA notice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}

'''Tamil phonology''' is characterised by the presence of [[Subapical consonant|"true-subapical"]] [[retroflex consonant]]s and multiple [[rhotic consonant]]s. Its script does not distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants; phonetically, voice is assigned depending on a consonant's position in a word, voiced intervocalically and after nasals except when geminated.<ref>{{citation| last1=Schiffman | first1=Harold F. | last2=Arokianathan | first2=S. | chapter=Diglossic variation in Tamil film and fiction | editor1-last=Krishnamurti | editor1-first=Bhadriraju | editor1-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti | editor2-last=Masica | editor2-first=Colin P. | editor2-link=Colin Masica | title=South Asian languages: structure, convergence, and diglossia | year=1986 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | place=New Delhi | isbn=81-208-0033-8 | pages=371–382 }} at p. 371</ref> Tamil phonology permits few consonant clusters, which can never be word initial.

{{listen|filename=Tamil tongue twister.ogg|title=A Tamil tongue twister|description=The sentence literally means, "A poor old man slipped on a banana peel and fell sprawling." ("ஏழை கிழவன் வாழைப்பழத் தோல் மேல், சருசருக்கி வழுவழுக்கி கீழே விழுந்தான்.")|format=[[Ogg]]}}

==Vowels==
[[File:Tamil monophthongs chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Monophthong]]s of Tamil, from Keane{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}]]
The vowels are called '''{{Lang|ta|உயிரெழுத்து}}''' ''{{IAST|uyireḻuttu}}'' ('life letter'). The vowels are classified into short and long (five of each type) and two [[diphthong]]s.

The long (''netil'') vowels are about twice as long as the short (''kuṟil'') vowels. The [[diphthong]]s are usually pronounced about 1.5 times as long as the short vowels, though most grammatical texts place them with the long vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Monophthong]]s{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! short
! long
! short
! long
! short
! long
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} '''{{lang|ta|இ}}'''
| {{IPA link|iː}} '''{{lang|ta|ஈ}}'''
| ({{IPA link|ɯ}} '''{{lang|ta|உ}}''')
|
| {{IPA link|u}} '''{{lang|ta|உ}}'''
| {{IPA link|uː}} '''{{lang|ta|ஊ}}'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} '''{{lang|ta|எ}}'''
| {{IPA link|eː}} '''{{lang|ta|ஏ}}'''
|
|
| {{IPA link|o}} '''{{lang|ta|ஒ}}'''
| {{IPA link|oː}} '''{{lang|ta|ஓ}}'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ä}} '''{{lang|ta|அ}}'''
| {{IPA link|äː}} '''{{lang|ta|ஆ}}'''
|
|
|}

Tamil has two [[diphthong]]s: {{IPA|/aɪ̯/}} '''{{lang|ta|ஐ}}''' and {{IPA|/aʊ̯/}} '''{{lang|ta|ஔ}}''', the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Some like Krishnamurti consider the diphthongs as clusters of /a/ + /j, ʋ/ as they pattern with other VC.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=48}} The way some words are written also varies e.g. avvai as {{lang|ta|அவ்வை}} (''avvai''), {{lang|ta|ஔவை}} (''auvai'') or {{lang|ta|அவ்வய்}} (''avvay'') (first one most common). Word final {{IPA|/u/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɯ~ɨ]}}, it is called a {{lang|ta|குற்றியலுகரம்}} (''kuṟṟiyalukaram'') "short u" (as it has only half a sound unit, compared to 1, 1.5 or 2 of other vowels) in tolkāppiyam and it is unrounded even in literary Tamil; in spoken Tamil it can occur medially as well in some words after the first syllable. Word final [u] occurs in some names, chiefly nicknames like rājēndraṉ as rāju but also some other terms of the form (C)VCu as in karu, puḻu.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=5-6}} There is a minimal pair naṭu "center", naṭŭ "to plant". In declensions the full u isnt deleted like the half u like naṭuvillai - naṭillai.

Colloquially, an initial {{IPA|/i(:)/}} or {{IPA|/e(:)/}} may have a {{IPA|[ʲ]}} onglide; likewise, an initial {{IPA|/o(:)/}} or {{IPA|/u(:)/}} may have a {{IPA|[ʷ]}} onglide, e.g. {{IPA|[ʲeɾi]}} and {{IPA|[ʷoɾɯ]}}.{{sfnp|Keane|2004}} In Karnatakan dialects short versions of them may further become [a, ʋa], eg. ''eṉṟu, utai'' /ɐnnʉ, ʋɐd̪iki/.{{sfnp|Iyengar|2013}} This is very light or doesn't happen in Sri Lankan dialects.{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1965}}

Indian Colloquial Tamil also has nasalized vowels formed from word final vowel + nasal cluster (except for /Vɳ/ where an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] u is added after it). Long vowel + nasal just nasalizes the vowel, short vowel + nasal may also change the quality, for example, /an/ gets fronted to [ɛ̃] {{lang|ta|அவன்}} {{IPA|/aʋan/}} becomes [aʋɛ̃] ([aʋæ̃] for some speakers), /am/ gets rounded to [õ] {{lang|ta|மரம்}} {{IPA|/maɾam/}} becomes {{IPA|[maɾõ]}}, {{lang|ta|நீங்களும்}} {{IPA|/niːŋkaɭum/}} becomes {{IPA|[n̪iːŋɡaɭũ]}}, {{lang|ta|வந்தான்}} {{IPA|/ʋan̪t̪a:n/}} becomes {{IPA|[ʋan̪d̪ã:]}}, the remaining vowels only get nasalized. There is word final nasals in loanwords like ṭaim, ōm, sāmān.{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=4}}<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/599654 | jstor=599654 | last1=Lisker | first1=Leigh | last2=Vaidyanathan | first2=S. | title=On Nasals and Nasalization in Modern Tamil | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date=1972 | volume=92 | issue=1 | pages=96–100 | doi=10.2307/599654 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karnataka's dialects have [ʊ̃] for /an/ and -m is just deleted, eg. ''maram'' [mɐrʊ].{{sfnp|Iyengar|2013}}

In spoken Tamil sometimes an epenthetic vowel u is added to words ending in consonants, e.g. nil > nillu, āḷ > āḷu, nāḷ > nāḷu (nā in some dialects), vayal > vayalu etc. If another word is joined at the end, it is deleted.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=5}}

Colloquially, the high short vowels {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} are lowered to {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} when next to a short consonant and {{IPA|/a, aɪ/}}. For example, {{lang|ta|இடம்}} {{IPA|/iʈam/}} becomes {{IPA|[eɖam]}}; and {{lang|ta|உடம்பு}} {{IPA|/uʈampu/}} becomes {{IPA|[oɖambɯ]}}. This is an instance of raising [[Umlaut (linguistics) |umlaut]]. It doesn't happen in pronouns and some other words e.g. {{lang|ta|இவன்}} ivaṉ and {{lang|ta|எவன்}} evaṉ are different words. {{IPA|/aɪ/}} also monophthongises to an {{IPA|/e, a/}} but it causes the lowering of {{IPA|/i, u/}} before it, e.g. ilai > ele/ela.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=4}}{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1965}} Additionally, the front long vowels {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/iː/}} are subject to [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retraction]] when present in the first syllable of a bisyllabic word and followed by a retroflex consonant. As such, {{IPA|/ʋiːʈu/}} "house" becomes {{IPA|[ʋɨːɖɪ̈]}}, but its inflected form {{IPA|/ʋiːʈʈukku/}} remains {{IPA|[ʋiːʈ(ː)uk(ː)ɪ̈]}}. Likewise, {{IPA|/t̪eːʈu/}} "search!" becomes {{IPA|[t̪əːɖɪ̈]}}, but {{IPA|/t̪eːʈinaːn/}} "(he) searched" remains {{IPA|[t̪eːɖinãː]}}. The presence and degree of retraction for each vowel may be different; it varies between dialects and even individual speakers.{{sfnp|Susumu|1958}} Almost all words end with vowels in spoken Tamil.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=4}}

For some speakers in spoken Tamil the front vowels /i(:), e(:)/ get rounded to their corresponding rounded back vowels when they are after a labial consonant /m, p, ʋ/ and before a retroflex consonant, some words with it are quite acceptable like பெண் /peɳ/ > பொண்/பொண்ணு [poɳ~poɳ:ɯ] but others like வீடு /ʋi:ʈu/ > வூடு [ʋu:ɖɯ] are less accepted and may even be considered vulgar.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=19}}

Another change in spoken Tamil is vowel harmony, where vowels change their height to be more similar to nearby vowels: e.g. literary Tamil /koʈu/ > spoken Tamil [kuɖɯ].{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=20}}

==Consonants==
The [[consonants]] are known as '''{{Lang|ta|மெய்யெழுத்து}}''' ''{{IAST|meyyeḻuttu}}'' ('body letters'). The [[consonant]]s are classified into three categories with six in each category: ''valliṉam'' ('hard'), ''melliṉam'' ('soft' or [[Nasal stop|nasal]]), and ''iṭayiṉam'' ('medium'). Tamil has very restricted consonant clusters (for example, there are no word-initial clusters). There are well defined rules for voicing stops in the written form of Tamil, ''Centamiḻ'' (the period of Tamil history before [[Sanskrit]] words were borrowed). Stops are voiceless when at the start of a word, in a consonant cluster with another stop and when [[gemination|geminated]]. They are voiced otherwise.

Tamil is characterized by its use of more than one type of [[coronal consonant]]s: like many of the other languages of India, it contains a series of [[retroflex consonant]]s. Notably, the Tamil retroflex series includes the [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|/ɻ/}} ({{lang|ta|ழ}}) (example Tami'''ḻ'''; often transcribed 'zh'). Among the other Dravidian languages, the retroflex approximant also occurs in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], old [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Telugu language|old Telugu]] and [[Kannada language|old Kannada]]. In most dialects of colloquial Tamil, this consonant is seen as shifting to the [[retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPA|/ɭ/}} in the south and [[palatal approximant]] /j/ in the north.

The proto-Dravidian alveolar stop *ṯ developed into an alveolar trill /r/ in the [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern]] and [[South Central Dravidian languages]] while *ṯṯ and *ṉṯ remained (modern ṟṟ, ṉṟ).{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=146}}

[n] and [n̪] are mostly in complementary distribution and are predictable; namely, [n̪] occurs word initially and before /t̪/, while [n] occurs everywhere else.{{sfnp|Keane |2004}} [n̪] occurs in other places from compounding of words starting with it and geminates from sandhi, eg. annēram (a-nēram) , ainūṟu (ai-nūṟu) but speakers might use the alveolar nasal there instead.

/ɲ/ is rare word initially and is mostly only found before /t͡ɕ/ word medially; it occurs in geminated form as in ''āññai'' or ''maññai'', mostly from Sanskritic loans with ''jñ'' or sandhi where the 2nd word starts with ñ ''aññāṉam'', in singular form in some rare words ''pūñai, añal'' and in compounds like ''aṟiñaṉ''. Only around 5 words have doubled intervocalic [ŋ], all are different forms of the word ''aṅṅaṉam'' "that manner", apart from that [ŋ] only occurs before /k/.{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003}}

A chart of the Tamil consonant [[phoneme]]s in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Standard Tamil consonants{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex]]
! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-) palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{lang|ta|ம்}} || ({{IPAlink|n̪}}) {{lang|ta|ந்}} || {{IPAlink|n}} {{lang|ta|ன்}} || {{IPAlink|ɳ}} {{lang|ta|ண்}} || {{IPAlink|ɲ}} {{lang|ta|ஞ்}} || ({{IPAlink|ŋ}}) {{lang|ta|ங்}} ||
|-
! [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{lang|ta|ப்}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}} {{lang|ta|த்}} || || {{IPAlink|ʈ}} {{lang|ta|ட்}} || {{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}} ~ {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{lang|ta|ச்}}5 {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} {{lang|ta|ஜ}}|| {{IPAlink|k}} {{lang|ta|க்}} ||
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| ({{IPAlink|f}})1 || || {{IPAlink|s}}5 {{lang|ta|ஸ்}} ({{IPAlink|z}})1 || ({{IPAlink|ʂ}})1 {{lang|ta|ஷ்}} || ({{IPAlink|ɕ}})1 {{lang|ta|ஶ்}} || ({{IPAlink|x}})2 || ({{IPAlink|h}})2 {{lang|ta|ஹ்}}
|-
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| || ||[[ɾ]] {{lang|ta|ர்}}
| || || ||
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || ||{{IPAlink|r}} {{lang|ta|ற்}}|| || || ||
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|ʋ}} {{lang|ta|வ்}} || || || {{IPAlink|ɻ}} {{lang|ta|ழ்}} || {{IPAlink|j}} {{lang|ta|ய்}} || ||
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral approximant]]
| || || {{IPAlink|l}} {{lang|ta|ல்}} || {{IPAlink|ɭ}} {{lang|ta|ள்}} || || ||
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Common Spoken Tamil consonants{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex]]
! [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|(Alveolo-) palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} || || {{IPAlink|n}} || {{IPAlink|ɳ}}{{efn|name=dialect2}} || || ||
|-
! [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}⠀{{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}}⠀{{IPAlink|d̪}} || || {{IPAlink|ʈ}}⠀{{IPAlink|ɖ}}|| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}⠀{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}|| {{IPAlink|k}}⠀{{IPAlink|ɡ}}||
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| ({{IPAlink|f}}) || || {{IPAlink|s}}⠀({{IPAlink|z}}) || ({{IPAlink|ʂ}}) || ({{IPAlink|ɕ}}) || ({{IPAlink|x}}) || ({{IPAlink|h}})
|-
! [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| || || {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| || || ||
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| || || ({{IPAlink|r}}){{efn|name=dialect}} || || || ||
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| {{IPAlink|ʋ}} || || || ({{IPAlink|ɻ}}){{efn|name=dialect|some dialects have this}} || {{IPAlink|j}} || ||
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral approximant]]
| || || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|ɭ}}{{efn|name=dialect2|some dialects lack this}} || || ||
|}
{{notelist}}

# {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic.
# Intervocalic {{IPA|/k/}} is pronounced as [ɣ~h] by Indian Tamils and [x] in Sri Lanka.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=149}}
# For most speakers in spoken Tamil the distinction between the tap and trill is lost except in the southern [[Kanyakumari]] dialect.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=7}}
# In most spoken dialects, /rr/ [tːr] merges with /t̪t̪/ while some others keep them as [tːr] . /nr/ merges with /nn~ɳɳ/ if the preceding vowel is short or /n~ɳ/ if it is long like in literary Tamil. In speech, /parri, onru, muːnru, panri/ are realized as [pɐt̪t̪i, ʷoɳɳɯ, muːɳɯ, pɐnni].{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=9, 14}}
# /t͡ʃ/ in spoken Tamil varies significantly. Some speakers pronounce it as [s] intervocalically and as an affricate initially, while others have [s] both initially and intervocalically. A final group of speakers has [t͡ʃ] before certain vowels and [s] before others, e.g. சின்ன [t͡ʃin:a] "small" but சாவி [sa:ʋi] "key".{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=9-10}} However, there are words where the pronunciation is fixed—for example, ''ceṉṉai'' and ''sēlam'' cannot be pronounced as [senːaɪ̯] and [t͡ʃeːlam]. /t͡ʃː ɲt͡ʃ/ are always [tːʃ n̠ʲd̠ʒ].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
# In spoken Tamil /j/ might cause palatalization to the adjacent consonants and then get assimilated or deleted, e.g. literary Tamil ''aintu'', spoken Tamil ''añju''.{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=16}}
# In spoken Tamil intervocalic /k, ʋ/ may be deleted sometimes as in /poːkiraːj/ as [poːrɛ] and sometime /ɻ/ with compensatory lengthening of the vowel as in /poɻut̪u/ as [poːd̪ɯ].{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=8, 10}} Word finally glides, mainly /j/ are generally deleted unless if the word is monosyllabic where its doubled e.g. ''cey > seyyi, rūpāy > rūbā.'' Word final l and ḷ in polysyllabic words are deleted especially in pronouns but reappear when a suffix is added e.g. ''nīṅkaḷ > nīṅga,'' similar to French [[Liaison_(French)|liaison]].{{sfnp|Schiffman|1999|p=9, 6}}
# l and ḷ gets assimilated to ṟ, ṭ before plosives and ṉ, ṇ before nasals in literary Tamil, e.g. ''vil, kēḷ, nal, veḷ > viṟka, kēṭka, naṉmai, veṇmai,'' before c, ṇ too becomes ṭ, eg. ''kāṇ-ci > kāṭci;'' in spoken Tamil it is deleted and the next consonant is doubled. Before coronal stops, the stops assimilate to the lateral's POA and the lateral is deleted like in the past tense forms of verbs ending with l and ḷ, e.g. ''kol-ntu, koḷ-ntu, vil-ttu > koṉṟu, koṇṭu, viṟṟu''.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=94}}
# As in Proto Dravidian, literary Tamil words can't begin with an alveolar or retroflex consonant but in spoken Tamil some words begin with r and l because of deletion of the initial vowel, e.g. literary Tamil ''iraṇṭu, ulāttu'', spoken Tamil ''raṇḍu~reṇḍu, lāttu''.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=94}} In loanwords, a short i, u or a is added before them, e.g. Skt. ''loka'', Tamil ''ulakam''.
# In loanwords, the voiced and aspirated plosives are all loaned as the plain plosive. Of the fricatives, h is loaned as k, the sibilants as c, ts as cc and kṣ as ṭc; sometimes s and ṣ are loaned as t and ṭ as in ''mātam, varuṭam, ilaṭcam'' (Skt. ''māsa, varṣa, lakṣa'') and kṣ as k(k) or c(c) as in ''kēttiram~cēttiram, piccai'' from Sanskrit ''kṣetra, bhikṣā.''
# Words can only end with /m, n, ɳ, l, ɭ, ɾ, ɻ, j/ in literary Tamil.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=53}}
# Natively the only allowed clusters are C:, ṭP, NP, RP, RP:, RNP (where P = plosive, N = nasal, R = liquid, : = gemination, C = any consonant) most common are C: and NP; any heterorganic cluster indicates a morpheme boundary. Others clusters occurring in loanwords are split by vowels or simplified, e.g. ''varṣa > varuṭam''.<ref>Zvelebil - Dravidian Linguistics - An Introduction (1990) pg. 12</ref>
# In [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects]], word initial voiceless plosives may be aspirated dialectally, intervocalic /k/ may be [x~ɣ~h] and /t̪/ maybe [d̪~ð] or rarely [θ~t̪]; word final nasals are always preserved; <c> tends to be [t͡ʃ~ʃ~s] or rarely [t͡s] initially depending on the dialect and speaker, a rare [z] was noted for a speaker intervocalically, eg ''kaṭutāci'' [kɐɖuðaːzi]; <ṟṟ, nṟ> may be [tt~t̪t̪, nd~ɳɖ].{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1965}}
# Some colloquial dialects merge ṇ, ḷ with n, l.<ref>Variability of Retroflex Perception and Production in Heritage Tamil Speakers, Kamala Muthukumarasamy, Graduate Program in Linguistics
York University
Toronto, Ontario
August 2023</ref>
# [[Kongu Tamil]] has word final /ŋ/ as word final /ŋkV/ becomes /ŋ/, e.g. literary Tamil ''vāṅka'', Kongu Tamil ''vāṅ''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The voiceless consonants are voiced in different positions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tamil stop allophones
! Place !! Initial !! Geminate !! Medial !! Post-nasal
|-
! Velar
| {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|kː}} || {{IPA link|g}}~{{IPA link|x}}~{{IPA link|ɣ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! Palatal
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}, {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|tːɕ}} || {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|dʑ}}~{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|-
! Retroflex
| — || {{IPA link|ʈː}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}}~{{IPA link|ɽ}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}}
|-
! Alveolar
| — || tːr|| r || (d)r
|-
! Dental
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
|{{IPA link|t̪ː}}||{{IPA link|d̪}}~{{IPA link|ð}} || {{IPA link|d̪}}
|-
! Labial
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|pː}} || {{IPA link|b}}~{{IPA link|β}} || {{IPA link|b}}
|}
In modern Tamil, however, voiced plosives occur initially in loanwords. Geminate stops get simplified to singleton unvoiced stops after long vowels, suggesting the primary cue is now voicing (cf. kūṭṭam-kūṭam becoming kūṭam-kūḍam in modern speakers). Altogether, we see a shift in progress towards phonemic voicing, more advanced in some dialects than others.{{sfnp|Keane|2004}}

Historically [j] was a possible allophone of medial -c- now the terms with [j] have solidified, compare Kannada which only had [s] as the medial allophone, Tamil ''ñāyiṟu,'' Kannada ''nēsaru''. In some cases both remained as in ''ucir, uyir''. There are also cases where the opposite happened due to hypercorrection, eg. Tamil ''kayiṟu'', Madurai Tamil ''kacaru, kacuru, kaciru'' even though the word didn't originally have a ''-c-''. There are also cases where it became t ''mutalai/mutaḷai/mucali'', Kannada ''mosaḷe'' and disappeared after lengthening the previous vowel ''nilā,'' Kodava ''nelaci''.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=149}}

=== Āytam ===
[[Old Tamil]] had a phoneme called the ''[[visarga|āytam]]'', which was written as ‘{{lang|ta|ஃ}}'. Tamil grammarians of the time classified it as a dependent phoneme (or restricted phoneme<ref name="krishnamurti">{{harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=154}}</ref>) (''{{IAST|cārpeḻuttu}}''). The rules of pronunciation given in the ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'', a text on the grammar of old Tamil, says that the ''āytam'' in old Tamil patterned with semivowels and it occurred after a short vowel and before a stop; it either lengthened the previous vowel, geminated the stop or was lost if the following segment is phonetically voiced in the environment.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=154-155}} It is said to be the descendant of Proto Dravidian laryngeal *H. The ''āytam'' in modern Tamil is used to transcribe foreign phones like ஃப் (ஃp) for [f], ஃஜ (ஃj) for [z], ஃஸ (ஃs) for [z, ʒ] and ஃக (ஃk) for [x], similar to a [[nuqta]].

==Overview==
Unlike most [[Indic scripts]], Tamil does not have distinct letters for [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] consonants and they are found as allophones of the normal stops. The Tamil script also lacks distinct letters for [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and unvoiced [[stop consonant|stops]] as their pronunciations depend on their location in a word. For example, the voiceless stop {{IPA|[p]}} occurs at the beginning of words while the voiced stop {{IPA|[b]}} cannot. In the middle of words, voiceless stops commonly occur as a [[geminated pair]] like -pp-, while voiced stops do not. Only voiced stops can appear medially and after a corresponding nasal. Thus both the voiced and voiceless stops can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (stop, [[nasal stop|nasal]], etc.). The Tolkāppiyam cites detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. The only exceptions to these rules are the letters '''ச''' and '''ற''' as they are pronounced medially as {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[r]}} respectively.

Some [[loan word]]s are pronounced in Tamil as they were in the source language, even if this means that consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tolkāppiyam are voiced.

===Elision===
[[Elision]] is the reduction in the duration of sound of a [[phoneme]] when preceded by or followed by certain other sounds. There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil. They are categorised into different classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.

{| class="wikitable"
| 1. || Kuṟṟiyal ukaram (short nature ''u'') <td> the vowel ''u''</td></tr>
| 2. || Kuṟṟiyal ikaram (short nature ''i'') <td> the vowel ''i''</td></tr>
| 3. || Aikāra k-kuṟukkam (''ai'' shortening) <td> the [[diphthong]] ''ai''</td></tr>
| 4. || Aukāra k-kuṟukkam (''au'' shortening) <td> the diphthong ''au''</td></tr>
| 5. || Āyta k-kuṟukkam (''ḵ'' shortening) <td> the special character ''aḵ'' (''āytam'')</td></tr>
| 6. || Makāra k-kuṟukkam (''m'' shortening) <td> the phoneme ''m''</td></tr>
|}

1. ''Kuṟṟiyal ukaram'' refers to the vowel {{IPA|/u/}} turning into the close back unrounded vowel {{IPA|[ɯ]}} at the end of words (e.g.: ‘ஆறு’ (meaning ‘six’) will be pronounced {{IPA|[aːrɯ]}}).

2. ''Kuṟṟiyal ikaram'' refers to the short {{IPA|/i/}} which is formed when a word ending with kuṟṟiyalukaram is joined with a word starting with the consonant {{IPA|/j/}}.

==Changes from Proto Dravidian to Standard Tamil==
===Consonants===
# Deletion of y initially e.g. PD. *yĀṯu, Ta. āṟu "river", it was preserved in a few words in old Tamil, there are even less in Modern Tamil.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=142}}
# Deletion of some initial *c- through c > s > h > ∅ e.g. PD. *cīntu > Ta. īñcu "date fruit", loaned into [[Sanskrit]] as hintala. Some words retain both (c)iṟaku.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=122}} It is an ongoing process in some [[Gondi language|Gondi]] languages which have ''sindi, hīndi, īndi''.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=122}}
# Palatalization of k to c before non back vowels and if the following consonant isn't retroflex e.g. PD. *kewi, Ta. cevi "ear" but Ta. kēḷ "listen". Sometimes with alveolar consonants too PD. kila, kil-, kīṯ-, Ta. cila, kilukku, kīṟu.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=128}} Exception: Tamil ''ceṭi'', Toda ''kïḍf'', Kannada ''giḍa, giḍu''.
# Loss of the laryngeal H e.g. PD. ∗puH, Ta. pū "flower", it survived into old Tamil in a few words as a restricted phoneme called ''Āytam''. According to Tolkāppiyam in old Tamil it patterned with semivowels and it occurred after a short vowel and before a stop; it either lengthened the previous vowel, geminated the stop or was lost if the following segment is phonetically voiced in the environment.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=154-155}}
# The singular ṯ became a trill ṟ, doubled ṯṯ became ṟṟ [t:r] and ṉṯ became ṉṟ [ndr], e.g. PD. *cāṯu, Ta. āṟu "six". However in Sri Lankan Tamil dialects ṯṯ and ṉṯ are preserved in their original forms. For example, SLTa. paṟṟi "about" is pronounced [pat:i] and SLTa. paṉṟi "pig" is pronounced [pandi] (postnasal voicing of ṯ in ṉṯ).
# Many of the ñ- became n- e.g. PD. *ñām Ta. nām "we (1SG plural inclusive)".{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=139}}
# m and v alternates in some words e.g. māṉam ~ vāṉam. The word "dravidian" from Sanskrit ''drāviḍa'' is said to be from the word ''tamiḻ'' with the m becoming v.<ref>Zvelebil - Dravidian Linguistics - An Introduction (1990)</ref>
# Some k alternates with v e.g. makaṉ ~ mavaṉ.

===Vowels===
# Neutralization of ā̆ and ē̆ after y, it also happens to a lesser extent with ñ- and c-.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=99}}
# In proto South-Dravidian, short i, u were lowered to e, o when it was followed by a short consonant and a short a, e.g. PD. *iṯaycci PSD. *eṯaycci; this change was reverted in Proto-Tamil where e, o were raised to i, u, e.g. PSD. *eṯaycci, Ta. iṟaicci; in colloquial Tamil this was again reverted where i, u gets lowered, LT. iṟaicci, ST. erecci (< eraicci).{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=101, 173}}
# Some V₁wV₂, V₁kV₂ and V₁yV₂ alternate with V̄₁ e.g. *tokal > tukal ~ tо̄l, *mical/*miyal > mēl, *peyar > peyar ~ pēr.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=96}}

==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].

===English===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Tamil===
மனிதப் பிறிவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.

===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===
maṉitap piṟiviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.

===IPA===
/manit̪ap‿piriʋijinaɾ sakalaɾum sut̪ant̪iɾamaːkaʋeː pirakkinranaɾ ǀ aʋaɾkaɭ mat̪ippilum uɾimai̯kaɭilum samamaːnaʋaɾkaɭ aʋaɾkaɭ nijaːjat̪t̪ai̯jum manat͡ʃt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijum ijarpaɳpaːkap‿perraʋaɾkaɭ ǁ aʋaɾkaɭ oɾuʋaɾuʈanoɾuʋaɾ sakoːt̪aɾa uɳaɾʋup‿paːŋkil naʈant̪ukoɭɭal ʋeːɳʈum/

==See also==
*[[IPA vowel chart with audio]] {{spoken}}
*[[IPA pulmonic consonant chart with audio]] {{spoken}}
*[[:File:The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(revised_to_2015).pdf|IPA chart (vowels and consonants) - 2015. (pdf file)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Keane
|first=Elinor
|year=2004
|title=Tamil
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|publisher=Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=111–116
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Krishnamurti
|first1=Bhadriraju
|title=The Dravidian Languages
|edition=1
|series=Cambridge Language Surveys
|year=2003
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0-521-77111-5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Iyengar
|first1=Arvind
|title=A Phonological Overview of the Hebbar Iyengar language
|publisher=University of New England
|location=Australia
|year=2013
|url=https://www.academia.edu/5672831
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Harold F.
|last=Schiffman
|title=A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil
|edition=1
|series=Cambridge Language Surveys
|year=1999
|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0521027526
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oqe-QsaZnnQC
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Kamil
|last=Zvelebil
|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal
|year=1965
|volume=9
|issue=2
|pages=113–138
|publisher=JSTOR
|jstor=24650188
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188
}}
* {{cite book
|first=F. B. J.
|last=Kuiper
|title=Note on Old Tamil and Jaffna Tamil
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal
|volume=6
|issue=1
|pages=52–64
|year=1962
|publisher=JSTOR
|jstor=24646759
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24646759
}}
* {{cite book
|first1=S.
|last1=THANANJAYARAJASINGHAM
|first2=T.
|last2=BALASUBRAMANIAN
|title=Some Observations on the Plosives in Colloquial Tamil as Spoken in Jaffna (Ceylon)
|series=Indo-Iranian Journal
|volume=14
|issue=3/4
|pages=218–238
|year=1972
|publisher=JSTOR
|jstor=24651281
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651281
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Kuno
|last=Susumu
|title=PHONEMIC STRUCTURE OF COLLOQUIAL TAMIL
|year=1958
}}
* {{cite thesis
|first=V. S.
|last= Rajam
|title=A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry
|year=1992
|publisher=Oxford University Phonetics Laboratory
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Qwf3pAxJpUC&pg=PA40}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://anunaadam.appspot.com Tamil to IPA converter]

{{Tamil language}}
{{language phonologies}}

[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Phonologies by language]]

Manushyalaya Chandrika

2026-04-11T00:34:27Z

Isaac3301: put up a pg first draft...

{{Short description|Sixteenth century CE treatise}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:ManushyalayaChandrikaCoverPage.jpg|right|thumb|The cover page of Manushyalaya Chandrika published by Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.]]
'' '''Manushyalaya Chandrika''' '' is a sixteenth century CE treatise in [[Sanskrit]] dealing with domestic architecture. The work is authored by Thirumangalath Neelakanthan Musath and is a summarization of the basic principles of domestic architecture then widely followed in that region of India now known as Kerala State.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Balagopal T. S .Prabhu|title=Kerala Architecture|url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/keralaarchitecture.htm|publisher=Kerala Council for Historical Research|accessdate=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082519/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/keralaarchitecture.htm|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The popularity of the text as a basic reference of traditional Kerala architecture has continued even to modern times. From the references to the deities in temples at [[Triprangode]], [[Thrikkandiyoor|Trikkandiyur]], Alathiyur, etc. in the opening invocation of the treatise it can be safely surmised that the author of the work should have been a native of some place close to these temples. Nothing much is known about the life of the author other than that he has also authored a work on elephantology titled ''Mathangaleela''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mathangaleela|url=http://www.indulekha.com/mathangaleela-%20animal-husbandry%20-tirumangalath-neelakantan?author_id=|website=indulekha.com|publisher=indulekha.com, Kerala's Online Bookstore|accessdate=29 August 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913053429/http://www.indulekha.com/mathangaleela-%20animal-husbandry%20-tirumangalath-neelakantan?author_id=|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Two versions of the work are in circulation. In one version published by Kochi Bhashaparishkarana Committee in 1928, the book contains 170 ''sloka''s and is not divided into chapters.<ref name="Kochi">{{cite book|last1=K. Paramesvara Menon (Commentator)|title=Manushyalaya Chandrika|date=1928|publisher=Kochi Bhasha Parishkarana Committee|location=Thrissur|url=https://archive.org/details/ManushyalayaChandrika|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref> In the version given as an appendix to a thesis submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University in 1998, the work is presented as divided into seven chapters and has a total of 246 ''sloka''s.<ref name="Thesis">{{cite book|last1=P. Ramakrishnan|title=Indian mathematics related to architecture and other areas with special reference to Kerala|work=INFLIBNET |date=1998|publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology|location=Kochi, Kerala, India|hdl=10603/3604|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3604|accessdate=30 August 2016}} (Thesis submitted for the award of PhD degree.)</ref> In the introduction to the first version the commentator has alluded to such a version as has been published with a commentary by Paloli Choi Vaidyar in the Malyayalam year 1080.

==Outline of the contents==
The topics discussed in the text include the following:<ref name="Kochi"/><ref name="Thesis"/>

*Matters to be considered while selecting a plot where the house is to be constructed
*Methods for the determination of the cardinal directions
*Different units of measurements
*Rules for computations of the dimensions of the house to be constructed
*Descriptions of different types of houses (''chathussala''s)
*Practical instructions for making [[Beam (structure)|rafters]] and other materials

==Translations==

#{{cite book|last1=K. Paramesvara Menon (Commentator)|title=Manushyalaya Chandrika|date=1928|publisher=Kochi Bhasha Parishkarana Committee|location=Thrissur|url=https://archive.org/details/ManushyalayaChandrika|accessdate=29 August 2016}} (Text in [[Malayalam]] script and commentary in Malayalam language)
#The complete text of ''Manushaylaya Chandrika'' in [[Devanagari]] script together with an English translation is available as part of a PhD thesis titled "[[Indian mathematics]] related to architecture and other areas with special reference to Kerala" submitted by P. Ramakrishnan to [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in 1998. The thesis can be accessed [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3604 here].
#A translation of ''Manushyalaya Chandrika'' to [[Malayalam]] by Cheruvally Narayanan Namboothiri has been published by D. C. Books in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manushyalaya Chandrika|url=http://www.indulekha.com/manushyalaya-chandrika-vastu-tirumangalat-neelakantan-musath?author_id=553|website=indulekha.com|publisher=indulekha.com, Kerala's Online Bookstore|accessdate=29 August 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230437/http://www.indulekha.com/manushyalaya-chandrika-vastu-tirumangalat-neelakantan-musath?author_id=553|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#A translation of ''Manushyalaya Chandrika'' to [[Hindi]] by Srikrishna Jugnu has been published by [http://www.vedicsolutions.in/BookStore/BookDetail.asp?cnt=95&pid=CHOWK_H28&name=Manushyalaya%20Chandrika&search=&value=&criteria=&qc= Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy], [[Varanasi]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Architectural treatises]]

Suhas Palshikar (academic)

2026-04-08T19:24:49Z

Isaac3301: post

{{Short description|Indian political scientist}}
{{About|the academic and scientist, Suhas Palshikar|the actor|Suhas Palshikar (actor)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suhas Palshikar
| image =
| caption = Suhas Palshikar
}}
'''Suhas Palshikar''' is an Indian academic and social and political scientist. He taught political science at Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, [http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/mental_moral_and_social_science/politics_and_public_administration/ppa_webfiles/pdf/new-cv/suhas-palshikar.pdf] and is chief editor of ''[[Studies in Indian Politics]]''.

==Career==
He taught at the S P College, Pune for eleven years from 1978 to 1989. He is co director of Lokniti, CSDS and was Professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] from 1989 to 2016. He is also the Chief Editor of the journal ''[[Studies in Indian Politics]]''. He specialised in the areas of Political Process in India, Politics of Maharashtra, Political Sociology of Democracy.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/suhas-palshikar/ Sihas Palshilar]</ref>

== Books ==

{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}
1. ''Rajkaran Jidnyasa'', 2025, Sadhana, Pune.
2. ''The Last Fortress of Congress Dominance: Maharashtra since the 1990s'', (with Rajeshwari Deshpande), 2021, Sage, [[New Delhi]].
3. ''Politics and Society Between Elections: Public Opinion in India's States'' (e-book), co-edited with Siddharth Swaminathan, December 2020, Routledge, London.
4. ''Reading India: Selections from Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 3: 191-2017''; Edited by [[Pulapre Balakrishnan]], Suhas Palshikar and [[Nandini Sundar]], 2019, [[Orient Blackswan]], Hyderabad.
5. ''Indian Democracy'', 2017, OISI Series, OUP, New Delhi.
6. ''Electoral Politics in India: Resurgence of Bharatiya Janata Party'', London & New York, Routledge, 2017 (South Asia Edition), Editors: Suhas Palshikar, Sanjay Kumar & Sanjay Lodha
7. ''Party Competition in Indian States: Electoral Politics in Post-Congress Polity'', Suhas Palshikar, K.C. Suri and [[Yogendra Yadav]] (eds.), 2014, New Delhi, OUP.
8. ''Desh-Pradesh: Pradeshik Rajakaranachya Badalatya Disha'', 2014 (2015; 2nd Edition), Pune, Unique Academy.
9. ''Raajakaaranaach Taaleband: Bharatiy Lokashahichi Vaatachaal'', 2013, Pune, Sadhana.
10. ''Lokshahi: Arth ani Vyavahar'', Dec. 2010, (ed. With Rajendra Vora), Marathi Translation by Chitra Lele, Pune, Diamond.
11. ''Lokshahi Zindabad'', August 2010, (ed. with Yogendra Yadav and Peter R. De Souza), Pune, Samakaaleen Prakashan.
12. ''Bharatatil Pradeshik Pakshanche Rajkaran'', 2009, (ed.), Pune, Sadhana.
13. ''State of Democracy in South Asia'', 2008, with Yogendra Yadav, Peter de Souza, et al, New Delhi, OUP.
14. ''Maharashtratil Sattasangharsh'', 2007, (Edited with Suhas Kulkarni), Pune, Samakaaleen Prakashan.
15. ''Jamatwad, Dharmanirapekshata ani Lokshahi'', 2006, Pune, Pratima.
16. ''Indian Democracy: Meanings and Practices'', 2004, New Delhi, Sage, (co-edited with Rajendra Vora).
17. ''Journal of Indian School of Political Economy'', 2003; Vol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2, Special Issue on Electoral Politics in Indian States, Guest edited with Yogendra Yadav.
18. ''Samakaleen Bharatiya Rajkaran'', 2004, Pune, Pratima Prakashan.
19. M''aharashtrache Rajakaran: Rajakiy Prakriyeche Sthanik Sandarbh'',, 2004, Pune, Pratima Prakashan, (co-edited with Nitin Birmal) 2nd edition: 2007; 3rd edition: 2009.
20. ''Jat ani Maharashtratil Sattakaran'', 1998, Pune. Sugava, (2nd edition, 2003).
21. ''Shiv Sena: Nim-fascist Mohinividyecha Prayog'', (booklet in Marathi), 1996, Satara, Ambedkar Academy.
22. ''Maharashtratil Sattantar'', 1996, co-author, Bombay, Granthali.
23. ''Satyagrahi Samajvad: Acharya Javdekar Nivadak Lekh Sangraha'', 1994, Bombay, Sahitya Sanskriti Mandal, Govt. of Maharashtra.
24. ''Ambedkaranche Hindukaran'', (booklet in Marathi) 1994, Satara, Ambedkar Academy. New Edition: 2019, Hariti, Pune
25. ''Ambedkaranchya Vicharacha Ashay'', (booklet in Marathi), 1991, Ichalkaranji, Samajvadi Prabodhini.
26. ''Rajyashastra Kosh'', (An encyclopaedic dictionary of Politics), 1987, Marathi, (Co-editor and author), Pune, Dastane Ramchandra Co.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palshikar, Suhas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]

Samaya Sanjeevi

2026-04-07T00:38:17Z

Isaac3301: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samaya Sanjeevi
| director = [[V. S. Raghavan (director)|V. S. Raghavan]]
| writer = Pattu
| based_on = {{based on|''Dial Mr. Sanjeevi''|Pattu}}
| producer = Pattu Rajagopal
| starring = Pattu Vidyavathi [[T. R. Ramachandran]] [[M. N. Nambiar]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| studio = Sri Nataraja Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1957|3|9|ref1=}}
| runtime = 190 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Samaya Sanjeevi''''' ({{translation|Timely Remedy}}) is a 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[V. S. Raghavan (director)|V. S. Raghavan]] and written by Pattu. The film stars Pattu, Vidyavathi, [[T. R. Ramachandran]] and Sandhya. Based on Pattu's play ''Dial Mr. Sanjeevi'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=31 March 1957 |title=சமய சஞ்சீவி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-03-31/page/n21/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923082219/https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-03-31/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=20–21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> it was released on 9 March 1957.<ref name="anandan">{{Cite web |title=1957 – சமய சஞ்சீவி – ஸ்ரீ நடராஜ பிலிம்ஸ் – (நாடகம்) |trans-title=1957 – Samaya Sanjeevi – Sri Nataraj Films – (play) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails7.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170520011020/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1957-cinedetails7.asp |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=October 2022}}

== Cast ==
List compiled from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="anandan" /> and from Thiraikalanjiyam Part 1<ref name="neelamegam" />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Pattu
*Vidyavathi
*[[T. R. Ramachandran]]
*[[M. N. Nambiar]]
*Sandhya
*[[M. N. Rajam]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[C. K. Saraswathi]]
*Sivathanu
*M. K. Moorthi
*[[Kusalakumari]]
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Pattu Rajagopal who also wrote the story and dialogues and also featured in one of the main characters in the film. Choreography was done by Madhavan and Krishna Rao. The film was made at Revathi Studios.<ref name="anandan" />
== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]], while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=125 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Length
|-
| "Aanandam Tharuvadhu Sangeethame" || N. L. Ganasaraswathi & (Radha) Jayalakshmi || 03:20
|-
| "Thendral Vandhu Vilaiyaadum" || rowspan=2|Jikki || 03:11
|-
| "Jarikaipattu Salasalakka" || 03:05
|-
| "Paper Paper Paper" || J. P. Chandrababu || 03:08
|-
| "Gama Gamavena Narumanam Veesudhe" || P. B. Sreenivas & Jikki || 03:02
|-
| "Sindhikkum Thanmai Attradhaalaa" || P. Susheela || 03:22
|-
| "Thiruvarul Thandhu Aadhari" || T. V. Rathnam || 02:35
|-
| "Veliye Sonnaa Vetkam" || S. C. Krishnan || 02:56
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samaya Sanjeevi}}
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1950s lost films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pashupata-sutra

2026-04-04T04:34:00Z

Isaac3301: Adding basic article w/ sources

{{distinguish|Pashupatastra}}
{{Saivism}}
'''''Pashupata-sutra''''' ([[IAST]]: '''Pāśupatasūtra''') is a [[Sanskrit]]-language text regarded as [[revelation]] by the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupata]] [[Shaivite]] sect of ancient India.<ref name="Gavin2005">{{cite book |author=Gavin Flood |chapter=Śaiva |editor1=Sushil Mittal |editor2=Gene R. Thursby |title=The Hindu World |series=The Routledge Worlds |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-203-64470-0 |year=2005 |page=222 }}</ref> Dated between 400 and 550 CE,<ref>{{cite book |author=Ellen Gough |title=Making a Mantra: Tantric Ritual and Renunciation on the Jain Path to Liberation |year=2021 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226767239 }}</ref> it is the earliest surviving text of the Pashupatas.<ref name="Gavin2005"/> Kauṇḍinya wrote a commentary called ''Panchartha-bhashya'' (IAST: ''Pañcārtha-bhāṣya'') on the text.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peter Bisschop |title=Pañcārtha Before Kauṇḍinya |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27-37 |year=2014 |doi=10.1007/s10781-013-9210-7 }}</ref>

== Contents ==

In the text, [[Shiva]] enters the dead body of a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]], which comes to life as [[Lakulisha]] and imparts teachings to four disciples.<ref name="Gavin2005"/>

According to the text, a Pashupata ascetic must be a Brahmana male who does not speak with people from the [[caste system in India|low castes]] or women. He transcends to a stage beyond the [[Ashrama (stage)|four stages of life]] of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] tradition, by undertaking various observances in three stages.<ref name="Gavin2005"/>

In the first stage, a person aspiring to be Pashupata ascetic should:

* reside in the environs of a Shiva temple
* bear the mark of a Pashupata ascetic, that is, the ashes in which he bathes thrice daily
* worship with "song, dance, laughter, and mantra repetition"
* develop virtues such as not stealing, [[celibacy]], not harming creatures etc.

The aspirant (''[[sadhaka]]'') thus gradually purifies himself, and enters the second stage. He leaves the temple, and engages in [[anti-social behavior]] in order to attract verbal and physical abuse. The text states that the aspirant's [[pāpa|sins]] pass over to his abusers, and their [[punya (Hinduism)|merits]] pass over to him. Examples of these anti-social behaviors include:

* pretending to be asleep in public places
* making one's limbs tremble and pretending to be paralyzed
* limping
* pretending to be mad
* engaging in [[lewd]] behavior towards young women

Next, the aspirant enters the third stage, where he should:

* reside away from the public in a deserted house or cave
* live off [[bhiksha|alms]]
* meditate upon the five sacred mantras of Shiva and the syllable [[Om]]

The text states that after following these practices, the aspirant unites his soul with Shiva. After six months in this union, he starts living in a [[cremation ground]], survives on whatever is available, and finally dies. He thus unites with Shiva, and ends all his sorrows through Shiva's grace.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/corpustei/transformations/html/sa_pAzupatasUtra.htm Pāśupatasūtra], Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL)

[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Shaiva texts]]
[[Category:Revelation]]
[[Category:1st-millennium texts]]

Gyanendrapati

2026-03-28T01:12:22Z

Isaac3301: new stub...

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Infobox writer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|01|01|df=y}}
| occupation = Poet
| subject = [[Hindi poetry]]
| notable_works = Sanshayatma
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2006)
| birth_place = Pathargama, [[Godda district|Godda]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| image = Gyanendrapati.jpg
| caption = Gyanendrapati in 2013
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
}}

'''Gyanendrapati''' (Hindi: ज्ञानेंद्रपति; born 1 January 1950) is an Indian [[Hindi]] poet, known for his distinctive poetic style rooted in the tradition of [[Suryakant Tripathi]] 'Nirala' and his innovative use of language that blends tatsama, tadbhava, and deshaj (indigenous) words. A recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2006 for his poetry collection ''Sanshayatma'', Gyanendrapati has made significant contributions to contemporary Hindi poetry, exploring themes of social justice, environmental concerns, and human compassion.

His works, such as ''Gangatat'' and ''Ganga-Beeti'', reflect a deep engagement with the cultural and ecological significance of the Ganga River, while his poetry often addresses the struggles of marginalised communities.

== Early life and education ==
Gyanendrapati was born on 1 January 1950 in Pathargama village, [[Godda district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], into a farmer’s family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ज्ञानेंद्रपति का रचना-संसार │ हिन्दवी |url=https://www.hindwi.org/poets/gyanendrapati/profile |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Hindwi |language=hi}}</ref>

Gyanendrapati pursued English honours at [[Patna University]], where he was actively involved in student politics and social movements, which later influenced his poetic themes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shantanu Nandan |last2=Bhatt |first2=Shephali |last3=Aravind |first3=Indulekha |last4=Katiyar |first4=Prerna |date=2020-02-24 |title=Republic's Children: Recalling aspirations for the nation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/republics-children-recalling-aspirations-for-the-nation/articleshow/73618911.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=ज्ञानेन्द्रपति की कविताओं की दृश्यावली मनोरम नहीं हैं, वे उस वेदना के सहभागी हैं |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/sahitya/famous-hindi-poet-gyanendrapati-ki-kavitayen |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

His education and formative influences shaped his deep engagement with [[Hindi literature]] and poetry, particularly the works of modernist poets like [[Suryakant Tripathi]] 'Nirala', whose innovative style inspired Gyanendrapati's own poetic voice.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2006) for ''Sanshayatma'', recognising his outstanding contribution to Hindi poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards: Facts at a Glance |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/sahitya-akademi-awards-facts-at-a-glance-1456806643-1 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
• ''Sanshayatma'' (2006)

== Legacy ==
Gyanendrapati is regarded as a significant figure in contemporary Hindi poetry, contributing to the evolution of the genre through his innovative use of language and engagement with pressing social and environmental issues.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gyanendrapati}}
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:People from Godda district]]
[[Category:Poets from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Good Newwz

2026-03-26T15:59:43Z

Isaac3301: correct details for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2019 film directed by Raj Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Good Newwz
| image = Good Newwz film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Mehta]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Hiroo Yash Johar
* Aruna Bhatia
* [[Karan Johar]]
* Apoorva Mehta
* [[Shashank Khaitan]]
}}
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Jyoti Kapoor '''Dialogues:''' Jyoti Kapoor Rishabh Sharma Raj Mehta
| story = Jyoti Kapoor
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Kiara Advani]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' See [[#Soundtrack|Soundtrack]] '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Rao]]
| editing = Manish More
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] [[Dharma Productions]] [[Cape of Good Films]]
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|12|27}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|70 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Good Newwz - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5743 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|318.57 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Good Newwz Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224075547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
}}

'''''Good Newwz''''' is a 2019 Indian [[comedy film]] directed by [[Raj Mehta]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Cape of Good Films]]. It stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and [[Kiara Advani]] and revolves around two couples' tryst with [[in vitro fertilization]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title=Akshay Kumar is the Only Male Superstar Who Never Asks Who the Director is, Says Karan Johar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-male-superstar-who-never-asks-who-the-director-is-says-karan-johar-2391145.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227043552/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/akshay-kumar-is-the-only-male-superstar-who-never-asks-who-the-director-is-says-karan-johar-2391145.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 |access-date=27 December 2019 |publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2018 |title='Good News'! That's the title of Kareena Kapoor Khan's next with Akshay Kumar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-good-news-that-s-the-title-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-next-with-akshay-kumar-here-s-what-the-film-is-all-about-2643923/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201115308/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-good-news-that-s-the-title-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-next-with-akshay-kumar-here-s-what-the-film-is-all-about-2643923/amp |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |publisher=DNA India}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in November 2018 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] by April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Newwz (2019) |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/good-newzz-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220174927/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/good-newzz-2019 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 27 December 2019 coinciding [[New Year|New Year Festivities]] and became one of the [[List of Indian films of 2019#Box office collection|highest grossing Indian films of 2019]], with a final worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|3.18|b|year=2019|mode=historical}}; it is Kumar's highest-grossing film in India. With this film, Kumar set a new record in 2019 by having three consecutive domestic [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|200 Crore Club]] net films alongside ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' and ''[[Housefull 4]]''.<ref name="reldate">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2019 |title=Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor Khan's Good News to release on December 27 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khan-s-good-news-to-release-on-december-27/story-sYRIF21QdnIgYTowUCbYfP.html |access-date=27 December 2019 |publisher=Hindustan Times }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Good Newwz Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224075547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/good-newwz/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Varun Batra is the [[chief executive officer|CEO]] of a [[Volkswagen]] showroom in [[Mumbai]] and his wife, Deepti "Deepu" Batra, is a celebrity journalist. The two are a happily married couple going on seven years, but struggle to conceive a baby. Varun's sister Richa suggests the couple meet reputed fertility specialist Dr. Anand Joshi, who suggests they do [[in vitro fertilisation]] (IVF), a fertility technique that will enhance their chances. They agree, Varun submits sperm samples, and Dr. Joshi seemingly places the couple's [[embryo]] created in his lab in Deepti's uterus.

12 days later, Varun and Deepti are hastily summoned by Dr. Anand's wife, Dr. Sandhya Joshi, where the two run into another couple: Honey Batra and Monika "Moni" Batra, who have elected IVF as well. Anand guiltily reveals that a sperm mix-up has occurred due to the two couples [[homonymous]] surname: Varun's sperm have been fertilised Monika's eggs, and Honey's sperm with Deepti's eggs. Shocked beyond belief, both couples attack the two doctors. The doctors suggest that the couples go for a minor procedure so there is no chance of [[pregnancy]]. Varun later learns from Honey that Monika is pregnant with Varun's child, and Deepti is pregnant with Honey's child, but his rudeness causes Honey to fear the loss of his own child. He vows to prevent an [[abortion]] on Deepti's part, and he and Monika rent out a flat just above Varun's and Deepti's, much to the couple's shock.

Varun and Deepti initially project frustration against Honey and Monika during the first six months of pregnancy for interfering in their lives. However, during a routine check-up in the seventh month of pregnancy, Sandhya advises Deepti to try talking to Monika, who is probably going through as much as she is, being emotionally distressed. Realising that she needs to try to understand the situation, Deepti asks Monika out for a street food treat, during which they start getting to know each other. Deepti learns that Monika had suffered two [[miscarriage]]s, making her sympathise, and the women bond. However, Varun still nurses a negative attitude, especially since Deepti is not carrying his child. She takes a stand in Honey's and Monika's favour for the first time, angrily telling Varun that he never cared to understand anything that happened post the mishap.

Varun, with Deepti's confrontation still fresh in his mind, makes an attempt to bond with Honey when they meet at a bar, and they almost strike a chord with each other, until Honey expresses concern over Deepti's work commitments, which he thinks will have a negative impact on the child. Varun, incensed, snubs Honey in a possessive manner, an argument between the two escalates until Varun storms out and Honey is arrested after the manager drops a call.

That night, amidst heavy rains, Monika knocks on Deepti's door in desperation: she has gone into [[premature labour]] and Honey is nowhere to be found. Varun hurriedly drives Monika to the hospital and she gives birth to Varun's child. However, the newborn is shifted to a critical unit in grave condition, having been born with a respiratory defect, accelerated by Monika's history of miscarriages, with little chance of survival. As it dawns on him that the baby is in fact his, Varun begins crying and hugs Honey when he arrives after being let off with a warning. Even as Honey and Monika reunite, he goes home and breaks down in Deepti's arms, apologising for his past insensitivity.

For a few weeks, both couples pray for the baby's recovery and Monika remains in the hospital as Deepti tends to her. The baby finally recovers and after 2 months, Deepti too has a successful delivery. Varun, now a changed man, invites Honey and Monika to meet the baby. Both couples finally bond and accept each other, holding each other's babies in their arms.

==Cast==
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Varun Batra
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as Deepti "Deepu" Batra
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Honey Batra
* [[Kiara Advani]] as Monika "Moni" Batra
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as Dr. Sandhya Joshi
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Dr. Anand Joshi
* [[Anjana Sukhani]] as Advocate Richa Ahuja
* Faisal Rashid as Vivek Ahuja
* Sunita Dhir as Manjot Batra
* Amishka Sood as the [[IVF]] Hospital Receptionist
* [[Yukta Mookhey]] as patient at IVF centre
* Richa Kapoor as Reeta Batra
* Pradeep Kuckreja as Rajan Batra
* Kavita Pais as Kamini Kashya
* Shivam Pal as the Airport cab driver
* Karan Ashar as Akash Singhania, Varun's friend
* Taksh Dave as Tarun Batra, Varun's Showroom kid
* Vishwa Sharma as the Old IVF Patient
* Uddhav Dharap as Patient at IVF Centre

===Special appearances===
* [[Karan Johar]] in the song "Chandigarh Mein"
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] in the song "Chandigarh Mein"
* [[Harrdy Sandhu]] in the song "Chandigarh Mein"
* [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]] in the song "Sauda Khara Khara"
* [[Mohit Raina]] as Murari, flight passenger

==Production==
=== Pre-production ===
This film's name was announced on [[Twitter]]. It is Dosanjh's first film under the banner of [[Dharma Productions]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1068351543018168320 |user=diljitdosanjh |title=#GOODNEWS @DharmaMovies @karanjohar Sir @akshaykumar Sir #KareennaKapoorKhan Ji @Advani_Kiara #RajMehta Sir @ShashankKhaitan Sir 😊🙏🏽 It's a Dream Come True When you get to Work with Your Favourite Productions House and an Awesome TEAM 😊 SHUKAR 🙏🏽 LOVE MY FANS 😊🙏🏽 https://t.co/eGDcPBnUi4 |author=Diljit Dosanjh |date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming commenced in December 2018, with Dosanjh and Advani filming their scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=Karan Johar's Good News goes on floors today, Akshay Kumar and Kareena Kapoor Khan to join later |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/karan-johars-good-news-goes-on-floors-today-akshay-kumar-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-to-join-later-watch-video-bollywood-news/323464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130113214/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/karan-johars-good-news-goes-on-floors-today-akshay-kumar-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-to-join-later-watch-video-bollywood-news/323464 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |access-date=14 February 2019 |website=Times Now}}</ref> Kumar and Kapoor joined filming in January and announced it by posting on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Akshay Kumar shares new pic with pouty co-star Kareena Kapoor from sets of Good News |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-shares-new-pic-with-pouty-co-star-kareena-kapoor-from-sets-of-good-news/story-QmI38BXbAX0UNVW8IpF6EM_amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214060057/https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-shares-new-pic-with-pouty-co-star-kareena-kapoor-from-sets-of-good-news/story-QmI38BXbAX0UNVW8IpF6EM_amp.html |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=14 February 2019 |website=Hindustan Timesimes}}</ref> During a recent interview and in a Twitter post, Kumar said about Kapoor, "We are extremely fond of each other. Bebo and Lolo tease me about the amount of money I’m making and I tease them about having a flat in every building in [[Bandra]]. That's our fun banter."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good News: Akshay Kumar on Kareena Kapoor Khan open up about their friendly banter |url=http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/good-news-akshay-kumar-on-kareena.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408055530/http://www.filmsbit.com/2019/04/good-news-akshay-kumar-on-kareena.html |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=8 April 2019 |website=www.filmsbit.com}}</ref> [[Anjana Sukhani]] joined the cast, and she was revealed to be Kumar's sister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2019 |title=SCOOP! Akshay Kumar – Kareena Kapoor Khan's Good News gets a new cast member (read details inside) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khans-good-news-gets-new-cast-member-read-details-inside/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410065002/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-khans-good-news-gets-new-cast-member-read-details-inside/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The filming was finished in the first week of April 2019.<ref name=":f1">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2019 |title=Good News cast announce film's wrap; Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor starrer to release on 6 September |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/good-news-cast-announce-films-wrap-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-starrer-to-release-on-6-september-6402731.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416214345/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/good-news-cast-announce-films-wrap-akshay-kumar-kareena-kapoor-starrer-to-release-on-6-september-6402731.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=First Post}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was slated to release on 6 September but was pushed to 29 November, and pushed again to release on 25 December 2019, on the festival of Christmas.<ref name="reldate" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Good Newwz
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Lauv]], Lijo George – DJ Chetas, [[Manj Musik]] – Herbie Sahara, [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]] and [[Kshmr]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 26 December 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Newwz – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/good-newwz/UD51CawjtVY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211112505/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/good-newwz/UD51CawjtVY_ |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:55
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|pQ1INDXROBI|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film's music is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Lauv]], Lijo George (DJ Chetas), [[Manj Musik]] (Herbie Sahara), [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]] and [[Kshmr]]. The songs are written by [[Kumaar]], [[Rashmi Virag]], Tanishk Bagchi, Sukhbir, Gurpreet Saini, [[Ari Leff]], Michael Pollock, Herbie Sahara and [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]. The background score is composed by John Stewart Eduri.

The song "Sauda Khara Khara" is a remake of Sukhbir's song, recreated by Lijo George-DJ Chetas, while the song "Laal Ghagraa" is a remake of Sahara's and Musik's song, and has been recreated by Bagchi, who added an interlude from [[Daler Mehndi]]'s song "Ho Jayegi Balle Balle" to the recreated version.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 27:55
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Chandigarh Mein
| extra1 = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Harrdy Sandhu]], [[Lisa Mishra]], [[Asees Kaur]]
| music1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics1 = Tanishk Bagchi, Badshah
| length1 = 3:25
| title2 = Laal Ghaghra
| extra2 = [[Manj Musik]], Herbie Sahara, [[Neha Kakkar]]
| music2 = Tanishk Bagchi, Manj Musik–Herbie Sahara
| lyrics2 = Tanishk Bagchi, Herbie Sahara
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Zumba
| extra3 = Romy
| music3 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics3 = [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]]
| length3 = 2:57
| title4 = Maana Dil
| extra4 = [[B Praak]]
| music4 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length4 = 3:55
| title5 = Sauda Khara Khara
| extra5 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Sukhbir (musician)|Sukhbir]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| music5 = Lijo George – DJ Chetas, Sukhbir
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| length5 = 3:31
| title6 = Dil Na Jaaneya
| extra6 = [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Lauv]], [[Akasa Singh]]
| music6 = Rochak Kohli, Lauv
| lyrics6 = Gurpreet Saini, [[Ari Leff]], Michael Pollock
| length6 = 3:51
| title7 = Dil Na Jaaneya
| note7 = Unplugged
| extra7 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| music7 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics7 = Gurpreet Saini
| length7 = 3:03
| title8 = Good Newwz (Theme)
| extra8 = –
| music8 = [[Kshmr|KSHMR]], Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics8 = –
| length8 = 2:45
}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=71|count=17|average=6.10|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=23 July 2024}}<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=good_newwz |type=m |title=Good Newwz |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "Excellent. This one's a sure-fire hit. Smart writing. Fantastic humour. Heartfelt emotions... Superb performances [Akshay, Kareena, Diljit, Kiara]. 2019 will conclude with a big winner, with [''Good Newwz'']."<ref>{{Cite web |last=adarsh |first=taran |date=25 December 2019 |title=#OneWordReview...#GoodNewwz: EXCELLENT. Rating: This one's a SURE-FIRE HIT... Smart writing. Fantastic humour. Heartfelt emotions... Superb performances [#Akshay, #Kareena, #Diljit, #Kiara]...2019 will conclude with a big winner, with #GoodNewwz. #GoodNewwzReview pic.twitter.com/9YUx24tiTB |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1209880518277267462 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225170833/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1209880518277267462 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |website=@taran_adarsh |language=en}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of News 18 gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, "If Good Newwz doesn't go off the rails when the tone shifts, it's because the actors stay sincere and committed as the narrative evolves. The heart of the film is its cast anyway."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=28 December 2019 |title=Good Newwz Movie Review: Akshay Kumar Film is a Bumpy Ride But There's Lot to Laugh About |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/good-newwz-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-is-a-bumpy-ride-but-theres-lot-to-laugh-about-2438225.html |publisher=News18}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Good Newwz'' earned {{INR|link=yes}}17.56 [[crore]] at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film earned {{INR}}21.78 crore. On the third day, the film earned {{INR}}25.65 crore, for a total opening weekend earning of {{INR}}65.99 crore.<ref name="bo" />

{{As of|2020|2|21}}, with a gross of {{INR}}244.21 crore in India and {{INR}}74.36 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}318.57 crore and is the sixth [[List of Bollywood films of 2019|highest grossing Bollywood film of 2019]].<ref name="tgww:bo2">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |archive-date=18 November 2019 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="bo" />

== Home media ==
The film was made available to stream on [[Over-the-top media services|OTT]] platform [[Amazon Prime Video|Amazon Prime]] on 22 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=4 February 2020 |title=Amazon Prime February 2020 releases: 'Darbar', 'Once Upon A Time In Hollywood', 'Hunters' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amazon-prime-february-2020-releases-darbar-once-upon-a-time-in-hollywood-hunters-and-more/article30733956.ece |access-date=11 March 2020 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Sequel==
A [[spiritual sequel]], ''[[Bad Newz (film)|Bad Newz]]'', was theatrically released on 19 July 2024. It stars [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Triptii Dimri]], and [[Ammy Virk]] and deals with [[Superfecundation|heteropaternal superfecundation]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bad Newz trailer: Vicky Kaushal and Ammy Virk have comedic ‘kalesh’ over Triptii Dimri, trailer reveals film’s big twist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bad-newz-trailer-vicky-kaushal-and-ammy-virk-triptii-dimri-comedic-kalesh-9420927/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb movie}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|good-newwz}}

{{Dharma Productions}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rochak Kohli]]
[[Category:Films scored by Manj Musik]]
[[Category:Films about surrogacy]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Mehta]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]

Mukkamala (actor)

2026-03-22T07:47:40Z

Isaac3301:

{{short description|Indian actor (1920-1982)}}
{{For|villages of this name|Mukkamala, East Godavari|Mukkamala, West Godavari}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukkamala Krishnamurthy
| image = Mukkamala.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1920}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], India
| death_date = {{death year and age|1982|1920}}
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| homepage =
| awards =
| occupation = Actor, Director
}}
'''Mukkamala Krishna Murthy''' (1920–1982), known mononymously by his [[surname]] as '''Mukkamala''' was a lawyer turned actor who was active in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films in the 1950s and the 1960s. He was a stage actor in his student days and was popular in the role of French General Bussy in ''Bobbili Yuddham'', a stage play based on the historical [[Battle of Bobbili]] (Bobbili Yuddham). He joined the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film industry]] in the late 1940s in [[Madras]] and played a variety of character roles in a career lasting for about 35 years. He died in 1982 (in Bobbili Puli movie titles, we can see "Swargeeya Mukkamala").

==Filmography==
===Actor===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====1940s====
* ''Maya Machindra'' (1945)
* ''[[Laila Majnu (1949 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' (1949)

====1950s====
* ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirdoshi]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Niraparaadhi (1951 film)|Niraparadhi]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Mayalamari]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' (1952) as Parasuram
* ''[[Maradalu Pelli]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Dharma Devata]]'' (1952) as Raghunatha Varma
* ''[[Rechukka]]'' (1954) as Maharaju
* ''[[Aggi Ramudu|Aggiramudu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Rani Ratnaprabha]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (1956 film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' (1956) as Tatacharyulu
* ''[[Sri Gauri Mahatyam]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Nala Damayanthi (1957 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Sarangadhara]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Mayabazar|Maya Bazar]]'' (1957) as [[Duryodhana]]
* ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Kudu]]'' (1958) as Rao Bahadur Ramadasu's Father
* ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]'' (1958) as Lala
* ''[[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' (1958) as Nageswara Rao
* ''[[Jayabheri]]'' (1959) as Dharmadhikari
* ''[[Daiva Balam]]'' (1959)

====1960s====
* ''[[Annapurna (film)|Annapurna]]'' (1960) as Narahari
* ''[[Kanakadurga Pooja Mahima]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanakadurga Pooja Mahima (1960) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JNU |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1960) as Narendra Varma
* ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961) as Maharaju
* ''[[Usha Parinayam]]'' (1961) as Rajaguru
* ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarasu]]'' (1962) as Prataparudra Gajapati
* ''[[Gulebakavali Katha]]'' (1962) as King Chandrasena
* ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Narthanasala]]'' (1963) as [[Virata|Viraata Raju]]
* ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (1963) as [[Duryodhan]]udu
* ''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]'' (1963) as Guruvu
* ''[[Babruvahana]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Aggi Pidugu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Bobbili Yudham]]'' (1964) as General Bussy
* ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' (1965) as [[Durvasa]]
* ''[[Jwala Dweepa Rahasyam]]'' (1965) as Siddhendra Bhattaraka
* ''[[Satya Harishchandra (Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' (1965) as [[Visvamitra|Viswamitra Maharshi]]
* ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966) as [[Jarasandha]]
* ''[[Bhimanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966) as Kommaraju
* ''[[Aggi Barata]]'' (1966) as Konda Buchodu
* ''[[Adugu Jaadalu]]'' (1966) as Singanna
* ''[[Bhama Vijayam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Bhuvana Sundari Katha]]'' (1967) as Chitrasenudu
* ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'' (1967) as Subbaiah
* ''[[Goodachari 116]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Veeranjaneya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1968) as [[Ahiravan]]a
* ''[[Bhagya Chakramu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968)
* ''Asadhyudu'' (1968)
* ''[[Sri Rama Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rama Katha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NQE |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as [[Vishwamitra]]
* ''[[Ekaveera]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' (1969)
{{col-2}}

====1970s====
* ''[[Vijayam Manade]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Pettandarulu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Mayani Mamata]]'' (1970) as Kotaiah
* ''[[Bomma Borusa]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Rangeli Raja]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Debbaku tha Dongala Mutha]]'' (1971) as Jaggu
* ''[[Apna Desh]]'' (1972) as Mrs. Dinanath Chandra (Hindi)
* ''[[Manavudu Danavudu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Neethi (1972 film)|Neethi]]'' (1972) (Tamil)
* ''[[Hanthakulu Devanthakulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanthakulu Devanthakulu (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PAA |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1972) as Supreme
*''[[Korada Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Korada Rani (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PCC |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1972) as Major Bhavani Prasad
* ''[[Doctor Babu]]'' (1973) as Dharmanna
* ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Andaru Dongale]]'' (1974) as Jailer
* ''[[Manchi Manushulu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' (1975) as Villain
* ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' (1976) as Pedavema Reddy
* ''[[Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neram Nadikadu Akalidi (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RRR |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1976) as Jailor
* ''[[Ramarajyamlo Rakthapasam]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Kotalo Paga]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Pichi Maraju]]'' (1976) as Police Chief
* ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (1976 film)|Seeta Kalyanam]]'' (1976) as [[Visvamitra|Viswamitra Maharshi]]
* ''[[Bangaru Manishi]]'' (1976) as Collector
* ''[[Kurukshetram (1977 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (1977) as [[Dhritarashtra]]
* ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977) as [[Shalya]]
* ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Chakradhari (1977 film)|Chakradhari]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Sneham (1977 film)|Sneham]]'' (1977)
*''[[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (1978)
*''[[Pottelu Punnamma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pottelu Punnamma (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/THU |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1978) as Sethji
*''[[Mugguru Muggure]]'' (1978) as Mirza
* ''[[Lawyer Viswanath]]'' (1978) as Raghavaiah
* ''Gandharva Kanya'' (1979)
* ''[[Maa Voori Devatha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Voori Devatha (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AMKA |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1979) as Police Chief
* ''[[Rangoon Rowdy]]'' (1979) as Judge
* ''[[Srungara Ramudu]]'' (1979) as Rama Narayana's Lawyer
* ''[[Sri Madvirata Parvam]]'' (1979) as [[Virata]]
* ''[[Sri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Gandharva Kanya]]'' (1979) as Marichi Maharshi
* ''[[Sri Rama Bantu]]'' (1979) as Chalapathi Rao

====1980s====
* ''[[Vamsa Vruksham]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Telugu film)|Love in Singapore]]'' (1980)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movievolume.com/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF-%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82/|title=చిరంజీవి 'లవ్ ఇన్ సింగపూర్' సినిమాకి 40 ఏళ్ళు|work=Movie Volume|language=te|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319192256/https://movievolume.com/%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%9c%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%b5%e0%b0%bf-%e0%b0%b2%e0%b0%b5%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%87%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%8d-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%bf%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%97%e0%b0%aa%e0%b1%82/|url-status=live}}</ref> as Police Chief
* ''[[Gharana Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharana Donga (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/USK |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1980) as Rajaiah, Krishna's caretaker
* ''[[Bhale Krishnudu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Prema Natakam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Natakam Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/prema-natakam-1981}}</ref>'' (1981) as Suryanarayana, Kumar's uncle
* ''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Anuraga Devatha]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Golconda Abbulu]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Iddaru Kodukulu]]'' (1982) as Commissioner
* ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Idhe Naa Savaal]]'' (1984)

===Director===
* ''[[Maradalu Pelli]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Rushyasrunga]]'' (1961)
* ''Rishyasringar'' (1961)

{{col-2}}
{{col-end}}

==Awards==
Facilitations performed by Kalarajyam, Hyderabad and Mukkammala was crowned as "Natabrahma" which means a creator of acting.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Personal life==
He was survived by four children: a son and three daughters. His eldest son is Subba Rao, eldest daughter Sita Rajya Lakshmi (an additional district judge at Nellore), second daughter Padmavathi (residing at [[Guntur]]), youngest daughter Seshamma (practising High Court advocate in [[Chennai]]).<ref>As per ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' magazine.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611603}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104012114/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/11/14/stories/2008111450391600.htm Hindu: Niraparadhi 1951]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukkamala}}
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Vasant Kunj

2026-03-19T20:49:53Z

Isaac3301: improve content as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Tone|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vasant Kunj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline = Vasant Kunj Campus Undeveloped.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5273352|N|77.15154529999995|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vasant Vihar metro station]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
}}

'''Vasant Kunj''' is a neighbourhood located in [[New Delhi district]] of [[Union territory|Indian union territory]] of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/realty-hot-spot-series-an-affluent-residential-area-of-delhi/articleshow/80299803.cms|title=Realty hot spot series: An affluent residential area of Delhi|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> The area is home to several businessmen, actors, cricketers and the former prime minister of India, [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 September 2011|title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's assets exceed Rs 5 crore, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee's assets worth Rs 1.25 crore|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-manmohan-singhs-assets-exceed-rs-5-crore-finance-minister-pranab-mukherjees-assets-worth-rs-1-25-crore/articleshow/9849354.cms?intenttarget=no|access-date=22 January 2018|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> It is located close to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] and the commercial hub of [[Gurgaon]]. In the early '90s, Vasant Kunj was the agriculture-based land of [[Kishangarh Village]]. It has many residential areas under military as '''Ruchi Vihar and Tarapore Enclave.'''

==Locality==
Vasant Kunj was once farmland and was acquired by the government in the 1960s. The areas surrounding Vasant Kunj consist of farmland and the area is famous for palatial farmhouses. The locality is surrounded by greenery, with the South-Central Ridge of the [[Delhi Ridge]] encompassing the area and this forest is called [[Sanjay Van]]. The other residential areas in proximity are Chattarpur, Saket, Malviya Nagar, [[Mahipalpur]], Lado Sarai, [[Ber Sarai]], and Neb Sarai. The residential part of Vasant Kunj is divided into 5 Sectors – A, B, C, D and E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/delhi/areas/vasant-kunj.html|title=Vasant Kunj|access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> Each Sector is further divided into Pockets, for example, C1, C2, C3 up to C9. These pockets are further divided into blocks A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H until required

==In history==
[[Sultan Ghari]] tomb in Vasant Kunj is considered as the first Islamic [[mausoleum]] in Delhi. The historic [[Qutb Minar]] complex is located close to Vasant Kunj.

==Economy==
[[Bloomsbury India]] has its head office in the Vishrut Building (Building No. 3) in the DDA Complex in Vasant Kunj. Also the corporate offices of the [[Bharti Enterprises]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airtel.in/about-bharti/equity/support-and-communication/|title=Investor Support - Shareholders Communication - airtel|website=www.airtel.in|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.]] and [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constructionweekonline.in/cccl-to-build-ongc-corporate-office/|title=CCCL to build ONGC corporate office|website=constructionweekonline.in|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> are located in the area near Ambience mall.<ref>"[http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/company/contact-us/ Contact Us]." [[Bloomsbury Books]]. Retrieved on 14 October 2012. "Bloomsbury India Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt Limited VISHRUT Building Building no3, DDA Complex, Ground Floor Pocket C 6&7, Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110070 India"</ref> [[IBM Research|Research Center]] of American multi-national [[IBM]] is located at ISID Campus in Vasant Kunj.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/labs/india/visitor-new-delhi.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331054152/http://www.research.ibm.com/labs/india/visitor-new-delhi.shtml |archive-date=31 March 2013 |title=IBM Research - India: Visiting New Delhi}}</ref>

DLF's Ambience, Promenade and Emporio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-16/news/27681607_1_global-brands-luxury-mall-dlf-mall|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711171604/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-16/news/27681607_1_global-brands-luxury-mall-dlf-mall|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|title = Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News}}</ref> located in Vasant Kunj have been touted as luxury fashion destinations that are built on one of the largest value land auctioned by DDA. The Malls include DLF Emporio, DLF Promenade, Ambience Mall. Another Mall that stands alone is the Vasant Square Mall.

Vasant Kunj has two Police Stations, divided into North and South.

Vasant Kunj also has two forests with access to the public. The Sanjay Van on JNU Road and the forest behind the Grand Hotel. There are also two big natural water bodies in Vasant Kunj, one behind Sector A, Pocket B & C and the second on the JNU road.

The Grand, a five-star luxury hotel, is located on [[Nelson Mandela]] Marg, Vasant Kunj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegrandnewdelhi.com/contact-us/contact-us.html|title=The Grand New Delhi - 5-Star Luxury Hotel in New Delhi|website=www.thegrandnewdelhi.com|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (E.P.C.H.) is located at Sector C in Vasant Kunj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epch.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85&Itemid=173|title=EPCH House Number, Head Office Number, contact Details|website=epch.in|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
[[TERI University]] is located in Vasant Kunj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teriuniversity.ac.in/|title=TERI School of Advanced Studies - Masters and Ph.D in Delhi|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-date=5 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205021640/http://www.teriuniversity.ac.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new integrated, spacious campus of [[School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi|School of Planning and Architecture]] is undergoing construction off Nelson Mandela Marg. [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawarlal Nehru University]] (J.N.U.) including IIMC ([[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]s) is surrounded by Vasant Kunj on its west and south. They also have management school known as The Jagannath International Management School.
Shaurya [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] Officers Training institute is also located in the Vasant Kunj's institutional area near sector C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1JZAP_enIN679IN679&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=crpf+shaurya|title=Google|website=www.google.co.in|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

Some of the prominent schools in the neighbourhood includes [[Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj|Delhi Public School- Vasant Kunj]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/DPS-Vasantkunj-champion/article16817654.ece|title=DPS Vasantkunj champion|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 December 2009|access-date=22 January 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> [[Vasant Valley School]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/top-ten-schools-of-south-west-delhi/story-Oe3d0QYlH3S9qTLSrkqoxN.html|title=Top Ten schools of South-West Delhi|date=7 September 2012|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> [[GD Goenka Public School|G.D. Goenka Public School]], D.A.V public school, [[Bhatnagar International School]], [[Ryan International Group of Institutions|Ryan International School]], [[The Heritage School, Delhi|The Heritage School]], [[Bloom Public School]] and [[Deep Public School]].

Some of the playschools and nursery schools are [[Tender Feet Nursery School]], Aadyant Global School, Steady Steps International Preschool.

==Sports==
Vasant Kunj Sports Complex is one of the most prominent sports complexes set up by [[Delhi Development Authority|DDA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dda.gov.in/vasant-kunj-sports-complex |title=Vasant Kunj Sports Complex |date=1 April 2021 |website=dda.gov.in |publisher=DDA |access-date=10 December 2023}}</ref> Beeya's Riding Facility in Vasant Kunj is a nationally recognized horse riding club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20051212-check-out-the-horse-riding-schools-in-delhi-786467-2005-12-11|title=Check out the horse-riding schools in Delhi|date=12 December 2005|website=India Today|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Health care==
Indian Spinal Injuries Centre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilbs.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=125 |title=Contact Us |website=www.ilbs.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408095003/http://www.ilbs.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=101&Itemid=125 |archive-date=2011-04-08}}</ref> [[Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences]], [[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis]] Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortishealthcare.com/india/hospitals-in-delhi-ncr/fortis-flt-lt-rajan-dhall-hospital-vasant-kunj|title=Top Hospital - Fortis Flt Lt Rajan Dhall Hospital Vasant Kunj Delhi, India|website=Fortis Healthcare Limited|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> are some of the prominent hospitals located in Vasant Kunj. Others include [http://www.ndchrc.org New Delhi Children's Hospital & Research Centre] (NDCHRC). ...New Delhi Children's Hospital & Research Centre (NDCHRC). CB Physiotherapy, a physiotherapy chain with a clinic in Vasant Kunj, is also located in the area.<ref>{{cite web | title=CB Physiotherapy Clinic, Vasant Kunj, Delhi: Practo | url=https://www.practo.com/delhi/clinic/cb-physiotherapy-clinic-masood-pur }}</ref>

==Government offices==
[[Central Reserve Police Force]]'s Officers training institute- Shaurya, [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pfrda.org.in/MyAuth/Admin/showimg.cshtml?ID=520 | title=Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority - 1st Floor, ICADR Building, Plot No.6, Vasant Kunj Institutional Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110070 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125709/http://pfrda.org.in/MyAuth/Admin/showimg.cshtml?ID=520 | archive-date=2018-01-22 }}</ref> [[National Book Trust]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbtindia.gov.in/default.aspx |title = Welcome to National Book Trust India}}</ref> International Centre for Alternate Dispute Resolution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icadr.nic.in/index.php?page=contact-us&m=31|title=ICADR::Contact Us|website=icadr.nic.in|access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> are located in Vasant Kunj Institutional Area.Indian [[Aviation]] Academy. It also features the South Delhi police station.

==See also==
* [[Defence Colony]]
* [[Greater Kailash]]
* [[South West Delhi]]
* [[South Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]

List of languages by first written account

2026-03-19T14:56:21Z

Isaac3301:

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
This is a list of [[language]]s arranged by age of the oldest existing [[writing|text]] recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not include [[undeciphered writing systems]], though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substantiated, would push backward the first attestation of certain languages. It also does not include inscriptions consisting of isolated words or names from a language. In most cases, some form of the language had already been spoken (and even written) considerably earlier than the dates of the earliest extant samples provided here.

A written record may encode a stage of a language corresponding to an earlier time, either as a result of [[oral tradition]], or because the earliest source is a copy of an older manuscript that was lost. An oral tradition of [[epic poetry]] may typically bridge a few centuries, and in rare cases, over a millennium. An extreme case is the [[Vedic Sanskrit]] of the ''[[Rigveda]]'': the earliest parts of this text date to {{circa|lk=no}} 1500 BC,<ref>{{cite book
| chapter = Sanskrit | first = Stephanie W. | last = Jamison | pages = 6–32
| title = The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
| editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodward
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68494-1
}} pp. 6–7.</ref> while the oldest known manuscripts date to {{circa|lk=no}} 1040 AD.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter = The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
| first = Michael
| last = Witzel
| pages = 257–348
| chapter-url = https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf
| title = Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts
| editor-first = Michael
| editor-last = Witzel
| publisher = Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies
| location = Cambridge, MA
| year = 1997
| isbn = 978-1-888789-03-4
| access-date = 2018-10-04
| archive-date = 2020-08-04
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151138/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf
| url-status = live
}} p. 259.</ref>
Similarly the oldest [[Avestan]] texts, the ''[[Gatha (Zoroaster)|Gathas]]'', are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter = Avestan | first = Mark | last = Hale | pages = 101–122
| title = The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
| editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodward
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68494-1
}}</ref>

==Before 1000 BC==
{{Further|Bronze Age writing}}

Writing first appeared in the [[Near East]] at the end of the 4th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Overture to ''The First Writing'' |first=Stephen D. |last=Houston |pages=3–15 |title=The First Writing |editor-first=Stephen D. |editor-last=Houston |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-521-83861-4 }} p. 3.</ref>
A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before the [[Bronze Age collapse]] and the rise of [[alphabetic writing]]:
* the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]], [[Hattic language|Hattic]] and [[Elamite language]] isolates,
* [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] from the small [[Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]] family,
* [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] in the form of the [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] and [[Semitic languages]] and
* [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ([[Anatolian languages]] and [[Mycenaean Greek]]).
In [[East Asia]] towards the end of the second millennium BC, the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] family was represented by [[Old Chinese]].

There are also a number of [[undeciphered writing systems|undeciphered]] Bronze Age records:
* the [[Proto-Elamite script]]
* the [[Indus script]] (speculated to record a "[[Harappan language]]")
* [[Cretan hieroglyphs]] and [[Linear A]] (encoding a possible "[[Minoan language]]"){{sfnp|Woodard|2008|p=2}}
* the [[Cypro-Minoan syllabary]]{{sfnp|Woodard|2008|p=3}}
Earlier symbols, such as the [[Jiahu symbols]] or [[Vinča symbols]], are believed to be [[proto-writing]], rather than representations of language.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Language !! Attestation !! Notes
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 2690 BC || [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] || [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] constituting the earliest complete sentence known, found in the tomb of [[Seth-Peribsen]] ([[Second Dynasty of Egypt|2nd Dynasty]]), [[Umm El Qa'ab]]. This sentence refers to the entombed king's father and translates as, "He has united the Two Lands for his son, Dual King Peribsen."<ref name="James Egyptian">{{cite book|surname=Allen|given=James P.|title=The Ancient Egyptian Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-1-107-66467-8|page=2|author-link=James Peter Allen}}</ref>
|So-called "proto-hieroglyphic" inscriptions, such as those on the [[Narmer Palette]], are known from 3300 BC on, although these instances of written Egyptian are [[rebus]]-like and confined to semi-grammatical captions, labels, and proper names. See also, [[Naqada III]] and [[Abydos, Egypt]].
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} {{nowrap|2600 BC}} || [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] || ''[[Instructions of Shuruppak]]'', the [[Kesh temple hymn]] and other [[cuneiform]] texts from [[Shuruppak]] and [[Abu Salabikh]] ([[Fara period]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=John |year=1990 |title=A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts |url=https://archive.org/details/manualsumeriangr00haye |url-access=limited |publisher=UNDENA |location=Malibu, CA. |isbn=978-0-89003-197-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manualsumeriangr00haye/page/n276 268]–269}}</ref>{{sfnp|Woods |2010|p=87}}
|"Proto-literate" period from about 3500 BC (see [[Kish tablet]]); administrative records at [[Uruk]] and [[Ur]] from {{circa|lk=no}} 2900 BC.
Various texts from Ur during the Early Dynastic I–II period (c. 2800 BC) show syllabic elements with clear signs of the Sumerian language.<ref name="CW11">{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. B. F. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |isbn=0-7141-8059-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n11 11]–12 |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 2600 BC || |[[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] || A hymn to the sun-god [[Shamash|Šamaš]] found at [[Abu Salabikh|Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004445215/BP000005.xml |title=History of the Akkadian Language (Volume 1: Linguistic Background and Early Periods) |chapter=Akkadian and Cuneiform |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-44520-8 |editor-last=Vita |editor-first=Juan-Pablo |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |pages=66–74 |location=Leiden |doi=10.1163/9789004445215_004 |s2cid=240743074 |quote=The oldest known Akk text is a hymn to the sungod Šamaš⁵ found in Ereš (Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ, ca. 2600).⁶}}</ref>|| Some proper names attested in [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] texts at [[Shaduppum|Tell Harmal]] from about 2800 BC.<ref>Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.), ''Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern''. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 31–71.</ref> Fragments of the ''[[Legend of Etana]]'' at [[Shaduppum|Tell Harmal]] {{circa|lk=no}} 2600 BC.<ref>{{cite book|title=Atrahasis: An Ancient Hebrew Deluge Story|author=Clay, Albert T.|author-link=Albert Tobias Clay|publisher=Book Tree|year=2003|isbn=978-1-58509-228-4|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1QhcIrHB68C|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171916/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1QhcIrHB68C|url-status=live}}</ref> A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] and other sites in northern Babylonia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasselbach |first=Rebecca |title=Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-447-05172-9 |page=8}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 2400 BC || [[Eblaite language|Eblaite]] || [[Ebla tablets]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Akkadian and Eblaite | first1 = John | last1 = Huehnergard | first2 = Christopher | last2 = Woods | pages = 83–145 | title = The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68497-2 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|24th century BC}} || [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] || Protective spells in [[Pyramid Texts]] 235, 236, 281, 286 from the [[Pyramid of Unas]], written in hieroglyphic script but unintelligible as Egyptian<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070129100250.htm|title=Earliest Semitic Text Revealed In Egyptian Pyramid Inscription|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015725/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070129100250.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2013/05/21/%d7%9c%d7%97%d7%a9%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%91%d7%a7%d7%93%d7%9d-%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%a2%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%91%d7%9b%d7%aa%d7%91%d7%99-%d7%94%d7%a4%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%93%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%a1%d7%a7%d7%99/|title=לחשים בקדם־כנענית בכתבי הפירמידות: סקירה ראשונה של תולדות העברית באלף השלישי לפסה"נ {{!}} האקדמיה ללשון העברית|website=hebrew-academy.org.il|language=he-IL|access-date=2019-01-06|date=2013-05-21|archive-date=2018-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106201924/http://hebrew-academy.org.il/2013/05/21/%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D-%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|url-status=live}}</ref> || Ugaritic is the earliest Northwest Semitic language to be unambiguously attested within its native context, {{circa|lk=no}} 1300 BC.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 2250 BC || [[Elamite language|Elamite]] || [[Awan dynasty]] peace treaty with [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]]<ref name="Stolper">{{cite book | first = Matthew W. | last = Stolper | chapter = Elamite | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | title = The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | pages = 47–82 | isbn = 978-0-521-68497-2 }}, p. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State | first = D.T. | last = Potts | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | isbn= 978-0-521-56496-0 | pages = 100–101 }}</ref> || The [[Proto-Elamite script]] attested from {{circa|lk=no}} 3100 BC remains undeciphered. A proposed decipherment of the [[Linear Elamite]] script is not fully accepted.
|-
| {{nowrap|21st century BC}} || [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]] || Temple inscription of [[Tish-atal]] in [[Urkesh]]<ref>{{cite book | editor1-first = Alexander J. | editor1-last = De Voogt | editor2-first = Irving L. | editor2-last = Finkel | title = The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity | url = https://archive.org/details/ideawritingplayc00voog | url-access = limited | publisher = BRILL | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-90-04-17446-7 | chapter = The adaptation of Cuneiform script to foreign languages | first = Wilfred H. | last = van Soldt | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ideawritingplayc00voog/page/n129 117]–128 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1800 BC || [[Amorite language|Amorite]] || Bilingual Amorite-Akkadian vocabulary<ref name="CUNES 50-11-020">{{cite journal | title = Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals! | url = https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2022-1-page-113.htm | url-access =subscription | publisher = cairn.info | year = 2022 | doi = 10.3917/assy.116.0113 | last1 = George | first1 = Andrew | last2 = Krebernik | first2 = Manfred | journal = Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale | volume = 116 | issue = 1 | pages = 113–166 }}</ref>|| See also tablet [https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/artifacts/411253 CUNES 50-11-020 (P411253)]
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1700 BC || [[Hittite language|Hittite]] || [[Anitta (king)|Anitta]] text in [[Hittite cuneiform]]<ref name="Watkins Hittite">{{cite book | chapter = Hittite | first = Calvert | last = Watkins | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n27 6]–30 | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood | url-access = limited | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref> || Isolated Hittite words and names occur in Assyrian texts found at [[Kültepe]], from the 19th century BC.<ref name="Watkins Hittite"/>
|-
| {{nowrap|16th century BC}} || [[Palaic language|Palaic]] || [[Hittite texts]] CTH 751–754<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Palaic | first = H. Craig | last = Melchert | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n62 40]–45 | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood | url-access = limited | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1450 BC || [[Mycenaean Greek language|Mycenaean Greek]] || [[Linear B]] tablet archive from [[Knossos]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Cynthia|last=Shelmerdine|author-link=Cynthia W. Shelmerdine|title=Where Do We Go From Here? And How Can the Linear B Tablets Help Us Get There?|url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum18(pdf)/34%20Shelmerdine.pdf|access-date=2008-03-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195005/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum18%28pdf%29/34%20Shelmerdine.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-03}}</ref>{{sfnp|Olivier|1986|pp=377f}}<ref>{{cite web | title = Clay tablets inscribed with records in Linear B script | publisher = British Museum | url = https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/c/tablets_with_linear_b_script.aspx | access-date = 7 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150504061641/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/gr/c/tablets_with_linear_b_script.aspx | archive-date = 2015-05-04 | url-status = dead }}</ref> || These are mostly administrative lists, with some complete sentences.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Aegean scripts |first=Emmett L. |last=Bennett |author-link=Emmett L. Bennett, Jr. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/125 125–133] |title=The World's Writing Systems |editor-first1=Peter T. |editor-last1=Daniels |editor-first2=William |editor-last2=Bright |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/125 }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1400 BC || [[Luwian language|Luwian]] || [[Hieroglyphic Luwian]] monumental inscriptions, [[Cuneiform Luwian]] tablets in the Hattusa archives{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=30}} || Isolated hieroglyphs appear on seals from the 18th century BC.{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=30}}
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1400 BC || [[Hattic language|Hattic]] || [[Hittite texts]] CTH 725–745 ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1300 BC || [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] || Tablets from [[Ugarit]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Dennis|last=Pardee|chapter=Ugaritic|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607/page/n26 5]–35|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Josef |last1=Tropper |first2=Juan-Pablo |last2=Vita |chapter=Ugaritic |pages=482–508 |editor1-last=Huehnergard |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Pat-El |editor2-first=Na'ama |title=The Semitic Languages |edition=2nd |year=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-65538-8}} p. 482.</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1250 BC || [[Old Chinese]] || [[Oracle bone script|Oracle bone]] and [[Chinese bronze inscriptions|bronze inscriptions]] from the reign of [[Wu Ding]]{{sfnp|Bagley|1999|pp=181–182}}{{sfnp|Keightley|1999|pp=235–237}}<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=DeFrancis|title=Visible Speech. The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems|chapter=Chinese|pages=89–121|chapter-url=http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8248-1207-2|access-date=2010-02-12|archive-date=2017-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804062722/http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|}
<gallery heights="150px" widths="150px">
File:Peribsen2.JPG|Seal impression from the tomb of [[Seth-Peribsen]], containing the oldest known complete sentence in [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]], {{circa|lk=no}} 2690 BC<ref name="James Egyptian"/>
File:Letter Luenna Louvre AO4238.jpg|Letter in [[Sumerian cuneiform]] sent by the high-priest Lu'enna, informing the king of [[Lagash]] of his son's death in battle, {{circa|lk=no}} 2400 BC<ref>{{cite web |title=Lettre du grand-prêtre Lu'enna |publisher=Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=9732 |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060039/http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=9732 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:NAMA Linear B tablet of Pylos.jpg|Greek [[Linear B]] tablet from [[Pylos]], recording the distribution of hides, {{circa|lk=no}} 1200 BC
File:Shang dynasty inscribed scapula.jpg|Ox scapula inscribed with three records of divinations in the reign of [[Wu Ding]] of the Chinese [[Shang dynasty]], {{circa|lk=no}} 1200 BC
</gallery>

==First millennium BC==

[[File:Sarcophag of Ahiram inscription.png|thumb|right|upright=2.2|The [[Ahiram]] epitaph is the earliest substantial inscription in [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]].]]
The earliest known alphabetic inscriptions, at [[Serabit el-Khadim]] ({{circa|lk=no}} 1500 BC), appear to record a [[Northwest Semitic]] language, though only one or two words have been deciphered. In the [[Early Iron Age]], alphabetic writing spread across the Near East and southern Europe. With the emergence of the [[Brahmic family of scripts]], [[languages of India]] are attested from after about 300 BC.

There is only fragmentary evidence for languages such as [[Iberian language|Iberian]], [[Tartessian language|Tartessian]], [[Galatian language|Galatian]] and [[Messapic language|Messapian]].{{sfnp|Woodard|2008|pp=4, 9, 11}} The [[North Picene language]] of the Novilara Stele from {{circa|lk=no}} 600 BC has not been deciphered.{{sfnp|Woodard|2008|p=4}} The few brief inscriptions in [[Thracian language|Thracian]] dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC have not been conclusively deciphered.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy |first=Peter A. |last=Dimitrov |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-1325-9 |pages=3–17 }}</ref> The earliest examples of the Central American [[Isthmian script]] date from {{circa|lk=no}} 500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.<ref>{{cite book | title = Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts | first = Andrew | last = Robinson | publisher = Thames & Hudson | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-500-51453-5 | page = 263}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Language !! Attestation !! Notes
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1000 BC || [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] || [[Ahiram]] epitaph<ref>{{cite journal | first = Edward M. | last = Cook | title = On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1) | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 53 | issue = 1 | year = 1994 | pages = 33–36 | jstor = 545356 | doi=10.1086/373654| s2cid = 162039939 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 10th century BC || [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] || Royal inscriptions from [[Aramean]] city-states<ref>{{cite book|first=Stuart|last=Creason|chapter=Aramaic|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607/page/n129 108]–144|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9}}</ref> ||
|-
| 10th century BC || [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] or [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] || [[Gezer calendar]]<ref>{{cite journal| title = The Gezer Calendar and Northwest Semitic Linguistics | first = Daniel | last = Silvan | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 48 | issue = 1/2 | year = 1998 | pages = 101–105 | jstor = 27926502}}</ref> || [[Paleo-Hebrew]] employed a slightly modified Phoenician alphabet, hence the uncertainty between which language is attested here.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 850 BC || [[Ammonite language|Ammonite]] || [[Amman Citadel Inscription]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Ammn Citadel Inscription: A New Collation | first = William J. | last = Fulco | journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research | volume = 230 | issue = 230 | year = 1978 | pages = 39–43 | jstor = 1356612 | doi = 10.2307/1356612 | s2cid = 163239060 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 840 BC || [[Moabite language|Moabite]] || [[Mesha Stele]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 820 BC || [[Urartian language|Urartian]] || Inscriptions in Assyrian cuneiform script<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Urartian | first = Gernot | last = Wilhelm | pages = 105–123 | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood | url-access = limited | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 800 BC || [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]] || Paleo-Phrygian inscriptions at [[Gordion]]<ref>{{cite book | first = Claude | last = Brixhe | chapter = Phrygian | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n91 69]–80 | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood | url-access = limited | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 8th century BC || [[Sabaean language|Sabaean]] ([[Old South Arabian]]) || Mainly [[boustrophedon]] inscriptions from Yemen<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norbert|last1=Nebes|first2=Peter|last2=Stein|chapter=Ancient South Arabian|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607/page/n166 145]–178|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9}}</ref> ||
|-
| 8th century BC || [[Old Arabic]] || Prayer inscription at [[Qasr Bayir|Bayir, Jordan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/a-manual-of-the-historical-grammar-of-arabic-notes-on-key-issues-in-phonology-an/A%20Manual%20of%20the%20Historical%20Grammar%20of%20Arabic%20Notes%20on%20key%20issues%20in%20phonology%20and%20morphology%20Ahmad%20Al-Jallad.pdf
|title= A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic |publisher=Ahmad Al Jallad |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> || It is a bi-lingual inscription written in Old Arabic which was written in the undifferentiated North Arabian script (known as [[Thamudic B]]) and Canaanite which remains undeciphered.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 700 BC || [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]] || Proto-Corinthian vase found at [[Tarquinia]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Part 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic World |editor=F. W. Walbank |editor2=A. E. Astin |editor3=M. W. Frederiksen | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-521-23446-7 | page = 12 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 7th century BC || [[Latin]] || ''Vetusia'' Inscription and ''[[Praeneste fibula|Fibula Praenestina]]''<ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to the Latin Language|first=James|last=Clackson|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-4336-6|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQjpHUIBWkC&pg=PA13|access-date=2015-11-14|archive-date=2021-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171915/https://books.google.com/books?id=HgQjpHUIBWkC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 600 BC || [[Lydian language|Lydian]] || Inscriptions from [[Sardis]]{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=30}} ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 600 BC || [[Carian language|Carian]] || Inscriptions from [[Caria]] and Egypt{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=30}} ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 600 BC || [[Faliscan language|Faliscan]] || Ceres inscription found at [[Falerii]]<ref>{{cite book | first = Gabriël C. L. M. | last = Bakkum | title = The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship, Volume 1 | publisher = University of Amsterdam Press | year = 2009 | pages = 393–406 | isbn = 978-90-5629-562-2 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|early 6th century BC}} || [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]] || Text painted on the handle of a [[krater]] found near [[Tolfa]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Recent Research on Sabellian Inscriptions | given = Rex E. | surname = Wallace | journal = Indo-European Studies Bulletin | volume = 8 | number = 1 | year = 1998 | pages = 1–9 }} p. 4.</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 550 BC || [[Taymanitic]] || Esk 168 and 177<ref>{{cite book|first=M.C.A|last=Macdonald|chapter=Ancient North Arabian|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607/page/n200 179]–224|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|title=The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_607|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68498-9}} p. 181.</ref> || The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th-century BC document from [[Carchemish]].{{sfnp|Macdonald|2000|p=42}}
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 550 BC || [[South Picene language|South Picene]] || [[Warrior of Capestrano]]<ref>{{cite book | title = The Blackwell History of the Latin Language | url = https://archive.org/details/blackwellhistory00clac | url-access = limited | first1 = James | last1 = Clackson | first2 = Geoffrey | last2 = Horrocks | publisher = Blackwell | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4051-6209-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/blackwellhistory00clac/page/n57 49] }}</ref> ||
|-
| mid-6th century BC || [[Venetic language|Venetic]] || Funerary inscriptions at [[Este, Veneto|Este]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Venetic | first = Rex E. | last = Wallace | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/124 124–140] | title = The Ancient Languages of Europe | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68495-8 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/124 }}</ref> ||
|-
| late 6th century BC || [[Lemnian language|Lemnian]] || [[Lemnian language#Lemnos Stele|Lemnos Stele]]<ref>{{cite journal|author-last=Eichner |author-first=Heiner |year=2012 |title=Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Erster Teil)|publisher=Gorgias Press|journal=Journal of Language Relationship|volume=7|issue=1|pages=9–32|doi=10.31826/jlr-2012-070106|language=de|trans-title=New Research on the Language on the Stele of Lemnos|doi-access=free}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 500 BC || [[Old Persian]] || [[Behistun Inscription]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 500 BC || [[Lepontic language|Lepontic]] || Inscriptions CO-48 from Pristino ([[Como]]) and VA-6 from [[Vergiate]] ([[Varese]])<ref>[http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page ''Lexicon Leponticum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421114857/http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Main_Page |date=2014-04-21 }}, by David Stifter, Martin Braun and Michela Vignoli, [[University of Vienna]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | first = David | last = Stifter | title = Celtic in northern Italy: Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish | year = 2012 | url = http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/kalender/arkiv_2012/celtic_spring/Lepontisch_WS_2010.pdf | access-date = 24 October 2016 | archive-date = 14 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170314202429/http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/kalender/arkiv_2012/celtic_spring/Lepontisch_WS_2010.pdf/ | url-status = live }}</ref> || Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 300 BC || [[Oscan language|Oscan]] || Lovilae from [[Capua]]<ref>{{cite book | title = A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary | given = Carl Darling | surname = Buck | author-link = Carl Darling Buck | location = Boston | publisher = The Athenaeum Press | year = 1904 | pages = 247–248 | url = https://archive.org/details/agrammaroscanan00goog }}</ref> || Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.{{sfnp|Buck|1904|p=4}}
|-
| 3rd century BC || [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] || Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Continental Celtic | first = Joseph F. | last = Eska | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/165 165–188] | title = The Ancient Languages of Europe | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68495-8 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/165 }}</ref> ||
|-
| 3rd century BC || [[Volscian language|Volscian]] || Tabula Veliterna{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=140}} ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 260 BC || [[Ashokan Prakrit]] || [[Edicts of Ashoka]]<ref name=WS>{{cite book | last=Rogers | first=Henry | title=Writing Systems | publisher=Black Publishing | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-631-23464-7}} p. 204</ref>{{sfnp|Pollock|2003|p=60}} || Potsherds inscribed with Brahmi letters from [[Anuradhapura]] have been dated {{circa|lk=no}} 400 BC, and range from isolated letters to names in the genitive case.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|editor-last=Olivelle|editor-first=Patrick|pages=113–143|chapter=Inscribed pots, emerging identities}}, pp. 121–122.</ref><ref name="Coningham 1996">{{cite journal|last1=Coningham|first1=R.A.E.|last2=Allchin|first2=F.R.|last3=Batt|first3=C.M.|last4=Lucy|first4=D.|year=1996|title=Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=6|pages=73–97|doi=10.1017/S0959774300001608|number=1|s2cid=161465267 |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1565066 }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 200 BC || [[Elu]] (Sri Lankan [[Prakrit]]) || [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] inscription at [[Mihintale]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=P. E. E. |last=Fernando |title=Palaeographical Development of the Brahmi Script in Ceylon from 3rd Century B. C. to 7th Century A. D |journal=University of Ceylon Review |volume=7 |number=4 |year=1949 |pages=282–301 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1340668}} pp. 282–283.</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|early 2nd century BC}} || [[Old Tamil]]|| Rock inscription ARE 465/1906 at [[Mangulam]] caves, [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy |given=Iravatham |surname=Mahadevan |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1 |pages=7, 97 }}</ref> (Other authors give dates from late 3rd century BC to 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite book | first = Kamil Veith | last = Zvelebil | title = Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature | page = 42 | publisher = BRILL | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-90-04-09365-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Epigraphy |given=Richard |surname=Salomon| publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-509984-2 |page=35 }}</ref>) || Pottery inscribed with personal names has been found at [[Keeladi]], a site that was occupied between the 6th century BC and 1st century AD.<ref>{{cite report
| title=Keeladi: an Urban Settlement of Gangam Age on the Banks of the River Vigai
| editor1-first=R. | editor1-last=Sivanantham | editor2-first=M. | editor2-last=Seran
| location=Chennai | publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu | year=2019
| pages=8–9, 14
}}</ref>

5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in [[Kodumanal]], Porunthal and [[Palani]] have been claimed as [[Tamil-Brahmi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=K. |title=A Companion to South Asia in the Past |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-119-05548-8 |editor1-last=Robbins Schug |editor1-first=Gwen |pages=310–318 |chapter=Situating Iron Age moduments in South Asia: a textual and ethnographic approach |access-date=2020-11-30 |editor2-last=Walimbe |editor2-first=Subhash R. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAb9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171938/https://books.google.com/books?id=VAb9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |url-status=live}} p. 311.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajan |first=K. |url=http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Iron-Age%E2%80%93Early-Historical-transition-in-South-India-K-Rajan.pdf |title=Iron Age – Early Historic Transition in South India: an appraisal |publisher=Institute of Archaeology |year=2014 |page=9 |access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110133814/http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Iron-Age%E2%80%93Early-Historical-transition-in-South-India-K-Rajan.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> but this is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Falk |first=Harry |year=2014 |title=Owner's graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama |url=https://www.academia.edu/11754083 |url-status=live |journal=Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen |volume=6 |page=46, with footnote 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171918/https://www.academia.edu/11754083 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2019-04-20}} Falk has criticized the Kodumanal and Porunthal claims as "particularly ill-informed"; Falk argues that some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted non-linguistic [[Megalithic graffiti symbols]], which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era.</ref>

An inscription of 7 symbols from [[Adichanallur]], tentatively dated 5th century BC, has been claimed as rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi.<ref>{{cite news |title='Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 Feb 2005 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rudimentary-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-adichanallur/article27316950.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 }}</ref>
|-
| 2nd century BC || [[Meroitic language|Meroitic]] || Graffiti on the temple of [[Amun]] at Dukki Gel, near [[Kerma]]<ref>{{cite book | title=The Meroitic Language and Writing System | first1=Claude | last1=Rilly | first2=Alex | last2=de Voogt | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-139-56053-5 | page=6 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 146 BC || [[Numidian language|Numidian]] || [[Punic-Libyan Inscription]] at [[Dougga]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Frieze, Mausoleum of Ateban |work=The British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1852-0305-1 |publisher=British Museum |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702214516/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1852-0305-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 100 BC || [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]] || [[Botorrita plaques]] ||
|-
| 1st century BC || [[Parthian language|Parthian]] || Ostraca at [[Nisa, Iran|Nisa]] and [[Qumis, Iran|Qumis]]<ref>{{cite book | title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume 3 | editor-first=B.A | editor-last=Litvinsky | chapter=Sassanian Iran: Intellectual Life, Part One: Written Works | first=A. | last=Tafazzoli | pages=81–94 | publisher=UNESCO | year=1996 | isbn=978-92-3-103211-0 | chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612e.pdf | postscript=, | access-date=2016-11-03 | archive-date=2016-08-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821074729/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001046/104612E.pdf | url-status=live }} page 94.</ref> ||
|-
| 1st century BC || [[Sanskrit]] || [[Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana]], and [[Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions]] (both near [[Chittorgarh]])<ref>{{cite book | title = Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages | first = Richard | last = Salomon | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-19-535666-3 | pages = 86–87 }}</ref> || The [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.<ref>Salomon (1998), p. 89.</ref>
|}

==First millennium AD==
From [[Late Antiquity]], we have for the first time languages with earliest records in [[manuscript]] tradition (as opposed to [[epigraphy]]). Thus, [[Classical Armenian]] is first attested in the [[Armenian Bible translation]].

The [[Vimose inscriptions]] (2nd and 3rd centuries) in the [[Elder Futhark]] runic alphabet appear to record [[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]] names. Some scholars interpret the [[Negau helmet]] inscription ({{circa|lk=no}} 100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Language !! Attestation !! Notes
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 150 || [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] || [[Rabatak inscription]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 200 || [[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]] || inscription ''NITHIJO TAWIDE'' on shield grip from the [[Illerup Ådal]] [[Roman Iron Age weapon deposits|weapon deposit]] || Single Proto-Norse words are found on the [[Øvre Stabu spearhead]] (second half of the 2nd century) and the [[Vimose Comb]] (c. 160).
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 292 || [[Mayan languages|Mayan]] || Stela 29 from [[Tikal]]<ref>{{cite book
| chapter = Mayab | first = Victoria R. | last = Bricker | pages = 163–1922
| title = The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
| editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodward
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68494-1
}}</ref> || A brief undeciphered inscription at [[San Bartolo (Maya site)|San Bartolo]] is dated to the 3rd century BC.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala | first1 = William A. | last1 = Saturno | first2 = David | last2 = Stuart | first3 = Boris | last3 = Beltrán | journal = Science | volume = 311 | issue = 5765 | pages = 1281–1283 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.sanbartolo.org/science.pdf | doi = 10.1126/science.1121745 | pmid = 16400112 | bibcode = 2006Sci...311.1281S | s2cid = 46351994 | access-date = 2008-07-16 | archive-date = 2021-02-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210225212634/http://www.sanbartolo.org/science.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 312–313 || [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] || Ancient Letters, found near [[Dunhuang]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Date of the Sogdian Ancient Letters | first = W. B. | last = Henning | journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London | volume = 12 | issue = 3/4 | year = 1948 | pages = 601–615 | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00083178 | jstor = 608717 | s2cid = 161867825 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 328 || [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Namara inscription]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 350 || [[Ge'ez language|Ge'ez]] || inscriptions of [[Ezana of Aksum]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Ge'ez (Aksum) | first = Gene | last = Gragg | pages = 211–237 | title = The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68497-2 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 350 || [[Cham language|Cham]] || [[Đông Yên Châu inscription]] found near [[Tra Kiêu]]<ref>{{cite book | title = From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change | url = https://archive.org/details/fromancientchamt00thur | url-access = limited | first = Graham | last = Thurgood | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-8248-2131-9 | page = [https://archive.org/details/fromancientchamt00thur/page/n17 3] }}</ref> || Oldest attested [[Austronesian language]]
|-
| 4th century || [[Gothic language|Gothic]] || [[Gothic Bible]], translated by [[Wulfila]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Gothic | first = Jay H. | last = Jasanoff | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/189 189–214] | title = The Ancient Languages of Europe | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68495-8 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/189 }}</ref> || A few problematic [[Gothic runic inscriptions]] may date to the early 4th century.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 400 || [[Kuchean language|Tocharian B]] || THT 274 and similar manuscripts<ref>{{cite book |chapter=A Glimpse into the Tocharian Vinaya Texts |surname=Pan |given=Tao |pages=67–92 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34338196 |title=Rules of Engagement: Medieval Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Regulation |editor1-given=Susan |editor1-surname=Andrews |editor2-given=Jinhua |editor2-surname=Chen |editor3-given=Cuilan |editor3-surname=Liu |publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Studies |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-89733428-1 |access-date=2019-09-13 |archive-date=2021-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171940/https://www.academia.edu/34338196 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from [[Krorän]] dated {{circa|lk=no}} 300.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Bronze Age languages of the Tarim Basin | first=J.P. | last=Mallory | journal=Expedition | volume=52 | issue=3 | pages=44–53 | year=2010 | url=http://penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf | access-date=2019-09-13 | archive-date=2021-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090710/https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/52-3/mallory.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 430 || [[Old Georgian]] || [[Bir el Qutt inscriptions#Inscription 1|Bir el Qutt inscription #1]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Hewitt | first = B.G. | title = Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar | url = https://archive.org/details/georgianstructur00hewi | url-access = limited | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-90-272-3802-3 | page = [https://archive.org/details/georgianstructur00hewi/page/n11 4] }}</ref> || Inscription #2, made around the same time, is currently missing.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 450 || [[Old Kannada]] || [[Halmidi inscription]]{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=23}} || A date of 350 has been claimed for the Tagarthi inscription found in [[Shivamogga]] district, but this is disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/cover-story/historians-study-pushes-earliest-record-of-kannada-writing-back-by-a-century/articleshow/21220551.cms| title = Historian's study pushes earliest record of Kannada writing back by a century| access-date = 10 March 2013| website = [[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' ({{circa|lk=no}} 850) is the oldest literary work.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=23}}
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 478-490<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghafadarian |first1=Karo |author-link1=Karo Ghafadaryan |title=Տեկորի տաճարի V դարի հայերեն արձանագրությունը և Մեսրոպյան այբուբենի առաջին տառաձևերը [The Armenian Inscription on the Cathedral of Tekor and the Initial Forms of the Mesropian Alphabet] |journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]] |date=1962 |issue=2 |pages=39–54 |url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/391/ |language=hy |access-date=2021-04-09 |archive-date=2018-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015032836/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/391/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[Classical Armenian]] || inscription at the [[Tekor Basilica]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Classical Armenian | first = James P.T. | last = Clackson | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n146 124]–144 | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood | url-access = limited | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68496-5 }}</ref> || [[Mesrop Mashtots]] is traditionally held to have translated an [[Armenian Bible]] in 434.
|-
| 5th century || [[Frankish language|Frankish]]/[[Old Dutch]] || [[Bergakker inscription]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.museumhetvalkhof.nl/collecties/archeologie/collectie-topstukken-archeologie/runeninscriptie-met-het-oudste-nederlands |title=Runeninscriptie met het oudste Nederlands(?) |series=Museum piece information |publisher=[[Valkhof Museum]] |language=nl |trans-title=Runic inscription with the oldest Dutch(?) |access-date=10 November 2017 |quote=All experts agree on the meaning of the second word: "I (he) grant(s)", and many consider the first word to be the name of the owner of the sword that the scabbard belonged to. Opinions vary on how this name should be read, just as the latter two words have been interpreted very differently. Keeping in mind the function of the piece, some academics read the last word as "sword(s)". |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501103908/https://www.museumhetvalkhof.nl/collecties/archeologie/collectie-topstukken-archeologie/runeninscriptie-met-het-oudste-nederlands |url-status=dead }}</ref> || There is no consensus on the interpretation of the text, leading to the language uncertainty.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 510 || [[Old Dutch]] || formula for freeing a serf in the ''[[Salic law#Malberg glosses|Malbergse Glossen]]'' on the Salic law<ref name="Willemyns">{{cite book | title = Dutch: Biography of a Language | first = Roland | last = Willemyns | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-19-932366-1 | pages = 40–41 }}</ref> || Some scholars consider the formula to be in [[Frankish language|Frankish]] instead.<ref>Rembert Eufe, ''Die Personennamen auf den merowingischen Monetarmünzen als Spiegel der romanisch-germanischen Sprachsynthese im Frankenreich'', in: ''Kulturelle Integration und Personennamen im Mittelalter'', edited by Wolfgang Haubrichs, Christa Jochum-Godglück, 2019, p. 78ff., here p. 80</ref>
|-
| 6th century ||[[Mon language|Mon]] || [[commons:File:Phara-Pathom1.jpg|Inscription]] in Wat Pho Rang Temple, [[Nakhon Pathom]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Monzel |first=Bee Htaw |title=Ancient Mon Inscriptions Overview|url=https://pt.scribd.com/document/128261426/Inscription-Pra-Pathom |website=Scribd|access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 6th century || [[Vandalic language|Vandalic]] || A sentence in the ''Collatio beati Augustini cum Pascentio ariano'' (Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, MS G.V. 26)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/691311|first=Nicoletta |last=Francovich Onesti |chapter=Tracing the language of the Vandals |title=Goti e Vandali |date=2013 |publisher=Artemide|location=Rome |isbn=9788875751821 |pages=179–195}}</ref> || Copy of a text originally written in the first half of the 5th century.
|-
| second half of 6th century || [[Old High German]] || [[Pforzen buckle]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Runic | first = Klaus | last = Düwel | pages = 121–147 | title = [[Early Germanic Literature and Culture]] | editor-first1 = Brian | editor-last1 = Murdoch | editor-first2 = Malcolm Kevin | editor-last2 = Read | publisher = Boydell & Brewer | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-57113-199-7 }}</ref> ||
|-
| mid-6th century || [[Old Korean]] || [[Old Korean#Mokgan sources|Mokgan No. 221]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Seungjae |date=September 25, 2017 |script-title=ko:木簡에 기록된 古代韓國語 |trans-title=The Old Korean Language Inscribed on Wooden Tablets |location=Seoul |publisher=Ilchogak |isbn=978-89-337-0736-4 |ref={{harvid |Lee S. |2017}}}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 575 || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Erragudipadu inscription{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=23}} || Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=23}}
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 584 || [[Mongolian language|Old Mongolian]] || [[Bugut inscription]] || The [[inscription of Hüis Tolgoi]] is dated between 604 and 620. Both are written in [[Brahmi script]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Vovin
| first=Alexander
| author-link=Alexander Vovin
| title=A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions
| journal=International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
| year=2019
| volume=1
| issue=1
| pages=162–197
| doi=10.1163/25898833-12340008
| doi-access=free
}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 611 || [[Old Khmer]] || [[Angkor Borei]] inscription K. 557/600<ref>{{cite journal
| last=Zakharov
| first=Anton O.
| title=The earliest dated Cambodian inscription K. 557/600 from Angkor Borei, Cambodia: an English translation and commentary
| journal=Vostok (Oriens)
| year=2019
| number=1
| pages=66–80
| doi=10.31857/S086919080003960-3
| s2cid=198885161
| url=https://www.academia.edu/38608096
| access-date=2019-09-27
| archive-date=2021-10-17
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171919/https://www.academia.edu/38608096
| url-status=live
}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 650 || [[Old Japanese]] || ''[[mokkan]]'' wooden tablets<ref>{{cite book | given = Bjarke | surname = Frellesvig | title = A History of the Japanese Language | url = https://archive.org/details/historyjapanesel00frel | url-access = limited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-65320-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/historyjapanesel00frel/page/n47 22] }}</ref> || Poems in the ''[[Kojiki]]'' (711–712) and ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 650–700 || [[Old Udi]] || [[Sinai palimpsest]] M13 ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 683 || [[Old Malay]] || [[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]]<ref>{{cite book
| given = Waruno | surname = Mahdi | chapter = Old Malay | pages = 182–201
| title = The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar
| editor1-given = Alexander | editor1-surname = Adelaar
| editor2-given = Nikolaus P. | editor2-surname = Himmelmann
| publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1286-1
}}</ref> ||
|-
| 7th century || [[Bailang language|Bailang]] || commentary on the [[Book of the Later Han]] by [[Prince Zhanghuai|Li Xian]] citing the mostly lost [[Dongguan Hanji]]<ref>{{cite journal | first = W. South | last = Coblin| author-link = Weldon South Coblin | title = A New Study of the Pai-lang Songs | journal = Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies | year = 1979 | volume = 12 | pages = 179–216 | url = http://nthur.lib.nthu.edu.tw/retrieve/72611/JA01_1979_p179.pdf }}</ref>
|-
| 7th century || [[Saka language|Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka]] || manuscripts mainly from [[Dunhuang]]<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Khotanese and Tumshuqese | first = Ronald E. | last = Emmerick | pages = [https://archive.org/details/iranianlanguages00wind/page/n452 378]–379 | title = The Iranian languages | url = https://archive.org/details/iranianlanguages00wind | url-access = limited | editor-first = Gernot | editor-last = Windfuhr | publisher = Routledge | year = 2009 | isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4}}</ref> || Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
|-
| 7th century || [[Beja language|Beja]] || ostracon from [[Saqqara]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Browne|first1=Gerald|title=Textus blemmyicus in aetatis christianae|date=2003|publisher=Stipes|location=Champaign|isbn=978-1-58874-275-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wedekind|first1=Klaus|title=More on the Ostracon of Browne's Textus Blemmyicus|journal=Annali dell'Università Degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale|date=2010|volume=70|pages=73–81}}</ref>
|-
| late 7th century || [[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu]] || Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of [[Sri Ksetra Kingdom|Sri Ksetra]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 700 || [[Old English]] || [[Franks Casket]] || The [[Undley bracteate]] (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch ({{circa|lk=no}} 650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 716 || [[Old Turkic]] || [[Tonyukuk inscriptions]] || {{ill|Çoyr inscription|tr|Çoyr Yazıtı}} have been dated 688-691.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kormushin |first=Igor |date=2011 |title=Новое в чтении и толковании Чойренской рунической надписи конца VII в. из Монголии |url=https://www.academia.edu/121317275/Новое_в_чтении_и_толковании_Чойренской_рунической_надписи_конца_VII_в_из_Монголии |journal=Тюркологический сборник. 2009-2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 750 || [[Old Irish]] || Würzburg glosses<ref>{{cite book | title = A first Old Irish grammar and reader | url = https://archive.org/details/firstoldirishgra00mcco | url-access = limited | first = Kim | last = McCone | publisher = National University of Ireland | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-901519-36-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/firstoldirishgra00mcco/page/n141 4]}}</ref> || [[Primitive Irish]] [[Ogham inscription]]s from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.<ref>{{cite book | first = Nancy | last = Edwards | title = The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | page = 103 | isbn = 978-0-415-22000-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Damien | last = McManus | title = A Guide to Ogam | publisher = An Sagart | location = Maynooth, Co. Kildare | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-1-870684-17-0 | page = 51 }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 765 || [[Old Tibetan]] || [[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]]<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Dating and Interpretation of the Old Tibetan Inscriptions |given1=Michael L. |surname1=Walter |given2=Christopher I. |surname2=Beckwith |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=54 |number=2 |year=2010 |pages=291–319 |jstor=41928562 }}</ref> || Dated entries in the ''[[Tibetan Annals]]'' begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of [[Dunhuang]] in 786.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources of Tibetan Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcestibetantr00scha |url-access=limited |editor1-given=Kurtis R. |editor1-surname=Schaeffer |editor2-given=Matthew |editor2-surname=Kapstein |editor3-given=Gray |editor3-surname=Tuttle |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-231-13599-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sourcestibetantr00scha/page/n89 47]}}</ref>
|-
| late 8th century || [[Breton language|Breton]] || ''Praecepta medica'' ([[Leyden Manuscript|Leyden, ''Codex Vossianus'' Lat. F. 96 A]])<ref>{{cite book | title = Le De Excidio Britanniae de Gildas. Les destinées de la culture latine dans l'île de Bretagne au VIe siècle | first = François | last = Kerlouégan | publisher = Publications de la Sorbonne | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-2-85944-064-0 | pages = 171–172 |language=fr}}</ref> || A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 750–900 || [[Old Frisian]] || [[Westeremden yew-stick]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 800 || [[Old Norse]] || [[runes|runic]] inscriptions ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 804 || [[Old Javanese]] || initial part of the [[Sukabumi inscription]] {{small|[[:id:Prasasti Sukabumi|(id)]]}}, found near [[Kediri (city)|Kediri]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500, Volume 4, Issue 1 | first = J. G. | last = de Casparis | publisher = BRILL | year = 1975 | isbn = 978-90-04-04172-1 | page = 31 }}</ref> ||
|-
| early 9th century || [[Old Saxon]] || [[Heiland]] and [[Old Saxon Genesis]], found in Palatinus Latinus 1447<ref>Alger N. Doane, ''The Saxon Genesis: An Edition of the West Saxon 'Genesis B' and the Old Saxon Vatican 'Genesis{{'}}'', Madison, Wisconsin / London: University of Wisconsin, 1991, {{ISBN|9780299128005}}, pp. 11–12.</ref> || The 9th century [[Old Saxon Baptismal Vow]] appears to be a copy from the 8th century; however, scholars dispute whether it is in Old Saxon or another Germanic language<ref>D. H. Green, ''[[Language and history in the early Germanic world]]'' (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 344–45.</ref><ref>N. van der Sijs, ''Calendarium van de Nederlandse Taal'' (2006).</ref><ref>Marco Mostert, '[http://www.grupello.de/dateien/C018.pdf Utrecht zwischen York und Fulda: Anfänge niederländischer Schriftlichkeit im Frühmittelalter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920070458/http://www.grupello.de/dateien/C018.pdf |date=20 September 2012 }}', in ''»Wider den Müßiggang ...« Niederländisches Mittelalterim Spiegel von Kunst, Kult und Politik'', ed. by Ulrike Zellmann, Angelika Lehmann-Benz and Urban Küsters (Düsseldorf: Grupello, 2004), pp. 21–37 {{ISBN|3-89978-018-3}}</ref><ref>Marco Mostert, 'Communicating the Faith: The Circle of Boniface, Germanic Vernaculars, Frisian and Saxon Converts', ''Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik'', 70 (2013), 87–130.</ref>
|-
| 9th century || [[Old Malayalam]] || [[Vazhappally copper plate]]{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=22}} || The status of the ''Edakkal-5 inscriptions'' dating back to 3rd or late 4th century is contested.<ref>{{cite web|title=The earliest inscription in Malayalam|date=7 June 2012|access-date=17 November 2021|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|website=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-earliest-inscription-in-malayalam/article3501408.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/historians-contest-antiquity-of-edakkal-inscriptions/articleshow/14789313.cms|access-date=10 July 2012|title=Historians contest antiquity of Edakkal inscriptions
|last=Gayathri|first=Sasibhooshan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 July 2012 }}</ref>''Ramacaritam'' (12th century) is the oldest literary work.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=22}}
|-
| 9th century || [[Old Welsh]] || [[Cadfan Stone]] (Tywyn 2)<ref>{{cite web | title = St Cadfan's Church, Tywyn | first = N. | last = Vousden | year = 2012 | website = Coflein | publisher = Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales | url = http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/43861/details/ST+CADFAN%27S+CHURCH%2C+TYWYN%3BTOWYN/ | access-date = 13 October 2015 | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223256/http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/43861/details/ST+CADFAN'S+CHURCH,+TYWYN;TOWYN/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> ||
|-
| late 9th century || [[Old French]] || [[Sequence of Saint Eulalia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayres-Bennett |first=Wendy |title=A history of French language through texts |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9780203986738 |location=London |pages=29}}</ref> || The earliest surviving manuscript with the text for the [[Oaths of Strasbourg]] (842), traditionally considered the first Old French text, dates from the 11th century.<ref>Humphrey Illo, « Quelques observations sur les Serments de Strasbourg et sur le manuscrit qui les contient (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, latin 9768 Xe s., f. 13 recto : <abbr>2e</abbr> col., 13 verso : <abbr>1re</abbr> col.) : commentaire, transcription critique, étude codicologique, fac-similé », in ''Bulletin de la Société des Fouilles Archéologiques et des Monuments Historiques de l'Yonne'', <abbr>no.</abbr> 16, June 1999, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 83-92 ; G. de Poerck, « Le manuscrit B.N. lat. 9768 et les Serments de Strasbourg », in ''Vox Romanica'', t. 15, 1956, <abbr>pp.</abbr> 188-214.</ref>
|-
| 9th century–12th century || [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || Slab inscription in Bavloy<ref name="Magomaeva">{{cite web |last=Magomaeva |first=Lili |date=16 October 2020 |title=Разрушители мифов: чеченские археологи о средневековом прошлом и Ноевом ковчеге|url=https://etokavkaz.ru/nauchnyi-podkhod/razrushiteli-mifov-chechenskie-arkheologi-o-srednevekovom-proshlom-i-noevom-kovchege |trans-title=Mythbusters: Chechen archaeologists on the medieval past and Noah's Ark |website=etokavkaz.ru |language=Russian |access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>||Earliest text written in Chechen; written in the [[Asomtavruli]] script. Several early Chechen inscriptions containing individual words, names, and small sentences have been found in places such as Tsoi-Peda, Keishta and Zumsoi.<ref name="Magomaeva"/>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 882 || [[Balinese language|Balinese]] || dated royal inscription<ref>{{cite book | title = Indonesian Chronology | first = J. G. | last = De Casparis | publisher = BRILL | year = 1978 | isbn = 978-90-04-05752-4 | page = 25 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 900 || [[Old Occitan]] || ''[[Tomida femina]]'' ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 959–974 || [[Old Leonese language|Old Leonese]]|| ''[[Nodicia de Kesos]]'' ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 960–963 || [[Italian language|Italian]] || ''[[Placiti Cassinesi]]''<ref>{{cite journal | title=Land, Language and Memory in Europe 700–1100 | first=Patrick J. | last=Geary | journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society | volume=9 | year=1999 | pages=169–184| doi=10.2307/3679398| jstor=3679398 | s2cid=163917488 }} p. 182.</ref> || The [[Veronese Riddle]] ({{circa|lk=no}} 800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/indovinello-veronese/ Indovinello Veronese (Italian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314191948/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/indovinello-veronese/ |date=2014-03-14 }} treccani.it</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 986 || [[Khitan language|Khitan]] || [[Memorial for Yelü Yanning]] ||
|-
| {{nowrap|late 10th century}} || [[Old Church Slavonic]] || [[Kiev Missal]]<ref>{{cite book |last = Lunt | first = Horace G. | author-link = Horace G. Lunt | title = Old Church Slavonic Grammar | edition = 7th revised | publisher = Mouton de Gruyter | location = New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 3-11-016284-9 | page = 9 }}</ref> || [[Saint Cyril the Philosopher|Cyril]] and [[Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki|Methodius]] translated religious literature from {{circa|lk=no}} 862, but only later manuscripts survive.
|-
| {{nowrap|late 10th century}} ||[[Konkani language|Konkani]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]] || inscription on the [[Gommateshwara statue]]{{sfnp|Pollock|2003|p=289}} || The inscription is in [[Devanagari script]], but the language has been disputed between Marathi and Konkani scholars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|title=Kamat's Potpourri- The origin and development of the Konkani language|website=www.kamat.com|access-date=2016-09-15|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924214725/http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=konkani+inscription+on+Bahubali+statue&pg=PA9| title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992| isbn=9788172016647| last1=Saradesāya| first1=Manohararāya| year=2000| publisher=Sahitya Akademi| access-date=2020-11-30| archive-date=2021-10-17| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017171943/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=konkani+inscription+on+Bahubali+statue&pg=PA9| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 10th century || [[Romansh language|Romansh]] || a sentence in the Würzburg manuscript<ref name="Liver">{{cite book |title=Rätoromanisch: eine Einführung in das Bündnerromanische |first=Ricarda |surname=Liver |publisher=Gunter Narr |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-8233-4973-0 |page=84 }}</ref>||
|}

==1000–1500 AD==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2009}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date !! Language !! Attestation !! Notes
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 972–1093 || [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || [[Freising manuscripts]] ||
|-
| late 10th–early 11th century || [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || [[Codex Marianus]], [[Temnić inscription]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Jovan Deretić |year = 1987 |title = Istorija srpske književnosti | publisher = Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod | page = 7 |isbn = 978-86-13-00060-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5fgyAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1000 || [[Russian language|Russian]] ([[Old East Slavic]]) || [[Novgorod Codex]],<ref name="Pereltsvaig">{{cite book | first1 = Asya | last1 = Pereltsvaig | author-link = Asya Pereltsvaig | first2 = Martin W. | last2 = Lewis | title = The Indo-European Controversy | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1-107-05453-0 | page = 104 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iFe3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | access-date = 2015-04-01 | archive-date = 2016-05-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160512114308/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFe3BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Ostromir Gospels]]<ref name="Cubberley">{{cite book |last1=Cubberley |first1=Paul |title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction |date=17 October 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79641-5 |pages=44,81 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Russian/yOGzAyN3V88C |language=en}}</ref>
| Considered the beginning of [[Russian Church Slavonic]]. The Ostromir Gospels are considered the earliest manuscript "to contain Russian elements, even if only in copyists' errors" and mark "the beginnings of a Russianized Church Slavonic, which spread gradually to liturgical, ecclesiastical and chancery documents [...] where the use of Church Slavonic was obligatory".<ref name="Cubberley"/><ref name="Pereltsvaig"/>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1000 || [[Navarro-Aragonese language|Navarro-Aragonese]] ([[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]) and [[Basque language|Basque]] || ''[[Glosas Emilianenses]]'' || The first word on the [[Hand of Irulegi]] (1st century BC) has been claimed as Basque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=They discover 'the oldest written testimony in the Basque language' in a bronze from the 1st century BC found in Navarra |url=https://time.news/they-discover-the-oldest-written-testimony-in-the-basque-language-in-a-bronze-from-the-1st-century-bc-found-in-navarra/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Time News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaya |first=Vicente G. |date=2022-11-14 |title=Researchers claim to have found earliest document written in Basque 2,100 years ago |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2022-11-14/researchers-claim-to-have-found-earliest-document-written-in-basque-2100-years-ago.html |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1028 || [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Jurament Feudal]]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Josep Moran |editor2=Joan Anton Rabella | year = 2001 | title = Primers textos de la llengua catalana | publisher = Proa (Barcelona) | isbn = 978-84-8437-156-4 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1058 || [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || inscription from ''Letthe-shé'' pagoda, Pagan, now at [[Pahtodawgyi]]<ref name="Duroiselle">{{cite book | given = Charles | surname = Duroiselle | author-link = Charles Duroiselle | title = A List of Inscriptions found in Burma | location = Rangoon | publisher = Government Printing | year = 1921 | url = https://archive.org/details/listofinscriptio00burmuoft | page = 5 }}</ref><ref name="Gutman&Hudson">{{cite book | chapter = The archaeology of Burma (Myanmar) from the Neolithic to Pagan | pages = 149–176 | given1 = Pamela | surname1 = Gutman | given2 = Bob | surname2 = Hudson | title = Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History | editor1-given = Ian | editor1-surname = Glover | editor2-given = Peter | editor2-surname = Bellwood | publisher = Routledge | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-415-29777-X }} p. 166.</ref> || A brief Burmese inscription on a copper-gilded umbrella found near the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] is so damaged that only a name can be made out with certainty; the Pali version gives a date corresponding to 1035.<ref>{{cite book | title=Mahabodhi or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya | surname = Cunningham | given = Alexander | author-link = Alexander Cunningham | year = 1892 | location = London | publisher = W.H. Allen |url = https://archive.org/details/cunningham-a.-mahabodhi-or-the-great-buddhist-temple-under-the-bodhi-tree-at-bud }}</ref><ref name="Aung-Thwin">{{cite book | last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael A. | title=The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma | edition=illustrated | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | year=2005 | location=Honolulu | isbn=978-0-8248-2886-8 | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/book/64042 | pages=184–187 }}</ref> There are also 18th century copies (of uncertain authenticity) of inscriptions dating back as far as 984.<ref name="Duroiselle"/><ref name="Gutman&Hudson"/><ref name="Aung-Thwin"/>
|-
| 1072–1074 || [[Oghuz Turkic]] (including [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]) || [[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]] by [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]]|| The first comprehensive dictionary of [[Turkic languages]], written in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], contains many Oghuz words and phrases.
|-
| 11th century || [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]] || ''[[kharja]]s'' appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems<ref>{{cite book
| title = Lyrics of the Middle Ages: An Anthology
| editor-first = James J. | editor-last = Wilhelm
| publisher = Routledge | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-135-03554-9 | page = 227
}}</ref> || Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book
| title = Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa
| first = Lotfi | last = Sayahi
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-521-11936-8 | page = 211
}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 11th century || [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || [[Humac tablet]] (variously dated to between the 10th and 12th century), [[Inscription of Krk]], [[Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka]], [[Plomin tablet]], [[Valun tablet]]||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1100 || [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] || Zelančuk inscription<ref>{{cite book | title = The Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR | first = Howard Isaac | last = Aronson | publisher = Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago | year = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-914203-41-4 | page = 242 }}</ref> ||
|-
|-
| early 12th century|| [[Scottish Gaelic]] ||[[Book of Deer]]||
|-
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1114 || [[Newar language|Newar]] || [[palm-leaf manuscript]] from Uku Baha, [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Patan]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf From Ukū Bāhāh NS 235/AD 1114 | first = Kamal P. | last = Malla | author-link = Kamal P. Malla | journal = Kailash | volume = 16 | issue = 1–2 | year = 1990 | pages = 15–26 | url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227444 | access-date = 2019-04-28 | archive-date = 2019-04-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428090136/https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/227444 | url-status = live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|{{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1127}} || [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]] || inscription found on the bank of the [[Arkhara River]]<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Aisin-Gioro | first1=Ulhicun | author1-link=Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun | last2=Yoshimoto | first2=Michimasa 吉本道雅 | title=ロシア・アルハラ河畔の女真大字墨書：女真・契丹文字遺跡をたどって | place=Kyoto | publisher=Hōyū shoten | year=2017 | pages=28–51 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1175 || [[Galician-Portuguese]] || ''[[wikisource:pt:Notícia de Fiadores|Notícia de Fiadores]]''<ref>{{cite web | title = Documentos relativos a Soeiro Pais, Urraca Mendes, sua mulher, e a Paio Soares Romeu, seu segundo filho e Notícia de Fiadores | publisher = [[Torre do Tombo National Archive]] | year = 2008 | url = http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4380613 | access-date = 4 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115223503/http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4380613 | archive-date = 15 November 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> || The ''[[Notícia de Torto]]'' and the will of [[Afonso II of Portugal]], dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book|title= Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction |first= Milton M. |last= Azevedo |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2005 |isbn= 978-0-521-80515-5 |pages= 177–178 }}</ref> A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the ''Pacto dos Irmãos Pais''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Agência Estado |date=May 2002 |title=Professor encontra primeiro texto escrito em português |url=http://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,professor-encontra-primeiro-texto-escrito-em-portugues,20020529p46797 |language=pt |newspaper=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]] |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627140202/http://internacional.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,professor-encontra-primeiro-texto-escrito-em-portugues,20020529p46797 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1192 || [[Old Hungarian language|Old Hungarian]] || ''[[Funeral Sermon and Prayer]]'' || There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of [[Veszprém]] ({{circa|lk=no}} 1000) and the [[Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany|charter of Tihany]] (1055). Some scholars believe that the language of the [[Szarvas inscription]] (8th century) is Old Hungarian.
|-
| mid-12th century || [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || AM 237 a fol. manuscript<ref>{{Cite web| title=The history of Old Nordic manuscripts I: Old Icelandic | url=https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/sverrir_to_masson_2002_old_icelandic_manuscripts.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608100407/https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/sverrir_to_masson_2002_old_icelandic_manuscripts.pdf | archive-date=2023-06-08}}</ref> ||
|-
| late 12th century || [[Old Norwegian]] || AM 655 IX 4to manuscript<ref>{{Cite web| title=The history of Old Nordic manuscripts II: Old Norwegian (incl. Faroese) | url=https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/rindal_2002_old_norwegian_manuscripts.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421053424/https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/rindal_2002_old_norwegian_manuscripts.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> ||
|-
| late 12th century || [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] || copies A,B, and C of the [[Charter of Ban Kulin]]<ref>{{citation |title=Da li je sačuvan original isprave Kulina bana, Paleografijsko-jezična studija o primjercima isprave iz g. 1189. |trans-title=Has the original of the Charter of Ban Kulin been preserved? A Paleographic-linguistic study of the copies of the monument from the year 1189. |language=hr |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21483 |year=1966 |journal=Radovi Staroslavenskog instituta |publisher=[[Old Church Slavonic Institute]] |volume=2 |first=Josip |last=Vrana |author-link=Josip Vrana |pages=5–57}}</ref> || Originally created in 1189
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1200 || [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Cantar de mio Cid]] || Previously the ''[[Glosas Emilianenses]]'' and the ''[[Nodicia de kesos]]'' were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=H.J. |title=las glosas emilianenses, otra vez |journal=Revista de Filología Románica |date=1997 |volume=1 |issue=14 |pages=597–604 |url=http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/wolf/emilianensesotravez.htm |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194827/http://www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/wolf/emilianensesotravez.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1200 || [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] || [[Birch bark letter no. 292]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1200–1230 || [[Czech language|Czech]] || founding charter of the [[Litoměřice]] chapter ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1224–1225 || [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] || [[Stele of Genghis Khan]] ||
|-
| early 13th century || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || poetry of [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]] ||
|-
| early 13th century || [[Cornish language|Cornish]] || prophesy in the [[cartulary]] of [[Glasney College]]<ref>{{cite book | title = A handbook of the Cornish language | first = Henry | last = Jenner | location = London | publisher = David Nutt | year = 1904 | page = 25 | url = https://archive.org/stream/handbookofcornis00jennuoft#page/25/mode/1up }}</ref> || A 9th century gloss in ''[[Consolation of Philosophy|De Consolatione Philosophiae]]'' by [[Boethius]]: ''ud rocashaas'' is controversially interpreted.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sims-Williams | first=Patrick | title=A New Brittonic Gloss on Boethius: ''ud rocashaas'' | journal=Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies | volume=50 | year=2005 | pages=77–86 | issn=1353-0089 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Old Cornish Gloss on Boethius | first = Andrew | last = Breeze | journal = Notes & Queries | volume = 54 | issue = 4 | pages = 367–368 | doi = 10.1093/notesj/gjm184 | year = 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1250 || [[Old Swedish]] || fragments of the elder ''[[Västgötalagen|Westrogothic law]]'' in Codex Holm. B 193<ref>{{Cite web| title=The development of Latin script III: in Sweden | url=https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/westlund_2002_latin_script_sweden.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421053038/https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/westlund_2002_latin_script_sweden.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1250 || [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || ''Mahanayakaprakash'' ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha<ref>{{cite book | first = Sisir Kumar | last = Das | author-link = Sisir Kumar Das | title = A history of Indian literature, AD.500–1399: from courtly to the popular | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&pg=PA193 | page = 193 | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-81-260-2171-0 | access-date = 2016-03-14 | archive-date = 2016-05-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160516105030/https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&pg=PA193 | url-status = live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1270 || [[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] || a sentence in the [[Book of Henryków]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1272 || [[Yiddish]] || blessing in the Worms ''mahzor'' ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1274 || [[Western Lombard]] || ''[[Liber di Tre Scricciur]]'', by [[Bonvesin de la Riva]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1292 || [[Thai language|Thai]] || [[Ramkhamhaeng stele]] || Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery. The next oldest inscription is the [[Wat Sri Chum Inscription|''Wat Sri Chum'' inscription]] from the early 14th century.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Sidwell |first2=Mathias |last2=Jenny |chapter=MSEA epigraphy |pages=855–877 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Sidwell |editor2-first=Mathias |editor2-last=Jenny |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-11-055606-3 }} pp. 865–866.</ref>
|-
| late 13th century || [[Old Danish]] || manuscripts AM 37 4to, AM 24 4to, SKB C 37, SKB B 74<ref>{{Cite web| title=The history of Old Nordic manuscripts IV: Old Danish | url=https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/frederiksen_2002_old_danish_manuscripts.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421054204/https://arnastofnun.is/sites/default/files/2022-04/frederiksen_2002_old_danish_manuscripts.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-21}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|13th century}} || [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] || a text of laws found in [[Logosarda]] ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1350 || [[Oghuz Turkic]] (including [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]) || works of [[Imadaddin Nasimi]] || Inscriptions in [[Old Turkic script]] dated 9-10 centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Erkoç |first= Hayrettin İhsan |date=2025 |title=Kültöbe Yazıtı: Erken Oğuzlarda Yazı Kullanımına İlişkin Yeni Bir Buluntu / Kültöbe Inscription: A New Find Regarding the Usage of Writing among the Early Oghuz|url=https://www.academia.edu/145514621/Kültöbe_Yazıtı_Erken_Oğuzlarda_Yazı_Kullanımına_İlişkin_Yeni_Bir_Buluntu_Kültöbe_Inscription_A_New_Find_Regarding_the_Usage_of_Writing_among_the_Early_Oghuz |journal = YAZIT Kültür Bilimleri Dergisi}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1350 || [[Old Gutnish]] || [[Gutasaga]] and [[Gutalagen]], found in Codex Holm. B 64<ref>Christine Peel. "Guta Saga – The History of the Gotlanders," ''Viking Society for Northern Research Text Series.'' Vol. XII. [[Viking Society for Northern Research]], [[University College of London]] (1999).</ref> ||
|-
|{{circa|lk=no}} 1350
|[[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]]
|[[Astana Gede inscriptions]]
|
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1369 || [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] || Basel Epigram{{sfnp|Baldi|2002|p=35}} ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1372 || [[Komi language|Komi]] || [[Abur]] inscriptions ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1386 || [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Rhymed sentence in Latin codex<ref>{{Cite web| title=Kultúra Slova | url=https://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/ks/1981/9/ks1981-9.lq.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826164824/http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/ks/1981/9/ks1981-9.lq.pdf | archive-date=2016-08-26}}</ref> || Toponyms, personal names and glosses are found from 11th century.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Prehl'ad dejín spisovnej slovenciny | language= | trans-title=Overview of the history of literary Slovak | url=https://www.ilonas.net/valal/pdf/Kacala_Krajcovic_Prehlad_dejin_spis_slovenciny.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422071042/https://www.ilonas.net/valal/pdf/Kacala_Krajcovic_Prehlad_dejin_spis_slovenciny.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-22}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1407 || [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || Letters about Húsavík (AM 100, 1a)<ref name="Faroese">{{Cite book | title=Faroese – an Overview and Reference Grammar |first1=Höskuldur |last1=Thráinsson |first2=Hjalmar P. |last2=Petersen |first3=Jógvan í Lon |last3=Jacobsen |first4=Zakaris Svabo |last4=Hansen |publisher=Fróðskapur & Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands |year=2012 |isbn=978-99918-65-40-9 |pages=370–372 | url=https://wanthalf.saga.cz/dokumenty/faerstina/zdroje/nejstarsi_pisemnosti/GR_medieval_sources.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305152327/http://wanthalf.saga.cz/dokumenty/faerstina/zdroje/nejstarsi_pisemnosti/GR_medieval_sources.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> || Earlier inscriptions on the islands (from {{circa|lk=no}} 1000 AD at [[Kirkjubøur]]) are in [[Old Norse]], with no particular Faroese content/<ref name="Faroese"/>
|-
| early 15th century || [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and other [[Bengali-Assamese languages]] || poems of [[Chandidas]]<ref name="Bengali">{{cite book | title = Bengali | first = Hanne-Ruth | last = Thompson | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-90-272-3819-1 | page = 3 }}</ref> || The 10th-century ''[[Charyapada]]'' are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Oriya]].<ref name="Bengali"/>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1440 || [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || ''[[Quốc âm thi tập]]''<ref>{{cite book | title = Culture and customs of Vietnam | first1 = Mark W. | last1 = MacLeod | first2 = Thi Dieu | last2 = Nguyen | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-313-30485-9 | page = [https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000mcle/page/68 68] | url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000mcle/page/68 }}</ref> || List of names in [[Chữ nôm]] date from the early 13th century.<ref>{{cite journal | surname = Nguyễn | given = Đình Hoà | title = Graphemic borromings from Chinese: the case of Chữ Nôm – Vietnam's demotic script | journal = Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology | volume = 21 | number = 2 | year = 1990 | pages = 383–432 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/3334hNziIVU.pdf }} p. 395.</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1462 || [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || ''[[Formula e pagëzimit]]'', a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop [[Pal Engjëlli|Pal Engjëll]] || Some scholars interpret a few lines in the ''[[Bellifortis]]'' text (1405) as Albanian.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Robert | last = Elsie | author-link = Robert Elsie | title = The Bellifortis Text and Early Albanian | journal = Zeitschrift für Balkanologie | volume = 22 | number = 2 | year = 1986 | pages = 158–162 | url = http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1986Bellifortis.pdf | access-date = 2008-12-05 | archive-date = 2015-09-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235801/http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1986Bellifortis.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1470 || [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || single sentence in a German travel journal<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wulff|first=Christine|title=Zwei Finnische Sätze aus dem 15. Jahrhundert|journal=Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher NF Bd. 2|language=de|pages=90–98}}</ref> || The first printed book in Finnish is ''[[Abckiria]]'' (1543) by [[Mikael Agricola]].
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1470 || [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || ''[[Il Cantilena]]'' ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1485 || [[Yi language|Yi]] || bronze bell inscription in [[Dafang County]], [[Guizhou]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949 | editor1-first = Minglang | editor1-last = Zhou | editor2-first = Hongkai | editor2-last = Sun | publisher = Springer | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-4020-8038-8 | page = 258 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|15th century}} || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] || inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayalam script<ref>{{cite book | chapter = Tulu | first = D.N.S. | last = Bhat | pages = 158–177 | title = The Dravidian Languages | editor-first = Sanford B. | editor-last = Steever | publisher = Routledge | year = 2015 | orig-year = 1998 | isbn = 978-1-136-91164-4 }}</ref> ||
|}

==After 1500==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2009}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Language !! Attestation !! Notes
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1503 || [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed<ref>{{cite book |first=Walter R. |last=Schmalstieg |chapter=The Baltic Languages |pages=454–479 |title=The Indo-European Languages |editor1-first=Anna Giacalone |editor1-last=Ramat |editor2-first=Paolo |editor2-last=Ramat |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-06449-1 }} page 459.</ref> || ''[[Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas|Katekizmas]]'' (1547) by [[Martynas Mažvydas]] was the first printed book in Lithuanian.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1517 || [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || ''Psalter'' of [[Francysk Skaryna]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1521 || [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || [[Neacșu's letter]] || Cyrillic orthographic manual of [[Constantine of Kostenets]] from 1420 documents earlier written usage.<ref>''Istoria Romaniei in Date'' (1971), p. 87</ref> Four 16th century documents, namely ''Codicele Voronețean'', ''Psaltirea Scheiană'', the [[Hurmuzaki Psalter]] and ''Psaltirea Voronețeană'', are arguably copies of 15th century originals.<ref>{{cite book | first = Eugeen | last = Roegiest | title = Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania | publisher = ACCO | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-90-334-6094-4 | page = 136}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1530 || [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || Nicholas Ramm's translation of a hymn ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1535 || [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || Wanradt-Koell catechism ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1536 || Modern [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || ''[[wikisource:pt:Galeria:Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa (1536).pdf|Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa]]'' by [[Fernão de Oliveira]]. || by convention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4584.pdf |title=A categoria gramatical de género do português antigo ao português actual |last1=Frias e Gouveia |first1=Maria Carmen de |date=2005 |publisher=Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto |access-date=2016-03-05 |archive-date=2017-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117063711/http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/4584.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1540s || [[Tupi language|Old Tupi]] || Jehan Lamy's ''[[Le langaige du Bresil]]'' ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1543 || [[Purépecha language|Purépecha]] || ''La Memoria de Don Melchor Caltzin''<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Baracs |first=Rodrigo Martínez |date=2022 |title=Una versión literaria de la Relación de Michoacán|url=https://revistas.inah.gob.mx/index.php/historias/article/download/17869/19285 |trans-title=A literary version of the Relación de Michoacán|language=Spanish |magazine=Historias |volume=106 |pages=121–126}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1549 || [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || Talib Husan by Ghulam Husan || earliest extant manuscript found using the [[Sylheti Nagri]] script.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Muhammad Ashraful |year=2012 |chapter=Sylheti Nagri |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=2020-01-15 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627001507/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sylheti_Nagri |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1550 || [[Classical Nahuatl]] || ''Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana''<ref name="Schwaller">{{cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=John Frederick |year=1973 |title=A Catalogue of Pre-1840 Nahuatl Works Held by The Lilly Library |journal=The Indiana University Bookman |volume=11 |pages=69–88 |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/nahuatl/ |access-date=2007-04-13 |archive-date=2007-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819144150/http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/etexts/nahuatl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> || The ''Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana'' (1539) was possibly the first printed book in the [[New World]]. No copies are known to exist today.<ref name="Schwaller"/>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1554 || [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] (mixed with [[Sayaguese|Sayaguese Leonese]]) || works of [[Diego Sánchez de Badajoz]], published as edited by his nephew as ''Recopilación en metro''||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1554 || [[Wastek language|Wastek]] || grammar by [[Andrés de Olmos]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1557 || [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] || a catechism<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Balandier, Georges, Le royaume de Kongo du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, Hachette, 1965, p. 58.</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1561 || [[Ruthenian language|Ukrainian]] || [[Peresopnytsia Gospel]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1589 || [[Crimean Gothic]] || 1562 letter from [[Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq]] that was published later<ref>{{cite book |first=MacDonald |last=Stearns |title=Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus |year=1978 |publisher=Anma Libri }}</ref> || 9th century [[Gothic language|Gothic]] graffiti in Crimea show some Crimean Gothic influence in spelling.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Andrey |last1=Vinogradov |first2=Maksim |last2=Korobov |title=Gothic graffiti from the Mangup basilica |journal=NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution |volume=71 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=223–235 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38082606 |doi=10.1075/nowele.00013.vin}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1593 || [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || ''[[Doctrina Cristiana]]'' ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1600 || [[Quechua language|Classical Quechua]] || [[Huarochirí Manuscript]] by a writer identified only as "Thomás"<ref>{{cite book | title = The Huarochirí Manuscript: A Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion | editor1-given = Frank | editor1-surname = Salomon | editor2-given = George L. | editor2-surname = Urioste | publisher = University of Texas Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-292-73053-3 | page = 24 }}</ref> || Paraphrased and annotated by [[Francisco de Ávila]] in 1608.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1600 || [[Buginese language|Buginese]] || ||
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1610 || [[Manx language|Manx]] || ''Book of Common Prayer''<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Russell |title=An Introduction to the Celtic Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-582-10081-7 | page = 28}}</ref>
|
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1619 || [[Pite Sámi]] || primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus<ref>{{cite book |given=Mikko |surname=Korhonen |chapter=The history of the Lapp language |pages=[https://archive.org/details/uraliclanguagesd00sino/page/n281 264]–287 |title=The Uralic Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/uraliclanguagesd00sino |url-access=limited |editor-given=Denis |editor-surname=Sinor |publisher=Brill |year=1988 |isbn=978-90-04-07741-6 }}</ref> || Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern [[Ume Sámi]] and [[Pite Sámi]]. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1638 || [[Ternate language|Ternate]] || treaty with Dutch governor<ref>{{cite book |given=C. L. |surname=Voorhoeve |chapter=Contact-induced change in the non-Austronesian languages in the north Moluccas, Indonesia |pages=649–674 |title=Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World |editor1-given=Thomas Edward |editor1-surname=Dutton |editor2-given=Darrell T. |editor2-surname=Tryon |publisher=de Gruyter |year=1994 |isbn=978-3-11-012786-7 }} pp. 658–659.</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1639 || [[Guarani language|Guarani]] || ''Tesoro de la lengua guaraní'' by [[Antonio Ruíz de Montoya]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1639
|modern [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
|''Cuando examen les abeyes'' by [[Antón de Marirreguera]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Álvarez Sancho |first1=Isabel |last2=Lamar Prieto |first2=Covadonga |last3=Menéndez Fernández |first3=Claudia Elena |last4=Valbuena |first4=Miriam Villazón |title=Asturian: History, contemporary status, and overview of its linguistic and cultural characteristics |url=https://www.degruyter.com/database/LME/entry/lme.24006850/html?lang=en |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=De Gruyter |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1642
|[[Kimbundu language|Kimbundu]]||''Gentio de Angola sufficientemente instruido nos mysterios de nossa sancta Fé'' by Francesco Pacconio and Antonio do Couto<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Rosa |first=Maria Carlota |date=4 March 2015 |title=Pera saberem pronunciar o que acharem escrito: ler quimbundo, língua estrangeira, no século XVII |url=https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/8131 |language=portuguese|location=Faculdade de Letras, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro}}</ref>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1650 || [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] and [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || ''Travel Book'' of [[Evliya Çelebi]]<ref>{{cite book | first = Jost | last = Gippert | chapter = The Caucasian language material in Evliya Çelebi's 'Travel Book' | chapter-url = http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/jg/pdf/jg1991b.pdf | pages = 8–62 | editor-first = George | editor-last = Hewitt | title = Caucasian Perspectives | location = Munich | publisher = Lincom | isbn = 978-3-92907501-4 | year = 1992 | access-date = 2016-01-26 | archive-date = 2016-02-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160203155604/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/jg/pdf/jg1991b.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1651 || [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || copy of ''Xayru 'l-bayān'' in the library of the [[University of Tübingen]]<ref name="MacKenzie">{{cite book | title=Languages and Scripts of Central Asia | editor1-first=Shirin | editor1-last=Akiner | editor2-first=N. | editor2-last=Sims-Williams | chapter=The Development of the Pashto Script | first=D.N. | last=MacKenzie | author-link=David Neil MacKenzie | publisher=Routledge | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-7286-0272-4 | pages=137–143 }}</ref> || The ''[[Pata Khazana]]'', purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.<ref name="MacKenzie"/>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1663 || [[Massachusett language|Massachusett]] || [[Eliot Indian Bible|''Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God'']] || Also known as the ''Eliot Indian Bible'' or the ''Algonquian Bible''
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1668 || [[Ume Sámi]] || Translation of ''Thesaurus catecheticus'' by Olaus Stephani Graan<ref>{{cite book |last=Qvigstad |first=Just |date=1899 |title=Bibliographie der lappischen Litteratur |url=https://archive.org/details/bibliographiede00qviggoog |location=Helsingfors (Helsinki) |language=German|publisher=Druckerei der Finnischen litteratur-gesellschaft}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1693 || [[Tunisian Arabic]] || copy of a Tunisian poem written by [[Sheykh]] Hassan el-Karray<ref name="histoire">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.theses.fr/2007PA083097 Fakhfakh, N. (2007). Le répertoire musical de la confrérie religieuse" al-Karrâriyya" de Sfax (Tunisie) (Doctoral dissertation, Paris8).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180902/http://www.theses.fr/2007PA083097 |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> || Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in [[Classical Arabic]].<ref name="histoire"/>
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1695 || [[Seri language|Seri]] || grammar and vocabulary compiled by [[Adamo Gilg]] || No longer known to exist.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Marlett |first=Stephen A. |year=1981 |publisher=University of California, San Diego |type=PhD thesis |title=The Structure of Seri |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332409815 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.20898.07363 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| {{nowrap|17th century}} || [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || ''Riwayar Annabi Musa'' by Abdallah Suka<ref>{{cite journal | title=Hausa in the twentieth century: an overview | given=John Edward | surname=Philips | journal=Sudanic Africa | volume=15 | pages=55–84 | jstor=25653413 | url=https://org.uib.no/smi/sa/15/15Philips.pdf | year=2004 | access-date=2018-07-25 | archive-date=2017-11-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116084412/http://org.uib.no/smi/sa/15/15Philips.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{nowrap|late 17th century}} || [[Basque–Icelandic pidgin]] || ''Vocabula Gallica''<ref>{{cite web |title=AM 987 4to / Vocabula Gallica. Basque-Icelandic Glossary |url=https://www.arnastofnun.is/is/am-987-4to |website=Árnastofnun |publisher=Árnastofnun / The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=is}}</ref>||
|-
| {{nowrap|early 18th century}} || [[Karelian language|Karelian]] || various handwritten Karelian–Russian glossaries || A catechism from 1804 is the oldest known published text. Translated Christian works by a local scholar are first reported already by the 1560s, none of which have however survived or are known in any detail.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Eino|last=Leskinen|year=1938|title=Zur Geschichte der Forschung über die karelische Sprache|journal=Studia Fennica|volume=3|pages=139–189}}</ref>
|-
| 18th century || [[Língua Geral of São Paulo]] || ''Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas'' (anonymous)<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ju/591/registro-raro-de-lingua-paulista-e-identificado | title=Registro raro de língua paulista é identificado | language=pt | trans-title=Rare record of São Paulo language identified | access-date=2019-04-26 | archive-date=2019-04-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426145105/https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ju/591/registro-raro-de-lingua-paulista-e-identificado | url-status=live}}</ref> || Another source is the [https://archive.org/details/martius_v2 dictionary] by [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius]] (1867) and the [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:oliveira-1936-vocabulario vocabulary] (1936) by [[José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira]]. The language is now extinct.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1705 || [[Mari language|Mari]] || Lord's Prayer translated to the [[Hill Mari language]] from the book ''Noord en oost Tartarye'' (2nd edition) by [[Nicolaes Witsen]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Первые переводческие работы богослужебных текстов на марийском языке |url=http://www.elupuu.org/index.php?id=332 |website=Elupuu |language=Russian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913013814/http://www.elupuu.org/index.php?id=332|archive-date= 13 September 2014}}</ref>||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1711 || [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || letters written in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]<ref>E. A. Alpers, ''Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa'', London, 1975.., pp. 98–99; T. Vernet, "Les cités-Etats swahili et la puissance omanaise (1650–1720), ''Journal des Africanistes'', 72(2), 2002, pp. 102–105.</ref>||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1718 || [[Sranan Tongo]] || Herlein fragment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/Ling450ch/reports/Sranan1.html|title=The History of Sranan|website=Linguistic Department of [[Brigham Young University]]|access-date=25 May 2020}}.</ref>||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1726 || [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] || Unpublished Udmurt dictionary by [[Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt]]<ref name="Ivshin">{{cite book |last=Ivshin |first=L. M. |date=2010 |title=Становление и развитие удмуртской графики и орфографии в XVIII — первой половине XIX века|url=https://elibrary.unatlib.ru/items/2caca9ac-1cc9-4426-b69e-4c8976ad6931 |location=Yekaterinburg–Izhevsk |language=russian|publisher=Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences|page=28–51|isbn=978-5-7691-2135-7}}</ref>|| Dictionary containing 400 Udmurt words. Written in [[Latin script]]. The first Udmurt literary text was a small poem published in a multilingual collection commemorating [[Empress Catherine II]] arrival in [[Kazan]] in 1769. It was written in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].<ref name="Ivshin"/>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1728 || [[Northern Sámi]] || Catechism || An early wordlist was published in 1589 by [[Richard Hakluyt]]. First grammar in 1743
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1731|| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || Quadruple-language (Albanian, Aromanian, Greek, Latin) prayer inscription in [[Ardenica Monastery]] by [[Nektarios Terpos]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ceb/19749|title="Au nom de la langue valaque/aroumaine"|first=Nicolas|last=Pitsos|journal=Cahiers balkaniques|volume=49|year=2023|language=fr|doi=10.4000/ceb.19749|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1736 || [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] || ''Grönländische Grammatica'' by [[Paul Egede]]<ref name="Nowak">{{cite journal | title = The 'Eskimo language' of Labrador: Moravian missionaries and the description of Labrador Inuttut 1733–1891 | first = Elke | last = Nowak | journal = Études/Inuit/Studies | volume = 23 | issue = 1/2 | year = 1999 | pages = 173–197 | jstor = 42870950 }}</ref> || A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by [[John Davis (English explorer)|John Davis]] in 1586.<ref name="Nielsen">{{cite book | first = Flemming A. J. | last = Nielsen | chapter = The Earliest Greenlandic Bible: A Study of the Ur-Text from 1725 | pages = 113–137 | title = Ideology, Culture, and Translation | editor1-first = Scott S. | editor1-last = Elliott | editor2-first = Roland | editor2-last = Boer | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-58983-706-5 }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1743 || [[Chinese Pidgin English]] || sentence recorded in [[Macau]] by [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]]<ref>{{cite journal | title=From Business to Pidgin | first1=Philip | last1=Baker | first2=Peter | last2=Mühlhäusler | journal=Journal of Asian Pacific Communication | volume=1 | issue=1 | year=1990 | pages=87–116 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1747 || [[Borgarmålet]] || ''Beskrifning öfwer Sweriges Lapmarker'' by Pehr Högström<ref>{{cite book |last=Högström |first=Pehr |title=Beskrifning öfwer de til Sweriges krona lydande lapmarker|orig-year=1747|year=1980 |publisher=Två förläggare bokförlag|page=77 |location=Umeå, Sweden|url=https://runeberg.org/lapmarker/}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1757 || [[Haitian Creole]] || '' Lisette quitté la plaine'' by Duvivier de la Mahautière<ref name="Ayoun">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVg6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Studies in French Applied Linguistics |editor=Ayoun, Dalila |page=230 |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-272-8994-0 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081805/https://books.google.com/books?id=VVg6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNgxtsjOIf4C&pg=PT257 |title=Beyond the Slave Narrative: Politics, Sex, and Manuscripts in the Haitian Revolution |editor=Jenson, Deborah |page=257 |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84631-760-6 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081907/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNgxtsjOIf4C&pg=PT257 |url-status=live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1788 || [[Sydney language]] || notebooks of [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|William Dawes]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Sydney Language Notebooks and responses to language contact in early colonial NSW | first = Jakelin | last = Troy | year = 1992 | url = http://www.williamdawes.org/docs/troy_paper.pdf | access-date = 2018-03-26 | archive-date = 2018-11-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105165049/http://www.williamdawes.org/docs/troy_paper.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = The notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal language of Sydney | url = http://www.williamdawes.org/ | access-date = 2018-03-26 | archive-date = 2018-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180227232506/http://www.williamdawes.org/ | url-status = live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1795 || [[Afrikaans]] || doggerel verses<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC&pg=PA83 |title=Language in South Africa |editor=Mesthrie, Rajend |page=83 |year=2002 |isbn=9780521791052 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2020-05-20 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174851/https://books.google.com/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}</ref>||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1800 || [[Inuktitut]] || "Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries<ref name="Nowak"/> || A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to [[Martin Frobisher]].<ref name="Nowak"/><ref name="Nielsen"/>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1806 || [[Tswana language|Tswana]] || [[Heinrich Lictenstein]] – ''Upon the Language of the Beetjuana'' || The first complete [[Bible]] translation was published in 1857 by [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]].
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1819 || [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] || || [[Sequoyah]]'s [[Cherokee syllabary]]
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1820 || [[Māori language|Maori]] || grammar by [[Thomas Kendall]] and [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Samuel Lee]] || Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1820 || [[Aleut language|Aleut]] || description by [[Rasmus Rask]] || A short word list was collected by [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] in 1778.
|-
|{{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1822
|[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
|a primer printed by missionaries<ref>{{cite news |title=The First Printing: A Written Hawaiian Language |url=https://historichawaii.org/article/the-first-printing-a-written-hawaiian-language/ |access-date=2 December 2025 |publisher=Historic Hawai‘i Foundation |date=26 August 2022}}</ref>
|
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1823 || [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || [[John Bennie (missionary)|John Bennie]]'s ''Xhosa reading sheet'' || Complete [[Bible]] translation 1859
|-
| {{nowrap|{{circa|lk=no}} 1833}} || [[Vai language|Vai]] || || [[Vai syllabary]] created by [[Momolu Duwalu Bukele]].
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1833 || [[Sotho language|Sotho]] || reduced to writing by French missionaries [[Eugene Casalis|Casalis]] and [[Thomas Arbousset|Arbousset]] || First grammar book 1841 and complete [[Bible]] translation 1881
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1834 || [[Muscogee language|Muscogee]] || ''Mʊskoki imʊnaitsʊ'' (Muskokee (Creek) Assistant) by John Fleming<ref name="Muscogee">{{cite web|title=Bookshelf|url=https://muskogee.pages.wm.edu/bookshelf/ |website=Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>|| The first recorded Muscogee words have been made by [[German people|Germans]] in the area of [[Savannah, Georgia]], such as [[Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck]], who drew illustrations of wildlife in his notebook with labels in Muscogee in 1736.<ref name="Muscogee"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1837
|[[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]
|''The speller and interpreter, in Indian and English'' by [[James Evans (linguist)|James Evans]]
|Evans would subsequently publish an [[Ojibwe syllabics|Ojibwe syllabary]].
|-
| [[Zulu language|Zulu]] || ''Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo'' || First grammar book 1859 and complete [[Bible]] translation 1883
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1839 || [[Lule Sámi]] || pamphlet by [[Lars Levi Laestadius]] || Dictionary and grammar by [[Karl Bernhard Wiklund]] in 1890–1891
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1841 || [[Cree language|Cree]] || hymnbook published by [[James Evans (linguist)|James Evans]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim-Cragg |first1=David |title=The true origins of the Cree writing system |url=https://broadview.org/the-true-origins-of-the-cree-writing-system/ |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[Broadview (magazine)|Broadview]] |date=6 November 2024 |language=en-CA}}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1845 || [[Santali language|Santali]] || ''A Santali Primer'' by [[Jeremiah Phillips]]<ref>{{cite book | given = Arun | surname = Ghosh | chapter = Sandali | pages = 11–98 | title = The Munda Languages | editor-given = Gregory D.S. | editor-surname = Anderson | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-415-32890-6 }}</ref>
||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1849 || [[Solombala English]] || ''Ocerki Arxangel'skoj Gubernii'' by Vasilij Vereščagin<ref>{{cite book |author=Vereščagin, Vasilij |year=1849 |title=ru:Очерки Архангельской губернии |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Jakov Trej |language=Russian}}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1851 || [[Sakha language|Sakha (Yakut)]] || ''Über die Sprache der Jakuten'', a grammar by [[Otto von Böhtlingk]] || Wordlists were included in ''Noord en Oost Tartarije'' (1692) by [[Nicolaas Witsen]] and ''Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia'' (1730) by [[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg]].
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1854 || [[Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]] || grammar by [[Elias Lönnrot]] || Primer and catechism published in 1859.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1856 || [[Gamilaraay language|Gamilaraay]] || articles by [[William Ridley (Presbyterian missionary)|William Ridley]]<ref>{{cite book | first = Peter K. | last = Austin | chapter-url = http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/peter_austin/AustinGamil.pdf | chapter = The Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) Language, northern New South Wales — A Brief History of Research | pages = 37–58 | title = Encountering Aboriginal languages: studies in the history of Australian linguistics | editor-first = William | editor-last = McGregor |editor-link=William B. McGregor| publisher = Australian National University | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-85883-582-5 | access-date = 2007-04-13 | archive-date = 2008-08-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080821124954/http://www.hrelp.org/aboutus/staff/peter_austin/AustinGamil.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> || Basic vocabulary collected by [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] in 1832.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1864 || [[Français Tirailleur]] || letter by P. Durpatz<ref>Dupratz, P. (1864). Lettre du P. Dupratz. Annales de l'Oeuvre pontificale de la Sainte-Enfance, 6.</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1872 || [[Venda language|Venda]] || reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries || First complete [[Bible]] translation 1936
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1878 || [[Kildin Sámi]] || Gospel of Matthew ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1882 || [[Mirandese]] || ''O dialecto mirandez'' by [[José Leite de Vasconcelos]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMdescoberta.html |title=A descoberta do mirandês – Marcos principais |last=Ferreira |first=M. Barros |website=Sítio de l Mirandés |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa |location=Lisbon |language=pt |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201238/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMdescoberta.html |archive-date=2016-03-09 }}</ref> || The [[José Leite de Vasconcelos|same author]] also published the first book written in [[Mirandese]]: ''Flores mirandezas'' (1884)<ref>{{cite journal |last=LUSA |date=2015-06-20 |title=Portugueses e espanhóis assinam protocolo para promoção das línguas mirandesa e asturiana |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/cultura/2015-06-20-Portugueses-e-espanhois-assinam-protocolo-para-promocao-das-linguas-mirandesa-e-asturiana |language=pt |journal=Expresso |access-date=2018-07-29 |archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003222611/https://expresso.sapo.pt/cultura/2015-06-20-Portugueses-e-espanhois-assinam-protocolo-para-promocao-das-linguas-mirandesa-e-asturiana |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1884 || [[Skolt Sámi]] || Gospel of Matthew in Cyrillic ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1885 || [[Carrier language|Carrier]] || [[Barkerville Jail Text]], written in pencil on a board in the then recently created [[Carrier syllabics]] || Although the first known text by native speakers dates to 1885, the first record of the language is a list of words recorded in 1793 by [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander MacKenzie]].
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1885 || [[Motu language|Motu]] || grammar by [[William George Lawes|W.G. Lawes]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1886 || [[Guugu Yimithirr language|Guugu Yimidhirr]] || notes by [[Johann Flierl]], [[Wilhelm Poland]] and [[Georg Schwarz]], culminating in [[Walter Roth]]'s ''The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language'' in 1901.<ref>{{cite book | first = Walther | last = Roth | title = North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin 2: The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language | publisher = Government Printer | location = Brisbane | year = 1910 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = John B. | last = Haviland | chapter = Guugu Yimidhirr | pages = 26–181 | chapter-url = http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jhaviland/Publications/GYGrammar1.pdf | editor1-first = R. M. W. | editor1-last = Dixon | editor2-first = Barry J. | editor2-last = Blake | title = Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 1 | publisher = John Benjamins | location = Canberra | year = 1979 | isbn = 978-90-272-7355-0 | access-date = 2018-03-26 | archive-date = 2015-04-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150427220401/http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jhaviland/Publications/GYGrammar1.pdf | url-status = live }} p. 35</ref> || A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by [[James Cook]] and [[Joseph Banks]] was the first written record of an Australian language.<ref name = "JH">{{cite journal | first = John B. | last = Haviland | title = A last look at Cook's Guugu Yimidhirr word list | journal = Oceania | volume = 44 | number = 3 | year = 1974 | pages = 216–232 | jstor = 40329896 | url = http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jhaviland/Publications/HavilandOceania.pdf | doi = 10.1002/j.1834-4461.1974.tb01803.x | access-date = 2018-03-26 | archive-date = 2019-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190227054258/http://pages.ucsd.edu/~jhaviland/Publications/HavilandOceania.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1891 || [[Galela language|Galela]] || grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda<ref name="Voorhoeve">{{cite book | chapter = A hundred years of Papuan Linguistic Research: Western New Guinea Area | first = C.L. | last = Voorhoeve | pages = 117–141 | chapter-url = http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/02-1-1.pdf | title = New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene | editor-first = Stephen A. | editor-last = Wurm | publisher = Australian National University | year = 1975 | url = http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html | access-date = 2016-01-25 | archive-date = 2016-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160302105705/http://papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html | url-status = live }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1893 || [[Oromo language|Oromo]] || translation of the [[New Testament]] by [[Onesimos Nesib]], assisted by [[Aster Ganno]] ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1900 || [[Qaqet language|Qaqet]] || grammar by Matthäus Rascher<ref>{{cite book | surname = Hellwig | given = Birgit| author-link = Birgit Hellwig | year = 2019 | title = A Grammar of Qaqet | location = Berlin/Boston | publisher = De Gruyter | isbn = 978-3-11-061334-6 | page = 3 }}</ref> ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1903 || [[Lingala language|Lingala]] || grammar by Egide de Boeck ||
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1905 || [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] || ''Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie'' by [[Andrei Glavina]] and [[Constantin Diculescu]]<ref name="glavina">{{cite web|url=http://istro-romanian.com/history/1992_curtis-lingua-storia.htm|title=La lingua, la storia, la tradizione degli istroromeni|first=Ervino|last=Curtis|publisher=Associazione di Amicizia Italo-Romena Decebal|year=1992|location=Trieste|pages=6–13|language=it|access-date=2019-06-16|archive-date=2018-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705152207/http://istro-romanian.com/history/1992_curtis-lingua-storia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> || Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.<ref name="glavina" />
|-
| {{circa|lk=no}} 1940 || [[Kamoro language|Kamoro]] || materials by [[Peter Drabbe]]<ref name="Voorhoeve"/> || A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the [[Papuan languages|non-Austronesian languages]] of [[New Guinea]].<ref name="Voorhoeve"/><ref>{{cite book | title = The Papuan Languages of New Guinea | url = https://archive.org/details/papuanlanguagesn00fole | url-access = limited | first = William A. | last = Foley | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-521-28621-3 | page = [https://archive.org/details/papuanlanguagesn00fole/page/n14 13] }}</ref>
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1968 || [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] || small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history || A translation of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]] was completed in 1986; translation of the [[Old Testament]] is ongoing.
|-
| {{0|{{circa|lk=no}}}} 1984 || [[Gooniyandi language|Gooniyandi]] || survey by [[William B. McGregor]]<ref>{{cite book | title = A Functional Grammar of Gooniyandi | url = https://archive.org/details/functionalgramma00mcgr | url-access = limited | first = William | last = McGregor | author-link = William B. McGregor | publisher = John Benjamins | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-90-272-3025-6 | page = [https://archive.org/details/functionalgramma00mcgr/page/n38 26] }}</ref> ||
|}

==By family==
Attestation by major [[language family]]:
*[[Afro-Asiatic]]: since about the 27th century BC
**27th century BC: [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]]
**24th century BC: [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] ([[Eblaite language|Eblaite]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]])
**2nd century BC: [[Berber languages|Berberic]] ([[Numidian language|Numidian]])
**7th century AD: [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] ([[Blemmyan language|Blemmyan]])
*[[Hurro-Urartian languages|Hurro-Urartian]]: {{circa|lk=no}} 21st century BC
*[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]: since about the 17th century BC
**17th century BC: [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] ([[Hittite language|Hittite]])
**15th century BC: [[Greek language|Greek]]
**7th century BC: [[Italic languages|Italic]] ([[Latin language|Latin]])
**6th century BC: [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] ([[Lepontic language|Lepontic]])
**{{circa|lk=no}} 500 BC: [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] ([[Old Persian]])
**{{circa|lk=no}} 260 BC: [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] ([[Ashokan Prakrit]])
**4th century AD: [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] ([[Gothic language|Gothic]])
**4th century AD: [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] ([[Tocharian B]])
**4th century AD: [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[Classical Armenian]])
**10th century AD: [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] ([[Old Church Slavonic]])
**{{circa|lk=no}} 1370: [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] ([[Old Prussian]])
**{{circa|lk=no}} 1460: [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
*[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]: {{circa|lk=no}} 1250 BC
**{{circa|lk=no}} 1250 BC: [[Old Chinese]]
**8th century AD: [[Tibeto-Burman]] ([[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]])
*[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]: {{circa|lk=no}} 200 BC ([[Tamil language|Tamil]])
*[[Mayan languages|Mayan]]: 3rd century AD
**3rd century AD: [[Cholan languages|Cholan]] ([[Classical Maya]])
**16th century: [[Huastecan languages|Huastecan]] ([[Huastec language|Wastek]])
*[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]: 4th century AD ([[Cham language|Cham]])
*[[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian]]: 5th century ([[Georgian language|Georgian]])
*[[Koreanic]]: mid-6th century AD ([[Old Korean]])
*[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]: 6th century ([[Mongolian language|Mongolian]])
*[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]]: 7th century
**7th century: [[Lezgic languages|Lezgic]] ([[Udi language|Udi]])
**9-12th century: [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] ([[Chechen language|Chechen]])
*[[Austroasiatic]]: 7th century ([[Khmer language|Khmer]])
*[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]: 8th century
**8th century: [[Old Turkic]]
**11th century: [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]
*[[Japonic]]: 8th century
*[[Nilo-Saharan]]: 8th century ([[Old Nubian language|Old Nubian]])
*[[Basque language|Basque]]: {{circa|lk=no}} 1000
*[[Uralic languages|Uralic]]: 12th century
**12th century: [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
**{{circa|lk=no}} 1200: [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
**14th century: [[Permic languages|Permic]] ([[Komi language|Komi]])
**17th century: [[Sámi languages|Sámic]] ([[Pite Sámi]])
**18th century: [[Mari language|Mari]] ([[Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]])
*[[Kra–Dai]]: 13th century ([[Thai language|Thai]])
*[[Tupian languages|Tupian]]: 16th century ([[Tupi language|Classical Tupi]])
*[[Purépecha language|Purépecha]]: 1543
*[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]]: 16th century ([[Classical Nahuatl]])
*[[Quechuan languages|Quechuan]]: 16th century ([[Classical Quechua]])
*[[Niger–Congo]] ([[Bantu languages|Bantu]]): 16th century ([[Kongo language|Kikongo]])
*[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]: 17th century ([[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]], [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]], [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]])
*[[Algic languages|Algic]]: 17th century
**17th century: [[East Algonquian languages|East Algonquian]] ([[Massachusett language|Massachusett]])
**19th century: [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]
**19th century: [[Cree language|Cree]]
*[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]]: 17th century ([[Apalachee language|Apalachee]])
*[[Seri language|Seri]]: {{circa|lk=no}} 17th century
*[[Eskaleut languages|Eskaleut]]: 18th century
** 18th century: [[Inuit languages|Inuit]] ([[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]])
** 19th century: [[Aleut language|Aleut]]
*[[Indigenous Australian languages]]: 18th century
*[[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]]: 19th century ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]])
*[[Na-Dene languages|Na-Dene]]: 19th century ([[Carrier language|Carrier]])
*[[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong-Mien]]: 20th century

==Constructed languages==
{{Further|Constructed language}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date
! Language
! Attestation
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1879
| [[Volapük]]
|
| Created by [[Johann Martin Schleyer]]
|-
| 1887
| [[Esperanto]]
| ''[[Unua Libro]]''
| Created by [[L. L. Zamenhof]]
|-
| 1907
| [[Ido language|Ido]]
|
| Created based on Esperanto
|-
| 1917
| [[Quenya]]
|
| Created by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]
|-
| 1921
| [[Interlingue]] (Occidental)
| ''Transcendent Algebra''
| Created by [[Edgar de Wahl]]
|-
| 1928
| [[Novial]]
|
| Created by [[Otto Jespersen]]
|-
| 1935
| [[Sona language (artificial)|Sona]]
| ''Sona, an auxiliary neutral language''
| Created by [[Kenneth Searight]]
|-
| 1943
| Interglossa
|
| Created by [[Lancelot Hogben]]
|-
| 1951
| [[Interlingua]]
| [[Interlingua–English Dictionary]]
| Created by the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]]
|-
| 1955
| [[Loglan]]
|
| Created by [[James Cooke Brown]]
|-
| 1984
| [[Klingon language|Klingon]]
| ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]''
| Created by [[Marc Okrand]]
|-
| 1987
| [[Lojban]]
|
| based on [[Loglan]], created by the Logical Language Group
|-
| 1999
| [[Slovio]]
|
| Created by Mark Hučko
|-
| 2001
| [[Atlantean language|Atlantean]]
| ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]''
| Created by [[Marc Okrand]]
|-
| 2001
| [[Toki Pona]]
|
| Created by [[Sonja Lang]]
|-
| 2004
| [[Ithkuil]]
|
| Created by John Quijada
|-
| 2005
| [[Na'vi language|Na'vi]]
| ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''
| Created by Dr. [[Paul Frommer]] and [[James Cameron]]
|-
| 2009
| [[Dothraki language|Dothraki]]
|
| Created by [[George R. R. Martin]] and [[David J. Peterson]] for ''[[Game of Thrones]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Kiliki language|Kiliki]]
| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]], [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
| Created by [[Madhan Karky]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[Ancient text corpora]]
* [[History of writing]]
* [[List of writing systems]]
* [[Undeciphered writing systems]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* {{section link|Ancient literature|Incomplete list of ancient texts}}
* [[List of oldest documents]]

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|30em}}

;Works cited
*{{citation
| first = Robert | last = Bagley | author-link = Robert Bagley
| chapter = Shang Archaeology | pages = 124–231
| editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Loewe
| editor2-first = Edward L. | editor2-last = Shaughnessy
| title = The Cambridge History of Ancient China
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge
| year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-521-47030-8
| postscript = .
| title-link = The Cambridge History of Ancient China }}
*{{citation
| first = Philip | last = Baldi
|author-link = Philip Baldi
| title = The Foundations of Latin
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-3-11-017208-9
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation
| first = David N. | last = Keightley | author-link = David N. Keightley
| chapter = The Shang: China's first historical dynasty | pages = 232–291
| editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Loewe
| editor2-first = Edward L. | editor2-last = Shaughnessy
| title = The Cambridge History of Ancient China
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge
| year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-521-47030-8
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation
| first = Bhadriraju | last = Krishnamurti | author-link = Bhadriraju Krishnamurti
| title = The Dravidian Languages
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-521-77111-5
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation
| last = Macdonald | first = M. C. A.
| title = Reflections on the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia
| journal = Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy | year = 2000 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 |pages =28–79
| doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0471.2000.aae110106.x
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation
| first = J.-P. | last = Olivier
| title = Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium B.C
| journal = World Archaeology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | year = 1986
| pages = 377–389 | doi = 10.1080/00438243.1986.9979977
| url = https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/248436/4/53a239ae-5319-44a5-b013-69ca027964b7.txt
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation
| last = Pollock | first = Sheldon
| title = The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India
| publisher = University of California Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-520-24500-6
| postscript = .
}}
*{{citation | first = Roger D. | last = Woodard | chapter = Language in ancient Europe: an introduction | pages = [https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1 1–13] | title = The Ancient Languages of Europe | editor-first = Roger D. | editor-last = Woodard | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-68495-8 | postscript = . | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1 }}
*{{citation
| editor-last = Woods
| editor-first = Christopher
| title = Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond
| publisher = The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
| location = Chicago
| year = 2010
| isbn = 978-1-885923-76-9
| url = https://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oimp32.pdf
| postscript = .
| access-date = 2014-02-23
| archive-date = 2021-08-26
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210826005847/https://oi.uchicago.edu//sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oimp32.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}

{{Writing systems}}
{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Languages By First Written Accounts}}
[[Category:Earliest known manuscripts by language| ]]
[[Category:Lists of languages|First]]
[[Category:Lists of firsts|Languages]]
[[Category:Lists of writing systems|Languages]]
[[Category:Languages by time]]
[[Category:Language histories|*]]
[[Category:Historical linguistics]]

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814

2026-03-19T10:36:53Z

Isaac3301: added references

{{Short description|1814 treaty also known as the Convention of London}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name = Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
|type = [[Bilateral treaty]]
|date_signed = {{date and age|1814|08|13|df=y}}
|signatories = {{plainlist|style=text-indent:-2.1em;margin-left:2.1em;|
* {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom of {{nowr|Great Britain and Ireland}}|size=20px}}
* {{flag|Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|name=Sovereign Principality of {{nowr|the United Netherlands}}|size=20px}}}}
|wikisource = Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
}}

The '''Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814''' (also known as the '''Convention of London'''; {{langx|nl|Verdrag van Londen}}) was signed by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and the [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|Netherlands]] in London on 13 August 1814. It was signed by [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]] on behalf of the British government and [[Hendrik Fagel]] on behalf of the Dutch government. The treaty restored several of the [[Dutch colonies]] occupied by British forces during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], although several others were permanently ceded to Britain. It also included Dutch acknowledgement of British opposition to the [[Atlantic slave trade]] and agreements to improve the [[Low Countries]]' defences.{{sfn|Wright|1950|pp=229–239}} Disputes arising from the treaty resulted in the signing of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]].

==Terms==
===Colonial possessions===

The treaty returned many of the [[Dutch colonies]] Britain occupied during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] to the Netherlands, specifically [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]], [[Curaçao]], [[Aruba]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]], [[Sint Eustatius]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Dutch Bengal]] (with the exception of the district of [[Bernagore]]), [[Dutch Coromandel]], [[Dutch Malacca]] and the [[Dutch East Indies]]. The Dutch agreed to cede several captured colonies to Britain, including the [[Dutch Cape Colony]], [[Dutch Malabar]], [[Dutch Suratte]], [[Demerara]], [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] and [[Berbice]]. In exchange for the cession of Dutch Malabar, Britain ceded [[Bangka Island]] to the Netherlands. Dutch subjects were granted trading rights in Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice, while Britain agreed to pay an annual fee to the Netherlands in exchange for the cession of Bernagore.{{sfn|Robson|1931|p=198}}

===Cooperation===

The treaty also included a declaration issued by the Dutch government on 15 June 1814 noting that [[slave ship]]s were no longer permitted in British-controlled ports. [[William I of the Netherlands]] had issued a royal decree in June 1814 which abolished Dutch involvement in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], and the British and Dutch governments were both in agreement regarding their opposition to the trade.{{sfn|Robson|1931|pp=200–204}} Britain and the Netherlands also agreed to spend £2,000,000 each on improving defences in the [[Low Countries]], while a further set of funds, up to £3,000,000, are mentioned for the "final and satisfactory settlement of the Low Countries in union with Holland."{{sfn|Robson|1931|p=200}}{{sfn|Robson|1931|pp=213–214}}{{sfn|Muller|1935|p=562}} Disputes arising from the treaty resulted in the signing of the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]].{{fact|date=January 2026}}

==See also==
* [[Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty]]
* [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]]
* [[Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last=Muller|first=H.|date=Dec 1935|title=The Acquisition of Cape Colony by the British|journal=[[The Geographical Journal]]|volume=86|issue=6|pages=561–562|jstor=1786285}}
* {{cite journal|last=Robson|first=W. H.|date=Jun 1931|title=New Light on Lord Castlereagh's Diplomacy|journal=[[The Journal of Modern History]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=198–218|doi=10.1086/235722|jstor=1871714|s2cid=144543785}}
* {{cite book|last=Worsfold|first=W. B.|date=1897|title=South Africa: a study in colonial administration and development|title-link=:iarchive:southafricastudy00wors|location=London|publisher=[[Methuen & Co.]]|oclc=679893341}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wright|first=H. R. C.|date=1950|title=The Anglo-Dutch Dispute in the East, 1814–1824|journal=[[Economic History Review]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=229–239|doi=10.2307/2590770|jstor=2590770}}
{{refend}}

{{Political history of South Africa|state=collapsed}}
{{Cape Town|history}}
[[Category:1810s in Curaçao and Dependencies]]
[[Category:1810s in the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:1814 in British law]]
[[Category:1814 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1814 in the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:1814 in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1814 treaties]]
[[Category:August 1814]]
[[Category:British rule in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Curaçao and Dependencies]]
[[Category:Dutch conquest of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:History of Kochi]]
[[Category:History of the Dutch Caribbean]]
[[Category:Napoleonic Wars treaties]]
[[Category:Netherlands–United Kingdom treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1814 in London]]
[[Category:Netherlands–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Dutch slave trade]]

Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib

2026-03-16T21:25:04Z

Isaac3301:

{{Short description|Father of Muhammad}}
{{Religious text primary|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = {{unbulleted list|
* Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
* {{lang|ar|عبد الله بن عبد المطلب}}
}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{circa|545 CE}}
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], Hejaz, [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_date = {{circa}} {{death year and age|570|545}}
| death_place = [[Medina]], Hejaz
| resting_place = [[Dar-ul-Nabeghah]], Medina
| occupation = Merchant and clay-worker
| spouse = [[Amina bint Wahb]]
| children = [[Muhammad]] (son)
| father = [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbdul Muṭṭalib ibn Hashim]]
| mother = [[Fatima bint Amr|Fāṭimah bint ʿAmr]]
| relations = '''''Brothers'':'''{{bulleted list
| [[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Harith]] {{small|(half-brother)}}
| [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib]] {{small|(full-brother)}}
| [[Abū Lahab]] {{small|(half-brother)}}
| [[Al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Zubayr]] {{small|(full-brother)}}
| [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Abbas]] {{small|(half-brother)}}
| [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] {{small|(half-brother)}}
| Al-Ghaydaq {{small|(half-brother)}}
| Al-Muqawwim {{small|(half-brother)}}
}}

'''''Sisters'':'''{{bulleted list
| [[Umm Hakim bint Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Bayda]] {{small|(twin-sister)}}
| [[Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib|Umaymah]] {{small|(full-sister)}}
| [[Arwa bint Abd al-Muttalib|Arwa]] {{small|(full-sister)}}
| [[Atika bint Abd al-Muttalib|'Atikah]] {{small|(full-sister)}}
| [[Barrah bint Abd al-Muttalib|Barrah]] {{small|(full-sister)}}
| [[Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyyah]] {{small|(half-sister)}}
}}
| family = [[Banu Hashim]] of [[Quraysh]]
}}

'''Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|b|ˈ|d|ʊ|l|ə}}; {{langx|ar|عبد الله بن عبد المطلب|ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib}}; {{circa|545-570}}) was the father of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].<ref name=Hisham>Ibn Hisham note 97.</ref><ref name=Saad8>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina''. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> He was the son of [[Abd al-Muttalib]] [[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]] [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim]] and [[Fatima bint Amr]] of the [[Banu Makhzum|Makhzum Clan]].<ref>Muhammad ibn Sa'ad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir''. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume I Parts I & II'', pp. 99-100. Delhi: Kitab-Bhavan.</ref>

He was married to [[Aminah bint Wahb]].<ref name="Al-A'zami 2003">{{cite book |last=Al-A'zami |first=Muhammad Mustafa |author-link=Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami |year=2003 |title=The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments |pages=22–24 |publisher=UK Islamic Academy |isbn=978-1-8725-3165-6}}</ref> [[Muhammad]] was their only child.

==Name==
''ʿAbd [[Allah|Allāh]]'' means "servant of [[God in Islam|God]]" or "slave of [[God]]". His full name was ʿAbdullāh ibn [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf|Hāshim ('Amr)]] ibn [[Abd al-Manaf ibn Qusai|Abd Manāf (al-Mughīra)]] ibn [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusayy (Zayd)]] ibn [[Kilab ibn Murrah|Kilāb]] ibn Murra ibn Ka`b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghālib ibn [[Quraysh (tribe)|Fahr (Quraysh)]] ibn Mālik ibn [[Banu Kinanah#An-Nadr ibn Kinanah|an-Naḑr (Qays)]] ibn [[Banu Kinanah|Kinānah]] ibn [[Mudhar#Khuzaimah bin Mudrika|Khuzaymah]] ibn Mudrikah ('Āmir) ibn [[:ar:إلياس بن مضر|Ilyas]] ibn [[Mudar|Muḍar]] ibn Nizār ibn [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'ādd]] ibn [[Adnan|'Adnān]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Books/B0033P0005.aspx |title=SunniPath Library - Books - Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum - the Lineage and Family of Muhammad |access-date=2006-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223180356/http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Books/B0033P0005.aspx |archive-date=2006-02-23 }}</ref>

==Marriage==
His father chose for him Āminah, the daughter of [[Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf|Wahb ibn 'Abd Munāf]] who was the grandson of [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]], the brother of his great-great-grandfather [[Qusai ibn Kilab|Qusayy ibn Kilāb]]. Wahb had been the chief of [[Banu Zuhrah]] as well as its eldest and noblest member but had died some time previously and Āminah became a ward of his brother Wuhaib, who had succeeded him as chief of the clan.

His father went with him to the quarter of Banū Zuhrah. There, he sought the residence of Wuhayb and went in to ask for the hand of Wahb's daughter for his son. 'Abdullāh's father fixed his marriage with Aminah.<ref>Cook, Michael. ''Muhammad''. Oxford University Press: New York, 1983. {{ISBN|0-19-287605-8}}.</ref> It was said that a light shone out of his forehead and that this light was the promise of a Prophet as offspring. Many women approached 'Abdullāh, who is reported to have been a handsome man, so that they might gain the honor of producing his offspring. However it is believed that, as decided by God, the light was destined to be transferred to Āminah through 'Abdullāh after consummating the marriage.<ref>Ibn Kathīr ''The Life of the Prophet Muḥammad : Volume 1''. Trans. Prof. Trevor Le Gassick. Garnet Publishing: Lebanon, 1998. {{ISBN|1-85964-142-3}}.</ref>
After marrying Aminah Bint Wahb, Abdullah Ibn Abd al-Muttalib lived with her for three days; it was their custom that a man could live for three nights only with his wife in her father's family.<ref>Ibn sa'ds "kitab al tabaqat al kabir", vol- 1, pakistan historical society, page- 101-102.</ref>

==Wedding==
At the wedding ceremony, Abd al-Muttalib chose Wuhayb's daughter Halah for himself. When Abd al-Muttalib proposed to Wuhayb, he agreed. And so on the same occasion Abd al-Muttalib and Abdullah married Halah and Amina respectively. Later, Halah gave birth to Hamza, who was both Muhammad's uncle and foster brother.<ref>Ibn Sa'd/Haq p. 102.</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Nothing but Pigeons. Baqee, Madina (3144084879).jpg|thumb|[[Al-Baqi Cemetery]] in [[Medina]], where Abdullah and other relatives of his son [[Muhammad]] are believed to be buried. In the background is the tomb (marked by the [[Green Dome]]) and [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Mosque of Muhammad]].]]

Soon after his marriage, 'Abdullāh was called to [[Syria]] (in what is ''[[Syria (region)|Ash-Shām]]'' or the [[Levant]]) on a trading caravan trip. When he left, Āminah was pregnant. He spent several months in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], and on his return trip he stopped for a longer rest with the family of his paternal grandmother, [[Salma bint Amr]], who belonged to the [[Banu Najjar|Najjar clan]] of the [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj tribe]] in [[Medina]]. 'Abdullāh was preparing to join a caravan to Mecca when he fell ill. The caravan went on without him to Mecca with news of his illness. Upon the caravan's arrival in Mecca, 'Abdul-Muttalib immediately sent his eldest son [[Harith ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Harith]] to Medina. However, by the time al-Harith arrived, 'Abdullāh had died. Al-Harith returned to Mecca to announce 'Abdullāh's death to his aged father and his pregnant wife Āminah. According to Ibn Sa'd, Abdullah died three months after his marriage and was twenty-five years old when he died.<ref>Ibn Sa'd/Haq pp. 107-108,94,108.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Harper San Francisco |year=1993 |isbn=978-0062508867 |location=[[San Francisco]], the [[United States|U.S.A.]]}}</ref>

He was buried in Dar-ul-Nabeghah in [[Medina]] (today [[Saudi Arabia]]), and [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|his mausoleum was demolished]] on the 20th or 21 January 1978. Reportedly he was reburied in [[Al-Baqi Cemetery|Al-Baqee' Graveyard]], next to [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Muhammad's son Ibrahim]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==Estate==
'Abdullāh left five camels, a herd of sheep and goats, and an [[Kingdom of Aksum|Abyssinian]] slave nurse, called [[Umm Ayman (Barakah)|Umm Ayman]], who was to take care of his son [[Muhammad]].<ref>Ibn Sa'd/Haq p. 109.</ref> This patrimony does not prove that 'Abdullāh was wealthy, but at the same time it does not prove that he was poor. Rather, it shows that Muhammad was his heir. Furthermore, 'Abdullāh was still a young man capable of working and of amassing a fortune. His father was still alive and none of his wealth had as yet been transferred to his sons.<ref>Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources, Martin Lings, George Allen & Unwin, 1983, p24</ref>

==Fate in the afterlife==
Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite book |first=Jonathan A.C. |last=Brown |author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown |year=2015 |title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld Publications |pages=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/188 188]-189}}</ref> One transmission by [[Abu Dawood|Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Majah]] states that [[God in Islam|Allah]] ([[God]]) refused to forgive Āminah for her ''[[kafir|kufr]]'' (disbelief). According to another sahih (authentic) hadith Muhammad clarified that his own father was in the Fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:203 |title=Sahih Muslim 203 - The Book of Faith |access-date=24 June 2024 }}</ref> Another transmission in [[Musnad al-Bazzar]] states that Muhammad's parents were brought back to life and accepted Islam, then returned to the ''[[Barzakh]]''.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah">{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/ProphetsParent/page/n3 |title=The Parents of the Prophet Muhammad were Muslims |pages=11–28 |publisher=Suffah Foundation |author=Mufti Muhammad Khan Qadri}}</ref>{{rp|11}} Some [[Ash'ari]] and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were ''[[Ahl al-fatrah]]'', or "People of the interval" between the prophetic messages of [[Jesus in Islam|'Isa]] ([[Jesus]]) and [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]].<ref name="Katz">{{cite book |title=The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz|url-access=limited |last=Holmes Katz |first=Marion |page=[https://archive.org/details/birthprophetmuha00katz/page/n134 126]-128 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-1359-8394-9}}</ref> The concept of ''Ahl al-fatrah'' is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]]'' ([[Polytheism]]),<ref>{{cite book |last=Rida |first=Rashid |title=Tafsir al-Manar |chapter=2:62 |pages=278–281 |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105004004/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-12304#page-279 |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it, and disregard <ref name="Brown" /> the ''[[hadith]]'' (narrations) <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:203 |title=Sahih Muslim 203/ In-book - Book 1, Hadith 406/ Book 1, Hadith 398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud:4718 |title=Sunan Abi Dawud 4718/ In book: Book 42, Hadith 123/ English translation Book 41, Hadith 4700}}</ref> that state that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.

While a work attributed to [[Abu Hanifa]]h, an early [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholar, stated that both Āminah and 'Abdullāh died upon their innate nature (''Mata 'ala al-fitrah''),<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/parents.htm |title=Refuting the Claim that Imam Abu Hanifa was of the opinion that the Prophet's Parents were Kafirs |author=`Inayatullah Iblagh al-Afghanistani |publisher=Masud}}</ref> some later authors of ''[[mawlid]]'' texts related a tradition in which Āminah and 'Abdullāh were temporarily [[Resurrection in Islam|revived]] and embraced Islam. Scholars like [[Ibn Taymiyya]]h stated that this was a lie, though [[Al-Qurtubi]] stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology.<ref name="Katz" /> According to [[Ali al-Qari]], the preferred view is that both the parents of Muhammad were Muslims.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|28}} According to [[Al-Suyuti]], [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi|Isma'il Haqqi]], and other Islamic scholars, all of the narrations indicating that the parents of Muhammad were not forgiven were later abrogated when they were brought to life and accepted Islam.<ref name="Qadri_Suffah" />{{rp|24}} [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Āminah included, were [[Tawhid|monotheists]] who practiced the shariah of [[Abraham]], and were therefore entitled to [[Jannah|Paradise]]. A Shia tradition states that [[Allah]] forbade the fires of [[Jahannam|Hell]] from touching either of Muhammad's parents.<ref name="Rubin">{{cite journal |journal=Israel Oriental Studies |year=1975 |volume=5 |last=Rubin |first=Uri |title=Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nur Muhammad |pages=75–88}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Abdullah (name)]]
* [[Adnan]]
** [[Adnanites|Adnanite]] [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]] [[Arabs]]
* ''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]'', the [[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library|house]] where Muhammad is believed to have been born
* [[Family tree of Muhammad]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Muhammad footer}}
{{Adam to Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:al-Muttalib, Abd Allah ibn Abd}}

[[Category:546 births]]
[[Category:570 deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Banu Hashim]]
[[Category:Ancestors of Muhammad]]

Ekya Schools

2026-03-16T15:11:05Z

Isaac3301:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Ekya Schools
| logo = Ekya-Schools-Bangalore.png
| image =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| established = {{start date and age|2010}}
| grades = [[K-12|K—XII]]
| founder = Dr. Tristha Ramamurthy
| trust = CMR Jnanadhara
| website = {{url|ekyaschools.com}}
| affiliation = {{ubl|[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]|[[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]]|[[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]|[[International Baccalaureate|IB]]}}
| motto = Together as One
| slogan = Live the Lesson
| campuses = {{hlist|BTM Layout|Byrathi|ITPL|JP Nagar|NICE Road|Varthur}}
| houses = Jal, Bhoomi, Vayu, Agni
}}

'''Ekya Schools''' is a chain of [[K-12]] [[private school|private]] schools based in [[Bengaluru]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The first branch was opened in 2010 and is part of the CMR Group of Institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutions - CMR |url=http://www.cmr.ac.in/institutions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126071138/https://www.cmr.ac.in/institutions/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=CMR Group of Institutions}}</ref> The school motto is 'Together as One'.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/vfFC2OrBfj4 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207204212/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfFC2OrBfj4 Wayback Machine]: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfFC2OrBfj4 |title=Ekya - Together To Learn |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya School JP Nagar - The Togetherness Way of Education |url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/events/the-togetherness-way-of-education-ekya-school-in-j-p-nagar-bangalore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414181554/http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/events/the-togetherness-way-of-education-ekya-school-in-j-p-nagar-bangalore |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=16 April 2015 |website=Citizen Matters}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
The school operates out of several branches within Bengaluru. At present,{{when|date=January 2026}} there are six functional campuses:
* Ekya School BTM Layout
* Ekya School Byrathi
* Ekya School ITPL
* Ekya School JP Nagar
* Ekya School NICE Road
* Ekya Nava

A campus in [[Goa]] was proposed, which is currently{{when|date=January 2026}} undergoing development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award-Winning School Design in Goa |url=https://www.architecturebrio.com/projects-item/ekya-ib-school/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126065444/https://www.architecturebrio.com/projects-item/ekya-ib-school/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Architecture BRIO}}</ref> A Sports Performing Arts Recreation Centre (SPARC) is{{when|date=January 2026}} also being constructed as an annex to the JP Nagar campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2025 |title=Introducing Ekya SPARC |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82v_W39w3yI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126073640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82v_W39w3yI&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

== Curriculum ==
Ekya Schools offers a variety of curricula across its campuses, including ICSE, CBSE, IGCSE, and IB. The Montessori curriculum is followed by Pre-Primary and Kindergarten classes.

The schools promotes extracurricular activities including [[Design thinking|Design Thinking]], Work Exposure Programs, and Outbound Trips.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Ekya Schools |url=https://designthinkinginschools.com/directory/ekya-schools/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126072451/https://designthinkinginschools.com/directory/ekya-schools/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Design Thinking in Schools}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Clean-up Crusaders |url=https://www.apnnews.com/clean-up-crusaders-students-of-ekya-schools-and-cmr-nps-turn-the-trekking-adventure-into-an-impactful-waste-collection-drive/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126073527/https://www.apnnews.com/clean-up-crusaders-students-of-ekya-schools-and-cmr-nps-turn-the-trekking-adventure-into-an-impactful-waste-collection-drive/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=APN News}}</ref> The Physical Education program integrates sports such as football, basketball, and [[throwball]] into the school curriculum. They compete in state and national level competitions, such as the Karnataka ICSE School's Association (KISA) and CBSE Zonals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of KISA |url=http://www.asisckisa.org/List-of-members.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126073938/http://www.asisckisa.org/List-of-members.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Karnataka ICSE School's Association}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
* Founder and Managing Director: Dr. Tristha Ramamurthy<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=The Road Not Taken Nor Taught |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNBAN34737 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417032915/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNBAN34737 |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=17 April 2014 |website=DNA Syndication}}</ref>

=== Campus heads ===
* BTM Layout: Asha Doris<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya BTM Layout Leadership |url=http://www.ekyaschools.com/btm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126074951/https://ekyaschools.com/btm-layout/about-us/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>
* Byrathi: Jinu Harikesh Pavithran<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya Byrathi Leadership |url=https://www.ekyaschools.com/byrathi/leadership/byrathi-school-leadership/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126075025/https://ekyaschools.com/byrathi/about-us/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>
* ITPL: Aayushi Kalja<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya ITPL Leadership |url=https://ekyaschools.com/itpl/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126075003/https://ekyaschools.com/itpl/about-us/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>
* JP Nagar: Sreepriya Unnikrishnan<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Ekya JP Nagar Leadership |url=https://ekyaschools.com/jpnagar/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126074934/https://ekyaschools.com/jpnagar/about-us/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>
* Nava: Payal Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya Nava Leadership |url=https://nava.ekyaschools.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126080257/https://nava.ekyaschools.com/about-us/ |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>
* NICE Road: Rajamathangi Rajasekaran<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekya NICE Road Leadership |url=https://ekyaschools.com/nice-road/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918024950/https://ekyaschools.com/nice-road/about-us/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=Ekya Schools}}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Private schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:International schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Montessori schools in India]]

B. Shyam Sunder

2026-03-15T01:34:14Z

Isaac3301: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=an IP user has added information but in an unstructured format|date=June 2012}}
{{Very long|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Shyam Sunder
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Minorities Movement.jpg
| alt =
| caption = B. Shyam Sunder(R) with Tara Singh(L)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|12|21}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad State]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1975|05|19|1908|12|21}}
| death_place = Hyderabad
| resting_place = Hyderabad
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[B.A.]] [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation = lawyer
| organization = Bhim Sena
| title = Quied-e-Pushthkhome
| term =
| party =
| movement = Eradication of Untouchability,
| opponents =
| parents = B. Manicham (father) Sudha Bai (mother)
| awards = Khusro-e-Deccan
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''B. Shyam Sunder''' (21 December 1908 – 19 May 1975) was a political thinker, jurist, prolific writer, parliamentarian and a [[revolutionary]] leader.<ref name="Hegde 2015">{{cite news | last=Hegde | first=Sanjay | title=There were some Dalit leaders like B. Shyam Sunder, who vociferously said: "We are not Hindus, we have nothing to do with the Hindu caste system, yet we have been included among them by them and for them." | newspaper=The Hindu | date=14 April 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/sanjay-hegde-on-br-ambedkar-the-hero-who-built-an-independent-india/article7099218.ece | accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> He was born in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] district in [[Hyderabad State]], British India. In 1915, he moved to [[Hyderabad]] with his father, B. Manicham, who was a railway employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Shyam Sunder-Biography Synopsis and Books {{!}} PDF {{!}} Independent India {{!}} Politics Of India |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/101913632/B-Shyam-Sunder-Biography-synopsis-and-books |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sunder was born into [[Mala (caste)|Mala]] family at [[Aurangabad Cantonment|Aurangabad Canttonment]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], [[Maharashtra]]. It was then a part of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]'s princely state. He completed his schooling at Aurangabad. He was greatly moved by caste ill-feelings and [[Untouchability|practice of untouchability]], his agitated mind took him to Buddha's [[Ajanta Caves]] to seek solace. When his family moved to Hyderabad, he enrolled in the [[Osmania University]], graduating in political science, economics and later did a law degree.

He could speak Urdu, English and Marathi. He was elected as Senate and Syndicate member of the Osmania University. He entered active politics and joined the student wing of Depressed Classes Association. He was chosen as General Secretary and later became its president in 1947.<ref name="RKK">{{cite book |last=Kshirsagar |first=R.K |title=Dalit Movement in India and its leaders, 1857-1956 |publisher=MD Publication |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3 |location=New Delhi |pages=335–336}}</ref>

In 1937, he founded the Dalit-Muslim unity movement at [[Parbhani]] in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]] and urged his people to join hands with Muslims.<ref>Dalit Movement in India and its leaders 1857-1956, R.K. Kshirsagar, p.210</ref> He was a legislator representing [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Mysore]] State.

In 1956, he established the "All India Federal Association of Minorities" at Hyderabad<ref>Council on Religion and International Affairs, Donald Dugene Smith, p.56.</ref> and finally organised a movement for [[Bahujan]]s in 1968 at [[Lucknow district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] State and formally declared that [[Minorities]] slogan "India is ours."<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohan|first=Brij|title=India's Social problems:analysing basic issues|year=1972|publisher=India International Publication|location=New Delhi|pages=28}}</ref> He inaugurated 'Bhim Sena', a voluntary corps force, at [[Gulbarga]] in Karnataka State which later spread to all parts of India. [[V. T. Rajshekar]] an eminent Dalit scholar, writer and editor [[Dalit Voice]] credited him as ''Father of Dalits Movements in India.''

==Political career==

He practiced law briefly and joined the [[Swadeshi movement]] under the leadership of Smt [[Sarojini Naidu]] and served as its General Secretary to [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected the President of Literary Society of Hyderabad. He accepted the membership of Exhibition Society to Hyderabad. He was elected unopposed from Graduate Constituency, to [[Hyderabad Legislative Assembly]] and later served as its Deputy Speaker.<ref>http://www.sikhvicharmanch{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He was a part of the Nizam's delegation to the UN. PR Venkat Swamy, who authored ''Our Struggle for Emancipation'', says "the entry of Shyam Sunder is a red day in the history of Depressed Class Movement" and mentions he was fondly addressed as ''Queid-e-Pusthakhome'' [Leader of Depressed Class]. The Nizam of Hyderabad conferred ''Khusro-e-Deccan'', highest civilian award, on Shyam Sunder for his yeoman service. Rajsheker VT editor [[Dalit Voice]], an eminent Dalit writer, gives a graphic picture of Shyam Sunder and achievement of Bhim Sena.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shetty|first=Rajsheker VT|title=Dalit Movement in Karnataka|year=1978|publisher=Christian Literature Society|location=Bangalore|pages=15}}</ref>

==Missions of life==

Shyam Sunder was a social-political and ideological leader of the Mool Bharathis the during pre- and post-independence period. He was able to alleviate the conscience of his brethren by making them realise they are not [[Dalit|Untouchable]] but the Mool Bharathis of India; they are born Buddhist and builders of [[Harappan civilization]] and heir apparent to rule this land.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jogadand|first=Prahalad Gangaram|title=Dalit Movement in Maharashtra|year=1991|publisher=Kanak Publication|location=New Delhi|pages=61}}</ref> He strove hard to provide education facilities and fought for land reforms for his brethren. He spearheaded a movement to federate [[Minorities]] and Bahujans to fight for their legitimate constitutional rights.

==We are not Hindus, we are born Buddhist==

[[Hinduism]] has a practice of "untouchability", wherein certain people are [[Dalit|Untouchable]]. The Father of Nation, Sri [[Mahatma Gandhi]], fondly said they are [[Harijan]], meaning sons of God. The Constitution of India declared they are [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]] and Human Right activists say they are [[Dalit]]. Shyam Sunder, from the beginning of his political career, bluntly refuted this, saying "We are not Hindus, we have nothing to do with the Hindu caste system, yet we have been included among them by them and for them." and wisely said that Caste system is to them by them and for them.

==Dalit-Muslim unity movement==

Change! Change swiftly; if you do not change now you will never change!" said Shyam Sunder at the "All India Depressed Classes Association" Conference on 30–31 May 1941 at [[Parbhani]] in Aurangabad District held under his presidency. He laid the foundation for [[Dalit-Muslim Unity Movement]]. It was decided in the conference that the untouchables should abandon all the traditional activities and get themselves freed from untouchability and caste system. He read sixty-four pages printed presidential address known as ''Khutbe-e-Sadarat'' and asked his people to raise a banner of militant revolt against caste system and join hands with the Muslims. He was a fiery pro-Muslim leader.<ref>{{cite book|last=Omvdt|first=Gail|title=Dalit and Democratic Revolutions|year=1994|publisher=Sage Publication|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-8039-9139-2|pages=296}}</ref> It turned out to be a social-cultural movement and has contributed to the sociology of development.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gran|first=Peter|title=Beyond Eurocentrism: a new view of modern world history|year=1996|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8156-2692-3|pages=379}}</ref> He was the apostle of Dalit-Muslim unity movement in India. [[Sheetal Markan's Blog]] it has contributed for political awareness between both communities. Indeed, it is a great document in the history of untouchables movement, he in detailed elucidated the history of Mool Bharathis, Indus valley civilization; a Dravidian civilization, Advent of Aryans in India; Origin of caste system, are Mool Bharthis are adherent of Hinduism, and Aryans (Brhamins) usurpation of power from Mool Bharathis.

==Contribution to education==

In 1932, His Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad set up the "One Crore Rupees Education Trust Fund" Shyam Sunder was a trustee member for three years.<ref name="RKK" /> To avoid caste ill-feeling among students, the trust opened Madarsa-e-Pushthkhome schools, residential hostels and to combat school dropout, it distributed monthly scholarships and even clothes to the students. This kind of education system was not found elsewhere in India. Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] started the [[People's Educational Society]] at Aurangabad; Shyam Sunder as a trustee member gave twelve 1.2 million rupees as a grant and five lakhs to establish Sidharth Law college at Bombay [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] personally gave two hundred acres of land to the Society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Anupama|title=The Caste question|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25559-3|pages=354}}</ref> With these donations, Milind College, the first PES institution at Aurangabad, was established. Shyam Sunder served as Executive Council Member to the Society from 1964 to 1966.

==Land Reforms==

Shyam Sunder realised that land alone could bring a qualitative-quantitative change in the lives of his brethren. PR Venkat Swamy recalls that he organized a mammoth rally of landless peasants at Hyderabad. He demanded land reforms from Nizam's State government, asking his followers to encroach on government-held "Gairan" land and even surplus lands of landed gentry. Dalits occupying agricultural lands belonging to the Government and privately held properties were first noticed in this part of India.<ref>{{cite book|last=Klyuev|first=Boris|title=Religion in Indian society:the dimension of Unity in diversity|year=1989|publisher=Stosius|isbn=978-81-207-1037-5|pages=92}}</ref> He proposed many amendments to land reform bills in the Karnataka Assembly and his contributions are hailed. But the feudal mentality were stumbling blocks for successful land reform; thus, he went to the extent of demanding a Mool Bharathi State 'Dalitastan'.<ref>http://www.scribed.com/doc/21711264/%20Land%20distribution www.scribed.com/doc/21711264/ Land distribution</ref>

==Address to the UN Security Council==

Sunder was part of the Nizam's delegation to the [[UN Security Council]]. He was the first post-independent leader who addressed the UN security council.<ref name="RKK" /> As a sole representative of the 9 million [[Depressed classes|Depressed Classes]], he formed a part of the delegation, and took advantage of his presence among the representative of world nations. He gave the Security Council a clear picture of the embittered strife between groups and inhuman conditions of the suppressed masses of independent India. His comparison of the situation of the Depressed Classes of India to the segregation of Negros in the United States created an impression in the world diplomatic parlors. He was given a place of honor everywhere, as the true representative of sixty million "untouchables", "Unapproachable", "Unseeable" and "Unshadowable" people.

The Indian governments [[Operation Polo]] wherein the Nizam signed an accession treaty with government occurred, and Shyam Sunder cut short his European tour and returned to India. He was kept under house arrest at his sisters house in [[Pune]] and later freed. He renewed his political activities and contested the first General Election from Chanchal Guda constituency from Hyderabad, which he lost. He was later elected to Mysore Legislative Assembly from Bhalki constituency in Bidar district. In 1962 he contested for an Assembly seat from Åland constituency in [[Kalaburagi district]], and Lok Sabha seat from [[Bidar district]], but lost both elections.<ref name="RKK" /> After the demise of Dr. [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] he became the president of [[Praja Socialist Party]].

==Minorities Movement==
[[File:Minorities Movement.jpg|thumb|Minorities Movement]]

With the blessings of Sardar Master [[Tara Singh Malhotra|Tara Singh]], on 13 October 1956 Shyam Sunder formed "All India Federal Association of Minorities" at Hyderabad. Shyam Sunder also wrote the pamphlet ''Federation is a must for Indian Minorities'';<ref>{{cite journal|title=none|last=Sunder|first=Shyam B|journal=India Quarterly|volume=20|series=Indian Council of World Affairs|pages=196}}</ref> his demands for Minorities included enforcement of their Constitutional rights, preservation of culture, electoral reforms, and even nationalisation of Administration Problems of India Minorities. His main objectives were to undertake a nationwide educative campaign in favor of secularism, to ensure that minorities were not denied their constitutional rights, and a fair deal in recruitment for civil and military appointments and admissions to educational and technical institutions. Articles 29 and 30 of the constitution of India (part III) were implemented in letters as well as in spirit so far as the minorities are concerned. He warned minorities that "the alternative before the minorities is federate or face a lingering death.". National Integration and Problems of Minorities"<ref>Seminar:the monthly Symposium 1969, p 27. Bharat Prakashan Ltd new Delhi</ref> He specifically suggests safeguards such as effective representation of minorities in Parliament and Legislature, safety of their life and culture and re iterates the re-organisation of states and further he says prejudice and discrimination against minorities hurts the country more than its victims.

==Four Immediate Needs of 12 Crore Suppressed Human beings in India==

On 26 January 1968, a conference of "All India Scheduled Caste Federation" conference was held at [[Nanded District]] in Maharashtra State under the Presidency of Shyam Sunder. He thundered that the practice of [[Apartheid]] is a racial one and untouchability is religious in nature. The "ghetto apartheid" has been operation for three thousand years in India in spite of India's Constitutional provisions for Scheduled Caste has made no differences in the practice of untouchability and they are living in burning furnace and conference also decided to co-ordinate all political parties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandani|first=Mir G G|title=Reporting India|year=1975|publisher=Abhinava Publication|pages=105}}</ref>

The federation put forth Four Demands:<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeffery|first=Robin|title=India, rebellion to republic: select writing|year=1990|pages=510}}</ref> Separate settlement, separate election for them, establishment of a separate University at [[Milind college]] in Aurangabad or [[Siddharth College of Arts, Science and Commerce|Siddharth College]] at Bombay and lastly, form an education trust funded by the government of India. The conference also demanded that the [[Marathwada University]] should be named after B. R. Ambedkar

==Bhim Sena==
He created [[Bhim Sena]], a voluntary corps force, on 29 April 1968 in Gulbarga district in Karnataka on the seventy-seventh anniversary of the birth of Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} He gave Ambedkars name to Bhim Sena<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jogdand|first1=Prahlad Gangaram|title=Dalit movement in Maharashtra|date=1991|publisher=Kanak Publications|location=New Delhi|page=– 184}}</ref> is a self-defense movement based on truth and non-violence.It repulsed the caste Hindus atrocities on the untouchables.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Virdi|first1=Santokh Lal|title=Casteism: The Eighth Worst Wonder|date=2001|publisher=Dalit Sahit Academy Punjab|location=Punjab|page=104}}</ref> A militant force comprised about 2,00,000 Dalits.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Veena Poonacha|first1=Divya Pandey|title=Responses to Domestic Violence in the States of Karnataka & Gujarat|date=1999|publisher=Research Centre for Women's studies, SNDT Women's University|location=Bombay|page=– 354}}</ref> The movement was revolt against Hindu caste system.<ref name="Press Council of India">{{cite book|author=Alice Jacob|author2=Usha Loghani|title=Violation of journalistic ethics and public taste|date=1984|publisher=N.M. Tripathi|location=Bombay|id=#4822233|page=138}}</ref> Shyam Sunder wished to create Dalitastan, a country for Untouchables, and desired an alliance between the Dalits, the Muslims and the Untouchables. For this reason, Bhim Sena became popular. The Bhim Sena movement was a caste struggle rather than a class struggle, to confront Hindus militarily. The main objectives of Bhim Sena were three-fold: twenty-five percent villages to be surrendered to them, a separate electorate, and separate elections and a separate University for them.

===Organisation===

Bhim Sena should be organised on a district wise basis. The Flag of the Bhim Sena will be blue. In the centre there will be a white shining sun in which there will be likeness of the plough, the hammer and the arrow in red colour representing peasants, workers and the traves. The plough also indicates that the Scheduled Castes are the principal producers of food, the hammer indicates that they are the power behind all industrial activities, while the arrow shows that it is they who once ruled India. powers Self-defence is our main object, subsidiary activities like Prepare for census and election work, The Legal Aid Committee, Adult education.

==Father of Bahujans Movement==

Shyam Sunder held a conference concerning Scheduled Caste, Minorities, Backward Classes and other Minorities Convention at [[Lucknow district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 12 and 13 October 1968. [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], Dr. Fareedi, Bhante Bhadat, and [[Anand Kausalyayan]] attended.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/hur/001444.shtml |title=Presidential Address. Uttar Pradesh Minorities and Backward Classes Convention - SUNDER, B. SHAM |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407015551/http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/hur/001444.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his presidential address he put forth several demands. He demanded remodeling of para military forces, division of bigger states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra and Bihar into two or more states. He advocated that Minorities should be treated as corporate entities and be given autonomy to conduct their affairs. With one voice it declared the aqhliyataoun ka Nara Hindustan hamara. "From the platform of this convention, held in Lucknow noted for its refined composite Hindustani culture. I call upon the oppressed minority’s f the great land to wake up and unite; I warn them that if they do not, they would be annihilated one by one, group by group and section by section. And declare that united they constitute the majority and have the natural right to play an effective role in guiding the destination of the land of their birth and I conclude by expressing on my own behalf and on behalf of this convention our profound devotion to our mother land Ahliyataouna ka nara Hindustan Hamara.In fact, this movement at Lucknow was a precursor to the Bahujan movement started by Sri [[Kanshi Ram]].

==An Appeal to the UN==

He sought the UN’s intervention<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajsheker|first=VT|title=Dalit:The Black untouchables of India|year=1987|publisher=Clarity Press|pages=29}}</ref> to form separate country for untouchables, and appealed for a plebiscite to elucidate the desires of members of the Scheduled Caste in regards to remaining in Hinduism, and similarly in his book ''They Burn''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sunder|first=B Shyam|title=They Burn|year=1987|publisher=Dalit Sahitya Academy|location=Bangalore|pages=118}}</ref> In his book They Burn he says "The United Nations organisation and The Charter on Human Rights does provide some remedy for millions and millions of human beings. who are thus condemned to the inhuman and barbarous condition peculiar to the Untouchables of India numbering one hundred and sixty Millions. Article 13 (B) and 55 (C) of the United Nations Charter deserve study by all champions of the exploited and the downtrodden The possibility of invoking Article 36-2- of the Statue of The International Court of Justice needs to be studied by all friends of the oppressed".

The Mool Bharathi B. Shyam Sunder Memorial Society was formed after the death of Shyam Sunder. The society has published his books and assists research students in various universities.

==Books by B. Shyam Sunder==

===Mool Bharathis===

#They Burn: the 16,00,00,000 untouchables of India
#The four immediate needs of twelve crores suppresses human beings in India : resolutions passed unanimously
#Veda Mecum for Mool Bharatis
#Bhim Sena kya Chahati hai (Urdu)
#Problems of Scheduled Caste
#Harijans and General Elections
#Neo-Buddhist Claims as Scheduled Caste
#The Plight of Scheduled Caste in India Petition to Lok Sabha
#National Integration and Problems of Indian Minorities
#Danger Ahead for Minorities let us Unite and Face them
#Federation is a Must for Indian Minorities
#Problems of Indian Minorities

===On Bahujans===

#Presidential Address Uttar Pradesh Minorities and Backward Classes Convention (English, Urdu and Hindi)
#Khutebe-e-Sadarat, Parbhani Presidential Address in (Urdu)
#Deeksha (Hindi, Urdu and English)
#Bhoodevataon ka Manifesto (Hindi, Kannada and Urdu)
#Educational conference at Hyderabad (Urdu)
#Zionist Plot to Dominate the World
#Today's Muslims are Tomorrows Harijans
#Interview to Meherab Urdu Digest

===On Hinduism===

#Bhudevataon ka Manifesto (Hindi and Kannada)
#UDHR Must be Honored in India
#The Menace of the Dragon

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunder, B. Shyam}}
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit leaders]]
[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Maharashtra]]

Milind Ramesh Phadke

2026-03-15T01:04:12Z

Isaac3301: put up a data more to come...

{{Short description|Indian judicial officer}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Milind Ramesh Phadke
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| occupation = [[Judge]]
| known_for = Judgments
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
}}

'''Milind Ramesh Phadke''' is an indian judge at the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Milind Ramesh limitation act shall govern period of limitation act shall govern period of limitation for section 3G of national highways act 867826 |url= https://www.legaleraonline.com/from-the-courts/madhya-pradesh-high-court-article-137-of-limitation-act-shall-govern-period-of-limitation-for-section-3g-of-national-highways-act-867826 |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Milind Ramesh phadke biography |url= https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/justice-milind-ramesh-phadke/ |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Milind Ramesh cases update |url= https://www.livelaw.in/tags/justice-milind-ramesh-phadke |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref> He also served as Assistant [[Solicitor General of India]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Milind Ramesh phadke asst sgi high court Madhya Pradesh|url= https://legalaffairs.gov.in/empanelled-advocates/acceptance-resignation-shri-milind-ramesh-phadke-asst-sgi-high-court-madhya |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
He served as Assistant Solicitor General of India ([[ASGI]]) for the Madhya Pradesh High Court's Indore Bench before his resignation was accepted on 22 February 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Acceptance resignation shri Milind Ramesh Phadke |url= https://legalaffairs.gov.in/empanelled-advocates/acceptance-resignation-shri-milind-ramesh-phadke-asst-sgi-high-court-madhya |access-date=April 3, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://legalaffairs.gov.in/empanelled-advocates/acceptance-resignation-shri-milind-ramesh-phadke-asst-sgi-high-court-madhya Government order on resignation as ASGI]
* [https://www.legaleraonline.com/from-the-courts/madhya-pradesh-high-court-article-137-of-limitation-act-shall-govern-period-of-limitation-for-section-3g-of-national-highways-act-867826 Judgment on National Highways Act]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phadke, Milind Ramesh}}
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research

2026-03-12T05:57:02Z

Isaac3301: page updated

{{Short description|Business school in Mumbai, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research|timestamp=20260312055702|year=2026|month=March|day=12|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Notability|date=November 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = S. P. Jain Institute of Management & Research
| image = S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research logo.svg
| motto = Sanskrit: Aa no bhadraah kratavo yantu vishwatah
| mottoeng = Let noble thoughts come to us from every side
| established = {{Start date and age|1981}}
| accreditation = {{hlist|[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]|[[EQUIS]]}}
| type = [[Private school#India|Private]] [[business school]]
| dean = Dr. Varun Nagaraj
| students =
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|45|acres}}
| parent = [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
| website = [http://www.spjimr.org spjimr.org]
| affiliations = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
}}
The '''Shreyans Prasad Jain Institute of Management & Research''' ('''SPJIMR''') is a constituent of the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (BVB), is an Indian business school established in 1981. Situated in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="IEX">{{cite web |title=SPJIMR’s PGDM and PGDM (BM) get more engineers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/spjimrs-pgdm-and-pgdm-bm-get-more-engineers-9427789/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=3 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Rica|title=B-Schools pump up spiritual quotient in classrooms|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/b-schools-pump-up-spiritual-quotient-in-classrooms/articleshow/22531430.cms|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=News from the world of Education: June 19, 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/news-from-the-world-of-education-june-19-2024/article68306633.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research (SPJIMR) was inaugurated in 1981 by the then British prime minister, [[Margaret Thatcher]], as the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]'s Institute for Master of Management Studies (MMS).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speech at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Institute of Management Studies {{!}} Margaret Thatcher Foundation|url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104629|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.margaretthatcher.org}}</ref> Students from the first batch of 1983 were placed in several top companies, including BPCL, HDFC Ltd., Johnson and Johnson, Wipro, Asian Paints, Nerolac Paints Ltd., and Godrej and Boyce.

In 1986, Dr. M.L. Shrikant joined the institute as the Dean and led SPJIMR for almost three decades, introducing new and innovative methods of teaching and imparting management education.<ref name="ET"/>

In 1992, SPJIMR attained autonomous status. Following the institute's separation from the University of Mumbai, the MMS programme was rebranded as PGDM.<ref name="csr">{{cite web |last1=Yadav |first1=Aakanksha |title=Beyond Skills: SPJIMR's Transformative Approach to Leadership in Social Sector ft. Dr. Meshram |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/beyond-skills-spjimrs-transformative-approach-leadership-social-sector-dr-meshram |website=The CSR Journal |date=19 July 2025}}</ref>

In 1994 and 1995, new programmes – Development of Corporate Citizenship (DoCC) and Assessment and Development of Managerial and Administrative Potential (ADMAP) – were launched, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sampath |first1=Vikram |title=SPJIMR empowered me with an analytical mind: Historian Vikram Sampath |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/spjimr-empowered-me-with-an-analytical-mind-historian-vikram-sampath-2299634-2022-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en |date=20 November 2022}}</ref>

In 1998, SPJIMR launched ‘Gita Shibir’, led by Dr. M.L. Shrikant. The programme has been renamed ‘Science of Spirituality’.<ref>{{cite web |title=The professor who propelled SP Jain Institute of Management to top ten |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/the-professor-who-propelled-sp-jain-institute-of-management-to-top-ten/article7776874.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=18 October 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, the PGDM programme was accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA).<ref>{{cite web |title=National Board of Accreditation |url=https://www.nbaind.org/accreditationprogram/AccreditedProgram?ID=KLLIuWN+D1KLv0TtGxXolA==&lbl=ipcA2OnZDOJzpDCitZersA==&name=m4MBw5SJp+xaN39TiWaH+PbOAo8maWk4tztngxcskrv46Uvr0EvqB8Y6LcaX0mDb8dQGpUIg9M3f/a2ICugReCcZXyX8P5coNagBNfUV3Fc= |website=www.nbaind.org}}</ref>

In 2010, SPJIMR’s three programmes were accredited by The Association of MBAs (AMBA). In 2023, a total of six programmes were accredited.<ref name="CRI">{{cite web |title=Graded Program |url=https://www.crisilratings.com/content/dam/crisil/our-businesses/sme_ratings/list-of-graded-programmes-and-business-schools/SPJIMR-PGDM.pdf |website=CRISIL}}</ref>

In June 2015, Dr. M.L. Shrikant was succeeded by Dr. Ranjan Banerjee as the Dean of the institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=SPJIMR’s Initiative Has Carried Out 3,477 Social Projects In India And Its Neighbouring Countries |url=https://www.bweducation.com/article/spjimr’s-initiative-has-carried-out-3477-social-projects-in-india-and-its-neighbouring-countries-170725 |website=BW Education |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, SPJIMR received accreditation from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).<ref>{{cite web |title=S.P. Jain Institute of Management and Research {{!}} AACSB Accredited |url=https://www.aacsb.edu/accredited/s/sp-jain-institute-of-management-and-research |website=www.aacsb.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SPJIMR Earns AACSB International Accreditation|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/spjimr-earns-aacsb-international-accreditation-115758-2018-11-27|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Business Today|date=27 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The Delhi campus was also inaugurated in the same year with long-term and short-term programmes.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-09-28|title=SPJIMR Launches its First Management Programme From Delhi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/spjimr-launches-its-first-management-programme-from-delhi-118092800523_1.html#:~:text=%252F%2520%252D%252D%2520SPJIMR%2520has%2520launched%25|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref>

In 2019, a new building was inaugurated with state-of-the-art classrooms, group work rooms, a Design Thinking Lab, a new library, and an auditorium named after Dr. M.L. Shrikant.

In September 2021, Dr. Varun Nagaraj took over as the Dean of the institute,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Sreeradha|title=SPJIMR announces Dr. Varun Nagaraj, US-based practitioner-academic, as the new Dean|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/spjimr-announces-dr-varun-nagaraj-us-based-practitioner-academic-as-the-new-dean/articleshow/83431520.cms|access-date=2021-11-15}}</ref> following Dr. Ranjan Banerjee who led the institute until early 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BLoC|first=Team|title=SPJIMR Dean Ranjan Banerjee to step down|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/spjimr-dean-ranjan-banerjee-to-step-down/article33601412.ece|access-date=2021-11-15|website=BLoC|date=18 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=Institute
| BT_2023 = 5
| QS_B_2024 =
| QS_B_A_2024 =
| NIRF_B_2024 = 20
| FT_MBA_2024 = 35
}}
===International rankings===
[[Financial Times]] Masters in Management (FT MiM) 2024: #1 Indian B-school, #35 globally, #7 globally in 'Careers Service' category.<ref>{{cite web |title=FT Rankings 2024: SPJIMR ranked India’s top business school for second consecutive year, bags 35th spot globally |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/ft-rankings-2024-spjimr-ranked-india-s-top-business-school-for-second-consecutive-year-bags-35th-spot-globally-101725866688015.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The FT MiM Rankings evaluate full-time master's programmes from AACSB or EQUIS-accredited business schools worldwide, with criteria including alumni career progress, school diversity, international experience, and research output.<ref>{{cite web |title=Masters in Management 2024 - Business school rankings from the Financial Times - FT.com |url=https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2961/masters-in-management-2024 |website=rankings.ft.com}}</ref>

===National rankings===
*[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]-MDRA B-Schools Ranking 2024: #3 All India Rank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Business Schools in India 2024: Business School Rankings 2024, Business Schools Survey |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-schools |website=Businesstoday.in |language=en}}</ref> It was ranked fifth by ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''{{'s}}".<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Top Five B-Schools Yearly Ranking In 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-tv/video/indias-top-five-b-schools-yearly-ranking-in-2022-351473-2022-11-01 |website=Business Today |language=en |date=1 November 2022}}</ref>
*[[India Today Group]] MDRA Best Business Schools Survey 2024: #1 All India Private B-School, #3 All India Rank.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Today Best B-Schools Survey out: Read about the top institutes for management education |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/india-today-best-b-schools-survey-out-read-about-the-top-institutes-for-management-education |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref>
*[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]–Hansa Research Survey 2024: #2 All India Private B-school, #6 All India Rank.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WEEK-Hansa Research Survey 2024: India's best b-schools |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2024/11/09/the-week-hansa-research-survey-2024-indias-best-b-schools.html |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
*Fortune India 2024: #1 All India Private B-school, #5 All India Rank.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |title=Indian B-Schools’ Race to Be Global Best |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/indian-b-schools-race-to-be-global-best/119006#google_vignette |website=Fortune India |language=en |date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

The institute has also A* national rating and A* State ratings by [[CRISIL]].<ref name="CRI"/>

==Accreditation==
In December 2024, SPJIMR was awarded [[EFMD Quality Improvement System|EQUIS accreditation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Admissions now open: SPJIMR's Global Management Programme for future global leaders |url=https://thewire.in/ptiprnews/admissions-now-open-spjimrs-global-management-programme-for-future-global-leaders |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> SPJIMR received an extension of its [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB accreditation]] in February 2024.{{cn|date=November 2025}} In March 2025, SPJIMR was re-accredited by [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]] for five years. The AMBA accreditation applies to the following programmes: PGDM, PGDM (BM), PGPM, PGEMP, PGPGM, PGPFMB, PGPDM, and PGDM Online.<ref>{{cite web |title=SPJIMR and Coursera announce Future Leader Scholar Programme for business leaders |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/spjimr-and-coursera-announce-future-leader-scholar-programme-for-business-leaders |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SP Jain Institute of Management & Research |url=https://www.amba-bga.com/schools/sp-jain-institute-of-management-research |website=amba-bga.com |language=en}}</ref>

The triple accreditation by EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA are recognised globally as [[Triple accreditation|Triple Crown accreditation]].

Nationally, SPJIMR's [[Post Graduate Diploma in Management]] (PGDM) programme is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation|National Board of Accreditation (NBA)]] for a six-year period starting from July 1, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Accredited Programs |url=https://www.nbaind.org/accreditationprogram/AccreditedProgram |website=NBA}}</ref>

In January 2025, the [[Association of Indian Universities|Association of Indian Universities (AIU)]] granted [[Ph.D.]] equivalence to SPJIMR’s Fellow Programme in Management (FPM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Association of Indian Universities |url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/documents/evaluation/List%20of%20PGDM%20Institute.pdf |website=Aiu.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research}}

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[[Category:Jain universities and colleges]]
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Panama Pasama

2026-03-04T05:10:41Z

Isaac3301: updated formatting to improve readability and improved wording

{{short description|1968 film by K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Panama Pasama
| image = Panama Pasama.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
| screenplay = K. S. Gopalakrishnan
| story = G. Balasubramaniam
| producer = Balu
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = R. Sampath
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Ravi Productions
| released = {{film date|1968|2|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Panama Pasama''''' ({{translation|Money or Affection?}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]],<ref name="IE 1991">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 July 1991 |title=''Panama Pasama'': Dialogue-based KSG film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AIVlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1643%2C3179361 |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> directed and written by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]]. It was released on 23 February 1968, and had a theatrical run of over 140 days. The film was remade the following year in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Paisa Ya Pyaar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 1970 |title=The Ice is Nice |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19700509&printsec=frontpage |access-date=9 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
;Lead actors
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Shankar
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Shanthi
*[[Nagesh]] as Deva

;Male supporting actors
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Nagalingam
*[[Sivakumar]] as Shankar's brother in law
*[[C. R. Parthiban]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as Kannamma's stepfather
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Shankar's father
*K. Kannan as Jambu
*[[Samikannu|Samikkannu]] as Mesthri

;Female supporting actors
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Meenakshi
*[[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Kannamma aka Baby
*[[M. S. Sundari Bai|Sundari Bai]]
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Shankar's sister
*[[G. Sakunthala]]
*Radhabhai

== Production ==
[[Srividya]] was initially chosen for the role which was portrayed by Vijaya Nirmala.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 October 1980 |title=ஏற்றங்கள்; எதிர்பார்ப்புகள்; ஏமாற்றங்கள்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-10-05/page/n5/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230404110020/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-10-05/page/n5/mode/2up |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=6 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Sivakumar was cast in a major role, although the majority of his scenes did not make the final cut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Arun |date=24 January 2023 |title=இது சிவக்குமார் ஹீரோவா நடிச்ச படம்… ஆனால் எங்க தேடுனாலும் அவர் இருக்கமாட்டாரு… ஏன் தெரியுமா?? |url=https://cinereporters.com/sivakumar-acted-as-a-hero-in-panama-pasama-movie-but-director-deleted-his-scenes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320125302/https://cinereporters.com/sivakumar-acted-as-a-hero-in-panama-pasama-movie-but-director-deleted-his-scenes/ |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panama Paasama (1968) |url=https://mio.to/album/Panama+Pasama+%281968%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181127044533/https://mio.to/album/Panama+Pasama+(1968) |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Yelantha Pazham" became controversial due to its perceived erotic or vulgar lyrics,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellappa |date=20 December 2021 |title=O Solriya Mama is just a men's song. What's the fuss? |url=https://inmathi.com/2021/12/20/o-solriya-mama-is-just-a-mens-song-whats-the-fuss/34599/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927090112/https://inmathi.com/2021/12/20/o-solriya-mama-is-just-a-mens-song-whats-the-fuss/34599/ |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Inmathi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=25 November 2017 |title=Chili nose, Nokia eyes and other bizarre ways in which Tamil film song lyrics objectify women |url=https://scroll.in/reel/856879/chili-nose-nokia-eyes-and-other-bizarre-ways-in-which-tamil-film-song-lyrics-objectify-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222063526/https://scroll.in/reel/856879/chili-nose-nokia-eyes-and-other-bizarre-ways-in-which-tamil-film-song-lyrics-objectify-women |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> but became popular among the masses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=21 February 2014 |title=Rocking at 74 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rocking-at-74/article5710810.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110448/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/rocking-at-74/article5710810.ece |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamunan |first=Sruthisagar |date=14 December 2015 |title='Beep' song caught in controversy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/beep-song-raises-a-storm-of-protests/article7985908.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722103943/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/beep-song-raises-a-storm-of-protests/article7985908.ece |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Chinnanchiru Veedu" || [[P. Susheela]] || 3:32
|-
| "Maariyadhu Nenjam" || P. Susheela || 4:15
|-
| "Mella Mella" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], P. Susheela || 4:18
|-
| "Vazhaithandu Pola" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[A. L. Raghavan]] || 3:01
|-
| "Yelantha Pazham" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 3:20
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Panama Pasama'' was released on 23 February 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 1968 |title=Panama Pasama |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19680223&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 November 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' negatively reviewed the film, criticising Gopalakrishnan's dialogues and direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 March 1968 |title=பணமா பாசமா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/mar/17-03-1968/p25.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725114712/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1968/mar/17-03-1968/p25.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' said that though the concept was old, the way it was handled was innovative. The critic concluded that the film had few flaws, and was another testament to Gopalakrishnan's talent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 1968 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: பணமா பாசமா |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41209--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610123107/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41209--2 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film became Gopalakrishnan's biggest success to that point;<ref name="IE 1991" /> it ran for 140 days at Madurai's Thangam Theatre, then the largest theatre in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2011 |title=Curtains come down on Thangam theatre, once Asia's largest |url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420082058/https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/curtains-come-down-on-thangam-theatre-once-asias-largest-54970.html |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title='பணமா பாசமா' திரைப்படத்தில் இடம்பெற்ற உணர்வுப்பூர்வமான காட்சி குறித்துப் பகிரும் கலைஞானம்! |url=https://nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/kalaignanam-about-panama-pasama-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065148/https://nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/kalaignanam-about-panama-pasama-movie |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0216063}}

{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}

[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1968 drama films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Golemale Pirit Koro Na

2026-03-04T00:26:03Z

Isaac3301: general improve structure after review also

{{Short description|2013 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Golemale Pirit Koro Na
| image = Golemale Pirit Koro Na.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Anindya Banerjee
| producer = Rajib Mehra
| writer =
| screenplay = Anuja Chatterjee
| story = Anuja Chatterjee
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Payel Sarkar]] [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] [[Kanchan Mullick]]
| music = [[Akassh]]
| cinematography = R. Bhagat
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|02|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Golemale Pirit Koro Na''''' (sometimes '''''Goley Maley Pirit Korona''''', '''''Goley Maley Pirit Koro Na''''' or '''''Golemale Pirit Korona''''') is a 2013 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]. The film was directed by Anindya Banerjee and produced under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. The film's music was [[Composer|composed]] by Akash. The film was released on 8 February 2013. The [[comedy film]] is based on the story of two men who fell in love with each other's sisters.

==Plot==
Two men, Gouranga and Gobindo, meet in a nightclub and strike up a friendship and their cell phones get exchanged. When Gobinda comes to return the phone to Gouranga, he discovers that Gouranga has a cousin called Banya who is obsessed with [[Salman Khan]] and with the name called Prem and desires a boyfriend called Prem. So, he becomes Prem to impress her. Gouranga also lands up at Gobinda's house and discovers that he has got a sister called Rai who desires a boyfriend called Prem and so he too becomes Prem too impress her. Just when the confusion had started, there was a complete chaos. Banya lands up at Gobindo's place and discovers he is not Prem. Her dominating mother lands up there with her helping hand, Kandarpo, who is the would-be-suitor for Banya. Just when he reveals facts like Gobindo being an adopted son, it turns out to be much more than that and finally it is seen that Gobindo and Gouranga are brothers and so Banya is their cousin and therefore Gobindo can't be with Banya anymore. Even after that something else was revealed - Banya's mother and Gobindo and Gouranga's mother were never sisters, but best of friends!<ref>{{cite web|title=Golemale Pirit Koro Na story|url=http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-synopsis-plot-story/45286|accessdate=21 March 2013|archive-date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418055814/http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-synopsis-plot-story/45286|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Gobindo
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] as Gouranga
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Banya
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Kandarpo
* [[Sudipa Basu]] as Banya's mother
* [[Manasi Sinha]] as Smritiparna, mother of Gobindo and Gouranga
* Subhrajit Dutta as the cop
* [[Sumita Das]] as Rai
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Jagannath
* [[Bratya Basu]] as Nebu Kaka, Gobindo's uncle
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] (Special appearance)<ref>{{cite web|title=Golemale Pirit Koro Na cat and crew|url=http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-cast-crew/45286|accessdate=21 March 2013|archive-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309021859/http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-cast-crew/45286|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Golemale Pirit Koro Na
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Akash
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack of ''Golemale Pirit Koro Na'' is composed by Akash. The film has 5 original [[song]]s which are sung by singles as well as in duets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golemale Pirit Koro Na songs|url=http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-songs/45286|accessdate=21 March 2013|archive-date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522014825/http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie-songs/45286|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer(s)
|total_length = 19:02
|title1 = Golemale Pirit Koro Na
|extra1 = Akash
|lyrics1 =
|length1 = 4:00
|title2 = Ding Dong
|extra2 = Mallar Karmakar, [[June Banerjee]]
|lyrics2 =
|length2 = 3:48
|title3 = Elo Re Elo Prem
|extra3 = [[Javed Ali]], Nilakshi Bhattacharya
|lyrics3 =
|length3 = 3:53
|title4 = Shudhu Bolte Chai
|extra4 = Mallar Karmakar, Akash
|lyrics4 =
|length4 = 3:59
|title5 = Baby I Miss You
|extra5 = [[Javed Ali]], Nilakshi Bhattacharya
|lyrics5 =
|length5 = 3:32
}}

==Critical reception==
{{Film and game ratings
| rev1 = {{cite web|title=Timescity.com|url=http://timescity.com/chandigarh-movie/goley-maley-pirit-koro-na/2521}}
| rev1score = {{Rating|2|5}}
| rev2 = {{cite web|title=Gomolo.com|url=http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie/45286|access-date=21 March 2013|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308041410/http://www.gomolo.com/golemale-pirit-koro-na-movie/45286|url-status=dead}}
| rev2score = {{Rating|2|5}}
| rev3 = {{cite news|title=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/goley-maley-pirit-koro-na/movie-review/18428217.cms}}
| rev3score = {{Rating|2|5}}
}}

''Golemale Pirit Koro Na'' received mixed reviews from critics. However, the soundtrack of the film gained positive compliments. As a whole, the film was an average.

The critics of ''The Times of India'' said - {{quote|Mistaken identities, ideal love and a whole lot of confusion. Goley Maley Pirit Koro Na, Anindya Banerjee's comedy that took two years to see the light of the day, can be summed up in these three phrases. The film showed promising signs - it's myriad plots and sub-plots are held together by a wittily written narrative - sadly, that's not enough to create a blockbuster. There are stock characters - the forgetful governess, the bumbling cook, the country bumpkin uncle and love-struck women - but it's the protagonists who let us down. [[Jisshu Sengupta]] is the harassed son. A lot is expected of him - managing the family's fortune in the village of Chyangrapur (yes, that's what the village is called), looking for the ideal husband for his sister and even managing labour union problems. Unable to cope with these vicissitudes, Jisshu flees to the city every weekend to meet his fictitious friend, Prem. As if one set of problems wasn't enough back home, Jisshu goes around looking for more in the city. He becomes 'Prem' and befriends city lad [[Ritwik Chakraborty]]. [[Payel Sarkar|Payel]], the lead actress, is Ritwik's lovestruck sister, mad about Prem - the [[Salman Khan]] kind. But when she meets the Prem of the city, it's 'prem' (love) at first sight. Confused already? Here's more. As if to balance two sides of the equation, the director makes Ritwik's character let himself loose in Chyangrapur. There, quite predictable, he stumbles upon Jisshu's lovestruck sister who mistakes him for Prem, her Prem.

The first half of the film manages to set the premise for the second half by successfully transferring the characters where they ought to be in order for the plot to move ahead. The second half begins on a positive note. Comic relief in the form of [[Bratya Basu|Bratya Basu's]] Nebu Kaka - the country bumpkin uncle and Ritwik's interactions with Jisshu's family members keeps one engaged. The romantic numbers - '''Elo Re Elo Prem Elo Jibone''' and the very retro '''Ding Dong''' are melodious and hummable. The director is bang on target when it comes to shooting locations, flitting back and forth between [[Kolkata]] and [[North Bengal]]. The song, '''Elo Re Elo Prem Elo Jibone''', shot in a picturesque [[Pattaya]], the narrative and a particular dream sequence are the only high points of this blockbuster that never was.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2013|title=Goley Maley Pirit Koro Na Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/movie-reviews/goley-maley-pirit-koro-na/movie-review/18428217.cms | work=The Times Of India}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* ''[[Namte Namte]]'', a 2013 Bengali-language films

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golemale Pirit Koro Na}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]

Jodi (1999 film)

2026-03-03T04:43:57Z

Isaac3301: adjust section also

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jodi (1999 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Praveen Gandhi|Praveenkanth]]
| writer = Praveenkanth
| producer = [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Prashanth]]|[[Simran (actress)|Simran]]}}
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = Soni Orient
| released = {{Film date|1999|09|09|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Jodi''''' ({{translation|Couple}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Praveen Gandhi|Praveenkanth]] and produced by [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Srividya]] in supporting roles. The soundtrack is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], featuring music reused from his own earlier soundtrack for the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]],'' except for the song ''Oru Poiyavathu''. Due to Rahman's unavailability, Praveen signed [[Sabesh–Murali]] to quickly compose the background score.

''Jodi'' released on 9 September 1999 and became commercially successful. It was remade in [[Kannada]] in 2006 as ''[[Sajni (film)|Sajni]]''.

== Plot ==
Kannan is a young music shop employee. He dreams of a girl who wears gold anklets and decides to find her. One day, he sees the feet of a running girl, and realises that she is the girl he has been dreaming of and follows her. Soon after, he goes to a music college to repair music instruments. Gayathri, a student of that college, is the girl which Kannan found as his dream girl. She and her friends approach and request him to not repair the music instruments, as they are very old and unfit to use for the music contest. Kannan uses the opportunity to become close to her but Gayathri is angered by his behaviour. He accompanies Gayathri to Bangalore for the music contest, where Gayathri sees him getting money from a rival music band. On the day of the contest, Gayathri and her team are shocked to learn that the song which they have composed was stolen by the other troupe. She assumes that Kannan has stolen and sold their work for money despite Kannan's protest that he is innocent. He lends her one of the love poems he had written for her, and she sings it in the contest and wins the prize. Gayathri understands that Kannan has no role in the stealing of the song and he got money from the troop for fixing their repaired music instruments. She realises her mistake and rushes to apologize and accept his love, and soon, they start dating. Kannan gets news that his father was injured and rushes home.

Kannan's father Rudramurthy works at a registrar office where he witnesses many marriages take place without the consent of couple's parents. He is against such marriages and prevents one such marriage by advising the girl who had come to marry her lover and sending her home, which led to an attack by the groom and his friends. Kannan understood that he is going to have a tough time with his love and his father who hates love marriages. Gayathri, on other hand, has a family with a father who is very depressed by an incident which took place in his life. Gayathri's friend and her lover commit suicide due to pressure put up by the parents against their love. This upsets Gayathri and she is scared on how to marry Kannan. Both of them plan to visit the family of the other, impress them, and get permission for their marriage.

Gayathri sets out to Kannan's home as the lost daughter of troublesome neighbour of Kannan and Kannan sets to Gayathri's home only to earn a name of vagabond from her family. They try their level best to get into the home of other's families and succeed to some extent. Gayathri manages to win the heart of Rudramurthy when she stops his daughter, who was about to run away from her home with her lover. This makes Rudramurthy accept her as his daughter-in-law. On the other hand, Kannan visits his home with much depression reason being failing to accomplish his mission. Kannan finds the reason for Gayathri's father Vengudu's condition as one incident. Vengudu is a music critic and his criticism plays a vital role in one's music career. Vengudu once made a bad criticism about a male vocalist in front of the audience and also in the next day newspaper which led the vocalist to commit suicide. The wife of the vocalist shouts at him and curses him for bring her a fate. From then he stopped his critic job and has been living with remorse. Kannan attempts to solve his problem by visiting the vocalist's house and explains the current condition of Vengudu. He requests them forgive him and visit his home to which the lady accepts. On the day of the visit the lady proposes marriage alliance of her son Sivabalan, who met Gayathri on the music contest at Bangalore with Vengudu's daughter Gayathri, to which Vengudu accepts. On hearing about her marriage, Gayathri screams that she will not let this happen and goes to convince her father. On seeing her father, he falls at her feet and she is tongue tied as she finds her father has changed a lot and her marriage would bring him complete relief from his guilt.

However, on the day of the marriage, Sivabalan sings the love song written by Kannan for Gayathri, which she sang in the music contest. On hearing this song, Gayathri runs to Kannan and hugs him. Sivabalan explains to Vengudu that Kannan and Gayathri love each other very much, and tells him not to separate them. Vengudu accepts them as he does not want to commit another mistake and spend his life in guilt. Kannan and Gayathri are united together in the end.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Prashanth]] as Kannan
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Gayathri
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Vengudu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Rudramurthy
* [[Janagaraj]] as Nachimuthu
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Gayathri's brother-in-law
* [[Srividya]] as Sadagoppan's wife
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Sneha Varadharajan
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Gayathri's mother
* [[Dhamu]] as Kannan's friend
* Dinanthorum Nagaraj as Kannan's friend
* [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] as Kannan's friend
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Kannan's grandmother
* [[Shanthi Williams]] as Kannan's mother
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Uma
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Prospective bride's mother
* Priyanka as Autorickshaw call girl
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as House owner
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Music store owner
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Siva
* Sukran as Autorickshaw driver
* Manager Cheena as Marriage broker
* Laxmi Rattan as Prospective bride's father
;Guest appearances
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Sivabalan
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Prospective bride
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Sadagoppan
* [[Praveen Gandhi|Praveenkanth]] as Eloping youngster<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2000 |title=Director Pravinkanth turns actor |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112103/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/07spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Vairamuthu]] as himself
* [[Gangai Amaren]] as himself
;Uncredited role
* [[Trisha (actress) |Trisha]] as Gayathri's friend<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2020 |title=Trisha reminisces the day that changed her life in 1999 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-reminisces-the-day-that-changed-her-life-in-1999/articleshow/78400717.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/trisha-reminisces-the-day-that-changed-her-life-in-1999/articleshow/78400717.cms |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
[[Sunanda Murali Manohar]] was keen to film Tamil versions of [[A. R. Rahman]]'s songs from the Hindi film ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (1998) as a music album, and discussed making the project with director [[Praveen Gandhi|Praveenkanth]], cinematographer [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] and choreographer [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VNPda9o-wA |title=A.R ரஹ்மான் எழுதிய பாடல் – Praveen Gandhi {{!}} Unknown Secret About Jodi {{!}} Making Of Jodi {{!}}உழைப்பாளி {{!}} |date=19 August 2020 |language=Ta |publisher=Aadhan Cinema |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802003026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VNPda9o-wA |archive-date=2 August 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Praveenkanth, reverted to his original name, after being known as Praveen Gandhi in his debut film ''[[Ratchagan]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2000 |title=While on A R Rahman... |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518112805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/may/31spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

Praveen first approached [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] to play the lead role, but his refusal meant that [[Prashanth]], who had appeared in Manohar's earlier productions ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) and ''[[Kaadhal Kavidhai]]'' (1998), was selected.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2005 |title=Prashanth is a taxi driver now |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/12683.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205204123/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/12683.html |archive-date=5 February 2005 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> [[Aishwarya Rai]] was offered the female lead role after the success of her previous Tamil film, ''Jeans'', but her busy schedule in Hindi films and her decision to prioritise her work in ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' (2000), resulted in Simran eventually being cast in the role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Jodi is back |url=http://www.tamiltalkies.com/events.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990501074035/http://www.tamiltalkies.com/events.htm |archive-date=1 May 1999 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=tamiltalkies.com}}</ref> Aishwarya had then agreed to appear in a guest appearance in the film, but her unavailability led to [[Isha Koppikar]] eventually doing the part. [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], winner of the Miss Chennai 1999 beauty pageant, made an appearance in a role as a friend of Simran's character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 24, 2006 |title=Lead ladies – test and result |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-06-03/24-12-06-trisha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723021257/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/dec-06-03/24-12-06-trisha.html |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

The film shared a similar storyline to the [[Suriya]] and [[Jyothika]] starrer ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'', released earlier in the same year, which incidentally had Vijayakumar and Nassar playing similar roles of leader of feuding families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 1999 |title=Love makes the filmi world go round |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518113054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The song "Velli Malare" shot at [[Lalitha Mahal]], [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=முத்து, KGF, லிங்கா, மதராசப்பட்டிணம் போன்ற பல திரைப்படங்கள் எடுக்கப்பட்ட அரண்மனை இது தானாம்! |url=https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/lalitha-palace-in-mysore-where-was-muthu-and-kgf-movies-were-shot-how-to-visit-lalitha-palace-004903.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217053816/https://tamil.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/lalitha-palace-in-mysore-where-was-muthu-and-kgf-movies-were-shot-how-to-visit-lalitha-palace-004903.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Native Planet |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The director approached [[A. R. Rahman]] to compose music for the film, but Rahman's tight schedules made him decline the offer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Gopal |title=The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman |url=http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615145414/http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=28 February 2016 |website=gopalhome.tripod.com}}</ref> The director went ahead with using five of Rahman's earlier tunes from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=889–890}}</ref> with two new songs "Oru Poiyavadhu" and "Mel Nattu Isai" added. Due to Rahman's unavailability, the director brought the duo Sabesh–Murali to complete the background score soon. Lyrics were penned by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jodi / Uyire |url=https://avdigital.in/products/jodi-uyire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122732/https://avdigital.in/products/jodi-uyire |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> Rahman penned the opening lyrics to "Oru Poiyavadhu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title="ரஹ்மான் கொடுத்த ஐடியாவால் நைட்டு 3 மணிக்கு வைரமுத்து வீட்டுக்கு போன் போட்டேன்" – பிரவீன் காந்தி பகிர்ந்த சுவாரசிய தகவல் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/director-praveen-gandhis-pokkisham-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616122925/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/director-praveen-gandhis-pokkisham-interview |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:100%;"
! S.No !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration !! Notes
|-
| 1 || "Kai Thatti Thatti" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Timmy || 4:08 || reused "Taram Pum Taram Pum" from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|-
| 2 || "Kadhal Kaditham" || [[S. Janaki]], [[Unni Menon]] || 4:59 || reused "Kissa Hum Likhenge" from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|-
| 3 || "Vanna Poongavai" || [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Srinivas || 6:05 || reused "Jhoola Bahon Ka Aaj Bhi" from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|-
| 4 || "Anjathe Jeeva" || [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:29 || reused "Chal Kheva Re Kheva" from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|-
| 5 || "Velli Malarae" || Instrumental || 6:32 || rowspan="2"|reused "Bole Sajni Mori Sajni" from ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|-
| 6 || "Velli Malarae" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Mahalakshmi Iyer || 6:32
|-
| 7 || "Oru Poiyavadhu" || Srinivas, [[Sujatha Mohan]] || 6:00 ||
|-
| 8 || "Oru Poiyavadhu" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || 7:06 ||
|-
| 9 || "Mel Nattu Isai" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 1:09 ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Jodi'' was released on 9 September 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jodi / ஜோடி (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/jodi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240314143120/https://screen4screen.com/movies/jodi |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the script crawls like a snail till the break and picks up after the break at jet speed. He added that although it is a new film, it gives one a feeling as if they have seen everything somewhere.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே.பி.எஸ் |date=26 September 1999 |title=ஜோடி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-26/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230614124721/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-09-26/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=14 June 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=16 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Director Pravin Gandhi works diligently with his screenplay based on his story to present an enjoyable entertainer in Soni Orient's presentation, ''Jodi''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=17 September 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Minsara Kanna \ Pooparikka Varukirom \ Jodi |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413133154/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "See [''Jodi''] for the songs, Prasanth, Simran and of course the humour. This is an above average movie for the whole family".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=27 September 1999 |title=All the elements of a hit movie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RKdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316%2C4465472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315142147/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RKdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5316,4465472 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu dubbed version, Gopalrao Griddaluru of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that the second half of the film is suspenseful with good twists and hits the hearts of the audience.<ref name="Z" />

== Other versions ==
''Jodi'' was dubbed in Telugu under the same name later that year.<ref name="Z">{{Cite news |last=Griddaluru |first=Gopalrao |date=26 November 1999 |title=మరో ప్రేమకథ మోడి - జోడి |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Nov/26-nov-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913115422/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Nov/26-nov-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9, 11 |language=te}}</ref> The film was remade into [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sajni (film)|Sajni]]'' (2007) by the same producer featuring her niece [[Sharmiela Mandre]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waseem |first=Mohammed |date=30 December 2017 |title=Producer Sunanda Manohar loses battle to cancer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/producer-sunanda-manohar-loses-battle-to-cancer/articleshow/62306840.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503192751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/producer-sunanda-manohar-loses-battle-to-cancer/articleshow/62306840.cms |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A Hindi version of ''Jodi'' was planned by the director with different songs and small changes in the storyline, but the project never took off.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 1999 |title=Malashri makes her comeback |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/C6382B502514142865256940004BD6FB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212153/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/C6382B502514142865256940004BD6FB |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=4 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film's success prompted director Praveen Kanth to collaborate with Prashanth and Simran again in a project called ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]'', but Simran soon dropped out and the film failed to replicate the success of ''Jodi''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Star: A multi-starrer flop |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322145911/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/08B79646119C3FC2E5256B59001A2CCD |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=4 August 2012 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Furthermore, Simran and Prashanth were later paired together in [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000), after being dubbed as a "hit pair".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 August 2000 |title=Deconstructing cliches |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/26paar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518113802/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/26paar.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=4 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pravin Gandhi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sabesh–Murali]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Toronto]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Agomani Higher Secondary School

2026-02-22T10:56:11Z

Isaac3301: creating a data

{{COI|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Agomani Higher Secondary School
| image = Agomani.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Agomani Higher Secondary School
| logo =
| motto =
| established = 1948
| closed =
| type = [[Public]] [[Institution]]
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label =
| gender =
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label = Samarendra Baruah
| chairman =
| rector =
| principal = Er Nazrul Islam
| asst principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_label = Second Master
| head =
| head_name2 = Assistant Headmaster
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff = 45
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| address =
| city = [[Agomani]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.199946|89.783396|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| district = [[Dhubri]]
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus = Rural, central Agomani
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label = [[Emblem]]
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
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| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| picture2 =
| picture_caption2 =
}}

'''Agomani Higher Secondary School''' is a government-aided secondary school in [[Agomani]], [[Dhubri District]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/rpt_DetailsofSchools_AganwadisBlockWiseList.aspx?BlockId=0000001158&DistrictName=DHUBRI&StateName=ASSAM&Category=1&Type=Othr |title=Detail of schools |work=Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation |accessdate=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133709/http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/rpt_DetailsofSchools_AganwadisBlockWiseList.aspx?BlockId=0000001158&DistrictName=DHUBRI&StateName=ASSAM&Category=1&Type=Othr |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> It was founded in 1948 and upgraded to "higher secondary school" in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/ischool.html|title=Agomani Higher Secondary School|work=Important Schools under Agomani Dev. Block|accessdate=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233450/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/ischool.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]

Zakir Husain Rose Garden

2026-02-21T11:17:17Z

Isaac3301: new

{{short description|Botanical garden in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Zakir Husain Rose Garden
|photo = File:Rose Garden ,Chandigarh,India.jpg|
|photo size =
|alt =
|photo_caption = Zakir Husain Rose Garden
|type = [[Park]] and tourist spot
|location = Sector 16, [[Chandigarh]]
|coords = {{coord|30|44|46|N|76|46|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|area = 30 Acres
|plants =
|species = 1600 species of roses
|collections = 50 thousand plants of roses
|opened = {{Start date|1967}}
|owner = [[Chandigarh Administration]]
|operator = [[Chandigarh Administration]]
|budget =
|visitors =
|founder = [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]] the then UT Administrator
|status =
|website = {{URL|http://chandigarh.gov.in/}}
}}

[[File:Rose Garden Chandigarh India (2).jpg|thumb|225px|The Rose Garden]]

'''Zakir Husain Rose Garden''', is a [[botanical garden]] located in [[Chandigarh, India]] and spread over {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chandigarhcity.com/tourism/gardens.htm |publisher=Chandigarh City |title=City of Gardens |access-date=2014-09-25 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421132447/http://www.chandigarhcity.com/tourism/gardens.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> with 50,000 [[rose]]-bushes of 1600 different species.<ref name=wfrs /> Some important Rose species in this Garden are the [[Royal William rose|Royal William Rose]], [[Europa-Rosarium]], [[Rosa gallica|Rosa Gallica]], [[Beach rose|Beach Rose]], [[Rosa chinensis]], [[Centifolia rose|Centifolia roses]], [[Rosa glauca]]. Named after [[India]]'s former president, [[Zakir Husain]] and created in 1967 under the guidance of [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]], [[Chandigarh]]'s first chief commissioner, the garden has the distinction of being [[Asia]]'s largest.<ref name=wfrs>{{cite web |url=http://worldrose.org/rosedirectory/WFRS2014Directory.pdf |publisher=[[World Federation of Rose Societies]] |title=2014 Directory |page=194 |access-date=2014-09-25 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181207/http://worldrose.org/rosedirectory/WFRS2014Directory.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The garden has not only roses but also trees of medicinal value. Some of the [[medicinal plants]] that can be spotted here are [[Aegle marmelos|bel]], bahera, harar, [[camphor]] and yellow [[gulmohar]]. The rose plants have been planted in carved-out lawns and flower beds. The garden is open year-round, with peak bloom occurring from December to February, attracting thousands of visitors during the annual Rose Festival.

Rose Garden has undergone several renovations and expansions. In 2003, a new section was added to the garden, which included a bonsai garden and a cactus house. In 2013, a [[Rose Festival (Chandigarh)|rose festival]] was held at the garden to celebrate the [[100th anniversary]] of the Indian Horticulture Society .The rose garden is also called "The Floral Wonderland "

Apart from serving as a host of other events, the Zakir Husain Rose Garden <ref>{{cite web|title=Zakir Hussain Rose Garden|url=https://chandigarhexplore.com/zakir-hussain-rose-garden/}}</ref> serves as the venue for hosting an annual rose festival called ''[[Rose Festival (Chandigarh)|Rose Festival]]'', a major cultural event in [[Chandigarh]] during February or March. Celebrated mainly as a tribute to the magnificence of the rose itself, the attractions include food, drinks, joyrides, and contests of varying nature, such as [[photography]], [[gardening]], [[landscaping]], [[bonsai]], and Rose Prince and Princess. The contests are open to the residents or institutions from nearby places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chandigarhtourism.gov.in/Chandigarh%20Tourism%20-%20places%20to%20see-rose_garden.htm |title= Rose Garden |publisher=Chandigarh Tourism |access-date=2014-09-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chandigarhtourism.gov.in/achievements13.pdf |page=2 |title=Rose Festival |publisher=Chandigarh Tourism |access-date=2014-09-25 }}</ref>

==Gallery ==

March 2016

<gallery>
File:Rose Garden,Chandigarh.jpg|Roses in the garden.
File:Rose Garden ,Chandigarh UT.jpg|Roses in the garden.
File:Zakir Husain Rose Garden ,Chandigarh.jpg|Roses in the garden.
File:Rose Garden ,Chandigarh.jpg|Roses in the garden.
File:Chandigarh, India stone paying tribute to the founders of the rose garden incl Dr Randhawa.jpg|Tribute to the founder including Dr Randhawa
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden modern art monument 5.jpg|India rose garden modern art monument
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden modern art monument 4.jpg|India rose garden modern art monument
File:Chandigarh Rose Fest.jpg|The winning flower from Rose Fest 2006
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden modern art monument 3.jpg|Modern art monument
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden auditorium 3.jpg|A plaque for Dr Randhawa
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden bust of Dr Randhawa 5.jpg|Bust of Dr Randhawa
File:Chandigarh, India Rose Garden. Books probably belonging to Dr Randhawa in the book cafe.jpg|Books, probably belonging to Dr Randhawa, at the book cafe
File:Chandigarh, India banners at the rose garden 2.jpg|Banners at the rose garden
File:Chandigarh, India -- banners at the rose garden.jpg|More banners on display
File:Chandigarh, India rose garden 6.jpg|Auditorium at the rose garden
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.chandigarhcity.com/tourism/gardens.htm www.chandigarhcity.com ''Gardens of Chandigarh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421132447/http://www.chandigarhcity.com/tourism/gardens.htm |date=21 April 2017 }}
*[https://chandigarhexplore.com/zakir-hussain-rose-garden/ https://chandigarhexplore.com/ ''Rose Garden Chandigarh'']
*[https://www.findinchd.in/blog/rose-garden-chandigarh https://www.findinchd.in/ Rose Garden Chandigarh Full Tour Guide With Images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126085748/https://www.findinchd.in/blog/rose-garden-chandigarh |date=26 November 2020 }}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Rose gardens]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Geography of Chandigarh]]

Nasr Javed

2026-02-21T00:01:27Z

Isaac3301: enhance page for accuracy and updated info

{{short description|Pakistani Islamist (born 1950s)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox criminal
| years_active = 2004–2025
| organization = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
| wanted_by = India 
United States
| wanted_since = 2009
}}

'''Nasr Javed''' is a Pakistani [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militant.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2015 |title=Kashmir Solidarity Day observed across province |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/833532/kashmir-solidarity-day-observed-across-province |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123195556/https://tribune.com.pk/story/833532/kashmir-solidarity-day-observed-across-province |archive-date=23 January 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=S. Paul |author-link=S. Paul Kapur |last2=Ganguly |first2=Sumit |author-link2=Sumit Ganguly |date=July 2012 |title=The Jihad Paradox: Pakistan and Islamist Militancy in South Asia |journal=International Security |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=135–136 |doi=10.1162/ISEC_a_00090 |hdl=2022/15263 |jstor=23280406 |s2cid=51339857 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> He has been sanctioned under the [[Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]] of the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control|United States Office of Foreign Assets Control]] and is on the [[list of individuals banned from entering the United Kingdom|list of "individuals banned from the UK for stirring-up hatred"]] for "engaging in unacceptable behaviour by seeking to foment, justify or glorify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs."<ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2009 |title=Home Office name hate promoters excluded from the UK |url=http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/hate-promoters-banned-UK-named |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507181855/http://press.homeoffice.gov.uk/press-releases/hate-promoters-banned-UK-named |archive-date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2009-05-06 |work=Press Release |publisher=UK Home Office}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Javed's birth year is variously listed as 1956, 1958 and 1965.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> According to an Indian dossier, Javed is the nephew of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) founder and leader [[Hafiz Saeed]], and also close to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] leader [[Masood Azhar]]. Javed is reportedly the [[Emir|''emir'']] (chief) of all LeT training camps and enables weapons training. As of 2010, he was the commander of the LeT camp in [[Mansehra District]], the Jamia Abu Hureira. Javed was also the commander of the LeT Daura-e-Aam course at the Umar bin Khattab camp,{{Sfn|Gupta|2010}} located in [[Kunduz]] and shared with the [[Taliban]].{{Sfn|Roggio|Weiss|2016}} As of 2010, he was reportedly running a camp, under the cover of a school, located near the [[Karakoram Highway]] connecting Pakistan and China.{{Sfn|Gupta|2010}}

According to the [[Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]] of the United States [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]], Javed belongs to [[Gujranwala District]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]. He currently resides in [[Mansehra District]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. Javed's alias is Abu Ishmael.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=NASER JAVED |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-c5UfA8p6PJmQjTY3QWkyWP/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123144703/https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-c5UfA8p6PJmQjTY3QWkyWP/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=OpenSanctions.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Treasury Targets Al Qaida and Lashkar-E Tayyiba Networks in Pakistan |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/tg192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014232451/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/tg192 |archive-date=14 October 2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=U.S. Department of the Treasury |language=en}}</ref> Javed was placed under US sanctions on 7 January 2009 under [[Executive Order 13224]], for his links to the LeT.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXECUTIVE ORDER 13224 - BLOCKING PROPERTY AND PROHIBITING TRANSACTIONS WITH PERSONS WHO COMMIT, THREATEN TO COMMIT, OR SUPPORT TERRORISM |url=https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/20296/download?inline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701200444/https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/20296/download?inline |archive-date=1 July 2025 |website=Office of Foreign Assets Control |page=15 |format=PDF}}</ref> Javed was the joint planner of the [[August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]].{{Sfn|Sibal|Parveen|2025}} On 5 February 2008, [[Kashmir Solidarity Day]] in Pakistan,{{Sfn|Gupta|2010}} Javed said in a speech "[[Jihad|''jihad'']] will spread from Kashmir to other parts of India. Muslims will rule India again." He also said "the government of Pakistan might have abandoned jihad, but we have not. Our agenda is clear. We will continue to wage and propagate jihad until eternity."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=2025-06-11 |title='Pakistan's jihad paradox has become extremely dangerous': Trump's South Asia nominee Paul Kapur warned in 2016 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pakistans-jihad-paradox-has-become-extremely-dangerous-trumps-south-asia-nominee-paul-kapur-warned-in-2016-479984-2025-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613230518/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/pakistans-jihad-paradox-has-become-extremely-dangerous-trumps-south-asia-nominee-paul-kapur-warned-in-2016-479984-2025-06-11 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2008-02-12 |title=Concerns grow on Lashkar designs |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/12/stories/2008021257350100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213094158/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/12/stories/2008021257350100.htm |archive-date=2008-02-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanchan |first=Lakshman |date=2008-02-18 |title=The Expanding Jihad - ICT |url=https://ict.org.il/the-expanding-jihad/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241123052747/https://ict.org.il/the-expanding-jihad/ |archive-date=2024-11-23 |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=ICT |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a dossier sent on 25 February 2010 to Salman Bashir, Pakistan's Foreign Secretary, Javed was listed as one of 24 terrorists wanted by India who were living in Pakistan.{{Sfn|Gupta|2010}} Javed was [[List of people banned from entering the United Kingdom|banned from visiting the UK]] in 2009. According to [[Jacqui Smith]], the British [[Home Secretary]] at the time, Javed was involved in training [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] suicide bombers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-05-05 |title=LeT commander among 22 barred from entering Britain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/let-commander-among-22-barred-from-entering-britain-46619-2009-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220130959/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/let-commander-among-22-barred-from-entering-britain-46619-2009-05-04 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=India Today |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Javed was the commander of the LeT camp in Dulai, [[Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir|Pakistan administered Kashmir]], from 2004 to 2015. He is also a key member of the LeT's financing front, the [[Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation]], previously the [[Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation]], an organization banned by the [[United Nations]]. In 2025, Javed was appointed the commander of the Markaz Jihad-e-Aqsa, a new LeT [[Fedayeen|''fedayeen'']] training camp located in [[Lower Dir District]].{{Sfn|Sibal|Parveen|2025}} According to journalist Amit Bhardwaj, in November 2025 the LeT started working to increase its recruitment in [[Sindh]] province. On 23 and 24 November 2025, rallies and sessions were held in [[Karachi]], led by Javed, the 3rd deputy of the LeT Abdur Rauf, and LeT Sindh commander Faisal Nadeem.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1992536378584744117 |user=AmmyBhardwaj |title=> Lashkar-e-Taiba has started to focus on increasing terrorist recruitment from Sindh Province also. |first=Bhardwaj |last=Amit |date=23 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |author-link=Shishir Gupta |date=12 March 2010 |title=The Delhi Dossier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-delhi-dossier/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251224094558/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-delhi-dossier/ |archive-date=24 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}
* {{Cite news |last=Roggio |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Roggio |last2=Weiss |first2=Caleb |date=4 July 2016 |title=Taliban shows ‘Omar ibn Khattab’ training camp in Kunduz |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/taliban-shows-omar-ibn-khattab-training-camp-in-kunduz.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712171237/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/07/taliban-shows-omar-ibn-khattab-training-camp-in-kunduz.php |archive-date=12 July 2025 |work=[[FDD's Long War Journal]]}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Sibal |first1=Siddhant |last2=Parveen |first2=Gulshan |date=26 September 2025 |title=After Jaish & Hizbul, terror group Lashkar moves camps to KPK |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/after-jaish-hizbul-terror-group-lashkar-moves-camps-to-kpk-1758881801643 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220132058/https://www.wionews.com/world/after-jaish-hizbul-terror-group-lashkar-moves-camps-to-kpk-1758881801643 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |work=WION}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Javed, Nasr}}

[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Islamist mass murderers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba members]]
[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani criminals]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:People from Mansehra District]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]

Praveen K. L.

2026-02-20T23:32:21Z

Isaac3301: Adding first entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Praveen KL
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Film Editor]]
| yearsactive = 1995–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Kuchipudi Latha Praveen''' (born 1987 or 1988)<ref name=National>Vaibhav Shastry, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/would-love-to-work-with-anurag-kashyap-praveen-k-l/articleshow/12220743.cms "Would love to work with Anurag Kashyap: Praveen K L"], ''Times of India'', March 11, 2012.</ref> is an Indian [[film editor]], who works predominantly in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and English films. He is a recipient of one National Film Award, one Tamil Nadu State Film Award among others. He has edited over 100 films across different languages so far. His next film is Jason Sanjay's directorial debut.

==Life and career==
Praveen's father and two uncles were editors in Telugu films. He worked for them during the summer as a teenager, manually splicing film, and later worked for his father.<ref name=interview>Sinndhuja Ramprasad, [https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/editors-cut-kl-praveen-interview/ "The Editor's Cut: KL Praveen Interview"], ''Silverscreen India'', August 19, 2014.</ref>  At 17, he started working for [[ETV Network]],<ref name=interview/> where he edited the Telugu News and soap operas such as ''[[Anveshitha]]''.<ref>P. 10 Eenadu News, Award Winning Editor, Eenadu Cinema, Friday 9 March 2012.</ref>

He taught himself to edit using computer software, and then worked under [[Balu Mahendra]] on his television series ''Kadhai Neram''.<ref name=interview/> After a period freelancing for TV in Singapore, he shifted to [[feature films]] and has mostly worked together with [[N. B. Srikanth]] on several successful Tamil films, most notably for [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s directorials. He has completed 100 films so far in four languages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023221149/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47523.html Editor Praveen has his hands full – Tamil Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 2011-12-13.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080805014636/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40430.html What makes 'Saroja' so special? – Tamil Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 2011-12-13.</ref>

Praveen and Srikanth won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor]] in 2008 for ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''.<ref>[http://tantrainc.sg/pickles_crew.html Pickles]. Tantrainc.sg. Retrieved on 2011-12-13.</ref> He also won the [[National Film Award for Best Editing]] for the Tamil film ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2011).<ref name=National/>

He is based in the [[Saligramam]] neighbourhood of [[Chennai]].<ref name=interview/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|''[[Chennai 600028]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|''Certain Chapters''
|English
|Short film
|
|-
|''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kasko]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2010
|''[[Naanayam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Gurushetram - 24 Hours of Anger]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaadhal Solla Vandhen]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kanimozhi (film)|Kanimozhi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''Oru Nunna Katha''
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|''Pickles''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''
|Tamil
|[[National Film Award for Best Editing]]
|
|-
|''[[Mankatha]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=LM |first=Kaushik |date=2017-01-04 |title=Exclusive: Editing is a thankless job, interview with 'Bairavaa' editor Praveen KL |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/exclusive-editing-thankless-job-interview-bairavaa-editor-praveen-kl-55211 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aravaan]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
|''[[Kazhugu (2012 film)|Kazhugu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Second Show]]''
|Malayalam
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalakalappu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2013
|''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Alex Pandian]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' ''Something Something''
|Tamil Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Vathikuchi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2021-12-09 |title=I dedicate the praise to all the editors: 'Maanaadu' editor Praveen KL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/Dec/09/i-dedicate-the-praise-to-all-the-editors-maanaadu-editorpraveen-kl-2393316.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Sigaram Thodu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vizha]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vadacurry]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=Editor Praveen KL out of Ranjith's film? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/May/08/editor-praveen-kl-out-of-ranjiths-film-1602603.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Neelam (film)|Neelam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirudan Police]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Naaigal Jaakirathai]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Athithi (2014 film)|Athithi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''
|Tamil
|50th Film
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Komban]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Pasanga 2]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2016
|''[[Marudhu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Oopiri]]'' ''Thozha''
|Telugu Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2015 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''Uyir Mozhi''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Achamindri]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vaa Deal]]''
|Tamil
|Unreleased
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017
|''[[Bairavaa]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Vizhithiru]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Ippadai Vellum]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Ulkuthu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''Makrifat Cinta''
|Malay
|
|
|-
|''[[Chennai2Singapore]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018
|''[[Madura Veeran]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[RX 100 (film)|Rx100]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Sandakozhi 2]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Jarugandi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |2019
|''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]''
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Jiivi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Hippi (film)|Hippi]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Seven (2019 Indian film)|Seven]]''
|Telugu Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Devarattam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Vellai Pookal]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Voter (film)|Voter]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kuppathu Raja (2019 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[NGK (film)|NGK]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Jiivi]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Aruvam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
|''[[Kabadadaari]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kapatadhaari]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Malaysia to Amnesia]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Republic (film)|Republic]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahasamudram (2021 film)|Mahasamudram]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Kasada Thapara]]''
|Tamil
| Streaming release; "Pandhayam" segment
|
|-
|''[[Maanaadu]]''
|Tamil
|100th film
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Chithirai Sevvaanam]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Carbon (2022 Indian film)|Carbon]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Ramarao on Duty]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Jiivi 2]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaatteri]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Varisu]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Pathu Thala]]''
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-01-26 |title=After Maanaadu, editor Praveen KL to reunite with Simbu for Pathu Thala |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jan/26/after-maanaadu-editor-praveen-kl-to-reunite-with-simbu-for-pathu-thala-29295.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[800 (film)|''800'']]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 || ''[[Singappenney (film)|Singappenney]]'' || Tamil ||
|
|-
|''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]''||Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[12 Gaun]]''
|Nepali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''[[Dilruba (film)|Dilruba]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu: Part 1]]''
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|{{pending film|[[Aakasam Lo Oka Tara]]}}
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Network
!Language
|-
|2025
|''[[Mayasabha (TV series)|Mayasabha]]''
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Telugu
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm3164715}}

{{National Film Award Best Editing}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Praveen, K. L.}}
[[Category:Film editors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Editor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:Telugu film editors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Film-editor-stub}}

Adikesava Perumal temple, Mylapore

2026-02-17T22:03:11Z

Isaac3301: creating place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Chennai, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Adi Kesava temple
| image = Adikesava Perumal4.jpg
| alt = Gateway tower of the temple
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13|1|50|N|80|16|14|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| location = [[Mylapore]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Adi Kesava Perumal ([[Vishnu]]) Mayuravalli Thayar ([[Lakshmi]])
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|tradition=[[Hinduism]]}}

'''Adi Kesava Temple''' is dedicated to Hindu god [[Vishnu]] located in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil architecture|Tamil style of architecture]], dedicated to [[Vishnu]], who is worshipped as Adi Kesava Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Mayuravalli Thayar. The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Peyazhwar|Peyalvar]], an [[azhwar|Alvar]] saint. It is considered one among the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]] of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition.

Chithra Kulam, the temple tank is believed to be of historic origin and one of the major rainwater storage facility in the region. The float festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Thai'' is a very prominent festival of the temple. The temple is open from 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m and has six daily rituals at various times of the day. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Chittirai Kulam.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Chittirai Kulam - the [[Pushkarni|temple tank]]]]
As per Hindu legend, during the [[Samudra Manthana|churning of the Ocean of milk]], Vishnu instructed his consort Lakshmi to reach the hermitage of Sage [[Bhrigu]]. The sage was doing a penance to attain a girl child, and accepted Lakshmi as his daughter. The presiding deity, Adi Kesava, is believed to have married goddess Bhargavi, the daughter of sage Bhrigu.<ref name=Dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Aaadi Kesavaperumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=36|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref>

The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Peyazhwar|Peyalvar]], one of the twelve [[azhwar|Alvar]] saints of the 6th-9th century CE. The Alvar was found from the {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} well called Manikairavam inside the temple premises.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Float festival at Adi Kesava Temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/float-festival-at-madhava-perumal-temple/article1494084.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 February 2011|access-date=12 August 2015|last=Lalithasai}}</ref>

==The temple==
[[File:Adikesava Perumal3.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Festival hall]]
The temple is built in [[Tamil architecture]] occupies around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and has two precincts. It is located in [[Mylapore]], in [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple has a rectangular plan surrounded by {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high walls, with a 5-tier ''[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower. The presiding deity is housed in the sanctum and is an image made of granite. The deity is seen in standing posture. The shrine of [[Garuda]] faces Adi Kesava, the eagle mount ([[Vahana]]) of Vishnu. The central shrine is approached through a worship hall and a narrow Ardha [[Mandapam]]. The flagpost ("Dhwaja sthambam") is located behind the shrine of Garuda. There are images of Alvars in the worship hall on both sides and the shrine of Mayuravalli is located on the western side of the temple in the second precinct.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=57–65|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|pages=244|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In modern times, the temple tank as a store house for rain water harvesting for the nearby areas.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2020 |title=Rainwater diverted to temple tanks in Chennai, roads dry |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rainwater-diverted-to-temple-tanks-roads-dry/articleshow/79068422.cms |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> The temple tank is believed to be 4,000 years old and was desilted for the first time in 2016. The float festival in the temple was celebrated from 2005 and 2016 and was not celebrated later due to dry tank due to clogging of the canals leading to the tank.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2019 |title=Mylapore's Chitra Kulam gets desilted for the first time |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/dec/18/mylapores-chitra-kulam-gets-desilted-for-the-first-time-2077527.html |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Adikesava Perumal2.jpg|200x200px|thumb|left|Vimanam of the central shrine]]
The temple is open from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethyam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Adi Kesava Perumal and his consort Mayuravalli Thayar. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Bali Peetham|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.

The temple procession takes place during the [[ekadasi]] day, Tiruvonam, the occasions of the [[Purnima|full moon]] and the [[Amavasya|new moon]], when the festival images ([[Uthsavar|utsavar]]) of Adi Kesava, Sridevi, and [[Bhūmi|Bhudevi]] are taken in a procession. There are different processions taken by Mayuravalli Thaayaar on Fridays and Uthiram star, Andal on the Pooram star, Rama on Punarpoosam, and the Alvars, on their birthdays. Brahmotsavam, the main festival of the temple is performed during the Tamil month of Panguni. During the ten-day festival, the twelve Alvars and the twenty-one Vaishnava Acharyas are taken in procession along with Adi Kesava perumaaL. During the Tamil month of Aadi, float festival (theppothsavam) is conducted for five days.<ref name=Dinamalar/><ref>{{cite news|title=Abounds in legends|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/28/stories/13280796.htm|date=28 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 August 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
The goddess Mayuravalli is worshipped with [[Bilva]] leaves, which are otherwise used only in [[Shiva]] temples. Shiva, Parvati, and Lakshmi in the form of Mayuravalli are believed to have worshipped Adi Kesava Perumal and got relieved off their curses. It is believed that [[Pey Alvar]] was taught by Mayuravalli. Following the legend of the temple, the temple is frequented by devotees praying for their education and also for getting a good married life.<ref>{{cite news|title=மயூரவல்லித் தாயாருக்கு வில்வத்தால் அர்ச்சனை!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/vilvam-prayer-for-sri-mayuravalli-thayar/articleshow/52671077.cms|date=9 June 2016|access-date=15 August 2015|newspaper=Samayam|language=ta}}</ref> The temple and [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] are the oldest extant monuments in [[Mylapore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mylapore, a UNESCO cultural heritage site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mylapore-a-unesco-cultural-heritage-site/articleshow/54427242.cms|access-date=13 February 2021|date=21 September 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Madhava_Perumal_temple|Madhava Perumal Temple, Mylapore]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]
[[Category:Perumal temples in Chennai district]]

Rajendra Singh Pawar

2026-02-10T02:50:02Z

Isaac3301: Adding some bio w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (19 March 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajendra Singh Pawar
| image = Rajendra Pawar at the India Economic Summit 2008.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Pawar at the [[World Economic Forum]]'s India Economic Summit 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|3|19}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[IIT Delhi]]
| occupation ={{plainlist |
* Chairman and Co-Founder [[NIIT Limited]]<ref name=NIIT>{{cite web|url=https://www.niit.com/india/training/about-niit/Pages/board-of-directors.aspx |title=NIIT Board of Directors |access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* Founder [[NIIT University]]<ref name=NU>{{cite web|url=https://www.niituniversity.in/about-nu/leadership |title=NIIT University Leadership|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* Board Member [[Scindia School]]<ref name="Board of Governors">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scindia.edu/board-of-governors/|title=Board of Governors|website=The Scindia School|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>
* Member of Governing Board [[Indian School of Business]]<ref name="isb.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isb.edu/about-isb/leadership-and-governance/isb-governing-board|title=ISB Governing Board {{!}} Indian School of Business {{!}} Indian School of Business (ISB)|website=www.isb.edu|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>
*Vice Chairman of NCAER ([[National Council of Applied Economic Research]]) Governing Body.<ref name="ncaer.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncaer.org/governing-body|title=Governing Body|website=www.ncaer.org}}</ref>
*Chairman of the Board of Directors of Data Security Council of India<ref name="dsci.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dsci.in/content/dsci-family|title=DSCI FAMILY|website=www.dsci.in}}</ref>
}}
| partner = Neeti Pawar
| children = Udai, Urvashi, Unnati
| awards = {{plainlist |
*[[Padma Bhushan]] (2011)
*Lifetime Achievement Award 2022’ by apex industry body [[FICCI]]<ref name="indiaeducationdiary.in">{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/niit-chairman-and-founder-rajendra-singh-pawar-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-by-ficci/|title=NIIT Chairman And Founder Rajendra Singh Pawar Honoured With Lifetime Achievement Award By FICCI|website=indiaeducationdiary.in|date=21 November 2022 }}</ref> (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry
}}
}}

'''Rajendra Singh Pawar''' (Padma Bhushan awardee<ref name= MINT>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6oHYLoz3FhtySC2WD0bfzO/List-of-Padma-awardees-for-2011.html |title=List of Padma awardees for 2011 |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=2011-01-26}}</ref>) is an Indian entrepreneur, chairman and co-founder of [[NIIT]] Limited,<ref name=NIIT/> established in 1981. He also founded [[NIIT University]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://niituniversity.in/about-us/founders |title = Founders}}</ref> a not-for-profit university in Neemrana, Rajasthan, in 2009.

==Early life and education==
Pawar was born in Jammu on 19 March 1951. He studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board Of Governors |url=https://www.scindia.edu/board-of-governors/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Scindia School |language=en}}</ref> He graduated with a B.Tech. in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Rajendra Singh Pawar |url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/home/index.php/1995/11/23/mr-rajendra-singh-pawar/ |website=Alumni}}</ref> Pawar has received the ‘Madhav Award’ from The Scindia School in 1999 and the Distinguished Alumnus Award at IIT in 1995. In 2005, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree by the Rajiv Gandhi Technical University.<ref name="Board of Directors">{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.niit.com/india/training/about-niit/Pages/board-of-directors.aspx |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.niit.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Pawar began his professional career with Larsen & Toubro Limited as a graduate engineer trainee in June 1972.

He then moved on to DCM, where he served for 4 years, followed by 5 years in Hindustan Computers Limited, before establishing NIIT in 1981.

Pawar also founded NIIT Technologies, an IT firm, in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the News |url=https://www.coforge.com/news-events/news |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.coforge.com |language=en}}</ref> Assessed at SEI-CMMi Level 5, NIIT Technologies offers software services to organizations in the travel, transportation, manufacturing/distribution, financial services, healthcare, and government sectors.
He has also established the not-for-profit NIIT University in Neemrana, Rajasthan, in 2009.

===Nation development===
Pawar has been a part of Prime Minister Vajpayee's National Taskforce (1998),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajendra Singh Pawar |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/rajendra-singh-pawar/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> and was a member of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's National Council on Skill Development (2009-2014).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM constitutes National Council on Skill Development |url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/press-details.php?nodeid=756 |website=Archivepmo}}</ref> He chaired the NASSCOM Cyber Security Task Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyber Security Task Force (CSTF) |url=https://www.dsci.in/content/cyber-security/cyber-security-task-force |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.dsci.in}}</ref>

===Global advisor===
Pawar has been a former member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum and PIAC (Presidential International Advisory Council) of the Government of South Africa,<ref name="Board of Directors"/> and has also served as an advisor to the Hunan province of China.

===Industry associations===
Pawar served as chairman of NASSCOM (National Association of Software & Service Companies) from 2011 to 2012. As president of MAIT (Manufacturers Association for Information Technology) from 1990 to 1992,<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAIT |url=https://www.mait.com/site/about |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.mait.com}}</ref> he integrated MAIT activities into those of other leading industry associations in India. MAIT played a significant role in shaping the Government of India's IT policies during his tenure.

He is currently vice chairman of the NCAER (National Council of Applied Economic Research) governing body.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governing Body |url=https://www.ncaer.org/governing-body |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=NCAER {{!}} Quality . Relevance . Impact |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a fellow of the Computer Society of India and the Institution of Electronics & Telecom Engineers and is chairman of the board of directors of the Data Security Council of India.

===Academic boards===
Pawar is on the board of governors of the Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, and The Scindia School. He has also held positions on the boards of IIT Delhi, IIM Bangalore, IIM Udaipur, and Delhi University's University Court.

==Social impact==
Pawar launched the Hole-in-the-Wall education (HiWEL) initiative in 1999 with Dr Sugata Mitra, chief scientist emeritus, NIIT, with the aim of making education accessible to the remotest corners in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hole in the Wall Project and the Power of Self-Organized Learning |url=https://www.edutopia.org/blog/self-organized-learning-sugata-mitra |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Edutopia |language=en}}</ref> The project earned the coveted ‘Digital Opportunity Award’ by World Information Technology Services Alliance (WITSA) in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIT HiWEL gets 'Digital Opportunity Award' at WCIT 2008 {{!}} Nseguide.com |url=https://nseguide.com/press-releases/niit-hiwel-gets-digital-opportunity-award-at-wcit-2008/,%20https://nseguide.com/press-releases/niit-hiwel-gets-digital-opportunity-award-at-wcit-2008/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He has also led NIIT to participate in the ambitious human capacity building project for Bhutan, which was designed to help the country transition into a modern knowledge society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahree |first=Megha |title=Bhutan Turns to India's NIIT To Play Catch-Up |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meghabahree/2010/09/22/bhutan-turns-to-indias-niit-to-play-catch-up/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Government assisted project was launched on April 30, 2010, by the Prime Ministers of India and Bhutan, on the sidelines of the SAARC summit in Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2015-11-24 |title=WNS partners NIIT Univ for training business analytics experts |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/wns-partners-niit-univ-for-training-business-analytics-experts-115112400828_1.html |access-date=2022-12-29}}</ref> The project aimed to provide ICT skills to over a quarter of the population of Bhutan, to help them become confident and empowered citizens of a connected and ICT-enabled world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-27 |title=NIIT to set up educational kiosks in Bhutan |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/niit-to-set-up-educational-kiosks-in-bhutan/article20402556.ece1 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

Pawar promoted the establishment of NIIT Foundation (NF), a not-for-profit education society in 2004, with the vision to support the underprivileged sections of the country through educational initiatives and skill development programs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIIT Foundation - Fastest Growing Education NGO In India |url=https://niitfoundation.org/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=NIIT Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Pawar received the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-26 |title=List of Padma awardees for 2011 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6oHYLoz3FhtySC2WD0bfzO/List-of-Padma-awardees-for-2011.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> He was also named 'IT Man of the Year' by the IT industry journal, Dataquest, in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-01-15 |title=IT Man of The Year 1998 |url=https://www.dqindia.com/it-man-of-the-year-1998/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=DATAQUEST |language=en-US}}</ref>

Pawar received the ‘Lifetime Achievement Award 2022’ from the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=NIIT Chairman and Founder Rajendra Singh Pawar honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award by FICCI |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/niit-chairman-and-founder-rajendra-singh-pawar-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-by-ficci/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref> In recognition of his entrepreneurial innovation in education, he received the 'Lifetime Achievement Award' at the Dataquest ICT Awards in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=ANI Press |date=2020-08-20 |title=Rajendra S Pawar Felicitated With Lifetime Achievement Award by Dataquest |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/rajendra-s-pawar-felicitated-with-lifetime-achievement-award-by-dataquest-120082001227_1.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> He was honored as the ‘IT Gem of India’ at INFOCOM 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release |url=https://www.niit.com/india/training/newsroom/Pages/press-rel.aspx?PID=115 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.niit.com}}</ref> India's largest IT & Telecom convention, by the ABP Group. Global Business Intelligence firm, Ernst & Young, conferred on Pawar its ‘Master Entrepreneur of the Year Award’ in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.niit.com/india/training/about-niit/Pages/board-of-directors.aspx |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.niit.com}}</ref> Pawar has been awarded ‘The Global [[India Splendor]] Award’ on the occasion of the 60th year of India's independence, for his work on developing human resource potential.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Rayana |date=2007-07-26 |title=India Inc takes 60-year bash to the US |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/india-inc-takes-60-year-bash-to-the-us-107072601023_1.html |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> He was also honored with the Nayudamma Award in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayudamma Award for RS Pawar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2012/feb/18/nayudamma-award-for-rs-pawar-341243.html |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pawar's wife, Neeti Pawar, is an active promoter of Indian art and handicrafts. They have three children - son Udai, an IIT physicist turned filmmaker, and two daughters, Urvashi, a psychoanalytic psychotherapist, and Unnati, an art historian.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Rajendra S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Scindia School alumni]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

Bhai Dooj

2026-02-05T04:15:45Z

Isaac3301: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Hindu festival}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Bhai Dooj
| type = Hindu
| image =
| caption =
| nickname = Bhai Tika, Bhau Beej, Bhai Phonta, Bhratri Dwitiya
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| date = Kartika 2 ([[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition) Kartika 17 ([[Hindu calendar#purnimanta|purnimanta]] tradition)
| date2021 = November 6 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nepali Calendar 2078 Kartik {{!}} Hamro Nepali Patro|url=https://english.hamropatro.com/calendar/2078/7|access-date=2021-07-27|website=english.hamropatro.com}}</ref>
| observances =
| celebrations =
| longtype = Religious
| significance = Honours brother and sister's love, connection, and togetherness
| frequency = Annual
| alt = Bhai tika
| date2023 = 15 November (i.e. Kartik 29)
}}
{{Hindu festival date info}}
'''Bhai Dooj (Also known as,''' Bhai Tika, Bhaubeej, Bhai Beej, Bhai Phonta or Bhratri Dwitiya''')''' is a festival celebrated by [[Hindu]]s on the second lunar day of the [[Paksha|Shukla Paksha]] (bright fortnight) of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]], the eighth month of the [[Vikram Samvat]] Hindu calendar or the Shalivahana Shaka calendar. It is celebrated during the [[Diwali]] or [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] festival and [[Holi]] festival. The celebrations of this day are similar to the festival of [[Raksha Bandhan]].

[[File:Newari traditional painting about Kijapuja.jpg|thumb|300px|A traditional [[Newar people|Newari]] painting about Kija puja's legend.]]

In the southern part of India, the day is celebrated as '''Yama Dwitiya'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2020|title=Bhai Dooj 2020 date, time and significance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/rituals-puja/bhai-dooj-2020-date-time-and-significance/articleshow/79167175.cms|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In the Kayastha community, two Bhai Doojs are celebrated. The more famous one comes on the second day after Diwali. But the lesser-known one is celebrated a day or two after Diwali. In Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, a ritual is also followed, a dry coconut (named gola in regional language) with {{lang|hi-Latn|klewa}}{{clarify|date=January 2023}} tied along its width for worshipping is also used at the time of doing ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|aarti]]'' of a brother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=भाई-बहन के परस्पर प्रेम और स्नेह का प्रतीक भाई दूज|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/kurukshetra-bhai-duj-haryana-kurukshetra-the-symbol-of-love-and-affection-between-brother-and-sister-18619043.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> In Bengal, the day is celebrated as Bhai Phota, which comes one day after Kali Puja.

==Regional Variations==
The festival is known as:

*'''Bhai Dooj''' ({{Langx|hi|भाई दूज}}) in the entire Northern part of India, observed during the [[Diwali]] festival. In [[Awadh]] and [[Purvanchal]] regions of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], it is also known as '''Bhaiya Dooj'''. It is widely celebrated by [[Maithils]] in [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]] as '''Bhardutiya''' and people from various other ethnic groups. The first day of this New Year is observed as [[Govardhan Puja|Govardhan Pūja]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-09|title=Bhai Dooj 2018 Date in India: When is Bhai Dooj in 2018|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/religion/bhai-dooj-2018-date-in-india-when-is-bhai-dooj-in-2018-5428817/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Bhai Teeka''' ({{Langx|ne|भाइटीका}}) in Nepal, where it is the most important festival after [[Dashain]] (Vijaya Dashmi / Dussehra). Observed on the fifth day of [[Tihar (festival)|Tihar]] festival, it is widely celebrated by [[Maithils]] in [[Nepal]] as '''Bhardutiya Bhai Tika''' followed by the people of various other ethnic groups among [[Madhesi people|Madhesi]]s. While, the [[Newar people|Newari]]s celebrate it as '''Kija Puja'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=Happy Bhai Dooj 2020: Wishes, greetings, messages, quotes, SMS, WhatsApp and Facebook status to share on 'Bhai Tika'|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/happy-bhai-dooj-2020-wishes-greetings-messages-quotes-sms-whatsapp-and-facebook-status-to-share-on-bhai-tika-10019878|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Jagran English}}</ref> The sisters put a vertical Tika of seven colours known as Saptarangi Tika in their brother's forehead.
*'''Bhai Phonta''' ({{Langx|bn|ভাই ফোঁটা}}) in Bengal and it takes place every year on the second day after [[Kali Puja]]. It is mainly observed in [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Bangladesh]].
*'''Bhai Jiuntia''' or '''Bhai Jitiyā''' ({{Langx|or|ଭାଇ ଜିଉନ୍ତିଆ}}) only in western [[Odisha]] and some parts of Central Odisha.
*'''Bhau Beej''', or '''Bhav Bij''' ({{Langx|mr|भाऊ बीज}}) or '''Bhai Beej''' amongst the [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking communities in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]] and [[North Karnataka]].
*Another name for the day is '''Yamadwitheya''' or '''Yamadvitiya''', after a legendary meeting between [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] the god of Death and his sister Yamuna (the famous river) on Dwitheya (the second day after new moon).
*Other names include '''Bhatru Dviteeya''', or '''Bhatri Ditya''' or '''Bhaghini Hastha Bhojanamu''' in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].

According to [[Hindu religion]], after slaying the evil [[Asura|demon]] [[Narakasura]], Lord [[Krishna]] visited his sister [[Subhadra]] who gave him a warm welcome with sweets and flowers. She also affectionately applied ''[[tilaka]]'' on Krishna's forehead. Some believe this to be the origin of the festival.

==The ceremony==
[[File: Bhaitika 02.jpg|thumb|Tilak of seven colors used in Nepalese celebration]]
On the day of the festival, sisters invite their brothers for a sumptuous meal often including their favourite dishes/sweets. The procedure may be different in Bihar and [[central India]]. The whole ceremony signifies the duty of a brother to protect his sister, as well as a sister's blessings for her brother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhai Dooj |url=https://www.brezzegifts.com/ |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Carrying forward the ceremony in a traditional style, sisters perform ''[[Aarti|arti]]'' for their brother and apply a red ''[[tilaka|tika]]'' on the brother's forehead. This ''tika'' ceremony on the occasion of Bhai Bij signifies the sister's sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother and they treat them with gifts. In return, elder brothers bless their sisters and may treat them also with gifts or cash.

As it is customary in [[Haryana]] and [[Maharashtra]] to celebrate the auspicious occasion of Bhau-beej, women who do not have a brother worship the Moon [[Chandra]] instead. They apply ''[[Mehndi|mehendi]]'' on girls as their tradition. The sister whose brother lives far away from her and cannot go to her house, sends her sincerest prayers for the long and happy life of her brother through the moon god. She performs ''aarti'' for the Moon. This is the reason why children of Hindu parents affectionately call the Moon ''Chandamama'' (''Chanda'' means moon and ''mama'' means mother's brother).

==The celebration==
[[File:Bhaiphonta sandesh - Kolkata 2022-10-27 090519.jpg|thumb|left|Sandesh with the word 'Bhaiphonta' written is offered by Bengali sisters during Bhai Phonta.]]

=== Bhai Phonta ===
[[File:Bhai Dooj (Bhai Phonta).jpg|thumb|150px|Bhai Phonta at a Bengali household in West Bengal, India.]]
Bhai Phonta in [[West Bengal, India|West Bengal]] is celebrated with much splendour. The ceremony is marked with many rituals along with a grand feast arranged for the brothers. It is necessary that, both brother and sister are more than 5 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=Bhai Dooj 2020: Date, time and significance of festival; all you need to know|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bhai-dooj-2020-date-time-and-significance-of-festival-all-you-need-to-know-9008411.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Bhai Bij ===
The festival of Bhai Bij is popular in [[Haryana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]] and is celebrated with great fervour and gaiety. Brothers and sisters look forward to the occasion with immense enthusiasm. To add charm to the occasion, Bhai Bij gifts are given to brothers from sisters as a token of love and appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Bhai Dooj 2020: Know all about the history, significance and celebrations of Yama Dwitiya here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/bhai-dooj-2020-history-significance-and-celebrations-of-yama-dwitiya/story-pkZiSdu9S93YiCfkOSJp5M.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Bhav Bij is a time for family reunions as all brothers and sisters in the family get together. Close relatives and friends are also invited to celebrate the Bhav Bij in many families. Special dishes for the festival include the Maharashtra sweet called ''[[basundi]]'' ''[[poori]]'' or ''kheerni poori''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhai Dooj Puja 2019: How to do puja on Bhai Dooj, Puja vidhi and Timings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/bhai-dooj-puja-2018-how-to-do-puja-on-bhai-dooj-puja-vidhi-and-timings/articleshow/66549142.cms|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
On this occasion, brothers and sisters exchange gifts. And both of them pray for their long and happy life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marketing |first=Yuqtam |date=17 June 2025 |title=How Bhai Dooj Is Celebrated in 2025: Rituals & Traditions |url=https://yuqtam.in/how-is-bhai-dooj-celebrated-in-2025/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617102147/https://yuqtam.in/how-is-bhai-dooj-celebrated-in-2025/ |archive-date=17 June 2025 |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Yuqtam Marketing |language=en }}</ref>

=== Bhai Tika in Nepal ===
Bhai Tika in [[Nepal]] is also known as ''Bhai Tihar'' meaning ''[[Tihar (festival)]] of brothers''. On this day, sisters pray to [[Yamraj]] for a long life and prosperity for their brothers.<ref name="diwa">{{cite web|title=Bhai-Tika / Bhai-Teeka|url=http://www.diwalifestival.org/bhai-tika.html|work=diwalifestival.org|publisher=Society for the Confluence of Festivals in India|access-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The ritual involves sisters marking the forehead of their brothers with a seven coloured long tika. The rest of the ritual is similar to that performed by Hindus elsewhere. A special garland of the ''[[Gomphrena globosa]]'' flower is made by the sister as an offering to their brothers.

==Rabindranath Tagore and the Partition of Bengal==
Rachel Fell McDermott, Professor of Asian Studies at Columbia University, describes [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ''rakhi-bandhan'' ceremonies, inspired by the Bhai Dooj ritual, which were organized to protest the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]]<blockquote> In 1905 Rabindranath Tagore extended the symbolism of ''Brother's Second'', a ritual of bonding between brothers and sisters that is celebrated right after the Pujas have concluded, to evoke friendship between Hindus and Muslims: members of both communities would tie red threads of brotherhood on each other's wrists. All throughout the partition period, these rakhi-bandhan ceremonies were regularly announced in the Bengali and English papers. In addition, some landlords, even the British Indian Association, saw that the boycott and emphasis upon swadeshi items were disturbing peace with rural Muslims in their areas, and withdrew their support.<ref name="McDermott2011">{{citation|last=McDermott|first=Rachel Fell|title=Revelry, Rivalry, and Longing for the Goddesses of Bengal: The Fortunes of Hindu Festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCA2AX97EOcC&pg=PA63|year=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52787-3|page=63}}</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Diwali]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Festivals in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Traditions involving siblings]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Bangladesh]]

Vijay Award for Contribution to Tamil Cinema

2026-02-04T21:36:09Z

Isaac3301: brief cleaned up formatting per sources also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Vijay for Contribution to Tamil Cinema''' is given by [[STAR Vijay]] as part of its annual [[Vijay Awards]] ceremony for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

==The list==
Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Year
! Awardee
! Link
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2018 || [[Sivakumar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2018-catch-live-updates-event-photos-complete-winners-list-770862|title = Vijay Awards 2018: Here is the complete list of winners [Photos]|website = [[International Business Times]]|date = 3 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || [[M. Saravanan (producer)|AVM Saravanan]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015---complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427194516/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015---complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2015|title=Vijay Awards 2015 - Complete list of winners|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[Balu Mahendra]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kollyinsider.com/2013/05/vijay-awards-2013-complete-winners-list.html | title= Vijay Awards 2013 Complete Winners List | date=11 May 2013 | publisher=KollyInsider | access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2012 || [[Bharathiraja]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijayawards.in/#!winners/ce4o |title=Vijay Awards Winners |work=Vijay Awards |access-date=1 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502041845/http://www.vijayawards.in/ |archive-date=2 May 2015 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2010 || [[Mugur Sundar]] || <ref>{{cite web |author=Ramchander |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |title=5th Vijay Awards winners list |work=Oneindia |date=2011-06-27 |access-date=2013-05-22 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011717/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/news/2011/vijay-awards-winners-list-2011-270611-aid0017.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || The Stunt Union || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-10-04/univercell-vijay-awards-rajini-kamal-31-05-10.html |title=UniverCell Vijay Awards - Rajini for excellence, Suriya for entertainment |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2010-05-31 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2008 || [[SPI Cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618072752/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/47587.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2009 |title=Univercell 3rd Vijay Awards - Winners List - Tamil Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=2009-06-15 |access-date=2013-05-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || [[Film News Anandan]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |title=Star Vijay awards | Vijay TV awards| Vijay awards gallery | Kollywood films |publisher=Star Box Office |access-date=2013-05-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726022319/http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |archive-date=26 July 2008 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#edf3fe;"
| 2006 || [[B. Saroja Devi|Saroja Devi]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/standing-ovation-for-dilip-kumar-at-awards-ceremony/articleshow/3437897.cms?from=mdr|title = Standing ovation for Dilip Kumar at awards ceremony|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijay Awards|Stunt Director]]

Nilkanth Mahadev

2026-01-30T06:51:36Z

Isaac3301: Adding the entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Nilkanth}}
{{more citations needed |date= August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Neelkanth Mahadev Temple
| image = NeelKanth Mahadev Temple.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30.0807|78.3409|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| location = Near [[Pauri]] [[town]] & [[Rishikesh]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Neelkanth]] ([[Shiva]])
| festivals= [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator = Mekh Chand (Shadhu)
| website =
}}

'''Neelkanth Mahadev Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Nilkanth, an aspect of [[Shiva]]. The temple is about 120 km from [[Pauri|Pauri town]], the district headquarters, 32 km from [[Rishikesh]] in the [[Pauri Garhwal district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. The temple architecture is very much influenced by the Dravidian style of temple architecture.

The temple is dedicated to Shiva and is a popular Hindu pilgrimage site. It is surrounded by dense forests and is adjacent to the mountain ranges of Nar-Narayan. It is enveloped between the valleys of Manikoot, Brahmakoot, and Vishnukoot and is located at the confluence of the rivers Pankaja and Madhumati.

==Legend==
[[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Shiva]] consumed the poison [[Halahala]] that originated from the sea during the [[Samudramanthan]] (churning of the ocean) ca 1870.]]
According to [[Hindu sacred texts]], the place where the Neelkanth Mahadev Temple<ref name="camping">{{cite web |title=Neelkanth Mahadev Temple|url=https://www.blisstripdestination.com/2021/07/neelkanth-mahadev-temple-laxman-jhula.html |website=Bliss Trip Destination|publisher=Himanshu Bijalwan|access-date=23 June 2022|ref=Neelkanth Mahadev Temple}}</ref> currently stands is the sacred location where Shiva consumed the poison [[Halahala|(Halahala)]] that originated from the sea when [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s (Gods) and [[Asura]]s (Demons) churned the ocean in order to obtain [[Amrita]]. This poison that emanated during the [[Samudramanthan]] (churning of the ocean) made his throat blue in color. Thus, Shiva is also known as [[Neelkanth]], literally meaning ''The Blue Throated One''.<ref>[https://rishikeshnews.com/neelkanth-mahadev-temple-rishikesh/ Neelkanth Mahadev]</ref>

As per Shruti-Smriti Puran, Devas and Asuras churned the ocean to obtain Amruta. 14 ratnas were obtained of which one was the "Kalkut" poison capable of destroying the whole world . This was consumed by Lord Shiva making his throat blue. To allay the effect of Kalkut poison, Lord Shiva meditated for 60 thousand years here at the confluence of Pankaja and Madhumati river beneath the Panchpani tree where the current Garbha Gruh of the temple is constructed. After his penance, Lord Shiva installed the current day "throat" shaped shivaling beneath the Panchpani tree.

==The Temple==
The temple has a Gopura or the shikhara as in any Pandya (Tamil) style temple and is raised high in a tiered way in pyramid style. Motifs and Friezes are carved on these towers. The [[shikhara]] of the temple is adorned with sculptures of various Devas and Asuras depicting the [[Samudramanthan]]. [[Nilkanth|Neelkanth Mahadev]] in the form of [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] is the presiding deity of the temple. The temple complex also has a natural spring where devotees usually take a holy bath before entering the premises of surrounded by dense forests.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-temples/neelkanth-mahadev-haridwar.html |title=Neelkanth Temple |access-date=24 May 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116020740/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-temples/neelkanth-mahadev-haridwar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Kawarias.jpg|thumb|Kawarias walking towards temple]]

==Festivals==
[[Maha Shivaratri]] is the most prominent festival celebrated in the temple and many devotees flock to the temple during the festival. The devotees who pay a visit to Neelkanth Mahadev make an offering of [[Aegle marmelos|Bael leaves]], coconut, flowers, milk, honey, fruits and water to Lord Shiva. The temple observes two fairs that are held annually on the occasions of [[Maha Shivratri]] (Feb-Mar) and Shivratri of [[Shraavana]] (month of [[Hindu calendar]]) (July-Aug) during which the devotees (Kawarias) trek from [[Haridwar]] to Neelkanth Mahadev Temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080205730500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514075052/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080205730500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-05-14|title=Chanting hymns, Kawarias trek to temples|author=C K Chandramohan|date=2010-08-02|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2010-05-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, Uttarakhand}}
*[https://pauri.nic.in/tourist-place/neelkanth-mahadev-temple/ Neelkanth Mahadev Temple - Official website of Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand]
*[https://templeknowledge.com/neelkanth-mahadev-temple/ Shri Neelkanth Mahadev Mandir]

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]

Shivpuri district

2026-01-29T15:18:13Z

Isaac3301: enhance structure further and cleaned formatting

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shivpuri district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Chhatari.JPG
|photo1b = Mahua Nagara mandir, Shiva temple number 2, Madhya Pradesh 055.jpg
|photo2a = 0111621 Surya Temple, Sesai Madhya Pradesh 006.jpg
|photo2b = 0111721 Terahi Hindu monastery and temples, Madhya Pradesh 077.jpg
|photo3a = Madhav Natioinal Park.JPG
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Chhatri in [[Shivpuri]], Mahua Nagara Mandir, temples in Terahi, [[Madhav National Park]], Surya Mandir, Sesai
| image_map = MP Shivpuri district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Shivpuri district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Shivpuri
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior division|Gwalior]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Shivpuri]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 10
| area_total_km2 = 10,666
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,726,050
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 63.73 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 877 females over 1000 males
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH3 and NH25
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = July to September mm
| website = {{URL|https://shivpuri.nic.in}}
}}
'''Shivpuri district''' ({{IPA|hi|ʃɪʋpʊɾiː}}) is a [[Districts of Madhya Pradesh|district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]]. The town of [[Shivpuri]] is the district headquarters. [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] (NH-3) runs through the district.<ref name="About-Us-Shivpuri">{{Cite web|title=About Us |publisher=Shivpuri District |url=http://shivpuri.nic.in/about_us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109223240/http://shivpuri.nic.in/about_us.html |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Most of present-day Shivpuri District formed Narwar District of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior]], with Shivpuri as administrative headquarters of the district. After India's independence in 1947, the princely states acceded to the [[Government of India]], and Shivpuri District acquired its present boundaries with the addition of the small princely state of [[Khaniadhana]] in the southeast of the district, portions of [[Datia]] state in the northeast, and most of [[Pauri]] estate in the northwest. Shivpuri District became part of the new state of [[Madhya Bharat]], which was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.

==Geography==
The district is bounded on the south by [[Ashoknagar district|Ashoknagar]] and [[Guna district|Guna districts]], on the north by [[Morena district|Morena]], [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]] and [[Datia district|Datia]] districts, on the east by [[Jhansi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and on the west by [[Kota district]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="About-Us-Shivpuri" />

The district sits on the [[Malwa Plateau]] of the [[Deccan Traps]] with many small hill tops originally covered with deciduous forests.<ref name="About-Us-Shivpuri" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kale |first=Manish |display-authors=etal |year=2004 |title=Biomass equations of dominant species of dry deciduous forest in Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh |journal=Current Science |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=683–687 |jstor=24109067 }}</ref> Other than Shivpuri, the major towns are [[Karera]] and Akoda ({{Coord|24|52|07|N|77|11|22|E|display=inline}}).

The large bodies of water in the district are the [[Madikheda Reservoir]] and the Mohini Pickup Reservoir near [[Narwar]]. The principle river is the [[Sind River (Yamuna)|Sind River]] which arises in southern Badarwas Tehsil, flows north-northeastwards through the central and northeastern parts of the district and enters the Yamuna at Kanjausa. The district drainage is all within the large [[Yamuna river|Yamuna basin]], but falls into four [[Drainage basin|sub-basins]] drained respectively by tributaries of (1) the Parwati River (Parvati) which flows west to east and forms part of the northern boundary of the district being dammed for the Kaketo Reservoir and Harsi Reservoir<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jaiswal |first1=Rahul |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Demand-Supply Analysis for Irrigation Management in a Command |series=Symposium on Hydrology, 22–23 December 2015, New Delhi, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287993398 }}</ref> and flowing into the Sind just upstream of the mouth of the Mahuar; (2) the [[Kuno River]] which flows from southeast to northwest into the [[Chambal River|Chambal]] and forms part of the western boundary of the district; (3) the [[Betwa River]] which flows from southwest to northeast and forms part of the eastern boundary of the district; and (4) the Mahuar River itself (with its main tributary the Paroch Nadi) which arises in Pichor Tehsil, flows from south to north, enters Karera Tehsil at the village of Bardi, crosses Narwar Tehsil and enters the Sind just northeast (downstream) of Senhra Khurd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Groundwater Booklet: Shivpuri District, Madhya Pradesh |year=2013 |publisher=Central Ground Water Board: North Central Region, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Shivpuri.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123171712/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/MP/Shivpuri.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
Shivpuri District is divided into eight [[tehsil]]s, and further subdivided into 614 [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s and 1459 villages (of which 1409 are revenue villages, 133 are deserted and 15 are forest villages).<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Administration |publisher=Shivpuri District |url=http://shivpuri.nic.in/district_admin.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109194416/http://shivpuri.nic.in/district_admin.html |archive-date=9 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Shivpuri|Shivpuri Tehsil]]
* [[Pohari|Pohari Tehsil]]
* [[Kolaras|Kolaras Tehsil]]
* [[Badarwas|Badarwas Tehsil]]
* [[Karera|Karera Tehsil]]
* [[Narwar|Narwar Tehsil]]
* [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichore Tehsil]]
* [[Khaniyadhana |Khaniyadana Tehsil]]
* [[Bairad|Bairad Tehsil]]
* [[Rannod|Rannod Tehsil]]

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Shivpuri one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 24 districts in Madhya Pradesh currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,70,430|13=1911|14=4,15,279|15=1921|16=3,76,315|17=1931|18=4,02,032|19=1941|20=4,46,215|21=1951|22=4,62,864|23=1961|24=5,42,978|25=1971|26=6,58,949|27=1981|28=8,43,110|29=1991|30=11,03,790|31=2001|32=14,06,031|33=2011|34=17,26,050|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Shivpuri district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.97}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.41}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.38}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Shivpuri district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,726,050,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Shivpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/758/download/2682/DH_2011_2306_PART_A_DCHB_SHIVPURI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[The Gambia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nebraska]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Nebraska 1,826,341}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 280th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|168|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.74%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Shivpuri has a [[sex ratio]] of 877 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 63.73%. 17.12% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes make up 18.63% and 13.20% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Shivpuri district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 96.52 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] |value2 = 2.33 |color2 = tomato
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.15 |color3 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 96.52% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] and 2.33% [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Places==

===Narwar===
[[Narwar]] is a town of historical importance<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sharma |first1=Rakesh Kumar |last2=Misra |first2=Om Prakash |year=2003 |chapter=Archaeological Background |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA16 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=16 |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}</ref> just east of the [[Sind River (Yamuna)|Sind River]], situated 41 km north of the town of Shivpuri. Narwar is known for its medieval fortress, [[Narwar Fort]], and for rice cultivation.

===Madhav Chauk===
Madhav Chauk is a main market of town in Shivpuri. All marketing facilities are available here.[[File:Madhav Chauk.JPG|thumb|Madhav Chauk]]

===Madhav National Park===
[[File:Madhav National Park.JPG|left|thumb|Madhav National Park]]
[[Madhav National Park]] is located between Agra-Mumbai and Jhansi-Shivpuri road. Its area is 157.58 square kilometers. The park is open to visitors throughout the year. Blackbuck, Indian gazelle and chital Knil large number of cows, sambar, Chausinga, black buck, sloth bears, leopards and other inhabitants of the park. The park has a varied terrain of [[forest]]ed hills and flat [[grasslands]] around the [[lake]]. It is rich in [[biodiversity]]. Sakhya Sagar and Madhav Sagar lakes, created on Manier River in 1918, are two important biodiversity support systems in the national park. The '''Sailing Club''' situated on Sakhya Sagar at the entrance of the [[National park]] is a place of scenic beauty.

===Tourist Village===
[[File:Tourist Village Shivpuri.JPG|left|thumb|Tourist Village Shivpuri]]
Shivpuri Tourism Center. Shivpuri is the center of attraction for tourists throughout the year, but Shivpuri attracts tourists after the first rain. Tourist Village is located here to stay for tourist near Picnic Spot Bhadaiya Kund.

====Chhatari====
There are many [[Scindia]] Chatri (memorials) of royals of Scindia Rajvansh ornate marble is a fine example of workmanship.

[[File:Chhatari (Shivpuri) a memorials.JPG|thumb|Chhatari (Shivpuri) a memorials]] Its campus is on Chhatari Road which leads from Do Battai Chauraha to Bhadaiya Kund. There is a memorial of dowager queen Maharani Sakhya Raje Scindia at the entrance of the campus, in a fusion of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles, with their shikhara type spires and Maratha Rajput and Mughal pavilions. A tank is created in front of this memorial. The memorial of Madhav Rav Scindhia is built across the tank facing towards Maharani Sakhya Raje Scindhia.[[File:Chhatari (Tank).JPG|thumb|Chhatari (Tank)]] One side of the tank a temple is established of Lord Ram with Seeta, Lakshman and other side a temple is established of Radha- Krishna. All memorials and temples are built by [[Jyotiraditya Scindia|Scindhia]] Maharaja Princes of Gwalior.
Management of Chhatari is under control of a [[Mahadaji Shinde|ScindiaTrust]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shivpuri.nic.in/Tourism.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109201922/http://shivpuri.nic.in/Tourism.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |title=An official website of SHIVPURI district of MADHYA PRADESH,INDIA}}</ref>

==Villages==


*[[Thakurpura]]

==Notable people==
*[[Madhavrao Scindia]], Indian politician and Maharaja of Scindia Rajvansh [[Gwalior State]].
*[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]], member of the legislative assembly from Shivpuri.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Do Batti Chauraha ,Shivpuri.JPG|Do Batti Chauraha, Shivpuri
File:Ban Ganga Dham Shivpuri.JPG|Ban Ganga Dham Shivpuri
File:Mohineshwar Dham Mandir ,Shivpuri.JPG|Mohineshwar Dham Mandir, Shivpuri
File:Nagada Ghar.JPG|Nagada Ghar
File:Chintaharan Mandir.JPG|Chintaharan Mandir
File:Chhatari (in side view).JPG|Chhatari (interior)
File:Bhadaiya Kund ,Shivpuri.JPG|Bhadaiya Kund, Shivpuri
File:Mohineshwar Dham Mandir.JPG|Mohineshwar Dham Mandir
File:Shiv Temple on Chatari Road,Shivpuri,M.P.JPG|Shiv Temple on Chatari Road, Shivpuri, M.P.
File:Shanti Nath Jinalaya.JPG|Shanti Nath Jinalaya
File:Bhadaiya Kund (main view).JPG|Bhadaiya Kund (main view)
File:Ban Ganga Dham Temple(Front view) Shivpuri.JPG|Ban Ganga Dham Temple (front) Shivpuri
</gallery>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://shivpuri.nic.in Shivpuri District web site]
*[https://reserveit.net/tour/wildlife/madhav-national-park Madhav National Park]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Shivpuri district
|North = [[Gwalior district]]
|Northeast = [[Datia district]]
|East = [[Jhansi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Southeast = [[Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|South = [[Ashoknagar district]]
|Southwest = [[Guna district]]
|West = [[Baran district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Northwest = [[Sheopur district]]
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Gwalior Division}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25|25|12|N|77|39|36|E|region:IN-MP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Shivpuri district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

Mudhole Assembly constituency

2026-01-26T15:48:09Z

Isaac3301: put up a entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Mudhole]]
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (10-Mudhole highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mudhole Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Rama Rao Pawar|Ram Rao Pawar (P. Rama Rao Patel)]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| constituency_no = 10
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
| electors =
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
}}

'''Mudhole Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nirmal district]] of [[Telangana ]] that elects representatives to the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Rama Rao Pawar]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Mudhole]]
|-
| [[Kuntala Mandal|Kuntala]]
|-
| [[Kubeer]]
|-
| [[Bhainsa]]
|-
| [[Lokeswaram]]
|-
| [[Tanoor, Adilabad district|Tanoor]]
|-
| [[Basar, Telangana|Basar]]
|-
| [[Narsapur G, Nirmal district|Narsapur G]] (Part)
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | Gopidi Ganga Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" | G. Gaddenna
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Armoor Hanmanth Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| G. Gaddenna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Narayan Rao Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| G. Gaddenna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Narayan Rao Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gaddigari Vittal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Rama Rao Pawar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Mudhole (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[Ram Rao Pawar]] (P. Ramarao Patil)|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=98,252|percentage=48.59|change={{increase}}26.58}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gaddigari Vital Reddy|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=74,253|percentage=36.72|change={{decrease}}8.96}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhosle Narayan Rao Patil|party=Indian National Congress|votes=15,588|percentage=7.71|change={{decrease}}12.15}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manmohan Jadhav|party=Independent|votes=4,939|percentage=2.44|change=''New''}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinod Kumar Sharadarao|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,292|percentage=1.63|change={{decrease}}0.35}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,906|percentage=0.94|change={{decrease}}0.30}}{{Election box majority|votes=23,999|percentage=11.87|change={{decrease}}11.98}}{{Election box turnout|votes=2,02,202|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Mudhole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|votes=83,703
|percentage=45.68
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Padakanti Ramadevi|votes=40,339|percentage=22.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Rama Rao Pawar]]|votes=36,396|percentage=19.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Bhosale Narayan Rao Patil|votes=6,001|percentage=3.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=2,266|percentage=1.24|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=43,331|percentage=23.85|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,81,696|percentage=98.7|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Mudhole (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231016142855/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=10 Mudhole Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
| votes = 63,322
| percentage = 38.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate =Padakanti Ramadevi
| votes = 48,485
| percentage = 29.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Venugopala Chary Samudrala
| votes = 43,540
| percentage =26.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,837
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,62,872
| percentage = 79.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Mudhole (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/27/30421/205 | title=IndiaVotes | India's largest election database }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =Venugopala Chary Samudrala
| votes =45,019
| percentage =32.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate =Gaddigari Vittal Reddy
|votes =44,836
| percentage =32.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Patil Narayan Rao Bhosle
| votes =28,872
| percentage =20.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 183
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.98|77.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Nirmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]

Mahati Swara Sagar

2026-01-08T00:35:43Z

Isaac3301: put up initial pg w/ refs...

{{short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

{{family name hatnote|Yanamandra|lang=Telugu}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mahati Swara Sagar
| birth_date = 15 October
| birth_place = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Vocalist|film scorer|programmer}}
| birth_name =
| years_active = 2015–present
| label = [[Aditya Music]], [[Lahari Music]], [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sanjana Kalmanje|2021}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Keyboard}}
}}

'''Yanamandra Mahati Swara Sagar''' is an Indian composer and singer who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hansindia |date=2020-02-21 |title=Swara Sagar Mahathi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-celebrities/swara-sagar-mahathi-76990 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705130337/https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-celebrities/swara-sagar-mahathi-76990 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sagar has debuted as a composer with ''[[Jadoogadu]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-30 |title=Long way to go to match dad's work: Sagar Mahati |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/long-way-to-go-to-match-dads-work-sagar-mahati/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222231351/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/long-way-to-go-to-match-dads-work-sagar-mahati/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His notable compositions include ''[[Chalo]]'' (2018), [[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']] (2020) and ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' (2022), with the former being his breakthrough.

== Early life and career ==
Mahati Swara Sagar was born to [[Mani Sharma]] and Srivani Varma in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in India. Before debuting as a music composer, Sagar has worked as a keyboard player and programmer in more than 160 films, with majority of the films composed by his father Mani Sharma, [[M. M. Keeravani]] and [[Kalyani Malik]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=Swara Sagar on 'Chalo' music, his father Mani Sharma, & more: - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/swara-sagar-on-chalo-music-his-father-mani-sharma-more-telugu-news-205945 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705130913/https://www.indiaglitz.com/swara-sagar-on-chalo-music-his-father-mani-sharma-more-telugu-news-205945 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has debuted as the composer with the 2015 film ''[[Jadoogadu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=నాన్నగారి పాటల్లా ఉన్నాయంటున్నారు! {{!}} Mani Sharma Praises his Son Sagar Mahathi Jadoogadu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mani-sharma-praises-his-son-sagar-mahathi-jadoogadu-234668 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705123410/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/mani-sharma-praises-his-son-sagar-mahathi-jadoogadu-234668 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== As composer ===

* ''All productions are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted''

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of original soundtracks and scores
!Year
!Title
!Score
!Songs
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Jadoogadu]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Eedu Gold Ehe]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]
|-
|''[[Chalo]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|''Nartanasala'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2020
|[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2020-02-14 |title='Bheeshma's 'Singles Anthem' is fun |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bheeshmas-singles-anthem-is-fun-605044 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073346/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/bheeshmas-singles-anthem-is-fun-605044 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Ishq (2021 film)|''Ishq'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|[[Maestro (2021 film)|''Maestro'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|[[Kinnerasani (film)|''Kinnerasani'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-09 |title="Ra Ra Reddy!" song from Macherla Niyojakavargam is out |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/ra-ra-reddy-song-from-macherla-niyojakavargam-is-out |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919080351/https://telugucinema.com/news/ra-ra-reddy-song-from-macherla-niyojakavargam-is-out |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Krishna Vrinda Vihari]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|''Swathi Muthyam'']]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''Vairam''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Also shot in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]]
|-
|''[[Nenu Student Sir]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]; credited as Sagar<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2023-06-05 |title=Actor Vikram Prabhu on next 'Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Jun/05/actor-vikram-prabhu-on-next-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku-2581825.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073347/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Jun/05/actor-vikram-prabhu-on-next-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku-2581825.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-31 |title=Mahathi Swara Sagar: Every moment of composing music for 'Bholaa Shankar' was challenging |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahati-swara-sagar-every-moment-of-composing-music-for-bholaa-shankar-was-challenging/articleshow/102283765.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913191539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahati-swara-sagar-every-moment-of-composing-music-for-bholaa-shankar-was-challenging/articleshow/102283765.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Prathinidhi 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Interview : Mahati Swara Sagar – I'm not fully satisfied with my compositions {{!}} Latest Telugu cinema news {{!}} Movie reviews {{!}} OTT Updates, OTT |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-mahati-swara-sagar-im-not-fully-satisfied-with-my-compositions.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004125228/https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-mahati-swara-sagar-im-not-fully-satisfied-with-my-compositions.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rakshana (2024 film)|Rakshana]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|Touch Me Not]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Television series
|}

=== As playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Work
!Song
!Composer
!Co-artist(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Chalo]]''
|"Choosi Chudangane"
| rowspan="8" |Himself
|[[Anurag Kulkarni]]
|
|-
|''[[Kumari 21F (2018 film)|Kumari 21F]]''
|"Lets Party in Bangkok"
|[[Roll Rida]]
|Kannada song
|-
|[[Nartanasala (2018 film)|''Nartanasala'']]
|"Egireney Manasu"
|Sameera Bharadwaj
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhola Shankar]]''
|"Bholaa Mania"
|[[L. V. Revanth]]
|
|-
|"Milky Beauty"
|[[Vijay Prakash]], Sanjana Kalmanje
|
|-
|[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|''Swathi Muthyam'']]
|"Po Pove Dhoorama"
|Dinker Kalvala, Shruthika Samudhrala
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Nenu Student Sir]]''
|"Maaye Maaye"
|[[Kapil Kapilan]]
|
|-
|"24/7 Okate Dhyaasa"
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|}

== Personal life ==
Mahathi Swara Sagar is married to singer Sanjana Kalmanje.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2021-10-25 |title=Mani Sharma Son Marriage: అట్టహాసంగా సింగర్‌ను వివాహమాడిన మణిశర్మ కుమారుడు మహతి స్వరసాగర్ |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/tollywood-famous-music-director-mani-sharmas-son-swara-sagar-mahathi-gets-married-with-singer-sanjana-564903.html |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073347/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/tollywood-famous-music-director-mani-sharmas-son-swara-sagar-mahathi-gets-married-with-singer-sanjana-564903.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The engagement and wedding ceremonies were held in October 2021 in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Chennai]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-13 |title=Mani Sharma's son Swara Sagar Mahathi gets engaged; to marry this October |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mani-sharmas-son-swara-sagar-mahathi-gets-engaged-to-get-married-this-october/articleshow/86985448.cms |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mani-sharmas-son-swara-sagar-mahathi-gets-engaged-to-get-married-this-october/articleshow/86985448.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=telugu |first=NT News |date=2021-10-25 |title=Mahati Swarasagar: అట్ట‌హాసంగా మ‌ణిశ‌ర్మ త‌న‌యుడి వివాహం.. వైర‌ల్‌గా మారిన ఫొటోలు |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/mahati-swarasagar-marries-sanjana-269328 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.ntnews.com |language=te |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919073348/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/mahati-swarasagar-marries-sanjana-269328 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=30 August 2021 |title=SIIMA Nominations: Here Is The Complete List Of Nominations For 2019 And 2020 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/siima-nominations-here-is-the-complete-list-of-nominations-for-2019-and-2020-704128 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213244/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/siima-nominations-here-is-the-complete-list-of-nominations-for-2019-and-2020-704128 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7186537|name=Mahati Swara Sagar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swara Sagar, Mahati}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]

Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology

2026-01-02T21:27:22Z

Isaac3301: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology (Degree Division)
|image = File:Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology.jpg
|caption = Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology (Degree Division)
|established = {{start date and age|2003}}
|type = [[Private school|Private]]
|administrative_staff = 10+
|faculty = 25+
|principal = Dr Indranil Debgupta
|students =
|city = Guptipara, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|postcode = 712512
|coordinates = {{coord|23.1946044|N|88.4104002|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|free_label = Approvals
|free = [[AICTE]]
|logo =
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|affiliations = [http://www.wbut.ac.in/ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University]
|website = [http://smitgp.edu.in/ Official Website]
|}}

'''Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology''' (commonly '''SMIT''') is a [[co-educational]] [[private university|private]] engineering college located in [[Guptipara]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. SMIT is affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal and approved by [[All India Council for Technical Education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/Saroj-Mohan-Institute-of-Technology-Hooghly-Hoogly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224055036/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Saroj-Mohan-Institute-of-Technology-Hooghly-Hoogly|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 February 2012|title=Approvals|publisher=Minglebox}}</ref>

==Academics==
SMIT's [[undergraduate]] courses offer Diploma engineering in Civil, computer, electrical, electronics, mechanical. It also offers [[bachelor's degree]] in several [[management]] courses - [[Bachelor of Business Administration]] ,[[Bachelor of Computer Applications]] and MBA.

==Facilities==
* Elementary Library
* Various Laboratories
* Extra Curricular Activity Podium
* Workshops
* Placement Cell
* Boys and Girls Hostel
* Computer labs
* Internet Access
* Cafeteria<ref>{{cite web|url=http://smit.ac.in/index.php?smit=21|title=Facilities|publisher=Saroj Mohan Institute of Technology|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121218163643/http://smit.ac.in/index.php?smit=21|archivedate=2012-12-18}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[Universities and colleges in India]]
*[[West Bengal University of Technology]]
*[[All India Council of Technical Education]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://smitgp.edu.in/ Official Website]

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

[[Category:Private engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Gollaprolu mandal

2026-01-02T17:38:39Z

Isaac3301: put up info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gollaprolu mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 121.54
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Gollaprolu mandal''' is one of the 21 mandals in [[Kakinada district|Kakinada District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4902-gollaprolu-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Villages & Towns in Gollaprolu Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> there are 10 villages within the mandal.

== Demographics ==
Gollaprolu mandal has total population of 78,926 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]] out of which 39,773 are males while 39,153 are females and the average sex ratio is 984. The total literacy rate is 61.97%. The male literacy rate is 58.35% and the female literacy rate is 52.03%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/gollaprolu-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4902|title=Gollaprolu Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh - Census India|website=www.censusindia.co.in}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===

#[[Chebrolu, East Godavari district|Chebrolu]]
#Chendurthi
#China Jaggampeta
#[[Durgada, East Godavari district|Durgada]]
#[[Gollaprolu]]
#Kodavali
#Mallavaram
#[[Tatiparthi]]
#Vannepudi
#Vijayanagaram

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Tari Maate Once More

2025-12-29T03:28:29Z

Isaac3301: cleaned up content based on references

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tari Maate Once More
| director = Saurin Chaoudhary
| producer = Namrata Agrawal
| writer = Rhythm Bhojak
| starring = [[Bharat Chawda]] [[Janki Bodiwala]] Ojas Rawal [[Shraddha Dangar]] Hemang Dave Jolly Rathod Meera Acharya Ragi Jani 
| music = Hiren Bhojak
| cinematography = Sandeep raj
| studio = Kushal Entertainment ( A division of Kushal Limited)
| runtime = 158 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{film date|df=y|2018|09|21}}
}}

'''''Tari Maate Once More''''' is a 2018 Gujarati musical comedy-drama starring veteran Gujarati actor [[Bharat Chawda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bharat-chawda-to-star-in-tari-mate-once-more/articleshow/65102190.cms|title=Bharat Chawda to star in 'Tari Maate Once More' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025042429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bharat-chawda-to-star-in-tari-mate-once-more/articleshow/65102190.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in the lead role, [[Janki Bodiwala]] in a supporting role,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/janki-bodiwala-presents-the-official-poster-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65474855.cms|title=Janki Bodiwala presents the official poster of 'Tari Maate Once More' - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928013309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/janki-bodiwala-presents-the-official-poster-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65474855.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Ojas Rawal, Hemangiomas Dave, Jolly Rathod, Meera Acharya and Ragi Jani. The film is directed by Saurin Chaoudhary,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/photo-features/know-the-big-star-cast-of-tari-maate-once-more/photostory/65576108.cms|title=Know the big star cast of 'Tari Maate Once More' - The Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916003637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/photo-features/know-the-big-star-cast-of-tari-maate-once-more/photostory/65576108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and produced by Namrata Agrawal from Kushal Entertainment. Hiren Bhojak created the music and Rhythm Bhojak created the concept and writing. The nationwide release was by Rupam Entertainment.

== Plot ==
It is a triangle love story with much humorous situational comedy and much masti masala content. There is a suspense, romance, comedy, drama, melodrama, aggression, problems at one situation. There are six friends Mihir, Tara, Aaisha, Jaddu, Maggie and Harry. Mihir and Aaisha love each other but Tara loves Mihir. Unfortunately somehow Mihir proposed to Tara instead of Aaisha. There was a huge misunderstanding. After two years Mihir and Tara are going to get engaged with each other because Mihir doesn't want to hurt Tara's emotions and feelings. Due to funny incident Mihir and Tara's engagement got cancelled and all friends met again. They planned for Goa trip again, where Mihir and Aaisha attracted with each other and fall in love.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tari-maate-once-more/ET00082428|title=Tari Maate Once More Movie (2018) - Reviews, Cast & Release Date in - BookMyShow|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155114/https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tari-maate-once-more/ET00082428|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Bharat Chawda]] as<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bharat-chawda-presents-the-teaser-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65505110.cms|title=Bharat Chawda presents the teaser of 'Tari Maate Once More'|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907213358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/bharat-chawda-presents-the-teaser-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65505110.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mihir
* [[Janki Bodiwala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/janki-bodiwala-presents-the-official-poster-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65474855.cms|title=Janki Bodiwala presents the official poster of 'Tari Maate Once More'|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928013309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/janki-bodiwala-presents-the-official-poster-of-tari-maate-once-more/articleshow/65474855.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Aaisha
* Ojas Rawal<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ojas-rawal-shares-birthday-wishes-for-co-star-jolly-rathod/articleshow/65324587.cms|title=Ojas Rawal shares birthday wishes for co-star Jolly Rathod|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025043951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/ojas-rawal-shares-birthday-wishes-for-co-star-jolly-rathod/articleshow/65324587.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Magi
* [[Shraddha Dangar]] as Jaadu
* Hemang Dave as Harry
* Jolly Rathod as Tara
* Meera Acharya as Shailja
* Ragi Jani as Don bhai

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film is produced Namrata Agrawal from Kushal Entertainment (a division of Kushal Limited). The story and concept are by Rhytham Bhojak. Hiren Bhojak is music director of the film. Tari Maate Once More ropes in big Bollywood singers such as [[Shaan_(singer)]], Freedom Sharma, Vinod Shinde, and Hiren Bhojak. The film's negative rights have been sold to [[shemaroo Entertainment]] and available to watch on Shemaroo Me<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.shemaroome.com/movies/tari-maate-once-more|title=Watch online gujarati movie Tari Mate Once More - ShemarooMe|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120075840/https://www.shemaroome.com/movies/tari-maate-once-more|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Shooting of the film started in post June 2017. The shooting is said to set in some parts of [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Goa]] in India.

=== Music ===
The soundtrack of the album is composed by Hiren Bhojak with lyrics written by Hiren Bhojak and Kamini Shah. The soundtrack album consists of four tracks. The film's three songs were released by [[Zee_Music_Company]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tari Maate Once more
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Hiren Bhojak
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Hiren Bhojak has composed the music of this film. Lyrics of the tracks were written by Hiren Bhojak and Kamini Shah. Music label for the film is [[Zee_Music_Company]] {{tracklist
| total_length = 16:43
| headline = Tracklist
| all_music =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Tari Maate Hu Hu Shu Karu
| lyrics1 = Hiren Bhojak
| extra1 = {{nowrap|Hiren Bhojak & Vinod Shinde}}
| length1 = 3:37
| title2 = Changi Hu Main
| lyrics2 = Kamini Shah
| extra2 = Freedom Sharma & Hiren Bhojak
| length2 = 4.20
| title3 = Bin Tere
| lyrics3 = Hiren Bhojak
| extra3 = [[Shaan_(singer)]]
| length3 = 4.46
| title4 = Mango Tango
| lyrics4 = Hiren Bhojak
| extra4 = [[Shaan_(singer)]]
| length4 = 4.40
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:2010s Gujarati-language films]]

Elections in Puducherry

2025-12-23T14:47:14Z

Isaac3301:

{{Short description|Overview of the procedure of elections in the Indian union territory of Puducherry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
Elections in the Indian union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are conducted every five years to elect [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] to the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] and [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]] to the [[Lok Sabha]]. There are [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|30 assembly constituencies]] and [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Puducherry (1)|1 Lok Sabha constituency]]. The union territory has conducted 14 assembly elections and 15 Lok Sabha elections since independence.

The [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry|lieutenant governor of Puducherry]] is the ceremonial head of the [[Puducherry (union territory)|union territory]]. However, it is the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|chief minister of Puducherry]] who is elected as the leader of the party or political alliance having a majority in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. The [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] will be the leader of the executive branch of the [[government of Puducherry]]. The chief minister is the chief adviser to the lieutenant governor of Puducherry and the head of the union territory council of ministers.

==Elections==
The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) is responsible for monitoring and administering the elections for the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) and [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] and the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. The ECI appoints the chief electoral officer of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], an [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S.]] officer who oversees state-level election matters.

The [[Puducherry Election Commission]] is the state body of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] that is enacted under the provisions of the constitution and is responsible for monitoring and administering the elections for local government in Puducherry. This body is responsible for ensuring elections are free and fair, without any bias.

Elections ensure the conduct of members pre-elections, during elections, and post-elections is as per statutory legislation.

The [[Puducherry Election Commission|election commission]] handles all election-related disputes. If the laws enacted to deal with the given situation in conducting elections are silent or do not make adequate provisions, the [[Madras High Court]] has ruled that the Election Commission has residual powers to act appropriately under the constitution.

==Types of elections==
Elections in Puducherry include elections for:
*[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House)
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House)
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*Members of local governance bodies ([[List of municipalities in Puducherry|municipal bodies]] and [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]])
*A bye-election is held when the elected member of a particular constituency dies, resigns, or is disqualified.

==Rajya Sabha elections==
[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are not directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the union territory but by the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. Candidates who win the Rajya Sabha elections are called "[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament]]" and hold their seats for six years. The house meets in the Rajya Sabha Chamber of the [[Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place to elect one member from Puducherry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|title=Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House|date=7 August 2017|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=19 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219125449/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Lok Sabha elections==
[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the union territory from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Sabha elections are called "[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]]" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[president of India]] on the advice of the [[Union Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chamber of the [[Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once every five years to elect one member from Puducherry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses|title=Terms of the Houses: Detail of Terms of the Union Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506044325/https://www.eci.gov.in/term-of-the-houses|url-status=live}}</ref>

===History of Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="toccolours" style="width:75em"
!Colour key for parties
|-
|{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|[[All India N.R. Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|outline=#000000}}
{{div col end}}
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!colspan=8|'''[[Lok Sabha|LOK SABHA]] ELECTIONS'''
|-
!Election
!Lok Sabha
!Total Seat
!colspan=2|Political Party
!Percentage of Votes
|-
|1967
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|39.83%
|-
|1971
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|66.27%
|-
|1977
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|1
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|53.32%
|-
|1980
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|66.45%
|-
|1984
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|58.86%
|-
|1989
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|50.47%
|-
|1991
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|53.07%
|-
|1996
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|39.97%
|-
|1998
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|1
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|41.11%
|-
|1999
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|37.17%
|-
|2004
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|1
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|{{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|49.95%
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in Puducherry|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|49.41%
|-
|2014
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|1
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|35.64%
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|57.16%
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Puducherry|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|1
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|52.73%
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
[[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] are directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the [[Puducherry (union territory)|union territory]] from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the legislative assembly elections are called "Members of the Legislative Assembly" and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry|lieutenant governor of Puducherry]] on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Assembly Chamber of the Chief Secretariat in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of Puducherry. Elections take place once every five years to elect 30 members to the legislative assembly. The leader of the majority party or alliance takes oath as [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|chief minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/|title=Puducherry - Election Commission of India|date=3 June 2021|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206112931/https://eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===History of Legislative Assembly elections===
{|class="toccolours" style="width:75em"
!Colour key for parties
|-
|{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|[[All India N.R. Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|#FF948E|People's Front|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}|[[Puducherry Makkal Congress]]|outline=#000000}}
{{legend|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]|outline=#000000}}
{{div col end}}
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=14|'''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY]] ELECTIONS'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
!rowspan=2|Total Seats
!colspan=4|First
!colspan=4|Second
!colspan=4|Third
|-
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
!colspan=2|Political party
!Seats
!Percentage of votes
|-
|[[2nd Puducherry Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|22
|52.07%
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|5
|29.75%
|People's Front
|style="background:#FF948E;"|
|4
|18.19%
|-
|[[3rd Puducherry Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]])}}
|30
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|15
|33.70%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|10
|42.62%
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|3
|12.62%
|-
|4th {{small|([[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|30
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|12
|27.83%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|7
|15.95%
|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|5
|18.92%
|-
|5th {{small|([[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|30
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|14
|30.96%
|[[Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|7
|26.45%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|3
|13.49%
|-
|6th {{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|30
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|14
|27.73%
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|10
|23.92%
|[[Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|3
|9.33%
|-
|7th {{small|([[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|15
|32.68%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|6
|15.75%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|5
|29.08%
|-
|8th {{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|25.04%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|9
|24.07%
|[[Janata Dal]]
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|4
|18.17%
|-
|9th {{small|([[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|15
|30.00%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|6
|17.34%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|4
|24.71%
|-
|10th {{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|9
|25.34%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|7
|22.90%
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|5
|9.23%
|-
|11th {{small|([[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|22.78%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|7
|17.54%
|[[Puducherry Makkal Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Puducherry Makkal Congress}}
|4
|10.24%
|-
|12th {{small|([[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|10
|29.91%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|7
|12.59%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|3
|16.04%
|-
|13th {{small|([[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|30
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|15
|31.75%
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|7
|26.53%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|5
|13.75%
|-
|[[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|30
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|15
|30.60%
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|8
|28.12%
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|4
|16.82%
|-
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|30
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|10
|25.85%
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|6
|18.51%
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6
|13.66%
|-
|[[16th Puducherry Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]])}}
|30
|{{TBA}}
|
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|{{steady}}
|{{steady}}
|}

==Bye-election==
When an elected member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Lok Sabha]], or [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] left their office vacant before their term ended, a bye-election was conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position.

Common reasons for bye-elections:
*Resignation of the sitting [[Member of Parliament (India)|M.P.]] or an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]]
*Death of the sitting M.P. or an M.L.A.

There are also other reasons that occur when the incumbent is disqualified for being ineligible to continue in office (criminal conviction, failure to maintain a minimum level of attendance in the office due to election irregularities found later, or when a candidate wins more than one seat and has to vacate one).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/bye-elections|title=BYE ELECTIONS: Bye-Elections (also known as bypolls) are used to fill elected offices that have become vacant between general elections|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228100258/https://www.eci.gov.in/bye-elections|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lok Sabha]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Elections in India]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[History of Puducherry]]
*[[Government of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250819064524/https://www.elections.in/ Elections in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20251009080041/https://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250808225228/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/ Chief Electoral Officer, Puducherry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250222092500/https://sec.py.gov.in/ Puducherry State Election Commission]

{{Puducherry elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Puducherry]]

Anandalahari (TV series)

2025-12-11T18:38:32Z

Isaac3301: creating a details.

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anandalahari (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer = Sai Vanapalli
| director = Sai Vanapalli
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Abhishek Boddepalli
* Bramarambika Tutika
}}
| music = Joy Solomon
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| executive_producer = {{plain list|
* Rakesh Patnaik
* Vijay Chaganti
}}
| producer = Praveen Dharmapuri
| editor = {{plain list|
* Harish Kumar Adapaka
* Michael D. Selva
}}
| cinematography = Ashoka Dabbeeru
| runtime = 27{{ndash}}41 minutes
| company = [[Suresh Productions|SP Mini]]
| network = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Anandalahari''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created and directed by Sai Vanapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=New Telugu OTT releases to stream this week: They Call Him OG, Kishkindhapuri and more |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/telugu-ott-releases-this-week-they-call-him-og-kishkindhapuri-anandalahari-2025-10-24-1014188 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[Suresh Productions|SP Mini]], it features Abhishek Boddepalli and Bramarambika Tutika in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Anandalahari trailer: Godavari East clashes against West in this madcap rom-com |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/11/anandalahari-trailer-godavari-east-clashes-against-west-in-this-madcap-rom-com |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2025-10-17 |title=ఈస్ట్ గోదావరి అబ్బాయి... వెస్ట్ గోదావరి అమ్మాయి - ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేసిన క్యూట్ లవ్ స్టోరీ 'ఆనందలహర |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/anandalahari-web-series-ott-streaming-abhishek-boddepalli-bramarambika-tutika-romantic-love-entertainer-on-aha-223906 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>

It was released on 17 October 2025 on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Suresh Productions’ AnandaLahari to premiere on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/09/suresh-productions-anandalahari-to-premiere-on-this-date |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Abhishek Boddepalli as Anand
* Bramarambika Tutika as Lahari
* Revathi Natha Pulipati as Sanyasi Naidu
* Sri Kumari as Lakshmi
* Krishna Yerubbadi as Kangaru Babai
* Amar as Flexy Raju
* Amrutha as Hebbati
* Arun Dev as Chunchu Bablu
* Kiran Areti as Panodu
* Swaraj Potluri as Bharat
* Sathyanarayana Adabala as Gajapati
* Sravani Kota as Sreya
* Anvitha Chintakayala as Mounika
* Gayatri Bhargavi as Couple Counsellor

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C2A5D |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Fateful Night
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Eat & West Collide
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Hyderabad
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Turning Point
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Understanding Each Other
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Together in Journey
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Back to Godavari
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Beginning
|DirectedBy = Sai Vanapalli
|WrittenBy = Sai Vanapalli
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|17|df=y}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}
}}

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Joy Solomon
| title1 = Anand's Wake Up Jam
| lyrics1 = Joy Solomon
| extra1 = Joy Solomon, Sragvi, Snikitha
| title2 = Attention Everybody
| lyrics2 = Athreya Kolluru
| extra2 = Athreya Kolluru
| title3 = Mangalam Ani
| lyrics3 = Ashwini Chepuri
| extra3 = Ashwini Chepuri
| title4 = Godavari Jam
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = Joy Solomon
| title5 = City Skies
| lyrics5 = –
| extra5 = Ashwini Chepuri
| title6 = Give Me My Money
| lyrics6 = Joy Solomon
| extra6 = Joy Solomon
| title7 = Radha Kadhu Ra
| lyrics7 = Sai Vanapalli
| extra7 = Yashwanth Nag
| title8 = Aanaadu Eenaadu
| lyrics8 = Lakshmi Prasanna
| extra8 = Joy Solomon
| title9 = Ayyayo Ayyo
| lyrics9 = Lakshmi Prasanna
| extra9 = Lakshmi Meghana
| title10 = Children's song
| lyrics10 = Sai Vanapalli
| extra10 = Snikitha, Sragvi
}}

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that, "''Anandalahari'' is a series that has a simple and routine setup and takes time to grow on you, but there is nothing new that has been showcased here".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anandalahari Review: A Godavari romance that takes time to grow on you |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/anandalahari-review-a-gentle-godavari-tale-with-limited-but-enjoyable-moments/0de3aedc7e643 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' stated, "''Anandalahari'' is a simple romantic drama that meanders through ordinary life moments without offering fresh perspectives or compelling storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-26 |title=‘Anandalahari’ review: Godavari romance struggles to impress |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/anandalahari-review-godavari-romance-struggles-to-impress-1017720 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|38651859}}
* [https://www.aha.video/webseries/anandalahari ''Anandalahari''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2025 web series endings]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama television series]]

Invis

2025-11-25T06:16:33Z

Isaac3301: updated page

{{COI|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Invis Multimedia
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| predecessor =
| industry = [[Multimedia]] entertainment
| genre = [[Anime]]
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location_city = [[Kerala, India]]
| location_country =
| area_served =
| products =
| services = [[IT consultant]]
| key_people =N.R.S. Babu (Chairman) M.R. Hari (Managing Director) M.R. Ajith (Executive Director) Adv.N.S. Lal (Director)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =60
| divisions =
| subsid =
| slogan =
| homepage = [http://www.invismultimedia.com invismultimedia.com]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Invis Multimedia''', formerly '''India Vision International''', an ICT consultant and solution provider{{buzzword inline|date=June 2019}} and also the first Apple computer based [[video production studio]] of India, was set up in 1995. They started commercial production in March 1996.

==History==
[[File:EKNayanar Chief Minister of Kerala launching the Project Kerala The Green Symphony 1998.jpg|thumb|[[E. K. Nayanar]] Chief Minister of Kerala launching the project ''Kerala: The Green Symphony'' in 1996]]
In 1996 November, [[E. K. Nayanar]], [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], launched the CD-ROM project of Invis Multimedia.<ref name= CD>{{cite web|title=Watch out Kerala more comprehensively on interactive CD-ROM|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19980608-watch-out-kerala-more-comprehensively-on-interactive-cd-rom-826602-1998-06-07|publisher=India Today|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> The history of digital media in Kerala starts with the launching of the project Kerala: The Green Symphony in November 1996. The CD- ROM, ''Kerala: The Green Symphony'' was the first cross platform (Windows/Macintosh) CD-ROM developed in India.<ref name= CD /> The final product was released on 18 June 1998. Subsequently, the Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala agreed to sponsor the title ''Kerala: The Green Symphony'' and it was released as a multimedia title,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajeev Srinivasan on Kerala – India's future California, or God's own country|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1998/dec/14rajeev.htm|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> produced in association with [[Kerala Tourism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala VC Fund okays Invis project|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2001/02/19/stories/151939dd.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> The CD-ROM was later translated into Hindi, German, French and Japanese languages.
[[File:Invis-Directors N.S. Lal , N R S Babu , M.R.Hari , M R Ajith.jpg|thumb|Invis-Directors N.S. Lal, N R S Babu, M.R.Hari, M R Ajith]]
In 1998, Invis Multimedia was appointed as the ICT Solution Provider of [[Kerala Tourism]]. They developed the portal www.keralatourism.org for the [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism bags award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kerala-tourism-bags-award/article7034264.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 January 2016|language=en-IN|date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2000, Invis Multimedia envisaged a plan to geotag all the major institutions and destinations of Kerala on a map to be developed with [[geographical information system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=കൊച്ചിയുടെ ഇ- മാപ് വരുന്നു|url=http://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2000/10/24/ker-emap.html|website=OneIndia.com|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> This was four years before the birth of [[Google Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism wins national award for website content|url=http://www.newswala.com/Business-News/kerala-tourism-wins-national-award-for-website-content-147690.html|publisher=Newswala.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The project had to be aborted due to delays in getting clearance for using satellite images and, with the introduction of Google Earth, all the services envisaged in the proposed plan became freely available. However, Invis developed a GIS map for Kerala Tourism in 2003, proving that they were years ahead of their time.

In 2001, Invis launched a CD- ROM on [[Ayurveda]], the ancient health science of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=CD on ayurveda to hit market soon|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/09/28/stories/152839cc.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> The CD was launched by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr.A.B. Vajpayee|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/impressions/mr-a-b-vajpayee/62|publisher=Kerala Tourism|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> It was translated into French and German languages. The title won a number of prestigious national and international awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Woos Domestic Market with Ayurveda|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-298987643.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015123159/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-298987643.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2018|publisher=Mail Today|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2002, Invis Multimedia became a member of [[UNESCO]]’s Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Invis Multimedia made Unesco alliance partner|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/06/04/stories/2002060401561700.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> In 2003, it started publishing music CD titles. In the same year, Invis brought out a VCD on ''Panchakarma: Ayurveda’s Mantra for Rejuvenation''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Zooming in on ayurveda and panchakarma|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/zooming-in-on-ayurveda-and-panchakarma/article3128107.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 May 2006 |accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> This was brought out in 9 languages. Development and publication of a series of coffee table books also started in this year, the first of the set being ''Panchakarma: Ayurveda’s Mantra for Rejuvenation''. Another book on Kerala was released after a few years.

Invis Multimedia started recording classical dance and theatre performances by masters for sharing and archiving the works of masters in 2003. A DVD series with English subtitles on the classical art forms of Kerala titled ''Know Your Heritage'' was also released.<ref>{{cite web|title=Know Your Heritage (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v021/21.2daugherty02.html|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Virtual tours|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/02/24/stories/2003022401520200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015123134/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/02/24/stories/2003022401520200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-02-24|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>
In 2004 Invis introduced another DVD series on classical artforms of India. The package titled ''Symphony Celestial''<ref>{{cite web|title=Rhythms of culture|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2004/03/22/stories/2004032200090200.htm|publisher=The Hindu Businessline|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> with 12 DVDs contained ten dance or theatre forms of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hindu Business Line : Invis to launch Symphony Celestial in September|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2003/08/16/stories/2003081601360600.htm|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Celestial symphony|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/08/16/stories/2004081600590200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015123120/https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/08/16/stories/2004081600590200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-08-16|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Invis to launch Symphony Celestial|url=http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=13226469|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027131052/http://www.sify.com/khel/fullstory.php?id=13226469|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2017|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Visual delight|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073002610600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041121171333/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073002610600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-07-30|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> Soon after, Invis Multimedia introduced a greetings CD titled ''Spirit of Christmas''.

Invis started taking up mobile site development and mobile content development in 2006. Subsequently, they started developing mobile applications.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurian|first1=Vinson|title=Kerala to launch app for food safety law|date=2 September 2015 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kerala-to-launch-app-for-food-safety-law/article7608432.ece|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism launches QR code-aided tourism search|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kerala-tourism-launches-qr-codeaided-tourism-search/article6915362.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 January 2016|language=en-IN|date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Mobile App to take Tourists on Virtual Tour of Heritage Sites|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/New-Mobile-App-to-take-Tourists-on-Virtual-Tour-of-Heritage-Sites/2015/01/06/article2605262.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184221/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/New-Mobile-App-to-take-Tourists-on-Virtual-Tour-of-Heritage-Sites/2015/01/06/article2605262.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

Rhapsodies from ''[[God's Own Country]]'', a pack of eight DVDs on Kerala, was brought out in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala tourism's new theme song goes viral|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-tourisms-new-theme-song-goes-viral/articleshow/50169997.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 December 2015 |accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> This series got National Award for the Best Film from the Ministry of Tourism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tops 2013–14 National Tourism Awards with 10 Honours|url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=61661|publisher=OrissaDiary.com|accessdate=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008173637/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=61661|archive-date=8 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Invis brought out several DVDs and music CD titles there after. Even though Invis envisaged the idea of a video portal on India and registered the domain Indiavideo.org. in 2004, the portal became operational only in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala tourism launches global art contest|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kerala-tourism-launches-global-art-contest/articleshow/28562829.cms|work=The Times of India|date=8 January 2014 |accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

Invis introduced the concept of online video greetings in September 2007 through its website Keralavideos.com. This was the first instance of using online video clips to convey festival greetings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive Eid-ul Fitr Video Greetings|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/10/08/kerala-indiavideo-intro-greetings-eid-ul-fitr.html|website=OneIndia.com|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Onam Video Greetings on Keralavideos.com|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/23/onam-video-greetings-on-keralavideos-com.html|work=Oneindia|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> Soon after this site was merged with Indiavideo.org.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cyber routes to a happy Onam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/cyber-routes-to-a-happy-onam/article1899112.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2007 |accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref> In November 2007, Invis Multimedia launched the website Indiavideo.org, an online video encyclopedia of India in association with [[UNESCO]] New Delhi office.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO to offer video encyclopaedia on India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/unesco-to-offer-video-encyclopaedia-on-india/article1955731.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 January 2016|language=en-IN|date=26 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNESCO to launch video encyclopedia of India on the web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-26/news/28408138_1_minja-yang-video-clips-encyclopedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018160948/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-26/news/28408138_1_minja-yang-video-clips-encyclopedia|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2015|publisher=The Economic Times|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> Another project implemented in association with UNESCO New Delhi office was a twin volume DVD on the traditional magic of India, titled ''Enchanting Illusions''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Power of creativity for sustainable development|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001622/162273e.pdf|website=Unesco.org|accessdate=23 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2009, Invis Multimedia started a partnership with [[YouTube]] to open a brand channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE YOUTUBE EFFECT|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120108/jsp/graphiti/story_14976271.jsp#.VqUanPjQd4A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111041330/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120108/jsp/graphiti/story_14976271.jsp#.VqUanPjQd4A|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Telegraphindia.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> The channel currently contains nearly 10,000 video clips from India, and gets more than 60,000 video views per day. The channel has 86,000 subscribers.<ref>{{cite web|title=indiavideodotorg|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeR1SFp-rR_WJiZEGdXJowA|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

''100 years of Bollywood'' was a video series produced by Invis Multimedia on the eve of 100 years of [[Indian cinema]]. This series presented many early films and film personalities.

In 2013, Invis brought out four major e-books in association with [[Kerala Tourism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism Minister launches e-books on Ayurveda, Newsbytes|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/e-book-brochures/1657|publisher=KeralaTourism.org|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala launches e-book on ayurveda|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/news/38434116_1_kerala-tourism-panchakarma-e-books|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901043417/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-10/news/38434116_1_kerala-tourism-panchakarma-e-books|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2014|publisher=The Economictimes.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism launches e-Books on Ayurveda|url=http://keralaitnews.com/309/kerala-tourism-launches-e-books-on-ayurveda|publisher=Kerala IT News|accessdate=24 January 2016|language=en-GB}}</ref>

From 2013 to 2015, Invis Multimedia organized large campaigns for pushing traffic to the websites of its clients like [[Kerala Tourism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Films well received on social media|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/films-well-received-on-social-media/article8132562.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 January 2016|language=en-IN|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Video way with Christmas greetings!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141222/technology-latest/article/video-way-christmas-greetings|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> and [[Grand Kerala Shopping Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|title=GKSF Season 6 Delivers|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/gksf-season-6-delivers|publisher=Yentha.com|accessdate=24 January 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117181022/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/gksf-season-6-delivers|url-status=dead}}</ref> Invis Multimedia supported an initiative of Kerala Tourism to do live webcasts of major festivals of Kerala happening in remote villages and major cultural festivals. Three large events were organized under this program: the HD quality, multiple days live webcasts of [[Arattupuzha Pooram]], [[Theyyam|Theyyam festival]] and Nishagandhi Dance and Music Festival.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bureau|first1=Our|title='Nishagandhi Fest' on the Web|date=19 January 2014 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/nishagandhi-fest-on-the-web/article5593796.ece?textsize=small&test=2|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2014, Invis brought out its first [[Blu-ray]]. This disc titled ''Ayurveda and Yoga: The veda of health'' was made for [[Kerala Tourism]].

Invis has been running branded video channels on YouTube since 2007. In 2016, Invis started various online educational channels on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|last1=S|first1=Unnikrishnan|title=Dough not 'duh' anymore|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/apr/16/dough-not-duh-anymore-1594313--1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231242/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/apr/16/dough-not-duh-anymore-1594313--1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2017|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>

Invis Multimedia has been working as the ICT solution{{buzzword inline|date=June 2019}} provider of Kerala tourism since 1998, winning seven successive bids. Recently, [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala]] has selected Invis Multimedia as its ICT solution{{buzzword inline|date=June 2019}} provider. In 2016, Invis started offering BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy Solutions) for making museums barrier free and sharing digital content with visitors. In 2017, Invis started offering virtual travel guides for travellers visiting Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Joseph|first1=Salim|title=Now, 360° videos to promote tourism|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Now-360-videos-to-promote-tourism/articleshow/55469632.cms|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2016 |accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Afforestation at Kanakakunnu.jpg|thumb|Afforestation at Kanakakunnu|left]]
[[File:Prof. Akira Miyawaki Mr Kiyokazu Kasayama M R Hari Prof Kouto Nakamura Prof Kazue Fujiwara.jpg|thumb|Prof. [[Akira Miyawaki]], Mr Kiyokazu Kasayama, M R Hari, Prof Kouto Nakamura, Prof Kazue Fujiwara]]

==CSR==
[[File:Miyawaki forest - 9 months after planting.jpg|thumb|Miyawaki forest – 9 months after planting]]
In 2016, Hari zeroed in on the method of afforestation developed by Prof. [[Akira Miyawaki]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Vinson |title=Kerala techie goes the Miyawaki way to grow micro forests |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/kerala-techie-goes-the-miyawaki-way-to-grow-micro-forests/article29286091.ece |website=Business Line |date=29 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The first Miyawaki model [[urban forest]] in Kerala was created as an Invis initiative at Puliyarakonam, Thiruvananthapuram on 31 January 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Salim |title=biodiversity: Thiruvananthapuram to have state's first Miyawaki model urban forest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/tpuram-to-have-states-first-miyawaki-model-urban-forest/articleshow/66684630.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, the first Miyawaki forest in a public place in Kerala was created at Kanakakunnu under the auspices of the [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala]], on 2 January 2019. This was a joint effort of M/s Nature's Green Guardian Foundation, Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd and Culture Shoppe Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{cite news |title=Capital set to get its 1st Miyawaki forest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/capital-set-to-get-its-1st-miyawaki-forest/articleshow/67373108.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The success of the Miyawaki model of afforestation has inspired the Invis group to use Prof. Miyawaki's model widely in the fight against [[climate change]]. More than
15 micro forests have been created so far in 2019 alone. M/s Culture Shoppe, the sister concern of Invis Multimedia, is now actively engaged in setting up nurseries of forest plants in different parts of the state to popularize and adopt Prof. Miyawaki's model on a massive scale.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Salim |title=State needs micro forests: Miyawak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/state-needs-micro-forests-miyawaki/articleshow/70744933.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.invismultimedia.com Official website]
*[http://www.keralatourism.org Kerala Tourism website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808073413/http://www.keralatourism.org/ |date=8 August 2012 }}
*[http://www.keralaculture.org Kerala Department of Culture website]
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Video production companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kerala]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1995]]

Baharul Islam

2025-11-25T05:35:07Z

Isaac3301: general cleanup references based on references

{{Short description|Indian judge (1918–1993)}}{{Other|Baharul Islam (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baharul Islam
| image = Justice Baharul Islam 7.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office2 = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start2 = 4 December 1980
| term_end2 = 12 January 1983
| nominator2 =
| appointer2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
|office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
|term_start = 15 June 1983
|term_end = 14 June 1989 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/b.pdf | title=Rajya Sabsha Members Biographical Sketches 1952–2003 | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
|term_start1 = 3 April 1962
|term_end1 = 20 January 1972
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1918|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1993|2|5|1918|3|1|df=y}}
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Skull">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/removal-motion-against-cji-a-remarkable-piece-of-skullduggery/articleshow/63873859.cms | title=Removal motion against CJI a remarkable piece of skullduggery | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Dhananjay Mahapatra | date=23 April 2018 | access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref>
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University]]
| education =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Justice Baharul Islam.jpg|thumb|Islam in Beijing, China, attending the Forum for Safeguarding World Peace (June 1985).|267x267px]]

'''Baharul Islam''' (1 March 1918 – 5 February 1993) was an Indian politician and judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="SC-Bio">{{Cite web|title=Former Judges: Baharul Islam|publisher=Supreme Court of India|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017050944/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/48_bislam.htm|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=20 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Kalbag, Chaitanya |date=31 January 1983 |title=Ends of Justice |newspaper=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830131-justice-baharul-islam-tenders-his-resignation-from-sc-bench-to-president-zail-singh-770402-2013-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922073522/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/justice-baharul-islam-tenders-his-resignation-from-sc-bench-to-president-zail-singh/1/371332.html |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]], as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1972, he resigned from the Rajya Sabha to become a judge in the [[Gauhati High Court]], where he eventually retired as Chief Justice. He was later recalled and appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court, where he delivered a judgment absolving the then-Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Jagannath Mishra]], in the urban cooperative bank scandal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/collegium-20-012 | title=Collegium 2.0 | publisher=Asian Age | work=Sudhansu Ranjan | date=3 November 2015 | access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> He subsequently resigned from the Supreme Court to contest elections as a Congress party candidate and was re-elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830131-justice-baharul-islam-tenders-his-resignation-from-sc-bench-to-president-zail-singh-770402-2013-07-25 | title=Justice Baharul Islam tenders his resignation from SC Bench to President Zail Singh | publisher=India Today | work=Chaitanya Kalbag | date=31 July 1983 | access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Pylee1998">{{cite book|author=M.V. Pylee|title=Emerging Trends of Indian Polity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXY2ltoFn1sC&pg=PA50|year=1998|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-86030-75-2|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="Chandrachud2018">{{cite book|author=Abhinav Chandrachud|title=Supreme Whispers: Conversations with Judges of the Supreme Court of India 1980-89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TstaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT183|date=29 May 2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5305-021-4|pages=183–}}</ref><ref name="Skull"/>
[[File:Justice Baharul Islam 3.jpg|thumb|268x268px|Islam in Hungary as a Member of Parliament, September 1985.]]

==Early life==
He was born in the village of [[Udiana]] in [[Kamrup district]], [[Assam]]. Islam attended Gurdon High School in [[Nalbari]], followed by [[Cotton University]] in [[Guwahati]] and [[Aligarh Muslim University]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Career==
Islam enrolled as an advocate of the Assam High Court in 1951 and of the Supreme Court in 1958. He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1956.<ref name="Skull"/> In 1962 and again in 1968, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha, resigning in 1972 to be appointed a judge of the then Assam and Nagaland High Court (now [[Gauhati High Court]]) on 20 January 1972. Islam was appointed acting chief justice of the Gauhati High Court on 11 March 1979 and became chief justice on 7 July 1979. He retired from this role on 1 March 1980.

On 4 December 1980, Islam was appointed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] in an unprecedented move, as retired judges were not typically reappointed.{{cn|date=May 2023}} He resigned from the Supreme Court on 12 January 1983 to contest from [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]], [[Assam]], for the [[Lok Sabha]] as a Congress candidate.<ref name="Pylee1998" /><ref name="Manor1994">{{cite book|author=James Manor|title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PA112|access-date=17 March 2020|year=1994|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-180-2|pages=112–}}</ref> However, as elections in [[Assam]] were postponed in the [[1984 Indian general election]], he was re-elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="India Today" /><ref name="SC-Bio" />

He was also a member of the Gauhati High Court Bar Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us: Past Presidents of the Association |publisher=Gauhati High Court Bar Association |url=http://ghconline.gov.in/Bar/aboutus.html |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235854/http://ghconline.gov.in/Bar/aboutus.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Committees===
In 1987, the Islam Committee was appointed to draft legislation focused on the rights, equal opportunities, and full participation of disabled persons.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bhambhani, Meenu |year=2005 |title=Disability Policy: India |editor=Albrecht, Gary L. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Disability, volume 1 |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=Sage Publications |pages=465–467, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LwxzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2343 page 467] |isbn=978-1-4522-6520-9}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Baharul}}
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup district]]

1538 in India

2025-11-22T20:05:29Z

Isaac3301: further correct section after review further and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{list incomplete|date=November 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{year in India|1538}}

Events from the year '''1538 in India'''.

==Events==
* The [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] ends
* The [[Siege of Diu (1538)|Siege of Diu]] occurred in 1538, when an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] imperial fleet attempted to capture the Indian city of Diu, then held by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Arthur Percival |author-link=A. P. Newton |date=1940 |title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&q=siege%20of%20diu |location=England |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|At the University Press]] |page=15 |access-date=27 February 2024}}</ref>
* An Ottoman ship landed at the port of [[Vizhinjam]] in 1538.
==Deaths==
* [[Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah]], ruler of the [[Sultanate of Bengal]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1538}}

[[Category:1538 in India| ]]
[[Category:1538 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]
[[Category:1538 in Asia]]
[[Category:1530s in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Meenakshipuram, Palakkad

2025-11-03T17:50:45Z

Isaac3301: put up new data added tags

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meenakshipuram
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Meenakshipuram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Meenakshipuram amidst the [[Western Ghats]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.633|N|76.864|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chittur taluk|Chittur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Perumatty Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9764
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 678533
| registration_plate = KL 70
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Meenakshipuram''' is a village located in the Chittur Taluk of [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India. It lies approximately 34 kilometers east of the district headquarters, Palakkad, and about 11 kilometers from Chittur. The village is situated near the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border, approximately 16 kilometers from [[Pollachi]] in Tamil Nadu. Administratively, Meenakshipuram falls under the Perumatty Grama Panchayat and is part of the Chittur Assembly constituency and the Alathur Parliamentary constituency.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title= Pincode of Meenakshipuram, PALAKKAD, KERALA|date=4 October 2024 |url=https://dwello.in/pin-code/meenakshipuram-palakkad-678533|publisher=A JM Financial Group Venture }}</ref>

Meenakshipuram lies at approximately 10.633°N 76.8642°E. The village is surrounded by other settlements such as Nellimedu and Gopalapuram.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nellimedu, Perumatti Panchayat, Palakkad District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/nellimedu/id/11611 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==

[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627665-moolathara-kerala.html As of 2011, Meenakshipuram (Moolathara) had a population of 9764 individuals, comprising 4832 males and 4932 females.] The size of the area is about 23.54 square kilometer.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=678533 - Meenakshipuram {{!}} Pincode {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/678533---Meenakshipuram/gHDPZ47gEN |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and facilities==

The village is connected by local roads to nearby towns. The closest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].
Meenakshipuram has a police station, which was upgraded from an outpost in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Palakkad - Meenakshipuram Police Station |url=https://palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in/page/meenakshipuram-police-station?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=palakkad.keralapolice.gov.in}}</ref> The village has a government lower primary school and a government high school. Financial services are provided by branches of State Bank of India, Canara Bank, and Moolathara Service Co-operative Bank. Additionally, the village has a veterinary hospital and a post office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenakshipuram Pin Code, Meenakshipuram, Palakkad Map, Latitude and Longitude, Kerala |url=https://indiamapia.com/Palakkad/Meenakshipuram.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>

==Education==

[[Government High School, Meenakshipuram]] (GHS Meenakshipuram) was established in 1919 and provides education from grades 1 to 10. It is managed by the Department of Education, Government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GHS MEEENAKSHIPURAM - Perumatty District Palakkad (Kerala) |url=https://schools.org.in/palakkad/32060400305/ghs-meeenakshipuram.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

==Postal services==

The village uses the postal PIN code 678533.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Meenakshipuram Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Meenakshipuram, Palakkad, Kerala, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/kerala/palakkad/meenakshipuram |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Economy and occupation ==

Meenakshipuram in Palakkad, Kerala, is known for its agricultural importance and the presence of an agricultural college, which contributes to the local economy and rural development. The region's economy is tied to tourism.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=B2K Analytics Private Limited |url=https://www.b2kanalytics.com/DeesanFarms.aspx |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.b2kanalytics.com}}</ref>

== Cultural aspects ==

The village is home to several religious institutions, including the Ramarpannai temple. These temples serve as cultural and spiritual centers for the local community, hosting festivals and rituals that attract residents and visitors from surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=WTxHoAldBgA |title=பண்ணை ராமர் கோவிலில்.. களைகட்டிய வள்ளி கும்மி டான்ஸ்.. |date=2024-09-29 |last=Thanthi TV |access-date=2025-04-18 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kerala]]

West Bengal Forest Department

2025-10-10T21:30:29Z

Isaac3301: stub

{{short description|State government department in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Forests
| type = Government department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = Logo of the '' department of forest of [[Government of West Bengal]]
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption = Seal of West Bengal
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Aranya Bhavan, Block-LA, 10-A, Sector-III, [[Salt Lake, Kolkata|Salt Lake]], [[Kolkata]]-700106
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Jyotipriya Mallick]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name = [[Birbaha Hansda]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = Minister of State
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position = PCCF & HOFF
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.westbengalforest.gov.in/|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

'''Department of Forests''' is a department of the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westbengalforest.gov.in/|title=Official Website|website=West Bengal Forest Department}}</ref>

==Ministerial Team==
This department is located at Arayna Bhawan at [[Salt Lake, Kolkata]]. It works for forest and wildlife conservation in West Bengal. Naturally, changes have also been made in the department, in consideration of the present day need of the administration to meet the whole gamut of functions of forest and wildlife management, consolidation of participatory forest management in different agro climatic regions and execution on a very large scale of activities related to social/farm/urban forestry in non-forest areas of the state. In 1974, West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Ltd was established for large scale harvesting of forest produces, creation of new eco-tourism centres, productions and marketing of forest products and such allied activities. The administration of West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Limited at various level is headed by the officers of the Forest Directorate on deputation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wb.gov.in/departments-details.aspx?id=D171017180005140&page=Forest|title=Details of the department|website=wb.gov.in (Egiye Bangla)|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

The current minister in charge is [[Jyotipriya Mallick]] since 2021 and minister of state is Birbaha Hansda.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Forest administration in India]]
[[Category:State forest departments of India|West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

List of populated places in Chandel district

2025-07-11T08:50:30Z

Isaac3301: put up basic place initial version

{{short description|Villages in Chandel district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Chandel district|Chandel]] district of [[Manipur]] state in India is divided into 3 administrative sub-divisions.<ref name="district">{{cite web |title=Subdivision-wise Village-List |publisher=District Administration Chandel |url=https://chandel.nic.in/village-list/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the [[Machi, Manipur|Machi]] and [[Tengnoupal]] subdivisions (now part of [[Tengnoupal district]]) were part of the Chandel district, and the district had one town ([[Moreh, India|Moreh]]) 437 villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Chandel - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6471 |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> As of 2022, the Chandel district has no towns and 264 villages.<ref name="district"/>

== Subdivisions ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! [[Effective literacy rate]]
! Sex ratio
! [[Scheduled caste|SC]] population %
! [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]]
| 32133
| 77.85%
| 993
| 0.06%
| 92.75%
| 01894
|-
| [[Chakpikarong]]
| 52939
| 71.8%
| 880
| 0.12%
| 92.44%
| 01895
|-
| [[Khengjoy]]
| 19164
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
|}

Note: The Khengjoy subdivision did not exist at the time of the 2011 census.

== Villages ==

=== Chandel subdivision ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Kakching Mantak]] (Mantak)
| 720
| 91.19%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 270744
|-
| [[Phunansambum]]
| 506
| 73.19%
| 895
| 0.0%
| 96.44%
| 270745
|-
| [[Unapal]]
| 212
| 87.11%
| 1208
| 0.0%
| 95.28%
| 270746
|-
| [[Khuringmul]]
| 203
| 40.0%
| 971
| 0.0%
| 99.01%
| 270747
|-
| [[Khudei Khunou]]
| 504
| 77.61%
| 916
| 0.0%
| 98.02%
| 270748
|-
| [[Khuninglung]]
| 320
| 31.25%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 98.12%
| 270749
|-
| [[Litan, Manipur|Litan]]
| 219
| 90.81%
| 991
| 0.0%
| 99.54%
| 270750
|-
| [[Purum Tampak]]
| 472
| 95.39%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 99.15%
| 270751
|-
| [[Purum Khullen]]
| 152
| 83.09%
| 1235
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270752
|-
| [[Chothe Lungleh]]
| 532
| 81.68%
| 1111
| 0.0%
| 98.5%
| 270753
|-
| [[Purum Pantha]]
| 295
| 83.33%
| 1185
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270754
|-
| [[Purum Lainingkhul]]
| 259
| 91.25%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 270755
|-
| [[Chothe Khunou]]
| 98
| 57.61%
| 1227
| 0.0%
| 97.96%
| 270756
|-
| [[Chandrapoto]]
| 284
| 65.86%
| 1185
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270757
|-
| [[Keithelmanbi]] (Kaithelmanbi)
| 134
| 66.39%
| 1393
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270758
|-
| [[Thamnapokpi (K)]] / P Thamnapokpi (Kuki)
| 159
| 42.11%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 98.74%
| 270759
|-
| [[Aihang]]
| 554
| 50.8%
| 965
| 0.0%
| 98.92%
| 270760
|-
| [[New Chayang]]
| 328
| 60.47%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 270761
|-
| [[Kajiphung]]
| 127
| 43.44%
| 764
| 0.0%
| 96.06%
| 270762
|-
| [[Kalika Lok]]
| 180
| 56.32%
| 1169
| 0.0%
| 96.67%
| 270763
|-
| [[Hongbiban]]
| 226
| 86.01%
| 915
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270764
|-
| [[Leingang Ching]]
| 352
| 56.86%
| 913
| 0.0%
| 99.72%
| 270765
|-
| [[Mahau Tera]] (Mahautera)
| 187
| 90.42%
| 908
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 270766
|-
| [[Komsen]]
| 278
| 84.28%
| 878
| 0.0%
| 1.44%
| 270767
|-
| [[Kurnoching]]
| 161
| 76.43%
| 830
| 0.0%
| 3.73%
| 270768
|-
| [[Nungkang Ching]]
| 165
| 82.24%
| 1463
| 0.0%
| 98.79%
| 270769
|-
| [[Tonsen Tampak]]
| 127
| 70.3%
| 1117
| 0.0%
| 71.65%
| 270770
|-
| [[Tonsen Khullen]]
| 373
| 83.54%
| 1084
| 0.0%
| 96.51%
| 270771
|-
| [[Beru Wangkhera]]
| 244
| 76.19%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 95.49%
| 270772
|-
| [[Julbalching]] (Banghring / Julbangching)
| 190
| 63.35%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270773
|-
| [[Unopat]]
| 365
| 75.8%
| 807
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270774
|-
| [[Tokpa Ching]]
| 127
| 60.36%
| 1228
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270775
|-
| [[Khambathel]]
| 271
| 66.8%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270776
|-
| [[Ngamkhu]]
| 64
| 78.57%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270777
|-
| [[Nungphura]]
| 56
| 89.58%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270778
|-
| [[Maribung]]
| 142
| 84.21%
| 797
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270779
|-
| [[Beru Khudam]]
| 196
| 91.28%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270780
|-
| [[Papaam]]
| 28
| 100.0%
| 750
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270781
|-
| [[Beru Molla Bung]]
| 31
| 86.21%
| 1214
| 0.0%
| 96.77%
| 270782
|-
| [[Bolnidam]]
| 85
| 65.43%
| 574
| 0.0%
| 96.47%
| 270783
|-
| [[Beru Anthi]]
| 108
| 36.89%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 270784
|-
| [[Modi, Manipur|Modi]]
| 155
| 78.2%
| 962
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270785
|-
| [[Lamphou Pasana]]
| 610
| 86.13%
| 1047
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 270786
|-
| [[Chandel Christian]]
| 1521
| 95.0%
| 251
| 0.0%
| 35.37%
| 270787
|-
| [[Chandel Khulbul]]
| 57
| 84.91%
| 1375
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270788
|-
| [[Chandel Khullen]]
| 144
| 81.1%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270789
|-
| [[Hanatham]] (Hnatham)
| 884
| 67.48%
| 1023
| 0.11%
| 99.43%
| 270790
|-
| [[Kurkam]]
| 88
| 85.33%
| 1256
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 270791
|-
| [[Abungkhu / Abungnikhu]]
| 482
| 84.82%
| 1051
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 270792
|-
| [[Charang Ching Khunou]]
| 236
| 86.7%
| 873
| 0.0%
| 99.15%
| 270793
|-
| [[Chrang Ching Khullen]] (Charang Ching Khullen)
| 317
| 88.71%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 270794
|-
| [[Angkhel Chayang]]
| 262
| 53.95%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270795
|-
| [[P. Ralringkhu]]
| 294
| 88.14%
| 1100
| 0.0%
| 99.32%
| 270796
|-
| [[Liwa Sarei]]
| 337
| 78.55%
| 1160
| 0.0%
| 99.7%
| 270797
|-
| [[Liwa Maring]]
| 164
| 55.12%
| 1025
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270798
|-
| [[Liwa Khullen]]
| 382
| 69.03%
| 1099
| 0.0%
| 99.74%
| 270799
|-
| [[Heibunglok]]
| 840
| 84.17%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 99.64%
| 270800
|-
| [[Zointlang]]
| 206
| 85.23%
| 1060
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270801
|-
| [[New Wangparal]]
| 180
| 81.01%
| 1169
| 1.11%
| 88.89%
| 270802
|-
| [[Old Wangparal]]
| 252
| 96.23%
| 1083
| 0.0%
| 98.02%
| 270803
|-
| [[Liwa Changning]]
| 394
| 96.79%
| 1041
| 0.0%
| 90.61%
| 270804
|-
| [[Komlathabi]]
| 945
| 94.36%
| 1182
| 0.21%
| 95.34%
| 270805
|-
| [[Pena Ching]]
| 322
| 68.63%
| 1556
| 0.31%
| 98.45%
| 270806
|-
| [[Purum Chumbang]]
| 365
| 72.87%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 93.42%
| 270807
|-
| [[Leipung Tampak]]
| 593
| 86.7%
| 1052
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270808
|-
| [[Leishokching]]
| 214
| 86.46%
| 1119
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270809
|-
| [[Thamnapokpi]] / Thamnapokpi (Lamkang)
| 417
| 72.48%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 96.88%
| 270810
|-
| [[Thamlakhuren]]
| 378
| 90.57%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.74%
| 270811
|-
| [[Chingkhir]]
| 140
| 59.56%
| 728
| 0.0%
| 95.71%
| 270812
|-
| [[Lamkang Khunou]]
| 468
| 84.07%
| 1026
| 0.0%
| 94.44%
| 270813
|-
| [[Lamkang Khunkha]]
| 411
| 90.28%
| 1086
| 0.0%
| 95.38%
| 270814
|-
| [[Kongpe]] (Kongpa)
| 170
| 66.91%
| 1125
| 0.0%
| 97.65%
| 270815
|-
| [[Tarao Laimanai]]
| 181
| 65.13%
| 885
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270816
|-
| [[Lamkang Khunthak]] (New L Khunthak)
| 259
| 72.69%
| 2120
| 0.0%
| 98.84%
| 270817
|-
| [[Mittong]] (Mitong)
| 228
| 58.92%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.56%
| 270818
|-
| [[Monsang Pantha]]
| 568
| 61.59%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 94.89%
| 270819
|-
| [[Mantri Pantha]]
| 349
| 46.39%
| 1237
| 0.0%
| 97.71%
| 270820
|-
| [[Zaphou]] (Japhou)
| 2179
| 82.21%
| 1132
| 0.23%
| 97.25%
| 270821
|-
| [[L. Thankam]] (L Thangkham)
| 223
| 60.58%
| 991
| 0.0%
| 99.1%
| 270822
|-
| [[Thangbung Minou]] (T. Minou)
| 160
| 79.71%
| 975
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270823
|-
| [[Maha Centre Bazar (West)]]
| 707
| 72.8%
| 1155
| 0.0%
| 54.46%
| 270824
|-
| [[Maha Centre Bazar (East)]]
| 166
| 79.56%
| 1371
| 0.0%
| 68.67%
| 270825
|-
| [[Panchai]]
| 504
| 82.56%
| 1074
| 1.19%
| 98.61%
| 270826
|-
| [[Lambung]] (Phunchung)
| 1021
| 81.92%
| 1088
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 270827
|-
| [[Lamphou Charu]] (Lamphou Chru)
| 219
| 71.21%
| 1066
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270828
|-
| [[Anal Khullen]]
| 302
| 86.1%
| 987
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 270829
|-
| [[Oklu]]
| 235
| 90.15%
| 1026
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270830
|-
| [[Phiran Leihao]] (Phiran Leihou)
| 73
| 14.06%
| 1028
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270831
|-
| [[Phairan Khullen]]
| 212
| 12.37%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 99.53%
| 270832
|-
| [[Khongjon]] (Khongyan)
| 484
| 95.6%
| 883
| 0.21%
| 93.18%
| 270833
|-
| [[Larong Khullen]]
| 587
| 81.47%
| 990
| 0.0%
| 99.49%
| 270834
|-
| [[Darku, Manipur|Darku]] (Vomku or Vumku)
| 126
| 53.64%
| 1172
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270835
|-
| [[Challong]]
| 259
| 78.92%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 99.23%
| 270836
|-
| [[Duthang]]
| 218
| 88.21%
| 1076
| 0.0%
| 99.54%
| 270837
|-
| [[Paraolen]] (Paraolon)
| 310
| 85.06%
| 1153
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270838
|-
| [[Libung]]
| 113
| 67.03%
| 1132
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270839
|-
| [[Thingbongphai]]
| 62
| 75.0%
| 1067
| 0.0%
| 96.77%
| 270840
|-
| [[Darchin]]
| 126
| 56.31%
| 1100
| 0.0%
| 98.41%
| 270841
|}

The following villages listed on the district website (2022) are not listed in the 2011 census directory: Betuk, Chengkhu, Kapaam, and Mangkang.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandel Subdivision |publisher=District Administration Chandel |url=https://chandel.nic.in/chandel-village/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref>

=== Chakpikarong subdivision ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Langching]]
| 548
| 90.7%
| 1037
| 0.18%
| 98.91%
| 270842
|-
| [[Lhongchin]] (Lhochin)
| 49
| 75.0%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 97.96%
| 270843
|-
| [[Sugnu Zouveng]]
| 435
| 59.94%
| 1081
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270844
|-
| [[Sugnu Tribal]]
| 734
| 81.9%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 99.73%
| 270845
|-
| [[Sugnu Lokhijang]]
| 612
| 59.96%
| 1250
| 0.0%
| 99.84%
| 270846
|-
| [[Sugnu Lamhang]]
| 608
| 98.35%
| 1097
| 0.0%
| 99.84%
| 270847
|-
| [[D. Bethany]]
| 85
| 94.67%
| 1024
| 0.0%
| 94.12%
| 270848
|-
| [[Sahumphei]] (Sahumphai)
| 283
| 54.36%
| 1177
| 0.0%
| 97.88%
| 270849
|-
| [[Singtom]]
| 314
| 60.07%
| 1079
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 270850
|-
| [[Sokom]]
| 789
| 52.62%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 99.87%
| 270851
|-
| [[M. Munpi]]
| 267
| 78.54%
| 1023
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270852
|-
| [[Bolchang Tampak]] (Boljang Tampak)
| 216
| 80.71%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270853
|-
| [[Phainom]]
| 29
| 79.31%
| 526
| 0.0%
| 86.21%
| 270854
|-
| [[Uchatampak]]
| 262
| 88.57%
| 1047
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270855
|-
| [[Lonpi Khonou]] (Lonpi Khunou)
| 134
| 67.83%
| 942
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270856
|-
| [[Saronphai]] (T. Saronphai)
| 42
| 85.71%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270857
|-
| [[Tuisamphai]]
| 26
| 84.62%
| 857
| 0.0%
| 88.46%
| 270858
|-
| [[Gangpijang]]
| 67
| 74.07%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270859
|-
| [[Khongnang Pheisabi]] (Khongnangpheisabi)
| 211
| 81.5%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270860
|-
| [[Utangpokpi]]
| 351
| 83.6%
| 1053
| 0.0%
| 99.15%
| 270861
|-
| [[Kotsophai]]
| 330
| 61.9%
| 864
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 270862
|-
| [[M. Zozamveng]] (M. Zojam Veng)
| 51
| 66.67%
| 962
| 0.0%
| 98.04%
| 270863
|-
| [[M. Molnoi]]
| 82
| 66.13%
| 1158
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270864
|-
| [[Thungcheng]] (Tungcheng)
| 312
| 76.47%
| 1261
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 270865
|-
| [[Toupokpi]]
| 670
| 90.54%
| 1248
| 0.0%
| 99.4%
| 270866
|-
| [[Nungpan]]
| 612
| 89.57%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 99.18%
| 270867
|-
| [[Dengkhu]] (Dangkhu)
| 252
| 63.16%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 95.24%
| 270868
|-
| [[V. Haipijang]]
| 281
| 77.49%
| 1113
| 0.0%
| 85.05%
| 270869
|-
| [[Y. Thingkangphai]]
| 282
| 82.77%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 98.58%
| 270870
|-
| [[Chakpimolbem]]
| 283
| 65.52%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 80.92%
| 270871
|-
| [[Selkui]]
| 207
| 57.29%
| 971
| 0.0%
| 97.1%
| 270872
|-
| [[L. Thingkangphai]] (L. Thinglhangphai)
| 262
| 80.09%
| 1220
| 0.0%
| 99.62%
| 270873
|-
| [[K. Molnom]]
| 357
| 77.7%
| 983
| 0.0%
| 98.32%
| 270874
|-
| [[K.Phailen]]
| 151
| 25.66%
| 1068
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 270875
|-
| [[U. Thingkangphai]] (U. Thinngkanphai)
| 223
| 63.64%
| 939
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 270876
|-
| [[S. Thingkangphai]]
| 189
| 75.95%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270877
|-
| [[Teijang]] (Teiyang)
| 457
| 78.79%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 270878
|-
| [[Phaijang]]
| 198
| 87.06%
| 833
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270879
|-
| [[Tampi]]
| 951
| 87.1%
| 1132
| 0.0%
| 98.95%
| 270880
|-
| [[L. Chengvol]] (L. Chengbol)
| 69
| 62.3%
| 816
| 0.0%
| 98.55%
| 270881
|-
| [[Charoiching]]
| 526
| 97.16%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270882
|-
| [[Anal Khunou]]
| 260
| 96.9%
| 1063
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270883
|-
| [[Peace Island, Manipur|Peace Island]]
| 165
| 60.4%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270884
|-
| [[Y. Kutha]] (Y. Khutha)
| 463
| 93.72%
| 1134
| 0.0%
| 99.57%
| 270885
|-
| [[Chakpikarong]]
| 1569
| 94.44%
| 1129
| 0.0%
| 97.77%
| 270886
|-
| [[Khusi Tampak]]
| 109
| 60.82%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 98.17%
| 270887
|-
| [[Khopijang]]
| 99
| 90.24%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270888
|-
| [[Limkhurim]] (Limkhuhrin)
| 107
| 48.45%
| 1098
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270889
|-
| [[Sothum]] (Shuthum)
| 64
| 89.29%
| 778
| 0.0%
| 96.88%
| 270890
|-
| [[Hringphe]]
| 482
| 93.98%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 97.3%
| 270891
|-
| [[Hnarelal]] (Hnaleral)
| 91
| 56.1%
| 1333
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270892
|-
| [[Beaula]]
| 190
| 27.75%
| 881
| 0.0%
| 96.32%
| 270893
|-
| [[Rungchang]]
| 585
| 75.14%
| 1183
| 0.0%
| 99.83%
| 270894
|-
| [[Pamtujang]]
| 28
| 78.57%
| 1154
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270895
|-
| [[Akaphe]]
| 153
| 90.3%
| 1125
| 0.0%
| 98.69%
| 270896
|-
| [[Shalluk]] (Salluk)
| 539
| 89.87%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 99.44%
| 270897
|-
| [[P. Khudam]]
| 289
| 79.42%
| 1189
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270898
|-
| [[Ravalon]] (Rabalon)
| 142
| 62.73%
| 972
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270899
|-
| [[Sarangtampak]] (Sarang Tampak)
| 189
| 53.21%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270900
|-
| [[Tuinou]]
| 193
| 76.97%
| 1193
| 0.0%
| 96.89%
| 270901
|-
| [[Hringkhu A.]]
| 53
| 81.4%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270902
|-
| [[Ch.K. Hringkhu]] (Hringkhu B)
| 79
| 86.76%
| 927
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270903
|-
| [[P. Thumpajol]] (P. Thumphajol)
| 153
| 87.76%
| 843
| 0.0%
| 86.93%
| 270904
|-
| [[T. Bethel]]
| 235
| 82.14%
| 1098
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270905
|-
| [[L. Molhoi]]
| 259
| 74.39%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 96.53%
| 270906
|-
| [[Kanan, Manipur|Kanan]]
| 148
| 89.63%
| 850
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270907
|-
| [[K. Kangbung]] (Kangbung)
| 127
| 90.0%
| 1082
| 0.0%
| 87.4%
| 270908
|-
| [[Kanakangbung]] (Kana Kangbung)
| 738
| 94.51%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 98.37%
| 270909
|-
| [[Gelngai]]
| 236
| 78.39%
| 967
| 0.0%
| 98.31%
| 270910
|-
| [[Longja]]
| 570
| 56.26%
| 1192
| 0.0%
| 98.77%
| 270911
|-
| [[Songkong]]
| 196
| 90.79%
| 593
| 0.0%
| 84.69%
| 270912
|-
| [[Lhalpi]]
| 88
| 93.75%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 93.18%
| 270913
|-
| [[Mongjang]]
| 240
| 78.71%
| 818
| 0.0%
| 97.5%
| 270914
|-
| [[Gunjil]]
| 113
| 90.43%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 270915
|-
| [[T. Phaicham]]
| 157
| 77.14%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270916
|-
| [[T. Sijang]]
| 212
| 84.62%
| 927
| 0.0%
| 94.34%
| 270917
|-
| [[Chahkap]]
| 422
| 42.62%
| 1010
| 0.0%
| 99.76%
| 270918
|-
| [[Paldai]]
| 575
| 85.6%
| 879
| 0.0%
| 97.91%
| 270919
|-
| [[Haika, Manipur|Haika]] (L) / (Haikha (L)
| 738
| 78.97%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 98.51%
| 270920
|-
| [[Sajik Tampak]]
| 1562
| 89.36%
| 334
| 0.0%
| 50.26%
| 270921
|-
| [[S. Molnom]]
| 311
| 75.39%
| 896
| 0.0%
| 98.71%
| 270922
|-
| [[Khumunnom]]
| 198
| 69.18%
| 904
| 0.0%
| 99.49%
| 270923
|-
| [[Khullenkhallet]] (Khullen Khailet)
| 888
| 57.5%
| 930
| 0.0%
| 98.65%
| 270924
|-
| [[Molphei]]
| 414
| 60.92%
| 908
| 0.0%
| 98.31%
| 270925
|-
| [[Phoikon]]
| 183
| 58.93%
| 906
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 270926
|-
| [[K.Bethel]]
| 122
| 40.21%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 270927
|-
| [[Y. Phaisi]]
| 259
| 88.3%
| 1008
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 270928
|-
| [[Kholmunlen]]
| 210
| 74.62%
| 780
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270929
|-
| [[Jangdung, Manipur|Jangdung]]
| 157
| 43.55%
| 826
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270930
|-
| [[Khongtal]]
| 102
| 50.0%
| 855
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270931
|-
| [[Mollen, Manipur|Mollen]]
| 218
| 81.6%
| 802
| 0.0%
| 99.54%
| 270932
|-
| [[Haika, Manipur|Haika]] / Haika (H)
| 466
| 58.08%
| 857
| 0.0%
| 98.5%
| 270933
|-
| [[M. Tolpijang]]
| 48
| 14.63%
| 1182
| 0.0%
| 93.75%
| 270934
|-
| [[S. Sijang]]
| 237
| 71.82%
| 1008
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 270935
|-
| [[Aisi, Manipur|Aisi]] (Aishi)
| 174
| 51.08%
| 977
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270936
|-
| [[Aigejang]] (Aigijang)
| 267
| 24.36%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 97.38%
| 270937
|-
| [[Bollok]]
| 141
| 84.43%
| 1390
| 0.0%
| 97.87%
| 270938
|-
| [[N. Angbuwng]] (N. Angbung)
| 97
| 52.44%
| 1109
| 0.0%
| 93.81%
| 270939
|-
| [[Kanaralveng]] (Kanaralven)
| 88
| 46.91%
| 1316
| 0.0%
| 95.45%
| 270940
|-
| [[Khubung Khunou]]
| 988
| 82.09%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 98.99%
| 270941
|-
| [[Thorcham]]
| 482
| 84.78%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 270943
|-
| [[Royal Chakpi Bazar]]
| 72
| 81.43%
| 1483
| 0.0%
| 98.61%
| 270944
|-
| [[Khubung Khullen]]
| 439
| 83.6%
| 1111
| 0.0%
| 97.27%
| 270946
|-
| [[Phiranmachet]]
| 630
| 88.89%
| 1059
| 0.0%
| 98.25%
| 270947
|-
| [[Khumbungphe]]
| 192
| 63.59%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270948
|-
| [[Lonkhu]]
| 64
| 51.61%
| 600
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270949
|-
| [[HL. Bemung]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 271011
|-
| [[Sangni]] (Shangni)
| 357
| 77.26%
| 1028
| 0.0%
| 98.88%
| 271012
|}

The following villages listed on the district website (2022) are not listed in the 2011 census directory: Bolchang and Kankhu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chakpikarong Subdivision |publisher=District Administration Chandel |url=https://chandel.nic.in/chakpikarong-village/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref>

=== Khengjoy subdivision ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Gamphajol]]
| 167
| 70.5%
| 1114
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270961
|-
| [[Kotal Khunthak]]
| 147
| 71.2%
| 1262
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270950
|-
| [[Aibol Jamkhomang]]
| 242
| 41.41%
| 891
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270994
|-
| [[Aibol Joupi]]
| 157
| 29.36%
| 826
| 0.0%
| 98.73%
| 270990
|-
| [[Bongmol Tampak]]
| 143
| 57.02%
| 907
| 0.0%
| 98.6%
| 271007
|-
| [[Cheljang Joupi]]
| 171
| 31.01%
| 693
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 270991
|-
| [[Joumol]]
| 96
| 80.65%
| 811
| 0.0%
| 94.79%
| 270992
|-
| [[Molngat]]
| 235
| 52.15%
| 958
| 0.0%
| 96.17%
| 270993
|-
| [[Sehlon]]
| 727
| 88.84%
| 212
| 5.78%
| 37.14%
| 270995
|-
| [[Phoilen]]
| 225
| 4.39%
| 1045
| 0.0%
| 97.78%
| 270996
|-
| [[New Wayang]] (Changjal)
| 155
| 56.29%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 96.77%
| 270997
|-
| [[Wayang, Manipur|Wayang]]
| 122
| 21.24%
| 937
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270998
|-
| [[Toitung]]
| 649
| 74.1%
| 703
| 0.0%
| 83.98%
| 270999
|-
| [[Hengshi, Manipur|Hengshi]]
| 303
| 53.14%
| 894
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 270987
|-
| [[Hollenjang]]
| 369
| 47.56%
| 800
| 0.0%
| 99.46%
| 270988
|-
| [[J. Lhangnom]]
| 127
| 82.05%
| 924
| 0.0%
| 97.64%
| 271005
|-
| [[Molcham]]
| 815
| 72.64%
| 904
| 0.0%
| 98.53%
| 271006
|-
| [[Khengjang]]
| 538
| 42.23%
| 901
| 0.0%
| 96.1%
| 271008
|-
| [[Sejang Theose]] (Sejang Tgeose)
| 176
| 60.43%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 98.3%
| 271009
|-
| [[K. Selhai]]
| 142
| 67.26%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 98.59%
| 271010
|-
| [[Joupi]]
| 1261
| 93.63%
| 111
| 0.0%
| 24.19%
| 270982
|-
| [[Nakong]]
| 58
| 81.13%
| 933
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270983
|-
| [[Mombi, Manipur|Mombi]] (Monbi)
| 464
| 75.46%
| 1090
| 0.0%
| 99.14%
| 270984
|-
| [[S. Lhangnom]]
| 175
| 81.29%
| 862
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 270985
|-
| [[K. Savumpa]]
| 424
| 25.87%
| 1174
| 0.0%
| 99.06%
| 270955
|-
| [[Molpibung]]
| 176
| 45.31%
| 1173
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 270956
|-
| [[S. Lamphei]]
| 205
| 62.86%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270957
|-
| [[Tuidam]] (Tudam)
| 111
| 29.47%
| 1220
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270958
|-
| [[Thingphai]]
| 357
| 83.27%
| 1076
| 0.0%
| 99.44%
| 270959
|-
| [[T.S. Laijang]] (TS Laojang)
| 319
| 52.4%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 98.43%
| 270960
|-
| [[Nabin]] (Nabil)
| 124
| 55.0%
| 968
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270963
|-
| [[Old Changpol]]
| 180
| 28.76%
| 1069
| 0.0%
| 98.33%
| 270965
|-
| [[T. Monglen]]
| 162
| 67.83%
| 862
| 0.0%
| 99.38%
| 270966
|-
| [[T. Nampao]]
| 407
| 34.2%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 98.77%
| 270967
|-
| [[Khangtung]]
| 201
| 43.12%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 99.5%
| 270968
|-
| [[Khumkot]]
| 136
| 45.3%
| 1092
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 270969
|-
| [[Yangoulen]] (Yangngoulen)
| 451
| 76.54%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 98.89%
| 270970
|-
| [[Khangbarol]]
| 430
| 50.12%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.3%
| 270979
|-
| [[Saibol Joupi]]
| 237
| 71.23%
| 1116
| 0.0%
| 98.73%
| 270980
|-
| [[T. Bollon]]
| 141
| 67.23%
| 855
| 0.0%
| 97.16%
| 270981
|-
| [[Khengjoy]]
| 619
| 48.92%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 98.55%
| 270973
|-
| [[Moldennom]]
| 123
| 26.73%
| 1196
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 270974
|-
| [[Songdop]]
| 101
| 8.6%
| 942
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270975
|-
| [[Semol]]
| 105
| 37.35%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270976
|-
| [[Sehao]]
| 327
| 59.04%
| 1019
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 270977
|-
| [[L.H.Jangnomphai]]
| 121
| 27.78%
| 862
| 0.0%
| 97.52%
| 271003
|-
| [[Molkon]] (Molkan)
| 155
| 51.85%
| 867
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270972
|-
| [[N. Gamnom]]
| 230
| 71.05%
| 949
| 0.0%
| 98.7%
| 271000
|-
| [[New Somtal]]
| 1737
| 61.39%
| 802
| 0.0%
| 89.75%
| 271004
|-
| [[Songjang]]
| 268
| 61.16%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 98.13%
| 270952
|-
| [[New Songjang]]
| 225
| 86.89%
| 940
| 0.0%
| 99.11%
| 270953
|-
| [[P. Chehjang]]
| 640
| 65.52%
| 808
| 0.0%
| 97.97%
| 270954
|-
| [[Tolbung]] (Olbung)
| 612
| 65.5%
| 877
| 0.0%
| 98.04%
| 270986
|-
| [[Tuikong]]
| 91
| 36.36%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 270945
|-
| [[Tuyang]] (Tuijang)
| 225
| 70.81%
| 829
| 0.0%
| 96.44%
| 270989
|-
| [[L. Bongjoi]] (Bongjoy)
| 197
| 58.23%
| 1118
| 0.0%
| 99.49%
| 270971
|-
| [[Gohok]] (Gobok)
| 229
| 42.86%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270942
|-
| [[Moltuh]] (Moltuk)
| 1021
| 80.66%
| 159
| 0.0%
| 26.44%
| 270951
|-
| [[Kovang]] (Kowang)
| 52
| 17.07%
| 1737
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 271001
|-
| [[Laijang]] (Lajang or Layang)
| 214
| 10.14%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 99.53%
| 271002
|-
| [[Changpol]]
| 566
| 97.85%
| 690
| 3.36%
| 85.16%
| 270962
|-
| [[Chaljang]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270978
|-
| Ch [[Bileijang]]
| 127
| 65.74%
| 924
| 0.0%
| 98.43%
| 270964
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Chandel]]

Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway

2025-05-31T14:07:43Z

Isaac3301: page edit

{{short description|Road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type =
|name = Sarkhej – Gandhinagar Highway
|map=S G Highway Ahmedabad.png
|map_notes= Highway Map
|length_km= 44.5
|direction_a= Southwest
|terminus_a= [[Sarkhej]]
|junction=
|established=2002
|direction_b= North
|terminus_b= [[Gandhinagar]]
|formed=
|history=
|states= [[Gujarat]]
|maint = [[Government of Gujarat]]
}}
The '''Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway''', colloquially the '''S.G. Road''' or '''S.G. Highway''', connects the city of [[Ahmedabad]] with [[Gandhinagar]], the capital of the state of [[Gujarat]], India. It forms a major part of [[National Highway 8C (India)|NH 147]], which connects [[Sarkhej]] with [[Chiloda]] near [[Gandhinagar]]. It is a major artery road for commercial and public transport, and is witnessing a major construction boom along its route towards Gandhinagar.

==History==
The highway was primarily built as a mean to bypass traffic from the city centre of Ahmedabad. But lower land prices led to a boom in real estate and the retail industry. Presently, prices of land within the vicinity of the highway are more comparable to those in downtown areas. It has emerged as a hub for educational, entertainment and corporate parks.

In 2015, the [[National Highways Authority of India]] transferred administrative control of the highway to the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/12/08/sg-highway-under-gog-control-flyover-at-vaishnodevi-circle-likely/|title=SG Highway under GoG control, flyover at Vaishnodevi circle likely|date=8 December 2015|website=DeshGujarat|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The highway is dotted with [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS) bus stops, which connect the highway with the interior of the city. AMTS has also started a feeder air conditioning bus service in association with [[Airports Authority of India]], connecting [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]] with the city, with its last stop at Karnavati Club on the Sarkhej–Gandhinagar Highway.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/ac-bus-service-from-airport/articleshow/59197220.cms|title=AC bus service from airport – Ahmedabad Mirror|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|first=Alok|last=Brahmbhatt|date=18 June 2017|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref>

It is estimated that a minimum of one lakh PCUs (passenger car units) travels per day on this highway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/centre-okays-seven-new-flyovers-on-sg-highway/articleshow/57048294.cms|agency=TNN|title=Centre okays seven new flyovers on SG Highway – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> And, during the festivals and on Mondays and Tuesdays, there is a sharp jump in the volume of traffic.

In 2015, [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (AMC) started earmarking paid parking spots for various categories of vehicles on 4.7 km stretch between Karnavati Club and Hebatpur-Sola on the Highway, where a number of offices and shopping complexes are located.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Paid-parking-on-Ahmedabads-SG-Highway-Gurukul-road/articleshow/49029947.cms|title=Paid parking on Ahmedabad's SG Highway, Gurukul road – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:SG_Highway_Skyline.jpg|thumb|Corporate towers lining the SG Highway.]]
The highway is dotted with large-scale retail outlets like Lifestyle, Globus, Croma, and Westside. Various automotive dealership showrooms including [[Porsche]], [[BMW]], [[Audi]], [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]], [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]], [[Land Rover]], [[Range Rover]], [[Nissan]], [[Volvo]], [[Toyota]], [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]], [[Harley-Davidson]], [[Honda]], [[Škoda Auto|Skoda]], [[Jeep]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/fca-india-jeep-dealership-ahmedabad-21672|title=FCA India opens first Jeep dealership in Ahmedabad|work=www.autocarpro.in|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> [[Ducati]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/ducati-india-opens-new-dealership-in-ahmedabad/|title=Ducati India opens new dealership in Ahmedabad – Overdrive|website=Overdrive|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> and [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] are located on this road.

===Government institutions===
*[[Gujarat High Court]]

===Religious institutions===
*Gobindham Gurudwara
*[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] Temple
*Vasihnodevi Temple
*Adalaj

===Educational institutions and research centres===
*Consumer Education and Research Centre
*Chimanbhai Patel Institute Of Management & Research
*[[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] (NIPER) Ahmedabad Campus
*SGVP International School
*Sola Bhagvat Vidhyapith
*[[Silver Oak University]]
*[[Nirma University]]
*L. J. Campus

===Hospitals===
*[[Sola Civil Hospital]]
*Zydus Hospital
*KD Hospital
*HCG Cancer Center

===Corporate institutions and parks===
*[[GNFC]] Tower
*[[Intas Biopharmaceuticals]] Corporate Office
*Mondeal Square
*Mondeal Heights
*Shapath IV
*Shapath V
*Titanium One
*Titanium Plaza
*TTEC
*Signature 1
*Zydus Corporate Park (ZCP)

===Entertainment centres===
*Acropolis Mall
*[[Crowne Plaza]] Ahmedabad
*ISCON Mall
*Karnavati Club
*[[Novotel]] Ahmedabad
*Rajpath Club
*The Grand Bhagwati
*YMCA International Centre
*Palladium Ahmedabad Mall
*Swagat Holiday Mall <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mall |first=Swagat Holiday Mall |date=4 November 2024 |title=Mall in gandhinagar |url=https://swagatgroup.in/Swagat_Holiday_Mall/ }}</ref>

===Public places===
* [[Chharodi Lake]]
* Adalaj ki Vav

==Future developments==
*On 7 July 2017, the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] has sanctioned INR 7 billion for the development of 44 km stretch of the highway.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/centre-sanctions-rs-700-crore-for-flyovers-widening-of-sg-road/articleshow/59480618.cms|title=Centre sanctions Rs 700 crore for flyovers, widening of SG Road – Times of India|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=7 July 2017|access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref>
*Currently as of October 2024 the new elevated flyover is to be construct from YMCA club to Karnavati club to reduce the traffic and emission.

==In popular culture==
*[[Mahesh Babu]] starrer 2013 [[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]] ([[Telugu cinema|Telugu Film]]) was shot near Cinemax Multiplex, within the vicinity of the highway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/It-is-Abad-calling-for-southern-stars/articleshow/55653537.cms|title=It is A'bad calling for southern stars|date=28 November 2016|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>

== Accidents ==
[[The Times of India]] reports during 22 July 2023 a significant increase in road traffic accidents on SG Road in Ahmedabad, India, according to data from emergency service provider EMRI 108. The '''2022–23 period saw an average of eight accidents daily''', a 65% rise from the previous year. This surge has led to a doubling of ambulance services in the area. The high accident rate is attributed to SG Road's nature as a city-passing highway with heavy converging traffic and higher average vehicle speeds. Implementing speed calming measures, proper signage, lane demarcation, and adequate lighting are suggested as potential solutions to reduce accidents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2023 |title=Reckless driving led to 8 accidents daily on SG Road: EMRI 108 data |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/reckless-driving-led-to-8-accidents-daily-on-sg-road-emri-108-data/articleshow/102027203.cms |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* A fatal incident occurred on Ahmedabad's '''ISKCON Bridge''' when a vehicle, driven by '''Tathya Patel''', struck a crowd that had gathered due to a previous collision, resulting in nine deaths. Following the tragic event, Patel was promptly arrested by local authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Car Driver Arrested For Crushing 9 people To Death In Ahmedabad: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/car-driver-arrested-for-crushing-9-people-to-death-in-ahmedabad-cops-4227503 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=9 Dead, 11 Injured In Road Accident On Iskcon Flyover In Gujarat's Ahmedabad |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/9-dead-in-road-accident-on-iskcon-flyover-in-gujarat-s-ahmedabad-1617128 |access-date=2023-07-22 |work=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat: 9 Dead As Car Mows Down Crowd Gathered At Accident Site On Ahmedabad Bridge; Realtor, Son Arrested |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/gujarat-9-dead-as-car-mows-down-crowd-gathered-at-accident-site-on-ahmedabad-bridge-realtor-son-arrested-6178728/Gujarat:%209%20Dead%20As%20Car%20Mows%20Down%20Crowd%20Gathered%20At%20Accident%20Site%20On%20Ahmedabad%20Bridge;%20Realtor,%20Son%20Arrested |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
File:Thaltej-SG-Highway-Underpass.jpg|The Thaltej Underpass
File:ISCON_MEGA_MALL,S.G._HIGHWAY,THALTEJ,AHMEDABAD,GUJARAT,INDIA.JPG|ISCON Mega Mall
File:GURUDWARA_GOVINDDHAM,AHMEDABAD,GUJARAT,INDIA.JPG|Gobindham Gurudwara
File:SG. Highway.JPG|[[ISKCON]] Flyover
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkhej - Gandhinagar Highway}}
[[Category:Roads in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Gandhinagar]]