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Head shaving in Hinduism

2026-05-10T16:46:07Z

Isaac22019: added

{{Short description|Head shaving rituals in Hinduism }}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_shaving_in_Hinduism&diff=1304675169&oldid=1277933360 these 2025 edits]; note [[BP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on symbolism, vocab distribution typical of 2024-25 LLMs, etc}}
[[File:An Indian woman's head shaving as an act of Hindu religious devotion.jpg|thumb|243x243px|An Indian woman's head shaving as an act of Hindu religious devotion]]
In [[Hinduism]], [[head shaving]], also known as [[tonsuring]], is a symbolic act of purification and spiritual transformation. It features prominently in various rites of passage, such as the act of shaving the baby's first hair on the head; as well as in mourning rituals, acts of penance, seeking purification, and fulfillment of wishes.<ref name=wdl1>{{cite web |title=Significance of Shaving the head|date=21 September 2024 |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/shaving-the-head}}</ref><ref name=jn>{{cite journal |last1=Ladizinski |first1=Barry |last2=Nutan |first2=F. N. U. |last3=Ganta |first3=Niharika |last4=Norton |first4=Scott A. |title=Tonsuring in India and the Global Trade in Human Hair |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/1722820 |journal=JAMA Dermatology |date=2013 |volume=149 |issue=9 |pages=1021–1022 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.4025 |pmid=23903964 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=toimdc>{{cite news |title=Mundan ceremony: Here is the scientific reason behind it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/first-year/mundan-ceremony-here-is-the-scientific-reason-behind-it/photostory/76073110.cms |access-date=29 May 2020 |agency=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The practice signifies the shedding of ego, past impurities, and worldly attachments, aligning the individual with religious discipline and inner growth. Scriptural texts such as the [[Dharmaśāstra]], [[Purāṇas]], and [[Itihasa-Purana|Itihāsas]] mention it as a symbol of spiritual discipline and detachment. The practice varies by sect, region, and context, reflecting both personal transformation and religious duty.<ref name=wdl1 />

==Major Contexts of Head Shaving==
===Chudakarana (Muṇḍana Ceremony)===
This is the child's first haircut, customarily performed between ages 1 to 7, often near sacred rivers like the Ganges. It serves to purify the child from past life impurities and symbolizes removal of undesirable traits, offering hair to the divine as a sign of detachment and renewal. This ceremony is considered one of the sixteen major Hindu samskaras (rites of passage).<ref>Pandey, Rajbali (1969, reprint 2006) ''Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments'', Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0434-1}}, pp.98-99</ref><ref>Pandey, R.B. (1962, reprint 2003). ''The Hindu Sacraments (Saṁskāra)'' in S. Radhakrishnan (ed.) ''The Cultural Heritage of India'', Vol.II, Kolkata:The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, {{ISBN|81-85843-03-1}}, p.403</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The significance of mundan ceremony In astrology everything you need to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/the-significance-of-mundan-ceremony-in-astrology-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/112777412.cms |access-date=25 August 2024 |agency=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Mourning Rituals===
Male family members shave their heads following the death of an immediate relative as a mark of mourning, humility, and renunciation of ego. This sign of bereavement mentally prepares them for performing last rites and encourages detachment (vairagya) and positive mental focus during grief.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why it is Important for Hindu Men to Shave off Their Head After Death in the Family? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/religious-significance-of-shaving-heads-by-hindu-men-after-death-in-the-family-article-106899162 |access-date=26 January 2025 |agency=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Daughter breaks traditional barriers, shaves head for father's Hindu last rites
|url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/daughter-breaks-traditional-barriers-shaves-head-for-fathers-hindu-last-rites/
|access-date=19 November 2024
|agency=The Australia Today}}</ref>
[[File:An Indian women's head shaving in a south Indian Hindu temple.png|left|thumb|212x212px|An Indian woman's head shaving ]]

===Penance and Fulfillment of Vows===
Devotees shave their heads as acts of penance, gratitude, or to fulfill vows made to deities, especially during pilgrimages to sacred sites like Tirupati and Varanasi. It is seen as an offering symbolizing the surrender of pride and ego before God. This sacred ritual is often performed with deep emotion and devotion, marking a spiritual renewal. It reflects a heartfelt commitment to the divine, signifying humility, transformation, and inner purification.

Tonsure is a prominent ritual at many South Indian temples, notably at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, where thousands of devotees, both men and women, offer their hair in reverence. At temples like Palani Murugan and Sabarimala, tonsuring is an integral part of the pilgrimage tradition. Women, too, willingly participate in this practice as a gesture of complete surrender and thanksgiving. The act transcends social and gender boundaries, uniting devotees in a shared expression of faith.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Indians shave their head and hope for luck |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35972848 |access-date=13 April 2016 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3108797/indias-sacred-hair-harvest-spiritual-and-profitable |title=India's sacred hair harvest: a spiritual (and profitable) journey from temple to global markets |access-date=7 November 2020 |agency=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hairy Secret Behind Indian Temples |url=https://www.amusingplanet.com/2017/11/the-hairy-secret-behind-indian-temples.html |website=amusingplanet.com |access-date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Religious Tangle Over the Hair of Pious Hindus |date=14 July 2004 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/14/world/a-religious-tangle-over-the-hair-of-pious-hindus.html |access-date=14 July 2004 |agency=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian sacrifices keep the West supplied with hair extensions|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/indian-sacrifices-keep-the-west-supplied-with-hair-extensions-1.417619 |access-date=5 July 2011 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

===Religious Initiations===
In some Hindu sects, especially during Upanayana (sacred thread ceremony), boys partially shave their heads as a preparatory act for religious learning and commitment, symbolizing purification and readiness for spiritual education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Upanayana: The Sacred Thread |url=https://pluralism.org/upanayana-the-sacred-thread |website=pluralism.org |publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref>

== Disposition of shaven hair ==
Since the 1960s, unbeknownst to most pilgrims, temples have gathered, cleaned, and sold tonsured hair to the commercial hair market.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ladizinski |first=Barry |last2=Nutan |first2=F. N. U. |last3=Ganta |first3=Niharika |last4=Norton |first4=Scott A. |date=2013-09-01 |title=Tonsuring in India and the Global Trade in Human Hair |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.4025 |journal=JAMA Dermatology |volume=149 |issue=9 |pages=1021–1022 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.4025 |issn=2168-6068|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2019, [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala]] temple gathered and sold 157 tons of tonsured hair for $1.6 million.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=India’s hair industry is in a tangle |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/11/03/indias-hair-industry-is-in-a-tangle |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221103170734/https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/11/03/indias-hair-industry-is-in-a-tangle |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Tonsured hair is among the most valuable in the world for [[Wig|wigs]] and [[Artificial hair integrations|artificial hair extensions]] and a major export from India, which exported $770 million in 2021.<ref name=":0" />

In 2004 and again in 2017, Israeli rabbis banned the use of tonsured hair for Jewish women's [[Head covering for Jewish women|wigs]] worn to observe modesty rules, saying that the fact that it is collected as part of a non-Jewish religious ritual renders it unacceptable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@avitalrachel |date=2017-09-12 |title=Ultra-Orthodox Rabbis Ban Human-Hair Wigs (Again) |url=https://forward.com/life/382502/ultra-orthodox-rabbis-ban-human-hair-wigs-again/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bates |first=Stephen |date=2004-05-21 |title=Orthodox Jews face wig ban after Hindu hair inquiry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/may/21/religion.world |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The sourcing and sale of this hair is one subject of [[Chris Rock]]'s 2009 documentary ''[[Good Hair]]'' and the subject of the 2015 documentary ''Just Extensions''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monaé |first=Ashley |date=2015-10-16 |title=This Documentary Exposes The Truth About Hair Extensions And The Manufacturing Companies Behind Them |url=https://www.vibe.com/features/vixen/just-extensions-documentary-381706/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=VIBE.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chris Rock's ''Good Hair'' |url=https://www.oprah.com/entertainment/chris-rocks-good-hair-documentary/all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615105532/https://www.oprah.com/entertainment/chris-rocks-good-hair-documentary/all |archive-date=2024-06-15 |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=Oprah.com |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[First haircut]]
* [[Sikha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''The Human Hair Trade'', 2005 documentary about tonsure and the global hair market.[https://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/831/the-human-hair-trade]
* Where Your Hair Extensions Really Come fFrom, 2016 BBC documentary about tonsure and the global hair market.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqgHQTfgZ]
{{Hindu samskaras}}

[[Category:Samskaras]]
[[Category:Hair]]
[[Category:Religious rituals]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Hair removal]]

Gattimela

2026-05-05T13:12:51Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{Short description|2018 Indian Kannada TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Long plot|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gattimela Serial Title Card.jpg
| director = Yatish NMS Gowda
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| editor = Lokesh Shivaratna
| runtime = 22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = {{plainlist |
*Joni Harsha
*[[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
}}
| executive_producer = Ganapathi Bhat
| writer = Nischitha Sharath
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
* [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
* [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
* Abhishek Das
}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Manikanth Kadri
| opentheme = Gattimela idu Gattimela
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| related =
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|11|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|01|05|df=yes}}
| num_episodes = 1245
| num_seasons =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| cinematography = Kumar Mandya
| screenplay = Chetana vasishta (March 2019-Jan 2021) Kavya Rao (Jan 2021-Jan 2024)
}}

'''''Gattimela''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language television [[soap opera]] that aired on [[Zee Kannada]]. The series is directed by Koramangala Anil. It premiered on 11 March 2019. The show is an official remake of Telugu TV series ''Varudhini Parinayam''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/remake-soap-operas-rule-kannada-television/articleshow/69714322.cms|title=Remake soap operas rule Kannada television|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The series stars [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gattimela-continues-to-top-the-trp-charts-details-inside/articleshow/74613041.cms|title=Gattimela continues to top the TRP charts; details inside - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2020 }}</ref> It was the most-watched daily soap on Kannada television in 2020.

== Plot ==
The story revolves around three families: Shridhar and Suhasini Vashishta's family, Manjunath and Parimala Manjunath's family, and Ashwath and Padma Ashwath's family. Vedanth Vashishta, Vikranth Vashishta, and Aadya are children of Shridhar and Suhasini. Vedanth does not like girls and does not believe in marriage due to a troubled past. Padma Ashwath is the sister of Parimala. Her children are Sarthak and Sarika. Aarthi, Amulya, Aditi, and Anjali are the daughters of Parimala. The Vashishta family is very rich. The Ashwath family is also rich while the Manjunaths are a typical middle-class family.

The story starts with Aadya and Sarthak's marriage ceremony. In the marriage, Vikranth meets and falls in love with Aarthi because she was similar to a girl who used to appear in his dreams. Sarika, who loves Vikranth, plots and causes Parimala and her family to be humiliated, to belittle them in the eyes of Vashishtas. Aarthi's parents fix her marriage with a man named Gowtham. Vikranth attempts suicide after getting the news. Vedanth decides to get Vikranth married to Aarthi, and joins efforts with Amulya for this. Vedanth and Amulya hate each other and are constantly fighting. Amulya and Sarika join Vedanth's office as his employees. With time, Vedanth learns that Gowtham is a criminal, but fails to prove this despite repeated attempts. Finally, on the day of Aarthi-Gowtham's marriage, Vedanth successfully reveals Gowtham's real identity. The love between Aarthi and Vikranth is no more a secret. After initial disturbances and misunderstandings, Vedanth ensures that both families agree to the marriage of Aarthi and Vikranth.

Suhasini does not like Aarthi and Vikranth's marriage due to Aarthi's middle class status, but is unable to directly refuse Vedanth. So she places a condition that Vikranth's marriage cannot happen unless Vedanth also agrees for marriage. Everyone tries to convince Vedanth for marriage but he does not agree. During this time, Suhasini's mother Vyjayanthi comes to the Vashishta house, and Aadya accidentally tells her that Amulya is Vedanth's girlfriend. Vedanth asks Amulya to act as his girlfriend till Vikranth and Aarthi's marriage.

During this period of drama as boyfriend and girlfriend, Amulya starts getting attracted to Vedanth. Vedanth and Amulya go for a picnic with their siblings and Vyjayanthi. Their acting convinces Vyjayanthi that they truly love each other. However, Amulya starts imagining Vedanth everywhere, and slowly realizes that she is really in love with him. Dhruva, who is the younger brother of Vedanth, is now introduced into the story. Vedanth and Suhasini are furious on seeing him.

Amulya calls Vedanth and tells him that she can't act as his girlfriend any more because she wants to be his real girlfriend. Vedanth misunderstands her and to everyone's surprise, he introduces his employee Sahithya as his girlfriend. Amulya is shattered when she hears Vedanth's decision. She confesses her love for Vedanth under the influence of alcohol, but he disregards it due to her being drunk. It is revealed that Vedanth has asked Sahithya to act as his girlfriend until Vikranth's marriage, and it remained a secret between them.

Marriage preparations start for Aarthi and Vikranth. Vedanth and Amulya grow closer during this period. On the reception day, Suhasini announces Vedanth's engagement with Sahithya. Everyone is shocked by this development. Sahithya has by now developed feelings for Vedanth, and wants to marry him. Amulya dreams that Vedanth stops this and gets engaged to her instead. She is heartbroken to witness Vedanth's engagement and cries her heart out to him. Vedanth is concerned at her unusual behavior, and seems to slowly start developing feelings for Amulya.

On the day of Vikranth-Aarthi's marriage, Sarika kidnaps Aarthi and takes her place as the bride, stepping on stage with her face covered. Aadya and Amulya find this out and inform Vedanth. He takes Dhruva's help to bring Aarthi back to the marriage hall. Vedanth replaces Sarika with Aarthi, and Vikranth is successfully married to Aarthi. Vedanth brings out Sarika's wrongdoings in front of everyone and has her kicked out of their lives. Vedanth finds things he has given to Amulya at different points of time kept carefully by her and confronts her about it. Amulya helplessly confesses her love to Vedanth once again, but later out of fear of rejection lies that she only loves him as a friend.

Vedanth is slowly understanding his feelings for Amulya. In this period, Suhasini plans to fix Vedanth and Sahithya's marriage. However, Vedanth reveals to everyone that he and Sahithya were just acting for the sake of Vikranth's marriage, and breaks his engagement with Sahithya. Everyone is delighted except Suhasini. Vedanth and Amulya decide to meet and confess their feelings for each other. But on the same day, Vedanth is blackmailed and kidnapped by a politician Kishan, who turns out to be Sahithya's brother. Vikranth, Dhruva and Amulya join hands to rescue Vedanth. Vedanth beats up Kishan and gets him and Sahithya arrested.

Vedanth and Aryavardhan (Jothe Jotheyali serial on [[Zee Kannada]]) come together for a business collaboration. They also celebrate the festival of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] together with their respective families. There is a bomb scare in which Aryavardhan and Amulya are caught, and Vedanth saves them by defusing the bomb. Vedanth and Amulya decide to meet once again in his office to confess their feelings for each other. But Dhruva reaches the office at that time, interrupting them. Vedanth is furious on seeing Dhruva and kicks him out. He finds out that Dhruva is living with the Manjunaths. Vedanth is furious at Amulya, causing her to resign from his company. Later, she follows him to a temple, and is ecstatic and overwhelmed to overhear him confessing his feelings for her. Vedanth finds poetry written by Amulya about him at her house, and realizes that Amulya loves him and wants to marry him. With Aadya's help, Amulya decides to confess her feelings to Vedanth when they are alone. She decorates his house and cooks for him. She makes multiple attempts to express her love to Vedanth but he teases her and does not let her. Finally, Vedanth romantically confesses his feelings to Amulya, and she happily reciprocates.

Vedanth and Amulya are now in a relationship, and they decide not to let anyone from their families know about this yet. Anjali becomes matured, and Vedanth convinces the Manjunath family to hold a ritual for her, as per Parimala's wish. He also starts a new business venture to spread more awareness in society and support women. Simultaneously, Suhasini has been causing misunderstandings between Vikranth and Aarthi.

So, to make them reunited again. The family plans for an outing where they both can confess their mistakes and reunite again. So they went to a restaurant where they arranged a Cricket game to entertainment. There Dhruva and Vedanth get into one team where their bonding was getting more tight. On the other hand, even Aarti and Vikki also confess their mistakes and take her to his house. So now Adya is trying to find out whether Amulya and Vedanth have confessed their love as they decide not to tell the house for some days, where she is succeeded after many tries but Adya tells she will be not telling the house until they themselves inform it.

Parimala and Manjunath think of establishing a small canteen at their home. At the opening day some goons attack the canteen and Amulya is hurt. The Trio (Dhruva, Vedanth, and Amulya) then outsmart the goons. One day when Vedanth and Amulya meet at her house Radha watches them and makes a scene at Amulya's house. For the prestige of their family Parimala asks a promise from Amulya that she shouldn't love or marry rich guy. With devastated heart she gives the promise to Parimala. So due to the promise Amulya avoids Vedanth.

While here Vikrant attends the phone call of the blackmailer of Sridhar and he goes to the blackmailer with Aarti. He learns the reason of abandoning Dhruva from their house and Suhasini's real motive and Vedanth not being his own brother. While here as Amulya is avoiding Vedanth he hatches a plan to propose Amulya as he was about to Vikranth comes to that area and in fear of revealing of truth Paramananda attacks Vikranth causing him to be in coma. While in hospital Paramananda on Suhasini's orders plans to kill Vikranth. While Amulya hears it he and the nurse boy attacks Amulya who is saved by Vedanth. After several attempts made by Amulya and the family he gets out of coma. When Amulya says Dhruva and Vedanth reunited he regains conscious. Vikranth vows to save Vedanth. Vedanth reveals his concern regarding Amulya to Aadya. When Vedanth says that he gives the land which Suhasini wanted in the name of child of Aadya and Sarthak she plans to kill the unborn child in which she succeeded. At office Vikranth sees Amulya warning Suhasini as she insults Parimala so he thinks that Amulya is correct person to teach Suhasini a lesson.

When Vedanth wanted to propose Amulya he knows her dream of visiting Taj Mahal. So Vikranth hatches a fake business trip to Taj Mahal. After several attempts of Aadya, Vikranth and Vedanth he proposes her in front of Taj Mahal which is seen by Parimala and Manjunath and takes Amulya from there. Next day when the family visits Taj Mahal the family reveals Vedanth's plan to surprise her and her parents accepted their relationship. When Vedanth proposes Amulya. She teases the family and then happily accepts the proposal.Later, on the occasion of her birthday, Suhasini hosts a party only to humiliate Parimala and Manjunath about their family status. Enraged and insulted, after getting to know about Suhasini's plan, Parimala calls off the wedding much to Vedanth and Amulya's dismay.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] as Vedanth Vasishtha
* [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]] as Amulya Vedanth Vasishtha (née Manjunath)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sudha Narasimharaju]] as Parimala Manjunath
* Ravi Kalabrahma as Manjunath: Aarathi, Amulya, Adithi and Anjali's father
* Ruthu/Archana Krishappa/Swathi HV/Sindhu Kalyan as Suhasini Vashishta: Vedanth's Aunt/Adoptive mother
* Swathi as Vaidehi: Vedanth, Vikrant, Dhruva and Aadya's Biological mother<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-swathi-to-join-gattimela-as-vaidehi-vasishta/articleshow/87845816.cms|title=Actress Swathi to join 'Gattimela' as Vaidehi Vasishta|website=The Times of India|date=22 November 2021 }}</ref>
* Ravi Kiran as Suryanarayana Vasishta: Vedanth, Vikranth, Dhruva, Aadya's Biological father
* Vaijayanti as Vaijayanti: Vedanth's grandmother, Vaidehi and Suhasini's mother
* Abhishek Das as Vikranth Vashishta: Vedanth's younger brother<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/abhishek-das-shares-bts-from-the-show-gattimela/articleshow/90123332.cms|title=Abhishek Das shares BTS from the show Gattimela
|website=The Times of India|date=10 March 2022
}}</ref>
* Ranjan Sanath as Dhruva Vashishta: Vedanth's younger brother<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actor-ranjan-sanath-returns-to-daily-soap-gattimela-as-dhruva/articleshow/91096803.cms|title=Actor Ranjan Sanath returns to daily soap Gattimela as 'Dhruva'
|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2022
}}</ref>
* Ashwini (March 2019-August 2021)/Gagana (August 2021 – 2023)/ Aarthi (2023-2024) as Aarthi Vikranth Vashishta (née Manjunath): Amulya's elder sister
* Priya J Achar as Adithi Manjunath: Amulya's younger sister<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-priya-j-achar-to-pavan-kumar-supporting-actors-who-are-equally-popular/photostory/92911078.cms|title=From Priya J Achar to Pavan Kumar: Supporting actors who are equally popular
|website=The Times of India|date=16 July 2022
}}</ref>
* Anvitha Sagar as Aadya Sarthak Ashwath (née Vashishta): Vedanth's younger sister
* Girish Bettappa as Sarthak Ashwath: Vedanth's brother-in-law
* Mahati Bhat as Anjali Manjunath (Anju): Amulya's younger sister
* Ravichandra as Lakshmikanth (Kantha): Vedanth's PA
* Sony as Ahalya: Vedanth's collegemate
* [[Sharanya Shetty]] as Sahithya: Vedanth's ex-fiancée and ex-employee
* Rashmitha Changappa as Sarika Ashwath: Vedanth's ex-employee and Sarthak's younger sister, antagonist
* Laya Kokila as Paramananda: Vedanth's maternal uncle
* Rohiet Nair as Agni

== Production ==
Actor ''[[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] '', who had previously appeared as the lead hero in the serial ''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve|Putta Gowri Maduve]]'', was selected to portray the lead male role of Vedanth Vashishta. Actress Nisha Ravikrishnan was cast in the lead female role of Amulya, who had previously appeared in the serial ''[[Sarvamangala Mangalye]]'' as the lead hero's sister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeekannada.zee5.com/aarthi-to-sarika-7-supporting-gattimela-actors-who-helped-in-making-the-show-a-superhit/|title=Aarthi To Sarika: 7 Supporting Gattimela Actors Who Helped In Making The Show a Superhit|date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/280219/a-nish-in-drama.html|title=A Nish in Drama|date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Actress Sudha Narasimharaju was selected for the role of Parimala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-kannada-launched-latest-fiction-show-gattimela-95167.html|title=Zee Kannada launches latest fiction show 'Gattimela'|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News |date=7 March 2019 }}</ref> Actor [[Vijay Raghavendra]] made special appearance in serial for promotion of his movie [[Malgudi Days (2020 film)|''Malgudi Days'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raksh-shoots-with-vijay-raghavendra-for-gattimela/articleshow/73999665.cms|title = Raksh shoots with Vijay Raghavendra for Gattimela|website=The Times of India| date=7 February 2020 }}</ref> ''Rakksh'', the lead actor of the serial, started his own production house named as Sri Sai Anjaneya Chitra in 2021 and upto climax Gattimela was produced by Rakksh/Rakshith under his production banner Sri Sai Anjaneya Company <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rakksh-turns-producer-for-gattimela/articleshow/80919735.cms|title=Raksh turns Producer|website=The Times of India|date=15 February 2021}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Varudhini Parinayam'' వరూధినీ పరిణయం
| 5 August 2013
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 10 August 2016
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Poove Poochudava (TV series)|Poove Poochudava]]'' பூவே பூச்சூடவா
| 24 April 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 4 September 2021
| rowspan="8"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Gattimela'' ಗಟ್ಟಿಮೇಳ
| 11 March 2019
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 5 January 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi (TV series)|Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' പൂക്കാലം വരവായ്
| 1 July 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 26 September 2021
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Sathire]]'' ସାଥିରେ
| 3 October 2022
| Zee Sarthak
| 30 September 2023
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Dildariyan]]'' ਦਿਲਦਾਰੀਆਂ
| 14 November 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 6 October 2023
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mon Dite Chai]]'' মন দিতে চাই
| 2 January 2023
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 24 May 2024
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[36 Guni Jodi]]'' ३६ गुणी जोडी
| 23 January 2023
| rowspan="2"| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 24 December 2023
|-
| ''[[Sanai Chaughade]]'' सनई चौघडे
| 16 March 2026
| Ongoing
|}

== Reception ==
At the opening week to till climax, it became the most watched Kannada television program by getting in top 2 position. Also it is widely received by the television audience. It tops the [[target rating point|BARC ratings]] for the top five Kannada programs regularly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gattimela-continues-to-rule-the-trp-charts/articleshow/74509138.cms|title = Gattimela continues to rule the TRP charts|website=The Times of India| date=6 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url =https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/jothe-jotheyali-fails-to-overtake-gattimela-in-trp-612008|title=jothe-jotheyali-fails-to-overtake-gattimela-in-trp|date=15 March 2020}}</ref> Due to COVID-19, a lockdown was imposed and shooting came into halt. In this time, when [[Kannada]] films took over the top places ''Gattimela'' was the only serial that remained in the list of top 5 Kannada programs for most of the time in spite of repeat telecast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theclashofnews.com/kannada-tv-serials-barc-trp-rating-weekly/|title=The Clash of News|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708220953/https://theclashofnews.com/kannada-tv-serials-barc-trp-rating-weekly/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="blue"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Award
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Category
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Recipient
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| rowspan="10" | Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2019
| Popular Actor in Lead Role (Male)
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
| rowspan="10" |<ref name="balkaninews">{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninews.com/news/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-winners-list-are-here/|title=Zee Kutumba Awards 2019 Winners List are here|date=22 October 2019}}
</ref>
|-
| Popular Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Popular Jodi
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Best Sahodhara (Brother)
| Abhishek Das
|-
| Best Sahodhari (Sister)
| Ashwini, Priya J Achar and Mahati
|-
| Best Amma
| [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
|-
| Best Comedian
| Ravichandra Tommy
|-
| Best Rated TRP Serial
| Gattimela
|-
| Best Director
| Koramangala Anil
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer
| Karthik Bhat
|-
| rowspan="10" | Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2020
| Popular Actor in Lead Role (Male)
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
| rowspan="10" |<ref name="balkaninews" />
|-
| Best Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Popular Jodi
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Best Sahodhara (Brother)
| Abhishek Das
|-
| Best Sahodhari (Sister)
| Ashwini, Priya J Achar and Mahati
|-
| Best Amma
| [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
|-
| Best Comedian
| Ravichandra Tommy
|-
| Popular Serial
| Gattimela
|-
| Best Director
| Koramangala Anil
|-
| Best Screenplay Writer
| Chethana Vasishtha
|-
| rowspan="6" | Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2021
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role (Male)
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
| rowspan="6" |
|-
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Popular Jodi
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Best Athe
| [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
|-
| Best Sahodhara (Brother)
| Abhishek Das
|-
| Best Sahodhari (Sister)
| Anvitha Sagar
|-
| rowspan="10" | Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2022
| Popular Actor in Lead Role (Male)
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]]
| rowspan="10" |
|-
| Popular Actor in Lead Role (Female)
| [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Popular Jodi
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
|-
| Best Sahodhara (Brother)
| Abhishek Das
|-
| Popular Serial
| Gattimela
|-
| Best Athe
| [[Sudha Narasimharaju]]
|-
| Best Villain Female
| Archana
|-
| Best Appa
| Ravi Kalabrahma
|-
| Best Production manager
| Naveen
|-
| Best Screenplay Writer
| Kavya, Srujan Raghavendra
|-
| rowspan="2" | Zee Kannada Kutumba Awards 2023
| Popular Jodi
| [[Rakshith Gowda|Rakksh]] and [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| Best Amma
| Swathi
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/gattimela/0-6-1392 ''Gattimela''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10127726}}

[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-05T06:46:25Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{Short description|Indian union territory election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1991
| election_date = 27 April 1996
| next_election = 2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2001
| seats_for_election = 30 seats in the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 16
| registered = {{formatnum:633635}}
| turnout = 75.33%
| image_size = 100px

| party1 = Indian National Congress
| image1 = V. Vaithilingam.jpg
| leader1 = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 9
| seats_before1 = 15
| popular_vote1 = 28.39%
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 6

| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[R. V. Janakiraman]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 7
| seats_before2 = 4
| popular_vote2 = 25.65%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3


| title = [[Chief Minister of Puducherry|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| after_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[R. V. Janakiraman]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in April 1996, to elect members of the 30 constituencies in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (then known as Pondicherry), in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/03/26/explained-puducherry-the-territory-of-coalitions-and-presidents-rule.html |title=Explained: Puducherry, the territory of coalitions and President's Rule |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)]] |date=26 March 2021 |quote=9th election: 1996 - The Congress was the single-largest party in the 1996 election in Puducherry, winning nine seats with a vote share of 25 per cent. The DMK, its principle adversary, won seven seats, with a vote share of nearly 23 per cent |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/PDF/Se1996.PDF |title=Union Territory of Pondicherry Assembly - General Elections - 1996 |access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats, but the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] won the popular vote, and [[R. V. Janakiraman]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Puducherry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/former-puducherry-chief-minister-rv-janakiraman-dead/articleshow/69721586.cms |title=Former Puducherry chief minister RV Janakiraman dead |date=10 June 2019 |author=Bosco Dominique |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date= 6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/pondicherry.HTML |title=Pondicherry Legislative Assembly |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
===[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[V. Vaithilingam]] || style="text-align:center;"|20
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|10
|}

===[[DMK-led Alliance]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;" colspan="2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || style="text-align:center;"|18
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50x50px]] || [[G. K. Moopanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|5
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]] || [[Indrajit Gupta]] || style="text-align:center;"|3
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}} || style="text-align:center;"| || || style="text-align:center;"|4
|}

==List of Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|-
!colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|'''INC+''']]
!colspan="3"|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|'''DMK+''']]
|-
! 1
| [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Anandavelu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Palaniraja
|-

! 2
| [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Narayanasamy
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| P. Kannan
|-

! 3
| [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Gandhirasu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S.P. Sivakumar
|-

! 4
| [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| C.M. Achraff
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Abdul Rachide
|-

! 5
| [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| U.C. Arumugham
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| S. Rathinam @ Manohar
|-

! 6
| [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Parasuraman
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Siva
|-

! 7
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Ramachandiren
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R.V. Janakiraman
|-

! 8
| [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Modeliarpeth]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Kothandaraman Sababathy
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| M. Manjini
|-

! 9
| [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Sreedharan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Jayamoorthy
|-

! 10
| [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalom (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| K. Pakkiriammal
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Muthukrishnan
|-

! 11
| [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| V. Vaithilingam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P.M. Mathy @ Subbarayan
|-

! 12
| [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. Thiagarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Annapoorni
|-

! 13
| [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Rajavelu
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| M. Kandasamy
|-

! 14
| [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arasi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Jayaraj
|-

! 15
| [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Rajaram
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| K. Rajasegaran
|-

! 16
| [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Marimuthu
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| V. Nagarathinam
|-

! 17
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villenour]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. Anandbaskaran
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| C. Jayakumar
|-

! 18
| [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R.R. Somasundaram
|-

! 19
| [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| N. Rangasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Rathinavelu
|-

! 20
| [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Na. Manimaran
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| R. Viswanathan
|-

! 21
| [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M.O.H.F. Shajahan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Kesavan
|-

! 22
| [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Nalamagarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Shanmugam
|-

! 23
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| H.M. Abdul Kader
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A.M.H. Nazeem
|-

! 24
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A.V. Subramanian
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Savarirajan
|-

! 25
| [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy-Grand Aldee]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A.M.K. Balu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V.M.C. Sivakkumar
|-

! 26
| [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Tirunallar]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Kamalakannan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Soundarengan
|-

! 27
| [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Neduncadu (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| M. Chandirakasu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Marimuthu
|-

! 28
| [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| E. Valsaraj
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| Manoly Muhammad
|-

! 29
| [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A.V. Sreedharan
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| P.K. Sathyanandan
|-

! 30
| [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Velaga Rajeswara Rao
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| Malladi Krishna Rao
|-
|}

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Pondicherry Legislative Assembly 1996.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=116618|seats1=9|sc1={{decrease}}6
|party2=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes2=105392|seats2=7|sc2={{increase}}3
|party3=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes3=57678|seats3=3|sc3={{increase}}3
|party4=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes4=42485|seats4=5|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=29964|seats5=2|sc5={{increase}}1
|party6=[[Janata Dal]]|votes6=20360|seats6=1|sc6=0
|party7=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes7=11544|seats7=1|sc7=New
|party20=Others|votes20=29126|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=47126|seats21=2|sc21={{decrease}}1
|total_sc=0
|invalid=17036
|electorate=633635
|source=ECI<ref name=election1996>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-

| 1 || [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]] || 69.96% || S. Anandavelu || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 11,009 || 56.26% || G. Palani Raja || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,098 || 41.39% || 2,911
|-
| 2 || [[Cassicade Assembly constituency|Cassicade]] || 66.08% || P. Kannan || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 6,501 || 63.21% || S. Narayanasamy || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,195 || 31.06% || 3,306
|-
| 3 || [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]] || 65.39% || S. P. Sivakumar || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,697 || 58.54% || A. Gandhirasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 1,159 || 25.16% || 1,538
|-
| 4 || [[Bussy Assembly constituency|Bussy]] || 60.37% || C. M. Achraff || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 2,208 || 46.26% || A. Abdul Rachide || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 1,378 || 28.87% || 830
|-
| 5 || [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]] || 72.39% || S. Rathinam @ Manohar || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 6,866 || 50.79% || U. C. Arumugam || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,866 || 43.39% || 1,000
|-
| 6 || [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]] || 68.14% || [[R. Siva]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,105 || 49.16% || K. Parasuraman || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,107 || 30.97% || 2,998
|-
| 7 || [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] || 69.88% || [[R. V. Janakiraman]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 8,803 || 52.31% || D. Ramachandiren || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,354 || 43.70% || 1,449
|-
| 8 || [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]] || 71.54% || M. Manjini || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 11,380 || 49.69% || V. Sababady Kothandraman || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 8,278 || 36.15% || 3,102
|-
| 9 || [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]] || 79.25% || S. Ramsingh || {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || 7,382 || 37.86% || T. Jayamoorthy || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,329 || 32.46% || 1,053
|-
| 10 || [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]] || 78.31% || R. Rajaraman || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 8,311 || 62.73% || K. Pakkiriammal || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,454 || 26.07% || 4,857
|-
| 11 || [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] || 83.58% || [[V. Vaithilingam]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,563 || 54.86% || V. Muthunarayana Reddiar || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 5,036 || 36.53% || 2,527
|-
| 12 || [[Kuruvinatham Assembly constituency|Kuruvinatham]] || 87.32% || T. Thiagarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,209 || 48.85% || R. Ramanathan || {{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,022 || 47.58% || 187
|-
| 13 || [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]] || 83.48% || M. Kandasamy || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 7,921 || 51.95% || P. Rajavelu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,221 || 47.36% || 700
|-
| 14 || [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]] || 79.23% || S. Arasi || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,707 || 37.08% || K. Jayaraj || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,586 || 36.29% || 121
|-
| 15 || [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]] || 82.77% || K. Rajasegaran || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 8,113 || 51.63% || N. Rajaram || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,866 || 43.69% || 1,247
|-
| 16 || [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]] || 80.14% || V. Nagarathinam || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 7,380 || 53.78% || N. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,232 || 38.13% || 2,148
|-
| 17 || [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]] || 83.35% || C. Jayakumar || {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} || 12,205 || 64.56% || P. Anandabaskaran || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,509 || 34.43% || 5,696
|-
| 18 || [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]] || 75.71% || K. Natarajan || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,794 || 41.10% || R. R. Somasundaram || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,252 || 32.97% || 1,542
|-
| 19 || [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]] || 72.14% || [[N. Rangaswamy]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 9,989 || 42.95% || V. Pethaperumal || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 7,699 || 33.11% || 2,290
|-
| 20 || [[Reddiarpalayam Assembly constituency|Reddiarpalayam]] || 62.82% || R. Viswanathan || {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} || 17,206 || 65.58% || Na. Manimaran || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 5,966 || 22.74% || 11,240
|-
| 21 || [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]] || 71.79% || N. Kesavan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 16,442 || 54.40% || [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 10,211 || 33.78% || 6,231
|-
| 22 || [[Cotchery Assembly constituency|Cotchery]] || 78.37% || R. Nalamagarajan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 7,630 || 47.53% || G. Panjavarnam || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 5,968 || 37.17% || 1,662
|-
| 23 || [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]] || 67.73% || [[A. M. H. Nazeem]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 9,474 || 71.01% || H. M. Abdul Kader || {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 2,946 || 22.08% || 6,528
|-
| 24 || [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] || 75.45% || [[A. V. Subramanian]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,676 || 57.48% || S. Savarirajan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,717 || 40.61% || 1,959
|-
| 25 || [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]] || 78.01% || [[V. M. C. Sivakumar]] || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 7,595 || 53.44% || S. T. P. Diravidamani || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 4,385 || 30.85% || 3,210
|-
| 26 || [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]] || 78.92% || R. Kamalakannan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 6,063 || 48.53% || A. Soundarengan || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 4,938 || 39.53% || 1,125
|-
| 27 || [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] || 83.17% || A. Marimuthu || {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || 6,899 || 54.93% || M. Chandirakasu || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 5,116 || 40.74% || 1,783
|-
| 28 || [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]] || 76.06% || E. Valsaraj || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,184 || 45.58% || Manoli Muhammad || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 3,915 || 42.65% || 269
|-
| 29 || [[Palloor Assembly constituency|Palloor]] || 74.44% || A. V. Sreedharan || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 4,253 || 45.40% || Panangatil Khader || {{party name with color|Janata Dal}} || 2,929 || 31.27% || 1,324
|-
| 30 || [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] || 86.68% || [[Malladi Krishna Rao]] || {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}} || 8,445 || 62.31% || Velaga Rajeshwara Rao || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 3,602 || 26.58% || 4,843
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1996 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Puducherry Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}

{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:1996 State Assembly elections in India|p]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Puducherry]]
[[Category:1990s in Pondicherry]]

V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan

2026-05-02T07:43:25Z

Isaac22019: adding a pg.

{{Short description|Lieutenant General in the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan
| honorific_suffix = {{post nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|YSM}}
| image = File:Lt_Gen_VM_Bhuvana_Krishnan.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| office = [[Eastern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]]
| term_start = 1 April 2026
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| predecessor = [[Ram Chander Tiwari]]
| successor =
| office1 = Quartermaster General
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Manoj Pande]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| term_start1 = 1 December 2023
| term_end1 = 31 March 2026
| predecessor1 = Rajinder Dewan
| successor1 = Prashant Srivastava
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 11 June 1988 – Present
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-47566Y<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0020-25631.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=17}}</ref>
| unit = [[File:Dogra Regiment.svg|22px]] [[Dogra Regiment]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Eastern Command, Indian Army.png|21px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
* [[File:Brahmastra Corps.png|21px]] [[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]
* [[File:CIJWS.png|21px]] [[Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School|CIJWS]]
* 28 Infantry Division
}}
| battles =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
}}
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]] is a serving general officer of the [[Indian Army]]. He is presently serving as the [[Eastern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2026 |title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL VMB KRISHNAN ASSUMES COMMAND OF EASTERN COMMAND |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2247791&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> He previously served as the Quartermaster General,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Lieutenant General VMB Krishnan assumed the appointment of Quarter Master General and paid homage to the Bravehearts at the National War Memorial on 1 December 2023 |url=https://x.com/salute2soldier/status/1730482013772132759?s=20 |access-date=2 Feb 2026 |website=X (formerly twitter)}}</ref> prior to that he was [[XVII Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding, XVII Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2022-06-27 |title=New chief of Brahmastra Corps |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/new-chief-brahmastra-corps-1503084898.html |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He is also the Colonel of the Regiment of the [[Dogra Regiment|Dogra Regiment & Dogra Scouts]] since 1 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2023/248192.pdf |website=egazette.gov.in |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=267}}</ref>
[[File:Lt Gen VMB Krishnan taking over as the Eastern Army Commander.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan taking over as [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army Commander]]]]

== Early life and education ==
He is an alumnus of [[Sainik School, Amaravathinagar]]. He then attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakwasla and the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]]. He is also an alumnus of the [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[New Delhi]].

==Military career==
He was commissioned into the [[Dogra Regiment]] on 11 June 1988 from the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0020-25631.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=17}}</ref> In a career spanning over three decades, he has undertaken numerous command, staff and instructional appointments. He has commanded an infantry battalion , a brigade in high-altitude areas along India's northern borders and was [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] 28 Infantry Division (Vajr Division) in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-05 |title=GoC 28 Infantry Division |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/maj-gen-abhijit-s-pendharkar-takes-over-as-goc-28-infantry-division/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> His staff appointments include serving at the Military Secretary’s Branch, [[Integrated Defence Staff]] and as Military Attaché at the High Commission of India in London.<ref name="Statesman">{{cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=New chief of Brahmastra Corps |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/new-chief-brahmastra-corps-1503084898.html |access-date=11 October 2025 |publisher=The Statesman}}</ref> He also served as the Commandant of the [[Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School|Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maj Gen VMB Krishnan, Commandant, CIJWS calls on Governor Hari Babu Kambhampati {{!}} Lok Bhavan Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/maj-gen-vmb-krishnan-commandant-cijws-calls-on-governor-hari-babu-kambhampati/ |access-date=2026-02-02 |language=en}}</ref>

After being promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]], he assumed the appointment of Director General Information Technology at the Army headquarters, [[New Delhi]]. On 25 June 2022, he took over as the [[XVII Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding, XVII Corps]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Rajinder Dewan.<ref name="NEIB">{{cite web |date=25 June 2022 |title=Lt Gen VM Bhuvana Krishnan takes over command of the Brahmastra Corps |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2022/06/25/lt-gen-vm-bhuvana-krishnan-avsmysm-took-over-the-command-of-the-brahmastra-corps/ |access-date=11 October 2025 |publisher=NE India Broadcast}}</ref> A year and a half later, on 1 December 2023 he took over as the Quartermaster General (QMG) of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=":2" /> He relinquished the appointment of QMG on 31 March 2026.

On 1 April 2026, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] V. M. Bhuvana Krishnan took over as the [[Eastern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Ram Chander Tiwari]] when the latter superannuated on 31 March 2026.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and decorations==
During his career, the general officer has been awarded with the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=President approves Gallantry awards to 93 Armed Forces personnel, including 11 posthumous & 305 defence decorations on the eve of Republic Day 2025 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096200 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2022<ref name="avs medal">{{Cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=Honours and Awards : Republic Day 2022 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jan/doc20221259101.pdf |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=PIB}}</ref> and the [[Yudh Seva Medal]]. He has also received commendation from the Chief of Army Staff.
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|[[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Special_Service_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND_50th_Anniversary_Independence_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND_9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105x105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" |[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white"
!Insignia
!Rank
!Component
!Date of rank
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Second_Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Second Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1988<ref name=":1" />
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1993/O-0407-1993-0013-16503.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=50}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1993/O-0410-1993-0042-16533.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major (rank)|Major]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1999/W_40_2013_172.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=30}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|16 December 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_35_2012_129.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|11 June 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2010/W_43_2010_030.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|23 May 2014 (acting)
14 August 2015 (substantive, with seniority from 6 September 2012)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2017/179300.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Major general (India)|Major General]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|4 December 2020 (seniority from 20 November 2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2022/235171.pdf |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=egazette.gov.in |page=65}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|89x89px]]
|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
|[[Indian Army]]
|2022
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Eastern Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]]
| years = 1 April 2026 - Present
| before = [[Ram Chander Tiwari]]
| after = ''Incumbent''
}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Rajinder Dewan}}
{{s-ttl| title = Quartermaster General
| years = 1 December 2023 - 31 March 2026}}
{{s-aft| after = Prashant Srivastava}}
{{s-ttl|title=General officer commanding [[XVII Corps (India)|XVII Corps]]
|years= 25 June 2022 – 30 November 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=Rajeev Puri}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhuvana Krishnan, V M}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian lieutenant generals]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]

Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999

2026-04-30T04:07:34Z

Isaac22019: info

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India, replaces Act 46 of 1973}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| imagesize = 80
| imagealt = Foreign Exchange Management Act
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating the external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
| citation = [http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf Act No. 42 of 1999]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| date_assented = 29 December 1999
| date_commenced = 1 June 2000
| bill_date =
| date_enacted = 29 December 1999
| repeals = [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999''' ('''FEMA''') is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which was adopted under the guidance of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] "to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf|title=THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210004120/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf|archive-date=10 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was passed on 29 December 1999 in parliament, replacing the [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]] (FERA). This act makes offences related to foreign exchange [[Civil law (common law)|civil offenses]]. It extends to the whole of [[India]],<ref name="FEMA, 1999">{{cite web |title=FEMA, 1999 |url=http://www.dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Foreign%20Exchange%20Management%20Act%201999.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Revenue Service|Dept of Revenue]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Govt of India |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623201739/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/600757/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> replacing FERA, which had become incompatible with the pro-liberalization policies of the [[Government of India]]. It enabled a new [[foreign exchange]] management regime consistent with the emerging framework of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also paved the way for the introduction of the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]], which came into effect on 1 July 2005. Starting in 2004, the Act also includes provisions for the [[Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)]], this provision allows for easier outward remittance of funds and is available to all resident individuals, including minors and students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)? |url=https://cleartax.in/s/what-is-liberalised-remittance-scheme |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=cleartax |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Unlike other laws where ''everything is permitted unless specifically prohibited'', under the [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]] (FERA) of 1973 (predecessor to FEMA) ''everything was prohibited unless specifically permitted''. Hence the tenor and tone of the Act was very drastic. It required imprisonment even for minor offences. Under FERA, ''a person was presumed guilty unless he proved himself innocent'', whereas under other laws ''a person is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty''.<ref>{{cite book|last=AC Fernando|title=Business Environment|pages=427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaHonZv5dfIC&pg=PA427 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=9788131731581|year=2011}}</ref>

FEMA is a regulatory mechanism that enables the Reserve Bank of India to pass regulations and the Central Government to pass rules relating to foreign exchange in tune with the Foreign Trade policy of India.

==History==
===Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973===
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law regulating certain payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, transactions indirectly affecting foreign exchange and the import and export of currency and bullion, for the conservation of the foreign exchange resources of the country and the proper utilisation thereof in the interests of the economic development of the country.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = No. 46 of 1973
| territorial_extent = India
| date_enacted = 19 September 1973
| date_commenced = 1 January 1974
| date_repealed = 1 June 2000
| repeals = Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947
| repealed_by = Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
| status = Repealed
}}

The '''Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973''' ('''FERA''') was legislation passed in [[India]] in 1973<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/foreign-exchange-regulation-act-1973-fera/|title=Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1999 (FERA) – General Knowledge Today|website=www.gktoday.in|date=14 September 2011 |access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref> that imposed strict regulations on certain kinds of payments, the dealings in [[foreign exchange]] (forex) and [[securities]] and the transactions which had an indirect impact on the foreign exchange and the import and export of [[currency]].<ref name="rbi">{{Cite web|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?ID=377|title = Reserve Bank of India – Reports}}</ref> The bill was formulated with the aim of regulating payments and foreign exchange.<ref name="rbi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27905/|title=The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>

FERA came into force with effect from January 1, 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karmayog.org/centralgovtacts/centralgovtacts_6243.htm|title=The Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts (FERA) {{!}} Government Acts (Alphabetically) {{!}} Central Govt. Acts (in alphabetical order) {{!}} www.karmayog.org|website=www.karmayog.org|access-date=2016-04-01|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706080240/http://www.karmayog.org/centralgovtacts/centralgovtacts_6243.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

FERA was introduced at a time when foreign exchange (Forex) reserves of the country were low, Forex being a scarce commodity. FERA therefore proceeded on the presumption that all foreign exchange earned by Indian residents rightfully belonged to the Government of India and had to be collected and surrendered to the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). FERA primarily prohibited all transactions not permitted by RBI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/glossary/property/fera_613.html|title=FERA|website=www.moneycontrol.com|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered the company to dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). In 1993, the company (along with [[PepsiCo]]) returned after the introduction of India's Liberalization policy.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19820815-what-has-foreign-exchange-regulation-act-achieved-772094-2013-10-05 |title=FERA: The end of an era |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref>

===Switch from FERA===
FERA did not succeed in restricting activities such as the expansion of Multinational Corporations. The concessions made to FERA in 1991–1993 showed that FERA was on [[The Verge|the verge]] of becoming redundant. After the amendment of FERA in 1993, it was decided that the act would become the FEMA. This was done in order to relax the controls on foreign exchange in India. This led on to invention of beliefs among stakeholders that FEMA and FERA co-exist in present Indian scenario.

FERA was repealed in 1998 by the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, which liberalised [[foreign exchange controls]] and restrictions on foreign investment.<ref>{{citation |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2016 |title=The Crucial difference |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 November 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20030818-foreign-exchange-regulation-act-had-a-controversial-stint-from-1973-to-2002-791919-2003-08-17 |title=FERA: Businessman's POTA |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 August 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2016|title=The Crucial difference|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>

The buying and selling of foreign currency and other debt instruments by businesses, individuals and governments happens in the foreign exchange market. Apart from being very competitive, this market is also the largest and most liquid market in the world as well as in India. It constantly undergoes changes and innovations, which can either be beneficial to a country or expose them to greater risks. The management of foreign exchange market becomes necessary in order to mitigate and avoid the risks. Central banks would work towards an orderly functioning of the transactions which can also develop their foreign exchange market. Foreign Exchange Market Whether under FERA or FEMA’s control, the need for the management of foreign exchange is important. It is necessary to keep adequate amount of foreign exchange.

FEMA served to make transactions for external trade and easier – transactions involving current account for external trade no longer required RBI’s permission. The deals in Foreign Exchange were to be ‘managed’ instead of ‘regulated’. The switch to FEMA shows the change on the part of the government in terms of for the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/indian-economy/main-features-of-the-foreign-exchange-management-act-fema/39551/|title=Main Features of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)|website=YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library|date=7 May 2014|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

== Fundamental principle ==
'''Under FEMA, the general principle is that all current account transactions are permitted unless expressly prohibited and all Capital account transactions are prohibited unless expressly permitted. (see Sections 5 and 6 of FEMA)'''

'''“Capital account transaction” means''' a transaction which alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or liabilities in India of persons resident outside India, and includes transactions referred to in sub-section (3) of section 6;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315004816/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=legislative.gov.in |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref>

It generally refers to Capital inflows like Equities, Grants and Debt. Inflows within the country are called as '[[Foreign direct investment|Foreign Direct Investment]]' (FDI). Capital debt is termed – External Commercial Borrowings (ECB).

Equity outflows are termed as 'Foreign outbound investment' .

Any corporate entity receiving FDI or making an outbound investment has to file an annual FEMA return called as Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=FEMA Consultancy and Compliance – By Team Entrecap |url=https://entrecap.in/service/fema-consultancy-and-compliance/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Current Account transaction are defined as transactions other than [[capital account]] transactions. Mainly include transactions pertaining to individual remittances, trade, student remittances etc. <ref name=":0" />

==Regulations/Rules under FEMA==
((All under the guidance of Prime Ministers [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Narendra Modi]]))
* Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rule, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Permissible Capital Account Transactions) Regulations, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Foreign currency accounts by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2000
* Foreign Exchange (Adjudication Procedure and Appeals) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Encashment of Draft, Cheque, Instrument and payment of interest) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange (Authentication of Documents) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Export of Goods and Services) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Export and Import of Currency) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Acquisition and transfer of immovable property outside India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Foreign Currency Accounts by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Insurance) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (International Financial Services Centre) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Possession and Retention of Foreign Currency) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Realisation, Repatriation and Surrender of Foreign Exchange) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Regularization of assets held abroad by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Manner of Receipt and Payment) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Remittance of Assets) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Deposit) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Establishment in India of a branch office or a liaison office or a project office or any other place of business) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Borrowing and Lending) Regulations, 2018
* Foreign Exchange Management (Cross Border Merger) Regulations, 2018
* Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Debt Instrument) Regulations, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Mode of Payment and Reporting of Non-Debt Instruments) Regulations, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Margin for Derivative Contracts) Regulations, 2020
* Foreign Exchange Management (Overseas Investment) Rules, 2022
* Foreign Exchange (Compounding Proceedings) Rules, 2024

== Related legislation ==
===Foreign Contribution (regulation) Act, 2010===
{{main|Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010}}

FCRA, 2010 has been enacted by the Parliament to consolidate the law to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcraonline.nic.in/home/index.aspx#|title=FCRA|website=fcraonline.nic.in|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref>

====Applicability====
As per Section 1(2) of FCRA, 2010, the provisions of the act applies to:
* Whole of India
* Citizens of India outside India; and
* Associate Branches or subsidiaries, outside India, of companies or bodies corporate, registered or incorporated in India

===Acts/rules/guidelines which regulate the flow of foreign contribution to India===
The flow of foreign contribution to India is regulated under
* Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010,
* Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rules, 2011
* And other notification / orders etc., issued there under from time to time.
* FCRA, 1976 repealed after coming of FCRA, 2010
==== Amendments ====
* The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act 2020 present in

== What is foreign contribution? ==
As per Section 2(1)(h) of FCRA, 2010, "foreign contribution" means the donation, delivery or transfer made by any foreign source, ─

(i)Of any article, not being an article given to a person* as a gift for his/her personal use, if the market value, in India, of such article, on the date of such gift is not more than such sum as may be specified from time to time by the Central Government by rules made by it in this behalf. (This sum has been specified as ₹25,000/- currently);

(ii)Of any currency, whether Indian or foreign;

(iii)Of any security as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the securities Contracts(Regulation) Act, 1956 and includes any foreign security as defined in clause (o) of Section 2 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.

Explanation 1 – A donation, delivery or transfer or any article, currency or foreign security referred to in this clause by any person who has received it form any foreign source, either directly or through one or more persons, shall also be deemed to be foreign contribution with the meaning of this clause.

Explanation 2 ‒ The interest accrued on the foreign contribution deposited in any bank referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 17 or any other income derived from the foreign contribution or interest thereon shall also be deemed to be foreign contribution within the meaning of this clause.

Explanation 3 ‒ Any amount received, by a person from any foreign source outside India, by way of fee (including fees charged by an educational institution in India from foreign student) or towards cost in lieu of goods or services rendered by su'''ch person in the ordinary course of his bu'''siness, trade or commerce whether within India or outside India or any contribution received from an agent or a foreign source towards such fee or cost shall be excluded from the definition of foreign contribution within the meaning of this clause.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> In terms of FCRA, 2010 "person" includes ‒
* (i) An individual;
* (ii) A Hindu undivided family;
* (iii) An association;
* (iv) ) A company registered under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (now Section 8 of [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]]).

==See also==
* [[Law of India]]
{{Portalbar|Law}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090203182509/http://fema.rbi.org.in/ Reserve Bank of India FEMA website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081008140108/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/america_canada/fema_acts/index.htm FEMA from the Finance Ministry]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/NRIs-can-now-open-joint-accounts-with-resident-Indian/articleshow/10005417.cms NRIs can now open joint accounts with resident Indian]

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1999]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Financial history of India]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian economy]]

Rahul Kanwal

2026-04-30T00:46:11Z

Isaac22019: done

{{short description|Indian television journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rahul Kanwal
| image = Rahul Kanwal (born 1980) at World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2025.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = At the [[World Economic Forum|WEF]] Annual Meeting in 2025
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|14 September 1980}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
| death_date = 
| occupation = [[Journalist]] [[News presenter]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Cardiff University]]
| employer = [[NDTV]]
| years_active =
| partner =
}}
'''Rahul Kanwal''' (born 1980) is an Indian TV news anchor and journalist working as [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] and [[Editor-in-chief|Editor-in-Chief]] at [[NDTV]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=NDTV appoints Rahul Kanwal as CEO - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/ndtv-appoints-rahul-kanwal-as-ceo/120637924 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> worked as News Director at [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] before joining [[NDTV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/anchor/rahul-kanwal|title=Rahul Kanwal|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> He was the anchor host of the prime-time show ''Newstrack''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal|title=Newstrack with Rahul Kanwal|website=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> on weekdays and the interview-based show ''Jab We Met'' on India Today TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programmes/jab-we-met|title=Jab We Met|website=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Kanwal studied at [[St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]]. He then studied journalism at [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dcac.du.ac.in/Pages/Alumni/alumni.php|title=Delhi College of Arts & Commerce|website=dcac.du.ac.in|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> He is a [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening]] scholar and did a program in International Broadcast Journalism at [[Cardiff University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-launches-chevening-scholarships-and-fellowships-for-2019-20|title=UK launches Chevening Scholarships and Fellowships for 2019-20|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> He won a [[Rory Peck Trust]] grant for a course in Hostile Environment Journalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rorypecktrust.org/getmedia/ae0f002a-c470-4374-b65c-3fc0622c5803/Rory-Peck-Brochure-2010.pdf.aspx|title=rorypecktrust|last=Trust|first=Rory Peck|date=2010|website=rorypecktrust.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725091512/https://rorypecktrust.org/getmedia/ae0f002a-c470-4374-b65c-3fc0622c5803/Rory-Peck-Brochure-2010.pdf.aspx|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=}}</ref>

Kanwal started his career in 1999 as an anchor-cum-reporter with [[Zee News]] and joined [[Aaj Tak]] in 2002. He has also served as the Editor-at-Large of Aaj Tak and [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] in [[TV Today Network|TV Today Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/india-today-group-promotes-supriya-prasad-and-rahul-kanwal-as-news-directors-91290.html|title=India Today Group promotes Supriya Prasad and Rahul Kanwal as News Directors - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=26 July 2018 |language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Kanwal interviewed India's union minister, [[Piyush Goyal]], and questioned the minister over the [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot strikes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/video/915459/watch-i-dont-need-any-lesson-in-nationalism-from-you-journalist-rahul-kanwal-tells-piyush-goyal|title=Watch: 'I don't need any lesson in nationalism from you,' journalist Rahul Kanwal tells Piyush Goyal|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|date=5 March 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/india-todays-rahul-kanwal-trends-for-standing-up-to-bjp-ministers-bullying-on-balakot-air-strikes/234961/|title=India Today's Rahul Kanwal trends for standing up to BJP minister's 'bullying' on Balakot air strikes|last=Staff|first=J. K. R.|date=5 March 2019|website=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0|language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref> He was criticized for simulating a skirmish between [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxal insurgents]] in his TV show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/901726/how-india-todays-rahul-kanwal-survived-a-battle-between-crpf-and-maoists-in-chhattisgarh|title=How India Today's Rahul Kanwal survived a battle between Maoists and the CRPF in Chhattisgarh|last=Sharma|first=Supriya|website=Scroll.in|date=11 November 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2013, Kanwal was awarded the best anchor at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/oct/octrel122.php|title=AajTak bags the Best News Channel Award at the ITA Awards, 13th year in a row|date=24 October 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

He was awarded the National annual award as part of the [[Maharana of Mewar Charitable Foundation]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/mmcf-announces-names-personalities-awarded/|title=MMCF announces names of personalities to be awarded|date=26 February 2016|website=UdaipurTimes.com|language=en-GB|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, he was awarded in the Best Anchor category at the Exchange4media News Broadcasting Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/rahul-kanwal-calls-india-todays-win-at-11th-enba-a-record-of-sorts-94864.html|title=India Today's win at 11th enba a record of sorts: Rahul Kanwal - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=22 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|rahulkanwal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanwal, Rahul}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India Today people]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Cardiff University]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

Sandeep Kumar Lather

2026-04-28T21:44:00Z

Isaac22019: adding a bio

{{Short description|Indian police officer (died 2025)}}{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = ASI
| name = Sandeep Kumar Lather
| image = Sandeep Lather.jpeg
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Julana]], [[Jind district]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = 14 October 2025
| death_place = Ladhot village, [[Rohtak district]], Haryana, India
| death_cause = Suicide by gunshot – service revolver
| occupation = Assistant Sub-Inspector (Cyber Cell), Haryana Police
| years_active = –2025
| known_for = Video and note alleging corruption in Haryana Police; the investigation following his death
}}
'''Sandeep Kumar Lather''' (died 14 October 2025) was an [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub-Inspector]] (ASI) in the [[Haryana Police]], India. He was posted in the Cyber Cell, Rohtak, and died by suicide on 14 October 2025. His death drew significant public and media attention due to the video and note he left behind, which alleged corruption by a senior police officer. A Special Investigation Team (SIT) was constituted by Haryana Police in connection with the case.

== Career ==
Lather served as an ASI with the Haryana Police and was assigned to the [[CyberCell|Cyber Cell]] at the [[Rohtak district]] office. His work involved cyber and technical investigations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=2025-10-16 |title=Haryana ASI cremated as family allows post-mortem after police registers FIR on suicide note |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/16/haryana-asi-cremated-as-family-allows-post-mortem-after-police-registers-fir-on-suicide-note |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Death and aftermath ==
On 14 October 2025, Lather was found dead in the village of Ladhot (Rohtak district) after reportedly shooting himself with his service revolver.<ref name=":0" />

According to police and media reports, he recorded a video message and left a four-page note before his death, in which he accused the late IPS officer Y. Puran Kumar, who had himself died by suicide days earlier, of corruption and other misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-16 |title='He lied…': What Haryana ASI Sandeep Lathar told his friend hour before 'suicide' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/he-lied-what-haryana-asi-sandeep-lathar-told-his-friend-hour-before-suicide-ips-officer-y-puran-kumar-101760599456050.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

A [[First information report]] (FIR) was registered on his wife's complaint and a [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT) was set up to probe the circumstances, including allegations of abetment to suicide. His body was cremated on 16 October 2025 in his native town of [[Julana]], [[Jind district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-25 |title=Satisfied with govt, police investigation, says ASI's wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/satisfied-with-govt-police-investigation-says-asis-wife/articleshow/124790714.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIT formed to probe deceased ASI Sandeep Lathers case |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/sit-formed-to-probe-deceased-asi-sandeep-lathers-case/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jind district]]
[[Category:2025 suicides]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

Delhi University Students Union

2026-04-26T01:33:03Z

Isaac22019: done

{{Short description|Student organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name =
| image = University of delhi logo.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| formation = {{start date and age|April 9, 1949}} <ref name="g165"/>
| founder =
| type = [[Student society|Student Organization]]
| status = [[Non-profit organizations]]
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| language =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Aryan Maan ([[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]])
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Rahul Jhansla Yadav ([[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]])
| leader_title3 = Secretary
| leader_name3 = Kunal Choudhary Bidhuri ([[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]])
| leader_title4 = Joint Secretary
| leader_name4 = Deepika Jha ([[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]])
| image_size =
| abbreviation = DUSU
| num_staff =
| website = {{URL|1=https://www.du.ac.in}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.6878340|77.2088325}}
}}
The '''Delhi University Students Union''' ('''DUSU''') is the [[students' union]] at the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]], and with over 700,000 students spread over 91 affiliated colleges and 16 faculties, DUSU is the world’s largest student body.<ref name="h088">{{cite web | last=Kaul | first=Vedaant Lakhera & Vitasta | title=Delhi University Student Union Elections 2024: Power, Politics, and Representation | website=Frontline | date=27 September 2024 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/dusu-election-abvp-nsui-aisa-sfi-womens-participation-caste-money-power/article68688969.ece | access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> It was established in 1949,<ref name="g165"/> and in 1954 the first DUSU elections were held.<ref name="d627">{{cite web | last=Beat | first=DU | title=Delhi University's Independent Student Newspaper | website=DU Beat - Delhi University's Independent Student Newspaper | date=4 September 2018 | url=https://dubeat.com/2018/09/04/turning-back-time-a-history-of-dusu/ | access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> It is the representative body of the students from member colleges and university faculties and teaching departments. The students of member colleges and university faculties & teaching departments are the members of the union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi University: Stepping stone to Parliament House - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-university-stepping-stone-to-parliament-house/467647/2 |access-date=6 February 2020 |work=Indian Express|date=29 May 2009}}</ref> The Vice–Chancellor of the University of Delhi is the patron of the union. The official year and term of the union is from 16th of August of every year to the 15th of August of the following year.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230325064114/https://www.du.ac.in/uploads/dusu-19/DUSU%20Constitution.pdf Delhi University Students’ Union Constitution]</ref>

==History==
Ever since its establishment in 1922, students of Delhi University were deeply involved in the Independence Movement against British Colonial rule.<ref name="g165"/> There had been a long–standing demand for establishing a student body in the university, finally, in 1947 under the chairmanship of [[V. K. R. V. Rao]], then head of the DU economics department, a provisional committee that included presidents of all constituent college unions was authorised to draft the constitution of the Delhi University Students’ Union. Finally, DUSU was inaugurated by then Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on April 9, 1949.<ref name="g165">{{cite web | title=DU at 100: The nursery of political luminaries | website=Hindustan Times | date=5 May 2022 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/duat-100-the-nursery-of-political-luminaries-101651689599323.html | access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

Over the years, several DUSU members have gone on to have notable careers in Indian politics, including several Ministers: [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]], [[Vijay Jolly]], [[Ajay Maken]], [[Rekha Gupta]] and [[Alka Lamba]].<ref name=NDTV/><ref name="f896">{{cite web | title=From Arun Jaitley to Ajay Maken, here are a few former DUSU presidents who made it big in politics | website=The Indian Express | date=26 November 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/arun-jaitley-ajay-maken-few-former-dusu-presidents-made-it-big-in-politics-9691183/ | access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="v202">{{cite web | last=Mohammad Ibrar | first=Manash Pratim Gohain | title=Why Delhi University Students’ Union win can be sign of things to come | website=The Times of India | date=3 September 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-dusu-win-can-be-sign-of-things-to-come/articleshow/65662928.cms | access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
DUSU has a budget of approximately Twenty–Four lakhs INR.<ref>[https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/12526-dusu-spent-more-tea-photostats-seminars-lectures DUSU spent more on tea, photostats than on seminars, lectures]</ref> Every member of union pay Twenty INR as an annual subscription to union funds which is collected along with the fees collected at the time of admission by the respective college or institutions.

== Elections ==
[[File:Campaigning during DUSU elections.jpg|thumb|Campaigning during DUSU elections]]
Elections to the union are held by direct voting by the students of the university faculties & teaching departments and member colleges. Member colleges and university faculties have their own college or faculty students' union. The DUSU is a university–level umbrella organisation for university faculties and member colleges' student unions. The DUSU has four office bearers: President, Vice President, Secretary and Joint–Secretary. DUSU also includes one or two Central Councillor(s) from each college affiliated with DUSU, who are directly elected by the college. The President of each college affiliated with DUSU is also a member of the central council of DUSU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DUSU - University of Delhi|url=https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=dusu}}</ref>

The elections are usually held in July–August of each year. As of 2019 there are total of 52 Delhi University colleges & faculties affiliated to DUSU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DUSU - University of Delhi|url=http://du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=dusu|website=du.ac.in|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=NDTV>{{Cite web|title=DUSU Election 2017: Ex-DUSU Members Who Became Famous Politicians|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/dusu-elections-ex-dusu-members-who-became-notable-politicians-1746722|access-date=2020-11-26|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref>

Delhi University politics is called the “mini theatre of national politics”, and thus all major national parties invest heavily in the elections.<ref name="v202"/> Amongst all the Student elections in India, DUSU elections "gain most nationwide attention" besides [[Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union]]. With 1.45 lakhs+ students voting, DUSU elections are the biggest democratic election at an academic campus every year.<ref name="o107">{{cite web |last=Rampal |first=Nikhil |date=9 September 2018 |title=Here's what the last 11 DUSU presidents are doing now |url=https://theprint.in/politics/dusus-last-11-presidents-where-are-they-now/113924/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>

== List of Elected DUSU President ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Name
!Session
!Party
!Remarks
!Ref.
|-
|[[Gajraj Bahadur Nagar]]
|1954–55
|
|former Haryana Food Minister
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Arnab |last2= |first2= |date=2025-09-18 |title=DUSU Election: Who was the first Delhi University Students Union (DUSU) president? Know all about him |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/education/news/dusu-election-who-was-the-first-delhi-university-students-union-dusu-president-know-all-about-him-2025-09-18-1008783 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Jaitley]]
|1974–75
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|former [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Cometh The Hour... |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/Cometh-The-Hour/290904 |access-date=3 June 2014 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|1977–78
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|former [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs]]
|<ref name="TOI20010902">{{cite web |date=2 September 2001 |title=Vijay Goel gets a cabinet berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vijay-Goel-gets-a-cabinet-berth/articleshow/259085624.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-09-02/delhi/27249966_1_chandni-chowk-vijay-goel-national-politics |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Jolly]]
| 1980–1981
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|former [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|<ref name="hin">{{cite news |date=4 April 2010 |title=Jolly emerges front-runner in race for Delhi BJP president |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/04/stories/2010040459300300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411020728/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/04/stories/2010040459300300.htm |archive-date=11 April 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="NDTV" />
|-
|[[Sudhanshu Mittal]]
|1981–82
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|President of [[International Kho Kho Federation]]
|<ref name="v202" />
|-
|[[Ajay Maken]]
|1985–86
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|former [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (India)|Minister of Housing]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Delhi University Beat News |url=https://dubeat.com/2017/08/past-dusu-presidents-and-where-are-they-now/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Alka Lamba]]
|1995–96
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|former [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
|<ref name="GIF">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Go India Foundation – Our Chairperson: Alka Lamba |url=http://www.goindiafoundation.com/about-us/our-chairperson-alka-lamba/ |accessdate=1 October 2015 |publisher=Go India Foundation}}</ref><ref name="InToday">{{cite web |date=4 November 2008 |title=The valuable PM : COLUMN: OFF THE RECORD, News – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/the-valuable-pm-32828-2008-11-04 |access-date=2 October 2013 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rekha Gupta ]]
|1996–97
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|[[Chief Minister of Delhi]]
|<ref name="v202" />
|-
|[[Anil Jha Vats]]
|1997–98
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of Opposition Delhi]]
|<ref name="NDTV" />
|-
|Jaivir Rana (Jatrana)
|1998–99
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|Municipal Councillor Bijwasan; Vice President BJP Delhi
|
|-
|Amit Malik
|2000–01
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|President Delhi Youth Congress
|
|-
|Rohit Choudhary (Shokeen)
|2003–04
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|National Secretary, [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]]; President NSUI
|
|-
|Narinder Tokas
|2004–05
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|
|
|-
|Ragini Nayak
|2005–06
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|National Spokesperson of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|<ref name="v202" />
|-
|Amrita Dhawan
|2006–07
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|Secretary, [[All India Congress Committee]]
|<ref name="v202" />
|-
|Amrita Bahari
|2007–08
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|
|
|-
|[[Nupur Sharma]]
|2008–09
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|former National Spokesperson of [[BJP]]
|<ref name="NDTV" />
|-
|Manoj Choudhary
|2009–10
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|
|-
|Jitendra Chaudhary
|2010–11
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Ajay Chhikara
|2011–12
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|General Secretary IYC, General Secretary NSUI
|
|-
|Arun Hooda
|2012–13
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|AAP Youth President Haryana
|
|-
|Aman Awana
|2013–14
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Mohit Nagar
|2014–15
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Satendra Awana
|2015–16
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Amit Tanwar
|2016–17
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Rocky Tuseed
|2017–18
|[[National Student Union of India|NSUI]]
|
|
|-
|Ankiv Baisoya
|2018–19
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Shakti Singh
|2018–19
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABVPs Shakti Singh Becomes New DUSU President |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/education/abvps-shakti-singh-becomes-new-dusu-president |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Akshit Dahiya
|2019–23
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Tushar Dedha
|2023–24
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|
|-
|Ronak Khatri
|2024–25
|[[National Students' Union of India|NSUI]]
|
|<ref name="b890">{{cite web |last=Butani |first=Ashna |date=25 November 2024 |title=DUSU polls: NSUI wins DUSU president’s post after seven years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-university-student-union-election-result/article68908303.ece |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
|Aryan Maan
|2025–26
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad|ABVP]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Sudeshna |date=2025-09-19 |title=Who is Aryan Maan? RSS-backed ABVP leader is the new Delhi University Students' Union President |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/who-is-aryan-maan-rss-backed-abvp-leader-the-new-delhi-university-students-union-president-11758271081208.html |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== DUSU Elected President's Election Votes Polled ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Election Year
!Winner
!Votes Polled
!Runner up
!Votes Polled
!Winning party
|-
|2012
|Arun Hooda
|17,621
|Ankit Choudary
|12,156
|NSUI
|-
|2013
|Aman Awana
|17,879
|Vishal Choudary
|16,346
|ABVP
|-
|2014
|Mohit Naagar
|20,718
|Gaurav Tushir
|19,804
|ABVP
|-
|2015
|Satender Awana
|20,439
|Pradeep Vijayran
|14,112
|ABVP
|-
|2016
|Amit Tanwar
|16,357
|Nikhil Yadav
|11,677
|ABVP
|-
|2017
|Rocky Tuseed
|16,299
|Rajat Choudary
|14,709
|NSUI
|-
|2018
|Ankiv Baisoya
|20,467
|Sunny Chhillar
|18,723
|ABVP
|-
|2019
|Akshit Dahiya
|29,685
|Chetna Tyagi
|10,646
|ABVP
|-
|2023
|Tushar Dedha
|23,460
|Hitesh Gulia
|20,345
|ABVP
|-
|2024
|Ronak Khatri
|20,207
|Rishabh Chaudhary
|18,864
|NSUI
|-
|2025
|Aaryan Maan
|28,841
|Joslyn Nandita ''nee'' Jeetu Choudhary
|12645
|ABVP
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* ''Delhi University: Celebrating 100 Glorious Years''. By Hardeep S. Puri · 2022. Rupa Publishers. ISBN 9789355203885.

[[Category:Delhi University Students Union| ]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Students' unions in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1949]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Barmer Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-25T16:50:14Z

Isaac22019: done

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Barmer {{Small|RJ-17}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Barmer.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Barmer Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1952
|electors =22,06,237<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref>
| reservation= None
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| mp = [[Ummeda Ram Beniwal]]
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barmer LS Election Results Live: बाड़मेर में कांग्रेस जीती, भाटी दूसरे और केंद्रीय मंत्री चौधरी तीसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/live/rajasthan/barmer-lok-sabha-election-results-live-vote-counting-aam-chunav-2024-bjp-vs-congress-winning-seats-rajasthan-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>| incumbent_image = File:Ummeda Ram Beniwal.jpg
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons =[[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]] [[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sheo]] [[Barmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Barmer]] [[Baytoo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baytoo]] [[Pachpadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pachpadra]] [[Siwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Siwana]] [[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudha Malani]] [[Chohtan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chohtan]]
}}
'''Barmer Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|baːɽ.meːɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in western [[India]]. It is the second largest parliamentary constituency covering an area of 71,601 km2,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/12espec.htm|title=Smallest constituency is just 10 sq km|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> over twice the size of [[Belgium]]. [[Jaisalmer district | Jaisalmer]] and Barmer, the third and fifth largest districts in India, both fall under this Lok Sabha seat.

Former Defense Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] contested from this seat as a rebel BJP candidate in 2014. His son [[Manvendra Singh]] has also contested a few times from here.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Barmer Lok Sabha constituency comprises Eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=11 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|132
|[[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]]
|[[Jaisalmer district|Jaisalmer]]
|[[Chhotu Singh Bhati]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|134
|[[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sheo]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Barmer district|Barmer]]
|[[Ravindra Singh Bhati]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|135
|[[Barmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Barmer]]
|[[Priyanka Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|136
|[[Baytoo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Baytoo]]
|[[Harish Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|137
|[[Pachpadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pachpadra]]
|[[Arun Choudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}
|-
|138
|[[Siwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Siwana]]
|[[Hameersingh Bhayal|Hameer Singh Bhayal]]
|-
|139
|[[Gudha Malani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudha Malani]]
|[[KK Vishnoi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|140
|[[Chohtan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chohtan]] (SC)
|[[Aduram Meghwal]]
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Bhawani Singh (politician)|Bhawani Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Raghunath Singh Bahadur]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Tan Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}" |
|[[Ram Rajya Parishad]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amrit Nahata]]
| rowspan="1" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]

|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Tan Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Virdhi Chand Jain]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Kalyan Singh Kalvi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sona Ram Choudhary]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Manvendra Singh Jasol]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Harish Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Sona Ram Choudhary]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Kailash Choudhary]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ummeda Ram Beniwal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ummeda Ram Beniwal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 704,676
|percentage = 41.74
|change = +4.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ravindra Singh Bhati]]|party=Independent politician|votes=586,500|percentage=34.74|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bhartiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kailash Choudhary]]|votes=286,733|percentage=16.99|change=-42.52}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=17,903|percentage=1.06|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=128,731|percentage=7.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,688,051 |percentage=75.93|change=+2.63}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Kailash Choudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 8,46,526
|percentage = 59.52
|change = +19.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Manvendra Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,22,718|percentage=36.75|change=+3.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Popal Lal|votes=18,996|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Ramesh Kumar|votes=16,699|percentage=1.17|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,23,808|percentage=22.77|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,22,875|percentage=73.30|change=+0.74}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sona Ram Choudhary]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,88,747
|percentage = 40.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = [[Jaswant Singh]]
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 4,01,286
|percentage = 33.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Harish Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,20,881|percentage=18.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Rama Ram
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 17,563
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=15,889|percentage=1.30|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=87,461|percentage=7.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,19,174|percentage=72.56|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser=Indian National Congress
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Harish Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,16,497|percentage=53.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Manvendra Singh Jasol|Manvendra Singh]]|votes=2,97,391|percentage=37.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Popat Lal|votes=18,806|percentage=2.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Mahendra Vyas|votes=18,320|percentage=2.33|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,19,106|percentage=15.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,85,199|percentage=54.47|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manvendra Singh]]
|votes = 6,31,851
|percentage = 60.25
|change = +13.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sona Ram|Sona Ram Choudhry]]
|votes = 3,59,963
|percentage = 34.32
|change = -16.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arjun Ram
|votes = 20,945
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sharvan Kumar
|votes = 19,636
|percentage = 1.87
|change = +1.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Lok Dal
|candidate = Hastimal Doshi
|votes = 16,753
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,71,888
|percentage = 25.93
|change = +29.80
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,48,698
|percentage = 63.99
|change = +4.67
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +13.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Barmer district]]
* [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], noted for their large area
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.76|71.40|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barmer (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Barmer district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Barmer, Rajasthan]]

Manali Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:31Z

Isaac22019: started new biography

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manali
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = 22-Manali constituency.svg
| mla = Bhuvneshvar Gaur
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kullu district|Kullu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:74903}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Manali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Manali Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/manali.html|work=Elections.in |access-date= 2 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 2 November 2017 }}</ref><ref name=hpceo>{{cite web |url=https://electionhp.gov.in/e_atlas/slider/data1/images/himachal_pradesh.jpg |title=Assembly constituencies - Himachal Pradesh |access-date= 8 July 2021}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Govind Singh Thakur]]<ref name=election2017/> ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Bhuvneshwar Gaur]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mint |first1= |date=8 December 2022 |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Result 2022 winners' list: Cong wrests power from BJP |language=en |work= |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/himachal-pradesh-election-result-2022-winners-list-complete-constituencywise-11670466672738.html |accessdate=9 December 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209074119/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/himachal-pradesh-election-result-2022-winners-list-complete-constituencywise-11670466672738.html |archivedate=9 December 2022}}</ref> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhuvneshwar Gaur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,892 |percentage=49.46% |change={{increase}}4.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govind Singh Thakur]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=26,935|percentage=44.57%|change={{decrease}}6.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahinder Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=1,345|percentage=2.23%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amar Chand|party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party|votes=997|percentage=1.65%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anurag Prarthi|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=730|percentage=1.21%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tara Chand|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=300|percentage=0.50%|change={{decrease}}0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=238|percentage=0.39%|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,957 |percentage=4.89% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,437|percentage=80.69%|change={{increase}}0.08}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,903 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manali<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,173 |percentage=50.73% |change={{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,168 |percentage=45.12% |change={{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajender Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,070 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jit Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=385 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=323 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,005 |percentage=5.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,564 |percentage=80.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,452 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Manali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Govind Singh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,645 |percentage=35.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhuvneshwar Gaur]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=14,447|percentage=29.46%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharam Vir Dhami|party=Independent politician|votes=14,346|percentage=29.25%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bir Chand|party=Himachal Lokhit Party|votes=1,840|percentage=3.75%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jeet Ram|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=407|percentage=0.83%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Budh Ram|party=Indian Justice Party|votes=300|percentage=0.61%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,198 |percentage=6.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=49,044|percentage=80.64%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,818 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kullu district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|32.24|77.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kullu district]]
[[Category:Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Gaṇeśa Daivajna

2026-04-14T01:01:11Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{Short description|16th century Indian astronomer}}
[[File:Ganesa area of circle.svg|thumb|Illustration of Ganesa's dissection of a circle into triangles (using 16 sides in this case)]]
'''Gaṇeśa Daivajna''' (born c. 1507, {{fl}} 1520-1554) was a sixteenth century astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician from western India who wrote books on methods to predict eclipses, planetary conjunctions, positions, and make calculations for calendars. His most major work was the ''Grahalaghava'' which was included ephemeris and calendar calculations.

Ganesa was born in [[Nandigrama]] (see also [[Golagrama]]) where his father [[Keshava of Nandigrama|Kesava]] (fl. 1496-1507) was a [[Brahmin]] astronomer. His mother's name has been noted as Lakshmi and he spent his entire life at Nandigrama. The location of Nandigrama has been suggested by some as being in Gujarat but more careful study of his work places it in Nandgaon in present day [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sarma, S.R. |year=2010 |title=Nandigrama of Ganesa Daivajna |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=569–574}}</ref> He wrote several works including ''Grahalaghava'', ''Siddhantarahasya'', ''Buddhivilāsinī,'' and ''Laghutithicintamani''.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Plofker, Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-9916-0 |editor-last=Hockey |editor-first=Thomas |location=New York |pages=781–782 |language=en |chapter=Ganesa |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7 |s2cid=242158697 |editor-last2=Trimble |editor-first2=Virginia |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Thomas R. |editor-last4=Bracher |editor-first4=Katherine |editor-last5=Jarrell |editor-first5=Richard A. |editor-last6=Marché |editor-first6=Jordan D. |editor-last7=Palmeri |editor-first7=JoAnn |editor-last8=Green |editor-first8=Daniel W. E.}}</ref> His work ''Buddhivilāsinī'' (c. 1546<ref>{{cite book |author=Colebrooke, H.T. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_2Tmjwd73jXwC/page/406/mode/1up |title=Miscellaneous Essays. Volume III |publisher=Trubner and Co |year=1873 |place=London |page=406}}</ref>) includes commentaries on the mathematics of [[Bhāskara II|Bhaskara]]'s ''Lilavati''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gaṇeśa Daivajña's upapattis for some rules in the Līlāvatī |date=2019 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6034-3_5 |work=Bhāskara-prabhā |pages=102–114 |editor-last=Ramasubramanian |editor-first=K. |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6034-3_5 |isbn=978-981-13-6033-6 |access-date=2022-10-14 |last=Ramakalyani |first=K. |s2cid=146066627 |editor2-last=Hayashi |editor2-first=Takao |editor2-link=Hayashi Takao |editor3-last=Montelle |editor3-first=Clemency |editor3-link=Clemency Montelle|url-access=subscription }}</ref> One of his demonstrations is of the area of a circle calculated by dissection of the circle into a regular polygon. He started with a polygon with 12 sides and doubled it through 24, 48, 96, 192, to 384 and came up with an approximation for [[pi]] as 3927/1250.<ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph, George Gheverghese |title=Indian Mathematics: Engaging With The World From Ancient To Modern Times |publisher=World Scientific |year=2016 |page=295}}</ref> His book ''Muhūrtadipikā'' includes a commentary on his father Kesava's work ''Muhūrtatattva''. Ganesa's grandfather Kamalakara was also an astrologer as were his brothers Ananta and Rama. Works by Kesava include Grahakautuka (1496) on the calculation of eclipses, Jatakapaddhati for the production of horoscopes, and the Tajikapaddhati, which covered Islamic thoughts on astrology.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pingree, David| year=1973| chapter=Kesava| title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Volume 7| editor=Gillispie, C.C.| place= New York| publisher=Charles Scribner’s Sons| pages=314–316}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Kṛṣṇa Daivajña]]
* [[Grahalaghava]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.110657 Grahalaghava (Hindi)][https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.448248 Edition by Sudhakar Dwivedi]
* [https://archive.org/details/jatakaalankaraofganeshadaivajnatippaniganeshdattphatka_202003_396_n Jataka Alankara]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesa Daivajna}}

[[Category:Indian astrological writers]]
[[Category:1500s births]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian mathematicians]]

Gurwinder Singh Chandi

2026-04-13T05:10:24Z

Isaac22019: Put up new bio...

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Gurwinder Singh Chandi
| fullname =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|10|20}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height = {{convert|174|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} (2014)
| weight = {{convert|67|kg|lb|0}} (2014)
| website = 
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| clubs1 = [[Pune Strykers]]
| years1 = 2011–present
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 = [[Delhi Waveriders]]
| years2 = 2013–present
| caps2 = 13
| goals2 = 5
| clubs3 =
| years3 =
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 2008–present
| nationalcaps1 = 97
| nationalgoals1 = 22
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
|medaltemplates-expand=yes
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Men's [[Field Hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2011 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2011 Ordos City]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Doha]]|Team}}
| updated = 25 July 2014
}}

'''Gurwinder Singh Chandi''' (born 20 October 1989 in [[Jalandhar]], [[India]]) in an [[Indian people|Indian]] professional [[field hockey]] forward who plays for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national field hockey team]].

==Career==
Chandi made his debut for the national side in the 4-Nations Cup in Australia in the year 2008. He represented India in Men's Hockey during the [[2012 London Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/athlete/chandi-gurwinder-singh-1023735/ |title= London Olympics 2012: Player profile |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120801095448/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/chandi-gurwinder-singh-1023735/ |archivedate= 2012-08-01 }}</ref> He won a silver medal with India at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/hockey/1008172/gurwinder_chandi.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Gurwinder Chandi Profile|website=g2014results.thecgf.com|access-date=2018-10-12}}</ref>

===Hockey India League===
In the inaugural [[Hockey India League]] auctions, Gurwinder Singh Chandi was bought by the [[Delhi]] franchise for US$50,000,<ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey India League Auction: the final squads list |url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121219014754/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2012-12-19 |publisher= CNN-IBN |date= 2012-12-16 |accessdate= 2013-01-15}}</ref> with his base price being US$13,900.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Olympedia}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2010 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandi, Gurwinder Singh}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:Delhi Waveriders players]]
[[Category:2010 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]

BigBasket

2026-04-11T17:37:12Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{Short description|Indian online grocery delivery company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BigBasket
| logo = BigBasket_Logo.svg
| logo_size =
| website = {{URL|https://bigbasket.com}}
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2011|10|}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| founders = {{ubl|V. S. Sudhakar|Hari Menon|V. S. Ramesh|Vipul Parekh|Abhinay Choudhari<ref name=National1 />}}
| industry = [[E-commerce]] [[Online shopping]] [[Q-commerce]]
| services = [[Online grocer]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Hari Menon ([[CEO]])<ref name=Reuters.funding />|Vipul Parekh ([[CFO]])<ref name=Bloomberg.ipo />}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|10100|c}} (FY24)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| net_income = {{positive decrease}} {{INRConvert|-1415|c}} (FY24)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |title=BigBasket Revenue crosses 10K Cr mark |url=https://entrackr.com/2024/09/bigbaskets-revenue-crosses-rs-10000-cr-in-fy24/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=Entrackr }}</ref>
| num_employees =
| divisions = {{ubl|BB Daily<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vardhan |first1=Jai |title=BigBasket enters microdelivery space: Will it outlast Milkbasket and DailyNinja? |url=https://entrackr.com/2018/10/bigbasket-milkbasket-dailyninja/ |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Entrackr |date=25 October 2018 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309133233/https://entrackr.com/2018/10/bigbasket-milkbasket-dailyninja/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|BB Instant<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=BigBasket to invest $100 mn to set up vending machines, distribution points |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bigbasket-to-invest-100mn-to-strengthen-supply-chain-119042800327_1.html |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=28 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309133217/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bigbasket-to-invest-100mn-to-strengthen-supply-chain-119042800327_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|BB Now<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Digbijay |title=BigBasket jumps into buzzy quick delivery segment; will bring all grocery services in one app |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/bigbasket-jumps-into-buzzy-quick-delivery-segment-will-bring-all-grocery-services-in-one-app/articleshow/87896466.cms |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309133217/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/bigbasket-jumps-into-buzzy-quick-delivery-segment-will-bring-all-grocery-services-in-one-app/articleshow/87896466.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| parent = Tata Digital
| area_served = India
}}

'''BigBasket''' is an Indian [[online grocer]], headquartered in [[Bengaluru]] and owned by [[List of entities associated with Tata Group|Tata Digital]].<ref name=National1 /> The company was set up in 2011 and is registered with the name '''Supermarket Grocery Supplies Pvt. Ltd.'''<ref name=Bloomberg.how /> {{asof|January 2023|post=,}} it operates in more than 30 cities in India.<ref name=National1 /><ref name=Times.ipo />

== History ==
BigBasket was founded in December 2011 by five entrepreneurs from the [[dot-com crash]] era. It received its initial funding of $10 million from Bengaluru-based [[private equity]] investor Ascent Capital.<ref name=Bloomberg.how />

In 2015, Bigbasket acquired the [[hyperlocal]] delivery company Delyver to build its [[Last mile (transportation)|last-mile]] delivery network.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sayan |title=BigBasket acquires Delyver in cash-stock deal |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3858DNzqTY6oQdJMeeaV1J/BigBasket-acquires-Delyver-in-cashstock-deal.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=13 June 2015 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717045747/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/3858DNzqTY6oQdJMeeaV1J/BigBasket-acquires-Delyver-in-cashstock-deal.html}}</ref> By mid-2016, BigBasket was operating in eight large Indian cities and had grown to become India's biggest e-grocer.<ref name=Bloomberg.how /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta Choudhury |first1=Sonya |title=What's behind the basket? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9t02bTKYMoCkor48gkHYgJ/Whats-behind-the-basket.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=5 September 2015 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927140627/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9t02bTKYMoCkor48gkHYgJ/Whats-behind-the-basket.html}}</ref>

In early 2018, China's [[Alibaba Group]] led a $300 million funding round at a valuation of around $950 million.<ref name=Reuters.funding /><ref name=Bloomberg.how /> By May 2019, BigBasket was operating across 25 Indian cities,<ref name=Reuters.funding /> and became a '[[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]' (a startup valued at more than $1 billion) after raising $150 million in a new funding round led by [[Mirae Asset]]-[[Naver Corporation|Naver Asia]] Growth Fund, the [[CDC Group]], and Alibaba.<ref name=techcrunch.unicorn />

In October 2020, BigBasket suffered a [[Data breaches in India|data breach]] exposing the data of more than 20 million users, which included email, IP and physical addresses, names, phones numbers, dates of birth and passwords.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-08 |title=Bigbasket faces potential data breach; details of 2 crore users put on sale on dark web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/bigbasket-data-breach-user-details-leaked-dark-web-cyber-crime-7009578/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627191854/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/bigbasket-data-breach-user-details-leaked-dark-web-cyber-crime-7009578/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Demand for online grocery shopping increased considerably in the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] and by the start of 2022, BigBasket was processing over 7 million orders per month.<ref name="BS18" />

In May 2021, [[Tata Group]] subsidiary Tata Digital acquired a 64% majority stake in BigBasket at a valuation of around $1.85 billion.<ref name=economictimes.tata /> On 24 November 2021, BigBasket opened its first physical store in Bengaluru, branded 'Fresho', primarily for the sale of fresh fruits and vegetables.<ref name=BS18 /><ref name=Times.physical />

In January 2023, BigBasket received a $200 million funding from investors, including majority shareholder Tata Digital, at a valuation of $3.2 billion.<ref name=National1 /><ref name=Bloomberg.ipo />

According to [[CEO]] Vipul Parekh, over one-third of the company's revenue comes from its [[private label]] products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Yatti |title=BigBasket eyes expansion into 450 towns by end March |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bigbasket-eyes-expansion-into-450-towns-by-end-march/article66330433.ece |access-date=9 March 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=2 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309132056/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bigbasket-eyes-expansion-into-450-towns-by-end-march/article66330433.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Big Basket to strengthen private brands: Hari Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/big-basket-to-strengthen-private-brands-hari-menon/articleshow/54355775.cms |access-date=7 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607054614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/big-basket-to-strengthen-private-brands-hari-menon/articleshow/54355775.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2025, BigBasket launched a 10-minute food delivery service in Bengaluru. The service included offerings from [[Tata Starbucks]] and Qmin, a food platform by [[Indian Hotels Company Limited]].<ref name="k927">{{cite web | last=Acharya | first=Disha | title=BigBasket pilots 10-minute food delivery with Starbucks, Qmin in Bengaluru | website=The Economic Times | date=1 June 2025 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/bigbasket-pilots-10-minute-food-delivery-with-starbucks-qmin-in-bengaluru/articleshow/121538755.cms | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="y004">{{cite web | last=Vishwakarma | first=Vivek | title=BigBasket enters 10-minute food delivery race in Bengaluru: Report | website=Indian Startup News | date=2 June 2025 | url=https://indianstartupnews.com/news/bigbasket-enters-10-minute-food-delivery-race-in-bengaluru-report-9329585 | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tata Neu]]
*[[E-commerce in India]]
{{portal|Companies|India}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=National1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/technology/2023/01/02/how-indias-largest-online-grocer-aims-to-win-the-ecommerce-race/ |title=How India's largest online grocer aims to win the e-commerce race |date=2 January 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |last=Bundhun |first=Rebecca |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |archive-date=3 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203103652/https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/technology/2023/01/02/how-indias-largest-online-grocer-aims-to-win-the-ecommerce-race/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Bloomberg.ipo>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-21/tata-s-bigbasket-eyes-ipo-by-2025-after-200-million-fundraising |title=Tata's Bigbasket Eyes IPO by 2025 After $200 Million Funding |date=21 December 2022 |last=Kay |first=Chris |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=3 February 2023 |url-access=registration |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305075228/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-21/tata-s-bigbasket-eyes-ipo-by-2025-after-200-million-fundraising |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Reuters.funding>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/alibaba-bigbasket-funding-idINKCN1SC0P5 |title=Bigbasket valued at over $1 billion in fresh funding round |date=6 May 2019 |last=Thomas |first=Chris |website=reuters.com |access-date=4 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204172248/https://www.reuters.com/article/alibaba-bigbasket-funding-idINKCN1SC0P5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Times.physical>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bigbasket-opens-1st-physical-store-targets-800-in-5-years/articleshow/87899495.cms |title=BigBasket opens 1st physical store, targets 800 in 5 years |last=Phadnis |first=Shilpa |date=25 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925195632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bigbasket-opens-1st-physical-store-targets-800-in-5-years/articleshow/87899495.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=BS18>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bigbasket-establishes-presence-in-18-tier-2-and-3-cities-across-india-122020201023_1.html |title=BigBasket establishes presence in 18 tier-2 and 3 cities across India |date=2 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=[[Business Standard]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204012935/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bigbasket-establishes-presence-in-18-tier-2-and-3-cities-across-india-122020201023_1.html |archive-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=Bloomberg.how>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-19/alibaba-backed-grocery-startup-battles-amazon-in-india |title=How Dotcom Survivors Built a $950 Million Startup in India |date=19 March 2018 |last=Rai |first=Saritha |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url-access=registration |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320023020/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-19/alibaba-backed-grocery-startup-battles-amazon-in-india |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=techcrunch.unicorn>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/06/grocery-startup-bigbasket-becomes-indians-newest-unicorn-with-new-150m-investment/ |title=Grocery startup BigBasket becomes India's newest unicorn with new $150M investment |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=6 May 2019 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |access-date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218191509/https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/06/grocery-startup-bigbasket-becomes-indians-newest-unicorn-with-new-150m-investment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=economictimes.tata>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/tata-says-acquired-a-majority-stake-in-online-grocery-bigbasket/articleshow/83029366.cms |title=Tata Digital buys 64% stake in BigBasket |date=28 May 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610172712/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/tata-says-acquired-a-majority-stake-in-online-grocery-bigbasket/articleshow/83029366.cms |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=Times.ipo>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/tata-group-backed-bigbasket-ipo-by-2025-588257.html |title=Tata Group Backed BigBasket Eyes IPO By 2025 After $200 Million Funding Takes Its Valuation To $3.2 Billion |date=22 December 2022 |last=Gautam |first=Vanya |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305074625/https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/tata-group-backed-bigbasket-ipo-by-2025-588257.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Online food ordering]]
[[Category:Online grocers]]
[[Category:Online marketplaces of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tata Group]]

Mera Jiwan

2026-03-31T07:34:14Z

Isaac22019: started details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Mera Jiwan
| image =
| caption =
| director = Bindoo Shukla
| producer = Hasmukh Kothari
| starring = Naresh ji, chandrika , [[Satyen Kappu]] [[Vidya Sinha]]
| music = Sapan Jagmohan
| distributor = Everest Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|1976|1|01|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Mera Jiwan''''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: मेरा जीवन; [[translation]]: My Life) is a Hindi [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] released on 1 January 1976.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505207 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128062133/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505207 | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 January 2013 | title=Bollywood News, Entertainment News, Movie Reviews, Ratings, Latest Videos, Box Office Collection - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref> Produced by Hasmukh Kothari and directed by Bindoo Shukla. The film stars Vidya Sinha, Dushyanth, Ambika Johar and Satyen Kappu. The film's music is by Sapan Jagmohan.<ref>http://www.gomolo.com/mera-jivan-movie-cast-crew/4786 {{Dead link|date=September 2022}}</ref>

It is a story concerning life, depicting life through the lives of certain characters of the film. It explains to us the meaning of life, whether its lone, devotion or human good. Basically this film is a hindi remake of Bengali movie 'Kancher Swarga'(কাঁচের স্বর্গ) of 1962 directed by 'Yatrik'.

==Plot==
The story starts in a small village Belapur, situated in deep picturesque interior of country. In this village a sweet girl Sandhya is suffering from a heart disease. Her brother Biharilal takes the girl to a big city hospital. They happen to meet young doctor Anand in this hospital. He is a devoted young man very much interested in medical research. He is in the best books of senior doctors of the hospital.

Sandhya had lost hope but Anand kindles the ray of hope in her mind. Once, while she is sitting sad and forlorn he gives her a flower telling her life though short is yet very sweet. Sandhya is highly impressed, but due to her brother's fear of risking her life, she could not be operated there. They returned. Anand had to face an unexpected tragedy. He was rusticated from medical college for breaking college rules and regulations and his studies were disrupted for three years.

He was going home when he came across. Dr. Tyagi, an old retired doctor who was spending last years of his life attending the sick from village to village. He was like a moving hospital. Dr. Tyagi took Anand along with him, but after few days Tyagi's death gave Anand another shock of his life. Now Anand had no future. He was like a lost traveler. Stresses and strains of fortune led him to Belapur where he had to work as a doctor in a small hospital. He was a doctor without degree and was working in the hospital illegally.

He happened to meet Sandhya under a barren tree in the village. Anand remembered how deeply he had studied the case of this girl and how she left the city hospital without being operated. Sandhya's life was like a barren tree in Anand's company. She felt a new hope of spring vibrating in her being. One day Sandhya had a severe heart attack. In the village hospital there was no equipment for her heart operation, yet her operation was a must. She was in a very critical condition and she could not be taken to the city due to the long journey. Anand felt Sandhya's life could be saved but other doctors of the hospital were not in the favor of operation being done, owing to lack of equipment.

==Cast==
* Vidya Sinha
* Dushyanth
* Ambika Johar
* Satyen Kappu
* [[A. K. Hangal]]
* Harindra Nath Chattopadhyay

==Crew==
*''Director'' - Bindoo Shukla
*''Producer'' - Hasmukh Kothari
*''Music Director'' - Sapan Jagmohan
*''Lyricist'' - [[M. G. Hashmat]]

==Soundtrack==
The music has been directed by Sapan Jagmohan, while the lyrics have been provided by M.G.Hashmat.<ref>http://www.gomolo.com/mera-jivan-movie-songs/4786 {{Dead link|date=September 2022}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = singer(s)
| all_music= Sapan–Jagmohan
| all_lyrics = M G Hashmat
| title1 = Koi Mere Haathon Mein Mehandi Lagaa De
| extra1= Asha Bhosle
|length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Mera Jivan Kuch Kaam Na Aaya
| extra2 = Kishore Kumar
|length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Yeh Suraj Yeh Chanda Yeh Taare
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
|length3 = 5:15
| title4 = Tera Jogi Aaya, Tu Daal De Bhiksha Pyaar Ki
| extra4 = Pankaj Mitra, Mohammed Rafi
|length4 = 5:24
}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|505207|Mera Jivan}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191121232212/http://www.gomolo.com/mera-jivan-movie-cast-crew/4786 ''Mera Jivan'' Cast & Crew] at gomolo.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191121232227/http://www.gomolo.com/mera-jivan-movie-songs/4786 ''Mera Jivan'' Songs] at gomolo.com

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Farooq Sheikh

2026-03-25T16:39:22Z

Isaac22019: general fixed lead based on references and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actor (1948–2013)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farooq Sheikh
| image = Farooq Sheikh at Mirchi Music Awards 2011.jpg
| caption = Sheikh at Mirchi Music Awards in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1948|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Amroli]], [[Baroda State]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|12|28|1948|03|25}}
| death_place = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| resting_place = Muslim Qabristan, [[Four Bungalows]], [[Andheri West]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1973–2013
| spouse = Rupa Sheikh
| children = Two
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai]]
}}
'''Farooq Sheikh''' (25 March 1948 − 28 December 2013) was an Indian actor, philanthropist and television presenter. He was best known for his work in Hindi films from 1973 to 1993 and for his work in television between 1988 and 2002. He returned to acting in films in 2008 and continued to do so until his death on 28 December 2013. His major contribution was in [[Parallel Cinema]] or the New Indian Cinema. He worked with directors like [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Sai Paranjpye]], [[Muzaffar Ali]], [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], [[Ayan Mukherjee]] and [[Ketan Mehta]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/04verma.htm Getting nostalgic about Farooq Shaikh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060952/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/04verma.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} [[Rediff.com]], 4 September 2008.</ref>

He acted in serials and shows on television and performed on stage in productions such as ''[[Tumhari Amrita]]'' (1992), alongside [[Shabana Azmi]], directed by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]], and presented the TV show, ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]'' (Season 1).<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/news/Writing-its-own-destiny/391453/ Writing its own destiny] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120911002033/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Writing-its-own-destiny/391453/ |date=11 September 2012 }} [[Screen (magazine)|Screen]], Namita Nivas, 28 November 2008.</ref> He won the 2010 [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/And-the-National-Award-goes-to/articleshow/6565889.cms|title=And the National Award goes to...|date=17 September 2010|access-date=2 July 2013|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228210303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-17/news-interviews/28263148_1_male-playback-singer-abhishek-bachchan-57th-national-awards|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sheikh was born in 1948 at [[Amroli]], 90 km off Vadodara in Navsari taluka, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<ref name="Birth place">{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-actor-Farooq-Sheikh-dies-due-to-heart-attack-in-Dubai/articleshow/28035428.cms | title=Veteran actor Farooq Sheikh dies due to heart attack in Dubai|work=The Times of India | date=28 December 2013| access-date=3 March 2019 | archive-date=30 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230032452/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Veteran-actor-Farooq-Sheikh-dies-due-to-heart-attack-in-Dubai/articleshow/28035428.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> to Farida and Mustafa Sheikh.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Farooque-Shaikh-to-be-laid-to-rest-near-his-mothers-grave-in-Andheri-today/articleshow/28121710.cms| title=Farooque Shaikh to be laid to rest near his mother's grave in Andheri today| access-date=25 March 2015| archive-date=15 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115155826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Farooque-Shaikh-to-be-laid-to-rest-near-his-mothers-grave-in-Andheri-today/articleshow/28121710.cms| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/15929.html| title=Amyra Dastur to Farhan Akhtar: Prominent Parsis in Bollywood| access-date=25 March 2015| archive-date=19 May 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519033722/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/15929.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> His father was a lawyer who worked in Bombay and whose family came from [[Hansot]] in the [[Bharuch]] district of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cegahkeropostulang.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/actor-farooque-shaikh-laid-to-rest.html | title=Actor Farooque Shaikh laid to rest – Keropos Tulang | access-date=10 January 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210255/http://cegahkeropostulang.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/actor-farooque-shaikh-laid-to-rest.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Shaikh came from a ''[[Zamindar]]'' family, and he grew up in luxurious surroundings in his ancestral village, before moving to [[Nagpada]], Bombay while still a child. He was the eldest of five children.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/farooque-shaikh-the-big-picture/articleshow/22192825.cms Farooque Shaikh: The big picture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401053224/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Farooque-Shaikh-The-big-picture/articleshow/22192825.cms |date=1 April 2013 }} ''[[The Times of India]]'', 14 September 2002.</ref>

Shaikh attended [[St. Mary's School, Mumbai|St. Mary's School]] in Bombay and then graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] in the city before studying law at [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai|Siddharth College of Law]], following his father into the profession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/Happy-choices/351200/ |title=Happy Choices |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831125517/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Happy-choices/351200/ |archive-date=31 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131228/jsp/frontpage/story_17728934.jsp#.Ur7zH9KmiNc | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Veteran actor Farooq Sheikh passes away | date=28 December 2013 | access-date=28 December 2013 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131228/jsp/frontpage/story_17728934.jsp#.Ur7zH9KmiNc | url-status=dead }}</ref> He did not, however, undertake a legal career, instead choosing theatre, having acted in college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farooq-sheikh-parallel-cinema-s-blue-eyed-boy-1941669|title=Farooq Sheikh: Parallel cinema's blue eyed boy|work=dna|access-date=16 October 2014|date=28 December 2013|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001539/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-farooq-sheikh-parallel-cinema-s-blue-eyed-boy-1941669|url-status=live}}</ref>

At St Xavier's Shaikh met Roopa, his future wife. Both were active in theatre and were later married after nine years;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/farooque-sheikh-obituary-versatile-talent-par-excellence-222280-2013-12-27|title=Farooq Sheikh: A tribute to parallel cinema's blue-eyed boy|date=28 December 2013 |access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=5 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205121439/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/farooque-sheikh-obituary-versatile-talent-par-excellence/1/333386.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the couple have two daughters Sanaa and Shaista. His time at St. Xavier's was important for both personal and professional reasons and he made many friends there, including [[Sunil Gavaskar]], who was a contemporary.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farooque-Shaikh-aam-admi-of-Indian-cinema-dead/articleshow/28070115.cms | work=The Times of India| title=Farooque Shaikh, aam admi of Indian cinema, dead | access-date=29 December 2013 | archive-date=29 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229022828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farooque-Shaikh-aam-admi-of-Indian-cinema-dead/articleshow/28070115.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Actor [[Shabana Azmi]], then known mainly as the daughter of noted poet [[Kaifi Azmi]], was Roopa's classmate at St Xavier's.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farooque-Shaikh-was-polite-to-a-fault-witty-and-generous/articleshow/28075151.cms | work=The Times of India| title=Farooque Shaikh was polite to a fault, witty and generous | access-date=29 December 2013 | archive-date=15 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115155826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farooque-Shaikh-was-polite-to-a-fault-witty-and-generous/articleshow/28075151.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Farooque Shaikh - Actor.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Farooque Shaikh]]

In his early days, he was active in theatre, doing plays with [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] and with well-known directors like [[Sagar Sarhadi]]. In 1973, while Shaikh was in his final year of law school, ''[[MS Sathyu]]'' approached him for his directorial debut ''[[Garam Hawa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/An-actor-and-a-gentleman/articleshow/28067872.cms|title=An actor and a gentleman|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101000238/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/An-actor-and-a-gentleman/articleshow/28067872.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His first major film role was in the 1973 film ''[[Garam Hawa]]'', where Farooque had a supporting role and the leading man was [[Balraj Sahni]]. The film is credited for being a pioneer of a new wave of Hindi Art cinema.<ref>[http://dearcinema.com/news/abu-dhabi-film-festival-celebrate-100-years-indian-cinema/3052 Abu Dhabi Film Festival to celebrate 100 years of Indian Cinema] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228075958/http://dearcinema.com/news/abu-dhabi-film-festival-celebrate-100-years-indian-cinema/3052 |date=28 December 2013 }}. DearCinema.com (10 October 2013). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref> His salary for his debut film was only Rs. 750.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/12/28/farooq-sheikh-parallel-cinemas-blue-eyed-boy-173608.html |title=Farooq Sheikh, parallel cinema's blue eyed boy – India News Analysis Opinions on Niti Central |work=India News Analysis Opinions on Niti Central |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025071452/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/12/28/farooq-sheikh-parallel-cinemas-blue-eyed-boy-173608.html |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> He first gained recognition as a quiz master on radio, but it was his participation as an anchor on Bombay Doordarshan shows such as Yuvadarshan and Young World that made him a household name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/To2vj2Ivk6Odip9lZLAxRP/Veteran-actor-Farooq-Sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack-in-Dubai.html|title=Vereran actor Farooq Sheikh, 65, dies in Dubai|work=livemint.com|access-date=16 October 2014|date=28 December 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223153/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/To2vj2Ivk6Odip9lZLAxRP/Veteran-actor-Farooq-Sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack-in-Dubai.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaikh in ''[[Gaman]]'' (1978) acted as the migrant Bombay taxi driver from Badaun in Uttar Pradesh hoping to return to meet his wife, but never saves up enough to return home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NhmgNVJ8qGK6HUBiRfp7fI/Movies--Meet-the-frownies.html|title=Movies – Meet the frownies|work=livemint.com|access-date=16 October 2014|date=28 September 2013|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223158/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/NhmgNVJ8qGK6HUBiRfp7fI/Movies--Meet-the-frownies.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He went on to act in several notable films such as [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]]'' (Chess Players) (1977), ''[[Noorie]]'' (1979), ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' (1981), ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982), ''[[Saath Saath (film)|Saath Saath]]'' (1982), ''[[Rang Birangi]]'' (1983), [[Kissi Se Na Kehna]] (1983), ''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]'' (1983), ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' (1983), ''[[Ab Ayega Mazaa]]'' (1984), ''[[Salma (1985 film)|Salma]]'' (1985), ''[[Faasle]]'' (1985), ''Peechha Karo'' (1986), ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' (1988), and ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'' (1993). He formed a successful pair with [[Deepti Naval]]. He also did a slightly negative role in ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]''.

He was paired opposite Shabana Azmi in Sagar Sarhadi's ''Lorie'', Kalpana Lajmi's ''Ek Pal'' and Muzaffar Ali's ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' (1986) and then in the play ''Tumhari Amrita''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shabana-azmi-i-cant-believe-farooque-sheikhs-gone-so-suddenly/20131228.htm|title=Shabana Azmi: I can't believe Farooque Shaikh's gone so suddenly|date=28 December 2013|work=Rediff|access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021053403/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shabana-azmi-i-cant-believe-farooque-sheikhs-gone-so-suddenly/20131228.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His chemistry with Deepti Naval led to them being cast opposite each other in nine films, namely ''Chashme Buddoor'', ''Katha'', ''Saath Saath'', {{Lang|hi-latn|Kissi Se Na Kehna}}, ''Rang Birangi'', ''Ek Baar Chale Aao'', ''Tell Me Oh Khuda'', ''Faasle'' and ''Listen... Amaya''. They also appeared as the lead pair in an episode on [[Hasrat Mohani]] in the TV serial ''[[Kahkashan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepti-naval-farooque-shaikh-was-not-sick-at-all/20131228.htm|title=Deepti Naval: Farooque Shaikh was not sick at all|date=28 December 2013|work=Rediff|access-date=16 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021053550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/deepti-naval-farooque-shaikh-was-not-sick-at-all/20131228.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, in an interview with The Times of India, Shaikh said, "I have never been commercially viable. People recognise me, smile and wave at me — but I have never received marriage proposals written in blood. In his heyday in 1970s and 1980s, when [[Rajesh Khanna]] drove down a street, the traffic stopped — I don't mind not receiving this kind of adulation. But I do miss not having been able to command the kind of work I wanted which Khanna could always do. I miss not being 100 per cent commercially viable like him."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rip-farooque-shaikh-no-letters-in-blood-for-him-but-a-fine-actor-liberal-muslim-1311139.html|title=RIP Farooque Shaikh: No letters in blood for him, but a fine actor, liberal Muslim|work=Firstpost|access-date=16 October 2014|date=28 December 2013|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231181836/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rip-farooque-shaikh-no-letters-in-blood-for-him-but-a-fine-actor-liberal-muslim-1311139.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1990s, he acted in fewer films. But resurfaced in notable roles in the 2000s. He appeared in ''[[Saas Bahu Aur Sensex]]'' (2008) and ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' (2009), for which he won the 2010 [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. He appeared as Bunny (Ranbir Kapoor)'s father in ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013). His last film as the leading man was ''[[Club 60]]'' (2013) which was also his last release before his death. Realbollywood.com said about his performance in the film: "As a grieving father who won't allow his loss to be forgotten, he hits all the right notes treading that thin line between melancholy and maudlin with majestic grace."<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/2013/12/club-60-brings-feelings-movies-ians-movie-review-rating.html Club 60 Movie Review] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228125106/http://www.realbollywood.com/2013/12/club-60-brings-feelings-movies-ians-movie-review-rating.html |date=28 December 2013 }}. Realbollywood.com (6 December 2013). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Youngistaan]]'' and ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'', both of which released in 2014, after his demise.

In the 80s-90s, Farooque Shaikh appeared in several television serials. He played the title role in an episode dedicated to the poet and freedom fighter [[Hasrat Mohani]] in the TV series ''Kahkashan'' (1988) with Deepti Naval playing his wife. He also worked in the famous TV serial ''[[Shrikant (TV show)|Shrikant]]'' which aired on Doordarshan from 1987 to 1991. This show was an adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s novel. This was followed by ''Aahaa'' on Zee. ''Chamatkar'' on Sony and ''[[Ji Mantriji]]'' (an adaptation of ''[[Yes Minister]]''), on Star Plus were other notable successes. Shaikh also had a cameo in Life OK's ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'', where he was seen as the leading lady's father in the initial episodes.

Earlier in the 70s he compered the Binny Double or Quits Quiz contest, which was telecast over Vividh Bharati.
His career on stage that began as a student at St. Xavier's College in the late 1960s reached its peak in the famous play ''[[Tumhari Amrita]]''. It was directed by Feroz Abbas Khan and also featured Shabana Azmi.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-farooq-sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65/article1-1167100.aspx#sthash.2g13HBQP.dpuf Actor Farooque Shaikh dies of heart attack, Amitabh Bachchan, SRK react] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234452/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/veteran-actor-farooq-sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack-at-65/article1-1167100.aspx#sthash.2g13HBQP.dpuf |date=30 December 2013 }}. Hindustan Times (28 December 2013). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/when-tumhari-amrita-becomes-aapki-sonia/60656 When Tumhari Amrita Becomes Aapki Sonia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228122130/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/when-tumhari-amrita-becomes-aapki-sonia/60656 |date=28 December 2013 }}. Financial Express (22 February 2004). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref> A sequel to this play was staged in 2004 titled ''Aapki Soniya'', with Farooque Shaikh and Sonali Bendre as the only performers.<ref>Mahmood, Rafay. (19 June 2013) [http://tribune.com.pk/story/565514/sajid-hasan-all-set-for-aapki-soniya/ Sajid Hasan all set for Aapki Soniya – The Express Tribune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228164102/http://tribune.com.pk/story/565514/sajid-hasan-all-set-for-aapki-soniya/ |date=28 December 2013 }}. Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref> ''Tumhari Amrita'' completed its 20-year run on 27 February 2012.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art/tumhari-amrita-turns-20/article1-814108.aspx Tumhari Amrita turns 20] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228223040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art/tumhari-amrita-turns-20/article1-814108.aspx |date=28 December 2013 }}. Hindustan Times (20 February 2012). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref> He directed ''Aazar Ka Khwab'', an adaptation of Bernard Shaw's ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' in 2004.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040808/spectrum/tv.htm The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603061828/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040808/spectrum/tv.htm |date=3 June 2013 }}. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref>

He hosted the TV show ''Jeena Issi Ka Naam Hai'', in which he interviewed celebrities from the Hindi film world. His sense of humour and direct humble approach was the USP of the show.

Lesser known is his contribution to the UNICEF polio eradication programme. He made several extensive trips to two polio-endemic states, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and worked closely with its programme teams who were working with communities to get greater acceptance for the polio vaccine.
He also kept on helping 26/11 affected families in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vidya Raja |date=27 November 2018 |title=Why This 26/11 Victim's Widow & Kids Will Be Eternally Grateful to Actor Farooq Sheikh |website=The Better India |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/165332/26-11mumbai-terror-farooq-kindness-news/ |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128114902/https://www.thebetterindia.com/165332/26-11mumbai-terror-farooq-kindness-news/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==

Farooque Shaikh died of a [[heart attack]] in the early hours of 28 December 2013 in [[Dubai]], where he was on holiday with his family. His funeral prayers, held in [[Mumbai]] at [[Andheri|Millat Nagar Andheri]] Mosque on 30 December 2013 in the evening, were attended by many personalities, including [[Javed Akhtar]] and [[Shabana Azmi]]. He was buried in Muslim Qabristan, [[Four Bungalows]], [[Andheri West]]. His grave is near that of his mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/shabana-azmi-deepti-naval-break-farooq-sheikhs-funeral/126845 |title=Shabana Azmi, Deepti Naval Break Down at Farooq Sheikh's Funeral |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115155826/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/shabana-azmi-deepti-naval-break-farooq-sheikhs-funeral/126845 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Veteran Actor Farooq Sheikh dies of Heart Attack|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/veteran-actor-farooq-sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack/|date=28 December 2013|access-date=20 October 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230024644/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/veteran-actor-farooq-sheikh-dies-of-heart-attack/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Garm Hava|Garam Hawa]]'' || Sikandar Mirza ||
|-
| 1974 ||''[[Mere Saath Chal]]'' || Amit ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Gher Gher Matina Chula]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]''|| Aqueel ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Gaman]]'' || Ghulam Hussain ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Noorie]]'' || Yusuf Fakir Mohammed ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Main Aur Meri Tanhai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|Chashme Buddoor]]'' || Siddharth Parashar ||
|-
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' || Nawab Sultan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 || ''[[Saath Saath (1982 film)|Saath Saath]]'' || Avinash ||
|-
| ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' || Sarju ||
|-
| ''[[Aparoopa|Apeksha]]'' || Rana ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1983 || ''[[Rang Birangi]]'' || Prof. Jeet Saxena ||
|-
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]}} || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' || Bashudev ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Baar Chale Aao]]'' || Kamal D. Das ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1984 || ''[[Lorie (film)|Lorie]]'' || Bhupinder Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Lakhon Ki Baat]]'' || Alok Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Yahan Wahan]]'' || Rajesh Chopra ||
|-
| ''[[Ab Ayega Mazaa]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985 || ''Zahr E Ishq'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Faasle]]'' || Sanjay ||
|-
| ''[[Salma (1985 film)|Salma]]'' || Iqbal ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1986 || ''Raat Ke Baad'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Peechha Karo]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| ''[[Khel Mohabbat Ka]]'' || Amit Verma ||
|-
| ''Uddhar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mere Saath Chal]]'' || Amit ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Pal]]'' || Jeet Barua ||
|-
| ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' || Sajid ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987 || ''[[Mahananda (1987 film)|Mahananda]]'' || Professor Babul ||
|-
| ''[[Rajlakshmi]]'' || Shrikant ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988 ||''[[Gharwali Baharwali (1988 film)|Gharwali Baharwali]]'' || Sunil Khanna ||
|-
| ''[[Soorma Bhopali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' || Suraj Bhandari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 || ''[[Toofan (1989 film)|Toofan]]'' || Gopal Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Doosra Kanoon]]'' || Diwan Sardarilal || TV movie
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''[[Wafaa (1990 film)|Wafaa]]'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| ''Agni Kanya'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jaan-E-Wafa]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''Gunjan'' || ||
|-
| ''Binani'' || ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'' || Dr. Charu Das ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995 || ''Sukher Asha'' || ||
|-
| ''Mohini'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mera Damad (1995 film)|Mera Damad]]'' || Jai Khanna ||
|-
| ''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]'' || Ramcharan ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]'' || Shekhar Sharma ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Le Lépidoptère]]'' || Le collègue du jongleur || Short
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Saas Bahu Aur Sensex]]'' || Firoze Sethna ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]'' || S K Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Accident on Hill Road]]'' || Prakash Shrivastava ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Tell Me O Khuda]]'' || Ravi Kapoor ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]'' || Kaul ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Listen... Amaya]]'' || Jayant ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' || Sanjay Thapar ||
|-
| ''[[Club 60]]'' || Dr. Tarique ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Youngistaan]]'' || Akbar Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' || Museed ||
|-
| || ''Sangini'' || || (unreleased)
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Shrikant (TV series)|Shrikant]]'' || Shrikant || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]]'' || Major Somnath Sharma || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Chamatkar (TV series)|Chamatkar]]'' || Prem || [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] ||
|-
| 1998 ||''[[Khiladi (TV series)|Khiladi]]'' || Veer Singh || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 2001 ||''[[Ji Mantriji ( TV series)|Ji Mantriji]]'' || Surya Prakash Singh || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (TV series)|Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]'' || Himself || [[Zee TV]] ||
|}

==Awards and recognition==
{{awards table}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2019
|
| [[Bimal Roy Lifetime Achievement Award]] {First time presented to an artist posthumously}
|
|}

* On 25 March 2018, search engine [[Google]] commemorated Farooq Sheikh with a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] on his 70th birth anniversary.<ref name="Farooq Sheikh on Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Google Honours India's Beloved Farooq Sheikh on His Birth Anniversary with a Beautiful Doodle | website=Scoopwhoop | date=25 March 2018 | url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/farooq-sheikh-google-doodle/#.oun1uokib | access-date=9 April 2019 | archive-date=11 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135853/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/farooq-sheikh-google-doodle/#.oun1uokib | url-status=live }}</ref> Google commented: "Farouque Shaikh essayed agonizing heartbreak and light-hearted comedy with equal ease. Beyond the silver screen, Shaikh was integral to Indian theater, and his epistolary play, 'Tumhari Amrita' with Shabana Azmi delighted audiences for over two decades."<ref name="Farooq Sheikh's Google Doodle">{{cite web | title=Farouque Shaikh's 70th Birthday | website=Google | date=25 March 2018 | url=https://doodles.google/doodle/farouque-shaikhs-70th-birthday/ | access-date=9 April 2019 | archive-date=30 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330115802/http://www.google.com/doodles/farouque-shaikhs-70th-birthday | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Anchor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Farooq}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]

Balendu Prakash

2026-03-24T16:07:07Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{short description|Indian Ayurveda practitioner (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaidya Balendu Prakash
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 March 1959
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Ayurveda]] practitioner
| spouse =Gopa Indu
| children =
| parents = Late .Vaidya Chandra Prakash and Shashi Mukhi
| awards = 1996 "Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman"
1996 "Pranacharya"
1997 "Doon Ratna"
1998 "National Citizen Award - 1996"
1998 Memento & Civic Reception
1999 PADAMSHREE
2000 "Best Ayurvedic Physician - 98"
2001 "Pride of Doon"
2011 "Bhishak Shree"
| website = {{URL|http://www.padaav.com|Official website}}
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =Vaidyaji
| yearsactive =
}}
'''Vaidya Balendu Prakash''' is an Indian [[Ayurveda]] practitioner.<ref name="Cancer and the science of alternative therapies">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Cancer-and-the-science-of-alternative-therapies/articleshow/37754095.cms | title=Cancer and the science of alternative therapies | newspaper=Times of India | date=17 April 2001 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He is a former physician to the [[President of India]] and the founder of ''Paadav'', a specialty Ayurvedic hospital in [[Dehradun]].<ref name="Bio Sketch of Vaidya Balendu Prakash">{{cite web | url=http://www.ileza.com/link/560 | title=Bio Sketch of Vaidya Balendu Prakash | publisher=Ileza | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Balendu Prakash was born on 14 March 1959, at Meerut, in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], to Vaidya Chandra Prakash, an Ayurveda practitioner.<ref name="Bio Sketch of Vaidya Balendu Prakash" /> He did his early schooling at Meerut and graduated in Science with Honours (BSc Hons.) after which he secured the Ayurvedic Medicine degree of BAMS (Ayurvedacharya) from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]]. It is reported that he learnt [[Rasa Shastra]], a traditional Indian therapeutic protocol, where metal, in powder and paste forms, are used alongside herbs, for the treatment, from his father.<ref name="Mystique of metal therapy">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/160/mystique-of-metal-therapy/ | title=Mystique of metal therapy | publisher=India Environment Portal | date=29 November 1995 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> In 1989, he moved his base to [[Dehradun]] and founded ''Vaidya Chandra Prakash Cancer Research Foundation'' (SIROs) for ayurvedic research.<ref name="Bio Sketch of Vaidya Balendu Prakash" />

His treatment protocols have been subjected to studies in ''International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies'' in 2014.<ref name="A review on an Ayurvedic Approach for Cancer Treatment developed by Vaidya Balendu Prakash">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ijims.com/uploads/ea4a3f5d475faa73e8b2z1.pdf | title=A review on an Ayurvedic Approach for Cancer Treatment developed by Vaidya Balendu Prakash | author=Sanjoy Kumar Pal | journal=International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies | year=2014 | volume=1 | issue=6 | pages=1–11 | issn=2348-0343}}</ref> He has published several articles in alternative medicine research journals about his findings, covering the treatment of cancer<ref name="Indigenous Approach to Combat Cancer">{{cite journal|url=http://medind.nic.in/haa/t05/i1/haat05i1p169.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417132316/http://medind.nic.in/haa/t05/i1/haat05i1p169.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-04-17 |title=Indigenous Approach to Combat Cancer |author=Vaidya Balendu Prakash |journal=Health Administrator |volume=XVII |issue=1 |pages=169–171 }}</ref><ref name="Treatment of relapsed undifferentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0) with Ayurvedic therapy">{{cite journal | pmc=3157111 | title=Treatment of relapsed undifferentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0) with Ayurvedic therapy | author=Balendu Prakash | journal= International Journal of Ayurveda Research| year=2011 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=56–59 | doi=10.4103/0974-7788.83184 | pmid=21897645 | doi-access=free }}</ref> and other diseases.<ref name="Positivism: An Approach to Develop Indigenous Medicine">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/GRA/balendu_prakash.pdf | title=Positivism: An Approach to Develop Indigenous Medicine | publisher=World Bank | work=Presentation | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015 | author=Vaidya Balendu Prakash | pages=19}}</ref><ref name="Sustainable Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations in the Treatment of Nutritional Anemia in Adolescent Students">{{cite journal | title=Sustainable Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations in the Treatment of Nutritional Anemia in Adolescent Students |author1=Vaidya Balendu Prakash |author2=Shyam Prakash |author3=Rajesh Sharma |author4=Sanjoy K. Pal. |name-list-style=amp | journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | date=February 2010 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=205–211 | doi=10.1089/acm.2008.0573|pmid = 20180694}}</ref> In 2000, when he set up a research unit at the [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]], he found it difficult to get patient referrals from medical doctors of the centre.<ref name="Medical rivalry threatens cancer cure project">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jul/07jose.htm|title=Medical rivalry threatens cancer cure project|date=7 July 2000|publisher=Rediff|access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> It is also reported that a team of British medical doctors scrutinised Prakash's treatment and his patients in 1990, only to report negatively about the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment.<ref name="Mystique of metal therapy" />

Prakash is a former member of the scientific advisory committee of ''Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha'' (CCRAS) and served as the Honorary Physician to the President of India from 1997 to 2000.<ref name="Panel of Doctors">{{cite web | url=http://www.cancerhope.org/dr.balendu.html | title=Panel of Doctors | publisher=A M Charitable Trust | date=2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}</ref> He has sat in the ''Central Council of Indian Medicine'' and headed the Clinical Research Units of [[Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram]] and Shri Dhanvantri Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Chandigarh during the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name="Bio Sketch of Vaidya Balendu Prakash" /> He is a member of the Research Advisory Committee of the Herbal Research Development Institute, Gopeshwar ( a [[Government of Uttarakhand]] undertaking) and the Advisory Committee of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare#Department of Health|National Cancer Control Programme]] of the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. He is also a member of the ''Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board'' of the [[Ministry of AYUSH]] and [[International Headache Society]], UK and a life member of the Indian Co-operative Oncology Network (ICON).<ref name="Panel of Doctors" />

Prakash is a recipient of several awards and honours such as ''Uttrakhand Gaurav'', ''Doon Ratan'', ''Ayurveda Chandrodaya'', ''Paranacharya'', ''Vaidya Ratanam'', ''National Citizen Award'' and ''Pride of Doon''.<ref name="Panel of Doctors" /> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1999.<ref name="Padma Awards" />{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite web | title=Positivism: An Approach to Develop Indigenous Medicine | publisher=World Bank | work=Presentation | date=2015 | author=Vaidya Balendu Prakash | pages=19}}
* {{cite journal | title=Indigenous Approach to Combat Cancer | author=Vaidya Balendu Prakash | journal=Health Administrator | volume=XVII | issue=1 | pages=169–171}}
* {{cite journal | title=Treatment of relapsed undifferentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0) with Ayurvedic therapy | author=Balendu Prakash | journal= International Journal of Ayurveda Research| year=2011 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=56–59 | doi=10.4103/0974-7788.83184 | pmid=21897645 | pmc=3157111 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Sustainable Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations in the Treatment of Nutritional Anemia in Adolescent Students |author1=Vaidya Balendu Prakash |author2=Shyam Prakash |author3=Rajesh Sharma |author4=Sanjoy K. Pal. |name-list-style=amp | journal=The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | date=February 2010 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=205–211 | doi=10.1089/acm.2008.0573|pmid=20180694 }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ML9CwipZFM | title=Chronic Pancreatitis - An Innovative Treatment by Vaidya Balendu Prakash | publisher=Vaidya Balendu Prakash | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=20 January 2015 | access-date=3 November 2015}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Balendu}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Air commodore

2026-03-23T09:52:53Z

Isaac22019: quick correct section as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|One-star rank and an air-officer rank)}}
{{for|the butterfly with this common name|Precis actia{{!}}''Precis actia''}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Globalize||United Kingdom|date=October 2023}}
{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}

'''Air commodore''' ('''Air Cdre''' or '''Air Cmde''') is an [[air officer]] rank used by some air forces, with origins from the [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/commissionedranks.cfm |title=Ranks and Badges of the Royal Air Force |access-date=1 December 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214025748/http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/commissionedranks.cfm |archive-date=14 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The rank is also used by the air forces of many [[Commonwealth of Nations|countries which have historical British influence]] and it is sometimes used as the English translation of an equivalent rank in countries which have a non-English air force-specific rank structure.

Air commodore is immediately senior to [[group captain]] and immediately subordinate to [[air vice-marshal]]. It is usually equivalent to a [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] or a [[brigadier]]/[[brigadier general]].

The equivalent rank in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]], [[Women's Royal Air Force]] (until 1968) and [[Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service]] (until 1980) was "air commandant".

==Canada==
{{see also|Canadian Armed Forces ranks and insignia}}
The rank was used in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) until the 1968 [[Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces|unification of the Canadian Forces]], when army-type rank titles were adopted. Canadian air commodores then became [[brigadier-general]]s. In official [[Canadian French]] usage, the rank title was {{lang|fr|commodore de l'air}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |title=The RCAF |website=castlearchdale.net |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603201652/http://www.castlearchdale.net/id37.html |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The position of honorary air commodore still exists in the [[Royal Canadian Air Cadets]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==India==
{{main|Air commodore (India)}}

== United Kingdom ==
{{see also|RAF officer ranks}}
{{Infobox military rank
| name = Air Commodore
| image = United Kingdom-Air force-OF-6-collected.svg
| image_size = 100px
| caption = Shoulder and sleeve insignia
| image2 = UK-Air-OF6-Flag.svg
| image_size2 = 100px
| caption2 = Command flag
| image3 = RAF star plate OF-6.svg
| image_size3 = 100px
| caption3 = Star plate
| country = United Kingdom
| service branch = {{air force|United Kingdom}}
| abbreviation = Air Cdre / AIRCDRE
| rank = [[One-star rank|One-star]]
| NATO rank = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO air forces officers#Officers (OF 1–10)|OF-6]]
| formation = {{start date|1919|08|01|df=y}}
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Air vice-marshal]]
| lower rank = [[Group captain]]
| equivalents = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] ([[British Army|Army]]; [[Royal Marines|Marines]])}}|[[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] ([[Royal Navy|Navy]])}}
}}

In the present-day RAF, air commodores typically hold senior appointments within [[Group (air force)|groups]], acting directly in support of the [[air officer commanding]]. However, during the inter-war period, and in the case of the contemporary [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)|No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group]], the air officer commanding held or holds air commodore rank. In the [[Air Training Corps]], an appointed air commodore holds ultimate authority over the cadet organisation as the [[Commandant Air Cadets]].

===Origins===
On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the [[British Army]], with officers at what is now air commodore holding the rank of [[brigadier-general]]. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the [[Royal Navy officer rank insignia|Royal Navy's officer ranks]], with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. Although the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on Navy officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that [[air officer|air-officer]] ranks could be based on the term "ardian", which was derived from a combination of the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] words for "chief" (''ard'') and "bird" (''eun''), with the term "fourth ardian" or "flight ardian" being used for the equivalent to brigadier-general and commodore. However, the rank title based on the Navy rank was preferred and air commodore was adopted in August 1919.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobart |first=Malcolm C |date=2000 |title=Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ATMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |publisher=Leo Cooper |page=26 |isbn=0-85052-739-2}}</ref>

===RAF insignia, command flag and star plate===
The rank insignia is a light-blue band on a broad black band worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the casual uniform. On the [[Mess dress|mess uniform]], air commodores wear a broad gold ring on both lower sleeves.

The command flag of an air commodore has one narrow red band running through the centre and is rectangular with a cut-away section giving it two tails. It is the only RAF command flag of this shape and it is similar in shape to that of a Royal Navy commodore's [[broad pennant]]. The vehicle star plate for an air commodore depicts a single white star (air commodore is equivalent to a one-star rank) on an air force blue background. RAF air commodores are classed as [[air officer]]s and as such have two rows of [[Scrambled egg (uniform)|gold oak leaves]] on the peak of their service dress hats.

<gallery>
File:File-UK-Air-OF6-mess-insignia.svg|An RAF air commodore's sleeve mess insignia
File:RAF-Air Cdre-OF-6.png |An RAF air commodore's sleeve on No. 1 service dress uniform
Image:UK-Air-OF6-Flag.svg |An air commodore's command flag
</gallery>

===Honorary air commodores, air commodores-in-chief and air commandants===
{{See also|:Category:Honorary air commodores}}
[[Image:Churchil at the Tehran Conference 1943.jpg|thumbnail|right|150px|Churchill in his air commodore's uniform at the 1943 Tehran Conference]]
The [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|reigning monarch]] may appoint honorary air commodores for RAF flying squadrons and stations. For example, [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William]] is [[RAF Valley]]'s honorary air commodore and [[Winston Churchill]] was [[No. 615 Squadron RAF|615 Squadron]]'s honorary air commodore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The |date=2024-07-09 |title=Court Circular: July 9, 2024 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/court-circular-july-9-2024-kn385f5pf |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TimesChurchillUniform">{{cite news|title=Questions Answered: Winston Churchill in uniform and Ralph or Rafe|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article4742261.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203000237/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article4742261.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2008|access-date=14 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=13 September 2008 }}</ref> As the title suggests, this is an honorary position bestowed by the reigning monarch and it does not grant the recipient command of a unit or formation. It is designed to strengthen the bond between the military unit and the individual and promote the role of the air force among the public.

Serving officers may be granted an equivalent appointment to the honorary rank. In such cases the individual is made an honorary air commandant and they retain their regular rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2008/ANNOUNCEMENTOFNEWROYALAIRFORCEHONORARYAPPOINTMENTS.aspx|title=New Royal Air Force honorary appointments|publisher=The Official Website of the British Monarchy|date=2 October 2008|access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref>

Larger air force organisations or formations may be honoured by having an [[air commodore-in-chief]] appointed in their name. These RAF appointments are rare and to date (2020) have been given to just five senior members of the royal family, of whom three were reigning or [[Prince of Wales|future]] monarchs of the United Kingdom. Air commodore-in-chief is not a rank and such an appointment does not convey the rank of air commodore upon the recipient.

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center">
File:British RAF OF-6.svg|([[Royal Australian Air Force]])<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=[[Department of Defence (Australia)]] |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
File:British RAF OF-6.svg|([[Bangladesh Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICER'S RANKS |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |website=joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219212643/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
File:13.Ghana Air Force-BG.svg|([[Ghana Air Force]])<ref name="Ghana_AirForce">{{cite web |title=Rank Structure |url=http://gafonline.mil.gh/airforce/index.php/subhome/rank-structure |website=gafonline.mil.gh |publisher=Ghana Air Force |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121080703/http://gafonline.mil.gh/airforce/index.php/subhome/rank-structure |archive-date=21 January 2018 |year=2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
File:British RAF OF-6.svg|([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=For Officers |url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |website=careerairforce.nic.in |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225210317/http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
File:13-Namibia Air Force-AIRCDRE.svg|([[Namibian Air Force]])<ref name="Namibia">{{cite magazine |title=Government Notice |magazine=Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia |date=20 August 2010 |volume=4547 |pages=99–102 |url=http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2010/4547.pdf |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-6.svg|([[Nigerian Air Force]])<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite book |last1=Smaldone |first1=Joseph P. |editor1-last=Metz |editor1-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Nigeria: a country study |series=Area Handbook |date=1992 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=92009026 |pages=296–297 |edition=5th |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.nigeriacountryst00metz_0/?sp=340 |access-date=21 October 2021 |chapter=National Security}}</ref>
File:Pak-air-force-OF-6.svg|([[Pakistan Air Force]])
File:British RAF OF-6.svg|([[Sri Lanka Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officers |url=http://www.airforce.lk/ranks.php |website=airforce.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> 
File:British RAF OF-6.svg|([[Royal Air Force]])<ref name="UK_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RAF Ranks |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/raf-ranks/ |website=raf.mod.uk/ |publisher=[[Royal Air Force]] |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
File:TaT-Air Guard-OF-6.png|([[Trinidad and Tobago Air Guard]])<ref name="Trinidad&Tobago_Officer">{{cite web |title=Rank Chart (Commissioned Officers) |url=http://69.0.195.188/HQ/Our-Organisation/Ranks-Chart-(Commissioned-Officers).aspx |website=69.0.195.188 |publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force |access-date=27 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
File:Canadian_RCAF_Mess_Dress_Of-06.png|([[Air Force of Zimbabwe]])<ref name="Zimbabwe_AirForce">{{cite web |title=Ranks and Badges in the AFZ |url=http://www.afz.gov.zw/?page_id=1115 |website=afz.gov.zw |publisher=[[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609134525/http://www.afz.gov.zw/?page_id=1115 |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|United Kingdom|Aviation}}}}
* [[Air force officer rank insignia]]
* [[Comparison of United Kingdom and United States military ranks]]
* [[List of comparative military ranks]]
* [[RAF officer ranks]]
* [[Ranks of the Royal Australian Air Force]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{UK officer ranks}}
{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Star officer ranks}}
{{Highest Military Ranks}}

[[Category:Military ranks of the Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Australia]]
[[Category:Former military ranks of Canada]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Pakistan Air Force ranks]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Air force ranks]]
[[Category:One-star officers]]
[[Category:1919 introductions]]

Veeramae Vaagai Soodum

2026-03-21T13:25:31Z

Isaac22019:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veeramae Vaagai Soodum
| image = Veeramae Vaagai Soodum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Thu Pa Saravanan
| writer = Thu Pa Saravanan
| producer = [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] Dato Abdul Malik
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]|[[Dimple Hayathi]]}}
| cinematography = Kavin Raj
| editing = [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = [[Vishal Film Factory]] Malik Streams Corporation
| distributor = SSI Productions ([[Tamil Nadu]]) AV Media Consultancy ([[Karnataka]])
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|02|04}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdayndu2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206062103/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdayndu2 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 February 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Veeramae Vaagai Soodum''''' ({{Translation|Only bravery wins}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by Thu Pa Saravanan and produced by [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and Dato Abdul Malik under the banner of [[Vishal Film Factory]] and Malik Streams Corporation. It stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and [[Dimple Hayathi]], while [[Raveena Ravi]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], and [[Yogi Babu]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2021 |title=Vishal announces his film Veerame Vaagai Soodum on his birthday. See first-look poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-announces-his-film-veerame-vaagai-soodum-on-his-birthday-see-first-look-poster-1846681-2021-08-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829214820/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishal-announces-his-film-veerame-vaagai-soodum-on-his-birthday-see-first-look-poster-1846681-2021-08-29 |archive-date=29 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2021 |title=Title and first look of Vishal 31 unveiled on actor's birthday |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/title-and-first-look-vishal-31-unveiled-actor-s-birthday-154577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830094236/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/title-and-first-look-vishal-31-unveiled-actor-s-birthday-154577 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Kavin Raj and [[N. B. Srikanth]]. The film marks the posthumous appearance of noted actor-director [[R. N. R. Manohar]], who died on 17 November 2021 from [[COVID-19]] complications.

''Veerame Vaagai Soodum'' was released in theatres on 4 February 2022, where it received mixed reviews from critics and became an average venture at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2022 |title=Vishal's Veeramae Vaagai Soodum to release on February 4? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-veeramae-vaagai-soodum-to-release-on-february-4/articleshow/89111144.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125080336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-veeramae-vaagai-soodum-to-release-on-february-4/articleshow/89111144.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-25 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Chennai]], Purusothaman "Porus", an aspiring police trainee, aims to become an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. He hails from a middle-class family consisting of his father [[Constable]] Ponnuswamy, mother Kanchana, and sister Dwaraka.

Meanwhile, Parishuddam, a social activist, organizes a protest against a factory in [[Karaikudi]] District owned by an influential [[business magnate]] named Nedunchezhiyan. The factory waste was responsible for destroying a prosperous village. Guna is the brother of a local don named Selvam, who [[eve teasing|eve-teases]] Dwaraka. Guna threatens Dwaraka again, and Porus takes him to Selvam's house. Selvam slaps Guna and reprimands him. Faizal, Dwaraka's friend, confesses his love for Dwaraka to Porus.

In a parallel story, Elanchezhiyan alias Ela, Nedunchezhiyan's younger brother and a classmate of Dwaraka, threatens a girl named Divya. Divya and Dwaraka both try to commit suicide at their respective houses. Selvam tries to compromise with Porus's family, while Nedunchezhiyan also talks to Parishuddam and attempts to bribe him. Ela's father also talks to Divya and her father. Simultaneously, Parishuddam insults Nedunchezhiyan, Dwaraka humiliates Guna, and Divya humiliates Ela. Ela plans to kidnap Divya, while Guna plans to abduct Dwaraka. Nedunchezhiyan plans to kidnap Parishuddam. Ela accidentally kidnaps Dwaraka while she is visiting the medical store, while Ravi and his gang kidnap Parishuddam and take him to Nedunchezhiyan's factory.

Meanwhile, Dwaraka escapes from Ela, where she witnesses Nedunchezhiyan and his gang [[decapitation|beheading]] Parishuddam. Nedunchezhiyan and his associates try to capture Dwaraka. While hiding, Dwaraka tries to call her father, but to no avail. She cleverly records and sends a voice message to Faizal, detailing Nedunchezhiyan's involvement in Parishuddam's death. Nedunchezhiyan captures and kills Dwaraka. After searching for Dwaraka with Porus, Faizal arrives home and listens to the voice message, but Nedunchezhiyan's men kill him.

Porus learns about his sister's death, which devastates him and his family. Guna surrenders in court, alleging that he killed her. Porus later discovers that Faizal's and Dwaraka's deaths are not chronological, so he investigates in his own way. Porus goes after each gang member involved in Nedunchezhiyan's [[organised crime|crime network]] to find the conspirators behind Dwaraka's and Faizal's deaths, but Nedunchezhiyan kills each gang member, including Ravi. Porus requests a [[hacker]] to check Faizal's phone, where he uncovers some brutal murders orchestrated by Nedunchezhiyan, including Guna's death.

After analyzing the day when Dwaraka got kidnapped, Porus finds out that Divya was to be abducted by Ela. Nedunchezhiyan and his men realize this through Ela's friends and kill Divya despite Porus's intervention. At the hospital, the hacker retrieves the recording from Faizal's phone, where Porus learns about facts leading to Dwaraka's death. Nedunchezhiyan hears the recording through his henchman Mike and kidnaps Ponnuswamy, telling Porus to hand over the recording in exchange for his father.

Porus brings the recording, but gets thrashed by the gang. However, he retaliates by thrashing Nedunchezhiyan's gang and killing Ela. Porus brings Selvam to Nedunchezhiyan and tells him to avenge Guna's death. Selvam kills Nedunchezhiyan and his men with a [[chainsaw]], while Porus leaves the factory with his father. With the help of Divya's devastated father Raghupathi, Porus stuffs a dead Nedunchezhiyan and Ela into a [[meat grinder]] and feeds their flesh to [[crocodile]]s in a zoo where Raghupathi works, thus leaving no evidence about their deaths. After this, Porus gets appointed as an IPS officer and secretly gives money to Parishuddam's son for hospital treatment.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Purusothaman "Porus"
* [[Dimple Hayathi]] as Mythili, Porus's love interest
* [[Raveena Ravi]] as Dwaraka, Porus's sister
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Nedunchezhiyan
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Thalapathy, Porus's friend
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as [[Constable]] Ponnuswamy, Porus and Dwaraka's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Kanchana, Porus and Dwaraka's mother
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Parishuddam
* Raja Chembolu as Elanchezhiyan a.k.a. Ela, Nedunchezhiyan's younger brother
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Inspector Kaatamuthu
* Deepthi as Divya
* [[George Maryan]] as Raghupathi, Divya’s father
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Paneer, Mythili's father
* Porkodi as Mythili's mother
* [[V. I. S. Jayapalan]] as Nedunchezhiyan's father
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Pava, Parishuddam's relative
* Agilan Pushparaj as Faizal, Dwaraka's friend
* Gandhi as Selvam, a local don
* Prem as Guna, Selvam's brother
* Pudhupettai Suresh as Ravi
* Billy Murali as Mike, Nedunchezhiyan's henchman
* Kavitha Bharathi as Inspector Neethirajan
* Sabitha Roi as Parishuddam's wife
* Krishna Chaitanya as Parishuddam's son
* Navin Krubhakar as Nallan, Elachezhiyan's friend
* Kumanan Sethuraman as Nedunchezhiyan's driver
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Headmaster
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was tentatively titled as Vishal 31. On 29 August 2021, the film's title was announced as ''Veeramae Vaagai Soodum'', which is a reference of a lyric of the title track of 1986 film ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'', composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]'s father [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2021 |title=Veerame Vaagai Soodum: Vishal shares the FIRST LOOK and title of Vishal 31 on his birthday |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/veerame-vaagai-soodum-vishal-shares-first-look-and-title-vishal-31-his-birthday-876581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831121945/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/veerame-vaagai-soodum-vishal-shares-first-look-and-title-vishal-31-his-birthday-876581 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Vishal was cast as an aspiring police officer named Porus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum review: Vishal's film is a quintessential vigilante drama with decent action |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-review-vishal-s-film-is-a-quintessential-vigilante-drama-with-decent-action-101643979494960.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514062718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-review-vishal-s-film-is-a-quintessential-vigilante-drama-with-decent-action-101643979494960.html |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Dimple Hayathi]] was cast in as the female lead opposite Vishal which was her second Tamil film after ''[[Devi 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2022 |title='Veeramae Vaagai Soodum' actress Dimple Hayathi tests positive for Covid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-actress-dimple-hayathi-tests-positive-for-covid/articleshow/88944865.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514062718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-actress-dimple-hayathi-tests-positive-for-covid/articleshow/88944865.cms |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while [[Malayalam]] actor [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] was cast in as the main antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2021 |title=Malayalam actor Baburaj to play the villain Vishal 31 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malayalam-actor-baburaj-to-play-the-villain-vishal-31/articleshow/84087880.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204185411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malayalam-actor-baburaj-to-play-the-villain-vishal-31/articleshow/84087880.cms |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 6 May 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2021 |title=Vishal's next project goes on floors with a puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-next-project-goes-on-floors-with-a-puja/articleshow/82428320.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531193806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishals-next-project-goes-on-floors-with-a-puja/articleshow/82428320.cms |archive-date=31 May 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2021 |title=Vishal's next with director Thu Pa Saravanan goes on the floor |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishal-s-next-director-thu-pa-saravanan-goes-floor-148456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828151622/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vishal-s-next-director-thu-pa-saravanan-goes-floor-148456 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2021 |title=விஷாலின் புதிய படம்: பூஜையுடன் படப்பிடிப்பு தொடக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/667749-vishal-new-movie-started.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831130503/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/667749-vishal-new-movie-started.html |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref> and [[wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 3 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2022 |title=அடுத்தடுத்த அறிவிப்புகளை வெளியிட்ட விஷால் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2022/01/03114059/3347286/Tamil-cinema-Veerame-Vaagai-Soodum-movie-next-update.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103062115/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2022/01/03114059/3347286/Tamil-cinema-Veerame-Vaagai-Soodum-movie-next-update.vpf |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=3 January 2022 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composed the soundtrack and background score of the film while collaborating with Vishal for the 11th time after ''[[Sandakozhi]]'', ''[[Thimiru]]'', ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'', ''[[Theeradha Vilaiyattu Pillai]]'', ''[[Avan Ivan]]'', ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'', ''[[Poojai]]'', ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]'', ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' and ''[[Chakra (2021 film)|Chakra]]''. The first single "Rise Of A Common Man" was released on 22 December 2021, while the second single was released on January 14, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thithikkirathe Kangal' Mesmerising second single from #VeeramaeVaagaiSoodum sung by our maestro @thisisysr will be releasing on #Jan14. |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/VishalKOfficial/status/1480909918194524168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120061244/https://mobile.twitter.com/VishalKOfficial/status/1480909918194524168 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track-List
| total_length = 6:26
| title1 = Rise of A Common Man
| note1 = Theme Music 1
| lyrics1 = -
| extra1 = Nivedita
| length1 = 3:11
| title2 = Thithikkirathe Kangal
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length2 = 3:15
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was dubbed in Hindi under the same title, in Telugu as ''Saamanyudu'', and in Kannada as ''Obba''. It was released on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=Vishal's 'Veerame Vaagai Soodum' release postponed |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/26143054/1340571/Vishals-Veerame-Vaagai-Soodum-release-postponed.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128085047/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/26143054/1340571/Vishals-Veerame-Vaagai-Soodum-release-postponed.vpf |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Saamanyudu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/saamanyudu/movieshow/89324831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326045227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/saamanyudu/movieshow/89324831.cms |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=Obba – Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/obba-official-trailer/videoshow/89325089.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326045608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/obba-official-trailer/videoshow/89325089.cms |archive-date=26 March 2022 |access-date=26 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were sold to [[ZEE5]] and [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushmetha |date=8 April 2022 |title=ZEE TAMIL ANNOUNCES THE TELEVISION PREMIERE OF VISHAL'S VEERAME VAAGAI SOODUM! |url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishal-veerame-vaagai-soodum-television-telecast-date.html?ref=www.google.ae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720190623/https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vishal-veerame-vaagai-soodum-television-telecast-date.html?ref=www.google.ae |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2022 |title=ஓடிடியில் வெளியானது விஷாலின் 'வீரமே வாகை சூடும்' |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/138013/Social-Activist-complaint-against-Kamal-Haasan-on-Pathala-Pathala-Song-of-Vikram-in-Chennai-Commissioner-Officer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514063330/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/138013/Social-Activist-complaint-against-Kamal-Haasan-on-Pathala-Pathala-Song-of-Vikram-in-Chennai-Commissioner-Officer |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Veerame Vaagai Soodum'' received mixed reviews from critics with praise towards the action sequences, cast performances (particularly Vishal), and background score but criticism for its predictability and characterization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Veeramae Vagai Soodum Review: Vishal Starrer 'Entertains in Bits and Pieces', Critics Not Very Impressed by the Film |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/veeramae-vagai-soodum-review-vishal-starrer-entertains-in-bits-and-pieces-critics-not-very-impressed-by-the-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219133233/https://www.zee5.com/articles/veeramae-vagai-soodum-review-vishal-starrer-entertains-in-bits-and-pieces-critics-not-very-impressed-by-the-film |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=[[ZEE5]] |quote=The film is receiving mixed reviews from critics for its predictability and characterization, but the action sequences, performances and score are being praised.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=20|count=5|average=5|ref=yes}}

=== Critical response ===
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "VVS is definitely engaging as long as it sticks to this core plot. There is suspense and thrills and we are also emotionally invested because Saravanan has managed to set-up the family of Porus in convincing fashion. This is why we feel like we are watching a robust action drama."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=4 February 2022 |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum Movie Review: A robust, if somewhat routine, action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veeramae-vaagai-soodum/movie-review/89344747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615053726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veeramae-vaagai-soodum/movie-review/89344747.cms |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Pinkvilla Desk of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vishal is known for playing such intense roles now. As usual, he got into the skin of his character and he has outdone his performance this time as well."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum Movie Review: Vishal's cop drama entertains in bits and pieces with a thrilling plot |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-vishals-cop-drama-entertains-bits-and-pieces-thrilling-plot-1014831 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204114826/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-vishals-cop-drama-entertains-bits-and-pieces-thrilling-plot-1014831 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>

Thinkal Menon of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film is a treat for those who love revenge thrillers with superbly choreographed action sequences and intriguing cat-and-mouse games. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum movie review: This Vishal-starrer has some whistle-worthy moments |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-this-vishal-starrer-has-some-whistle-worthy-moments/50d0f599ef870 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501073318/https://www.ottplay.com/review/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-this-vishal-starrer-has-some-whistle-worthy-moments/50d0f599ef870 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=OTTplay}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''Cinestaan'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Veeramae Vaagai Soodum makes for a decent watch. It does feel long-drawn at 2 hours 46 minutes, but the action will keep you pinned till the last minute."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum review: Vishal's film is quintessential vigilante drama with decent action |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-46394 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720192640/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-46394 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

''Movicrow'' gave 2.25 out of 5 stars and wrote "What might have been a simple and relatable actioner, turns into a lengthy boring fair as the movie takes itself so seriously by trying to touch and bring together too many needless topics."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veerame Vaagai Soodum Review – Vishal's yet another Misfire! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29932/veerame-vaagai-soodum-review----vishals-yet-another-misfire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141649/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29932/veerame-vaagai-soodum-review----vishals-yet-another-misfire |archive-date=9 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=moviecrow.com}}</ref> ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film is a slow-paced action drama with a decent concept. Vishal’s power-packed performance, Yogibabu’s comedy, and the suspense in the second half are basic assets. If you bear a few over-the-top scenes and the slow narration, you can give this action drama a shot this weekend."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Review : Saamanyudu – Slow-paced action drama |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/saamanyudu-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501073318/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/saamanyudu-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=[[123Telugu]]}}</ref>

Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film argues that bravery is enough to win. But it is not enough to be bold; one also needs to be smart. Unfortunately, the film fails on that front."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Veerame Vaagai Soodum movie review: Few thoughtful ideas buried under several platitudes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veerame-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-few-thoughtful-ideas-buried-under-several-platitudes-10349261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204114829/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veerame-vaagai-soodum-movie-review-few-thoughtful-ideas-buried-under-several-platitudes-10349261.html |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Thu Pa Saravanan’s film is so full of cliches and convenient coincidences that I wondered if the title ''Kaadhil Poo Soodavum'' would have been more suitable since that's what it demands from the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Veeramae Vaagai Soodum review: You need veeram and masochism to endure Vishal's film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-review-you-need-veeram-and-masochism-endure-vishals-film-160603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204113447/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veeramae-vaagai-soodum-review-you-need-veeram-and-masochism-endure-vishals-film-160603 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film had an average opening weekend, grossing only {{INRConvert|18|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2022 |title=Vishal's Cop Thriller Veerame Vagai Soodum Struggles at Box Office. Check Collections |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vishals-cop-thriller-veerame-vagai-soodum-struggles-at-box-office-check-collections-4756406.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219204219/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vishals-cop-thriller-veerame-vagai-soodum-struggles-at-box-office-check-collections-4756406.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10981012}}

[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sundaram Natarajan

2026-03-20T23:17:14Z

Isaac22019: quick update intro further

{{short description|Indian ophthalmologist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Sundaram Natarajan
| image = Dr S Natarajan.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|4 September 1957|df=yes}}<ref name="Good"/>
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| alma_mater = Madras Medical College, Sankara Nethralaya
| occupation = Ophthalmologist
| website = {{URL|www.adityajyoteyehospital.org}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2013)
}}
'''Sundaram Natarajan''' is an Indian [[ophthalmologist]]. In 2002, he started a free clinic in [[Dharavi]], a slum in [[Mumbai]], and treated more than 8,000 people. He has also held free camps in various other suburbs of Mumbai such as [[Mankhurd]] and [[Govandi]] to treat the economically poor. In 2016, he also held a camp in [[Kashmir]] to operate and cure the victims of [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|pellet gun firings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai-s-padma-shri-winning-eye-doctor-treats-pellet-gun-victims-in-kashmir/story-LehL0qlxlrUjyctZPijBQN.html | title=Mumbai's leading eye doctor treats pellet gun victims in Kashmir | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=30 July 2016 | access-date=4 February 2019 | author=Saha, Abhishek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://protectingsight.com/2020/06/02/tear-gases-and-rubber-bullets-can-cause-permanent-eye-damage-eye-injury-loss-of-vision-and-blindness-in-cases-of-chemical-injury-and-eye-trauma-protect-the-eyes-and-seek-medical-attention-immedia/|title=Tear gases and rubber bullets can cause permanent eye damage, eye injury, loss of vision, and blindness. In cases of chemical injury and eye trauma, protect the eyes and seek medical attention immediately.|date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000004616540/the-victims-of-indias-pellet-guns.html|title=The Victims of India's Pellet Guns|first=Yara|last=Bishara|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

In 2013, he was awarded with [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour.<ref name="Good">{{cite web | url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/cover-story/the-good-doctors/articleshow/31476941.cms | title=The good doctors | publisher=Pune Mirror | date=30 January 2013 | access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref> {{As of|January 2019}}, he is head of the Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital in [[Wadala]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.adityajyoteyehospital.org/meet-our-doctor.html | title=Meet our doctors - Prof. Dr. S. Natarajan | publisher=Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital | access-date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
Natarajan graduated from the [[Madras Medical College]] in 1980. He completed his Diploma in Ophthalmology (D.O) at the [[University of Madras]] in 1984 and Fellowship in Retina and Vitreous Surgery (F.R.V.S) at [[Sankara Nethralaya]] in 1985.

He completed Fellow of All India Collegium of Ophthalmology (FAICO) in 2012, [[Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons]] (FRCS) in Glasgow in 2018, and Fellow of European Latino American Society of Ophthalmology (FELAS) in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drsnatarajan.com/index.html|title=Prof.Dr. S.Natarajan|website=www.drsnatarajan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://healthcareradius.wordpress.com/2019/02/19/dr-s-natarajan-appointed-as-president-of-all-india-opthalmological-society/|title=Dr S Natarajan appointed as President of All India Opthalmological Society|date=19 February 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Dr.Natarajan with Deputy Chief Minister Mr. R.R.Patil Mr. Hyosuke Yasui, Consul General of Japan in Mumbai, Feb, 2006.jpg|thumb|Dr.Natarajan with Deputy Chief Minister Mr. R.R.Patil and Mr. Hyosuke Yasui, Consul General of Japan in Mumbai, Feb, 2006]]
==Awards and records==
He was awarded Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian awards, by President of India [[Shri Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2013.

He holds a former [[Guinness World Record]] for the most [[Diabetic retinopathy#Screening|diabetic eye screenings]] in 8 hours. This record was achieved when 649 diabetes patients were screened in Dharavi, Mumbai.

He is a "Character Inductee" of the Retina Hall of Fame, being one of two Indians listed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retinahalloffame.org/rhof-charter-members|title=RHOF Charter Members|website=www.retinahalloffame.org}}</ref>

He was awarded a State Award for Meritorious Service by the Government of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for creating a record by performing forty-seven [[Eye surgery#Vitreoretinal surgery|vitreoretinal surgeries]] in two and a half days while in Jammu and Kashmir.

He holds a National Record in the [[Limca Book of Records]] for performing the first completely sutureless sclera bucking as well as a sutureless 23G [[vitrectomy]].

==Organizational awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=September 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Organization(s)
|-
|1991
|Dr. E. Balakrishnan Memorial Award
|Indian Association of Biomedical Scientists, Madras
|-
|1995
|Dr. V. K. Chitnis Oration
|Maharashtra Ophthalmological Society
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|Dr. Joseph Gnanadickam Gold Medal Oration Award
|SROC and TNOA
|-
|Best Researcher Award
|Dr. P Siva Reddy Endowment fund, A.P. Akademi of Sciences
|-
|C.N. Shroff Award
|AIOC, Cochin
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|Senior Honour Award
|Vitreous Society, USA
|-
|Best Video and Poster Award
|APAO, Taiwan
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
|Innovation Award
|Maharashtra Ophthalmological Society
|-
|Man of the Millennium (Ophthalmology)
|International Award Committee of Wisitex Foundation
|-
|Dr. Rustom Ranji Oration
|29th AP Ophthalmological Society
|-
|[[List of lifetime achievement awards|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|National & International Compendium, New Delhi
|-
|[[Gusi Peace Prize]]
|Gusi Peace Prize Foundation, Manila
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|[[Man Of The Year|Man of the Year]]
|[[American Biographical Institute]]
|-
|Young Achiever Award
|ICON
|-
|Distinguished Service
|Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|Lions Favourite Eye Specialist
|Lions Club of Mumbai
|-
|SSM Oration Award
|SSM Eye Research Foundation, Cochin
|-
|Achievement Award
|[[American Academy of Ophthalmology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|Dr. Sandeep Wagh Award
|
|-
|Anita Oration Award
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|Air Marshal MS Bopari Award
|Ocular Trauma Society of India
|-
|Retina Oration Award 2011
|[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] Academy of Ophthalmology
|-
|Gold Medal
|Indian Intraocular Implant & Refractive Society, Delhi
|-
|Gold Medal
|Bombay Ophthalmologists’ Association, Mumbai
|-
|Retina Foundation Oration Award
|Retina Foundation, Ahmedabad
|-
|2012
|Achievement Award
|Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Senior Achievement Award
|American Academy of Ophthalmology
|-
|SAO Excellence Award
|[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] Academy of Ophthalmology, Nepal
|-
|Prof. B.P.Kashyap Oration Award
|Jharkhand Ophthalmological Society (JHOS)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|The Legends Of Indian Ophthalmology Award
|iBeach Film Festival, GOA
|-
|Dr. Dhanwant Singh Oration Award
|Punjab Ophthalmological Society, Punjab
|}
#
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://healthcare-india.org/miscellaneous/medical-tycoon/dr-s-natrajan/|title=Prof. Dr S Natarajan | Health Care India}}</ref>

==Current academic positions==
*President - Organized Medicine Academic Guild (OMAG)
*Managing Trustee - Aditya Jyot Foundation for Twinkling Little Eyes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/new-technology-to-reduce-trauma-in-eye-surgeries/article30892063.ece|title=New technology to reduce trauma in eye surgeries|first=Ananya|last=Biswal|date=23 February 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
*Managing Trustee - Aditya Jyot Research Foundation
*Secretary - Aditya Jyot Eye Research Institute
*Chairman - All India Ophthalmological Society (AIOS) Nationwide DR Screening Task Force
*Chairman of the International Committee - All India Ophthalmological Society<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing Council |url=https://aios.org/article-43-governing-council.php |website=All India Ophthalmological Society |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
*Secretary General - Global Eye Genetics Consortium (GEGC)
*Immediate Past President - International Ocular Trauma Society
*Immediate Past President - Ocular Trauma Society of India (OTSI)
*Representative of AIOS ICO General Assembly
*ICO Board of Trustees International Council of Ophthalmology
*President - Asia Pacific Ophthalmic Trauma Society (APOTS)<ref>{{cite web |title=Society Membership Criteria & Application |url=https://apaophth.org/members/ |website=APAO |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref>
*Member - Euretina International Advisory Board
*Hon. President - Sankara Nethralaya Alumni Association
*Regional Managing Editor - Eye World Asia Pacific, Indian Edition
*Honorary Director - Indian Eye Injury Registry
*Member - Council of Asia Pacific Intraocular Implant Association, Singapore
*Executive committee member - International Society of Ocular Trauma
*Hon. Secretary, Alumni Association- Sankara Nethralaya
*Vice President - Indo-Japanese Ophthalmic Foundation
*Patron - National Society for Prevention of Blindness, Mumbai Branch

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.adityajyoteyehospital.org/ Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, Sundaram}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:Indian ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Marudhavelu

2026-03-18T05:13:38Z

Isaac22019: started new entry...

{{short description|2011 film by R. K. R. Aathimoolam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marudhavelu
| image =

| caption =
| director = R. K. R. Aathimoolam
| producer = S. Shanmuga Pandian
| writer = R. K. R. Aathimoolam
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]]|Akanksha|[[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]]}}
| music = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cinematography = C. Dhanabalan
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| distributor =
| studio = Siva Thangam Films
| released = {{Film date|2011|11|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Marudhavelu''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action drama film]] directed by R. K. R. Aathimoolam. The film stars newcomers [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Akanksha and [[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]], with [[Ilavarasu]], Bangalore Swamy, [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]], Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan, Theni Murugan, Kottachi, Muthuraj, Thenali, [[Crane Manohar]], [[Sabitha Anand]], and Pollachi Babu playing supporting roles. The film, produced by S. Shanmuga Pandian, had musical score by [[James Vasanthan]] and editing by [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]. The film was released on 18 November 2011. Actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] lent his voice to Kailash.

==Plot==
In [[Rajapalayam]], Marudhavelu is a wastrel who spends his time drinking and hanging out with his friends. After the death of his mother, Marudhavelu is pampered by his father, who is a rich and respected man. Marudhavelu and his cousin Manju are in love. One night, Marudhavelu catches the village priest with a prostitute in the village temple, and with his friends, he beats him up. At the village court, the priest lies that Marudhavelu was with the prostitute, and the villagers start to believe it. Marudhavelu decides to find that prostitute to be declared innocent and to prove to Manju that he only loves her. To find the prostitute, Marudhavelu enters the house of the village prostitute Dhanam to interrogate her. Manju, who witnesses it, misinterprets the situation, and she is now disgusted for being in love with Marudhavelu. That night, a distraught Marudhavelu drinks much alcohol and sneaks into Manju's bedroom to explain what really happened, but Manju does not want to listen to him and asks for help. At the village court, Manju's family accuses Marudhavelu of attempting to rape Manju that night, and Manju even confirms it, leaving Marudhavelu aghast. The village head, therefore, bans Marudhavelu from the village for one year.

Muthu and Shanthi, two young lovers from the village, try to elope, and Muthu's family chases them. Marudhavelu comes to their rescue, and the three escape by taking the bus. In Chennai, they immediately go to the registrar's office for marriage, but the powerful local don Kalivardhan alias Annachi arrives there with his henchmen, kills Shanthi, and kidnaps Muthu. Annachi then bribes him for his silence, and Marudhavelu surprisingly takes the money, but only to give it to Shanthi's parents. The lawyer Vidya Venugopalan helps Marudhavelu lodge a complaint against Annachi for the murder of Shanthi. Vidya Venugopalan has her own reason to take revenge on Annachi: in the past, Annachi brutally killed her mother for being a witness to one of his crimes. In the meantime, Vidhya falls in love with Marudhavelu, but Marudhavelu is still in love with Manju. Marudhavelu then convinces a judge to help him. In court, the judge orders the police to reexamine all the cases against Annachi and arrest him. Marudhavelu eventually returns to his village. Manju learns that Marudhavelu is innocent and he only loves her. Annachi and his henchmen try to kill Marudhavelu in his village, and Marudhavelu fights back. During the fight, Annachi kills Marudhavelu's father, and Marudhavelu's friends then kill Annachi.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Marudhavelu (voice dubbed by [[Vijay Sethupathi]])
*Akanksha as Manju
*[[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]] as Vidhya Venugopalan
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Marudhavelu's father
*Bangalore Swamy as Kalivardhan (Annachi)
*[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Vidhya's mother
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Judge
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Sub-Inspector
*Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan as Priest
*Theni Murugan as Marudhavelu's friend
*[[Kottachi]] as Marudhavelu's friend
*Muthuraj as Marudhavelu's friend
*Thenali as Marudhavelu's friend
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Kathamuthu
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Ponnuthayi
*Pollachi Babu as Doraisamy, Marudhavelu's brother-in-law
*Kalloori Hemalatha as Selvi, Marudhavelu's sister
*Usha Elizabeth as Marudhavelu's aunt
*Baby Abhirami as Nandhini, Marudhavelu's niece
*Sri Vidya as Shanthi
*[[Suruli Manohar]] as Sodalamuthu
*Kottai Perumal as Perumal
*Sugunthan as Andrews
*Vidhyasree
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] in a special appearance
*[[Bhanu Chander]] in a special appearance
*Eesan Sujatha in a special appearance
*Laksha in a special appearance
{{colend}}

==Production==
R. K. R. Aathimoolam made his directorial debut with ''Marudhavelu'' under the banner of Siva Thangam Films. [[Malayalam]] actor [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] was chosen to play the title role. Kailash confessed, "I am not fluent in Tamil and it was a challenge mouthing the dialogues with a "Madras" slang". Newcomer Akanksha, a model from [[Bangalore]], was cast to play a glamorous role while [[Nakshatra (actress)|Nakshatra]], the second daughter of actress [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], was selected to play the role of a lawyer. The film, completed in eight months, was shot in Chennai and Rajapalayam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/jun/28/sumithras-daughter-arrives-in-tamil-267414.html|title=Sumithra's daughter arrives in Tamil|date=28 June 2011|access-date=3 August 2020|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kailash-Archana-Kavi-to-K-town/articleshow/10869399.cms|title=Kailash, Archana Kavi to K-town|access-date=3 August 2020|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=667&id1=40&issue=20110801|title=டூபீஸ் அணிய காத்திருக்கும் நடிகை|date=1 August 2011|access-date=3 August 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Actress waiting to wear a bikini|magazine=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Marudhavelu
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[James Vasanthan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:06
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[James Vasanthan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[James Vasanthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/marhali-16-songs-T0002079|title=Maruthavelu Songs|access-date=3 August 2020|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/maruthavelu/1E4YA7EFLmE_|title=Maruthavelu Songs|date=7 March 2011 |access-date=3 August 2020|publisher=jiosaavn.com}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|total_length=24:06
|title1=Kala Kala Kala|extra1=Sunanthan, [[Sharanya Srinivas]]|lyrics1=[[Na. Muthukumar]]|length1=4:51
|title2=Thokkanam Kuruvi Kudu|extra2=Ananth, Sangeetha|lyrics2=Mohan Raj|length2=5:06
|title3=Maruthani Sevakalaiya|extra3=Thanjai Ayyappan, [[Thanjai Selvi]]|lyrics3=Thanjai Ayyappan|length3=5:24
|title4=Vaarome Kanavodu|extra4=[[Velmurugan]]|lyrics4=Mohan Raj|length4=4:19
|title5=Yetho Yetho|extra5=[[Mathangi Jagdish]]|lyrics5=Mohan Raj|length5=4:26
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 18 November 2011 alongside ''[[Vithagan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=6769|title=Today release - 2 movies|date=18 November 2011|access-date=3 August 2020|publisher=ayngaran.com}}</ref>

[[The New Indian Express]] said, "The influence of similarly plotted films is evident throughout director Athimoolam's work and very little effort seems to have gone into the script to make it novel or exciting" and concluded, "''Marudhavelu'' is passable work from a debutant filmmaker".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/nov/20/marudhavelu-312068.html|title=Marudhavelu|date=20 November 2011|access-date=3 August 2020|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In contrast, [[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] praised the songs, the cinematography and the fast-paced screenplay.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1009&id1=45&issue=20111128|title=மருதவேலு|date=28 November 2011|access-date=3 August 2020|language=Tamil|trans-title=Marudhavelu|magazine=Kungumam}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by James Vasanthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:2011 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2011 action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bankapasi

2026-03-16T17:59:58Z

Isaac22019: cleanup details further and updated info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankapasi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5741|N|88.0473|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,250
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code /[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bankapasi''' is a village in [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|36|0|N|88|3|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Katwa subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place/ religious and/ or cultural centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|0|N|88|7|48|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Katwa | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Katwa]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|22|N|88|10|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Dainhat| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Dainhat]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|37|30|N|88|7|56|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Panuhat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panuhat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|31|30|N|87|54|12|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Mongalkote| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Mongalkote]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ketugram| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ketugram]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|32|54|N|87|54|8|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nutanhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Nutanhat]] (R)|shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|43|53|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kandra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kandra, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|43|20|N|88|5|52|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Gangatikuri| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Gangatikuri]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|50|N|88|4|29|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chandrapur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chandrapur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|17|N|87|58|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Singot| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Singot]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|34|20|N|88|4|47|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Srikhanda| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Srikhanda]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|41|8|N|88|8|21|E}} | label-pos112right|label12=Uddharanpur| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Uddharanpur]] (H)| shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|32|50|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Kogram| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Kogram]] (H)| shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|10|43|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Sribati| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Sribati]] (H)| shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|5|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karui| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karui]] (H)|shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|34|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Bankapasi| numbered16=C| mark-title16= Bankapasi (C)| shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|40|N|88|1|38|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Kshirgram| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Kshirgram]] (H)| shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|37|48|N|88|6|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Jajigram| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Jajigram]] (H)| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23.6213|88.1915}}| label19=Hooghly River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=20| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.6434|87.9914}}| label20=Ajay River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-5| label-pos20=right| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none}}

===Location===
Bankapasi is located at {{coord|23.5741|N|88.0473|E|}}.

===Urbanisation===
88.44% of the population of Katwa subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 11.56% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bankapasi had a total population of 6,250 of which 3,160 (51%) were males and 3,090 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 710. The total number of literates in Bankapasi was 3,770 (68.05% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 18 February 2019}}</ref>

==Economy==
Bankapasi, Ketugram, Palita, Mohanpur, Kamarpara and Parhat are important centres of [[sholapith]] craft.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol II, pages 474-476, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

In a report by the Micro, Small and Medium Industries Development Institute, it says that the degree of excellence of products like, [[sholapith|sola]] craft of Bankapasi and [[dhokra]] of [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman|Dwariapur]] is now acceptable to European markets.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/BURDWAN.pdf| title = Brief Industrial Profile of Burdwan district| work= Pages 14-15 : 3.10 Industrial Scenario | publisher = MSME Development Institute, Kolkata|access-date = 17 February 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bankapasi is on [[State Highway 14 (West Bengal)|State Highway 14]] (Bardhaman-Katwa Road).<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

[[Bankapasi railway station]] is situated on the [[Bardhaman-Katwa line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-katwa-local-35017/18610/2/1932 | title = 35017 Bardhaman-Katwa local| work= Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info|access-date = 18 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}
{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Ghaggar-Hakra River

2026-03-15T14:44:34Z

Isaac22019: small fix

{{short description|Intermittent river in India and Pakistan}}
{{distinguish|Ghaghara River}}
{{Redirect|Ghaggar|the ethnic minority|Doms in Egypt}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ghaggar-Hakra River
| name_other =
| image = File:Chandigarh aerial1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Ghaggar river near Chandigarh
| image_alt =
| map = File:Sarasvati river.jpg
| map_size =
| map_caption = Present-day Gagghar-Hakra river-course, with (pre-)Harappan paleochannel as proposed by Clift et al. (2012).<ref>See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223 Clift et al. (2012) map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011105058/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Satellite-image-of-the-Indus-River-system-showing-the-study-sites-Stars-indicate_fig1_229062223 |date=11 October 2021 }} and [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05745-8/figures/1 Honde te al. (2017) map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114035153/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-05745-8/figures/1 |date=14 November 2020 }}.</ref> 
1 = ancient river 
2 = today's river 
3 = today's Thar Desert 
4 = ancient shore 
5 = today's shore 
6 = today's town 
7 = dried-up Hakra course, and pre-Harappan Sutlej paleochannels (Clift et al. (2012)) 
See also [https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Sir+Creek/@27.9238648,69.0488446,1290954m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39527a0557ec4543:0x9e7e9966b79d473b!8m2!3d23.8379562!4d68.2376719 this] satellite image.
| map_alt =
| source1_location = [[Shivalik Hills]], [[Punjab]], India
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = Ottu, [[Punjab]], India
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|29|17|23|N|74|08|11|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| basin_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]], [[Pakistan]]
| length =
| discharge1_location = <ref>{{cite book |title=Political Economy of the Punjab: An Insider's Account |publisher=MD Publications, New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7533-031-3 |year=1997}}</ref>
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = 
| discharge1_max =
| tributaries_left = [[Kaushalya river]]
| tributaries_right = Markanda river, [[Sarswati river]], [[Tangri river]], [[Chautang]]
| waterbodies = [[Kaushalya Dam]], [[Ottu barrage]]
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
}}
The '''Ghaggar-Hakra River''' ({{ipa|hi|ɡʰəɡːəɾ ɦəkɾaː|ipa}}) is an [[intermittent river]] in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] that flows in force only during the [[monsoon season]]. The river is known as Ghaggar before the [[Ottu barrage]]{{efn|at {{Coord|29.4875|N|74.8925|E|type:waterbody|display=inline}}}}, and as Hakra downstream of the barrage in the [[Thar Desert]].{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}<ref name="ref42refar">{{Cite book |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |author=Britannica, Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani |publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2000 |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AE_LIg9G5CgC |quote=The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range, northwestern [[Himachal Pradesh]] State, and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State, where it receives the Saraswati River. Beyond the Ottu Barrage, the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the [[Thar Desert]]. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into [[Rajasthan]]. |year=2000 |language=en}}</ref> In pre-Harappan times the Ghaggar was a tributary of the [[Sutlej]]. It is still connected to this paleochannel of the Sutlej, and possibly the Yamuna, which ended in the [[Nara River (Sindh)|Nara River]], presently a [[Distributary|delta channel]] of the [[Indus River]] joining the sea via [[Sir Creek]].{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Khonde et al.|2017}}

The [[Sutlej]] changed its course about 8,000–10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert.{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}} The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago, and a large number of sites from the Mature Indus Valley Civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan.{{refn|group=note|name="Number of sites"}} Around 4,000 years ago, the Indus Valley Civilisation declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, becoming a small seasonal river.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}}

19th and early 20th century scholars, but also some more recent authors, have suggested that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of the [[Sarasvati River]] mentioned in the [[Rig Veda]], fed by Himalayan rivers, despite the fact that the Ghaggar-Hakra had dried up by that time.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|p=8}}

==River course==
{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=left|type=line|id=Q798422|text=Interactive Map}}
The basin consists of two parts, [[Khadir and Bangar]]. ''Bangar'' are the higher banks that are not flooded in rainy season, while ''khadar'' refers to the lower flood-prone area.<ref group=web name="Har1">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160201121800/http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm HaryanaOnline – Geography of Haryana]}}</ref>

===Ghaggar River===
[[File:Ottu reservoir.jpg|thumb|The Ghaggar river flows into the Ottu reservoir, afterwards it becomes the Hakra river]]
[[File:Ghaggar river near Naurangdesar village.jpg|thumb|Ghaggar river's dry bed in February near Naurangdesar village, [[Hanumangarh district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Ghaggar river.jpg|thumb|alt=Ghaggar river in September, near Anoopgarh [[Sri Ganganagar]] Rajasthan|Ghaggar river, near [[Anupgarh|Anoopgarh]], [[Rajasthan]] in the month of September]]
The '''Ghaggar''' is an intermittent [[river]] in [[India]], flowing during the [[monsoon]] [[rain]]s. It originates in the village of [[Dagshai]] in the [[Shivalik Hills]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] at an elevation of {{convert|1927|m}} above mean sea level<ref name="SharmaKalwar2005">{{cite book |first1=Hari |last1=Shanker Sharma |first2=S. C. |last2=Kalwar |title=Geomorphology and Environmental Sustainability: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor H.S. Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmPaIIVgtooC |year=2005 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-028-0 |page=61}}</ref> and flows through [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states into [[Rajasthan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarasvati: Tracing the death of a river |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/interview_sarasvati-tracing-the-death-of-a-river_1395200 |access-date=12 June 2010 |date=2010-06-11 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226075141/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/interview-sarasvati-tracing-the-death-of-a-river-1395200 |url-status=live }}</ref> just southwest of [[Sirsa, Haryana]] and by the side of [[Talwara Lake]] in Rajasthan.

Dammed at [[Ottu barrage]] near Sirsa, Ghaggar feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

====Tributaries of the Ghaggar====
{{main | Kaushalya river | Markanda river, Haryana | Sarsuti| Tangri river | Chautang }}
The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the [[Kaushalya river]], [[Markanda river, Haryana|Markanda]], [[Sarsuti]], [[Tangri river|Tangri]] and [[Chautang]].<ref name="SharmaKalwar2005" />

The Kaushalya river is a tributary of Ghaggar river on the left side of Ghaggar-Hakra. It flows in the [[Panchkula district]] of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]] and converges with Ghaggar river near [[Pinjore]] just downstream of [[Kaushalya Dam]].<ref name="MH1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ |title=Hillsofmorni.com – Kaushalya dam |access-date=13 April 2016 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114024025/http://www.hillsofmorni.com/around-morni/kaushalya-dam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Hakra River===
The '''Hakra''' is the dried-out channel of a [[river]] near [[Fort Abbas]] city in [[Pakistan]] that is the continuation of the Ghaggar River in [[India]]. The Hakra channel is connected to paleochannels of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, which ended in the [[Nara River (Sindh)|Nara River]], a [[Distributary|delta channel]] of the [[Indus River]] joining the sea via [[Sir Creek]]. The [[Sutlej]] changed its course about 8,000-10,000 years ago, leaving the Ghaggar-Hakra as a system of monsoon-fed rivers terminating in the Thar Desert.{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}

This Sutlej/Yamuna paleochannel streamed through [[Sindh]], and its sign can be found in Sindh areas such as [[Khairpur District|Khairpur]], [[Shaheed Benazir Abad District|Nawabshah]], [[Sanghar District|Sanghar]] and [[Tharparkar]].

A large number of sites from the Mature [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (2600–1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan.{{refn|group=note|name="Number of sites"}} IVC-sites have not been found further south than the middle of [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur district]], and it has been assumed that the Hakra ended there in a series of terminal lakes.

==Paleography==
While there is general agreement that the river courses in the Indus Basin have frequently changed course, the exact sequence of these changes and their dating have been problematic.{{sfn|Schuldenrein et al.|2004}}

Older publications have suggested that the Sutlej and the Yamuna drained into the Hakra well into Mature Harappan times, providing ample volume to the supply provided by the monsoon-fed Ghaggar. The Sutlej and Yamuna then changed course between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE, due to either tectonic events or "slightly altered gradients on the extremely flat plains," resulting in the drying-up of the Hakra in the [[Thar Desert]].{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=20-21}}{{sfn|Jain|Agarwal|Singh|2007|p=312}} More recent publications have shown that the Sutlej and the Yamuna shifted course well before Harappan times,{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}} leaving the monsoon-fed Ghaggar-Hakra which dried-up during late Harappan times.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}

===Pre-Holocene===
The paleo-channel of the Sutlej was active until the end of the Ice Age, some 10,000–8,000 years ago,{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{sfn|Khonde et al.|2017}} emptying into the [[Rann of Kutch]] via the [[Eastern Nara|Nara river]].{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Khonde et al.|2017}}

Clift ''et al''. (2012), using dating of zircon sand grains, have shown that subsurface river channels near the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites in [[Cholistan]] immediately below the dry Ghaggar-Hakra bed show sediment affinity with the [[Beas River]] in the western sites and the Sutlej and the Yamuna in the eastern ones, suggesting that the Yamuna itself, or a channel of the Yamuna, along with a channel of the Sutlej may have flowed west some time between 47,000 BCE and 10,000 BCE, well before the beginnings of Indus Civilization.{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}

Analysis of sand grains using [[optically stimulated luminescence]] by Ajit Singh and others in 2017 indicated that the suggested paleochannel of the Ghaggar-Hakra is actually a former course of the Sutlej, which diverted to its present course before the development of the Harappan Civilisation. The abandonment of this older course by the Sutlej started 15,000 years ago, and was complete by 8,000 years ago.{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}} Ajit Singh et al. conclude that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river, but a monsoon-fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods.{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}

Khonde et al. (2017) confirm that the Great Rann of Kutch received sediments from a different source than the Indus, but this source stopped supplying sediments after ca. 10,000 years ago.{{sfn|Khonde et al.|2017}} Likewise, Dave et al. (2019) state that "[o]ur results disprove the proposed link between ancient settlements and large rivers from the Himalayas and indicate that the major palaeo-fluvial system traversing through this region ceased long before the establishment of the Harappan civilisation."{{sfn|Dave et al.|2019}}

===Indus Valley Civilisation ===
[[File:IVC rivers map.jpg|thumb|Outline of the Indus Civilization, with concentration of settlements along the Ghaggar-Hakra. See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Greater-Indus-Valley-Civilization-adapted-from-Tokai-University-2000_fig2_329600632 Sameer et al. (2018)] for a more detailed map.]]
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilisation}}

====Mature IVC====
During the IVC, the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system was not a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, but a monsoonal-fed river.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}}{{refn|group=note|According to Chatterjee et al. (2019) the Ghaggar-Hakra channel was perennial receiving sediments from Higher and Lesser Himalayas from 80–20K years ago and 9–4.5K years ago, and ceased to exist during the last Glacial Maximum. It was perennial after the last Ice Age due to reactivation from distributaries of the Sutlej, during the pre, early and middle Harappan period, from 7000BCE to 2500BCE. The river became seasonal after that and completely dried up by 1900 BCE.{{sfn|Chatterjee|Ray|Shukla|Pande|2019}} In response, Sinha et al. (2020) state that "most workers have documented the cessation of large scale fluvial activity in NW India in early Holocene, thereby refuting the sustenance of the Harappan Civilisation by a large river."{{sfn|Sinha|Singh|Tandon|2020|p=240}}}} The Indus Valley Civilisation prospered when the monsoons that fed the rivers diminished around 5,000 years ago,{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}} and a large number of sites from the Mature [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (2600-1900 BCE) are found along the middle course of the (dried-up) Hakra in Pakistan.{{refn|group=note|name="Number of sites"}} Around 4,000 the Indus Valley Civilisation declined when the monsoons further diminished, and the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, becoming a small seasonal river.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}}

According to archaeologist Rita Wright, the large number of documented sites may be due to the ephemeral nature of the settlements, with the inhabitants frequently moving around in pursuit of water.<ref>Stephanie Pappas (28 November 2017), [https://www.livescience.com/61039-ancient-indus-civilization-survived-without-rivers.html Mystery Solved: How the Ancient Indus Civilization Survived Without Rivers], LiveScience</ref> According to archaeologist Shereen Ratnagar, many Ghaggar-Hakra sites in India are actually those of local cultures; some sites display contact with Harappan civilisation, but only a few are fully developed Harappan ones.<ref name="Ratnagar">{{cite book |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |year=2006 |title=Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley |location=New Delhi |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-81-89487-02-7 |ref=Shereen-2006b |pages=7–8 |language=en |quote=If in an ancient mound we find only one pot and two bead necklaces similar to those of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with the bulk of pottery, tools and ornaments of a different type altogether, we cannot call that site Harappan. It is instead a site with Harappan contacts. ... Where the Sarasvati valley sites are concerned, we find that many of them are sites of local culture (with distinctive pottery, clay bangles, terracotta beads, and grinding stones), some of them showing Harappan contact, and comparatively few are full-fledged Mature Harappan sites.}}</ref> Hetalben Sidhav notes that claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried up, leaving many sites undisturbed, which explains why such a large number of sites has been found.{{sfn|Sindhav|2016|p=103}}

====Drying-up of the Hakra and decline of the IVC====
Late in the 2nd millennium BCE the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system [[aridification|dried up]], becoming the small seasonal river it is today, which affected the Harappan civilisation.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{refn|group=note|name=Drying-up}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}}<ref name=madella-fuller>{{cite journal |last1=Madella |first1=Marco |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |year=2006 |title=Palaeo-ecology and the Harappan civilisation of south Asia: A reconsideration |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=25 |issue=11–12 |pages=1283–1301 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25.1283M}}</ref><ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal |last=MacDonald |first=Glen |year=2011 |title=Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline |journal=Quaternary International |volume=229 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–148 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012 |bibcode=2011QuInt.229..140M}}</ref><ref name=brooke-2015>{{cite book |last=Brooke |first=John L. |title=Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A rough journey |date=17 March 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 |page=296 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87164-8 |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418050414/https://books.google.com/books?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|From Brooke (2015):<ref name=brooke-2015/> “The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defence and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channelled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanization" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley ... .” — Brooke (2015)<ref name=brooke-2015/>{{rp|page=17}} (footnotes) 
(a) {{cite journal |first1=Liviu |last1=Giosan |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA |volume=102 |issue=26 |pages=E1688–E1694 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1112743109 |pmid=22645375 |pmc=3387054 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E1688G |postscript=; |doi-access=free}} 
(b) {{cite journal |first=Camilo |last=Ponton |year=2012 |title=Holocene aridification of India |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=39 |issue=3 |page=L03704 |doi=10.1029/2011GL050722 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.3704P |hdl=1912/5100 |s2cid=140604921 |postscript=; |hdl-access=free}} 
(c) {{cite journal |first1=Harunur |last1=Rashid |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Late glacial to Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability based upon sediment records taken from the Bay of Bengal |journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=215–228 |doi=10.3319/TAO.2010.09.17.02(TibXS) |bibcode=2011TAOS...22..215R |url=http://research.bpcrc.osu.edu/Icecore/publications/Rashid%20et%20al%20Terr%20Atmos%20Ocean%20Sci%202011v222p215.pdf |postscript=; |doi-access=free}} 
(d) {{Cite journal |last1=Madella |first1=Marco |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian Q. |year=2006 |title=Palaeoecology and the Harappan civilisation of south Asia: A reconsideration |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=25 |issue=11–12 |pages=1283–1301 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25.1283M}} 
Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl (2002),{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pages=237–245}} and Staubwasser ''et al''. (2003),<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Michael |last1=Staubwasser |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=8 |page=1425 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016822 |bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1425S |s2cid=129178112}}</ref> Bar-Matthews & Avner Ayalon (2015).{{refn| Bar-Matthews & Avner Ayalon "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations" in Brooke (2015).<ref name=brooke-2015/>}}
}} Paleobotanical information documents the aridity that developed after the drying up of the river.<ref>Gadgil and Thapar (1990), and references therein</ref> The diminishing of the monsoons particular affected the Ghaggar-Hakra system, which became ephemeral and was largely abandoned, with the IVC reorganizing in local settlements some 4000 years ago.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012|p=1693}} In the late Harappan period the number of late Harappan sites in the middle Ghaggar-Hakra channel and in the Indus valley diminished, while it expanded in the upper Ghaggar-Sutlej channels and in Saurashtra.{{sfn|Giosan|2012|p=4}} The IVC-people migrated east toward the more humid regions of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where the decentralised late Harappan phase took place.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012|p=1693}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}}

The same widespread aridification in the third millennium BCE also led to water shortages and ecological changes in the Eurasian steppes,<ref group=web name="Kochhar2017">Rajesh Kochhar (2017), [http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aryans-dna-genetics-archaeology-4765740/ "The Aryan chromosome"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619202352/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aryans-dna-genetics-archaeology-4765740/ |date=19 June 2021 }}, ''The Indian Express''</ref>{{sfn|Demkina|2017}} leading to a change of vegetation, triggering "higher mobility and transition to nomadic cattle breeding".{{sfn|Demkina|2017}}{{refn|group=note|Demkina et al. (2017): "In the second millennium BC, humidification of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding."{{sfn|Demkina|2017}}}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=300, 336}}{{refn|group=note|See also Eurogenes Blogspot, [http://eurogenes.blogspot.nl/2017/07/the-crisis.html ''The crisis'']}} These migrations eventually resulted in the Indo-Aryan migrations into South Asia.{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}<ref group=web name="Kochhar2017"/>

Most of the Harappan sites along the Ghaggar-Hakra are presently found in desert country, and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization. This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites, including part of [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]]. [[Painted Grey Ware]] sites ({{circa}} 1000–600 BCE) have been found at former IVC-sites at the middle and upper Ghaggar-Hakra channel,{{sfn|Giosan|2012|p=4}} and have also been found in the bed and not on the banks of the Ghaggar-Hakra river, which suggests that river was certainly dried up by this period.{{sfn|Bryant|2001|p=168}}<ref name="Gaur 1983">{{cite book |last=Gaur |first=R. C. |title=Excavations at Atranjikhera, Early Civilization of the Upper Ganga Basin |year=1983 |location=Delhi}}</ref> The sparse distribution of the Painted Gray Ware sites in the Ghaggar river valley indicates that during this period the Ghaggar river had already dried up.

===Archaeological explorations===

Between 1940 and 1943, [[Aurel Stein]] undertook two expeditions along the Ghaggar-Hakra River to find physical evidence of the [[Saraswati River]] described in the [[Rig Veda]]. While he didn't definitively establish the region's chronological archaeological sequence, his work significantly advanced Indian archaeology. Surveying from [[Hanumangarh]] to [[Bahawalpur]], he identified approximately 100 prehistoric and historical sites, conducting exploratory excavations at some. His observations on the geographical spread of these sites proved valuable to later researchers, including [[Amalananda Ghosh]] (3 March 1910 – 1981) and Katy Dalal. Notably, he documented sites such as [[Munda, Rajasthan|Munda]], [[Bhadrakali Temple]], and [[Yazman|Derwar]].<ref name=ghv1>[https://theprint.in/opinion/kashmir-to-china-aurel-steins-expeditions-helped-unlock-secrets-ancient-civilisations/2508318/ From Kashmir to China—Aurel Stein’s expeditions helped unlock secrets of ancient civilisations], The Print, 24 Feb 2024.</ref>

==Identification with the Rigvedic Sarasvati River==
{{Main|Sarasvati River}}

Since the 19th century, proposals have been made to identify the mythological Sarasvati River with the Ghaggar-Hakra River. The Sarasvati is often mentioned in the Rig Veda, which describes it as a mighty river located between the Indus and the Ganges, while later Vedic texts describe it as disappearing in the desert. Arguments have been made that the Ghaggar-Hakra was such a mighty river, due to tributaries which were supposed to receive snow melt waters from the Himalayas. Yet, more recent research shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra was monsoon-fed during Harappan times, and had already dried-up during Vedic times.

===Rig Veda===
The Sarasvati River is mentioned in all books of the [[Rigveda]] except the [[Mandala 4|fourth]]. It is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it: [[RV 6]].61, [[RV 7]].95 and [[RV 7]].96. It is mentioned as a divine and large river, which flows "from the mountains to the samudra," which some take as the [[Indian Ocean]]. The Rig Veda was composed during the latter part of the late Harappan period, and according to Shaffer, the reason for the predominance of the Sarasvati in the [[Rig Veda]] is the [[late Harappan]] (1900–1300 BCE) population shift eastwards to [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Shaffer |year=1999 |editor1-first=J. |editor1-last=Bronkhorst |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Deshpande |title=Aryans and Non-Non-Aryans: Evidence, interpretation, and ideology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]], Opera Minora 3 |language=en}}</ref>

The identification with the [[Sarasvati River]] is based on the mentions in Vedic texts, ''e.g.'' in the enumeration of the rivers in Rigveda [[Nadistuti sukta|10.75]].05; the order is [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Yamuna]], Sarasvati, [[Sutudri]], [[Parusni]]. Later Vedic texts record the river as disappearing at Vinasana (literally, "the disappearing") or Upamajjana, and in post-Vedic texts as joining both the Yamuna and Ganges as an invisible river at Prayaga (Allahabad). Some claim that the sanctity of the modern Ganges is directly related to its assumption of the holy, life-giving waters of the ancient Saraswati River. The [[Mahabharata]] says that the Sarasvati River dried up in a desert (at a place named Vinasana or Adarsana).<ref>[[Mahabharata]] 3.80.118, 3.130.3–4, 6.7.47, 9.34.81, 9.36.1–2</ref>

===Identification===
Nineteenth and early 20th century scholars, such as orientalist [[Christian Lassen]] (1800–1876),<ref name=Koenig1876>{{citation |title=Indische Alterthumskunde Christian Lassen: Geographie und die älteste Geschichte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1sW1vB4uRcC&pg=PA91 |year=1847 |publisher=H. B. Koenig |page=91}}</ref> philologist and Indologist [[Max Müller]] (1823–1900),<ref>[[Sacred Books of the East]], 32, 60</ref> archaeologist [[Aurel Stein]] (1862–1943), and geologist [[Richard Dixon Oldham|R. D. Oldham]] (1858–1936),<ref>Oldham 1893 pp.51–52</ref> had considered that the Ghaggar-Hakra might be the defunct remains of a river, the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]], invoked in the orally transmitted collection of ancient [[Vedic Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] hymns, the [[Rig Veda]] composed {{Circa|1500 BCE}} to 1200 BCE.

More recently, but writing before Giosan's 2012 publication and supposing a late Harappan diversion of the Sutlej and the Yamuna, several scholars have identified the old Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Vedic [[Sarasvati River]] and the Chautang with the [[Drishadvati River]].{{refn|group=note|Such scholars include [[Gregory Possehl]],{{sfn|Possehl|1997}} [[J. M. Kenoyer]],{{sfn|Kenoyer|1997}} [[Bridget Allchin|Bridget]] and [[Raymond Allchin]],{{sfn|Allchin|Allchin|1982|p=160}} [[Kenneth A. R. Kennedy|Kenneth Kennedy]],{{sfn|Erdosy|1995|p=44}} [[Franklin Southworth]],{{sfn|Erdosy|1995|p=266}} and numerous Indian archaeologists.}} Gregory Possehl and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River as "Sarasvati" throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation,{{sfn|McIntosh|2008}}{{sfn|Possehl|2002}} and Gregory Possehl states "Linguistic, archaeological, and historical data show that the Sarasvati of the Vedas is the modern Ghaggar or Hakra."{{sfn|Possehl|2002}}

Because most of the Indus Valley sites known so far are actually located on the Ghaggar-Hakra river and its tributaries and not on the Indus river, some Indian archaeologists, such as S.P. Gupta, have proposed to use the term "Indus Sarasvati Civilization" to refer to the Harappan culture which is named, as is common in archaeology, after the first place where the culture was discovered.

===Objections===
[[Romila Thapar]] terms the identification "controversial" and dismisses it, noticing that the descriptions of Sarasvati flowing through the "high mountains" does not tally with Ghaggar's course and suggests that Sarasvati is Haraxvati of Afghanistan which is also known as the [[Helmand river]].<ref name="Thapar2004">{{cite book |first=Romila |last=Thapar |year=2004 |title=Early India: From the origins to AD 1300 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/42 42] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyindiafromor00thap/page/42 |language=en}}</ref> Wilke suggests that the identification is problematic since the Ghaggar-Hakra river was already dried up at the time of the composition of the Vedas,{{sfn|Wilke|2011}} let alone the migration of the Vedic people into northern India.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=93}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2001|p=2, 8-9}}

The idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra was fed by Himalayan sources has also been contradicted by recent geophysical research, which shows that the Ghaggar-Hakra system, although having greater discharge in Harappan times which was enough to sustain human habitation, was not sourced by the glaciers and snows of the [[Himalayas]], but rather by a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}{{sfn|Clift et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Singh et al.|2017}}{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012}} In contrast to all Himalayan rivers in the region that dug out wide valleys in their own sediments as the [[monsoon]] declined, no such valley exists between the [[Sutlej]] and the [[Yamuna]], demonstrating that neither the Ghaggar-Hakra nor any other Sarasvati candidate in that region had a Himalayan source.{{sfn|Giosan et al.|2012}}{{sfn|Maemoku|Shitaoka|Nagatomo|Yagi|2013}}

Rajesh Kocchar further notes that, even if the Sutlej and the Yamuna had drained into the Ghaggar during [[Vedic period]], it still would not fit the [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] descriptions because "the snow-fed Satluj and Yamuna would strengthen [only the] lower Ghaggar. [The] upper Ghaggar would still be as puny as it is today."<ref name=Kocchar/> According to Rajesh Kocchar, there are two Sarasvati rivers mentioned in the Rigveda. The older one described in the family books of the Rigveda, which he calls ''Naditama Sarasvati'', drains into a [[samudra]]. The newer one described in the tenth book of Rigveda as well as later Vedic texts, which he calls ''Vinasana Sarasvati'', disappears in the sands. The ''Vinasana Sarasvati'' has been "accepted by all" to be the same as the Ghaggar-Hakra river. The description of the ''Naditama Sarasvati'' in the Rigveda matches the physical features of the [[Helmand River]] in Afghanistan, more precisely its tributary the [[Harut River]], whose older name was ''Haraxvatī'' in Avestan. Ganga and Yamuna, he takes to be small streams in its vicinity. When the Vedic people moved east into Punjab, they named the new rivers they encountered after the old rivers they knew from Helmand.<ref>{{citation |last=Kochhar |first=Rajesh |chapter=On the identity and chronology of the Ṛgvedic river Sarasvatī |title=Archaeology and Language III; Artefacts, languages and texts |editor1=Roger Blench |editor2=Matthew Spriggs |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-10054-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kocchar">Rajesh Kocchar, [http://rajeshkochhar.com/tag/rigveda/ The rivers Sarasvati: Reconciling the sacred texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507125617/http://rajeshkochhar.com/tag/rigveda/ |date=7 May 2016 }}, blog post based on ''The Vedic People: Their History and Geography''.</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Sutlej]]
*[[Ganges]]
*[[Indus]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=

{{refn|group=note|name=Drying-up|{{harvtxt|Mughal|1997}} concludes that during the Bronze Age the Ghaggar-Hakra sometimes carried more, sometimes less water. {{harvtxt|Mughal|1997}} states that satellite photography has shown that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a large river that dried up several times, as corroborated by an isotope study by {{harvtxt|Tripathi et al.|2004}}<ref group=web>{{cite web |url=http://hakra.totallyexplained.com/ |title=Hakra |website=Totally Explained |access-date=2009-08-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712174106/http://hakra.totallyexplained.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[M. R. Mughal]], the Hakra dried-up at the latest in 1900 BCE,{{sfn|Mughal|1997}} but {{harvtxt|Tripathi et al.|2004}} conclude that it took place much earlier. [[Henri-Paul Francfort]], utilising images from the [[SPOT (satellites)|French satellite SPOT]] two decades ago, found that the large river Sarasvati is pre-Harappan altogether, and started drying up already in the middle of the 4th millennium BCE; during Harappan times only a complex irrigation-canal network was being used. The date should therefore be pushed back to {{circa}} 3800 BCE.}}

{{refn|group=note|name=Giosan.2012|{{harvtxt|Giosan et al.|2012}}:
*{{harvtxt|Giosan et al.|2012|p=1688}}: "Contrary to earlier assumptions that a large glacier-fed Himalayan river, identified by some with the mythical Sarasvati, watered the Harappan heartland on the interfluve between the Indus and Ganges basins, we show that only monsoonal-fed rivers were active there during the Holocene."
*{{harvtxt|Giosan et al.|2012|p=1689}}: "Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier-fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene."
*"Numerous speculations have advanced the idea that the Ghaggar-Hakra fluvial system, at times identified with the lost mythical river of Sarasvati (e.g., 4, 5, 7, 19), was a large glacier fed Himalayan river. Potential sources for this river include the Yamuna River, the Sutlej River, or both rivers. However, the lack of large-scale incision on the interfluve demonstrates that large, glacier-fed rivers did not flow across the Ghaggar-Hakra region during the Holocene.
*The present Ghaggar-Hakra valley and its tributary rivers are currently dry or have seasonal flows. Yet rivers were undoubtedly active in this region during the Urban Harappan Phase. We recovered sandy fluvial deposits approximately 5;400 y old at Fort Abbas in Pakistan (SI Text), and recent work (33) on the upper Ghaggar-Hakra interfluve in India also documented Holocene channel sands that are approximately 4;300 y old. On the upper interfluve, fine-grained floodplain deposition continued until the end of the Late Harappan Phase, as recent as 2,900 y ago (33) (Fig. 2B). This widespread fluvial redistribution of sediment suggests that reliable monsoon rains were able to sustain perennial rivers earlier during the Holocene and explains why Harappan settlements flourished along the entire Ghaggar-Hakra system without access to a glacier-fed river."
{{harvtxt|Valdiya|2013}} dispute this, arguing that it was a large perennial river draining the high mountains as late as 3700–2500 years ago. {{harvtxt|Giosan|Clift|Macklin|Fuller|2013}} have responded to, and rejected Valdiya's arguments.}}

{{refn|group=note|name="Number of sites"|In a survey conducted by M.R. Mughal between 1974 and 1977, as cited in {{harvtxt|Gupta|1995}}, over 400 sites were mapped along 300 miles of the Hakra river. According to {{harvtxt|Bryant|2001}}, the majority of these sites were dated to the fourth or third millennium BCE. S.P. Gupta, in {{harvtxt|Gupta|1995|p=183}}, {{harvtxt|Gupta|1999}}, counts over 600 sites of the Indus civilization on the [[Ghaggar]]–[[Hakra]] river and its tributaries. V.N. Misra, as cited in {{harvtxt|Gupta|1999|p=144}}, states that over 530 Harappan sites (of the more than 800 known sites, not including Late Harappan or OCP) are located on the Ghaggar-Hakra. According to {{harvtxt|Misra|1992}}, only 90–96 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the [[Indus]] and its tributaries; about 36 sites on the Indus river itself. The other sites are mainly in Kutch-Saurashtra (nearly 200 sites), Yamuna Valley (nearly 70 late Harappan sites) and in the Indus Valley, in Baluchistan, and in the NW Frontier Province (less than 100 sites). {{harvtxt|Sindhav|2016|p=103}} notes that these claims of a large number of Ghaggar-Hakra sites are politically motivated and exaggerated. While the Indus remained an active river, the Ghaggar-Hakra dried-up, leaving many sites undisturbed. Sidhav further notes that the Ghaggar-Hakra was a tributary of the Indus, so the proposed Sarasvati nomenclature is redundant.}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

*{{citation |last1=Allchin |first1=Bridget |last2=Allchin |first2=Raymond |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28550-6 |page=160 }}
*{{Citation |last=Anthony |first=David W. |year=2007 |title=The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World |publisher=Princeton University Press}}

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{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ghaggar-Hakra River}}
*OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/5388381#map=7/29.187/74.524&layers=C Ghaggar River], [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12213371#map=7/29.187/74.524&layers=C Hakra canal (partly on the Hakra bed)].
*OpenStreetMap: [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/12213231#map=7/26.612/71.074&layers=C Nara Canal]
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct25/articles20.htm Saraswati – the ancient river lost in the desert by A. V. Sankaran]
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/history/sarasvati-river.html Map of the ancient Ghaggar and Hakra rivers], mapsofindia.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati–Sindhu civilization and Sarasvati River]
*[http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/archaeology/site/archs0001.htm The Saraswati: Where lies the mystery by Saraswati Paik]

{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Hydrography of Haryana}}
{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}
{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{PunjabGeography}}
{{Waters of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghaggar-Hakra River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sindh]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation]]
[[Category:Rigvedic rivers]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:Sarasvati River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Pakistan]]

Kshudhita Pashan

2026-03-07T07:34:52Z

Isaac22019: general add details after review additionally and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italics title}}
'''''Kshudhita Pashan''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Tapan Sinha]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/Ghosts-who-act/article20843459.ece|title=Ghosts who act|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|date=4 July 2014|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> and produced by Hemen Ganguly based on an 1895 short story of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] by the same name (Eng: "[[The Hungry Stones]]").<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/68268/eternal-magic-tagores-music-stories.html|title=Eternal magic of Tagore's music, stories inspires filmmakers|website=deccanherald.com|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/nfdc-to-bring-out-dvd-set-of-films-based-on-tagores-stories-3/|title=NFDC to bring out DVD set of films based on Tagore's stories|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> This film was released in 1960 and received [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]]. Music direction was done by ''Ustad'' [[Ali Akbar Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Poetry-on-the-big-screen/article15710346.ece|title=Poetry on the big screen|website=thehindu.com|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/lifestyle/charge-of-the-youth-brigade-at-the-39th-patton-argus-open-quiz-with-the-192725|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731183209/https://www.telegraphindia.com/lifestyle/charge-of-the-youth-brigade-at-the-39th-patton-argus-open-quiz-with-the-192725|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 July 2018|title=Charge of the youth brigade at the 39th Patton Argus Open Quiz, with The Telegraph |website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
A young tax collector is posted to a small town. He starts to reside in an abandoned old palace which is rumoured to be haunted. Local people try to warn him that whoever has attempted to stay there has either gone mad or died because the stones of the building are hungry. He realizes that a mysterious beautiful lady roams around the building at night.

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
* [[Chhabi Biswas]]
* [[Arundhati Devi]]
* [[Dilip Roy (actor)|Dilip Roy]]
* [[Padma Devi]]
* [[Robin Banerjee]]
* Arun Mukherjee
* Radhamohan Bhattacharya
==Awards==

* 1960: [[National Film Award]] for Second Best Feature Film
* 1960: Best Film-Cork festival, Ireland

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0054005}}
{{National Film Award Second Best Feature Film}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tapan Sinha]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Second Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1960 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]

Puriyatha Puthir

2026-03-03T03:14:59Z

Isaac22019: stub

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Ranjit Jeyakodi}}
{{distinguish|Puriyaadha Pudhir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puriyatha Puthir
| image = Puriyatha Puthir 2017.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]]
| producer = Deepan Boopathy Ratesh Velu
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| writer = Ranjit Jeyakodi
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Gayathrie]] [[Mahima Nambiar]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cinematography = Dinesh B. Krishnan
| editing = Bavan Sreekumar
| studio = Rebel Studio
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Puriyatha Puthir''''' ({{translation|Mystifying Puzzle}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]] (in his directorial debut) and produced by Deepan Boopathy and Ratesh Velu under, ''Rebel Studio Productions''. [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Gayathrie]] and [[Mahima Nambiar]] feature in the leading roles, while the film's music was composed by [[Sam C. S.]], while the cinematography was handled by Dinesh B. Krishnan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathy's 'Mellisai' nearing completion! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-s-mellisai-nearing-completion-news-tamil-odukDxbeajhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109105845/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathy-s-mellisai-nearing-completion-news-tamil-odukDxbeajhsi.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film began production in 2013, but went through production delays and was only released on 1 September 2017. It won three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]], [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Sethupathi) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Sam).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-30|title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for 2016-2022 announced; see full list|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130060303/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/tamil-nadu-state-film-awards-for-2016-2022-announced-see-full-list-23614375|archive-date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=September 2022}}
A woman stands at the top of a building, calls someone from her mobile, apologizes, and then commits suicide by jumping from the building.

The film fast-forwards in time by a few years. Kathir, who is an aspiring music director, and his friends, Vinod and DJ, are in a pub. Vinod and DJ are desperate about videos of women, while Kathir preaches them not to do so. On the way to his music shop, Kathir finds a girl writing her name "Meera" in the drenched window of a bus, and both of them smile at each other. A few days later, Kathir is fascinated by a tune heard from the piano in his shop. He finds that it was played by Meera. Meera orders for a red violin, which she wants to be delivered to her home. Kathir himself delivers it to her home, and both of them become friends. They both then decide to take their relationship to a further level, becoming lovers.

Meanwhile, Vinod is sacked from his job when illicit photos of him with his boss's wife go viral in Facebook. Due to the humiliation faced in the office, he hangs himself to death. Kathir blames DJ for encouraging Vinod and provoking his suicide, for which DJ reacts indifferently.

One day, Kathir gets a photograph of Meera in his cell phone, for which he gets shocked. He subsequently gets videos of Meera while she changes her dress in a shop's trial room. Kathir rushes to the shop where she is shopping and indulges in a fight with the employees there. Meera gets irritated by Kathir's behavior and demands an explanation for his acts. Kathir tells her about the video, and she gets upset. In spite of Kathir's efforts to console her, she attempts to commit suicide, but Kathir manages to save her. Kathir tries to lodge a complaint about the videos in a police station, but the desperation of the police officers to watch the video makes him back off.

Kathir manages to get the sender's address via a customer care of the service provider from a female staff member. He goes to catch the owner Mithula but finds that she died five years ago. Meanwhile, Meera gets discharged from the hospital and goes with Kathir to live in his house. DJ tries to find out about Mithula through a laundry person in the nearby area of Mithula's residence. Mithula died by committing suicide due to her father's constant disciplinary torture. DJ shares the information to Kathir and asks him to meet him the next day in the morning. Unfortunately, DJ is arrested the next morning by the Narcotics Bureau for indulging in drug trafficking. Kathir finds out that an anonymous video was shared to the Narcotics Bureau of drug supply activities in a pub. DJ happened to be in one of the videos caught by the sender and was arrested.

Kathir gets scared and wants to go away from the city as he suspects that someone is targeting him. He rushes to his home, but in the middle of the way, he gets a video of Meera bathing naked in her bathroom. Kathir gets a message from the sender, who blackmails him to remove his clothes, wear a raincoat, and stand in a busy moving bridge for 10 minutes. Kathir does the task, but the raincoat was dipped in red paint. As it starts raining, the raincoat becomes transparent, causing Kathir to stand naked at the bridge. The sender then asks how it feels to stand naked in front of public and it is the same feeling when a person's privacy is breached. Kathir is arrested for causing a public nuisance but is then released.

Kathir returns home at night, and Meera demands to know why he is not on time. After subsequent demands, Kathir yells at her, and she angrily leaves to her own home. However, she is confronted and kidnapped by an anonymous person. Kathir rushes to Meera's flat and finds her neighbor tying her up. He rescues her and hands over the kidnapper to the police. Kathir feels happy that the problem has come to an end and spends a night with Meera. The next day, Kathir once again gets a video of his intimate time with Meera. He checks the entire room for a camera but instead finds many photos of Meera with Mithula and a diary in the wardrobe and he reads it.

The film goes into a flashback. Meera and Mithula alias Mithu were thick friends during their college days some years ago. During a music competition in the college, Meera sees Kathir, who along with DJ and Vinod, studies in the same college as the two girls. Meera gets attracted to Kathir, who was a performer in the music competition. Meera is desperate to talk with Kathir, but he shows partial response. Mithu pokes fun at Meera's romance and imitates Meera on how she will react when Kathir proposes to her while she was on her way to the bathroom in bathing attire. Meera unintentionally takes a video of her imitation as a joke. Kathir, DJ, and Vinod find Meera's cell phone lying on the table and steal the video from the phone. Meera sees Kathir placing the phone back but thinks he wants her number. Unfortunately, the video goes viral to the entire college, and the next day, Mithula is sacked by her college. Her father misunderstands that she is having affairs with numerous men, not even sparing girls. He gets disgusted and disowns her without hearing her explanation. He also told her to “drop dead”. Meera feels guilty for shooting the video and consoles Mithu to ignore it, but Mithu commits suicide by jumping from the building terrace and dies, leaving Meera shattered, heartbroken and mournful.

Back to the present, Kathir is rushing to find Meera and finds her standing in the terrace, getting ready to jump. She calls him and tells him that he wants to feel the pain of losing a loved one. It is revealed that she shot the photos and videos of Vinod and DJ and is the reason for their death and arrest, respectively. She is also the one who sent the videos of her dress change in the trial room at the clothing store, the naked bathing video, and the one who made him go to the moving bridge with the raincoat. She did all these to avenge Mithu's death. Kathir begs her not to make a hasty decision and explains that he has nothing to do with that action, but Meera tells him that he reacted only when his loved ones faced a problem but remained quiet when a third person got affected. She tells him that staying dumb when a crime is happening is equivalent to committing the crime. Kathir failed to stop DJ and Vinod when they violated Mithu's privacy. Kathir realises his mistake and begs for an apology, while confessing his own love and feelings to Meera. Meera tells him that she loves him a lot, but both of them have become a reason for Mithu's death and she cannot live with the guilt. She apologies to Kathir for all she did to him and commits suicide, leaving Kathir heartbroken as he mourns her death.

==Cast==
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Kathir
* [[Gayathrie]] as Meera
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Mithula (Mithu)
* [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as DJ
* Ranjith as Vinod
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Meera's kidnapper
* Vanitha Hariharan
* Supergood Subramani
* [[Sonia Deepti]] (cameo appearance)

==Production==
[[Vijay Sethupathi]] announced that he signed the film in September 2013 in an interview to [[The Hindu]], under the direction of first time film maker [[Ranjit Jeyakodi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-20 |title=...Full of pizzazz! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5147580.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006021420/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/full-of-pizzazz/article5147580.ece |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=2019-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Since Sethupathi had prior commitments, the film was supposed to take off only a year later. However, as ''Sanguthevan'', a project of Sethupathi was getting delayed, the team chose to begin [[principal photography]] immediately, with the director telling that they had no time for [[pre-production]] but started filming since he had a cinematographer and a music director ready.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=We didn't have time for pre-production: Ranjith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/We-didnt-have-time-for-pre-production-Ranjith/articleshow/33339114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112055011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/We-didnt-have-time-for-pre-production-Ranjith/articleshow/33339114.cms |archive-date=12 January 2018 |access-date=2019-08-21 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Gayathrie]] was swiftly signed on to play a violin teacher in the film, and to practice for her character she began to learn the instrument part-time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=balachandran |first=logesh |date=2013-12-24 |title=Gayathrie on a signing spree |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131224/entertainment-kollywood/article/gayathrie-signing-spree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821125822/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131224/entertainment-kollywood/article/gayathrie-signing-spree |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> The film was launched on 17 December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-28 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Gayathrie pair up again for Mellisai — Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-sethupathi-and-gayathrie-pair-up-again-for-mellisai-tamil-news-101629 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821075333/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vijay-sethupathi-and-gayathrie-pair-up-again-for-mellisai-tamil-news-101629 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> After the first schedule which lasted for 26 days, 50 percent of the film had reportedly been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Mellisai is 50% complete and will feature a new composer Sam CS. |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathis-mellisai-is-50-complete-and-will-feature-a-new-composer-sam-cs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508015358/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/vijay-sethupathis-mellisai-is-50-complete-and-will-feature-a-new-composer-sam-cs.html |archive-date=8 May 2019 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Filming was held across Chennai including at Fortis Healthcare, Vadapalani by mid-February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shooting updates of Vijay Sethupathi aka Vijay Sethupathy's Mellisai |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shooting-updates-of-vijay-sethupathi-aka-vijay-sethupathys-mellisai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107054008/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/shooting-updates-of-vijay-sethupathi-aka-vijay-sethupathys-mellisai.html |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In June 2014, the director informed that "about 10 -12 days of shooting" was remaining.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-06 |title=Mosters make their debut in Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mosters-make-their-debut-in-kollywood/article6086401.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727100210/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mosters-make-their-debut-in-kollywood/article6086401.ece |archive-date=27 July 2021 |access-date=2019-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2014, Telugu actress [[Sonia Deepti]] also stated that she had a short role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2017 |title=Sonia going places — Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sonia-going-places/articleshow/44940114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113225641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sonia-going-places/articleshow/44940114.cms |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=2019-08-21 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Following a period of delay, the film was sold to JSK Film Corporation in October 2016 and renamed from ''Mellisai'' to ''Puriyatha Puthir''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Mellisai undergoes a title change |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/25/vijay-sethupathis-mellisai-undergoes-a-title-change-1531751.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904154513/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/25/vijay-sethupathis-mellisai-undergoes-a-title-change-1531751.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=2017-09-04 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Regarding the title change, Gayathrie said, "''Mellisai'', even though we said it was a mystery thriller, the title may not have given the same impact. But [''Puriyatha Puthir''] does it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyothsna |date=30 October 2016 |title="With the new trailer, you know what to expect" |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gayathrie-on-new-trailer-of-vijay-sethupathis-puriyatha-puthir.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731091013/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gayathrie-on-new-trailer-of-vijay-sethupathis-puriyatha-puthir.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=2020-02-01 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The team prepared to launch the film in January 2017 but had to withdraw after financiers contested against debts taken up by Deepan Boopathy for another film, ''[[Aakko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-19 |title=Producer Deepan Boopathy talks about Mellisai and Aakko... |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/producer-deepan-boopathy-talks-about-mellisai-and-aakko.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021051419/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/producer-deepan-boopathy-talks-about-mellisai-and-aakko.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mellisai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 August 2017
| recorded = 14 October 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 31:40
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title = [[Vikram Vedha]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[6 Athiyayam]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The film's music soundtrack was composed by [[Sam C. S.]], while the audio rights of the film was acquired by Think Music. The original album, titled ''Mellisai'', was released on 14 October 2015 and featured four songs. [[Shreya Ghoshal]] won the [[Vikatan Award]] of the Best Female [[Playback singer|Playback Singer]] for the song "Mazhaikulle".

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =

| title1 = Vellai Kanavu
| lyrics1 = Ranjit Jeyakodi
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length1 = 4:46
| title2 = Lola (I)
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = Maria Kavitha Thomas
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Lola (II)
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| extra3 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| length3 = 4:09
| title4 = Parakkiren Naan
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky
| extra4 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Maria Kavitha Thomas
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Mazhaikkulle
| lyrics5 = Sam C. S.
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 5:10
| title6 = Take Me Higher
| lyrics6 = Madhan Karky, Ranjit Jeyakodi
| extra6 = [[Suchith Suresan]], JK, Maria Kavitha Thomas
| length6 = 5:01
| title7 = Mellisai (Theme)
| lyrics7 = Vishnupriya Ravi
| extra7 = Chennai Orchestra
| length7 = 3:17
}}

==Release and reception==
''Puriyatha Puthir'' opened following several delays on 1 September 2017. A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "the film begins in a rather unimpressive manner and is out of place in today’s world", while a reviewer from Sify.com wrote "nothing really works in this contrived film mainly due to the unconvincing writing and a heroine who is unimpressive".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=2017-09-01 |title=Puriyadha Pudhir review: A cautionary tale on two fronts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puriyadha-pudhir-review-a-cautionary-tale-on-two-fronts/article19604492.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195413/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/puriyadha-pudhir-review-a-cautionary-tale-on-two-fronts/article19604492.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=2019-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Puriyatha Puthir review: A boring ride (2017) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/puriyatha-puthir-review-a-boring-ride-review-tamil-rjbsiHhbacibc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201108/http://www.sify.com/movies/puriyatha-puthir-review-a-boring-ride-review-tamil-rjbsiHhbacibc.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A reviewer from Behindwoods.com wrote the film "falls short of an engaging puzzle", adding "Ranjit Jeyakodi’s intention to present an intriguing thriller is nice, but the way of conceiving the idea and delivering it on screen could have been more confined and focussed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-02 |title=Puriyaatha Puthir (aka) Mellisai review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/puriyaatha-puthir/puriyaatha-puthir-review-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071256/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/puriyaatha-puthir/puriyaatha-puthir-review-1.html |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Likewise, the critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "given that ''[[Lens (film)|Lens]]'' (2017) told us the same thing fairly recently (even though this film was shot a while ago), this ‘message’ doesn't impact us as much as it should".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Puriyaatha Puthir review {3/5}: The 'message' doesn't impact us as much as it should |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/puriyaatha-puthir/movie-review/60325260.cms |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref> In contrast, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Vijay Sethupathi shines in this decent thriller" but adds "''Puriyatha Puthir'' could have been so much more and that is disappointing".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Puriyatha Puthir movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines in this decent thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puriyatha-puthir-star-rating-vijay-sethupathi-4822917/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213726/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/puriyatha-puthir-star-rating-vijay-sethupathi-4822917/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=2019-08-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3407614}}
* {{Facebook|mellisaithemovie|Mellisai}}
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:2017 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films about sexual harassment]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Shaitan (film)

2026-03-02T09:59:01Z

Isaac22019: Article updated with improved flow

{{distinguish|Shaitaan (1974 film)|Shaitaan (2024 film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shaitan
| image = Shaitanfilm.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| producer = [[Anurag Kashyap]] [[Sunil Bohra]] [[Guneet Monga]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Megha Ramaswamy]] [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] [[Rajkummar Rao]] [[Kalki Koechlin]] [[Pawan Malhotra]] [[Shiv Panditt]] [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Neil Bhoopalam]] [[Kirti Kulhari]] [[Rukhsaar Rehman]] [[Rajit Kapoor]] [[Sheetal Menon]]
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]] [[Amar Mohile]] [[Ranjit Barot]] [[Anupam Roy]] [[Bhayanak Maut]] [[Mikey McCleary]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Tipping Point Films [[Anurag Kashyap Films]] [[Getaway Films]] Bohra Bros
| distributor = [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|6|10|}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|110|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|397.6|m}}
}}

'''''Shaitan''''' ({{Translation|Devil}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]] in his feature film debut and produced by [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Sunil Bohra]], Guneet Monga and Nambiar himself under the banners [[Anurag Kashyap Films]] and [[Getaway Films]], which was co-produced and distributed by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]. The script was written by Nambiar and [[Megha Ramaswamy]]. The film stars [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Neil Bhoopalam]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], [[Rajit Kapoor]], [[Pawan Malhotra]] and [[Rajkummar Rao]]. Based on the 2007 [[murder of Adnan Patrawala]] incident, the film revolves around five friends who want to live an adventurous life who get embroiled in a crime.

Bejoy Nambiar initially planned the script of this incident for [[Ashok Amritraj]] who wanted to produce the film under [[Hyde Park Entertainment]]. The film was supposed to be shot in [[English language]], with [[Los Angeles]] as the principal location for this story. However, due to the disapproval of the production company, Nambiar decided to change the scripting and setting with the film taking place in [[Mumbai]]. The delayed progress attributed due to the company's exit and Anurag Kashyap joined the project in mid-2010, who heard about the similarities of this story with his unreleased directorial debut ''[[Paanch]]'', based on the 1976-1977 [[Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders]]. The film was shot entirely in Mumbai within 12 days.

''Shaitan'' was released on 10 June 2011 across 575 screens in Mumbai. The film opened to
positive responses from critics and audiences, praising the direction, setting, storyline, and screenplay, with praise directed at the performances and the technical aspects of the film. Additionally, it was a commercial success, grossing ₹390 million against a budget of ₹110 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14192/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719212120/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14192/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2010 |title=Shaitan : Complete Cast and Crew details |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> Additionally, the film received nominations at several award ceremonies, in which ''Shaitan'' won five [[Screen Awards]] and a [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]. It is considered a "[[Cult film|cult classic]]" and described by film critics as "one among the films that defined the new wave of [[Bollywood]]".<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web|title=Bejoy Namibiar's 'Shaitan' turns 10|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/what-makes-bejoy-namibiars-shaitan-a-cult-movie/cid/1818286|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Shaitan'' starts off with Amy ([[Kalki Koechlin]]), who is mentally disturbed and deeply affected by the attempted suicide and eventual institutionalisation of her mother, Saira. She moves from Los Angeles to [[Mumbai]], where she meets KC ([[Gulshan Devaiah]]) at a party her parents forcefully take her to. KC introduces her to his gang: Dash ([[Shiv Panditt]]), Zubin ([[Neil Bhoopalam]]), and Tanya ([[Kirti Kulhari]]). They lead a directionless life, having fun, drinking, using drugs, and driving around in a Hummer. On one such occasion, they start racing a random car and win. In the celebration rush, they run over two people riding on a scooter, killing them instantly.

They quickly leave the spot but are easily tracked down by a slimy cop, Inspector Malwankar ([[Rajkummar Rao]]), who demands ₹25 lakh to drop the case. Dash tells them about a friend ([[Rajat Barmecha]]) who faked his own brother's kidnapping and extracted ₹20 lakhs from his own parents. After Amy volunteers to be the kidnapping victim, they hatch a plan. Upon receiving the ransom call, Amy's father, contrary to their expectations, immediately approaches the Police Commissioner ([[Pavan Malhotra]]) for help. The Police Commissioner assigns an upright cop, Arvind Mathur ([[Rajeev Khandelwal]]), to solve the case unofficially, as he is on suspension after throwing a corporator from the first floor of his own house for allegedly beating up a woman. Inspector Mathur is shown to be having a disturbed married life and nearly divorces his wife.

The group of youngsters then hides in a shady hotel, acting upon the plan hatched by Dash. When Tanya is nearly raped by a man, they react violently and kill him. They escape from the lodge and hide out in a cinema hall, where Amy finds a packet of cocaine in Dash's satchel. Tanya is deeply disturbed by their recent actions and convinces Zubin to take her home. While Zubin leaves to find a taxi, Tanya gets into an altercation with Amy. Amy, while under the influence of cocaine, is convinced that the phone call that Tanya was making to her sister was actually to the police. In the physical confrontation that follows, KC smashes Tanya's head into a wall and leaves her bleeding and unconscious. Zubin, upon returning, finds the gruesome scene, and thinking Tanya is dead, flees. He is later arrested by the police while attempting to leave the city. Dash takes Amy and KC to a church in the outskirts of Mumbai and instructs them to hide there while he tries to figure things out with Malwankar.

The arrested Zubin, in the meantime, reveals the entire scenario to the police. They track down Malwankar, who was attempting to escape with his wife. In the ensuing chase, Malwankar is nearly killed in a truck collision. While buying food, the exasperated KC sees his handicapped sister being traumatised by the media. He then calls his father and asks him for help. Using this call, the police trace the trio to the church. Upon returning to the church, KC tells the other two everything and tries to convince Amy to leave the church with him. Dash, however, confronts him, and the two get into a bloody confrontation. It ends with Dash beating KC to death. Dash then tries to get Amy to leave the church with him. However, a cocaine-fuelled Amy has a traumatic flashback involving her mother trying to drown her as a child. In this frenzy, she stabs Dash, who is trying to restrain her. She is then found by Inspector Mathur.

The police, despite knowing the truth, get the three surviving friends to sign a statement saying that Dash had kidnapped all four. This is done to save the reputation of the much-maligned police force. Mathur then meets his wife, indicating a possible reconciliation. The film ends with Amy being resigned to the convent, which she always feared, albeit with her mother's name (Saira).

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Inspector Arvind Mathur
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Amrita Jayshankar, a.k.a. Amy
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Inspector Malvankar (Pintya) (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Shiv Panditt]] as Dushyant Sahu, a.k.a. Dash
* [[Neil Bhoopalam]] as Zubin Shroff
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Karan Chaudhary, a.k.a. K.C.
* [[Kirti Kulhari]] as Tanya Sharma
* [[Rajit Kapoor]] as Anand Jayshankar
*[[Shivani Tanksale]] as Amy's Mother<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaitan movie review|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/shaitan-movie-review-135404-2011-06-09|website=India Today|date=10 June 2011 |access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Pawan Malhotra]] as Commissioner of Police
*[[Nikhil Chinapa]] as Inspector Sandeep Srivastava
* [[Rukhsaar Rehman]] as Rubina
* [[Sheetal Menon]] as Nandini (Arvind's wife)
* [[Rajat Barmecha]] as Shomu (Cameo)
* Imran Rasheed as Rehmat
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
[[Bejoy Nambiar]], made a [[short film]] titled ''[[Reflections (2005 film)|Reflections]]'' (2005) and a [[Television film|direct-to-television]] film ''Rahu'' (2008), before assisting [[Mani Ratnam]], and served as an executive in Ratnam's production house [[Madras Talkies]]. When he won a prize for ''[[Gateway to Hollywood]]'' in 2009, [[Ashok Amritraj]] asked Nambiar to make a feature film for his [[Los Angeles]]-based production house [[Hyde Park Entertainment]]. For his feature film debut, he went to research about the [[murder of Adnan Patrawala]], a 16-year-old teenage son of a businessperson from [[Mumbai]], was kidnapped by his friends for ₹20 million (US$280,000) ransom and was murdered in August 2007, when the news broke out on television and print media.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-30|title=All accused acquitted, who killed Adnan Patrawala?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/all-accused-acquitted-who-killed-adnan-patrawala/story-YXfKHWgfCu3HB3WtJbMSeK.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Nambiar initially planned to make the film in English which was titled ''Spiral'' and the film being set in [[Los Angeles]]. But as the plan did not work out, Nambiar decided to produce the film in [[Hindi]] and change the setting of the storyline to [[Mumbai]], for which Amritraj disagreed and he decided to produce the film under his own banner [[Getaway Films]]. He co-wrote this script with [[Megha Ramaswamy]], who simultaneously scripted the screenplay and story for [[Shekhar Kapur]]'s ''[[Paani]]'' (which was later shelved).<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Shilpa Rathnam Priyanka Sood Prachi Rege Amarnath K. Menon |date=June 11, 2011 |title=I don't think I'm talented enough for Bollywood: Megha Ramaswamy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110620-megha-ramaswamy-is-behind-shaitan-screenplay-746435-2011-06-11|access-date=2021-08-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

As he could not fulfill the enormous budget for production, [[Anurag Kashyap]] agreed to co-produce and present the film in a smaller budget. [[Sunil Bohra]] and [[Guneet Monga]] who worked as executives in Kashyap's production banner [[Anurag Kashyap Films]], served as the co-producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anurag Kashyap nurtures talent|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-just-like-to-nurture-people-Anurag-Kashyap/articleshow/8054825.cms|access-date=6 September 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Nambiar said that, "when Kashyap read the storyline, he found a striking resemblance to his unreleased directorial debut film ''[[Paanch]]'', which was made in 2002, but never released due to censorship troubles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Is 'Shaitan' a revamped version of Kashyap's 'Paanch'? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/is-shaitan-a-revamped-version-of-kashyaps-paanch/articleshow/8662149.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ''Paanch'', which is based on [[Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders]] from 1976 and 1977,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-08-29|title='The myth of Paanch is bigger than the film' - Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-myth-of-paanch-is-bigger-than-the-film-/847510/|archive-date=2011-09-18|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> had a similar storyline, where five youngsters who wanted to have an adventurous life, and their greed for money, leads them embroiled in crime. Later, Kashyap directed ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (which had a delayed release) and ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'', but he attempted to release ''Paanch'' multiple times, as things never came into fruition, he dropped the idea" <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=The true spirit in Shaitaan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-true-spirit-in-shaitaan/articleshow/8660406.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Kashyap believed that ''Paanch'' was made ahead of time and wanted people to see his best work, which is the reason why Shaitan has been made.<ref name=":1"/>

=== Casting ===
Bejoy Nambiar approached [[Kalki Koechlin]] to play the lead role. Koechlin, who gained her breakthrough with ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009), where her performance in the film received critical acclaim, decided to act in this film as she wanted to experiment in "dark" and "intense roles".<ref>{{Cite news|title=I get dark roles: Kalki - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-get-dark-roles-kalki/articleshow/5169015.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Dasgupta |first1=Priyanka }}</ref> She plays the role of a 17-year old angst-ridden teenager who had a troubled life.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalki reveals her plan! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kalki-reveals-her-plan/articleshow/4901681.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Muthanna |first1=Anjali }}</ref> Nambiar cast actors who were part of films based on real-life incidents, including [[Neil Bhoopalam]], who earlier played a character based on [[Shayan Munshi]] in ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'' (2011); he said that "The idea was to bring in actors and a crew that understood the realistic space in cinema".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dev D's Kalki Koechlin to feature in Bejoy Nambiar's debut|url=https://m.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/dev-d-s-kalki-koechlin-to-feature-in-bejoy-nambiar-s-debut-57899|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Shiv Panditt]], [[Kirti Kulhari]] and [[Gulshan Devaiah]] portrayed the role of Koechlin's friends in the film. Eventually, the entire lead cast members were in their mid-20s as Nambiar wanted to cover more younger audiences, especially in suburbans and multiplexes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=B-Town thinks young - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/b-town-thinks-young/articleshow/8169101.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=India's most shaitan gang - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/indias-most-shaitan-gang/articleshow/8554294.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Trivedi |first1=Bina }}</ref> Kashyap had referenced the casting and similarities to ''Paanch'', where the actors had referenced the lead characters of that film — [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Aditya Srivastava]], Joy Fernandes and [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]]. Koechlin's character is based on that of Kolhapure's role in ''Paanch''.<ref name=":1" />

Gulshan Devaiah made his feature film debut with this film by playing Karan Chaudhary (KC). In an interview with ''Cinestaan'', Nambiar said that "his character is mostly modelled on a 1980s rock-and-roll guy, not the way he dress but how his attitude". Initially, Gulshan was auditioned for Rajeev's character Arvind Mathur, a [[Police Inspector]] and made a test shoot featuring him as a cop. But as he was too young to play the cop, the role was later given to Rajeev and Gulshan was offered the role of KC, though Nambiar initially wanted [[Arjun Mathur]] and [[Namit Das]] to play that role.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> [[Rajkummar Rao]], played the role of Malvankar, a corrupt-police officer, who had a screen presence of 15 minutes. Nambiar convinced Rajkummar to take the role as he did not want to appear in a role that is of a short duration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Iyengar|first=Shriram|title=10 years of Shaitan: How Bejoy Nambiar's stylistic crime drama was shaped from uncertainty|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/10/29963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610200338/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/jun/10/29963|url-status=live|archive-date=10 June 2021|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal shooting began during April 2010 and Nambiar planned to shoot the film within 10–12 days. After being delayed multiple times due to financial constraints, the film went on floors in October. A slow motion action sequence was the first to be canned in the shoot.<ref name=":2" /> The team canned a kissing sequence featuring Koechlin and Kulhari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pics: Kalki-Kirti's famous kissing scene in 'Shaitan'|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/pics-kalki-kirtis-famous-kissing-scene-in-shaitan-793210.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-14|title=Kissing scene with Kalki Koechlin was shocker: Co-actress|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/161239/kissing-scene-kalki-koechlin-shocker.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> While Nambiar narrated the scene to Kulhari, she believed that it was a prank, but as the scene was about be really canned, which left her shocked.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Vivek Kar Priyanka Srivastava |date=May 26, 2011 |title=Anurag Kashyap has smooches galore in 'Shaitan'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/anurag-kashyap-kalki-koelchin-shaitan-shiv-pandit-neil-kriti-kulheri-134368-2011-05-25|access-date=2021-08-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> However, the kissing scene was completed within a single shot.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalki locks lips with a girl! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kalki-locks-lips-with-a-girl/articleshow/8117054.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Kamra |first1=Diksha }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='It was fun shooting for Shaitan'|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-interview-with-kirti-kulhari/20110608.htm|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> 90% of the scenes were filmed in real locations across [[Mumbai]]. An interrogation scene between Rajeev Khandelwal and Pawan Malhotra was shot at a bungalow in [[Bandra]]'s [[Pali Hill]] in Mumbai. Nambiar said that "it was Malhotra first day and also his first scene. But he got it right in the first take itself, understandably so as he is a veteran actor. Since Rajeev was well prepared for the scene too, it was wrapped up in one go."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-26|title=Shaitan gets real - Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/news/shaitan-gets-real/795703/|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shaitan-gets-real/795703/|archive-date=2015-09-02|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Another sequence featuring Rajiv and Bhoopalam was shot in [[Andheri]].<ref name=":3" />

One of the scenes had the lead actors wearing a burkha and walking towards Muhammad Ali Road. The shoot was interrupted due to residents from the locality, who offended men donning a burkha-attire religiously worn by Muslim women. Though Nambiar stepped down and explained about the film's shoot, the team had to cancel the filming mid-way following resident's protests. However, the shooting was completed within three hectic schedules and with the help of hidden cameras being placed across the locations.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Trouble for the cast of Shaitan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/trouble-for-the-cast-of-shaitan/articleshow/8711539.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A scene featuring the lead cast were filmed during the occasion of [[Diwali]], and soon after the team joined the celebrations at the [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]]. Bejoy Nambiar thought the scene was "real and vibrant" and decided to continue filming.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2011-04-30|title=The team of Shaitan had 'blast' while shooting Diwali scene : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/the-team-of-shaitan-had-blast-while-shooting-diwali-scene/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref> Once shooting completed in mid-November, the team began post-production, with visual effects were supervised by Mumbai-based Pixion Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2011-12-31|title=Highlights of VFX and post-production for Bollywood films in 2011 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/highlights-of-vfx-and-post-production-for-bollywood-films-in-2011/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref> In June 2011, a promotional music video for Shaitan has been shot.<ref>{{Citation|title=Shaitan Music Video Shoot|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4rQMsZ_OmA|language=en|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{main|Shaitan (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack to Shaitan features 14 tracks all of them were composed by [[Prashant Pillai]], [[Amar Mohile]], [[Ranjit Barot]], [[Anupam Roy]] and [[Bhayanak Maut]]. K. S. Krishnan, Sanjeev Sharma, Colin Terence, Abhishek, and Shradha wrote lyrics for the tracks. Initially Prashant Pillai was credited as the sole musician for the album and had composed seven tracks, but during the phase of pre-production Nambiar believed that working with multiple composers may benefit the film and four composers eventually joined this project. [[Mikey McCleary]] remixed the track "Hawa Hawai" from [[Mr. India (1987 film)|''Mr. India'']] (1987) composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and "Khoya Khoya Chand" from ''[[Kala Bazar]]'' (1960), scored by [[S. D. Burman]]. Though the latter was not featured in the film, it was released as a promotional track, post-release and also attached to the album ''The Bartender'' produced by [[Sony Music India]]. The soundtrack album was launched on 20 May 2011 at the [[Hard Rock Cafe]] in [[Mumbai]], with the attendance of prominent musicians performing at the event along with the cast and celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-20|title=Shaitan music launch with folk and metal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/shaitan-music-launch-with-folk-and-metal/story-2QaB1c5vlAZGHrvtGlgm6J.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] purchased the music rights for the film and distributed the album into the market.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shaitan's music launch in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/shaitans-music-launch-in-mumbai/articleshow/8464852.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
During the post-production process,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-22|title=First Look of Shaitan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/first-look-of-shaitan/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] acquired the worldwide distribution rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-03-04|title=Viacom 18 announces its releases for 2011-12|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/viacom-18-announces-its-releases-for-201112/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bhushan|first1=Nyay|date=2011-02-14|title=India's Viacom18 Announces 2011 Movie Slate|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/indias-viacom18-announces-2011-movie-99501/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> The first look and trailer launch event was held on 22 April 2011 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=''Shaitan'' Official Trailer ( First Look) {{!}} Anurag Kashyap Film - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shaitan-official-trailer-first-look-anurag-kashyap-film/videoshow/61283149.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chumbhale|first=Ameya|title=Slick movie trailers cut a fine figure in bollywood|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/slick-movie-trailers-cut-a-fine-figure-in-bollywood/articleshow/12643873.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> The film's lead cast members involved in unique promotional activities through social networking sites, in order to attract youngsters and ensure the hype before its release.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-20|title=Marketing of indie films time-consuming: Guneet Monga|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/marketing-of-indie-films-time-consuming-guneet-monga-646057.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The promotional activities were handled by Candid Marketing, whose executive handled promotional campaigns at six BPOs in Mumbai and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candid Marketing executes BTL activities for Shaitan|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/candid-marketing-executes-btl-activities-for-shaitan/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=17 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-19|title=Marketing Bollywood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/marketing-bollywood/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A special screening was held on 6 June 2011 at Mumbai for the film's cast and crew were present during the event.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Special screening of Shaitan in Mumbai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/special-screening-of-shaitan-in-mumbai/articleshow/8774537.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2011-06-06|title=Special screening of 'Shaitan' {{!}} Parties & Events - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/special-screening-of-shaitan/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref> On 9 June 2011, Nambiar hosted another screening for his mentor [[Mani Ratnam]] in [[Chennai]], who appreciated the film and his work.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mani Ratnam's thumbs up to Shaitan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mani-ratnams-thumbs-up-to-shaitan/articleshow/8789275.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Dhabolkar |first1=Reshma Kelkar }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|date=2011-06-09|title=Over to the dark side|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/over-to-the-dark-side/article2090673.ece|access-date=2021-08-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shaitan released worldwide on 10 June 2011 in over 575 screens across India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guha|first=Aniruddha|date=2011-04-26|title=Shor, Stanley, Happi and Shaitan: A summer fest? {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-shor-stanley-happi-and-shaitan-a-summer-fest-1581578|access-date=2021-08-27|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|110|m}}, the film grossed more than {{INRConvert|397.6|m}} and was commercially successful at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaitan - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=68|access-date=2021-08-27|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film was made available in DVD from 25 September 2011,<ref>{{Citation|last=Nambiar|first=Bejoy|title=Shaitan Bollywood DVD With English Subtitles|url=https://www.amazon.com/Shaitan-Bollywood-DVD-English-Subtitles/dp/B005DGB0OQ|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> and is also available on the streaming service [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaitan|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80165855|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Netflix|language=en}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
The film received a positive response from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film four out of five stars and said, "Shaitan is bound to raise eyebrows thanks to its contemporary, thrilling, hard-hitting and forceful content" and described it as "one of the most ingenious and entertaining thrillers".,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Shaitan Review 4/5 {{!}} Shaitan Movie Review {{!}} Shaitan 2011 Public Review {{!}} Film Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 June 2011 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaitan-2/critic-review/shaitan-2-movie-review/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref> gave three-and-a-half out of five stars saying it as "disturbing yet delectable film". Pankaj Sabnani from ''Glamsham'' gave the film four stars and stated it as a "spellbinding thriller with 'awesomeness' written all over it".<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaitan movie review|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/09-shaitan-movie-review-061101.asp |access-date= 10 June 2011}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "it turns the camera three-sixty degrees and brings you the grime of a subterranean sub-culture that throbs amidst a certain section of metropolitan maverick twenty-somethings."<ref>{{cite news|date=10 June 2011|title='Shaitan' review: Gritty crime drama|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Shaitaan/movie-review/8789277.cms|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave three out of five stars and wrote "There are some terrific sequences, but as time flies the film slowly loses its steam, becomes repetitive and ends in a whimper".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review:Shaitan|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=628|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s Kaveerie Bamzai stated the film as "brilliantly written" praising the performances of the young cast members.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Kaveree Bamzai |date=July 22, 2011 |title=Shaitan movie review|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/shaitan-movie-review-135404-2011-06-10|access-date=2021-08-27|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

Mayank Shekhar from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave three out of five stars saying "the film derives itself almost wholly from a pop, counter-cultural new wave of late '90s that roughly defined independent films back then, mostly in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. The outcome may be partly pretentious; but it's largely satisfying still."<ref>{{cite web|title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Shaitan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Shaitan/Article1-708006.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613095141/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Shaitan/Article1-708006.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2011|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> Ankit Ojha of [[PlanetBollywood.com]] praised the film and its thematic element to a large extent, saying "Nambiar has managed to impress each and everyone of the discerning film viewer and movie buff", he called the film as "a must watch" because to "absorb the tonality of the film's context and subtext".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ankit Ojha's movie review of Shaitan on Planet Bollywood |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=f061011043149|author= Ankit Ojha |publisher=PlanetBollywood.com |access-date=11 June 2011}}</ref> Sanjukta Sharma of Mint stated that "The film could have been a superb piece of cinema with more control, a more interwoven script and an unflinching engagement with evil. Ultimately, it seems like a lukewarm follow-up to Kashyap's unreleased film ''[[Paanch]]'' and 2009 film ''[[Dev.D]]''. Even so, Nambiar's imagination and pluck for visual orchestration is commendable which makes it a worthy-watch."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Sanjukta|date=2011-06-10|title=Film Review Shaitan {{!}} Hip, half-hearted evil|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/yCauXNzGZISKeBauPv7tUK/Film-Review-Shaitan--Hip-halfhearted-evil.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Blessy Chettiar said "Watch ''Shaitan'' for its original story, brilliant talent showcase by the cast, sound and editing teams. It might be the one of the most technically sound film you will have seen in a long time" giving three-and-a-half out of five".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chettiar|first=Blessy|date=2011-06-10|title=The 'Shaitan' is in the detail|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-the-shaitan-is-in-the-detail-1553178|access-date=2021-08-27|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "‘Shaitan’ looks at the sub-zero level of moral values among a section of the urban young with a whimsical zest for a new kind of cinematic voice that is far removed from films about cops and desperados that we've come to know over the years."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaitan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/jun/12/shaitan-262002.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] of ''Koimoi.com'' said that "Shaitan is a well-made film with a rich background score, stylised cinematography and efficient performances as its high points".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-10|title=Shaitan Review|url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/shaitan-review/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref> Contrary to the positive reviews, [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave two out of five stars and wrote "The film showcases some great performances but still feels longer than {{sic|i|t's}} actual running time".<ref>{{cite web|title=Review by rediff|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-shaitan/20110610.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! rowspan="13" scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |14 January 2012
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| Shaitan
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="13" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-01-06|title=Nominations for 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-18th-annual-colors-screen-awards-2012/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-01-16|title=Winners of 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-18th-annual-colors-screen-awards-2012/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Bejoy Nambiar
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kalki Koechlin]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]] (Female)
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
| [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Shiv Panditt]], Kalki Koechlin, [[Gulshan Devaiya]], [[Neil Bhoopalam]], [[Kirti Kulhari]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Most Promising Debut Director
| [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| [[Ranjit Barot]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback]]
| [[Suman Sridhar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| [[R. Madhi]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| Kunal Sharma
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| Bejoy Nambiar, Megha Ramaswamy
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Action
| Javed-Ejaaz
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[2012 Zee Cine Awards|21 January 2012]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| Ranjit Barot
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/winners-of-zee-cine-awards-2012-364655-2012-01-24|access-date=2021-08-27|website=India Today|date=24 January 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards|27 January 2012]]
|Best Screenplay
| Bejoy Nambiar, Megha Ramaswamy
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-01-25|title=Nominations for 7th Chevrolet Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-7th-chevrolet-apsara-film-and-television-producers-guild-awards/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-01-27|title=Winners of 7th Chevrolet Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-7th-chevrolet-apsara-film-and-television-producers-guild-awards/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Gulshan Devaiya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[57th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2012]]
|Best Background Score
| Ranjit Barot
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-01-11|title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-57th-idea-filmfare-awards-2011/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=57th Filmfare Awards: Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/57th-filmfare-awards-winners-12228|access-date=2021-08-27|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| [[Shiv Panditt]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Gulshan Devaiya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
| Bejoy Nambiar
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| R. Madhi
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |26 February 2012
| [[Stardust Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| Bejoy Nambiar
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2012-02-06|title=Nominations of Stardust Awards 2012 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2012/|access-date=2021-08-27|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| Kalki Koechlin
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| Gulshan Devaiya
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1836912|Shaitan}}

{{Bejoy Nambiar}}
{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:2011 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bejoy Nambiar]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mikey McCleary]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films about substance abuse]]

1954–55 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-22T20:09:44Z

Isaac22019:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1954–55 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate =
| todate =
| champions = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
| count = 1
| participants = 20
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] (Madras) (636)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1954/55 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1954-55/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = M. K. Murugesh (Madras) (23)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1954/55 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1954-55/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1953–54
| previous_tournament = 1953–54 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1955–56
| next_tournament = 1955–56 Ranji Trophy
}}
[[File:The First Tamilnadu Ranji Trophy Triumph Team of 1954-1955.jpg|thumb|300px|The First Tamil Nadu Ranji Trophy Triumph Team of 1954–1955.]]
The '''1954–55 Ranji Trophy''' was the 21st season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] won the title defeating [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] in the final.

==Zonal Matches==
=== North Zone ===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|3 Dec 1954 – Delhi|'''[[Services cricket team|Services]]'''|'''288 & 121/2'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|163 & 242

|17 Dec 1954 – Jullundur|[[Eastern Punjab cricket team|Eastern Punjab]]|148 & 282/7|'''[[Services cricket team|Services]]'''|'''405'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===East Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|18 Dec 1954 – Cuttack|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|58 & 126|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''329/4d'''
|11 Dec 1954 – Jorhat|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]|53 & 89|'''[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]'''|'''81 & 107'''

|16 Jan 1955 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''309 & 421/9d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|119 & 169/8
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===Central Zone===
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|18 Dec 1954 – Banaras|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|211 & 70/1|'''[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]'''|'''251 & 123/5d'''

|15 Jan 1955 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''441'''|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|161 & 100

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

=== West Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|18 Dec 1954 – Ahmedabad|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|354|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''413/4'''
|||||
|||||
|||||

|22 Jan 1955 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''284/3'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|258
|31 Jan 1955 – Rajkot|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|160 & 245/5d|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''382 & 37/0'''

|19 Feb 1955 – Baroda|'''[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]'''|'''373'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|260

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

=== South Zone ===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 80px

|2 Jan 1955 – Hyderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''480/6d'''|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]|128 & 245
|||||
|||||
|||||

|21 Jan 1955 – Hyderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''288 & 144/3d'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|152 & 184/2
|18 Dec 1954 – Ernakulam|[[Travancore-Cochin cricket team|Travancore-Cochin]]|247 & 141/6|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''414/9d'''

|4 Feb 1955 – Hyderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|274 & 131/5|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''331 & 172/6d'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 125px
| score-width = 90px

|||||
|||||
|||||
|11 Feb 1955 – Delhi|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|312|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''364'''

|5 Mar 1955 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''492'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|412
|7 Mar 1955 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''347 & 139'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|174 & 155

|2 Apr 1955 – Indore|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|417 & 326|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''478 & 311'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=no
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 April 1955
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]
| team2 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 478 (143.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[C. D. Gopinath]] 133
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Hiralal Gaekwad]] 4/137
| score-team2-inns1 = 417 (171.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Narayan Nivsarkar]] 85
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[M. K. Murugesh]] 3/97
| score-team1-inns2 = 311 (105.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[A. G. Kripal Singh]] 91
| wickets-team1-inns2 = V. P. Dixit 3/50
| score-team2-inns2 = 326 (80.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 56
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[M. K. Murugesh]] 5/114
| result = Madras won by 46 runs
| venue = [[Yeshwant Club|Yeshwant Club Ground]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[Dinkar Desai]] and [[Balkrishna Mohoni]]
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/21/21456.html Scorecard]
| toss = Holkar won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1954-55.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1954-55 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1954 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1955 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1954–55]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Manas Kumar Santra

2026-02-08T12:06:18Z

Isaac22019: general enhance details as per guidelines additionally and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Manas Kumar Santra
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Cell biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Centre for Cell Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Vidyasagar University]]|[[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]]|[[University of Massachusetts Medical School]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[F-box protein]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2017/18 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}
'''Manas Kumar Santra''' is an Indian [[cell biologist]], biological chemist and a scientist at the [[National Centre for Cell Science]] (NCCS).<ref name="Manas Kumar Santra, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database">{{cite web |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=453 |title=Manas Kumar Santra, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database |date=2018-12-27 |website=www.incredb.org |access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> He is known for his studies on [[F-box protein]]s which is the research focus of his laboratory at NCCS<ref name="Dr. Manas Kumar Santra's lab">{{cite web |url=http://ligasefamily.weebly.com/ |title=Dr. Manas Kumar Santra's lab |date=2018-12-27 |website=Weebly |access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref> where he hosts a number of researchers.<ref name="About">{{cite web |url=http://ligasefamily.weebly.com/about.html |title=About |date=2018-12-27 |website=Weebly |access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>

Santra graduated in chemistry from [[Vidyasagar University]] in 1996 and earned a master's degree from the same institution in 1998.<ref name="About" /> He moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] from where he secured an MTech and a PhD in 2001 and 2006 respectively before doing his post-doctoral work at the [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] during 2006–10. On his return to India, he joined the [[National Centre for Cell Science]], Pune in 2010 and holds the position of a Scientist D.<ref name="Manas Kumar Santra, Ph.D. profile in India Cancer Research Database" /> He has published a number of articles,<ref name="Manas Santra - Google Scholar Citations">{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=OvoSTZ4AAAAJ&hl=en |title=Manas Santra - Google Scholar Citations |date=2018-12-27 |website=scholar.google.co.in |access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 57 of them.<ref name="Manas Santra on ResearchGate">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manas_Santra |title=Manas Santra on ResearchGate |date=2018-12-25 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2017–18.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chanukuppa V, Taware R, Chatterjee T, Sharma S, More TH, Taunk K, Kumar S, Santra MK, Rapole S | title = Current understanding of the potential of proteomics and metabolomics approaches in cancer chemoresistance: A focus on Multiple Myeloma | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 19 | date = November 2018 | issue = 30 | pages = 2584–2598 | pmid = 30499398 | doi = 10.2174/1568026619666181130111202 | s2cid = 54165255 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ghosh C, Gupta N, More P, Sengupta P, Mallick A, Santra MK, Basu S |date= October 2016 |title=Engineering and In Vitro Evaluation of Acid Labile Cholesterol Tethered MG132 Nanoparticle for Targeting Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Cancer |journal=ChemistrySelect |volume=1 |issue=16 |pages=5099–5106 |doi=10.1002/slct.201601117 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mistri S, Paul A, Bhunia A, Manne RK, Santra MK, Puschmann H, Manna SC |date=2016-01-28 |title=A combined experimental and theoretical investigation on the Cu(II) sensing behavior of a piperazinyl moiety based ligand, and catecholase and biological activities of its Cu(II) complex in combination with pyridine 2,5-dicarboxylate |journal=Polyhedron |volume=104 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.1016/j.poly.2015.11.030 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bhunia A, Manna S, Mistri S, Paul A, Manne RK, Santra MK, Bertolasi V, Manna SC |date=2015-08-06 |title=Synthesis, characterization, TDDFT calculation and biological activity of tetradentate ligand based square pyramidal Cu(II) complexes |journal=RSC Advances |volume=5 |issue=83 |pages=67727–67737 |doi=10.1039/C5RA12324K |bibcode=2015RSCAd...567727B }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Malonia SK, Dutta P, Santra MK, Green MR | title = F-box protein FBXO31 directs degradation of MDM2 to facilitate p53-mediated growth arrest following genotoxic stress | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 112 | issue = 28 | pages = 8632–7 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26124108 | pmc = 4507212 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1510929112 | bibcode = 2015PNAS..112.8632M | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Ligand]]
* [[Proteomics]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India||Biology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/2135061492_Manas_Kumar_Santra |title=Manas Kumar Santra's research works - Cell Sciences, MA and other places |date=2018-12-27 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |access-date=2018-12-27}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santra, Manas Kumar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar University alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:UMass Chan Medical School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]

Mahesh Shetty

2026-02-08T12:04:12Z

Isaac22019: started new details...

{{short description|Indian film and television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahesh Shetty
| image =
| caption = Shetty with [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] in Mumbai, 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|05|21}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2008–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Aneesha Kapoor |2011}}
| children = 1
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Mahesh Shetty''' (born 21 May 1984) is an Indian actor who works in television serials and films. He made his television debut with ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' (2008) as Balraj Sahni. He is known for portraying Siddhant Kapoor in the [[Sony Entertainment Television]] show ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' (2011) which was created and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]].

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
Shetty married to actress Aneesha Kapoor since 2011. The couple also have a daughter. He is a close friend to his ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' TV serial co-stars [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] and [[Ankita Lokhande]].

==Filmography==
===Television===
* ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' (2008{{endash}}2010) as Nihaal Balraj Maan | [[Star Plus]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131228020254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-21/tv/34627432_1_dream-role-mahesh-shetty-negative-roles Mahesh Shetty likes keeping it versatile]</ref>
* ''[[Ghar Ek Sapnaa]]'' (2009{{endash}}2010) as Shlok Verma | [[Sahara One]]
* ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]'' (2009{{endash}}2010) as Deva Daas / Milind | [[Sony TV]]
* ''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]'' (2009{{endash}}2011) as Deep | [[Sahara One]]
* ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay]]'' (2012{{endash}}2013) as Abhay Diwan | [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]]<ref>[http://www.metromasti.com/tv/gossip/Parichay-Mahesh-Shetty-may-play-as-new-man-in-Siddhis-life/19914 Parichay: Mahesh Shetty may play as new man in Siddhi’s life]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131228020534/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/tv/33064953_1_keerti-nagpure-siddhi-new-man Mahesh Shetty the new man in Siddhi’s life in Parichay?]</ref>
* ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' (2010) as Jaywant Rane | [[Zee TV]]
* ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' (2011{{endash}}2014) as Siddhant Jayesh Karekar / Siddhant Amarnath Kapoor | [[Sony TV]]
* ''[[Kalash (2015 TV series)|Kalash]]'' (2015{{endash}}2017) as Saket Kapoor | [[Life OK]]
* ''[[SuperCops Vs Super Villains]]'' (2015) as Akash (Electro Man)| [[Life Ok]]
* ''[[Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do]]'' (2015{{endash}}2016) as [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] Agent Jai Shergill | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
* ''[[BOSS: Baap of Special Services]]'' (2019) as Chief | [[ALT Balaji]]
* ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]'' (2021) as CBI Inspector, Ranganathan | [[Amazon Prime]]
* ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]''(2021) as Omi Chawla | [[Netflix]]

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015
!scope=row|''[[Balkadu]]''
| Jehangir Singh
| Marathi film
|-
| 2016
!scope=row| ''[[Banjo (2016 film)|Banjo]]''
| Pakkaya
|
|-
|2021
!scope=row| ''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
| Laxman Karnik
|
|-
|2024
!scope=row| ''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
| Rajan "Unni" Unnithan
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Character
! Show
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Negative Actor (male)
| rowspan="5"|Siddhant Kapoor
| rowspan="5"|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|Lions Gold Awards
| Best Television Actor in Negative Role
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2013
| Best Television Actor in Negative Role
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Zee Gold Awards]]
| Best Negative Actor (male)
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role
| {{won}}
|<ref>[http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |date=25 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|mahesh-shetty}}
* {{IMDb name|9022720}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Mahesh Shetty
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actor}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Mahesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

List of Aero India editions

2026-02-04T21:08:52Z

Isaac22019: Created A Entry V1

{{Short description|Indian biennial airshow}}
[[Aero India]] is a biennial air show and aviation exhibition held at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station]] in [[Bengaluru]] and is organized by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aeroindia 2025 |url=https://www.aeroindia.gov.in/faq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119192340/https://www.aeroindia.gov.in/faq |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=www.aeroindia.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== 1st edition (1996) ==
The first edition of Aero India was held in 1996.<ref name=b20j>{{cite news|title=Aero India 2011 |url=http://www.brahmand.com/aeroindia/ |access-date=20 January 2013 |newspaper=Brahmand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115083041/http://www.brahmand.com/aeroindia/ |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name=msnae20>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2011|url=http://news.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4907388|publisher=MSN News|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213233921/http://news.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4907388|archive-date=13 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==2nd edition (1998)==
The Second edition started on 8 December 1998 at the [[Yelahanka Air Force Station|Yelahanka Air Force Base]]. It was inaugurated by [[George Fernandes]], India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. It included fly pasts by three Jaguars, three [[MiG-23]]s, three [[HAL Tejas]], 9 [[HAL Kiran]] aircraft of the [[Surya Kiran]]
aerobatic team, [[British Aerospace Hawk 200|Hawk 200]], [[Mirage 2000]] and the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]s. this was followed by sky diving display by nine sky divers of the [[Akash Ganga]] team. The exhibition stalls included displays by [[Boeing]], [[AlliedSignal|Allied Signal]], [[Bell Textron]], [[Airbus|Airbus Industries]], [[Aérospatiale|Aerospatiale]], [[Dassault Group|Dassault]], [[British Aerospace]] as well as state manufacturers such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]], [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], [[Aeronautical Development Agency|ADA]], [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] and [[National Aerospace Laboratories|NAL]]. The French and Russian presence was especially strong, and the highlights were the detailed models of all Boeing commercial aircraft starting from [[Boeing 717]] to [[Boeing 777]].<ref name=nal98>{{cite web|title=Aero India 1998 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/ai98.pdf |work=Aero India |publisher=NAL |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820152119/http://nal.res.in/pdf/ai98.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref>

==3rd edition (2001)==
The Yelahanka AF Base hosted Bangalore's third air show on February 7, 2001. The airshow didn't take place in 2000 because the previous show in 1998 suffered from issues such as bad weather, so the decision was taken to move the show from December to February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=The story of India's first air show and birth of Aero India |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/story-of-india-first-air-show-birth-of-aero-india-1.10264199 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Avia India 1993 to Aero India today |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/from-avia-india-1993-aero-2112464 |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The 21st century's first instance of this kind of incident. Both industry and prospective customers saw fresh prospects at the turn of the century.<ref name=nal01>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2001 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/ai01.pdf |publisher=NAL |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603123818/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/ai01.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2012 }}</ref>

==4th edition (2003)==
176 companies from 22 countries participated in the 4th edition of the event from 5 to 9 February 2003 in [[Yelahanka]] at the outskirts of [[Bangalore]]. It was inaugurated by the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] [[George Fernandes]]. About 50 delegations from the United States, [[Europe]], Russia, the [[Middle East]], [[Asia-Pacific]] and [[Africa]] visited Bangalore for the event. The French delegation was led by the [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister of France]], [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]].<ref name=nal03>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2003 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/ai03.pdf |publisher=NAL |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821031834/http://nal.res.in/pdf/ai03.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 }}</ref> A pair of [[HAL Dhruv]] performed their first display, and a composite formation was flown which was led by the Dhruv, followed by a pair of Kiran, Mirage 2000 and Sukhoi Su-30s.

==5th edition (2005)==
The 5th Aero India 2005, the biennial air-show-cum-defence exhibitions, was held at the Yelahanka [[Air Force Base]] in Bangalore from 9–13 February 2005. The Aero India 2005 attracted record 380 exhibitors from the world's leading industries in the field of civil and military aviation, aerospace and airfield upgrade. The show included both air displays as well as static exhibitions of [[military]] and civil aircraft. A total of 80 aircraft including [[Fighter jets|Fighters]], [[Light Combat Aircraft]], Advanced Light Helicopters, Intermediate Jet Trainers (AJTs), Maritime [[Surveillance aircraft|Surveillance Aircraft]] and [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]] (UAVs) displayed their flying skills and capability during the Aero India 2005 show. The [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and the [[Indian Navy]] also displayed their various aircraft. There were 32 official military delegations and over 250,000 people enjoyed the Aero India 2005 show, which is considered Asia's premier air show.<ref name=nal05>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2005 |url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/ai05.pdf |publisher=NAL |access-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820145616/http://nal.res.in/pdf/ai05.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref>

The major attractions of Aero India 2005 were the leading fighter, advanced jet trainers and unmanned aerial vehicles from Russia, US, France, Britain, Israel and India who took part in the flying as well as static displays at the show. The visitors enjoyed the spectacular flying performances and static exhibitions of the Russian [[MiG-29K]], [[Su-30MKI]] and [[Il-78]] tanker; the American [[F-15E]], [[C-130J]] Super Hercules and [[P-3C Orion]] aircraft; the French vintage [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] and [[Dassault Falcon 2000|Falcon 2000]]; the British [[BAE Hawk|Hawk 100]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] and [[Sea Harriers]], and the Indian [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]] (Advanced Light Helicopter) and [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT)]] and the Swedish Saab [[JAS 39 Gripen]]. The colourful aerobatics performance by [[Sarang (military)|Sarang]]- the Indian Air Force's Advanced Light Helicopters, made everyone spell bound during the inaugural function. Other major attractions in Aero India 2005 were the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Israel's Orbiter and SkyLite mini UAV impressed their visitors with beautiful look and features. The lightweight Orbiter just weighs 4.5 kg features an advanced data link system transmitting all the data and video in real time. The SkyLite mini is capable of making vertical flights from the canister, and can be launched even from narrow alleys.<ref name=nal05 />

The U.S. maritime surveillance aircraft [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3C Orion]] and [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super Hercules]] transport aircraft attracted the attention of visitors. The P-3C Orion is generally used in [[anti-submarine]] and anti-ship warfare, over-water and over-land surveillance missions, and [[network-centric warfare]] missions. The U.S. Hawkeye 2000, known for its airborne early warning and battle management command and control system, was another attraction in the Aero India 2005 show. Aero India 2005 also proved good for passenger aircraft manufacturers, as number of inquiries, especially for the smaller and low-cost aircraft were made during the show. Visitors also had a chance to get a glimpse of advanced missile systems, avionics suites, radars, and simulators.<ref name=nal05 />

==6th edition (2007)==
This event was held from 7 February 2007 to 11 February 2007, at the Yelahanka Air Force Station. The attractions of the event were the Lockheed-Martin [[F-16]], as well as the Boeing [[F/A-18E/F]] Super Hornet, all contenders for the Indian Air Force's 126 aircraft [[Indian MRCA competition|MRCA requirement]].
Also present were the [[Surya Kiran]] and [[Sarang (military)|Sarang]] acrobatic teams.
The Surya Kiran team consists of nine Indian pilots, and have displayed skills by flying as close as 3–5 m at high speeds and have exhibited various formations like the arrow, diamond and concluding with the hearts. The Sarang team displays manoeuvres of [[Hindustan Advanced Light Helicopter|Advanced Light Helicopter]] (ALH).

During the rehearsals for the show, one of the Sarang helicopters crashed on 2 February 2007. The co-pilot was killed in the [[HAL Dhruv#Accidents|incident]]. However, the team performed the displays in the show.

During the show, a HAL [[HJT-36]] skidded off the runway when a tyre burst after the pilot aborted take-off as the aircraft's canopy inadvertently opened up.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb92007/national0253200729.asp]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> There was no fatalities.

==7th edition (2009)==
The 7th edition of Aero India was held on 11–15 February 2009. 289 Indian firms and 303 foreign companies participated in one of the largest international aerospace exhibitions in [[Bangalore]]. Armament majors from several countries, including [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Czech Republic]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Ireland]], [[Israel]], [[Malaysia]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Netherlands]], [[Ukraine]] and [[United States]]. There were also country pavilions from Australia, Belgium, Germany, Israel and Romania. This year also saw China participating for the first time in Aero India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3928915&c=ASI&s=TOP |title=Organizers: 150,000 Expected at Aero India '09 |publisher=Defensenews.com |access-date=3 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The show was preceded by an international seminar ([[Aero India Seminar]]) on aerospace technologies and applications (9–11 February), hosted by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)]]. Nearly 330 companies from 50 countries abroad and 230 from India set up exhibits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/aeroindia2009/20090115_aero_india_2009.html |title=Aero India 2009 international air show and seminar readying for take off |publisher=Domain-b.com |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

Some 30 military and civil aircraft gave flight demonstrations. The [[F-16]], [[F-18]], [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35D]], [[Eurofighter Typhoon]], [[HAL HJT-36|IJT]], [[HAL Dhruv|Dhruv]], [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk]], [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]], Embraer 135 business jet Legacy 600, [[C-130J]], Citation XLS, G 550, AN-12 Cargo and A-310 MRTT were on display. Some 70 more were on static display.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianaviationnews.net/aeroindia2009/labels/Russia.html |title=German Air Force Take Eurofighter Typhoon to Aero India 2009 |publisher=Defpro.com |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/aeroindia/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302075230/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/aeroindia/index.html|date=2 March 2009}}</ref> Whose event manager will be the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]. Defense Minister [[A. K. Antony]] chaired the first meeting of the apex committee of the exhibition here Friday. "Addressing the top officials from several ministries and organisations, Antony said Aero India-2009 should be conducted in such a manner that it provides a benchmark for similar shows being organised in various parts of the world," the official said.

The [[Indian Air Force]] brought out some of the vintage aircraft from its stable and flew them. The defence ministry also facilitated interaction between the overseas original equipment manufacturers and Indian business houses.

"Similar interactions will also be encouraged between small and medium enterprises from home and abroad. Efforts are also being made to give exposure to students of technical and engineering colleges to encourage them to be part of the country's aim of becoming a design hub in aerospace technologies in the foreseeable future," the official added. The central government will spend nearly Rs. 200 million to augment the infrastructure in and around the Air Force Station Yelahanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3955 |title=Aero India 2009: More than 600 Top Aerospace Organisations to Participate |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

==8th edition (2011)==
The 2011 edition of Aero India was held from 9 to 13 February in Bangalore. It was reported that the Chinese aircraft will not participate in this edition, due to rising trade competition between India and China. However these claims were false and China had its representatives present there.<ref name=b20j />

The highlight of the morning was the flight display in which several aircraft performed intricate manoeuvres. [[HAL Tejas]], which flew in a formation in public view for the first time, was a key highlight, as it performed a vertical climb and then did a belly turn right in front of the podium. While five [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]] flew in a V-formation, the [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] flew in a trident formation. [[Boeing]]'s [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]], the [[Saab Gripen]] and [[Dassault Rafale]] also performed loops, rolls, and somersaults in the air. The aerobatic team [[Surya Kiran]] did their last show with their [[HAL Kiran|Kiran aircraft]] which are planned to be replaced by new [[BAE Hawk]] aircraft. The aerobatic team of Czech Republic popularly known as Flying Bulls or Red Bull also performed for first time.<ref name=wn>{{cite web|title=Czech Flying Bull veterans take India air show by storm|url=http://article.wn.com/view/2011/02/11/Czech_Flying_Bull_veterans_take_India_air_show_by_storm/|publisher=World News|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=bbc11f>{{cite news|title=Czech Flying Bull veterans take India air show by storm|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12427604|access-date=20 January 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=11 February 2011}}</ref> Indian Aerospace Companies such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], [[Mahindra Aerospace]], Taneja Aerospace (TAAL) and [[Tata Group|Tata]] Aerospace also participated in the event.<ref name=re9f>{{cite news|title=Impressive display at Aero India 2011|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-aero-show-2011-in-photos/20110209.htm|access-date=20 January 2013|newspaper=Rediff|date=9 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=ibnp20j>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2011 opening ceremony|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3314.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211180725/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3314.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2011|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>

==9th edition (2013)==
Aero India 2013 started on 6 February 2013 at the IAF's Yelahanka Air Force base, Bengaluru and ended on 10 February 2013. 607 companies attended the air show, with 352 foreign and 78 official national delegations. The major foreign companies were from [[United States|US]] (67 companies), [[France]] (49), [[United Kingdom]] (33), [[Russia]] (29) and [[Germany]] (22).<ref name=oi6f13>{{cite news|title=Aero India 2013: Over 600 companies confirm participation|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/01/aero-india-2013-600-companies-confirm-participation-1140967.html|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=One India|date=6 February 2013|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306015551/http://news.oneindia.in/2013/02/01/aero-india-2013-600-companies-confirm-participation-1140967.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major attraction of this edition were the [[Dassault Rafale]], [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III]], [[HAL Rudra]], [[HAL Tejas]], [[HAL Prachand|HAL Light Combat Helicopter]], and the [[Russian Knights]] aerobatic team, who had come to India to perform for the first time.<ref name=it25ftai>{{cite news|title=The ten aircraft to look out for at Aero India 2013|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/the-ten-aircraft-to-look-out-for-at-aero-india-369156-2013-02-01|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=India Today}}</ref> Major aircraft manufacturing companies like [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Saab Group|Saab]], and the [[British Aerospace]] did not showcase any aircraft this time, however an air force [[F-16]] was part of the static display. The [[Suryakiran]] aerobatic team did not take part as it was grounded.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2013|url=http://www.aeroindia.in/Default.aspx|publisher=Ministry of Defence, India|access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=iex8f13>{{cite news|title=Dassault 'Rafael' back at Aero India 2013, but hopes of rivals still soaring|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dassault-rafael-back-at-aero-india-2013-but-hopes-of-rivals-still-soaring/1070322/0|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=tect25fg>{{cite web|title=Aero India 2013: Bangalore gears up for South Asia's biggest airshow|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/aero-india-2013-bangalore-gears-up-for-south-asias-biggest-airshow/slideshow/18427364.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=tect10f13>{{cite news|title=Aerobatic display marks the conclusion of Aero India 2013|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37020514_1_aerobatic-helicopter-display-team-aero-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316184313/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37020514_1_aerobatic-helicopter-display-team-aero-india|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2014|access-date=25 February 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

==10th edition (2015)==
The tenth edition of Aero India was held from 18 to 22 February 2015. The main attraction of this year was the [[Make in India]] campaign by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].

Prime Minister Modi inaugurated the show and mentioned that its easier for Public, private and foreign investors to manufacture defence equipment in India after the reform of the defence procurement policies and procedure. He also mentions the simplification of offset procedures and mentioned the need to have strategic partnerships rather than buyer seller relationships. The Small and Medium scale industries are also meant to benefit from being part of global supply chain by providing cost effective engineering solutions to global players. He also stressed the need to export equipment and also to ensure that it does not fall into the wrong hands.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aero-india-show-full-text-of-pm-narendra-modi-s-speech-115021800215_1.html Full Text of PM Narendra Modi's speech at Aero India Show]</ref>

There is a requirement of one million skilled workers in the Aerospace industry in India in the next 10 years. The aim is to make the ensure that 70 percent of the defence equipment are made within the country in the next five years from the current 40 percent. This can create large number of jobs. Prime Minister Modi said that "A strong Indian defence industry will not only make India more secure. It will also make India more prosperous".

[[File:Tejas LCA 2015.jpg|thumb|right | 250 px |Tejas on display]]
A total of 72 aircraft were part of the air show. The main attraction of the event was the fly past and demonstration by [[HAL Tejas]], [[HAL Prachand|HAL Light Combat Helicopter]], Sarang display team and air display teams from Sweden, UK, Czech Republic and Open sky jump by US Special forces. A total of 11 foreign military aircraft on display, out of which a majority of them from the United States including two F-15C Eagles, two F-16C Fighting Falcons, one Boeing KC-135 tanker, one C-17 Globemaster III and a P-8A Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/aero-india-2015-air-show/article6907886.ece PM seeks a stronger defence sector]</ref>

==11th edition (2017)==
The 11th edition of the Aero India was held from 14 to 18 February 2017. This edition of the show will see participation from a total of 549 companies (270 Indian and 279 Foreign), 72 participating aircraft, cover an area of 27,678 sqm and witness participation from 51 different countries. Four aerobatic teams are expected to participate in the show including Sarang Team (Indian Air Force), [[Surya Kiran|Surya Kiran Team]] (Indian Air Force), which marked their Return Debut, with the brand new [[BAE Hawk|BAE Hawk-132]] Advanced Jet Trainers (AJTs), along with the Scandinavian Air Show Team (Sweden) and the Yakovlevs Aerobatic Team (Russia).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aeroindia.in/Default.aspx |title=11th International Show on Aerospace, Defence, Civil Aviation, Airport Infrastructure and Defence Engineering |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121202238/http://aeroindia.in/Default.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:158362)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

==12th edition (2019)==
The 12th edition of Aero India was held from 20 to 24 February 2019 in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] inaugurated by finance minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/nirmala-sitharaman-launches-aero-india-show-2019/article26318158.ece|title='Biggest ever' Aero India opens with tribute to deceased pilot|date=2019-02-20|website=The Hindu|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> The theme of the event was '''Runway to a Billion Opportunities'''. The logo of the exhibition was inspired by the [[HAL Tejas|Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)]]. In this edition, for the first time, combined the defence and civil aviation segments into a holistic event with the co-involvement of the defence and civil aviation ministries in the event. More than 600 Indian Companies and 200 Foreign Companies participated and witnessed the largest Air show of Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://affairscloud.com/overview-of-the-12th-aero-india-2019-held-in-bangalore/|title=Overview of the 12th Aero-India 2019 held in Bangalore|date=2019-02-26|website=affairs cloud|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>

The event was attended by the Yak aerobatic team from Britain, who gave a marvelous display with four [[Yakovlev Yak-7]]s and [[Yakovlev Yak-11|Yakolvev Yak-11s]]. Airbus also attended with their [[Airbus A330neo|A330neo]] and [[EADS CASA C-295|CASA C-295]]. Indian badminton champion [[P. V. Sindhu|P.V. Sindhu]] flew copilot in a [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] on the third day of the show. On the first day of the show, there was a flypast by a [[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] nuclear bomber from the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] which had come all the way from [[Andersen Air Force Base]] in [[Guam]]. The event however was marred by the crash of two Surya Kiran aircraft that had occurred on the day before the show, killing a pilot. On the fourth day of the show, a huge fire burnt over 300 cars parked in the parking lot. The fire was caused by a burning cigarette.

==13th edition (2021)==
The 13th edition of Aero India was held from 3 to 5 February 2021 at [[Yelahanka Air Force Station]] in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. The event centred on the theme '''Conceive, Indigenize, Collaborate'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/watch-indian-air-forces-magical-stunts-at-aero-india-2021-in-bengaluru/videoshow/80673220.cms|title=Watch: Indian Air Force's magical stunts at Aero India 2021 in Bengaluru|date=3 February 2021|website=The Economic Times|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> As not many foreign aircraft came that year, there were multiple shows of Indian aircraft. The first day of the show was marked by the flypast of a [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer]] with a [[HAL Tejas]]. The B-1 bomber flew from [[Ellsworth Air Force Base]] in [[South Dakota]] to perform its fly-by.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-flies-b-1b-heavy-bomber-at-aero-india-2021/articleshow/80687172.cms | title=US flies B-1B heavy bomber at Aero India 2021 | date= 3 February 2021 | website = The Economic Times | access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> There were also joint shows between the [[Sarang display team|Sarang]] and [[Surya Kiran]] aerobatic teams. The [[Dassault Rafale]] appeared for the first time in the colors of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The most awaited deal for 83 HAL Tejas Mk1As was signed between [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/biggest-make-in-india-deal-govt-formally-seals-rs-48-000-cr-contract-to-procure-83-tejas-lca-from-hal-11612344080096.html | title='Biggest Make in India deal': Govt formally seals ₹48,000 cr contract to procure 83 Tejas LCA from HAL | website = Livemint|date=3 February 2021| access-date= 7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://theprint.in/defence/defence-ministry-hal-to-sign-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-lca-tejas-at-aero-india-tomorrow/597480/| title =Defence ministry, HAL to sign Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 LCA Tejas at Aero India tomorrow|website=The Print| date= 2 February 2021 | access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> The [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System]] (CATS) and [[HAL TEDBF]] were unveiled.

==14th edition (2023)==
[[File:HAL Tejas Aero India Day1.jpg|thumb|220x220px|HAL Tejas flying display on Day 1 of Aero India 2023]]
Aero India 2023 has the slogan "The Runway to a Billion Opportunities". More than 80 countries participated in Aero India 2023. Aero India 2023 attracted 65 CEOs of international and Domestic [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEMs]] as well as ministers from roughly 30 different nations.

More than 800 defence businesses, including over 100 international and 700 Indian enterprises, participated in the Aero India 2023 show. [[MSME & Startups Forum - Bharat|MSMEs]] and start-ups are among the Indian businesses taking part in the [[exhibition]], which will highlight the development of specialised technologies as well as the country's expanding aerospace and defence capabilities. [[Airbus]], [[Boeing]], [[Dassault Aviation]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Israel Aerospace Industries|Israel Aerospace Industry]], [[BrahMos Aerospace]], [[Army aviation|Army Aviation]], HC Robotics, [[Saab AB|SAAB]], [[Safran]], [[Rolls Royce]], [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[Bharat Forge|Bharat Forge Limited]], [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)]], [[Bharat Electronics Limited|Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)]], and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] are among the major exhibitors at Aero India 2023.

[[F-35A Demonstration Team]] performed in the air show, marking the first time that the [[United States Air Force]]'s [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II]] stealth fighter jet visited India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-tries-woo-india-away-russia-with-display-f-35s-bombers-2023-02-17/|title=U.S. tries to woo India away from Russia with display of F-35s, bombers|date=February 17, 2023|access-date=April 15, 2023}}</ref>

==15th edition (2025)==
[[File:TEDBF.jpg|thumb|Poster of Aero India 2025 with [[HAL TEDBF]]]]
The 15th edition of the Aero India was held from 10 to 14 February 2025. While only business visitors were allowed on the first three days of the event, general public had a chance to visit and enjoy the air shows on the last two days. The theme of the event is "''The Runway to a Billion Opportunities''". To ensure foolproof security, prevent espionage and thwart any attack during the event, which saw participation of many Indian and international defence companies, the state government of Karnataka has banned flying all kinds of sub-conventional aerial platforms including [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]], [[paragliders]], and [[Hot air balloon|balloons]], in Bengaluru for the entire duration of Aero India 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adnal |first=Madhuri |date=2025-01-08 |title=Aero India 2025: Public Pass Registration, Ticket Prices And Timings For 5-Day Event In Bengaluru |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/aero-india-2025-public-pass-registration-ticket-prices-and-timings-for-5-day-event-in-bengaluru-4037003.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Oneindia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-01-06 |title='The Runway to a Billion Opportunities': Aero India 2025 to be held in Bengaluru from February 10-14 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/06/the-runway-to-a-billion-opportunities-aero-india-2025-to-be-held-in-bengaluru-from-february-10-14 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:F-35 & Su-57 Aero India 2025.jpg|thumb|[[Su-57]] & [[F-35]] Facing Each Other at Aero India 2025]]
The event was inaugurated by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. The first flying display at was the [[Surya Kiran|Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team]]. The Airshow marks a notable absence of the [[Sarang display team|Sarang]] display team, as the [[HAL Dhruv]] was grounded during the event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aero India kicks off, Rajnath Singh says for lasting peace nations must work for better world order |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aero-india-kicks-off-rajnath-singh-says-for-lasting-peace-nations-must-work-for-better-world-order/articleshow/118110117.cms |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The [[Russian Air Force|Russian]] [[Sukhoi Su-57|Su-57]] made its international flying debut at the event with the fourth prototype (T-50-4, coded ‘054 blue’) participating in the airshow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satam |first=Parth |date=2025-10-18 |title=First Look Inside the Su-57 Felon’s Weapons Bay |url=https://theaviationist.com/2025/10/18/first-look-su-57-weapon-bay-open/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[United States Air Force|USAF]] were represented by two [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], two [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]], a [[Lockheed Martin KC-130|KC-130]], and a [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer|B-1]] on static display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BL |first=Team |date=2025-02-10 |title=Aero India 2025, Air Show in Bangalore Day 1 Highlights: US and Russian fighter jets share stage for first time at Aero India, Boeing weighs India assembly line, HAL relaunches HJT-36 as Yashas for IAF |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/aero-india-2025-air-show-bangalore-updates-indian-air-force-shows-bengaluru-latest-news/article69201791.ece#:~:text=the%20united%20states%20is%20set,%2c%20and%20b%2d1%20bomber.&ved=2ahukewjagoofmrmlaxv24tgghx5wlkkqfnoeccuqbq&usg=aovvaw2rmd7hz3pkxo_llhn55a53 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> This will be the first international event with both rival [[Fifth-generation fighter|fifth-generation jets]] facing directly to each other.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=EurAsian Times |date=2025-02-08 |title=U.S. F-35 'Meets' Russian Su-57 For The Very First Time; Which Stealth Fighter Holds The 'Real' Edge? |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/u-s-f-35-meets-russian-su-57-for-the-very-first-time/?amp |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Embraer]] showcased the [[Embraer C-390 Millennium|KC-390 Millennium]], which is in the fray for the [[Future of the Indian Air Force#Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA)|Medium Transport Aircraft]] (MTA) tender issued by the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=5 February 2025 |title=Aero India to put spotlight on IAF's plans for new transport planes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aero-india-to-put-spotlight-on-iaf-s-plans-for-new-transport-planes-101738745166824-amp.html |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Boeing]] and [[Dassault Group|Dassault]] also participated in the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=US Air Force confirms participation in Aero India 2025 in Bengaluru: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-air-force-confirms-participation-aero-india-2025-speculation-trump-sources-2674170-2025-02-03 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>Over 100 [[Original equipment manufacturer|Original Equipment Manufacturers]] have confirmed participation, including 55 international companies, 35 Indian companies and 16 DPSUs.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Aero India 2025 kicks off: IAF, Army chiefs take historic flight; grand air show set to unfold | Details | date=10 February 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aero-india-2025-begins-today-iaf-army-chiefs-take-historic-flight-grand-air-show-teja-navy-bengaluru-101739145251655-amp.html }}</ref>

In addition to the American and Russian fifth-generation fighter jets, the event marks the first time that a full-scale engineering model of India's [[Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft]] has been publicly demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=India unveils full-scale advanced aircraft model at Aero India in Bengaluru |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aero-india-2025-amca-full-scale-advanced-combat-aircraft-model-bengaluru-2677219-2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Indian Naval Air Arm]] showcased the [[Westland Sea King|Seaking]], [[Kamov Ka-31|Ka-31]],[[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk|MH-60]] and [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|Mig-29K]]. A naval flypast contingent with the [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I]], [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk 132]] also attended the event.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Air shows]]
[[Category:Biennial events]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Aero India]]

Railways in Jharia Coalfield

2026-01-30T01:34:56Z

Isaac22019: new

{{Short description|Series of railway lines}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Railways in Jharia Coalfield
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width =
| image = Pradhan Khunta railway station.JPG
| image_width =
| caption = Pradhan Khunta Junction an important railway station on Jharia Coalfield Railways area
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = Jharia Coalfield, [[Jharkhand]]
| start =
| end =
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1894
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]], [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 1960–61 onwards with 25 kV AC overhead
| speed =
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Railways in Jharia Coalfield|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
Jharia Coalfield has a series of railway lines covering the region lying between the [[Grand Chord]] line on the north and the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] river in the south. It consists of five lines of which four are managed by [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway's]] [[Dhanbad railway division]] and one is managed by the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway's]] [[Adra railway division]].

==History==
It was possible to develop mining in the Jharia Coalfield in the late nineteenth century primarily because of the introduction of railways. [[East Indian Railway Company]] extended the [[Grand Chord]] to Katrasgarh via [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]] in 1894.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:p469ydldNAUJ:www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_313.pdf+Bengal+Coal+Company&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESix39Oxq6nkv-dwbiEejZhcEHWTbwOp2Y2Hjlzdv96113hN3d5s3wvUGK9z0pIBp4o9-ratWlE6Z8mJu9MKTKsk0CtGKFNMl87YONECfX4OoZgivRJYqiMkApfWOcrCAaye3bBe&sig=AHIEtbRg6aEBzktSsFPhDWuByzL5Lg7Btw |title = History of Coal Mining in India| last = E. R. |first = Gee |work = pages 314-315| access-date= 20 April 2013 }}</ref>

The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] extended its then mainline, the [[Nagpur–Asansol line]], to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji SC Bose Gomoh]], on EIR’s Grand Chord, in 1907. The {{stnlnk|Mahuda Junction}}–Chandrapura branch line was opened in 1913.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref>

The District Gazetteer of [[Manbhum]] noted that: "There is a network of railway line in this district passing through colliery area. Grand Chord Line of the Eastern Railway and branch line of South Eastern Railway pass through this district from Gomoh Junction two railway line one of the Eastern Railway and another of the south Eastern Railway branch off, one going to Dehri on Sone (Shahabad) via Barkakana and another from Gomoh to Adra (Purulia district). There are branch lines in both the railway for carrying coal to different places in the country."<ref name=jharia>{{cite web|url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/pdf/gztr_8.CHAPTER%20%20%20%20VII%20Communications%20page%20no%20356-382.pdf |title = Chapter VII - Communications |publisher = Dhanbad district administration| access-date= 20 April 2013 }}</ref>

EIR had four major sections:
*Kumardhubi–Gomoh section
*Pradhankhanta–Pathardih section (15 km), opened in 1913
*Dhanbad–Phularitand section (21.6 km), opened in 1894 to Katrasgarh and extended to Phularitand in 1924
*Dhanbad–Jharia-Pathardih section opened in 1903.<ref name=jharia/>

BNR had one section from Sudamdih to Gomoh.<ref name=jharia/>

== Sections ==
Apart from the numerous loop lines which serve the various collieries in the area, there are 5 major sections:

# [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]]–[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|N.S.C. Bose Gomoh]] line (part of the [[Asansol–Gaya section]] of the [[Grand Chord]])
# [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]]–[[Chandrapura Junction railway station|Chandrapura]] line
# [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]]–Jharia–Pathardih line (now dismantled due to [[Jharia coalfield|underground fires]])
# Pradhankhunta–Sindri Town branch line
# [[Sudamdih railway station|Sudamdih]]–[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|N.S.C Bose Gomoh]] section of the [[Adra Junction railway station|Adra]]–[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|N.S.C. Bose Gomoh]] line

==Electrification==
Electrification of the stretch of mainline of this section from [[Asansol railway station|Asansol]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh railway station|Netaji SC Bose Gomoh]] was completed in 1960–61.<ref name=electric>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title = History of Electrification | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 April 2013}}</ref>

Stretches of railway track in the Jharia Coalfield were electrified from time to time. Dhanbad–Kusunda–Tetulmari was electrified in 1961-62. The Santaldih–Pathardih–Sudamdih–Jamadoba sector was electrified in 1965-66. The Bhojudih–Netaji SC Bose Gomoh stretch was electrified in 1985–86. The Netaji SC Bose Gomoh–Chandrapura–Bhandaridah–Rajabera sector was electrified in 1986–87. The Chandrapura–Jamuniatanr–Mahuda sector was electrified in 1986–87. The Tupkadih–Talgoria sector was electrified in 1987–88.<ref name=electric/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division|*]]
[[Category:Adra railway division|*]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Coal mining in India]]
[[Category:Mining in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Mining railways]]
[[Category:Coal infrastructure]]

William Archer Porter

2026-01-29T19:25:22Z

Isaac22019: adding new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
'''William Archer Porter''' (c. 1825 – 16 July 1890) was a British [[lawyer]] and [[educationist]] who served as the Principal of [[Government Arts College, Kumbakonam]] and tutor and secretary to the Maharaja of [[Mysore kingdom|Mysore]].

== Early life and education ==

Porter was born in Drumlee, Castlewellan, Co. Down, [[Ireland]] in the year 1825, the eldest son of Rev. James Porter, Presbyterian minister, and the brother of (1) [[James Porter (Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge)]], (2) Jane Bailie Porter, who married [[Alexander Crum Brown]], the Scottish organic chemist and (3) Margaret Archer Porter, who married [[Peter Tait (physicist)]]. He was educated at [[Glasgow University]] from 1841 to 1845 and entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1845. Migrating to [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]], he graduated BA in 1849 as 3rd [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] and was admitted as a fellow of Peterhouse.<ref>{{acad|id= PRTR845WA |name=Porter, William Archer}}</ref>

== Career ==
Porter practised as a [[tutor]] from 1855 to 1856 when he joined [[Lincoln's Inn]]. Porter was called to the bar in 1859. Porter served as an equity draftsman and conveyancer from 1859 to 1863, when he moved to India to take over as [[headmaster]] of the Provincial School, [[Kumbakonam]].

Porter served as the headmaster of the Provincial School from 1863 to 1873 and was instrumental in its elevation to graduate college. Porter is, however, best remembered for having served as the Principal of the Government Arts College, Kumbakonam from 1874 to 1878. He is considered to be the best-ever principal of the college. During this time, Porter also occasionally acted as the Principal of the [[Presidency College, Madras]]. In 1878, Porter was appointed tutor to [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]], the prince of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and served from 1878 to 1882.

== Later life and death ==

Porter returned to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1882 and died at [[Edinburgh]] on 16 July 1890.

==Family==

His sister Margaret Porter married [[Peter Guthrie Tait]]. They were parents to [[John Guthrie Tait]], [[Frederick Guthrie Tait]] and [[William Archer Porter Tait]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/mrhopkinsmencamb00bscp|url-access=limited|author=Alex. D. Craik|year=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mrhopkinsmencamb00bscp/page/n177 143]|publisher=Springer|ISBN=978-1-84800-132-9}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porter, William Archer}}
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Irish educators]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Gobind Das

2026-01-24T18:37:31Z

Isaac22019: article

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and writer (1929–2008)}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gobind Chandra Das
| image = Gobind Das.jpg
| birth_date = 30 June 1929
| birth_place = Kalyanpur Village, Jajpur District, Odisha
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|10|17|1929|6|30}}
| native_name_lang = Odia
| occupation = Barrister, Writer
| office = Advocate General of Odisha
| term_start = 1981
| term_end = 1983
| office1 = Advocate General, Odisha
| term_start1 = 1998
| term_end1 = 1999
| office2 = President, Odisha Bar Association.
| term_start2 = 3 April 2006
| term_end2 = 6 August 2007
| known_for = Legal acumen, Literary contributions
| alma_mater = Lincoln's Inn, England
Presidency College Kolkata
Ravenshaw College, Cuttack
M.S. Law College, Cuttack
| spouse = Smt. Shanti Das
| children = Jyoti Prakash Das & Mrinalini Das.
| parents = Late Shri Gopal Chandra Das and Uma Devi
}}

'''Gobind Chandra Das<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Guv moots heritage status to Ram Chandra Bhawan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/dec/26/guv-moots-heritage-status-to-ram-chandra-bhawan-116311.html |access-date=26 December 2009 |website=newindianexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amabasyara Chandra by Barrister Gobinda Das |url=https://ritikart.com/products/amabasyara-chandra-by-barrister-gobinda-das |access-date=26 December 2015 |website=ritikart.com |language=en}}</ref>''' (30 June 1929 – 17 October 2008)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/advocates-bid-tearful-adieu-to-barrister-das/article1359588.ece|title=Advocates bid tearful adieu to Barrister Das|work=The Hindu|date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=30 June 2016}}</ref> was an Indian lawyer and writer.

== Legal career ==
Das served as an Advocate General<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2004/pdf/name_advocate_generals_orissa.pdf |title=NAME OF THE ADVOCATE GENERALS OF ODISHA | website=odisha.gov.in|language=en|access-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> of the [[Odisha High Court]] from 10 August 1998 to 15 March 1999.

== Literary contributions ==
Das wrote extensively in Odia, his mother tongue, and authored novels, poetry, and articles. His debut novel, ''Amabasya Ra Chandra'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Amabasya Ra Chandra|isbn=8174000879}}</ref>
achieved remarkable success and was translated into various languages, including Hindi. Some of his other notable literary works include ''Deshe Deshe'',<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book |author=Mohan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4380 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 |pages=4380–}}</ref> ''Jatak'', ''Misra Raga'', ''Bhagnansa'', and his autobiography ''Sana Gotiye Jibana''.

Das' most prominent literary works were centred around the Supreme Court, with books like ''Justice in India'' and ''Supreme Court in Quest Of Identity'','''<ref name=":0" />'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Supreme Court in Quest Of Identity|isbn=81-7012-690-8 |last1=Dāsa |first1=Gobinda |date=2000 |publisher=Eastern Book Company }}</ref> which provided a comprehensive analysis of the Supreme Court.

== Publications ==
* ''Supreme Court In Quest of Identity'' {{ISBN|81-7012-690-8}}
* ''Supreme But Not Infallible'' {{ISBN|0195653793}}
* ''Amabasya Ra Chandra''. {{ISBN|8174000879}}
* ''Deshe Deshe'' {{ISBN|81-7400-468-8}}
* ''Sana Gotie Jibana'' {{ISBN|8174004998}}
* ''Kete Katha O Kichhi Kabita |Ekatra Sankalana |'' {{ISBN|8174004289}}
* ''Justice In India''.
* ''Misraraga ମିଶ୍ରରାଗ'' (Short Stories)
* ''Jataka - ଜାତକ'' (book of Poems)
* ''Lassu - ଲାସୁ'' (Novel)
* ''Bhagannsa ଭଗ୍ନାଂଶ'' (Novel)
* ''Surjiyasta - ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟାସ୍ତ ''(Novel)<ref>{{cite news|title=ସୁପ୍ରିମ୍ କୋର୍ଟର ପ୍ରଥମ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଓକିଲ|url=http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=173776&boxid=21159582|accessdate=26 June 2015|newspaper=ସମ୍ବାଦ ୨୬/୦୬/୨୦୧୫ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର ସଂସ୍କରଣ|date=26 June 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223846/http://sambadepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=173776&boxid=21159582|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Gobind}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Odia-language novelists]]
[[Category:Odia-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Bhanwari Devi (singer)

2026-01-19T19:45:32Z

Isaac22019: fix

{{Short description|Indian folk singer}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Bhanwari Devi]], Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bhanwari Devi
| image = Bhanwari-devi-folk-singer.jpg
| caption = Bhanwari Devi
| birth_name = Bhanwari Devi
| birth_date = 1964
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| genre = [[Rajasthani folk music]]
| occupation = [[Folk singer]]
| instrument = 
| years_active = 
| label = 
| associated_acts = 
| website = 
}}
'''Bhanwari Devi''' (born 1964) is a folk singer from Rajasthan, India. She belongs to the [[Bhopa]] community, and has gained wide recognition for her performances of traditional and folk music from Rajasthan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Gargi|date=2015-11-07|title=An equal music|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-an-equal-music-2142809|access-date=2021-02-25|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Devi is one of the first women from the [[Bhopa]] community to perform widely before national and international audiences, despite social disapproval for women in public performances. She performs, in accordance with Rajasthani social custom, from behind a veil that covers her face.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-01|title=A different kind of music|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/a-different-kind-of-music/159481/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Songstresses from the dunes|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/vivacity/songstresses-from-the-dunes.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218144828/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2014/vivacity/songstresses-from-the-dunes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> As part of the Bhopa tradition of performances by a husband and wife together, she initially sang devotional music accompanied by her husband, performing a traditional piece of religious literature over five nights, accompanied by a ''[[Phad painting|phad]]'', or hand-painted scroll which illustrates the story being performed. Following his death, she continued to perform individually, which was unusual for a female Bhopa singer, and expanded her repertoire to include Rajasthani folk songs outside the Bhopa traditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Musicians of Rajasthan - Jaipur Virasat Foundation|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-musicians-of-rajasthan/mgLCl_MHFhDLKg|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref>

Devi has performed Rajasthani folk music in Indian as well as international fora to wide acclaim, and has collaborated with folk artists from different traditions. In 2003, Devi performed at a music festival in [[Shimla]], in the state of Himachal Pradesh, and was invited to join the Jaipur Virasat Foundation, a civil society group working to promote Rajasthani folk music in India.<ref name=":2" /> She subsequently performed at the Jaipur Heritage Festival in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-02|title=Jazz masters join folk singers at Rajasthan International Folk Festival|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/jazz-masters-join-folk-singers-at-rajasthan-international-folk-festival/story-obnhkQC04IvTr4ubGS1cDI.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Devi has performed folk music for several years at the [[Rajasthan International Folk Festival]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Ritika|date=2015-09-26|title=Reggae at RIFF|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/reggae-at-riff-115092501054_1.html|access-date=2021-02-25}}</ref> In 2009, she was invited to accompany singer [[Rekha Bhardwaj]] at this festival, and received critical acclaim for her singing. Following that, she collaborated with producers Ram Sampath and singer [[Sona Mohapatra]] at the Rajasthan International Folk Festival.<ref name=":1" /> In In 2011, she performed at the [[Edinburgh International Festival]], and the Herald Scotland described her performance as consisting of "deeply expressive, beautifully ornamented singing"<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legendary Music of Rajasthan - Edinburgh Festival|url=https://edinburghfestival.list.co.uk/event/222427-the-legendary-music-of-rajasthan/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=edinburghfestival.list.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Legendary Music of Rajasthan, National Museum of Scotland|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/arts_ents/13035507.the-legendary-music-of-rajasthan-national-museum-of-scotland/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=HeraldScotland|date=29 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Jonathan Mills, the director of the Edinburgh International Festival, described her performance as having received an "overwhelming response".<ref>{{Cite web|title=New music revolution from India's margins|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/webspecial/new-music-revolution-from-indias-margins|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331153515/https://www.freepressjournal.in/webspecial/new-music-revolution-from-indias-margins|url-status=dead}}</ref>

in 2011, as well, she was featured in the Rajasthan International Folk Festival as a "Living Legend", and performed at the historic Moti Mahal palace inside [[Mehrangarh|Mehrangarh Fort]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=RIFF up the sound system - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/riff-up-the-sound-system/873836/0|access-date=2021-02-25|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> In 2013, her participation was described as one of the "...most anticipated acts" of the same festival, in which she performed individually as well as in collaboration with the French ensemble, [[Gipsy Kings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memories Unveiled – Backstage with Bhanwari Devi|url=http://riffdiaries.com/memories-unveiled-backstage-with-bhanwari-devi/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=RIFF Diaries}}</ref>

In 2013, she collaborated with composer and music producer to perform a version of a traditional folk song, called 'Kattey' on [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio]], an Indian television program featuring live studio performances by Indian musicians. Devi's singing was accompanied by rap by British rapper, [[Hard Kaur]], and the song gained popular attention.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kattey' By Ram Sampath: Rajasthan Learns To Rock|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/stories/kattey-by-ram-sampath-rajasthan-learns-to-rock|access-date=2021-02-25|website=The Coca-Cola Company|language=en-IN}}</ref> 'Kattey' was also featured as part of the soundtrack for the 2015 Indian feature film, '[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Angry Indian Goddesses' album is a mix of genres|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/angry-indian-goddesses-album-is-a-mix-of-genres/articleshow/49947811.cms|access-date=2022-05-24|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|date=28 November 2015}}</ref> She later performed a second version of this song with [[Romani people|Romani]] musicians from the [[Gipsy Kings]] group.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rabe|first=Nate|title=Tune in to some truly spectacular global gypsy music – with India in its soul|url=http://scroll.in/article/812317/tune-in-to-some-truly-spectacular-global-gypsy-music-with-india-in-its-soul|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Scroll.in|date=24 July 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Musician Kutle Khan also featured her on his album, ''Sounds from the Desert'', which recorded folk music from Rajasthan and the [[Thar Desert|Thar desert]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Rajasthani folk musician Kutle Khan speaks about challenges, growth in music and more|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/190108-popular-rajasthani-folk-musician-kutle|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Devi was married as a child, and has nine children, one of whom accompanies her on tour and performs with her.<ref name=":0" /> Her father was also a folk musician, and Devi credits him with encouraging her to learn to perform and sing. As a child Devi accompanied her father on his performances.<ref name=":2" /> Devi has trained her sons to sing, but has not been able to train her daughters, who are married into families that have objected to their participation in the performance tradition.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-12|title=Women vocalists mesmerise at Rajasthan folk music festival|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-women-vocalists-mesmerise-at-rajasthan-folk-music-festival-2025422|access-date=2021-02-25|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Bhanwari}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women folk musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian folk musicians]]

Sexism in Bollywood

2026-01-15T22:19:55Z

Isaac22019: adding info.

{{AI-generated|date=October 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
'''Sexism in Hindi cinema''' refers to [[Gender inequality in India|gender discrimination]] and stereotyping prevalent in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]] of India, popularly known as Bollywood. This includes the [[Women in film|portrayal of women in films]], gender disparities behind the camera, and broader issues of representation and bias.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |title=Why Bollywood remains 'sexist and regressive' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66153598 |website=BBC News |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>

== History ==

The portrayal of women in Bollywood has evolved significantly since the industry's inception. Early Bollywood films often depicted women in stereotypical and subordinate roles, reflecting the patriarchal values of Indian society at the time.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Early era (1930s–1960s) ===
In the early years of Bollywood, women were often depicted as virtuous and [[Self-sacrifice|self-sacrificing]] figures, conforming to traditional gender roles. They were primarily shown as [[Pati Parmeshwar and Majazi Khuda|devoted wives]], mothers, and daughters who upheld family honor and values.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Films like ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) exemplified this trend, portraying women as the backbone of the family and the nation.<ref name="dailystar">{{cite web |title=Feminism and Bollywood: How the portrayal of women has evolved |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/feminism-and-bollywood-how-the-portrayal-women-has-evolved-3265961 |website=The Daily Star |date=2023-03-08 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>

=== 1970s–1980s ===
The 1970s and 1980s saw a shift towards more complex portrayals of women, although they were still often confined to traditional roles. During this period, women were frequently depicted as suffering silently and enduring hardships, only to be redeemed through male intervention or supernatural means.<ref name="vogue">{{cite web |title=How leading roles for women in Bollywood have evolved over the years |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/how-leading-roles-for-women-female-actors-in-bollywood-movies-have-evolved-over-the-years-kangana-ranaut-queen-sridevi-chandni |website=Vogue India |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Films like ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'' (1972) and ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975) highlighted this trend, portraying women as virtuous and patient figures who ultimately found happiness through conformity to societal norms.<ref name="dailystar" />

=== 1990s ===
The 1990s introduced a blend of traditional and modern portrayals of women. While some films continued to depict women in stereotypical roles, others began to show women as more independent and career-oriented, though still often subordinate to men.<ref name="fii">{{cite web |title=Bollywood And The Portrayal Of Women Characters Over The Years |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/05/11/bollywood-and-the-portrayal-of-women-characters-over-the-years/ |website=Feminism in India |date=2023-05-11 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Films like ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994) showcased women in strong roles but often reduced their characters to visual appeal and dance sequences.

=== 2000s–present ===
In recent decades, there has been a significant shift towards more nuanced and empowered portrayals of women in Bollywood. Female characters are increasingly depicted as strong, independent, and central to the narrative. This change has been driven by the emergence of female filmmakers and actors who have challenged traditional gender norms.<ref name="filmcompanion">{{cite web |title=The Evolution Of Women In Bollywood |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/evolution-women-bollywood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313210212/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/evolution-women-bollywood |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Film Companion|date=6 March 2023 }}</ref> Films like ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014), ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016), and ''[[Chhapaak]]'' (2020) have highlighted women's issues and showcased female protagonists in leading roles.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== Gender disparities ==

===Pay gap===
{{See also|Gender pay gap in India}}

====Extent====
Numerous Bollywood actresses have spoken out about the significant pay disparity in the industry. For instance, [[Lara Dutta]] has highlighted that actresses are often paid only one-tenth of what male actors earn.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Lara Dutta opens up on the PAY disparity in Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lara-dutta-opens-up-on-the-pay-disparity-in-bollywood-says-actresses-are-paid-one-tenth-of-the-male-actor/articleshow/109808725.cms |website=Times of India |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Similarly, [[Kriti Sanon]] has expressed her frustration over the significant pay gap, noting that some male actors earn ten times more than their female co-stars, even when their recent performances do not justify such differences.<ref name="sanon">{{cite web |title=Kriti Sanon opens up about the gender pay gap in the industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-opens-up-about-the-gender-pay-gap-in-the-industry-reveals-actresses-take-pay-cuts-for-female-led-films/articleshow/110036668.cms |website=Times of India |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>

====High-profile cases====
Prominent actresses such as [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] have also voiced their concerns regarding pay inequality. Despite their box-office success and international recognition, they have reported being paid significantly less than their male co-stars.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=In India, The Gender Pay Gap Extends Even To Bollywood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2017/08/30/in-india-the-gender-pay-gap-extends-even-to-bollywood/ |website=Forbes |date=2017-08-30 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref> Chopra, for example, revealed that she was paid only 10 percent of what her male co-actors earned.<ref name="indiewire">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra Jonas Reveals Bollywood Gender Pay Gap |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/priyanka-chopra-jonas-bollywood-gender-pay-gap-1234789268/ |website=IndieWire |date=2023-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>

====Industry practices====
The pay gap is not limited to a few high-profile cases but is a widespread issue across the industry. Historical instances, such as [[Karan Johar]] dropping [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] from ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho|Kal Ho Na Ho]]'' for asking for equal pay as [[Shah Rukh Khan]], illustrate the entrenched nature of this disparity.<ref name="forbes" /> Actresses like [[Kangana Ranaut]] have also demanded equal pay following their successful films, yet the industry has been slow to change.<ref name="forbes" />

====Impact on female-led films====
The pay gap also affects the production of female-led films. Producers often allocate smaller budgets for films featuring female leads, which results in actresses taking pay cuts to ensure the film's completion.<ref name="sanon" /> This unequal investment further perpetuates the cycle of pay disparity and limits opportunities for female actors to take on leading roles.

====Calls for change====
There is a growing movement within Bollywood to address and rectify the gender pay gap. Actresses, filmmakers, and activists are increasingly vocal about the need for equitable pay and representation. Some progress has been made, with female-led films achieving box-office success and challenging traditional industry norms.<ref name="forbes" />

=== Ageism ===
Ageism intersects with sexism in Bollywood, with older female actors having fewer opportunities compared to their male counterparts.<ref name="bbc" />

== Cultural impact ==

=== Reinforcing societal norms ===
Bollywood films, given their widespread popularity, play a significant role in shaping and reinforcing societal norms and attitudes towards gender roles.<ref name="nature" />

=== Influence on beauty standards ===
The portrayal of women in Bollywood has been linked to the promotion of certain beauty standards, including a [[Discrimination based on skin tone|preference for lighter skin tones]].<ref name="Gender bias, social bias, and repre">{{cite journal |last1=Khadilkar |first1=Kunal |last2=KhudaBukhsh |first2=Ashiqur R. |last3=Mitchell |first3=Tom M. |title=Gender bias, social bias, and representation in Bollywood and Hollywood |journal=Patterns |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=2022 |article-number=100430 |issn=2666-3899 |doi=10.1016/j.patter.2021.100430 |doi-access=free |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Changing trends ==

=== Woman-centric films ===
In recent years, there has been a rise in woman-centric films that challenge traditional narratives and stereotypes.<ref name="bbc" /> Examples include:
* ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Chhapaak]]'' (2020)

=== Increased awareness ===
There is growing awareness and discussion about sexism in Bollywood, both within the industry and among audiences.<ref name="bbc" />

=== Calls for change ===
Activists, filmmakers, and some industry insiders are calling for more diverse representation and equitable practices in Bollywood.<ref name="bbc" />

== Academic studies ==

Several academic studies have examined sexism and gender representation in Bollywood:
* A study analyzing almost 700 movies made between 1950 and 2020 found that gender bias had become less prevalent over time, but there is still significant room for improvement in dialogue and character portrayal.<ref name="nature">{{cite journal |last1=Khudabukhsh |first1=Ashique |last2=Bukhsh |first2=Khuda |last3=Mitchell |first3=Tom |title=Bollywood study reveals history of gender bias reflecting real life |journal=Nature |date=2022-02-01 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-022-00020-w |access-date=2024-07-19}}</ref>
* Research using natural language processing methods to study film dialogues noted that "several commercially successful Bollywood movies are riddled with sexist and misogynist dialogues".<ref name="Gender bias, social bias, and repre"/>
* A comprehensive analysis by researchers from [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) in Mumbai examined major box-office hits and women-centric films, revealing stark gender imbalances in screen time and character representation.<ref name="bbc" />

==See also==
*[[Inequality in Hollywood]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Shah, Priya V. (2020). "Representation of Women and Identity in Bollywood Films" (Master's thesis). [[University of Illinois Chicago|University of Illinois at Chicago]].
* Saikia, Ashima Ahmed. (2021). "The Portrayal Of Women In Bollywood Films". [[Webology]], 18(6), 2506–2507.

[[Category:Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Sexism in India]]
[[Category:Gender studies]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:20th-century controversies]]
[[Category:21st-century controversies]]
[[Category:Women in film]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Sela Pass

2026-01-12T19:51:07Z

Isaac22019: further update citations as per guidelines further

{{Short description|Mountain pass in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Sela Pass
| native_name = Se La
| photo = File:Tawang Gate.jpg
| photo_width = 250px
| photo_caption = Sela Pass gate in April 2015
| map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.50480843|92.10469818|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| traversed =
| location = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| range = [[Himalaya]]
| elevation = {{convert|4170|m}}
}}

The '''Sela Pass''' ({{bo|t=གཟེ་ལ། |w=|s=}}) ([[list of tautological place names|more appropriately called]] ''Se La'', as La means Pass in [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan language]]) is a high-altitude [[mountain pass]] located on the border between the [[Tawang District|Tawang]] and [[West Kameng]] districts in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It has an elevation of 4170 m (13,700 ft) and connects the Indian [[Tibetan Buddhist|Buddhist]] town of [[Tawang Town|Tawang]] to [[Dirang]] and [[Guwahati]]. The pass carries the [[National Highway 13 (India)|National Highway 13]] (previously NH 229), connecting [[Tawang]] with the rest of [[India]]. The pass supports scarce amounts of vegetation and is usually snow-covered to some extent throughout the year. Sela Lake, near the summit of the pass, is one of approximately 101 lakes in the area that are sacred in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. While Sela Pass does get heavy snowfall in winters, it is usually open throughout the year unless landslides or snow require the pass to be shut down temporarily. Sela pass is one of the highest motorable mountain passes in the world

[[File:Se La Pass 100 (74).jpg|thumb|300px|Sela Pass in August, 2018]]
[[File:Se La Pass 100 (38).jpg|thumb|300px|Zomdong Na Village - In the middle of Sela Pass]]
[[File:Se La Pass 100 (79).jpg|thumb|300px|Sela Lake]]
[[File:Se La Pass 100 (35).jpg|thumb|300px|View from Sela Lake]]
[[File:Sela Pass 100 (31).jpg|thumb|300px|A vehicle negotiating Sela Pass]]

==Etymology==
[[File:Martyr Jaswant Singh Rawat.jpg|thumb|Jaswant Singh who received out from Sela and Nura|220x220px|alt=|left]]
[[File:Jaswant Garh War Memorial.JPG|thumb|Jaswant Garh War Memorial, Jaswantgarh, Arunachal Pradesh|220x220px|alt=|left]]

During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], [[Maha Vir Chakra]] awardee [[Jaswant Singh Rawat]] held Chinese Army off at this mountain pass with the help of two local [[Monpa people|Monpa]] girls named ''Sela'' and ''Noora''. Later, Sela was killed and Noora captured. Rushing from position to position, Rawat held off the enemy for 72 hours until the Chinese captured a local supplier, who told them that they were facing only one fighter. The Chinese then stormed Rawat's position and Rawat was killed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Army's 'Immortal' soldier Jaswant Singh Rawat, on duty even after being martyred|url=https://indiannewsweekly.com/2021/10/21/indian-armys-immortal-soldier-jaswant-singh-rawat-on-duty-even-after-being-martyred/|date=2021-10-21|access-date=2022-05-21|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017180555/https://indiannewsweekly.com/2021/10/21/indian-armys-immortal-soldier-jaswant-singh-rawat-on-duty-even-after-being-martyred/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Indian army built [[Jaswant Singh Rawat#Jaswantgarh|Jaswant Garh war memorial]] for Jaswant Singh and the pass, tunnel & lake were named after Sela for her sacrifice. The tunnel is also named after her.<ref name=selajas1>[https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/china-vs-india-sela-tunnel-project-narendra-modi-govt-infrastructure-development-130768317.html जसवंत-सेला शहीद न हों, इसलिए बनी सेला टनल:1962 जैसे नहीं घुस पाएगा चीन; सड़कों, पुलों और सुरंगों का सुरक्षा जाल तैयार], Bhaskar, accessed 14 June 2023.</ref> [[Nuranang Falls]], 2 km east of [[Jang Town|Jang]], are named after Nura.

==Geography==
Sela Pass crosses a subrange of the [[Himalayas]] that separates [[Tawang District]] from the rest of India.<ref name="arunachalonline.in">{{cite web | url=http://www.arunachalonline.in/about/Tourism/Tawang/Sela-Pass.html | title=Sela Pass | publisher=arunachalonline.in | work=Pan India Internet Private Limited (PIIPL) | access-date=2013-04-19}}</ref> The pass is 4170 m (13,700 ft) high<ref name="beontheroad.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.beontheroad.com/2011/01/high-altitude-sela-passbackbone-of.html | title=High Altitude Sela Pass–Backbone of Tawang District | publisher=beontheroad.com | work=Sankara Subramanian C (www.beontheroad.com) | date=21 January 2011 | access-date=2013-04-18}}</ref><ref name="travelomy.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass/ | title=Sela Passmountain pass | publisher=travelomy.com | access-date=2013-04-18 | archive-date=5 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505000627/http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass | url-status=dead }}</ref> and is situated at a distance of 78 km from [[Tawang town]] and 340 km from [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass/ |title =How To Reach Sela Pass |publisher =Travelomy |access-date =2011-06-19 |archive-date =5 May 2013 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130505000627/http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass |url-status =dead }}</ref> While the Border Roads Organization (BRO) of [[India]] works to keep the pass open throughout the year, it may shut down temporarily after landslides and during heavy snow. Summers at Sela Pass are not very cold, but temperature in winter can dip down to -10 degree Celsius.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass |title =Sela Pass |publisher =Travelomy |access-date =2011-06-19 |archive-date =25 March 2012 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120325190722/http://www.travelomy.com/sela-pass/ |url-status =dead }}</ref> Sela lake is a large lake located on the north side of the pass at an elevation of {{convert|4160|m|ft}}.<ref name="tawang">{{cite web | url=http://tawang.nic.in/others.html | title=Other Important Attractions of Tawang District | work=National Informatics Centre, Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) | access-date=2013-04-18}}</ref> This lake often freezes during the winter and is drained in Nuranang River, a tributary of the Tawang River. Limited vegetation grows around the lake, which is used as a grazing site for yaks during the summer.<ref name="travelomy.com" />

{{wide image|Se La Pass 100 (105).jpg|1000px|Panoramic View of Sela Pass}}

==Tunnel==
'''[[Sela Tunnel]]''', [[Government of India]] announced the funding for construction of all weather road transport tunnel in 2018-19 budget.<ref name=sela1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/budget-2018-live-updates/liveblog/62733507.cms Sela pass tunnel], [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]], 1 Feb 2018.</ref> Construction started in January 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/work-for-construction-of-sela-tunnel-to-start-soon-dgbr-118112101081_1.html | title=Work for construction of Sela tunnel to start soon: DGBR | date=21 November 2018 | agency=Press Trust of India | newspaper=Business Standard | access-date=18 June 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Explained: The Sela Tunnel – importance and the strategic edge it promises |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sela-tunnel-project-arunachal-pradesh-importance-explained-7924404/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The plan included two tunnels (980 metres and 1,555 metres long) and a link road (1,200 metres long).<ref name=":0" />

'''Sela Tunnel''' is a road tunnel at {{convert|3000|m|ft}} which ensures all-weather connectivity between [[Guwahati]] in [[Assam]] and [[Tawang]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. This tunnel is the longest bi-lane tunnel in the world at 13,000 feet. Situated 400 metres below the Sela Pass, the Sela Tunnel offers a vital passage, especially during the winter season. The tunnel helps move troops, weapons, and machinery quickly along the Sino-India border. It is connected with NH13 by a new 12.4 km road and has reduced the distance between [[Dirang]] and [[Tawang]] by 10 km. It was inaugurated by [[PM Modi]] on 9 March 2024.<ref name="Business Standard 2018">
[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/work-for-construction-of-sela-tunnel-to-start-soon-dgbr-118112101081_1.html Sela tunnel construction to start soon], Business Standard, 21 Nov 2018.
</ref> Executed by the [[Border Road Organisation]] (BRO), the project features two tunnels and a link road. Tunnel 1 is a 980-metre-long single-tube tunnel, while Tunnel 2 is a 1,555-metre-long twin-tube tunnel, with one bi-lane tube for traffic and the other for emergency services. The link road between these tunnels spans 1,200 metres. The tunnel provides access to [[Tawang]] by an all-weather road in the western region of Arunachal Pradesh throughout the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delay-hits-sela-tunnel-project-in-arunachal-pradesh-101669833033264.html|title=Delay hits Sela tunnel project in Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref>

The Indian railway has undertaken the final location survey of Strategically important railway project to bring Tawang on railway map through [[Tawang#Railway|Bhalukpong-Tawang railway]], which will also pass through this region.

==Religion==
Sela Pass is a sacred site in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Buddhists believe that there are about 101 sacred lakes in and around the pass.<ref name="arunachalonline.in" /><ref name="beontheroad.com" />

==Sino-Indian War==
{{see also | Galwan River#Sino-Indian_border_dispute | l1=Battle of Galwan | Dhan Singh Thapa#Battle_of_Pangong | l2= Battle of Pangong | Rezang La | l3= Battle of Rezang La | Gurung Hill#1962 | l4 =Battle of Gurung Hill | Jaswant Singh Rawat#Nuranang| l5= Battle of Nuranang & Sela Pass }}

During the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, the Sela Pass was one of the locations that saw significant action. The Chinese PLA infiltrated into the south of the ridge through other routes and the Indian position was withdrawn.
A [[sepoy]] of the Indian Army named [[Jaswant Singh Rawat]] remained at the pass fighting rearguard action, and is said to have held off the Chinese for 72 hours. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] posthumously for his courage and devotion to duty.<ref name="arunachalonline.in" /><ref name="travelomy.com" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sela Pass2.JPG|Sela Pass Gate
File:2007-sela-pass-2.jpg|Clouds moving into the pass
File:Selapass.jpg|Sela Pass
File:Sela Pass 100 (79).jpg|Jainath Bridge, Sela Pass
File:View of Jaswant Garh and NH - Tawang.JPG|View of Jaswant Garh
File:Sela Pass, Arunachal Pradesh.JPG|Sela Pass, Arunachal Pradesh, India
File:Sela Pass 100 (70).jpg|Sela Pass is prone heavy landslides
File:Sela Pass 100 (46).jpg|A village in the middle of Sela Pass
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Tourism in North East India]]
* [[Tawang Town]]
* [[Tawang Monastery]]
* [[Tawang#Railway|Bhalukpong-Tawang railway]], under-construction
* [[2022 Yangtse clash]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Mountain passes of India}}

[[Category:Mountain passes of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Shivamogga City Corporation

2026-01-09T14:53:30Z

Isaac22019: New redirect

#REDIRECT [[Shimoga]]

Krishan Pal Gurjar

2025-12-29T14:34:35Z

Isaac22019:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Krishan Pal at the National Workshop on Autism Tools (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 180
| caption = Gurjar, {{circa|2018}}
| office = [[Union Minister of State]]
| term_start = 26 May 2014
| term_end =
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]] [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Heavy Industries]]
| 2namedata = 7 July 2021 {{endash}} 9 June 2024
| 3blankname = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice & Empowerment]]
| 3namedata = 9 November 2014 {{endash}} 7 July 2021
| 4blankname = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport & Highways]] [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Ports, Shipping & Waterways]]
| 4namedata = 26 May 2014 {{endash}} 9 November 2014
| 5blankname = [[Ministry of Co-operation|Cooperation]]
| 5namedata = 10 June 2024 {{endash}} present
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad, Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| office2 = [[Government of Haryana|Haryana]] [[Transport Ministry (Haryana)|Minister of Transport]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Bansi Lal]]
| term_start2 = 11 May 1996
| term_end2 = 24 July 1999
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Tigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tigaon]]
| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2014
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency established''
| successor3 = [[Lalit Nagar]]
| constituency4 = [[Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency|Mewla–Maharajpur]]
| term_start4 = 1996
| term_end4 = 2005
| predecessor4 = Mahender Pratap
| successor4 = Mahender Pratap
| party = [[File:BJP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Nirmla Devi|1975}}
| children = 1
| father =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|2|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faridabad]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], India (present-day [[Haryana]])
| residence = {{ubl|8, Tughlak Lane, [[New Delhi]]}}
}}
'''Krishan Pal Gurjar'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishan Pal Gurjar {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/krishan-pal-gurjar|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> (born 4 February 1957) is an Indian politician and is the present Minister of State of Cooperation. As a Member of Parliament in the [[16th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha]], he represents the [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad constituency]] in the state of [[Haryana]]. He won this seat in the [[2014 Indian general election]] as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate by a margin of 4,66,873 votes and he won election with margin of over 6 lakh in 2019 from Faridabad constituency. In August 2014 he also inaugurated Manjhawli bridge which is his dream project.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2014-05-17|title=BJP's Gurjar wins Faridabad|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/bjps-gurjar-wins-faridabad/article6019073.ece|access-date=2020-07-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2024, he was re-fielded as the BJP candidate for the Faridabad constituency in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 General Elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title=Second list of BJP candidates for ensuing General Elections 2024 to the Parliamentary Constituencies of different states finalised by BJP CEC |url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/second-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-elections-2024-parliamentary |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Krishan Pal Gurjar was born in Mewla Maharajpur, [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]] on 4 February 1957 to Hans Raj Zaildar.<ref name=biography>{{citation|title=Krishan Pal Gurjar Biography|url=http://www.krishanpalgurjar.com/biography.php|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118005513/http://www.krishanpalgurjar.com/biography.php|archive-date=18 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishan Pal Gurjar {{!}} National Portal of India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/krishan-pal-gurjar|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref> He completed his graduation from [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]] in 1978 and got his law degree from [[Meerut University]].<ref name=news180519>{{citation |title=Haryana MP Krishan Pal Gurjar Retained as MoS in Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/haryana-mp-krishan-pal-gurjar-retained-as-mos-in-ministry-of-social-justice-and-empowerment-2165751.html |work=[[News18]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Career==
He won the Corporation Councilor election in 1994 as a [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate and became the party's State Minister. He became the Member of [[Legislative Assembly of Haryana]] for [[Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency|Mewla–Maharajpur]] constituency in 1996. He won the MLA seat in next two consecutive terms again.<ref name=it0519>{{citation |title=Three MPs from Haryana get ministerial berths |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/three-mps-from-haryana-get-ministerial-berths-1539052-2019-05-31 |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref> He served as Transport minister in [[Bansi Lal]] government from 1996 to 1999. He later served as BJP state President of Haryana.<ref>{{cite web | title = List of Ex State Presidents | publisher=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/state-presidents.php }}</ref>

Gurjar became [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] in [[2014 Indian general election]]s by defeating [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]] by 4,66,873 votes making him lose his election deposit.<ref>{{citation |title=Lok Sabha Election result 2019: BJP's Krishan Pal leads in Faridabad; Congress' Avtar Singh Bhadana trails |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/lok-sabha-election-result-2019-bjp-krishan-pal-faridabad-congress-avtar-singh-bhadana/1/349426.html |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=23 May 2019 }}</ref> He defeated Bhadana again in [[2019 Indian general election]]s by 6.44 lakh votes and became the member of [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faridabad Election Result 2019: BJP's Krishan Pal Gurjar won with margin of over 6 lakh|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/faridabad-haryana-election-2019-faridabad-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage-naveen-jaihind-krishan-pal-gurjar-avtar/412119|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=28 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He declared his assets worth over {{INRConvert|10|c}} in the election affidavit.<ref name=news180519 />

In May 2014, Gurjar became the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Road Transport and Highways]] and [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Shipping]]. His ministry was later changed to [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]].<ref name=it0519 /> He continued the position of Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in May 2019 [[Second Modi ministry]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref> Gurjar’s son and nephew are also politicians. His son Devender Chaudhary being Deputy Mayor of [[Municipal Corporation of Faridabad]] and his nephew Utkarsh Chaudhary was Vice President of [[Delhi University Students Union]].

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Position / Ministries
!Tenure
!Along with
(Cabinet)
|-
|1.
|Transport Minister of Haryana
|1996-1999
| -
|-
|2.
|Minister of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
(Minister of State)
|2014-2019
|[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
|-
|3.
|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
(Minister of State)
|2019-2021
|[[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
(Cabinet)

[[Ramdas Athawale]],

[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
|-
|4.
|Minister of Power and Heavy Industries
(Minister of State)
|2021-incumbent
|[[Mahendra Nath Pandey]]
(Heavy Industries)

[[R.K.Singh]]
(Power)
|}

== Offices held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S. No.
!Position
!Constituency
!Institution
!Political Party
!Tenure
!Ref
|-
|1.
|Member of Municipal Corporation
| ---
|[[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
|[[BJP]]
|1994-1996
|<ref name="it0519" />
|-
|2.
|Member of Legislative Assembly
|[[Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency|Mewla–Maharajpur]]
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|[[BJP]]
|1996-1999
|<ref name="biography" />
|-
|3.
|Member of Legislative Assembly
|[[Mewla–Maharajpur Assembly constituency|Mewla–Maharajpur]]
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|[[BJP]]
|2000-2005
|<ref name="biography" />
|-
|4.
|Member of Legislative Assembly
|[[Tigaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tigaon]]
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
|[[BJP]]
|2009-2014
| -
|-
|5.
|Member of Parliament
|[[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[BJP]]
|2014-2019
|<ref name=":0">[[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]</ref>
|-
|6.
|Member of Parliament
|[[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[BJP]]
|2019–2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faridabad (Haryana) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019- Faridabad Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/parliamentary-constituencies/faridabad.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|7.
|Member of Parliament
|[[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[BJP]]
|2024–
|
|}
[[File:Krishan Pal addressing at the foundation stone laying ceremony of “Auxiliary Production Unite and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” of Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) under DEPwD.JPG|thumb|Krishan Pal addressing at the foundation stone laying ceremony of “Auxiliary Production Unit and State-of-the-Art Artificial Limbs Fitting Centre” of Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO) under DEPwD.]]

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Krishan Pal Gurjar}}{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{16th LS members from Haryana|Krishan Pal=Krishan Pal Gurjar}}
{{17th Lok Sabha members from all states}}

{{17th LS members from Haryana|Krishan Pal=Krishan Pal Gurjar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Krishna}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Faridabad]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]

Justice On Trial

2025-11-25T06:21:55Z

Isaac22019: Put up new data...

{{Orphan|date=April 2021}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
'''Justice On Trial''' (JOT) is a [[Gujarat]] based [[non-governmental organization]] that aims to promote unity and integrity of the nation through exposure of injustice prevailing in various areas of [[India]], with the goal of suggesting ways to eradicate them.<ref name=Times-Chennai>{{cite news | url=http://www.timeschennai.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=NewsOtherStates&article=1268 | title='Justice on Trial' conducts survey in J and K's militancy affected areas | publisher=Times-Chennai | date=8 June 2010 | accessdate=2011-05-12}}</ref> JOT chooses topics for enquiry on the basis of, "information received from various sources about grievances of classes of people in various parts of the country in respect of injustices and inequalities in various spheres of the society and the public response to such problems."<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report">{{cite web|title=Justice On Trial:Enquiry Into the Situation of Terrorism -Affected People of Jammu Region of the State of Jammu & Kashmir |url=http://www.jammukashmirnow.com/justice-on-trial-report/ |publisher=Justice On Trial |accessdate=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709180158/http://www.jammukashmirnow.com/justice-on-trial-report |archivedate= 9 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Background==
Justice On Trial is a Trust duly registered under the Bombay Public Trusts Act,1950 having its registered office at [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]. It is a non-government, non-political institution run by citizens who have decades of experience in working in diverse fields of human activity. The organization describes its mission as follows:<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>

<blockquote>Members of JOT are deeply concerned about the problems faced by various sections of the society in different parts of the country and are always ready to extend a helping hand to the affected people by enquiring into and finding out the root causes of the problem and providing and suggesting possible solutions as also by spreading information about the correct factual situation and by espousing the cause of the affected people before various government and non-government organizations. JOT aims at exposing and eliminating all kinds of injustices in the society at all levels and for this purpose institutes Enquiries and Fact finding Committees from time to time focussing on specific problems.</blockquote>

==Notable cases==
In 2006, JOT undertook a fact-finding committee in the [[Dang District, India|Dang district]] to determine the truth regarding conflicting reports surrounding the [[Shabari]] [[Kumbh Mela]], meeting with local [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Hindu]] leaders.<ref name="Interim Report">{{cite web|last=Soni|first=S.M.|title=Interim Report of Fact Finding Committee 2-2-2006|url=http://www.shabarikumbh.org/en/justice-on-trial-fact-report.pdf|publisher=Justice On Trial|accessdate=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828103108/http://www.shabarikumbh.org/en/justice-on-trial-fact-report.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Another enquiry looked into the problems in [[Singur]] and [[Nandigram]] in [[West Bengal]] in the year 2007. It was headed by Honourable Justice Shri M. Ramkrishna, former Chief Justice of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Assam]] High Courts.<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>

A further enquiry was held on the incidents of the [[Kandhmal]] district of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. This committee was headed by Shri G.S. Gill, former Additional Advocate General of [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>

In addition, an enquiry was held to investigate the problems of the North Cachhar Hills of [[Assam]] under the chairmanship of Honourable Shri Justice M.V. Tamaskar, former Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh]] High Court. Eminent persons including Honourable Shri Justice S.M. Soni, former Judge of the [[Gujarat High Court]] and former [[Lokayukta]] of [[Gujarat]], Shri P.C. Dogra [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd), former Director General of Police, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Shri Y.R. Patil IPS (Retd), and Smt. Nafeesa Hussain, former member of the [[National Commission for Women]], were associated with these enquiries as members of committee.<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>

In 2008, JOT published a report regarding the murder of [[Swami Lakshmanananda|Swami Laxmananand Saraswati]] by [[Christian Terrorism|Christian terrorists]] from the rebel group the [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]], pointing out that, "Christian missionaries attacked Swami eight times earlier for opposing clandestine conversion activities."<ref name="Rahman">{{cite news|last=Rahman|first=Shafi|title=Swami Laxmananand feared for his life: NGO|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/swami-laxmananand-feared-for-his-life-ngo-29378-2008-09-05|access-date=12 May 2011|newspaper=India Today|date=5 September 2008}}</ref> The report also dismissed claims that the murder was conducted solely by "Maoists."<ref name="Rahman"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Justice on trial tracks Missionaries behind the murder of Swami Laxmanananda|url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=255&page=4|accessdate=12 May 2011|newspaper=Organizer|date=21 September 2008}}</ref>

JOT conducted a survey of the [[Jammu region]] in 2010, finding that:<ref name="Times-Chennai"/>

<blockquote>...inadequate relief is being provided to the affected people while delay in processing relief cases, non-registration of migrated people of Jammu province, complaints regarding SRO-43, no payment of salaries to the SPOs, injustice with the VDCs, no special employment package for affected areas and worst condition of Talwara migrants are other problems being faced by the population in these areas.</blockquote>

All the above enquiries were completed within reasonable time and the reports of the committees were forwarded to high dignitaries and responsible authorities including the President of India and the Governors of concerned States. Action is being taken on the reports of these committees.

==Notable members==
* Justice S.M. Soni (Retd.), [[Gujarat High Court]] and former [[Lokayukta]] of [[Gujarat]]<ref name="Interim Report"/>
* Sardar Gucharan Singh Gill, Additional Advocate General, Government of [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikh]] Activist<ref name="Sangat Sansar">{{cite web|title=History Part I|url=http://www.sangatsansar.com/index3.asp?sslid=1233&subsublinkid=973&langid=1|work=Official Website|publisher=Sangat Sansar|accessdate=12 May 2011}}</ref>
* V.S. Kokje, former [[Himachal Pradesh]] Governor and Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh]], and former Acting Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]<ref name="Times-Chennai"/><ref name="Khajuria, Tribune">{{cite news|last=Khajuria|first=Ravi Krishnan|title=Problems of terror-hit people of Jammu region Delimitation of Assembly segments vital: Kokje|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110330/j&k.htm#2|accessdate=12 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune (India)|date=29 March 2011}}</ref>
* P.C. Dogra [[Indian Police Service]] (Retd), former Director General of Police, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Justice M.V. Tamaskar, former Judge of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Y.R. Patil [[Indian Police Service]] (Retd)<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Nafisa Hussain, [[Muslim]] [[women's rights]] activist, and former member of the [[National Commission for Women]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/><ref name="Interim Report"/>
* Captain M.K. Andhare<ref name="Interim Report"/>
* Retd Judge M.T. Kikani [[District and Sessions Judgse Ahmedabad, Ex Judicial Member, Gujarat Civil Service Tribunal, Ex Judicial Member, Railway Claim Tribunal, Guwahati Bench]]
* Yazadi Karanjia<ref name="Interim Report"/>
* Manishaben Joshi<ref name="Interim Report"/>
* Deen Mohammad Otha, M.D., a renowned gynecologist of [[Bhavnagar]], [[Gujarat]],<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Yogesh Patel, M.D., psychiatrist of [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Maya Bohra, prominent practising psychologist from [[Indore]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Sukhpreet Kaur Grewal, prominent social activist from [[Bhopal]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Shri Kanhaiyalal Joshi, social activist from [[Ahmedabad]]<ref name="Jammu Terrorism Report"/>
* Y.N. Karanjia, Dramatist, Educationist, winner of Gujarat Gaurav Award from [[Surat]]<ref name="Interim Report"/>

==See also==
* [[Indian NGOs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Pratap Naik

2025-05-08T16:34:20Z

Isaac22019: page

{{Short description|Indian Jesuit priest}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2014}}
{{One source|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:India Goa PratapNaikSJ.jpg|thumb|Naik at the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr]] (TSKK) in 2006]]
'''Pratap Naik''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} ([[né]] '''Carvalho'''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210528181426/https://www.goanobserver.in/2021/05/28/i-saved-my-mothers-honor</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241123061228/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/obituaryDisplay.aspx?obituaryID=241</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20241123061634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/renowned-konkani-musician-roshan-crasta-receives-kalakar-puraskar/articleshow/114698338.cms</ref>) is an Indian [[Jesuit]] priest from [[Kundapur, Karnataka]], India. He was the director of the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr]] (TSKK), a research institute working on issues related to the [[Konkani language]], literature, culture and education. The institute is based in Alto Porvorim, on the outskirts of the state capital of [[Panaji (Panjim)]], Goa.

== Founding of the TSKK ==
Naik was one of the proponents for founding the TSKK. The proposal to do so was brought up before the provincial congregation (one of the official bodies of the Jesuits) in 1978. "We wanted to start a school, in the European sense. An institute of higher learning to teach Konkani to Jesuits (primarily and to others too)," according to Naik, who was then a young scholastic trained to take up this work.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

TSKK is named after [[Thomas Stephens (Jesuit)|Thomas Stephens]], the 16th century English Jesuit [[priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] [[missionary]] who came to Goa in 1579 and lived in the region till his death. Stevens authored the ''[[Arte da lingoa Canarim]]'', which was written in Portuguese, and was the first printed grammar of what is now called the Konkani language

In 1982 TSKK was registered as a society, and it commenced operation in January 1986 from its former premises at Loyola Hall in [[Miramar, Panaji|Miramar]], Goa. Miramar itself is a centre for training young men wanting to become Jesuit priests.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

== On the activities of the TSKK ==
The TSKK focuses on education and research of the Konkani language, literature and culture. Speaking about the professional activities of the TSKK, Pratap Naik has said, "We are not limiting ourselves only to Goa, but wherever Konkani is spoken. Shortly, we are going to study Siddi Konkani, spoken by a community of former slaves who were once located in Goa, and are now based in Yellapur in Konkani [sic]. For this we are collaborating with two Brazilian professors."

A large number of [[expatriate]]s whose [[first language|mother tongue]] was once Konkani are located outside of the Konkani-speaking regions of India. Regarding the creation of opportunities to educate members of such expatriate communities, Naik says: "It's a bit difficult. Distance education is more for information. Learning certain language skills has to be done through intensive contact programs. Short courses could be offered to attain language proficiency."{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

== Training for scholastics ==
Since 1986, Jesuit scholastics training to become priests were sent for a one-month training in Konkani.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} In 2003, a Konkani [[postgraduate education|postgraduate]] diploma course was proposed.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}

== Roman script issue ==
In 2006, Naik was involved a campaign to get official recognition for the [[Roman script]] of Konkani, along with the [[Devanagari]] script, which is the sole officially recognized script for Konkani in Goa.<ref name = "script_hindu">{{cite news | last = Special Correspondent | title = Konkani script row may snowball into a major issue | date = 12 February 2006 | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/12/stories/2006021202660300.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104004042/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/12/stories/2006021202660300.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 November 2012 | work = The Hindu | access-date = 12 March 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Pratap}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

National Highway 208 (India)

2025-02-28T16:39:45Z

Isaac22019: further enhanced intro based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 208
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=24.3|frame-long=91.8|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q18619658|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 208}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 158
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Khowai]]
| terminus_b = [[Harina]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 8
| next_route = 8
| states = [[Tripura]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 208''', commonly referred to as '''NH 208''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158816.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/165349.pdf|title=National highway 208 route extension notification|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 8 (India)|National Highway 8]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref> NH-208 traverses the state of [[Tripura]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/23006/tripura-to-get-two-more-national-highways-morth-sanctions-fund-communication-infrastructure-likely-to-improve-in-the-upcoming-days.html|title=Tripura to get two more national highways|website=Tripura Infoway|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[Kumarghat]] - [[Kailashahar]] - [[Khowai]] - [[Teliamura]]- [[Amarpur, Tripura|Amarpur]] -[[Sabroom]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":1" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|8|country=IND}} Terminal near Kumarghat.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|8|country=IND}} near Teliamura.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|8|country=IND}} Terminal near Sabrum.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3823799 NH 208 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH8 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Tripura]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Hana Catherine Mullens

2025-02-27T05:38:06Z

Isaac22019: Put up a data...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hana Catherine Mullens
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1826
| birth_place = [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]], [[India]]
| death_date = 1861
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Author, missionary, educator
| spouse = {{marriage|Joseph Mullens|1845}}
| father = Alphonse Francois Lacroix
| mother = Hannah Herklots
| children = Alice Maria Mullens Eliot Mullens Kenneth Mullens Lucy Ramsay Mullens Kate Hasell Mullens
}}

'''Hana Catherine Mullens''' (1826–1861) was a European [[Christian mission]]ary, educator, translator and writer.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=15845|first=Katherine|last=Prior|title=Lacroix, Alphonse François}}</ref> She was a leader of [[zenana mission]]s, setting up schools for girls and writing what is arguably the first novel in Bengali. She spent most of her life in Calcutta, then the capital of [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]), and was fluent in the [[Bengali language]].

==Early life and education==
Hana Catherine Lacroix was born in Calcutta. Her father was [[Alphonse François Lacroix]], a [[Protestantism in Switzerland|Swiss Protestant]] missionary who went to [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsurah]] in 1821 to preach Christianity on behalf of the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS). Her mother, Hannah Herklots, was from a Dutch colonial family.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Hana grew up in the mission in [[Bhowanipore]], one of the ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' villages then on the suburbs of the capital of the Raj. She learned Bengali, the language of her ''[[Amah (occupation)|amah]]'' and other servants, at a period when [[Sanskrit]] was used only for liturgical and religious purposes; and Bengali was only a language of conversation. At the age of 12 she started teaching Bengali in a newly established school. She was educated mostly by her parents until the family travelled back to Europe when she was 15. Living in London gave her the opportunity to study at the [[Home and Colonial School Society]], where she trained to be a teacher, and then returned to Calcutta.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Career==
===Educator===
In 1845, she married [[Joseph Mullens]] also of the LMS, who had travelled out to India on the same ship as her father.<ref name="odnb">{{cite ODNB|id=19512|title=Mullens, Joseph (1820–1879)}}</ref> The missionary couple continued their work in Calcutta for a dozen years. Using her fluency in Bengali, Hana Catherine Mullens was head of a girls' [[boarding school]], and taught [[Bible study (Christian)|Bible class]]es to women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Bonnie G. |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |date=2008 |page=288 }}</ref>

It was at the invitation of Rev. Mullens, chairing the Bengal Missionary Conference of 1855, that [[John Fordyce (missionary)|Rev. John Fordyce]] first reported on his female teaching initiative in the ''[[zenana]]''. (The word refers to the secluded living quarters of girls and women, similar to [[purdah]].) Hana Catherine Mullens became known for her devotion to the outreach programme of the zenana missions. Shortly after the conference, she persuaded the widow of a Hindu doctor to accommodate ''zenana'' teaching in her home, and then negotiated other similar arrangements.<ref>Emma Raymond Pitman, ''India Zenana Missions'' (London: John Snow & Co., 1903), pp. 20-21.</ref> These Indian Christians were known as [[Bible women]].

In 1858, she and her husband visited Britain to spread the word about their missionary work in India. By the time of her death in 1861, she had four zenanas under her care and was visiting a further eleven every afternoon.<ref>Robert A. Bickers and Rosemary Seton, eds, ''Missionary Encounters: Sources and Issues'' (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996), pp. 51–52.</ref>

===Writer===
She is credited by some with having written the first novel in the [[Bengali language]], ''Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran'' (Description of Phulmani and Karuna), in 1852.<ref name = "Bose423">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p 423, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}.</ref> It was aimed at native Christian women. This book was published six years before [[Peary Chand Mitra]] published his ''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]''.<ref name = "Bose423"/> There are other claimants to earlier novels. ''Nabababubilas'' published by [[Bhabani Charan Bandyopadhyay]] in 1825 is claimed as one<ref name = "Novel">{{cite book |last=Aziz |first=Mahibul |year=2012 |chapter=Novel |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Novel |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> but others think of it as being merely a story.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali, pp. 374-375.</ref> Similar reservation has also been expressed about ''Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran''.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Brajendranath, ''Sahitye Banga Mahila'', in ''Bethune College and School Centenary Volume'', edited by Dr. Kalidas Nag, 1949, p. 196</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Malence,_Hanah_Kathrin|title=Malence, Hanah Kathrin - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref> The first [[Bengali people|Bengali]] woman to write a novel was [[Swarnakumari Devi]], with her ''Deepnirban'' in 1876.<ref name = "Novel"/><ref>Banerjee, Hiranmay, ''Thakurbarir Katha'', {{in lang|bn}}, p. 119, Sishu Sahitya Sansad.</ref>

Mullens wrote another book, ''The Missionary on the Ganges or What is Christianity'', in both English and Bengali. She translated [[Charlotte Maria Tucker]]'s ''Daybreak in Britain'' into Bengali.<ref name = "Bose423"/>

==See also==
* [[Bengali Renaissance]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* Dutta, Sutapa. ''British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861''. U.K. Anthem Press, 2017

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive|id=PhulmaniOKarunarBibaran|name=''Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran''}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullens, Hana Catherine}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Translators from English]]
[[Category:Translators to Bengali]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian people of British descent]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]

Tiroda taluka

2024-11-09T15:23:09Z

Isaac22019: adding post

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiroda Taluka
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=250 |frame-height=250|frame-align=center
|text= '''Tiroda Taluka'''
|type=shape |id=Q113517940
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Tiroda Taluka of Gondia district
|type2=line|id2=Q1917227|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Gondia district
}}
| map_caption = Location in [[Gondia district]] ([[Maharashtra|MH]]), [[India]]
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gondia district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Tiroda]] City
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| population_total = 1,76,254
| population_as_of =2011
| population_urban = 25,181
|population_rural = 1,51,073
| population_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 622.87
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 78.40
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 981
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tiroda Taluka''' alternately spelled as '''Tirora Taluka''' ({{langx|mr|तिरोडा तालुका}}), is a [[Taluka]] in subdivision of [[Gondia district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State of [[India]].<ref>[https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/gondiyaa/tirora-population.html Tirora Taluka Population, Caste, Religion Data – Gondiya district, Maharashtra].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gondia.gov.in/en/tehsil/ |title=Gondia district - Tehsils |access-date= 15 August 2022}}</ref>

==Geographic Boundaries==
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tiroda Taluka
|North = [[Khairlanji Tehsil]], [[Balaghat district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Gondia Taluka]] & [[Goregoan Taluka]]
|Southeast = [[Sadak-Arjuni Taluka]]
|South = [[Sakoli Taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|Southwest = [[Mohadi Taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|West = [[Tumsar Taluka]], [[Bhandara district]]
|Northwest =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Gondia district]]

{{Gondia-geo-stub}}

Panaiyapuram

2024-06-14T20:01:54Z

Isaac22019: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panaiyapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1235
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panaiyapuram''' is a village in the [[Srirangam taluk]] of [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

== Demographics ==

As per the 2001 census, Panaiyapuram had a population of 1,235 with 614 males and 621 females. The sex ratio was 1011 and the literacy rate, 70.93.

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001|url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217153857/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|archivedate=2011-02-17}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruchirappalli district]]

Ammayi

2023-04-18T21:28:28Z

Isaac22019: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Vinay Rai]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Patna/Article grading

2023-04-14T15:02:49Z

Isaac22019: adding a data

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Patna/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:PATR}}
<center>

'''Quality:''' [[:Category:FA-Class Patna articles|FA-Class]] | [[:Category:A-Class Patna articles|A Class]] | [[:Category:GA-Class Patna articles|GA-Class]] | [[:Category:B-Class Patna articles|B-Class]] | [[:Category:C-Class Patna articles|C-Class]] | [[:Category:Start-Class Patna articles|Start-Class]] | [[:Category:Stub-Class Patna articles|Stub Class]] | [[:Category:Unassessed Patna articles|Unassessed]]

 
'''Importance:''' [[:Category:Top-importance Patna articles|Top]] | [[:Category:High-importance Patna articles |High]] | [[:Category:Mid-importance Patna articles|Mid]] | [[:Category:Low-importance Patna articles|Low]] | [[:Category:Unknown-importance Patna articles|Unknown]]

</center>

{| align=center class="wikitable"
!Status
!Template
!Meaning of Status
|-
|{{Top-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Top-Class|Top-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is of the utmost importance to this project, as it forms the basis of all information.
|-
|{{High-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:High-Class|High-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is fairly important to this project, as it covers a general area of knowledge.
|-
|{{Mid-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Mid-Class|Mid-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is relatively important to this project, as it fills in some more specific knowledge of certain areas.
|-
|{{Low-Class}}
|align="center"|'''<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Low-Class|Low-Class]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>'''
|This article is of little importance to this project, but it covers a highly specific area of knowledge or an obscure piece of trivia.
|-
|None
|align="center"|'''None'''
|This article is of unknown importance to this project. It remains to be analyzed.
|}

===Importance standards===
*'''Cities & Towns''' - Generally classed as top importance.
*'''Neighbourhoods & Universities''' - Generally classed as top to high importance.
*'''Colleges, Tourist attractions''' - Generally classed an high to mid importance.
*'''[[:Category:People from Patna|Peoples]]''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.
*'''Places''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.
*'''[[:Category:Schools in Patna|Schools]]''' - Generally classed as mid to low importance.

'''Quality'''

*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=FA}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at FA-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=A}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at A-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=GA}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at GA-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=B}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at B-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=C}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at C-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|class=Start}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at Start-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WP Patna|class=Stub}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at Stub-Class
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna}}</nowiki>''' - to leave the article un-assessed.

'''Importance'''

*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|importance=Top}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at Top importance
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|importance=High}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at High importance
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|importance=Mid}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at Mid importance
*'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Patna|importance=Low}}</nowiki>''' - to rate an article at Low importance

[[Category:WikiProject Patna|Article grading]]
[[Category:WikiProject assessments|Patna]]

Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil

2023-03-06T19:23:14Z

Isaac22019: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]

Black (Guru Randhawa song)

2023-03-03T13:25:14Z

Isaac22019: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Guru Randhawa]]
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Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra

2022-06-13T14:57:05Z

Isaac22019: Created New Page More To Come

#REDIRECT [[Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras]]

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Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T10:23:40Z

Isaac22019: small improve structure based on references and added references

#REDIRECT [[Manikchak Assembly constituency]]

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Kochi rajya prajamandalam

2019-09-01T23:32:20Z

Isaac22019: Created Some Post From Scratch

#REDIRECT [[Kochi Rajya Prajamandalam]]

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